14 snails not warranted for esa listing the west coast mollusks not believed to be at serious risk of extinction september 17, 2012 sacramento, ca : robert moler, 916 / 414 - 6606, firstname. lastname @ example. org klamath falls, or : matt baun, 530 / 842 - 5763, email @ example. com portland, or : joan jewett, 503 / 231 - 6211, firstname. lastname @ example. org lacey, wa : doug zimmer, 360 / 753 - 4370, email @ example. com sacramento - the u. s. fish and wildlife service announced today that 14 aquatic mollusks do not warrant listing under the endangered species act ( esa ). the service found that eight of the 14 mollusks were not listable entities under the definition of the esa. the other six mollusks were found to not be warranted for listing because a review of the best available scientific and commercial information does not indicate downward population trends or that threats are negatively impacting known occurrences of these species. known as a 12 - month finding, today ’ s announcement addresses 14 aquatic mollusks of the 29 total mollusks that the service was petitioned to list in 2008. the fish and wildlife offices in california, oregon and washington with local knowledge of the 14 species are listed below : - sacramento, ca : canary duskysnail, cinnamon juga snail, goose valley pebblesnail, hat creek pebblesnail, knobby rams - horn snail, nugget pebblesnail, potem creek pebblesnail, shasta pebblesnail - klamath falls, or : klamath rim pebblesnail ( formerly diminutive pebblesnail ), fredenburg pebblesnail ( formerly nerite pebblesnail ), tall pebblesnail - portland, or : basalt juga snail, columbia duskysnail - lacey, wa : masked duskysnail eight of the petitioned aquatic mollusks have not been formally described as species or subspecies in a peer - reviewed journal, or in any other source commonly accepted by the scientific community, although they were informally identified as potential species in the early 1990s, based primarily on differences in shell morphology. since then, genetic testing has shown that differences in shell morphology are not reliable in species identification. additionally, the informal descriptions lack genetic data, data regarding microscopic anatomical features such as radula ( tongue ), and photographs or drawings of anatomical features other than the shell. such data are often highly distinctive, and are of key importance in formal descriptions of mollusk


national wildlife refuges may receive help from congress in battle against invasive species for immediate release october 11, 2002 serena rinker, 561 / 732 - 3684, ext. 109 bert byers, cell : 772 / 321 - 5960 congressmen, u. s. department of interior officials, and refuge partners will announce proposed legislation to provide funds to combat invasive species on national wildlife refuges. this event is one of several across the u. s. to celebrate national wildlife refuge week and kick - off the centennial of the refuge fran mainella, director, national park service / dept. of interior, congressman mark foley, 16th district ( tentative ) congressman clay shaw, 22nd district evan hirsche, president, national wildlife refuge association, washington, phil mccullem, president, loxahatchee natural history association mark musaus, manager, a. r. m. loxahatchee national wildlife refuge lou hinds, florida supervisor, u. s. fish and wildlife service a. r. m. loxahatchee national wildlife refuge, 10216 lee road, boynton beach ( see http : / / loxahatchee. fws. gov “ visitor information ” for detailed directions to the north / headquarters entrance ; refuge is. 3 miles west of u. s. 441 ). meet at boat ramp, at the end of lee road, ¼ mile past administration saturday, october 19, 2002 ; noon – 1 : 00 press availability, featuring photo and interview opportunities. boy scout troop number 325 will join officials and volunteers to remove invasive species by pulling and chopping at plants. - legislation being considered in congress will provide an additional $ 2 million to national wildlife refuges to train and mobilize refuge volunteer friends groups in early identification and control of invasive - invasive species control is one of the biggest challenges facing our nation ’ s wildlife refuges, affecting approximately eight million acres of refuge lands. at loxahatchee nwr, melaluca, old world climbing fern ( lygodium ), and brazilian pepper consume more than 25 acres per day, making these lands unsuitable for wildlife. - the public can help prevent the spread of invasive species by planting only native species in their backyards. - october 13 - 19 is national wildlife refuge week. the u. s. fish and wildlife service manages the nearly 95 - million - acre refuge system, the only system of public lands where wildlife comes first. there are 540 national wildlife refuges across the country, with at least one in each state.


the u. s. fish and wildlife service manages the nearly 95 - million - acre refuge system, the only system of public lands where wildlife comes first. there are 540 national wildlife refuges across the country, with at least one in each state. - in march 2003, the national wildlife refuge system will celebrate its 100th anniversary. the refuge system was established by president theodore roosevelt in 1903 when he set aside pelican island, florida as a federal bird reserve. - as the refuge system ’ s 100th anniversary approaches, secretary of interior gale norton and president bush recognize that national wildlife refuges are an american treasure. the president ’ s 2003 budget requests an increase of $ 56 million - - the largest budget increase ever pepper fact sheet for more information of the u. s. fish & wildlife service and national wildlife refuges, go to http : / / southeast. fws. gov /. note : you can view our releases or subscribe to receive them - - via e - mail - - at the service ' s southeast regional home page at http : / / southeast. fws. gov. our national home page is at : http : / / news. fws. gov / newsreleases /. atlanta, ga 30345 phone : 404 / 679 - 7289 fax : 404 / 679 - 7286


while people on earth were looking up to see the moon pass in front of the sun during last weekend ’ s spectacular annular eclipse, astronauts and satellites were looking down. what they saw was decidedly less dramatic than a fiery ring around the black disk of the moon, but no less awe - inspiring. instead, they saw the shadow our lunar neighbor cast. the image above was taken from nasa ’ s terra satellite with its moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer. the center of the shadow, conveniently labeled in the image above, shows the area on earth where the eclipse was most complete. of course, during an annular eclipse the moon only partially blocks out the sun — in this case, leaving about 6 % of our star visible. another view of the eclipse was captured by astronaut and noted shutterbug don pettit aboard the international space station. while the shadow is a little harder to discern in his picture, the brighter colors and sense of scale more than make up for it. here ’ s a fun little existential mind blower : eclipses have been going on for as long as the moon and earth have existed, and have been a part of human culture for as long as we ’ ve been around. but it ’ s only been within the last 50 odd years that a view like this has been posible. - great shots of the annular eclipse from around the world - check out this red moon - get ready for the next celestial event : the transit of venus!


enter your email address to receivea daily dose ofthe genealogue ogden driggs had a very eventful trip to europe when he was a boy. why did his family have to leave continental europe in a hurry, and what famous person came home to america on the same ship? the driggs family had to leave paris because the germans had invaded france. they spent six months in england before returning to the us on feb. 23, 1915 on the s. s. st paul. robert frost and family were also on the ship. ogden driggs was aboard the st. paul when it returned to nyc 13 feb. 1915. poet robert frost and his family were also aboard. i ' m guessing the quick return was due to the outbreak of wwi. correction : arrival date was the 23rd of feb. ogden driggs traveled on the uss st. paul from liverpool, leaving great britain on 13 feb 1915, along with poet robert frost & family. just 3 days before, germany had declared all waters surrounding great britain as a war zone. interesting enough, driggs also traveled as a boy from the phillipines, via havana, in 1913 during the height of the moro rebellion. on that return voyage he traveled with chess master frank j. marshall. the driggs family left continental europe in february 1915 most likely due to the danger during world war i, and on their ship ( the st. paul ) was robert frost. you ' re all correct! by his own account, ogden and his family were evacuated to england aboard the u. s. destroyer tennessee in 1914, and spent six months in england before heading home. he was only nine, so he probably didn ' t remember seeing robert frost aboard ship. frost was then an up - and - coming poet, having published his first two collections while living in england. thanks to kac for pointing out ogden ' s earlier brush with war and celebrity. his folks sure knew how to pick vacation spots! post a comment


about james sthreshley jackson james streshly jackson ( september 27, 1823 – october 8, 1862 ) was a u. s. representative from kentucky and a brigadier general in the union army during the american civil war. born in fayette county, kentucky, jackson pursued classical studies at centre college, danville, kentucky. he was graduated from jefferson college, canonsburg, pennsylvania, in 1844, and from the law department of transylvania university, lexington, kentucky, in 1845. that same year he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law in greenupsburg, kentucky. during the mexican - american war, jackson enlisted as a private in the 1st kentucky cavalry, june 9, 1846 ; he was commissioned third lieutenant on july 9, 1846. jackson participated in a duel with captain thomas francis marshall, but fearing a court martial, he resigned october 10, 1846. jackson moved to hopkinsville in 1859. he was elected as a unionist to the thirty - seventh congress and served from march 4 to december 13, 1861, when he resigned to enter the union army. jackson raised a troop of cavalrymen and was commissioned colonel of the 3rd kentucky cavalry on december 13, 1861. he became a brigadier general of volunteers on july 16, 1862. jackson commanded the 10th division in the army of the ohio and was killed at the battle of perryville on october 8, 1862. he was first buried in louisville ' s cave hill cemetery and reinterred march 24, 1863 in riverside cemetery in hopkinsville.


