( 1 ) : 102 - 8.. - national institutes of health.. accessed march 11, 2009. - natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine. copyright © 2009.. accessed march 11, 2009. - riegel b, moser dk, powell m, et al. nonpharmacologic care by heart failure experts. j card fail. 2006 ; 12 ( 2 ) : 149 - 153.. - u. s. food and drug administration.. accessed march 11, 2009. - von haehling s, doehner w, anker sd. nutrition, metabolism, and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure. cardiovasc res. 2007 ; 73 ( 2 ) : 298 - 309.. causes and risk factors - the heart consists of four chambers : the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle. the heart also has four major valves : the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the aortic valve, and the pulmonary valve. atria are relatively thin - walled chambers that receive blood from the circulatory system and from the lungs. ventricles are muscular chambers that pump blood into the circulatory system and into the lungs. - blood passes from the atria into the ventricles through two processes. during the resting phase, when the ventricles are not contracting, the tricuspid and mitral valves open and allow some of the blood that has accumulated in the atria to flow passively through the valves into the ventricles. then, the atria contract and actively pump blood out through the valves and into the ventricles. once the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, pumping blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. - when the left ventricle cannot adequately pump blood out of the left atrium, or when one or more of the heart valves becomes leaky or narrowed, blood can back up into the lungs, causing left - sided heart failure. when this occurs, the lungs become congested with fluid ( called pulmonary edema ), causing difficulty breathing and interfering with the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream, causing fatigue. - when an abnormality or condition affects the flow of blood through the right ventricle, pressure in the blood vessels increases and fluid is forced from the blood vessels into body tissues. this right - sided heart failure causes swelling ( edema )


. - when an abnormality or condition affects the flow of blood through the right ventricle, pressure in the blood vessels increases and fluid is forced from the blood vessels into body tissues. this right - sided heart failure causes swelling ( edema ), usually in the feet and legs, and sometimes, in the abdomen. - coronary artery disease and heart attack : coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease and the most common cause of heart failure. over time, arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle narrow from a buildup of fatty deposits, a process called atherosclerosis. the buildup containing fats and clotting factors is called a plaque. blood moves slowly through narrowed arteries, leaving some areas of the heart muscle chronically deprived of oxygen - rich blood. these areas of the heart may become weak from the lack of oxygen and pump less vigorously. in many cases, the blood flow to the muscle is just enough to keep the muscle alive but not functioning well. a heart attack occurs if an unstable plaque ruptures, causing a blood clot to completely block blood flow to an area of the heart muscle. a heart attack results in the death of heart muscle, which can quickly weaken the heart ' s pumping ability. sometimes coronary artery disease is limited to the small coronary arteries. if these arteries become blocked, this won ' t cause a heart attack, but over time, it can gradually weaken the heart. - hypertension ( high blood pressure ) : blood pressure is the force of blood pumped by the heart through the arteries. if blood pressure is high, the heart has to work harder than it should to circulate blood throughout the body. over time, the heart muscle may become thicker to compensate for the extra work it must perform. in some cases, the heart will enlarge. eventually, the heart muscle may become either too stiff or too weak to effectively pump blood. - defective heart valves : the four valves of the heart keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart. a damaged valve forces the heart to work harder to keep blood flowing as it should. over time, this extra work can weaken the heart. - cardiomyopathy : cardiomyopathy is a serious disease in which the heart muscle becomes inflamed and does not work as well as it should. there may be multiple causes including viral infections, alcohol abuse, and the toxic effect of drugs such as cocaine or doxorubicin ( adriamycin® ) used


inflamed and does not work as well as it should. there may be multiple causes including viral infections, alcohol abuse, and the toxic effect of drugs such as cocaine or doxorubicin ( adriamycin® ) used for chemotherapy. in addition, whole - body diseases that may lead to inflammation, such as lupus or thyroid problems, can also damage heart muscle. - myocarditis : myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus and can lead to left - sided heart failure. the virus most often associated with myocarditis is coxsackievirus b, but other viruses may include adenovirus, parvovirus b19, echovirus, influenza virus, epstein - barr virus, and rubella virus. human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) can directly infiltrate the heart muscle and cause myocarditis. other causes of myocarditis include bacteria ( such as staphylococcus aureus ), parasites ( such as trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma ), fungi ( such as candida albicans ), exposure to certain chemicals such as arsenic and hydrocarbons, medications that may cause allergic or toxic reactions ( such as cocaine or penicillin ), and systemic diseases causing inflammation ( including lupus ). - congenital heart defects : congenital heart defects are structural problems with the heart present at birth. genetic defects contribute to the risk of certain types of heart diseases ( such as arrythmias or valve problems ), which in turn may lead to heart failure. estimates suggest that about one million americans have a congenital heart defect. approximately 35, 000 babies in the united states are born with a heart defect each year. - arrhythmias : arrhythmias, or abnormal heart rhythms, may cause the heart to beat too fast. this creates extra work for the heart. over time, the heart may weaken leading to heart failure. - other conditions : health conditions, such as diabetes, severe anemia ( lack of red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues ), hyperthyroidism ( high thyroid hormone levels ), hypothyroidism ( low thyroid hormone levels ), emphysema ( lung disease that involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs ), pulmonary edema ( fluid in the lungs ), hemochromatosis ( an inherited disease in which too much iron builds up in the body )


emphysema ( lung disease that involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs ), pulmonary edema ( fluid in the lungs ), hemochromatosis ( an inherited disease in which too much iron builds up in the body ), and amyloidosis ( a group of diseases in which one or more organ systems in the body accumulate deposits of abnormal proteins such as c - reactive protein ), may also contribute to heart failure. kidney disease can contribute to heart failure due to an increase in high blood pressure and fluid retention. - heart failure may develop during the last the months of pregnancy or several months after pregnancy. the cause of this is not well understood, but it may be due to an abnormal immune system response. - viral infections may cause idiopathic heart failure or heart failure in which there is never an identified cause. bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, may lead to chf. - exposure to toxins, such as alcohol or cocaine, may also lead to chf. an example of drug - induced chf is with encainide hydrochloride ( enkaid® ). encainide is a drug used for arrhythmias ( irregular heart beats ), but in susceptible individuals, its use may lead to chf. - obesity may also lead to chf. obesity promotes diabetes, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), and dyslipidemia ( high cholesterol levels ). these conditions are risk factors for developing coronary artery disease and ultimately, chf. - sleep apnea, or the inability to breathe properly at night, results in low blood oxygen levels and increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms. both of these problems can weaken the heart and lead to chf. - the condition affects 1 % of people aged 50 years and older and about 5 % of those aged 75 years and older. african americans experience heart failure twice as often as caucasians. about 10 % of patients diagnosed with heart failure die within one year, and about 50 % die within five years of diagnosis. - chf is equally frequent in men and women, and annual incidence approaches ten per 1, 000 population after 65 years of age. survival following diagnosis of congestive heart failure is worse in men than women, but even in women, only about 20 % survive much longer than eight to 12 years. copyright © 2011 natural standard ( www. naturalstandard. com ) the information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand


streams and rivers provide essential habitat for many freshwater and terrestrial organisms, but this habitat is frequently fragmented by human - induced alterations, such as dams or near - stream land use. moreover, freshwater organisms are sensitive to changes in water temperature, which may make them particularly vulnerable to alterations associated with elevated temperatures and global warming. the ability to accurately predict patterns in chemicals, fish abundance, and temperature within streams and to understand the ecological processes that drive these patterns is critical if these environments are to be sustainably managed. new models using spatial statistics in stream networks can account for the unique spatial configuration, connectivity, flow volume, and flow direction in a stream network. these models have practical applications for ecological research and the monitoring of physical, chemical, and biological stream characteristics. for example, a spatial statistical approach can be used to identify and quantify patterns of habitat at multiple scales, which may provide additional information about ecosystem structure and function. it may also be used as part of broad - scale monitoring programs, where the number of observations is often limited by money, but we can make predictions, with estimates of uncertainty, at every location within the stream network. the goals of our proposed working group are to 1 ) identify the most pressing needs in terms of analytical capabilities ( i. e., what would be most useful for informing science and management ), with possible extensions to include space - time models, generalized linear mixed models, computing for massive datasets, and others as identified by the working group, 2 ) assess the current state of software and its functionality and determine whether it is sufficient to meet those needs, and 3 ) analyze a large, nationally important, multivariate stream dataset collected across the northwestern ( nw ) united states ( us ) to gain ecological insights, evaluate methods, and demonstrate new spatial statistical modeling capabilities. more information about this research project and participants.