the georgia conservancy is a statewide environmental organization working to ensure that present and future generations of georgians have healthy air, clean water, unspoiled wild places, and community greenspace. the conservancy ' s tools include advocacy and education the georgia conservancy was founded in 1967 after a former u. s. congressman from decatur, james mackay, convened a group of concerned citizens to discuss georgia ' s vanishing resources. the earliest work of the organization focused on protecting threatened places. working in partnership with other organizations, the conservancy won some early victories when sweetwater creek and panola mountain in metro atlanta became state parks, cumberland island became a national seashore, and the okefenokee swamp was designated as wilderness. the georgia conservancy focuses on more than environmentally sensitive places. early on, the group expanded its efforts to include advocacy for clean water and clean air. it worked in the georgia general assembly to pass the metropolitan river protection act, which was aimed at increasing protections for the chattahoochee river, and successfully opposed the construction of a dam on the flint river at sprewell bluff near thomaston. as early as 1971 the conservancy ' s executive committee called for investment in rapid transit in metro atlanta because of the link between automobile emissions and air pollution. because of the connections among land use, quality of life, and environmental protection, by the mid - 1990s the georgia conservancy began to emerge as a leader in the " smart growth " movement. the conservancy ' s blueprints for successful communities program has gained a national reputation for bringing diverse constituencies together to develop and implement thoughtful solutions to combat sprawl. to date, more than twelve communities in metro atlanta and around georgia have developed plans for a more sustainable future through the expertise of the georgia conservancy. currently the program is focusing on the implementation of watershed - based plans along the middle chattahoochee near columbus, the revitalization of the ocmulgee river corridor in downtown macon, and the continued survival of the unique coastal community of sandfly near savannah. the georgia conservancy continues to work for sustainable policies for air, water, and natural areas. the organization supported the creation of the georgia community greenspace program and is currently calling for a statewide vision for protecting natural areas in the state. the group works with transportation planners and state air - quality officials to restore and maintain air quality and thus protect public health and the natural environment throughout the


georgia community greenspace program and is currently calling for a statewide vision for protecting natural areas in the state. the group works with transportation planners and state air - quality officials to restore and maintain air quality and thus protect public health and the natural environment throughout the state. it is represented on the board of the georgia regional transportation authority ( grta ) and works cooperatively with grta and other groups to propose alternatives and to comment on proposed regulatory strategies as an advocate for air quality and public health concerns. the conservancy has urged state and local leaders to take steps to conserve water and has opposed efforts to build reservoirs until the state better understands their full impact. as part of the georgia water coalition, the conservancy is working to ensure that water continues to be a public resource, managed by the state for the good of all. the georgia conservancy also offers a variety of environmental education programs. annually it holds the youth environmental symposium to honor middle and high school environmental projects. " native seasons, " developed by the conservancy, is the only environmental education curriculum offered in georgia that is specific to the state. it focuses on how plants and animals adapt to the changes of season. educators who participate in conservancy workshops receive the curriculum and tips on how to use it with their students. children ' s programs are also available. georgia conservancy members take part in educational programs, conferences, and symposia and enjoy travel to some of georgia ' s most interesting places. they receive a bimonthly newsletter and have opportunities to participate in the conservancy ' s advocacy work. fred brown and nell jones, georgia conservancy ' s guide to the north georgia mountains ( atlanta : longstreet press, 1996 ). chuck leavell, forever green : the history and hope of the american forest ( atlanta : longstreet press, 2001 ). richard j. lenz, longstreet highroad guide to the georgia coast and okefenokee ( atlanta : longstreet, 1999 ). grace trimble, atlanta regional commission a project of the georgia humanities council, in partnership with the university of georgia press, the university system of georgia / galileo, and the office of the governor.


why should your kids read graphic novels? we live in an increasingly visual culture. teens are bombarded with images from computers, tvs, cell phones and even mp3 players. it ' s no wonder that so many teens are reluctant readers. graphic novels are a great way to encourage reading to visually oriented teens because 2 / 3 of the story is conveyed through images. they provide a reading experience that embraces the multimedia nature of today ’ s culture. as many as 6. 3 million secondary school students are reading below grade level. locally, 30 % of adults operate at or below minimal literacy. graphic novels attract both advanced and reluctant readers because the pictures draw them in and the unique stories keep them reading. many graphic novels cover everyday issues such as friendship, relationships, identity, family, and school, as well as more serious topics like aids, abuse, and coping with death. graphic novels are a great path to open discussion with teens on difficult topics without being too heavy - handed. it is a common misconception that graphic novels are " dumbed - down " books. graphic novels can be as simple or as complex as any other literature, it is simply a different format. many graphic novels offer complex themes, plots, and structures, as well as challenging vocabulary and can make complex concepts more accessible than text alone. graphic novels can serve as a bridge to other types of literature. above and beyond all, they are astoundingly popular with teens! new nyla powerpoint presentations graphic novel classroom kits teachers / librarians : to find out how to borrow graphic novels to use with your students, click here. i kill giants joe kelly ( author ), j. m. ken niimura ( illustrator ) barbara is an angry elementary - school girl who is known as a freak and claims to be a killer of giants. she faces bullies and storms with no fear, but cannot face what she hides from at home. the story is heart wrenching and wonderful at the same time. this work is an example of why comic books are not only art, but a necessary medium to tell a full story. the art blends so well with the writing you will find yourself thinking “ did i just read a comic or a small beautiful novel? ” truly an example of why comic books / graphic novels are great.


the story of passover during this time exodus 12 : 1 - 13 is read with brief comments and with the elements held up at the appropriate moment. the lamb bone : the lamb was killed, its blood spread on the doorposts and lintel of the house to protect the home from the tenth plague, the slaying of the firstborn. god said he would pass over the house when he saw the blood. jesus, god ’ s first born, the lamb of god, shed his blood for us so that death would pass us over. the unleavened bread : dough was not given time to rise since the hebrews had to be ready to leave quickly. no one knows the day or the hour jesus will return. we must be ready to go when he comes. the second cup : cup of plagues “ god poured our 10 plagues on egypt, the last of which, the slaying of the first born, convinced pharaoh to let the people of israel leave the land. ” as christian, let us recall the lives jesus had delivered us from. after this explanation the father invites he participants to recount these plagues. he reads each passage aloud ; they repeat it and then dip a finger into the grape juice, letting a drop fall onto the place symbolizing the plagues. “ now let us lift our cups and drink, thanking god that he not only delivered the nation of israel from the plagues, but that through jesus, he delivered us from the plague of sin which brings death that we all deserve. ” here is a good place for everyone to go around the table and confess their sins to one another. the bitter herbs each person places horseradish on a matzo and eats it, “ this symbolizes the bitterness of israel ’ s slavery and our slavery to sin. ” eating of caroseth each person places charoseth on a matzo and eats it, “ this symbolizes the mortar that was used to make bricks by the israelites. ” eating the egg the father presents the roasted egg. this ” is a reminder of the temple ’ s destruction in a. d. 70. ” the egg is dipped in saltwater, the symbol of tears, and then eaten. eating of the meal at this point, the jewish family eats a full meal. eating of afikomen this greek word loosely translated means, after dinner. after dinner, the children hunt for the hidden matzo. whoever finds the piece gets a token reward, maybe a coin or candy. when found,


eats a full meal. eating of afikomen this greek word loosely translated means, after dinner. after dinner, the children hunt for the hidden matzo. whoever finds the piece gets a token reward, maybe a coin or candy. when found, the afikomen is broken and shared. likely it was at this point that jesus said, “ this is my body given for you. ” read luke 22 : 19 and share communion : “ during jesus ’ last supper, he took the bread and broke it saying this is my body, do this in remembrance of me. ” the third cup “ exodus 6 : 6 says, ‘ i will redeem you. ’ redemption means to buy out of slavery. the lamb sacrificed and offered on passover was the price to deliver the nation of israel from their sin. this third cup is what jesus drank with his disciples as a symbol of his blood. he was saying i will redeem you. ” read matthew 26 : 27 - 32 and take communion searching for elijah “ the jewish people believe, according to malachi 3 : 1 and 4 : 5 - 6 that elijah will prepare the way for the messiah. they are looking for the messiah year after year, not recognizing that jesus, the messiah, has already come. pray for the jews and everyone else who does not recognize jesus as the messiah. here the children search for jesus, and peeks out the door. father : is he here? child : no, he is not here. father : maybe next year jesus will come. maybe tomorrow. for no one knows the day or the hour he will come, so we should be ready for him always. the fourth cup of praise as everyone lifts this cup, the father quotes exodus 6 : 7 “ i will take you for my people. the jewish nation looks forward to a golden age where everyone will be at peace. we, as believers in the lord jesus, eagerly wait for his return when he ill take us to heaven. ” so with the passover ceremony finished, everyone drinks the fourth cup proclaiming “ ” even so lord, com quickly lord jesus. ” here are some fun ideas you might want to try with your family : * when the plagues are read, pass our sunglasses for darkness, round band - aids painted green for boils, toy frogs and locusts, etc. they kids might not be the only ones to get a kick out of this part of the seder. * during the eating of the egg, you can play the “ egg game. ” prepare an


page 446 : earth ' s biomes a biome is a region on earth that has a certain set of characteristics. some examples of biomes are desert, grassland, and tundra. learn more about each of the biomes on earth by investigating this site. which biome has the most area on earth? the world ’ s biomes this page groups biomes into five categories. select a biome. what are the characteristics of that biome? biome ’ s of the world click on the rainforest biome icon to view more information about rainforests. what two groups are rainforests divided into? page 450 : the size of the human population u. s. bureau of the census according to current information from the u. s. census bureau, the world ' s population increases by about 250 people every minute. find out how fast the world ' s population is growing by investigating this site. how large is the human population expected to be in 10 years? census bureau - popclocks record the date and time. what are the current u. s. and world population estimates? visit this site again in a few days. how much has the u. s. and world population grown in that period of time? page 463 : career connection : veterinary medicine the princeton review what are some things that typically happen during a day in the life of a veterinarian? what is a veterinarian? there are several different specialties in veterinary medicine. click on the different areas to learn more about them. page 536 : field guide - insects enchanted learning - insects this " insect printouts " page lets you choose an insect to view, read about, and print out. how many body parts do insects have? follow the instructions at this web site to learn more about insects.


seasonal fruit desserts : from orchard, farm, and market by deborah madison, includes excerpts and recipes like lychees ; late summer rhubarb and blackberry compote ; individual rhubarb tarts in a corn flour crust ; and native wild rice pudding with maple syrup and wine soaked cherries. by deborah madison those who have rhubarb in their gardens no doubt find its appearance a welcome if somewhat startling sign of spring. it emerges as a fistlike ball pushing through the earth, and you can ' t imagine that leaves will eventually unfold from such knotty material, but they do. they start out yellow and become greener and larger as the stalks lengthen. and, although we think of rhubarb as red, in fact it can be either red or green. victoria, for example, is an heirloom that produces mostly green stalks and only the occasional red one. cooked, the green stalks break down into a subtle pea - green puree but taste just like the red varieties. technically, rhubarb is a vegetable, even though we habitually refer to it as a fruit. at one point, the u. s. customs court arrogantly ruled that rhubarb was a fruit, as if government can overrule the laws of botany! and that ' s pretty much how we think about rhubarb, as long as there ' s plenty of sugar. without a sweetener, rhubarb is sour. add to that the fact that the leaves are poisonous, and you might wonder how humans came to even consider eating such a plant. but after a long winter diet of meat and starch, you might be able to imagine that rhubarb would be welcome — not as pie but as a tonic to get one ' s sluggish system going again. before sugar was plentiful and cheap, rhubarb was cooked in soups and sauces, especially in the chilly northern parts of the world. when it comes to dessert, however, rhubarb figures well in compotes and fools, tarts, crisps, and compotes. regardless of how it ' s cooked, rhubarb nearly always falls apart into a puree, with the exception of the baked rhubarb on page 80 of the book. rhubarb is flattered by a constellation of other fruits and flavors. orange is a constant whether it ' s the fruit, zest, orange - flower water,


exception of the baked rhubarb on page 80 of the book. rhubarb is flattered by a constellation of other fruits and flavors. orange is a constant whether it ' s the fruit, zest, orange - flower water, or liqueur. blood oranges are even better, given their crimson color and more complex flavor, but grapefruit and meyer lemon are interesting as well. i always like clove with rhubarb as well as the orange, and i turn to that duo over and over. but spices like cinnamon, cardamom, nutmeg, vanilla, and ginger flatter as well. maple syrup and maple sugar are good alternatives to white sugar, having more depth of flavor. strawberries are endlessly paired with rhubarb, but that ' s mostly because we think of them as seasonally compatible — the first fruits. and they do make a great pair. but since rhubarb thrives where weather is cool and can therefore persist well into summer, there are other options. one july i bought long, handsome stalks of rhubarb from a farm in washington just when the blackberries were in season, and the two made a stellar compote. blackberries are just as appealing as strawberries with rhubarb, if not more so, and certainly far more dramatic looking. but since strawberries are often around then, too, why not have some of both here? use the poaching liquid to make rhubarb syrup : pour the juice off the cooked fruit and boil it until thick and syrupy, a matter of 15 minutes or fewer. add a teaspoon or two of orange - flower water or orange liqueur to taste. cool, then refrigerate. use this syrup to embellish a rhubarb fool ( page 209 of the book ) or the individual rhubarb tarts. 1. rinse the rhubarb, trim the stalks, then cut them into pieces 1 inch long. measure the orange juice and add enough water to make 2 cups. put it in a wide pan with the orange zest, sugar, and vanilla bean. bring to a boil, stir to dissolve the sugar, then reduce the heat to a quiet simmer. add the rhubarb and cook carefully, turning the pieces so that they cook evenly. often a piece that is cooked on one side is still a bit firm on the other side. it takes only about 10 minutes for


connect to share and comment ovarian cancer screenings have more risks than benefits, the us preventive services task force has decided. a federal government task force said monday that women should not get routinely screened for ovarian cancer. the cancer has a higher mortality rate than all other gynecological cancers, the washington post reported. it is the fifth - leading cause of cancer death for women. nonetheless, the us preventive services task force found that women who get screened for the cancer do not have a lower risk of dying from the disease. however, the panel ' s recommendations come with a major caveat : the advice only applies to women with an " average risk " of ovarian cancer. it does not apply to women who are dealing with suspicious symptoms or who have a family history of the disease, the new york times reported. more from globalpost : when the brics crumble the task force made its decision by reviewing studies that other people conducted. the task force examined an old review of studies from 2008, as well as new research from 2011. the task force concluded that for women with no symptoms or no increased risk, the screenings do more harm than good because of false positives. the issue seems to be not that screening in itself is bad, but just that the screening methods available don ' t work so well. the tests seem to only detect ovarian cancer when it is at an advanced stage, at which point it is too late. “ there is no existing method of screening for ovarian cancer that is effective in reducing deaths, ” dr. virginia a. moyer, the chairwoman of the expert panel, told the times.


configure is designed so that it appears to do everything itself, but there is actually a hidden slave : config. status. configure is in charge of examining your system, but it is config. status that actually takes the proper actions based on the results of configure. the most typical task of config. status is to instantiate files. this section describes the common behavior of the four standard ac _ config _ links. they all have this prototype : ac _ config _ items ( tag..., [ commands ], [ init - cmds ] ) where the arguments are : you are encouraged to use literals as tags. in particular, you should avoid... & & my _ foos = " $ my _ foos fooo "... & & my _ foos = " $ my _ foos foooo " ac _ config _ items ( [ $ my _ foos ] ) and use this instead :... & & ac _ config _ items ( [ fooo ] )... & & ac _ config _ items ( [ foooo ] ) special tag values : they may have the form ‘ output ’ or ‘ output : inputs ’. the file output is instantiated from its templates, inputs ( defaulting to ‘ output. in ’ ). ‘ ac _ config _ files ( [ makefile : boiler / top. mk : boiler / bot. mk ] ) ’, for example, asks for the creation of the file makefile that contains the expansion of the output variables in the concatenation of boiler / top. mk and boiler / bot. mk. the special value ‘ - ’ might be used to denote the standard output when used in output, or the standard input when used in the inputs. you most probably don ' t need to use this in configure. ac, but it is convenient when using the command line interface of. / config. status, see config. status invocation, for more details. the inputs may be absolute or relative file names. in the latter case they are first looked for in the build tree, and then in the source tree. input files should be text files, and a line length below 2000 bytes should be safe. the variables set during the execution of configure are not available here : you first need to set them via the init - cm


the source tree. input files should be text files, and a line length below 2000 bytes should be safe. the variables set during the execution of configure are not available here : you first need to set them via the init - cmds. nonetheless the following variables are precomputed : the current directory refers to the directory ( or pseudo - directory ) containing the input part of tags. for instance, running ac _ config _ commands ( [ deep / dir / out : in / in. in ], [... ], [... ] ) with - - srcdir =.. / package produces the following values : # argument of - - srcdir srcdir = '.. / package ' # reversing deep / dir ac _ top _ build _ prefix = '.. /.. / ' # concatenation of $ ac _ top _ build _ prefix and srcdir ac _ top _ srcdir = '.. /.. /.. / package ' # concatenation of $ ac _ top _ srcdir and deep / dir ac _ srcdir = '.. /.. /.. / package / deep / dir ' independently of ‘ in / in. in ’. var. init - cmds is typically used by configure to give config. status some variables it needs to run the commands. you should be extremely cautious in your variable names : all the init - cmds share the same name space and may overwrite each other in unpredictable ways. sorry... all these macros can be called multiple times, with different tag values, of course!


the following procedures raise, handle and wait for signals. scheme code signal handlers are run via a system async ( see system asyncs ), so they ’ re called in the handler ’ s thread at the next safe opportunity. generally this is after any currently executing primitive procedure finishes ( which could be a long time for primitives that wait for an external event ). sends a signal to the specified process or group of processes. pid specifies the processes to which the signal is sent : the process whose identifier is pid. all processes in the current process group. the process group whose identifier is - pid if the process is privileged, all processes except for some special system processes. otherwise, all processes with the current effective user id. sig should be specified using a variable corresponding to the unix symbolic name, e. g., a full list of signals on the gnu system may be found in standard signals in the gnu c library reference manual. sends a specified signal sig to the current process, where sig is as described for the install or report the signal handler for a specified signal. signum is the signal number, which can be specified using the value of variables such as if handler is omitted, sigaction returns a pair : the car is the current signal hander, which will be either an integer with the value sig _ dfl ( default action ) or sig _ ign ( ignore ), or the scheme procedure which handles the # f if a non - scheme procedure handles the signal. the cdr contains the current sigaction flags for the if handler is provided, it is installed as the new handler for signum. handler can be a scheme procedure taking one argument, or the value of sig _ dfl ( default action ) or sig _ ign ( ignore ), or # f to restore whatever signal handler was installed before sigaction was first used. when a scheme procedure has been specified, that procedure will run in the given thread. when no thread has been given, the thread that made this sigaction is used. flags is a logior ( see bitwise operations ) of the following ( where provided by the system ), or 0 for none. sigchld is signalled when a child process stops sigstop ), and when a child process terminates. sigchld is only signalled for termination, not stopping. sa _ nocldstop has no effect on signals other than if a signal occurs while in a