a public advertising campaign aimed at preventing cyberbullying if you would like to support ncpc ' s work on cyberbullying or any other campaign, please click here. ncpc announces winners of national cyberbullying psa contest — josh bourgeois, independent producer, thibodaux, la words really do hurt — marvin jimenez, lyndon b. johnson elementary school, san antonio, tx if you ’ re like most teenagers, you spend a lot of time on a cell phone or instant messenger chatting with friends and uploading photos, videos, and music to websites. you may have online friends whom you ’ ve never met in person, with whom you play games and exchange messages. teens ’ lives exist in a variety of places such as school hallways, part - time jobs, and friends ’ houses. now many teens also have lives on the internet. and bullying has followed teens online. online bullying, called cyberbullying, happens when teens use the internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person. cyberbullying is a problem that affects almost half of all american teens. whether you ’ ve been a victim of cyberbullying, know someone who has been cyberbullied, or have even cyberbullied yourself, there are steps you and your friends can take to stop cyberbullying and stay cyber - safe. how are teens cyberbullied? being a victim of cyberbullying can be a common and painful experience. some youth who cyberbully - pretend they are other people online to trick others - spread lies and rumors about victims - trick people into revealing personal information - send or forward mean text messages - post pictures of victims without their consent when teens were asked why they think others cyberbully, 81 percent said that cyberbullies think it ’ s funny. other teens believe that youth who cyberbully - don ’ t think it ’ s a big deal - don ’ t think about the consequences - are encouraged by friends - think everybody cyberbullies - think they won ’ t get caught how do victims react? contrary to what cyberbullies may believe, cyberbullying is a big deal, and can cause a variety of reactions in teens. some teens have reacted in positive ways to try to prevent cyberbullying by - blocking communication with the cyberbully - deleting messages without reading them - talking to a friend about the bullying - reporting the problem to


of reactions in teens. some teens have reacted in positive ways to try to prevent cyberbullying by - blocking communication with the cyberbully - deleting messages without reading them - talking to a friend about the bullying - reporting the problem to an internet service provider or website moderator many youth experience a variety of emotions when they are cyberbullied. youth who are cyberbullied report feeling angry, hurt, embarrassed, or scared. these emotions can cause victims to react in ways such as - seeking revenge on the bully - avoiding friends and activities - cyberbullying back some teens feel threatened because they may not know who is cyberbullying them. although cyberbullies may think they are anonymous, they can be found. if you are cyberbullied or harassed and need help, save all communication with the cyberbully and talk to a parent, teacher, law enforcement officer, or other adult you trust. how can i prevent cyberbullying? teens have figured out ways to prevent cyberbullying. follow in the footsteps of other quick - thinking teens and - refuse to pass along cyberbullying messages - tell friends to stop cyberbullying - block communication with cyberbullies - report cyberbullying to a trusted adult you can also help prevent cyberbullying by - speaking with other students, as well as teachers and school administrators, to develop rules against cyberbullying - raising awareness of the cyberbullying problem in your community by holding an assembly and creating fliers to give to younger kids or parents - sharing ncpc ’ s anti - cyberbullying message with friends don ’ t forget that even though you can ’ t see a cyberbully or the bully ’ s victim, cyberbullying causes real problems. if you wouldn ’ t say it in person, don ’ t say it online. delete cyberbullying. don ’ t write it. don ’ t forward it. what else can i do to stay cyber - safe? remember that the internet is accessed by millions of people all over the world, not just your friends and family. while many internet users are friendly, some may want to hurt you. below are some ways to stay cyber - safe : - never post or share your personal information online ( this includes your full name, address, telephone number, school name, parents ’ names, credit card number, or social security number ) or your friends ’ personal information. - never share your internet passwords with anyone,


share your personal information online ( this includes your full name, address, telephone number, school name, parents ’ names, credit card number, or social security number ) or your friends ’ personal information. - never share your internet passwords with anyone, except your parents. - never meet anyone face - to - face whom you only know online. - talk to your parents about what you do online. for more information check out the following resources to learn more about preventing cyberbullying : - www. ncpc. org provides information about stopping cyberbullying before it starts. - stop cyberbullying before it starts ( pdf ) provides useful information for parents. - cyberbullying. us provides cyberbullying research, stories, cases, downloads, fact sheets, tips and strategies, news headlines, a blog, and a number of other helpful resources on their comprehensive public service website. - www. stopcyberbullying. org has a fun quiz to rate your online behavior, information about why some people cyberbully, and how to stop yourself from cyberbullying. - www. wiredsafety. com provides information about what to do if you are cyberbullied. - www. stopbullyingnow. com has information about what you can do to stop bullying. all statistics from the 2006 harris interactive cyberbullying research report, commissioned by the national crime prevention council.


since 2001, thousands of military children have had parents killed in combat operations in iraq and afghanistan. many other children have had siblings, cousins, and other relatives die in war. like other grieving children, military children who experience the death of someone special under traumatic circumstances can develop traumatic grief, which can interfere with their ability to grieve and to call up comforting memories of the person who died. traumatic grief may also interfere with everyday activities such as being with friends and doing schoolwork. there are, however, unique aspects of military family loss that those who care for or work with grieving military children should be aware of. to find out more about military children and families click here. traumatic grief in military children information series this series provides culturally competent materials for educating families, medical professionals, and school personnel about how to better serve military children who are experiencing traumatic grief. traumatic grief in military children : information for educators ( 2008 ) ( pdf ) traumatic grief in military children : information for families ( 2008 ) ( pdf ) traumatic grief in military children : information for medical providers ( 2008 ) ( pdf ) mental health america, helping children cope with loss resulting from war or terrorism overview of how to assist children who are coping with loss as a result of war or terrorist acts. includes toll free number for accessing additional resources ( 800 - 969 - 6642 ). tragedy assistance program for survivors ( taps ) 800 - 959 - taps ( 8277 ) ( 24 - hour hotline ) comprehensive resource for all who are grieving the death of a loved one serving our country.


netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. saturday, may 18, 2013 cold and flu catching colds and flu i wasn ` t sure which catergory this would come under, but it involves catching a cold or the flu. i know that germs are the cause of getting these conditions and being outside in the cold whether without a jacket doesn ` t cause someone to get them. but someone told me that if you are exposed to a cold environment and then warm one, back and forth, it can make someone sick with the cold or the flu, and does involve germs somehow. if that is true, can you please explain how that happens? thanks a cold or flu is caused by a viral infection, and viruses tend to be very contagious. they are spread primarily by droplets, or in other words, by saliva and mucus either sprayed into the air or by direct human contact. going repeatedly from a cold to a warm environment and back should not increase one ' s chances to become infected. however, when the weather turns colder, people tend to begin spending more time indoors. this creates closer human contact and thereby increases the likelihood of infection. this is in large part why cold and flu season is during the colder months. allen m seiden, md professor of otolaryngology, director of division of rhinology and sinus disorders, director of university taste and smell center, director of university sinus and allergy college of medicine university of cincinnati


preparation key to college and career success ( bpt ) - the 2010 bureau of labor statistics report " education pays... " illustrates that higher earnings and lower unemployment rates are often reported among bachelor ' s degree holders, compared to those with only a high school diploma. the 2010 median weekly earnings for bachelor ' s degree holders was $ 1, 038, compared to just $ 626 for those with only a high school diploma. despite such clear benefits to earning a college degree, many students are not prepared for education beyond high school. in fact, according to data from the 2011 pew research center report " is college worth it?, " 58 percent of college presidents say high school students are coming to college less prepared than they were 10 years ago. because of these figures and the united states ' falling rank among developed countries for college completion rates, many lawmakers have recommended efforts to increase the number of young adults with a college degree. some institutions are already working with high school educators to teach students about the importance of preparing for college. devry university ' s herworld program was designed to provide young women with the tools they need to be better prepared to succeed in college, empowering them to reach their full potential. herworld also introduces young women to in - demand careers of the 21st century, including those in science, technology, engineering and math ( stem ) fields. findings from " stem : good jobs now and for the future, " a 2011 report from the u. s. department of commerce ' s economics and statistics administration, illustrate that in addition to a lower likelihood of experiencing joblessness, stem workers earn 26 percent more than their non - stem counterparts. by exposing them to female leaders in stem, herworld teaches young women that they can succeed alongside men in these positions, and gives the women a checklist for preparing to get there. now in its 15th year, herworld sponsors nationwide events each year that give high school girls the opportunity to interact with peers from other high schools in the area, participate in educational and confidence - building activities, and listen to local female leaders discuss how they achieved their career goals. " herworld helps young women realize that they have the power to make their professional ambitions a reality, " says donna loraine, provost / vice president of academic affairs for devry university. " the impressive stories of female leaders expand the students ' perspective and teach them the steps they need to take to forge their own career paths. " this year, olympic gold medalist mia hamm, u. s. olympic and paralympic athletes