a child process stops sigstop ), and when a child process terminates. sigchld is only signalled for termination, not stopping. sa _ nocldstop has no effect on signals other than if a signal occurs while in a system call, deliver the signal then restart the system call ( as opposed to returning an from that call ). the return value is a pair with information about the old handler as described above. this interface does not provide access to the “ signal blocking ” facility. maybe this is not needed, since the thread support may provide solutions to the problem of consistent access to data structures. return all signal handlers to the values they had before any call to sigaction was made. the return value is unspecified. set a timer to raise a sigalrm signal after the specified number of seconds ( an integer ). it ’ s advisable to install a signal sigalrm beforehand, since the default action is to terminate the return value indicates the time remaining for the previous alarm, if any. the new value replaces the previous alarm. if there was no previous alarm, the return value is zero. pause the current process ( thread? ) until a signal arrives whose action is to either terminate the current process or invoke a handler procedure. the return value is unspecified. wait the given period secs seconds or usecs microseconds ( both integers ). if a signal arrives the wait stops and the return value is the time remaining, in seconds or microseconds respectively. if the period elapses with no signal the return is zero. on most systems the process scheduler is not microsecond accurate and the actual period slept by usleep might be rounded to a system clock tick boundary, which might be 10 milliseconds for instance. scm _ std _ usleep for equivalents at the c level ( see blocking ). get or set the periods programmed in certain system timers. these timers have a current interval value which counts down and on reaching zero raises a signal. an optional periodic value can be set to restart from there each time, for periodic operation. which _ timer is one of the following values a real - time timer, counting down elapsed real time. at zero it raises sigalrm. this is like alarm above, but with a higher a virtual - time timer, counting down while the current process is actually using cpu. at zero it raises a profiling timer, counting down while the process is running (


it raises sigalrm. this is like alarm above, but with a higher a virtual - time timer, counting down while the current process is actually using cpu. at zero it raises a profiling timer, counting down while the process is running ( like itimer _ virtual ) and also while system calls are running on the process ’ s behalf. at zero it raises a this timer is intended for profiling where a program is spending its time ( by looking where it is when the timer goes off ). getitimer returns the current timer value and its programmed restart value, as a list containing two pairs. each pair is a time in seconds and microseconds :. interval _ usecs ) ( periodic _ secs setitimer sets the timer values similarly, in seconds and microseconds ( which must be integers ). the periodic value can be zero to have the timer run down just once. the return value is the timer ’ s previous setting, in the same form as ( setitimer itimer _ real 5 500000 ; ; first sigalrm in 5. 5 seconds time 2 0 ) ; ; then repeat every 2 seconds although the timers are programmed in microseconds, the actual accuracy might not be that high.


the bible indicates that adam and eve ' s first son, cain, slew his younger brother abel because of jealousy over the acceptance of his brother ' s offering over his own. immediately after being banished to the east in the land of nod, cain found a wife and raised a family and founded a " city " called enoch. if cain was the firstborn of adam and abel the second, then how could cain have found a wife and built a city? creation of humanity the bible describes the creation of humanity in genesis, the first book. according to the chapter one account, god created male and female human beings in his image. 1 chapter two of genesis goes into more detail about the creation of mankind. according to the narrative, god created adam, the first man, 2 then, some time later, created eve. 3 adam and eve sinned and were banished from eden. 4 they produced two sons, cain and abel. 5 both cain and abel presented sacrifices to god, but cain ' s was rejected, 6 because he expended a half - hearted effort. 7 so, cain became angry and murdered his brother in a fit of jealousy. 8 cain is exiled god confronted cain about the murder of abel and banished him to the east of eden. the problem arises in the next verse, where suddenly cain is married and builds a city : - then cain went out from the presence of the lord, and settled in the land of nod, east of eden. ( genesis 4 : 16 ) - cain had relations with his wife and she conceived, and gave birth to enoch ; and he built a city, and called the name of the city enoch, after the name of his son. ( genesis 4 : 17 ) the assumption seems to be that cain and abel were the first two children of adam and eve. although cain does seem to be the firstborn, the text is not clear that abel was the second born, but only that he was the second son. 5 later, the narrative indicates that adam and eve produced " other sons and daughters. " 9 so, it is possible that adam and eve produced daughters between the births of cain and abel. it is also likely that others sons and daughters were produced after the birth of abel. we don ' t know how old cain and abel were when cain murdered his brother, but they seem to be at least young adults, since they are both engage in a trade for their living. 5 the second thing one notices is cain ' s seeming paranoia about being found and revenge being taken against his for


when cain murdered his brother, but they seem to be at least young adults, since they are both engage in a trade for their living. 5 the second thing one notices is cain ' s seeming paranoia about being found and revenge being taken against his for killing abel. 10 the only way this makes sense is if the brothers and sisters of abel were upset that cain had killed their brother. although the period of time between the birth of cain and the death of abel is not given in the bible, it would seem that this period was probably over 100 years, since the birth of adam ' s next son, seth is said to have occurred when adam was 130 years old. 11 adam and eve could have produced many daughters during that period of time. cain builds a " city " so, the genesis narrative suggests that cain had other brothers and sisters when he was exiled by god. one of those sisters married cain ( or more likely had already been married to cain when he killed his brother ), became pregnant and gave birth to enoch somewhere east of eden. the next problem that arises is the claim that cain " built a city. " to us, in the 21st century, this evokes images of skyscrapers and high density housing. however, the original hebrew word, translated " city, " merely had the meaning of a place that was guarded by a watch or with a wall. 12 at its minimum, the hebrew root referred to an encampment or post. so, it is entirely possible that cain could have built such a " city. " skeptics have pointed out that the only viable solution to the problem of cain ' s wife ( cain marrying his sister ) suffers from theological problems, since close relations were not allowed to marry according to jewish law. 13 however, all of these events happened before the law was given. according to the apostle paul, when there is no law, there can be no violation of the law or sin. 14 so, since the law against incest was not given until thousands of years later, there was no theological problem with cain marrying his sister. many skeptics object to the idea that cain married his sister from a scientific viewpoint, since inbreeding leads to the expression of detrimental recessive mutations. this is why punctuated equilibrium does not represent a viable evolutionary mechanism, since species sorting does not really lead to the formation of new species, but to the extinction of the current species. 15 however, scientists have developed completely inbred strains of mice whose individuals are all genetically identical. the process involves


viable evolutionary mechanism, since species sorting does not really lead to the formation of new species, but to the extinction of the current species. 15 however, scientists have developed completely inbred strains of mice whose individuals are all genetically identical. the process involves selecting out the defects. the resulting strains of mice are regularly interbred and do not suffer from any defects ( although scientists also raise strains of inbred mice that possess a single genetic defect, for study ). in the same way, i believe that the first two humans were created without genetic defects. inbreeding among their offspring did not lead to defects until many generations later as spontaneous mutations accumulated. at that point, god instituted laws against incest to minimize the expression of genetic mutations that had developed within our species. is has been shown that the bible ' s claim that cain, the first offspring of adam and eve, could have found a wife is found to be plausible if he had chosen among one of his sisters ( and he probably had already done so before he murdered abel ). since there seems to have been at least 100 years between the birth of cain and the death of abel, adam and eve would have had plenty of time to produce daughters for cain to choose from. brothers and sisters marrying seems to be a theological problem, since the bible is quite clear that one should not marry a close relative. however, the jewish laws were not instituted until thousands of years later, so there would have been no prohibition against such marriages at that time. skeptics also say that such interbreeding would have produced a genetically crippled population. however, if god had created human beings, as the bible says, then it would be expected that they would have been created without genetic defects. the accumulation of detrimental mutations would taken many generations, at which time god instituted the laws against incest to protect against the majority of these defects. - doesn ' t genesis one contradict genesis two? - answers to biblical " contradictions " - eye for an eye or love thy neighbor? are the messages of the old and new testaments different? - the biblical design for human sexuality - general rebuttal to the theory of evolution - then god said, " let us make man in our image, according to our likeness ; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. " god created man in his own image, in the image of god he created him


fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. " god created man in his own image, in the image of god he created him ; male and female he created them. god blessed them ; and god said to them, " be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it ; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth. " ( genesis 1 : 26 - 28 ) - then the lord god formed man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living being. the lord god planted a garden toward the east, in eden ; and there he placed the man whom he had formed. ( genesis 2 : 7 - 8 ) - then the lord god said, " it is not good for the man to be alone ; i will make him a helper suitable for him. " out of the ground the lord god formed every beast of the field and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them ; and whatever the man called a living creature, that was its name. the man gave names to all the cattle, and to the birds of the sky, and to every beast of the field, but for adam there was not found a helper suitable for him. so the lord god caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept ; then he took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh at that place. the lord god fashioned into a woman the rib which he had taken from the man, and brought her to the man. ( genesis 2 : 18 - 22 ) - then the lord god said, " behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil ; and now, he might stretch out his hand, and take also from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever " - - therefore the lord god sent him out from the garden of eden, to cultivate the ground from which he was taken. so he drove the man out ; and at the east of the garden of eden he stationed the cherubim and the flaming sword which turned every direction to guard the way to the tree of life. ( genesis 3 : 22 - 24 ) - now the man had relations with his wife eve, and she conceived and gave birth to cain, and


cherubim and the flaming sword which turned every direction to guard the way to the tree of life. ( genesis 3 : 22 - 24 ) - now the man had relations with his wife eve, and she conceived and gave birth to cain, and she said, " i have gotten a manchild with the help of the lord. " again, she gave birth to his brother abel. and abel was a keeper of flocks, but cain was a tiller of the ground. ( genesis 4 : 1 - 2 ) - so it came about in the course of time that cain brought an offering to the lord of the fruit of the ground. abel, on his part also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of their fat portions. and the lord had regard for abel and for his offering ; but for cain and for his offering he had no regard. so cain became very angry and his countenance fell. ( genesis 4 : 3 - 5 ) by faith abel offered to god a better sacrifice than cain, through which he obtained the testimony that he was righteous, god testifying about his gifts, and through faith, though he is dead, he still speaks. ( hebrews 11 : 4 ) for this is the message which you have heard from the beginning, that we should love one another ; not as cain, who was of the evil one and slew his brother. and for what reason did he slay him? because his deeds were evil, and his brother ' s were righteous. ( 1 john 3 : 11 - 12 ) - then the lord said to cain, " why are you angry? and why has your countenance fallen? if you do well, will not your countenance be lifted up? and if you do not do well, sin is crouching at the door ; and its desire is for you, but you must master it. " ( genesis 4 : 6 - 7 ) - cain called abel his brother. and it came about when they were in the field, that cain rose up against abel his brother and killed him. ( genesis 4 : 8 ) - then the days of adam after he became the father of seth were eight hundred years, and he had other sons and daughters. ( genesis 5 : 4 ) - " behold, you have driven me this day from the face of the ground ; and from your face i will be hidden, and i will be a vagrant and a wanderer on the earth, and whoever finds me will kill me. " ( genesis 4 : 14


have driven me this day from the face of the ground ; and from your face i will be hidden, and i will be a vagrant and a wanderer on the earth, and whoever finds me will kill me. " ( genesis 4 : 14 ) - when adam had lived one hundred and thirty years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, according to his image, and named him seth. ( genesis 5 : 3 ) - brown - driver - briggs ' hebrew definitions : ıyr / ar / ayar עיר / ער / עיר ( strong ' s h5892 ) - excitement, anguish - of terror - city, town ( a place of waking, guarded ) - city, town a related word by bdb / strong ’ s number : from h5782 a city ( a place guarded by waking or a watch ) in the widest sense ( even of a mere encampment or post ) same word by twot number : 1587a, 1615 - excitement, anguish - incest ( sexual relations with close family members, including your mother, sister, niece, aunt, daughter - in - law, and sister - in - law ) is prohibited : - " ' no one is to approach any close relative to have sexual relations. i am the lord. do not dishonor your father by having sexual relations with your mother. she is your mother ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s wife ; that would dishonor your father. do not have sexual relations with your sister, either your father ' s daughter or your mother ' s daughter, whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere. do not have sexual relations with your son ' s daughter or your daughter ' s daughter ; that would dishonor you. do not have sexual relations with the daughter of your father ' s wife, born to your father ; she is your sister. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s sister ; she is your father ' s close relative. do not have sexual relations with your mother ' s sister, because she is your mother ' s close relative. do not dishonor your father ' s brother by approaching his wife to have sexual relations ; she is your aunt. do not have sexual relations with your daughter - in - law. she is your son ' s wife ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your brother ' s wife ; that would dish


relations ; she is your aunt. do not have sexual relations with your daughter - in - law. she is your son ' s wife ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your brother ' s wife ; that would dishonor your brother. do not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter. do not have sexual relations with either her son ' s daughter or her daughter ' s daughter ; they are her close relatives. that is wickedness. do not take your wife ' s sister as a rival wife and have sexual relations with her while your wife is living. ' " " cursed is the man who sleeps with his sister, the daughter of his father or the daughter of his mother. " then all the people shall say, " amen! " cursed is the man who sleeps with his mother - in - law. " then all the people shall say, " amen! " ( deuteronomy 27 : 22 - 23 ) - " ' no one is to approach any close relative to have sexual relations. i am the lord. do not dishonor your father by having sexual relations with your mother. she is your mother ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s wife ; that would dishonor your father. do not have sexual relations with your sister, either your father ' s daughter or your mother ' s daughter, whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere. do not have sexual relations with your son ' s daughter or your daughter ' s daughter ; that would dishonor you. do not have sexual relations with the daughter of your father ' s wife, born to your father ; she is your sister. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s sister ; she is your father ' s close relative. do not have sexual relations with your mother ' s sister, because she is your mother ' s close relative. do not dishonor your father ' s brother by approaching his wife to have sexual relations ; she is your aunt. do not have sexual relations with your daughter - in - law. she is your son ' s wife ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your brother ' s wife ; that would dishonor your brother. do not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter. do not have sexual relations with either her son ' s daughter or her daughter ' s daughter ; they are her close relatives. that is wickedness. do not take your wife


improving the performance of platinum electrocatalysts in fuel cells 12 january 2007 the journal science and its online companion science express this week provide two reports from different research teams on efforts to improve the stability and performance of platinum electrocatalysts in pem fuel cells. scientists at the us department of energy ’ s ( doe ) brookhaven national laboratory have discovered that the addition of gold clusters to platinum electrocatalysts stabilizes them for use in fuel cells. a pem fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into water and, as part of the process, produces electricity. hydrogen is oxidized when electrons are released and hydrogen ions are formed ; the released electrons supply current for an electric motor. oxygen is reduced by gaining electrons, and in reaction with hydrogen ions, water, the only byproduct of a fuel cell reaction, is produced. platinum electrocatalysts speed up these oxidation and reduction reactions ( orr ). in reactions during the stop - and - go driving of an electric car, however, the platinum dissolves, which reduces its efficiency as a catalyst — a major impediment for vehicle - application of fuel cells. under lab conditions that imitate the environment of a fuel cell, the brookhaven researchers added gold clusters to the platinum electrocatalyst, which kept it intact during an accelerated stability test. this test is conducted under conditions similar to those encountered in stop - and - go driving in an electric car. the research is reported in the 12 january 2007 edition of the journal science. fuel cells are expected to become a major source of clean energy, with particularly important applications in transportation. despite many advances, however, existing fuel - cell technology still has drawbacks, including loss of platinum cathode electrocatalysts, which can be as much as 45 percent over five days, as shown in our accelerated stability test under potential cycling conditions. using a new technique that we developed to deposit gold atoms on platinum, our team was able to show promise in helping to resolve this problem. the next step is to duplicate results in real fuel cells. — radoslav adzic, co - author in the unique method developed at brookhaven, the researchers displaced a single layer of copper with gold on carbon - supported platinum nanoparticles. after being subjected to several sweeps of 1. 2 volts, the gold monolayer transformed into three - dimensional clusters. using x - rays as probes at brookhaven ’ s national synchrotron light source, a scanning transmission microscope at brookhaven ’ s center for functional


of 1. 2 volts, the gold monolayer transformed into three - dimensional clusters. using x - rays as probes at brookhaven ’ s national synchrotron light source, a scanning transmission microscope at brookhaven ’ s center for functional nanomaterials, and electrochemical techniques in the laboratory, the scientists were able to verify the reduced oxidation of platinum and to determine the structure of the resulting platinum electrocatalyst with gold clusters, which helped them to gain an understanding of the effects of the gold clusters. in the brookhaven experiment, the platinum electrocatalyst remained stable with potential cycling between 0. 6 and 1. 1 volts in more than 30, 000 oxidation - reduction cycles, imitating the conditions of stop - and - go driving. the gold clusters protected the platinum from being oxidized. our team ’ s research raises promising possibilities for synthesizing improved platinum - based catalysts and for stabilizing platinum and platinum - group metals under cycling oxidation / reduction conditions. — radoslav adzic this research is funded through the us department of energy ’ s hydrogen program. in a separate study published online in science express, researchers enhanced the performance of platinum electrocatalysts in fuel cells. the slow rate of the oxygen reduction reaction ( orr ) in pem fuel cell is a major limiter for automotive applications. the team from argonne national laboratory, the university of liverpool, lawrence berkeley national laboratory and the university of south carolina developed a pt3ni ( 111 ) catalyst that is 10 - fold more active for the oxygen reduction reaction than the corresponding pt ( 111 ) surface, and 90 - fold more active than current state - of - the - art pt / c catalysts. the pt3ni ( 111 ) surface has an unusual electronic structure ( d - band center position ) and arrangement of surface atoms in the near - surface region. under operating conditions relevant to fuel cells, its near - surface layer exhibits a highly structured compositional oscillation in the outermost and third layers are pt rich and the second atomic layer is ni rich. the weak interaction between the pt surface atoms and non - reactive oxygenated species increases the number of active sites for o2 adsorption. “ stabilization of platinum oxygen - reduction electrocatalysts using gold clusters ” ; j. zhang, k. sasaki, e. sutter, r. r. adzic ; science 12 january 2007 : vol. 315. no. 5809, pp. 220 - 222 doi : 10. 1126