by the numbers : hurricane sandy ’ s environmental impact december 4, 2012by john mooney, of nj spotlight it was one of the ugly reminders of hurricane sandy : the piles of debris from destroyed properties that lined streets and alleys for days and then weeks after the storm hit. how much debris exactly? according to testimony by state commissioner of environmental protection robert martin, 6. 2 million cubic yards of debris was left behind in new jersey after hurricane sandy. by one count, that ' s enough to fill a 170 - acre landfill. and filling that 170 - acre landfill would normally take seven years. " it ' s just a massive operation, " martin said of the task of carting it all away, first to temporary local sites and then to landfills. that figure on the amount of debris was one of several sets of numbers martin cited in testimony to the senate budget committee yesterday in describing the widespread environmental impact of the hurricane. parks were damaged. sewage was discharged. water plants were disabled. each of the topics came with numbers that might have been unfathomable until that fateful monday and tuesday in november. and martin ' s testimony didn ' t even get into the issue of coastal erosion and protection, which legislators said will be the subject of a separate hearing in the coming weeks. in the meantime, here are a few more numbers. 70 out of 604 water facilities were " in distress " during and after the storm hit : they were large and small, martin said, but few were immune from the power outages that plagued much of the state for weeks. he said water kept flowing, but not without some health warnings at various locations. 7 of the water plants are still disabled, mostly along the shore. 19 boil - water orders were issued, affecting about 300, 000 people. 80 out of 369 wastewater - treatment plants were damaged during and after the storm : the plants were hammered by rising water that shut down electrical controls or power outages that accomplished much the same. overall, 3. 3 million people were affected, martin said. the state provided fuel and generators, but major discharges were made by the passaic valley sewerage authority into the passaic river and the middlesex county utility authority into the raritan river to avoid sewage backing up into homes. martin said no long - term contamination was found in coastal waters in monitoring by the u. s. environmental protection agency. 378, 000 gallons of diesel oil spilled in the arthur kill and other surrounding creeks : the leaks were from two damaged storage tanks


helping first responders : first, do no harm december 18, 2012by maiken scott emotional trauma after violent events such as shootings can have a ripple effect - - it doesn ' t just affect the victims and witnesses, but also their families and those who rushed in to help. mental - health providers say they have learned a lot in the past decade about the best way to help those who were first on scene. one important lesson is that " talking about it " doesn ' t work for everybody. in fact, it can be harmful for some people. in the ' 90s, an approach called " debriefing " became very popular. first responders had to discuss what they had seen and lived through with mental - health professionals or in groups. the debriefing would happen within days or hours of an incident. university of pennsylvania psychiatrist steven berkowitz says studies later showed that this actually caused symptoms in some people who were doing ok. for others, it was inefficient. today, he says, the approach is giving people information. " so we really focus on providing education and coping skills, rather than asking for what happened, " said berkowitz. berkowitz was involved in creating crisis response protocols after 9 / 11. he says those affected by tragic events should first learn to identify when they ' re having trouble and then get some practical guidance. " to teach some basic coping skills, how to manage some of these reactions, how do you manage what is irritability and tension, helping with sleep and sleep hygiene, " he said. berkowitz says mental - health professionals have developed and distributed protocols to make sure people use the most effective approaches in caring for those affected by tragedies. he says another important aspect of care is a clear command structure where providers are not rushing in and tripping all over each other in an effort to help.


during the early 1900s, images of women and children were a favourite subject for traditional and more modern artists alike. in portrait group ( the mother ), lambert contrasted two women : one wearing the kind of billowing dress worn in feminist and artistic circles, and the other standing next to her with her hand placed cavalierly on her shoulder, wearing a fashionable black satin waisted coat and a high - necked dress. in this way he contrasted the supple, rounded form of one woman against the more statuesque figure of the other, and in so doing suggested the difference between a woman ’ s role as a mother and that as an independent woman. as with his other family groups he used his wife and children as models, together with their artist friend thea proctor. this is one of a number of images of women and children that lambert painted, to which he gave objective titles such as equestrian portrait of a boy ( cat. 26 ) and holiday in essex ( cat. 44 ) rather than the subjective ‘ the artist ’ s family ’ or ‘ amy, maurice and constant ’. he intended his wife and children to signify the ‘ ideal ’ mother and children and not to represent themselves. he sometimes depicted his second son constant dressed in a frock that was then used for baby boys, as in this work, and generally with his genitalia hidden, so that he could be viewed as any child and not specifically as this particular boy - child. lambert ’ s depiction of the boy in the long coat with his feet firmly planted on the ground looking out of the picture with an expression of roguish defiance resembles velazquez ’ s portrait philip iv of spain in brown and silver 1632 ( national gallery, london ). the stance of this figure also recalls hans holbein ’ s portrait of henry viii or reynolds ’ s mock - heroic master crewe as henry viii 1776 ( private collection ). lambert appropriated the pose, which through its common usage had become part of the general vocabulary of art. lambert admitted that ‘ the pose and atmosphere are traditional enough ; and has actually no more relationship with spanish art than with anything modern ’ ( ml mss a1811 p. 70 ). what is more, the costume came about by accident. maurice was originally going to be painted in a white shirt, but one day he was fooling around with his father ’ s coat and lambert, delighted with this image, incorporated it into the painting. in this family group lambert worked in the tradition of prominent society portrait painter charles furse. like fur


shirt, but one day he was fooling around with his father ’ s coat and lambert, delighted with this image, incorporated it into the painting. in this family group lambert worked in the tradition of prominent society portrait painter charles furse. like furse, lambert did not seek to paint a naturalistic outdoor image, particularly in his depiction of the landscape and the placement of the figures in it. rather, he wanted to create a decorative effect, using the billowing forms of the clouds to enhance the rounded shapes of the figures, and deliberately placing dark shapes against light. in discussing this picture lambert observed that ‘ the dextrous brushwork, the following of the contours, the suave movement of drapery and clouds – are distinctly influenced by furze ’. ( lambert 1924, p. 13 ) the painting received favourable comment from contemporary london critics. the times suggested on 4 may 1907 that the painting was ‘ full of promise for the future ’, while p. g. konody, who became a staunch supporter of lambert ’ s work, noted in the supplement to the observer on 5 may 1907 that it was ‘ painted with such freshness and such musical sense of colour that it is as bracing as a sea - breeze after the studio - made articles that abound all round ’. he went on to suggest that lambert ’ s ‘ chief aim seems to have been the realisation of a decorative effect by rhythmic arrangement of line and balance of masses ’. this work is reported to have been amy lambert ’ s favourite portrait group.


| 25 may 2010 | take a walk along the coast and help us monitor the effects of climate change and invasive species on the uk ' s seaweeds. seaweeds are easy to find and occur all around the uk coastline. there are a staggering 650 seaweed species in the uk, around 7 % of the world ' s species, and they play a vital role in the functioning of the marine environment. scientists think that the effects of climate change and the spread of invasive species are starting to have an effect on where they are found but they need more information to be sure. this is where you can help. identify the seaweeds you spot on the uk ' s coast and tell us what you find. this will help researchers from the british phycological society and natural history museum to find out what is happening to our seaweeds. the aim of the big seaweed search is to map the distribution of 12 key kinds of seaweed that can be found around the uk coast. we hope to track how these distributions are changing through time. you don ' t need to be an expert as our easy - to - use identification guide should allow everyone, from children to scientists, to take part. when you get home from carrying out your survey, tell us about the seaweeds you find using our online system, or by posting completed forms to the museum. there is no deadline - you can send in records at any time of the year and take part as many times as you like. your data will be added to our online interactive map. as we analyse the data, we will post updates on what your records show and how they are being used.


lymph nodes are found throughout your body. they are an important part of your immune system. lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germs, infections, and other foreign substances. the term " swollen glands " refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. in a child, a node is considered enlarged if it is more than 1 centimeter ( 0. 4 inch ) wide. see also : lymphadenitis and lymphangitis common areas where the lymph nodes can be felt ( with the fingers ) include : infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. infections that can cause them include : immune or autoimmune disorders that can cause swollen lymph nodes are : cancers that can cause swollen lymph nodes include : however, many other cancers may also cause this problem. certain medications can cause swollen lymph nodes, including : which lymph nodes are swollen depends on the cause and the body parts involved. swollen lymph nodes that appear suddenly and are pain are usually due to injury or infection. slow, painless swelling may be due to cancer or a tumor. painful lymph nodes are generally a sign that your body is fighting an infection. the soreness usually goes away in a couple days, without treatment. the lymph node may not return to its normal size for several weeks. call your doctor or nurse if : your doctor or nurse will perform a physical examination and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms, such as : the following tests may be done : swollen glands ; glands - swollen ; lymph nodes - swollen ; lymphadenopathy armitage jo. approach to the patient with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 171. tower rl, camitta bm. lymphadenopathy. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 484. updated by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington, school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d


historical base maps annotations for historical base map 3 this map represents the samuel and elizabeth pipher farm prior to their selling the property to the new york and delaware river slate company. extensive research in local and county records and documents, and secondary sources has not provided adequate data to make a definitive determination about the number, exact locations ( in most instances ), or precise dimensions or appearances of several structures and other cultural resources at the pipher farm during that family ' s three generations of ownership from 1790 to 1868. the location of the main house, springhouse and cabin are known as they are extant. the barn foundations are extant, but the appearance of the barn is not known. a granary was mentioned in the 1868 deed of sale, but its exact location is not known. an historic privy is assumed to be located somewhere near the main house, but its exact location is not known. an orchard was located on the farm, but its exact location and total acreage is not known. extant ruins of a lime kiln mark that structure ' s precise location. the exact configuration of the historic fields is not known, but the historic stone rows delineate partial farm boundaries and fields. the entrance road to the central farm core is believed to be historic, but its precise configuration is not known. annotations for historical base map 4 a. cabin built c. 1800 - 1810 by samuel pipher. this structure was renovated in 1873, altered by charles m. munsch and stabilized by the national park service in 1979. much of the work performed in 1979 reversed munsch ' s alterations. the work included : roof repairs, repointing of stone chimney and foundation walls, rebuilding of brick chimney, removal of imitation log siding, repair of entrance hood, replacement of sills, studs, doors and windows, removal of concrete bathroom and entrance slabs, and drainage grading. b. springhouse this stone structure was built in 1827 by peter pipher. the springhouse underwent structural change when concrete was poured on the floors and milk can troughs, and the upper roof structure was replaced. c. main house the main farmhouse was built in 1833 by peter pipher. a slate roof, direct access to the northwest bedroom, and an outside door to the northwest first floor room were added in 1873. buff - colored cement stucco was added by charles m. munsch. portions of the front and side porch were screened in 1969. d. old barn site reference to the barn was made in 1868 when samuel and elizabeth pipher sold


in 1873. buff - colored cement stucco was added by charles m. munsch. portions of the front and side porch were screened in 1969. d. old barn site reference to the barn was made in 1868 when samuel and elizabeth pipher sold the farm to the new york and delaware river slate company. reference was also made to a granary being somewhere on the property. a concrete roof was placed over the remnant stone walls by charles m. munsch, who then used the structure as a garage. he used salvaged iron rails, possibly from a nearby quarry, to support the concrete roof. e. quarry the new york and delaware river slate company opened and operated this quarry near the core farmstead from 1868 - 1873. subsequent farm owner john a. morison paid taxes on the quarry until 1879. a much smaller quarry / pond is also on the property. it is shallowly flooded over a sediment fill, and was dammed for domestic water supply. this excavation ' s history is not known. f. woodshed this structure was built in the late nineteenth century, possibly by john a. morison. g. slate shanty omega g. east, chief of interpretation at delaware water gap national recreation area, purchased the shanty in bangor, pennsylvania and placed it on the property in the early 1970s. h. ice house only the foundations exist for this wood frame structure, built by charles m. munsch sometime after 1924. the ice house had a gable roof and the walls were covered with horizontal slabbing with vertical slabs in each corner and in the gable ends. i. outhouse this structure was brought onto the property by omega east sometime in the 1970s. the location of the historic outhouse is not known, but in 1970 mary pitenger remembered an outhouse being located between the woodhouse and springhouse. j. lime kiln remnants of a stone lime kiln are located in the woods behind the main house. it is probable that the kiln dates to the pipher family occupancy, and may have been used as late as the munsch ownership. k. stone rows extensive stone pile rows mark partial boundaries of the peter pipher farm, and probably date to that period. the rows also delineate boundaries of fields. l. fields the exact location of all the fields utilized by the piphers and subsequent slateford farm owners is not known, but the stone rows do mark several boundaries. photographs taken during the munsch occupancy of the farm reveal that many of


fields the exact location of all the fields utilized by the piphers and subsequent slateford farm owners is not known, but the stone rows do mark several boundaries. photographs taken during the munsch occupancy of the farm reveal that many of these fields located between the main farm house and the cyr farmstead were open and farmed. m. cyr farmstead charles m. munsch built the farmhouse, which became the home of the louis and lottie cyr family who tenant - farmed slateford farm. the farmstead includes the main house, storage shed, chicken coops, small frame storage building, corn cribs, barn and garage. the cyr house has no architectural significance. n. kiefaber house this house was built c. 1925 by fred w. kiefaber. there are no outbuildings and the house has no architectural or historical significance. other features extant or no longer extant on the slateford farm site : 1. entrance road to the farm core area this gravel road, approaching the main farm house from the southeast, may be the historic entrance to the farm. the piphers may have used it to reach a wagon road located next to the delaware river. in summer 1985 nps archeologists found probable nineteenth century terracing and a road bed with an intact stone culvert, located downhill of the barn foundations. 2. double mining cart and rails this iron and wood cart was brought onto the property by national park service staff, as were the iron rails. the cart is rapidly deteriorating, being openly exposed to the weather. the rails are strewn along a path to the north of the slate shanty. 3. garden in 1970 mary pittenger mentioned a garden being located in the yard to the southwest of the main house, between the house and the barn. 4. corral this structure, located in front of the main house and extending to the garage, was built by the youth conservation corps in 1974 - 1975. 5. national park service road this road was built in 1970. 6. tower foundations four footings of concrete are all that remain of this structure, which perhaps was a radio tower. 7. woodhouse the location of this woodhouse, mentioned by mary pittenger in 1970 and presumed a different structure from the extant woodshed, is not known. pittenger stated there used to be a woodshed and wood pile to the right, or northeast, of the main house. 8. chicken house the existence of a chicken house was


a different structure from the extant woodshed, is not known. pittenger stated there used to be a woodshed and wood pile to the right, or northeast, of the main house. 8. chicken house the existence of a chicken house was mentioned by mary pittenger in 1970. it stood between the woodhouse and the spring house. 9. barn outhouse this outhouse was mentioned in mary pittenger ' s 1970 interview. its exact location is not known. 10. slate walks these walks were mentioned in mary pittenger ' s 1970 interview. she remembered a slate walk leading from the main house yard to the barn. other walks led to the spring house, cabin and woodhouse. remnants of a slate walk are located behind the main house. 11. tennis courts charles m. munsch built tennis courts behind the main house. their exact location is not known and no visible remnants exist. 12. main house yard fence this fence was mentioned by mary pittenger in an 1970 interview. no remnants are visible. l3. swimming pool in summer 1985 nps archeologists discovered a stone foundation east of the barn foundations which may be a remnant of a reputed charles m. munsch swimming pool. 14 apple orchard an apple orchard was mentioned in samuel pipher ' s 1812 will, but its location is not known. mary pittenger remembered an apple orchard being located by the garden towards the mountain. 15. slate and stone benches two benches are located underneath the tree next to the main house. their origin is not known. last updated : 31 - dec - 2009


u. s. department of the interior, national park service legal and financial tools used to preserve and enhance historic resources as discussed in chapter iv, a community ' s preservation efforts will be best served if it adopts a comprehensive historic preservation plan. such a plan serves to guide both the community ' s preservation efforts per se - its survey, its program of evaluation and inventory, its programs to restore and rehabilitate historic properties and to provide for their study, archeological salvage, and adaptive use, and its programs to encourage rehabilitation and reuse by the private sector - as well as its efforts to ensure that preservation concerns are addressed in development and land - use planning. the purpose of this appendix is to list and briefly discuss the legal and financial tools that can be incorporated into a preservation plan. it should be recognized that this list is by no means exhaustive, and that new and creative uses of financial and legal tools are being developed constantly. a wide variety of legal approaches to preservation can be tailored to meet the needs and goals of a particular community ; however, any local ordinance must recognize state constitutional restrictions, common law requirements, and existing legislation dealing with preservation and related areas. the existence of state enabling legislation for historic preservation can provide a legal framework in which local governments can base their preservation programs, commissions, and zoning ordinances. a thorough investigation of state and local laws, with the assistance of legal experts, is essential in determining which legal mechanisms are best suited to fulfilling local preservation needs. 1. community historic preservation ordinances community historic preservation ordinances cover an entire city, county, or other political subdivision. they are often called landmarks commission ordinances because one of their major features is the establishment of a board of review, often called a landmarks commission, to oversee the community ' s preservation program and make judgements about the significance of resources. this terminology may be a little misleading, however, since it implies a concern only with landmarks rather than with the general historic, architectural, and cultural fabric of the community. increasingly, more general terms like historic preservation commission are being used to describe the bodies that oversee local preservation programs. historic preservation commissions are generally responsible for designating significant individual resources or districts in accordance with criteria established by the ordinances under whose authority they operate. such ordinances also often give them some measure of authority to control the alteration or demolition of designated properties, and sometimes to review the quality of new design in the vicinity of such properties, or within historic districts. commissions sometimes are provided with staff which they oversee in carrying out the community ' s