in 2008, the grocery manufacturers association ( gma ) – representing the world ’ s largest grocery makers – launched a smear campaign against the ethanol industry in an attempt to blame the rising cost of food on american ethanol producers. since then, countless academic, economic and government studies have disproven the food vs. fuel myth, concluding that wall street speculators, high oil prices and the high costs of manufacturing, packaging and transporting all have far more impact than ethanol on the grocery prices that everyday americans pay. despite the facts, proven over and over again, that there is no substantial link between ethanol production and grocery prices, there are those who are still actively trying to stoke illegitimate fears that demand for corn ethanol will somehow drive up food prices. even the world bank — who published a research paper several years ago claiming biofuels were to blame for rising food prices — reversed its position recently with a new study entitled " placing the 2006 / 08 commodity price boom into perspective. " the study ' s authors found that " the effect of biofuels on food prices has not been as large as originally thought, but that the use of commodities by financial investors ( the so - called ' financialization of commodities ' ) may have been partly responsible for the 2007 / 08 spike. " read this report — and others like it — in our research & reports center. speculators are driving up prices – not ethanol. data collected by the u. s. commodity futures trading commission shows that hedge - fund managers and other large speculators increased their net - long positions to a record in chicago corn futures in the week ending september 7. usda ’ s quarterly grain stock report, issued on sept. 30, found that supplies of corn held in commercial storage and on farms as of sept. 1 rose above 1. 7 billion bushels - - up from a year ago and well above many analysts ' expectations. international food policy research institute economists conducted several statistical tests providing support that speculative activity affected market prices. even the world bank – which early on took the position that biofuels were to blame for high crop prices – reversed itself after conducting a more thorough study and is arguing that the effect of biofuels on food prices has not been as large as originally thought. the same world bank studies argued that investors speculating in commodities were responsible for the last food spikes. a recent bloomberg report quoted joel karlin, the commodity sales coordinator for western milling, llc, as stating that speculative buying of corn increased september 19 after goldman sachs group, inc.,


investors speculating in commodities were responsible for the last food spikes. a recent bloomberg report quoted joel karlin, the commodity sales coordinator for western milling, llc, as stating that speculative buying of corn increased september 19 after goldman sachs group, inc., forecast further tightening of supply as demand increased for animal feed and ethanol. in a june 2010 story in harpers ’ magazine, it was reported that goldman sachs created a commodity index fund where fund managers would hold long positions on a range of commodity futures – and then transfer their long position to the next long position, thereby creating speculative bubbles. corn is only a fraction of overall food and grain costs. for every one dollar spent in a grocery store, approximately 3 cents goes to corn - related costs at the farm - - admitted as much when general mills cfo, don mulligan, was quoted in the st. paul pioneer press saying that grain was only 5 to 10 percent of the company ’ s total costs. usda found that biofuels like ethanol were only responsible for. 2 percent of the 4. 8 percent increase in grocery bills during the first four months of 2008. food processing is energy intensive and packaging frequently uses petroleum - based raw materials. transporting food around the world also requires large amounts of oil. the cost of oil has much more to do with the cost of food to consumers than does the increase in demand for ethanol. - food vs. fuel fallacy fact sheet : read some of the untruths that are commonly misrepresented as fact. - mythbusters : the truth about ethanol brochure. - ethanol creates both fuel and feed. read our one pager : ethanol : a major producer of animal feed.


greenspace scotland is a charitable body that works to improve the quality of urban living in scotland by promoting the value of greenspaces. a key question for them is to identify where the greenspaces are, what condition they are in, and who manages and owns them. with this in mind, in 2007, the organisation embarked on an exercise to map them and yesterday published what they claim to be a world first - the first country in the world to map all of its its greenspace. the results can be viewed here and below, if you scroll down the embedded site. the interactive map is impressive and allows users to look closely at greenspace of all types across scotland. however, the real power of such information lies in the ability to interrogate, analyse and combine this data with other data. i happen to be interested in who owns all this greenspace and how much of it is common land and so i asked for a copy of the raw gis data. at this point it became clear why greenspace scotland claim that " no other country has mapped its greenspace in this way " ( my emphasis ). i was refused on the grounds that only those who have an ordnance survey mastermap licence are allowed to get hold of this data. the restriction is due to os licensing conditions on the open distribution of what they term " derived data " - data that is derived from the os base maps. unfortunately, the licence costs around £160, 000 per year. now i have been here before with the whoownsscotland project and bear the scars from the encounter. but it is remarkable that a project that is funded by public funds, that produces a valuable dataset on the environment should, in effect be restricted to elites from the public sector and corporate world. julie proctor, the chief executive of greenspace scotland agrees that the situation is not ideal. " we know the public are interested in scotland ' s greenspace and the interactive map provides a public viewing facility. we are disappointed not to be able to make the full data publicly available at this time. we are, however, working with the scottish government and the os to find a way forward. " but how long will this take? it is instructive to note how other countries take a much more liberal approach to data availability. the city of boulder, colorado, for example. allows you to view an online map with information on planning, greenspace, flooding, transportation, landownership and lots more. ( click on emaplink here. alternatively, i can download


warnings that an ecological disaster is imminent in the area around the mountain have largely been ignored amid years of turmoil in nepal. but conservationists think that growing political stability in the himalayan kingdom means that the time has come and that the damage caused every year by thousands of climbers and tourists can no longer be ignored. maoist rebels declared a ceasefire with nepal ' s government in april after a decade - long insurgency and are negotiating to join an interim government with the country ' s mainstream political parties. the kathmandu environmental education project ( keep ) said that the relative calm has removed an obstacle in its efforts to persuade the authorities that a temporary closure of the mountain is the only solution to help it repair itself. pt sherpa, a spokesman for keep, said : ' the maoist insurgency presented conservation organisations in nepal with serious challenges - constraining programmes, damaging infrastructure and threatening the security of staff. now we are hoping for more open dialogue on conservation with the government, and resting mount everest for a number of years is at the top of our list. ' campaigners warn that the price of tourism is discarded rubbish and medical waste and the colonisation of the area by restaurants and internet cafes. sherpa spelled out the strain being placed on the indigenous population. ' providing enough electricity and water for the small communities surrounding everest and the other himalayan mountains becomes very challenging when there are tens of thousands of additional tourists and climbers in the region competing for these same resources, ' he said. ' nepal is ravaged by water and air pollution caused by industrialisation and increased tourism. water supplies for local villages, delivered through irrigation systems in the mountains, are being critically depleted and urgent action needs to be taken. ' this year a geological team, sponsored by the united nations environment programme ( unep ), found signs that the landscape of mount everest has changed significantly since sir edmund hillary and tenzing norgay first conquered the peak in 1953. a primary cause is the warming global climate, but the research party concluded that the growing effect of tourism was also critically taxing the region surrounding the planet ' s tallest mountain. according to the survey, the glacier that once came close to hillary and norgay ' s first base camp has retreated three miles in the past two decades. hillary himself has become outspoken on a situation he believes is turning into an ecological scandal. ' i have suggested to the nepal government that they should stop giving permission and give the mountain a rest for a few years, ' he has said. elizabeth hawley, a kathmandu - based patron of the


he believes is turning into an ecological scandal. ' i have suggested to the nepal government that they should stop giving permission and give the mountain a rest for a few years, ' he has said. elizabeth hawley, a kathmandu - based patron of the himalaya trust, an environmental charity founded and still run by hillary, said yesterday that the pioneer remained utterly ' appalled ' at the levels and standards of tourism around everest and the khumba valley. ' when sir edmund has said he wanted the mountain closed or visits limited, the last thing he wants is for the sherpas to lose their livelihoods, but we in the trust strongly believe that not just everest but the whole of the khumba valley needs a sustained rest. these villages have become enormously wealthy by local standards, but along the trail towards everest there are now restaurants and cyber cafes and bars, and this just doesn ' t seem right. ' she added : ' climate change and the receding glacial waters are global issues and not within localised control, but we are particularly worried about deforestation of the area, much of it to sustain tourism, and our campaigning has helped improve the situation, but it still isn ' t enough. we feel that we have to start from the beginning in order for the region to recuperate and recycle itself. ' others have proposed limiting the number of professional expeditions and banning all commercial trips to base camp. junko tabei, 66, of japan, the first woman to reach the summit, said : ' everest has become too crowded. it needs a rest. only two or three teams should be allowed in a season to climb everest, and tourist trips to base camp should be banned altogether. along the trail to the mount everest base camp in nepal, deforestation is getting worse as locals cut down trees to heat meals and to provide hot showers for foreign eco - trekkers. the local environment is in danger and the dignity of the mountain is being undermined. ' there are also fears that even ' eco - tourism ' is doing more harm than good. the wwf estimates that ' only 20 pence of every £2 spent by an average trekker each day reaches village economies '. prakash sharma, director of friends of the earth nepal, believes that, while many of the western charity groups who trek to the foot of the mountain may be doing so for honourable causes, they are not considering the environmental consequences. ' the exponential increase in pollution and other negative environmental situations on mount everest is a direct result of the massive increase in visitors


charity groups who trek to the foot of the mountain may be doing so for honourable causes, they are not considering the environmental consequences. ' the exponential increase in pollution and other negative environmental situations on mount everest is a direct result of the massive increase in visitors to the region, ' he said. ' the khumbu region and the city of kathmandu can comfortably hold about 40, 000 people. in the coming months, during peak tourist season in the lower valley, there will be as many as 700, 000. ' twenty to forty thousand of these people attempt, at some altitude, to ascend the mountains of the himalayas, including thousands who will at least trek to the foot of everest. there is no infrastructure in this region to cope with the pollution this many people generate, and as a result the nepali himalayas have become the highest junkyard in the world. ' sharma claims that the tonnes of rubbish on everest include climbing equipment, foods, plastics, tins, aluminium cans, glass, clothes, papers, tents and even discarded electronic equipment such as satellite dishes. some climbers have reported finding bloody syringes and vials of unlabelled medications. other campaigners claim the dead body count on the mountain, 188 according to varying estimates, is enough reason to temporarily close it. but the sherpas who earn their living from the perilous work of guiding adventurers to the summit vociferously oppose any reduction in climbing permits. ang dawa, a sherpa guide in kathmandu, said : ' for us it is simple. there are tens of thousands of people in the region who solely depend on the trekkers and mountaineers for their income. if they don ' t come, these people and their families will starve. a sherpa who summits on everest is looking at making a minimum of £1, 600 for 60 days ' work. that ' s a lot of money in nepal - it can support an entire village. ' nepalese officials claim, despite the un report and environmentalist warnings, that they have no immediate plans to close down the mountain. ' all climbers are welcome as long as long as they are willing to pay, ' a government spokesman said. critics say it is no surprise that the nepali authorities have no plans to scale back tourism in the region. to even set foot on the slopes of everest, each team of seven climbers must pay a royalty of £50, 000 to the nepalese government. mountains under threat mt blanc, france ten million tourists visit the alps every year.