measure of authority to control the alteration or demolition of designated properties, and sometimes to review the quality of new design in the vicinity of such properties, or within historic districts. commissions sometimes are provided with staff which they oversee in carrying out the community ' s overall preservation program ; in other cases, commissions are advisory to planning departments or other agencies of local government whose personnel carry out the day - to - day work of the program. the degree of authority granted to such commissions varies widely ; in some cases, properties may not be designated as historic without the permission of their owners ; in other cases, designation depends solely on the judgement of the commission. some ordinances place great power in the hands of the commission to control alteration or demolition of designated resources, while others place none, and still others require that the views of the commission be taken into account in decision making, but not necessarily heeded. local governments seeking certification to participate in the national historic preservation program under section 101 ( c ) of the national historic preservation act must establish historic preservation commissions by ordinance, and give them responsibilities and authorities mirroring and coordinating with those of the state historic preservation officer with respect to survey, nomination of properties to the national register, preservation planning, grants administration, consultation with federal, state, and local agencies to help them avoid damaging historic properties, and provision of education and information to the public ( 36 cfr part 61. 5 [ c ] [ 21 ). guidelines for ordinance development can be found in a handbook on historic preservation law ( see bibliography ), which also contains a model ordinance and sample ordinances, and can be obtained from the national trust for historic preservation. 2. historic district ordinances historic district ordinances protect specific designated districts - commercial, industrial, rural, or residential areas - within a community. such ordinances generally define specific boundaries, limit development or otherwise protect the district, and establish a review board or commission to oversee compliance with the protective clauses. as is the case with community historic preservation commissions, the degree of authority granted to historic district commissions varies widely ; they may act simply as advisory boards, reviewing and making recommendations on applications for building permits for proposed alterations, or the legislation may enable them to stay, grant, or deny demolition, alteration, and new construction. generally, the ordinance also establishes procedures for appealing decisions of the historic district commission. the discussion of ordinance creation in a handbook on historic preservation law will be useful for those considering creation of historic district ordinances, and sample district ordinances are available from the national trust for historic preservation. it is


appealing decisions of the historic district commission. the discussion of ordinance creation in a handbook on historic preservation law will be useful for those considering creation of historic district ordinances, and sample district ordinances are available from the national trust for historic preservation. it is particularly important that a community ' s historic preservation plan is coordinated with its zoning ordinance. if permissible under local and state law, it is advantageous to create an historic preservation classification within the local zoning ordinance. alternatively, an ordinance could provide for the overlay of preservation review, with reference to architectural design or modification of existing structures, on the existing zoning of historic districts. the important thing to strive for is to minimize conflict between preservation and existing zoning. however urgently a community ' s historic preservation plan seeks to promote retention and rehabilitation of historic structures, if the underlying zoning permits conflicting uses that have the potential for higher economic return, in the long run preservation will lose out. conversely, if preservation planning and zoning are coordinated, they can work together to promote the beneficial use of historic resources. easements are acquired interests in property owned by another. since an easement is less than a total or fee interest in property, it may be a cheaper means of controlling use than outright purchase. acquisition of an easement which precludes a property owner from making nonconforming alterations to the facade of his or her historic house, for example, is a common and often effective preservation tool. preservation or conservation easements are of three general types. a. open space, conservation, or scenic easements - open space, conservation, or scenic easements are a well recognized general form of land use control which has been used for many years in the united states to conserve undeveloped land areas. an example of the use of this type of easement is the national park service program to acquire scenic easements to restrict development and maintain the picturesque qualities of lands along the blue ridge and natchez trace parkways. this type of easement has also been used to control the development of lands surrounding historic properties and to keep archeological sites safe from development of the lands in which they exist. b. exterior or facade easements - exterior or facade easements restrict the development, use, or alteration of the exterior portions of a building or structure. such easements are particularly useful where the architectural or visual quality of the exteriors of buildings is a major concern, for example, in historic districts where the ambiance of streetscapes is important. c. interior easements - interior easements can be written to prevent alteration


where the architectural or visual quality of the exteriors of buildings is a major concern, for example, in historic districts where the ambiance of streetscapes is important. c. interior easements - interior easements can be written to prevent alteration of interiors of buildings or structures. they can apply to an entire building interior or to particular elements, for example, providing that the detailing in a particular room not be altered without permission, or prohibiting the removal of a staircase. potentially, easements have several advantages over other types of less - than - fee controls : 5. covenants and reverter clauses covenants are contractual agreements between private parties that run with the land, thereby restricting uses that may be made of the property. reverter clauses in deeds stipulate that unless certain conditions are followed, ownership of the property involved will return to the conveyor or to a designated third party. both may be used to maintain the historic integrity of a property. when properly drafted, they may also bind subsequent owners to abide by the conditions contained in them. these legal tools may be useful in purchase and resale or leaseback arrangements where properties have been acquired and will be later disposed of subject to the conditions of covenants. they may be useful in situations where property has been acquired through eminent domain and will be later disposed of subject to the condition of a covenant. an advantage in using covenants is that specific provisions for penalties or other remedies may be included in them to come into effect if the terms of the agreement are broken. reverter clauses lack this flexibility, providing only for reversion of title to the conveyor or the conveyor ' s designee in event of a breach of the conditions agreed to. their use could be an inappropriate means of attempting to enforce compliance with preservation goals where reversion of ownership would be a financial burden to the original seller, for example. it should be noted that unless covenants or reverter clauses are very carefully drafted and contain the precise legal elements appropriate in the jurisdiction in which they are to apply, they may not run with the land, i. e., be binding on subsequent purchasers. in addition, they may be difficult to enforce over a long period of time, particularly if conditions present at the time of the agreement have changed. 6. transfer of development rights by permitting a property owner to sell the air rights over his or her property to another, a community can create the basis for compensating an owner who is not permitted to develop a parcel


the agreement have changed. 6. transfer of development rights by permitting a property owner to sell the air rights over his or her property to another, a community can create the basis for compensating an owner who is not permitted to develop a parcel to what would ordinarily be its maximum potential. a local ordinance permitting transfer of development rights can make it possible, for example, for the local government or a preservation organization to exchange the right to develop a non - historic parcel for the air rights over an historic building, where otherwise a high - rise building could be constructed if the historic structure is demolished. appraising the value of air rights when a sale or exchange is proposed may be complicated, but providing the opportunity for such transfers in the design of local ordinances can make a useful tool available for preservation in many circumstances. 7. tax advantages federal tax law at present encourages preservation and rehabilitation of historic properties by allowing corporate and individual taxpayers to deduct the value of the donation of conservation easements from their income taxes and by providing investment tax credits ( itcs ) to taxpayers who carry out certified rehabilitation projects on income - producing certified historic buildings. many communities have found that the federal tax laws provide a powerful tool for local preservation, both to encourage rehabilitation in particular parts of the community and to help build partnerships with developers and property owners who might otherwise be hostile to, or at least unresponsive to, preservation concerns. because of the fluid nature of federal tax law, communities should be sure to have the most up - to - date available information on federal tax incentives before relying heavily on them to help build a local program. the state historic preservation officer and the regional offices of the national park service can provide current information. it should also be recognized that over - reliance on federal tax incentives can lead to some distortion in a local preservation program ' s priorities. the fact that federal itcs are available only for the rehabilitation of income - producing property has caused some communities to concentrate their attention on commercial areas and on historic contexts relevant to commercial buildings at the expense of other aspects of the community and its heritage. care should be taken to avoid ignoring other important preservation problems and opportunities in the face of enthusiasm over the tax advantages of rehabilitating income - producing properties. state and local tax laws have traditionally worked to discourage the preservation and rehabilitation of historic and cultural properties. this is rapidly changing in many parts of the nation, but in formulating preservation plans, communities should carefully study the local and state tax codes to identify potentially useful amendments. listed below


traditionally worked to discourage the preservation and rehabilitation of historic and cultural properties. this is rapidly changing in many parts of the nation, but in formulating preservation plans, communities should carefully study the local and state tax codes to identify potentially useful amendments. listed below are tax incentives which can work to encourage preservation : tax credits or deductions on state income or property taxes for rehabilitation and maintenance of historic properties or for donations of easements for preservation purposes. tax credits or deductions on local property taxes. abatement or partial abatement of property taxes, i. e., partial or complete exemptions on qualified properties. alternate methods of valuation, i. e., assessment of property value on the basis of existing use or other than fair market value. alternate valuation of historic and cultural properties can help to alleviate the development pressures on historic properties and other undeveloped areas caused by their assessment at fair market value. where a property has substantial development potential, its fair market value is often much greater than the value of the property at its existing use. if a basis other than fair market value can be established for evaluation, the pressure created by taxation to convert the property to its highest and best use can be alleviated. effective use of alternate methods of valuation requires a curate means of assessing the value of historic resources. these means must be developed carefully to insure fairness and objectivity. tax incentives for preservation need not always be applied on a community - wide basis, or in perpetuity. for example, it may be appropriate to target a particular area containing a concentration of historic buildings in need of rehabilitation, and reduce the assessed valuation of or provide tax credits to rehabilitated buildings in the area for a specific period of time. the time period established and the amount of the reduction or credit should be sufficient to stimulate significant investment in the area ; at the same time, care must be taken to ensure that the incentive program is fair and does not work to the detriment of other parts of the community. development of state and local programs for tax credits deductions, or abatement should include consideration of the following factors : criteria for the recognition of properties eligible for tax credits, deductions, or abatement, such as national register listing or inclusion in the community inventory. definitions of activities for which credit or deductions would be allowed ( kinds of rehabilitation, maintenance, etc. ). amount of credit or deduction allowed per property, per activity, or per period of time. length of time for amortization of allow


activities for which credit or deductions would be allowed ( kinds of rehabilitation, maintenance, etc. ). amount of credit or deduction allowed per property, per activity, or per period of time. length of time for amortization of allowable expenses. relationship between state and local tax benefit programs, and between these programs and the federal program. 8. state and local environmental laws many states have adopted laws designed to ensure that both the natural and cultural environments are considered in government decision making ; these can provide an important basis for the integration of historic preservation into local planning. such laws are usually modeled on the national environmental policy act ( nepa ) and are referred to as state environmental policy acts or sepas in the legal literature. sepas typically require the preparation of an environmental impact report or statement whenever a state or local government agency proposes an action that might affect the environment - for example, approval of a subdivision, issuance of a major grading permit, provision of financial assistance to a development, or undertaking capital construction. the environmental impact document involves identifying those aspects of the environment that may be affected, projecting the effects, and analyzing alternatives. it is then up to the government decision maker - the state agency, the city council, the planning board - to use the environmental document in deciding whether to proceed with the action and if so, whether to adopt conditions on the action to mitigate its effects on the environment. virtually every sepa includes historic properties in its definition of the environment that it seeks to protect, so sepas can provide a powerful too ] for use by local governments and preservation organizations to ensure that preservation is considered in planning. what is often a problem in making sepas work for preservation is ensuring that historic properties and preservation issues are actually identified in the environmental impact document. here, of course, the availability of survey data can be very important. on the other hand, if a preservation agency or organization has a good working relationship with the local decision makers who require and review environmental documents under a sepa, it can work to ensure that studies undertaken to prepare the environmental documents do identify historic properties and do so in a manner that contributes to the survey data base. once accurate information on historic properties and preservation issues has been presented in an environmental document, the next problem is to encourage the relevant decision makers to consider preservation alternatives in a positive light. such consideration will be most likely if the community has a comprehensive historic preservation plan in place, providing access to some or all of the preservation tools discussed in this appendix. where a sepa exists,


decision makers to consider preservation alternatives in a positive light. such consideration will be most likely if the community has a comprehensive historic preservation plan in place, providing access to some or all of the preservation tools discussed in this appendix. where a sepa exists, community preservation agencies and organizations will find it useful to become familiar with its terms and how they are interpreted by local and state decision makers. it should then be possible to incorporate the use of the review process prescribed by the sepa into the community ' s historic preservation plan. local ordinances can also be developed to build on the provisions of the sepa. if no sepa exists, the community might consider adopting a similar law itself. the handbook on historic preservation law ( see bibliography ) provides a useful discussion of sepas and their uses, with references to the rapidly growing literature on the topic that will be helpful to those designing or using such laws. 9. social impact ordinances in order to minimize conflict between development and other community interests, and to maximize citizen participation in decision making, some communities have adopted ordinances providing for analysis of the social impacts of proposed actions, and for organized participation by affected social groups in decisions about development and land use. often these ordinances provide for negotiation between affected groups and development interests or government agencies, or for mediation of disputes. the city of honolulu, for example, adopted an ordinance in 1981 that required the preparation of social impact analyses in advance of development projects, in consultation with affected neighborhood groups and other interests, and the conduct of meetings with all concerned parties to resolve conflicts ( see bibliography ). social impact analysis and negotiation to resolve environmental disputes are being used increasingly at state and federal government levels as well, both in the united states and in other nations ( see baldwin, kent, social impact assessment, susskind and weinstein, and talbot in bibliography ). because neighborhood concerns about development and land use changes often focus on perceived injury to neighborhood character, cultural values, and property value, they often are closely related to, or incorporate, historic preservation interests. a community ' s preservation agency or organization can benefit from exploring ways to ensure that preservation interests and alternatives are fully considered in social impact analysis and the negotiation of solutions to conflicts between development and neighborhood concerns. 10. regulating consultant quality environmental documents prepared under sepas, under the national historic preservation act, and with reference to the national historic preservation act are usually done by or with the aid of professional consultants. a community can help ensure that preservation issues will be properly considered in its own planning and in that carried out by


under the national historic preservation act, and with reference to the national historic preservation act are usually done by or with the aid of professional consultants. a community can help ensure that preservation issues will be properly considered in its own planning and in that carried out by state and local agencies if it finds ways to regulate the quality of the consultants who prepare such documents. at a minimum, consultants who prepare the historic preservation elements of environmental documents should be required to meet the professional qualification standards in the secretary of the interior ' s standards and guidelines. 5 for archeology and historic preservation, and should have a demonstrated record of doing good historic preservation work of the type for which a consultant is needed. for archeologists, a community may wish to consider requiring certification by the society of professional archeologists ( sopa ). sopa reviews the qualifications of archeologists and certifies them in various specialities, also requiring them to abide by a code of ethics and professional standards equivalent to, but more detailed than, the relevant parts of the secretary of the interior ' s standard and guidelines. agencies and organizations interested in regulating the quality of consultants should discuss options carefully with legal counsel. there are strong legal strictures on requiring consultants to be members of particular organizations, but in most jurisdictions it is legal to require that an individual ' s professional qualifications be certified by an organization of peers. alternatively, formal licensing by the local government might be considered. 1. revolving funds revolving funds are designed to provide a preservation organization with the financial capacity to buy, sell, and maintain property without large sources of long - term financing. they have proven to be effective preservation techniques in a wide range of situations. as the name implies, funds in a revolving fund revolve ; they are invested in a property, recovered - ideally at a profit, and invested in another. organizations with preservation revolving funds can respond quickly to emergencies by purchasing endangered sites or buildings directly rather than looking for a sympathetic buyer or trying to raise funds for special purchase. by buying endangered properties, the organization buys time. buildings and structures may be rehabilitated, easements may be placed on them, and they may be resold or leased to parties who will maintain them. alternatively, properties can be transferred and rehabilitated by the new owner according to agreements accompanying the sale. archeological sites may be sold with covenants restricting excavation or permitting only certain kinds of land use, or might be subjected to a program of research excavation and then sold without restrictions once their important data have been extracted. when the properties are


accompanying the sale. archeological sites may be sold with covenants restricting excavation or permitting only certain kinds of land use, or might be subjected to a program of research excavation and then sold without restrictions once their important data have been extracted. when the properties are sold, the money returns to the revolving fund and can be used again to save other properties. use of revolving fund techniques places the community or preservation organization in the real estate market. as the organization begins to buy and sell property, local business people begin to take note, and if the program is successful they can develop respect for preservation as a new economic force in the community. properties bought and sold gain in value as they are rehabilitated, and the rehabilitation itself generates other economic activity. when several properties in an area have been bought and rehabilitated, the area is likely to become more attractive to private investors. bank loans may be more easily obtained, and other property owners in the area may begin to rehabilitate their property. the net value is increased property values and an increased tax base for the community - proof that historic preservation can be good business. the problems involved in establishing and operating a revolving fund are to obtain the money to make the initial purchases, to turn these around quickly enough to generate momentum rather than allowing the fund to stall with its first few projects, and to operate the fund in a businesslike manner. some communities use community development block grants to establish legal and financial tools revolving funds, while others have obtained initial funding through community - based fund raising efforts, local appropriations, grants from private foundations, and bequests. revolving funds may also be established on a statewide basis. the advantage of state revolving funds is that they have a broader base of support. for additional information on revolving funds see revolving funds for historic preservation, by arthur ziegler, leopold adler, and walter kidney ( see bibliography ). community development block grants and certain federal categorical grants available through the u. s. department of housing and urban development are popular sources of funding for preservation activities. block grants have few limitations that apply to their use, and can be applied to survey, operation of a general historic preservation program, establishment of revolving funds, direct rehabilitation projects, and a wide variety of other preservation functions. categorical grants are typically more limited in their application. the state historic preservation officer may be a source of grant funds from the historic preservation fund managed by the national park service. the national historic preservation act provides for the pass - through of historic preservation fund money to local governments whose preservation programs have been