the region. to even set foot on the slopes of everest, each team of seven climbers must pay a royalty of £50, 000 to the nepalese government. mountains under threat mt blanc, france ten million tourists visit the alps every year. slopes and skies are exposed to hundreds of flights, freight and holiday traffic. new ski lifts replace old ones, leaving them abandoned and obsolete : cables, pylons and deserted construction sites litter the mountains while the human traffic destroys vegetation. the region is a water reservoir for both the po ( italy ) and the rhone ( france and switzerland ). rising temperatures are melting glaciers, reducing snow cover and crumbling rocks. china yesterday closed melting glaciers in its north - west tianshan mountain range to tourists who littered, polluted and even drove across ice. the mountains supply 2. 3 million people in urumqi with water and are crucial to hydro - electric schemes but are shrinking by eight metres a year as a result of global warming and increased tourism. china is battling to clean up its heavily polluted waterways and stave off water shortages across the arid northern regions that have been exacerbated by waste and mismanagement. a popular site for ' charity treks ', africa ' s most famous mountain is showing signs of wear and tear. the glaciers that have covered its top for 11, 700 years have shrunk by more than 80 per cent and are predicted to disappear by 2010. locals depend on water from the mountain in dry seasons. but man - made forest clearances around kilimanjaro for agriculture also have an effect on the climate ; reducing foliage causes less moisture in the atmosphere, with less cloud cover and rain.


new market, va. - rain - deprived homeowners in the nation ' s southeast are exploring every option available for saving their lawns during one of the worst droughts on record - including using recycled waste water for the garden. there ' s just one problem with that act of conservation : it ' s restricted or outlawed in many areas. ' we ' re using our bathwater and shower water to flush toilets. we were using it to water our trees but we stopped doing that because we learned it was basically against the law, ' said stacy murphy of durham, n. c. ' the trees have gone dormant, anyway. ' ' gray water ' is the discharge from a kitchen sink, laundry, dishwasher, bathtub or shower stall. it ' s not clean enough to drink, but it contains less nitrogen and fewer pathogens than ' black water ' or toilet waste. still, it is capable of carrying enough bacteria to trigger typhoid fever, dysentery, hepatitis and other gastrointestinal or viral problems. laura leonard, a spokeswoman for the north carolina division of environmental health, said gray water can have about the same amount of fecal coliform bacteria as whole wastewater. gray water is often banned for irrigation for public health reasons. but some have questioned the ban on plant watering for ornamental gardens. ' when the laws were drawn up some decades ago, it was more out of public health concerns. but cholera epidemics are almost a thing of the past, ' says murphy, who has already cut corners as much as possible. she and her husband don ' t wash their cars and have cut back on washing their bed linens. and now they ' ve stopped watering their plants. gray water does little harm if it isn ' t sprayed directly on edible plants and foliage, said kim coder, an extension forester with the university of georgia. ' it ' s hard to find a down side at all when you spray it on ornamental trees and shrubs - especially if you know what went into it, ' he said. ' if you ' re simply washing your hands or using dishwasher detergent, the impurities become pretty diluted by the time they flow from the house. ' coder participated in a pre - thanksgiving day meeting called to determine if georgia ' s gray water policies should be relaxed in the midst of a lingering drought. while public safety trumps conservation, he said officials should find ways to reduce risk and still conserve. ' if it ' s a matter of losing a few


determine if georgia ' s gray water policies should be relaxed in the midst of a lingering drought. while public safety trumps conservation, he said officials should find ways to reduce risk and still conserve. ' if it ' s a matter of losing a few begonias by not watering, that ' s not a big deal. you can always replace them, ' he said. ' but if you lose a sizable tree from your front yard, it will be three generations before you see its like again. ' that kind of thing might make it worth taking another look at our half - century - old regulations to see if gray water can be used ( for irrigation ). ' check your local ordinances to see if gray water can be used in your area. the city of gilroy, calif., has published these safety guidelines for gray water use during prolonged dry periods : do not connect your gray water drainage pipes to any part of your interior or exterior plumbing system. this could result in dangerous gray water backflow into your drinking water supply. gray water should not be used on root crops and such low - growing food crops as carrots, radishes, onions, lettuce and strawberries. gray water may safely be used for taller non - root crops including beans, corn and tomatoes if edible portions of the plant aren ' t targeted. gray water also may be used for turf grass, tree and shrub irrigation. ensure that any gray water used for irrigation soaks quickly into the ground. avoid creating ponds or generating runoff. do not irrigate with gray water if it was used for laundering diapers or clothing and bedding coming from someone who was ill. sidebar : even rainwater comes with some cautions by dean fosdick for the associated press new market, va. - there is nothing better than rainwater when watering plants. that ' s assuming, of course, you don ' t live in an area besieged by drought. rainwater is soft water, without the salts, minerals and chlorine carried by water from residential wells or municipal systems. with the proper permitting, it can be used indoors for pets, flushing toilets and soaking plants. outdoors, it can be used for irrigating lawns and gardens. rainwater also isn ' t as cold as water taken from the tap or a hose, so its spray won ' t shock plants and vegetables. and then there ' s the clincher : the price is certainly right. ' aside from installing rain gutters and adding containers, rainwater is free,


taken from the tap or a hose, so its spray won ' t shock plants and vegetables. and then there ' s the clincher : the price is certainly right. ' aside from installing rain gutters and adding containers, rainwater is free, ' said reagan waskom, director of the colorado water resources research institute. just be sure to test acidity and purity levels if you plan to drink it. rain in industrialized areas begins collecting impurities in the atmosphere. but pollutants really begin to accumulate once rain strikes the ground or roof. rain gathers up deposits of nitrogen and mercury, street oils, pesticides, animal wastes and commercial fertilizer as it flows from yard to storm sewer or cistern. ' the best strategy is to filter and screen out contaminants before they enter the storage container, ' waskom said. ' dirty containers may become a health hazard or a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other pests. ' here are some additional tips from the santa monica ( calif. ) green building program : avoid using rainwater on food - producing gardens that has been collected from asphalt roofing, redwood, cedar or treated wood shingles and shakes. those surfaces may contaminate water and soil by leaching toxic materials when wet. ensure that roofs have sufficient slope to drain completely, without any long - term ponding. rain barrels should incorporate a ' roof washer ' or ' first flush ' device to screen debris and avoid water contaminated by bird droppings and dust. containers also should be equipped with an inlet screen and overflow outlet that drains at least six feet from the building ' s foundation.


reviewed by douglas w. cupples ( memphis state university ) published on h - civwar ( december, 1995 ) the end of hostilities between confederate and union armies in 1865 marked the beginning of a new struggle for many southerners. returning from military defeat on the battlefield most confederate soldiers found financial poverty, devastated homelands, and political disenfranchisement waiting for them. for many the future was bleak, at best, and emigration offered the most practicable opportunity for restoring their shattered lives. as many as three million left for the american west and north, and a lesser number to other countries. a significant amount, perhaps as many as twenty thousand, chose to begin their lives anew in brazil. the south ' s defeat in war had been followed by the policy of congressional radicals labeled reconstruction. military occupation coupled with social upheaval and political restructuring acted as a catalyst for many confederates ' desire to escape their devastated region. for most, however, the option of emigrating was not practicable, and many leaders such as general robert e. lee actively opposed these ventures. although brazil still recognized slavery, the imminent elimination of this institution was decidedly forecast by the end of the american civil war, and desires to continue its perpetuation probably held little appeal for the defeated southerners. on the other hand, the south american country was appealing for a variety of other reasons. the climate was similar to the emigres ' native south, labor was cheap, and brazil practiced a high degree of religious and political tolerance. although the former confederates began several colonies, many failed to make it past the 1870s. nonetheless, a village in sao paulo located near the railroad, and called villa americana by the natives, was destined to prosper and survive into the twentieth century. in 1918 an american geographical society expedition visited the colony and reported their findings in the april 1928 issue of the geographical review. their report chauvinisticly reported that the confederados were unhappy, living in squalor, and worse off than they would have been living under federal control in the defeated south. contrary to the geographical review ' s report, most confederados had adapted well to their new country and had prospered. considering the conditions that existed in the 1865 south, anything would have been an improvement. brazil offered the opportunity to prosper and, despite the return of a few disenchanted colonists, the majority made the most of their new lives and eventually merged into brazilian society. the lost colony of the confederacy was written by


been an improvement. brazil offered the opportunity to prosper and, despite the return of a few disenchanted colonists, the majority made the most of their new lives and eventually merged into brazilian society. the lost colony of the confederacy was written by a descendant of the confederate immigrants. eugene harter returned to the united states in 1935, where he completed his education and embarked upon a career in journalism. in 1971 he returned to brazil as the united states consul. while renewing acquaintances harter realized that not a single book had been devoted to this aspect of the war between the states. harter has provided a valuable addition to the historiography of the postwar era. mostly ignored by historians and maligned by the northern press, the confederados made an important statement about the war and reconstruction not previously available to students of nineteenth - century america. harter has corrected this oversight. to understand how deeply southerners embraced their independence and separation from their northern cousins one must understand how deeply they resented reunification. for a large number reunification was less desirable than a completely new start in a new country. if there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at : http : / / h - net. msu. edu / cgi - bin / logbrowse. pl. douglas w. cupples. review of harter, eugene c., the lost colony of the confederacy. h - civwar, h - net reviews. copyright © 1995 by h - net, all rights reserved. h - net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and h - net : humanities & social sciences online. for any other proposed use, contact the reviews editorial staff at email @ example. com.