application. the state historic preservation officer may be a source of grant funds from the historic preservation fund managed by the national park service. the national historic preservation act provides for the pass - through of historic preservation fund money to local governments whose preservation programs have been certified by the state historic preservation officer and the secretary of the interior ; these funds can then be used at the local government ' s discretion for historic preservation purposes, within guidelines established by the national park service. the basic procedures to be followed by certified local governments are published in the code of federal regulations at 36 cfr part 61. the state historic preservation officer can also provide matching grants from the historic preservation fund for particular preservation activities, including those carried out by local governments that have not been certified in accordance with 36 cfr part 61, and often administers grant programs established by the state as well. state arts and humanities councils and folklike programs are possible sources of funding for particular preservation - related projects, and may be able to offer advice about other sources. other state funding opportunities are likely to be available from time to time, often in connection with economic development programs ; it is wise to maintain contact with state legislators to keep track of potentially useful legislation. grants may also be available from such federal agencies as the national endowment for the arts, the national endowment for the humanities, and various agencies of the departments of housing and urban development, agriculture, commerce, and transportation, for particular project and program activities. the availability of grants for particular purposes changes from year to year as congress approves new programs and allows others to expire or remain in existence without appropriations. the state historic preservation officer should be consulted for current information. private sources of grant funds can also be important. the national trust for historic preservation maintains a variety of grant programs, and should be contacted directly to determine what is currently available. a wide range of private foundations offer support for activities related to preservation, ranging from research to restoration, and some local philanthropic organizations specialize in supporting worthwhile projects in particular communities. the local library or university grants office is a good place to consult directories of foundations and other potential private sources of grant support. some local preservation programs contract with federal, state, and local agencies, private developers, and regulated industries to carry out the surveys, of evaluations, and other studies that may be required them under the national historic preservation act, the national environmental policy act, or relevant sepas. this has several advantages ; it ensures that the work done on such studies is consistent with the standards and policies of the local preservation


other studies that may be required them under the national historic preservation act, the national environmental policy act, or relevant sepas. this has several advantages ; it ensures that the work done on such studies is consistent with the standards and policies of the local preservation program, builds up the survey data base, can usually be done efficiently, and helps support the local program by covering overhead costs. the practice can lead to real or perceived conflicts of interest if the local program is also involved in review of the undertakings on which it does studies. care should be taken, and the advice of legal counsel sought, in establishing any such contracting operation. syndication is an increasingly popular way of financing rehabilitation projects ; it involves bringing together investors and preservation interests into legally constituted syndicates for the purpose of carrying out a project or projects from which all will theoretically benefit. several large private firms now specialize in syndication ; the state historic preservation office may have information on such specialists, and may be able to advise about the applicability of syndication to a particular project. 5. development bonuses a community can encourage rehabilitation of historic buildings or preservation of historic open space by providing development bonuses. for example, a corporation that agrees to rehabilitate certain historic buildings as part of a development in an historic district might be given an increase density allowance for another part of the development. such arrangements typically involve zoning variances and are one good reason for close coordination between historic preservation planning and zoning. 6. land cost subsidies a community can provide a strong incentive to rehabilitation by purchasing historic properties and then selling them to developers at a reduced price. particularly in large cities with a high level of economic activity, land prices are often among the biggest expense items faced by a developer, and may be a major factor in making rehabilitation less cost - effective than demolition and construction of a larger, taller building with greater marketable floor space. by reducing the cost of the land through a partial subsidy, the community can reduce, or even reverse, the differential between rehabilitation and new construction. 7. reduction in interest rates another way to encourage the private rehabilitation of historic buildings is to reduce the interest rates on construction loans or mortgages. some local governments use community development block grants or other grant funds to provide developers with low interest loans, while others use their revenue bond powers to raise the necessary capital. the use of such techniques as syndication, reduction in interest rates, and land cost subsidies requires a high level of cooperation among preservationists, local government, funding sources, and the development community. an effective community historic preservation plan should be developed


news of the wild get the latest animal news early one spring on southern california ' s black mountain, a quail stands on a tree stump at the edge of a clearing in a forest of conifers. the bird does not seem to notice that it is being stalked at this very moment by... a fox? a coyote? elmer fudd? no, a squirrel. a western gray tree squirrel, to be precise. hunkered down in a predatory crouch, the squirrel approaches with a rustle of fallen pine needles and tree leaves. when the rodent is within a few inches of the stump, it pounces upon the quail, a brief struggle ensues, but the quail escapes, leaving the luckless squirrel to try again later. biologist j. r. callahan, of the university of new mexico, recounted his observation of this stealth squirrel in a recent article in the scientific journal great basin naturalist, in which he showed that the bushy - tailed animals we think of as cute little park dwellers have a dark side. callahan compiled a list of squirrel victims that range from doves, blue jays and other birds to lizards, rabbits, mice and even other squirrels. the whole squirrel family gets into the act. a 1991 study showed that tree squirrels were the chief predators of juvenile snowshoe hares in parts of british columbia. ground squirrels feed on other burrowers, such as moles and gophers. chipmunks living along coastal mexico eat crabs, while some u. s. chipmunks indulge in lizards and eggs. callahan suspects that squirrels prey on other animals not for the meat, but for the bones. one bird - killing fox squirrel, for example, avoided the meat of its prey and gnawed the bones. callahan hypothesizes that squirrels may supplement their predominantly vegetable - food diet with animal matter during seasonal declines in certain plant food nutrients.


unclean spirits : possession and exorcism in france and england in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by d. p. walker university of pennsylvania press, 116 pp., $ 16. 00 mystical bedlam : madness, anxiety, and healing in seventeenth - century england by michael macdonald cambridge university press, 323 pp., $ 39. 95 health, medicine and mortality in the sixteenth century edited by charles webster cambridge university press, 394 pp., $ 45. 00 madhouses, mad - doctors, and madmen : the social history of psychiatry in the victorian era edited by andrew scull university of pennsylvania press, 384 pp., $ 9. 95 ( paper ) during the last fifteen years, a series of semi - independent intellectual trends have come together to transform the history of what society has thought about madness and how it has treated those it considers mad. once upon a time, the history of medicine was regarded, like that of pure science, as largely “ internalist, ” a story of how a progressive endeavor by a handful of gifted intellectuals slowly replaced superstition and error by empirical proven truth. more recently, however, historians of both science and medicine have begun to fit the protagonists in these ancient intellectual battles more deeply into their social settings. in the process, they have revealed a welter of unproven pseudo - scientific theories, professional or national rivalries, institutional jealousies, personal and professional ambitions, cultural conditioning, sexist and racist prejudices, political exigencies, economic incentives to save money, and religious biases, out of which new and powerful scientific and medical paradigms have emerged. some now argue that medical progress has been a power grab by the medical profession, and institutional treatment for the purpose of better care has been relabeled the “ great confinement. ” it is now credibly believed that hospitals were lethal death traps before pasteur demonstrated the importance of a sterile environment. it is now also generally recognized that doctors may — presumably unwittingly — have killed more patients than they cured, certainly before the early nineteenth century, and maybe before the invention of anti - biotics in the mid - twentieth, and that their most valuable contribution to public welfare was psychological reassurance that help was on its way. the most ambitious attempt ever made to examine the demography of early modern england concludes that the prolonged growth of population which began in the 1740s and only petered out during the last few years owed little, at any rate in its early stages, to a decline in


attempt ever made to examine the demography of early modern england concludes that the prolonged growth of population which began in the 1740s and only petered out during the last few years owed little, at any rate in its early stages, to a decline in the mortality rate. medicine, therefore, can have had no part in the beginnings of the great demographic transition. the beneficial effects of the medical profession are now thrown into doubt, and scientists generally are no longer regarded simply as wise men battling the mysterious forces of nature with supremely elegant conceptual thinking, and incredibly patient and exacting testing and retesting of data. newton is now known to have been as concerned to establish the measurements of the temple of solomon or to unravel the meaning of the book of revelations as he was to elucidate the laws of gravity or optics. james watson ’ s frank disclosures in the double helix of the strength of personal ambition as a compelling motive behind scientific research has forever destroyed the image of the detached scholar selflessly dedicated to the pursuit of truth. the self - evident fact that exploitation by politicians of the recent discoveries of nuclear physicists is quite likely to result some time in the next few decades in the destruction of civilization, and possibly of most life on earth, merely reinforces this atmosphere of cynicism and suspicion. the second trend has been a turning away from the history of elites, whether …