back to health library dating violence in teen years can have lasting impact monday, dec. 10 ( healthday news ) - - teenagers who experience dating violence could be more likely to get involved in violent relationships and have health problems as young adults, a new study suggests. researchers analyzed surveys of nearly 6, 000 teens across the united states that were taken when the teens were between the ages of 12 and 18, and again five years later. the surveys asked about physical and psychological violence in romantic relationships, and also about feeling depressed, having suicidal thoughts, drinking and doing drugs. " what stood out was, across both genders and types of victimization, teens who experienced teen dating violence were two to three times more likely to be re - victimized by a partner in young adulthood, " said study author deinera exner - cortens, a graduate student in the department of human development at cornell university in ithaca, n. y. exner - cortens and her colleagues also found that teens who were victims of dating violence faced higher rates of depression, suicidal thoughts and heavy drinking, which varied by gender. the findings were published online dec. 10 and in the january 2013 print issue of the journal pediatrics. " romantic relationships are really important developmental experiences, where [ teens ] develop their identity, " exner - cortens said. " if these relationships aren ' t going very well, it somehow skews their view of what a healthy relationship is and their healthy development. " previous research from nationwide surveys has found that about 20 percent of teens said they have experienced psychological violence in their relationship, such as being insulted or threatened. approximately 9 percent of teens reported that they experienced physical dating violence, such as being slapped, according to the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. in the current study, exner - cortens and her colleagues looked at data that had been collected on nearly 5, 700 heterosexual adolescents who had been in a dating or sexual relationship in the past year. the surveys, which were part of the national longitudinal study of adolescent health, included 52 middle schools and 80 high schools across the united states representing both urban and rural areas. in the first round of surveys, interviewers asked the teens about psychological and physical violence. interviewers also assessed whether the participants had depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, low self - esteem or antisocial behavior ; had engaged in risky sexual behavior such as not using a condom ; tried to control their weight through means such as vomiting or diet pills ; or engaged


whether the participants had depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, low self - esteem or antisocial behavior ; had engaged in risky sexual behavior such as not using a condom ; tried to control their weight through means such as vomiting or diet pills ; or engaged in heavy drinking, cigarette smoking or illegal drug use. five years later, interviewers asked participants the same questions, when they were between the ages of 18 and 25, but instead of asking about both psychological and physical violence, they inquired about adult intimate partner violence, which is based only on physical violence. exner - cortens and her colleagues found that psychological violence on its own could increase the likelihood of several unhealthy behaviors for girls and boys. girls were 44 percent more likely to drink heavily and 87 percent more likely to have partner violence as young adults, whereas boys were more likely to have antisocial behavior, 90 percent more likely to have suicidal thoughts, 34 percent more likely to use marijuana and more than twice as likely to experience partner violence as young adults. the researchers found, however, that psychological and physical violence together seemed to have more long - term effects on girls than boys. although girls who were victims of this type of teen dating violence were more likely to have symptoms of depression, twice as likely to have suicidal thoughts, 50 percent more likely to smoke and about three times as likely to have partner violence, the only association among boys was that they were three and a half times more likely to have partner violence. this gender difference in long - term health outcomes of physical violence could be because girls experience physical violence differently than boys, exner - cortens said. " males are more likely to laugh off physical violence, whereas girls feel it as a more fearful [ experience ], " she explained. although the findings do not prove that teen dating violence causes adult intimate partner violence or other health effects, it does suggest it is a risk factor, exner - cortens said. pamela orpinas, professor of health promotion and behavior at the university of georgia, was not surprised by the findings. previous research has shown that teen dating violence is associated with a number of other health risk behaviors, she said. " what is unclear is whether young people who have teen dating violence already have some other health - related problems, " orpinas said. the findings underscore the need to screen teens for dating violence and intervene, the study authors said. " parents, schools and health care providers all have important roles to play, " exner - cortens said


" orpinas said. the findings underscore the need to screen teens for dating violence and intervene, the study authors said. " parents, schools and health care providers all have important roles to play, " exner - cortens said. adults who are close to the teens can play a big part in intervention, orpinas said. parents can talk to their teens about their relationships in a positive and caring way, and make sure they know what is appropriate behavior in a relationship, orpinas said. if parents feel that their child is having dating problems, they can try to get help from a school counselor or therapist, she added. " we ' ve done a lot of focus groups with adolescents on this topic, and consistently they say they would like to be able to talk with teachers and counselors and social workers about relationship issues, " orpinas said. for more information and support on teen dating violence, visit the american academy of pediatrics connected kids program. sources : deinera exner - cortens, m. p. h., graduate student, department of human development, cornell university, ithaca, n. y. ; pamela orpinas, ph. d., professor, health promotion and behavior, university of georgia, athens ; january 2013 pediatrics


| risk factors genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection. it causes small, painful, fluid - filled blisters. these blisters break open and leave an indented sore or ulcer. the blisters can be found on the genitals, buttocks, or thighs. however, they can also spread to other parts of the body ( such as, the mouth, face, or eyes ). copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. about 16 % of people aged 14 - 49 years have herpes simplex type 2 genital infection. genital herpes is usually caused by the herpes simplex 2 virus. the herpes simplex 1 virus causes most often, but it can also cause genital herpes. the virus enters the body through genital areas, the mouth, or a break in the skin. after the first outbreak, the virus moves to nerve endings at the base of the spine. it will remain there until the next outbreak. the virus can be spread with : - direct contact with an infected person — such as having contact with the vagina, penis, anus, or mouth ( can include sexual or non - sexual contact ) - fluid from herpes blisters that gets on other parts of the body - pregnancy or childbirth — an infection can pass from mother to her child the virus is most easily spread when there are blisters. however, the virus may still spread to others when there are no visible skin sores. the strongest risk factor for genital herpes is having unprotected sex with an infected partner. other risk factors include : - high number of sexual partners - history of sexually transmitted infections - starting to have sex at an early age certain factors can trigger an outbreak of blisters. these factors include : - illness or infection the exact cause of an outbreak is rarely known. symptoms depend on whether or not this is your first episode. the virus remains quiet between outbreaks. during this time, you may not have visible symptoms, but the virus may still be shedding. this means the virus can be spread during sex. the number of outbreaks varies. they may decrease over time. primary infection is when you are first exposed to the virus. you may not have any symptoms or you may feel like you have the flu. this can include fever, muscle aches, and swollen glands. blisters may appear in the genital area or other areas. it may take about 2 - 6 weeks for the primary infection to resolve. a rec


like you have the flu. this can include fever, muscle aches, and swollen glands. blisters may appear in the genital area or other areas. it may take about 2 - 6 weeks for the primary infection to resolve. a recurrent infection happens when the virus is reactivated in your body. the severity of the outbreak, how long it lasts, and how much is shed all vary. in most cases, recurrent infections are shorter and less severe. they will also tend to produce smaller and fewer ulcers. the blister or ulcer area may have pain, tingling, burning, or itching. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history and perform a physical exam. if you have visible blisters and ulcers, the doctor will examine these. to help with the diagnosis, your doctor may : - open a blister to take a - have blood tests done — your doctor will do tests to find out if you have herpes simplex type 1 virus or herpes simplex type 2 virus. lesions inside the urinary tract, vagina, or cervix may not be easily seen. your doctor may do additional tests to examine these areas. if you are diagnosed with genital herpes, you may be tested for other sexually transmitted infections, including getting treatment as soon as possible is important. early treatment decreases the chance that you will infect others. it will also help you recover faster from an outbreak. however, it is important to keep in mind that the virus remains in your body. there are no treatments that will rid your body of the virus. there are medicines to decrease the chance that you will have an outbreak. antiviral medicines are used to treat genital herpes. examples of these medicines include : these medicines are used to treat a primary infection or a recurrent infection. if you have a recurrent infection, the medicine is most effective when it is taken as soon as possible. the medication is best when taken as soon as you notice symptoms. if you have recurrent infections, your doctor may have you take antiviral medicine every day to prevent an outbreak. this is called suppressive therapy. it is important to learn about genital herpes and how to avoid spreading it to sex partners. your doctor will provide you with information about the virus. to manage discomfort, your doctor may recommend that you : - take over - the - counter pain medicine - take lukewarm baths it is important that your sexual partner be tested for genital