a new nea report on radiation as part of its series of publications intended for non - specialists, the nuclear energy agency ( nea ) announces the publication of a new report radiation in perspective : applications, risks and protection. the report discusses the development of radiation protection measures and internationally agreed principles. it addresses social and economic issues such as ethical questions, risk perception, risk comparison, public participation in decision - making and the cost of protection, with the aim of facilitating understanding of this subject. despite its many beneficial applications in medicine, industry and research, ionising radiation is focused on by the public more in conjunction with the generation of electricity by nuclear power. the debate about radiation is just one of many that have arisen in countries, in which high standards of living depend on a wide range of technologies, applied through a complex infrastructure of manufacturing and energy industries, and transport systems. the challenge is to maintain or improve these standards without undue damage to the environment, and without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs to achieve sustainable development. radiation is the catalyst of a series of apparent paradoxes : it is universal, yet unseen and unfelt ; it has many beneficial applications, yet can be harmful ; it is well understood, yet often feared. measures to safeguard health and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation are well developed and applied through stringent national legislation in most countries. there is a broad scientific and technical consensus that the degree of scientific knowledge of radiation and its effects constitutes an acceptable basis for a conservative system of protection. yet a key issue in radiation protection is that of balancing risks and benefits. there is little doubt that the benefits to patients from the use of radiation and radioactive materials for diagnosis and treatment generally far exceeds any associated risks. the balance becomes more difficult to maintain if the benefits are general but the risk is concentrated on a few people. such complex problems are not unique to the nuclear industry. they also arise when considering the siting of motorways, airports, chemical plants and waste disposal sites. there are no simple answers to such questions, but they can only be addressed on the basis of a clear understanding of the scientific, technical, economic, social and other factors involved, which this new report seeks to provide. news media contact : " radiation in perspective : applications, risks and protection "


launched in 1997 by the oecd, the programme for international student assessment ( pisa ) is an international study which aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15 - year - old students. to date, students representing more than 70 countries and economies have participated in the assessment. since the year 2000, every three years, a randomly selected group of fifteen - year - olds take tests in the key subjects : reading, mathematics and science, with focus given to one subject in each year of assessment. the students and their school principals also fill in background questionnaires to provide information on the students ' family background and the way their schools are run. some countries and economies also choose to have parents fill in a questionnaire. in 2000 the focus of the assessment was reading, in 2003 mathematics and problem solving, in 2006 science and in 2009 reading again. the 2012 data collection focussed on mathematics and included an optional computer - based assessment of mathematics and reading involving some 30 countries as well as an optional area of assessment : financial literacy, which 19 countries took up. results of the 2012 data collection will be published on 3 december 2013. preparations for the pisa 2015 assessment began in september 2012 with the first meeting of the pisa 2015 national project managers. pisa is unique because it develops tests which are not directly linked to the school curriculum and provides context through the background questionnaires which can help analysts interpret the results. the tests are designed to assess to what extent students at the end of compulsory education, can apply their knowledge to real - life situations and be equipped for full participation in society. pisa data provides governments with a powerful tool to shape their policy making. go to our ' pisa products ' page to find out more : pisa data ; analysis of the pisa results ; pisa test questions ; the organisation of the assessment and the theory behind it.


| sas companion for unix environments | under unix, you can use the filename statement to assign not only to external files and i / o devices, but also to a pipe. pipes enable your sas application to receive input from any unix command that writes to standard output and to route output to any unix command that reads from standard input. in unix commands, the pipe is represented by a vertical bar ( | ). for example, to find the number of files in your directory, you could redirect the output of the through a pipe to the ( word count ) command by entering ls | wc - w the syntax of the filename statement is | filename fileref pipe ' unix - command ' < options > ; | whether you are using the command as input or output depends on whether you use the fileref in a reading or writing operation. for example, if the fileref is used in an infile statement, then the sas system assumes that the input comes from a unix command ; if the fileref is used in a file statement, then the sas system assumes that the output goes to a unix command. | using the fileref for reading | when the fileref is used for reading, the specified unix command executes, and any output sent to its standard output or standard error is read through the fileref. in this case, the standard input of the command is connected to for example, the following sas program uses the pipe device - type keyword to send the output of the ps ( process ) command to a sas data step. the resulting sas data set contains data about every process currently running the sas system : filename ps _ list pipe " ps - e | grep ' sas ' " ; data sasjobs ; infile ps _ list ; length process $ 80 ; input process $ char80. ; run ; proc print data = sasjobs ; run ; the ps - ecommand produces a listing of all active processes on the system, including the name of the command that started the task. in bsd - based unix systems, you use the the operating environment uses pipes to send the output ps to the grep command, which searches for every occurrence of the string ' sas '. the filename statement connects the output grep command to the fileref ps _ list. the data step then creates a data set named sasjobs from the infile statement that points to the input source. the input statement reads the first 80 characters on


statement connects the output grep command to the fileref ps _ list. the data step then creates a data set named sasjobs from the infile statement that points to the input source. the input statement reads the first 80 characters on each input line. in the next example, the stdin fileref is used to read input through a pipe into the sas command which in turn executes the sas program. by placing the piping operation outside the sas program, the program becomes more general. the program in the previous example has been changed and stored data sasjobs ; infile stdin ; length process $ 80 ; input process $ char80. ; run ; proc print data = sasjobs ; run ; to run the program, use pipes to send the output of grepinto the sas command : ps - e | grep ' sas ' | sas ps. sas & the output will be stored in ps. lst ; the log in ps. logas described in the default routings for the sas log and procedure output. | using the fileref for writing | when the fileref is used for writing, the output from the sas system is read in by the specified unix command, which then executes. in this example, any data sent to the mail fileref are piped to the filename mail pipe ' mail pat ' ; consider this filename statement : filename letterq pipe ' remsh alpha lp - dbldga3 ' ; any data sent to the letterq fileref are passed to the unix command, which starts a remote shell on the machine named alpha. ( footnote 1 ) the shell then prints the letterq output on the printer identified by the destination bldga3. any messages produced by the lpcommand are sent to the sas log. top of page copyright 1999 by sas institute inc., cary, nc, usa. all rights reserved.


african wild dog pups « go back... omaha ’ s henry doorly zoo ’ s two african hunting dog pups, one male and one female, that were born on november 2, 2010. since the mother did not properly care for the pups when they were first born, zoo staff has hand - reared the pups in the nursery. omaha ’ s henry doorly zoo also received a male pup from binder park zoo in battle creek, michigan on january 18, 2011. this pup, who was born on december 1, 2010, was in a similar situation. binder park zoo staff used a domestic dog surrogate to raise the pup, which is a newer technique being used by zoos when the mother is unable to care for pup. since african wild dogs are highly pack - oriented, the species survival plan ( ssp ) for african hunting dogs recommended omaha ’ s zoo and binder park zoo integrate their pups together, with the hope of integrating all three into a pack. the survival of this offspring is critical to the captive african wild dog population. before any 2010 births, the association of zoos and aquariums ( aza ) population was only 125 animals among 37 zoos. besides omaha ’ s henry doorly zoo only two additional aza zoos have reported offspring in 2010. african wild dogs are found in southern africa and the southern part of east africa. they live in packs of two to 27 members and they have individual unique markings. african wild dogs are listed on the iucn red list of threatened species endangered. there are less than 5, 000 african wild dogs remaining in africa and they are found almost exclusively in protected areas. the african hunting dogs are fed a special carnivore diet. the pack is on display near the children ' s play area although they may be hard to spot. visitors are encouraged to bring binoculars and long lenses to assist in viewing.


illustration by colin purrington while updating the web site for this week ’ s program about charles darwin, i remembered the above image, which i had come across on flickr a while ago. it ’ s intended to show the evolutionary development of world religions ; it seems that the author, an evolutionary biology professor, was unable to find a similar graphic anywhere and decided to draft his own. if you click through to the flickr page, you ’ ll see that the various symbols in the diagram are labeled to indicate which religion they refer to. you ’ ll also see an interesting discussion in the comments section — ranging from the placement of the relatively young baha ’ i faith, to whether yoga should be included as a religion, to what the point of this diagram might be in the first place. as one commenter notes : “ the world of ideas, ideologies and religions is a bit more complex than a genealogical tree. ” so what is the point of attempting to represent the complexity of world religions such a simplified way? the author writes : i was thinking the above exercise might be a great way for young kids to learn about the diversity of religions, and how new religions are created all the time. looking at the image now, it seems even more interesting when placed next to darwin ’ s sketch of the “ tree of life ” ( seen at right ). some consider darwin ’ s theory of evolution, represented in his illustration, to be an assault on religion. but as we learn in this week ’ s program, it ’ s not quite that simple — at least it wasn ’ t for darwin. and here ’ s an example of the same model being used to map out world religions, perhaps with the hope of increasing religious tolerance. what do you think, are religion and evolution mutually exclusive? is approaching religion from an evolutionary perspective helpful?