structural geology of new caledonia and the sw pacific ( source : atlas de la nouvelle - caledonie. orstom, paris ). the evolution of new caledonia ' s flora and vegetation has been strongly influenced by its geological and tectonic history ( guillon, 1974 ; lapouille, 1981 ; lillie and brothers, 1970 ; paris, 1981a, b ). new caledonia separated from australia about 65 million years ago, and drifted to the northeast, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago ( coleman, 1980 ; raven, 1980 ). during the tertiary large parts of new caledonia underwent a series of submersions, and by the late eocene nearly all of the island was covered with up to 2, 000 meters of peridotites, a type of igneous rock formed from ocean crust that was slowly over - thrust during the preceding tectonic movement ( guillon, 1975 ; moores, 1973 ; paris et al., 1979 ). geologists claim that during at least some of this period all of the new caledonia must have been below the ocean surface. inference from the modern flora, however, indicates that at least some land must have remained exposed, serving as a refugium. many attributes of new caledonia ' s flora, such as its high generic and familial diversity, and the presence of numerous primitive groups, would be very difficult to explain otherwise ( e. g., by long - distance dispersal ). a substantial component of today ' s flora is thus thought to comprise the descendants of pre - eocene australasian groups that were able to survive on new caledonia as it separated and drifted away from australia. the extensive ultramafic substrates ( peridotites and serpentinites ) that once covered nearly all of grande terre and its associated islands have been reduced by erosion ( guillon, 1969, 1975 ; guillon and routhier, 1971 ; trescases, 1969, 1975 ), but today still cover about 5, 500 km², or about one third of the total land area ( jaffre et al., 1987 ). these have given rise to new caledonia ' s characteristic ultrabasic soils ( latham, 1975a, b, c, 1981, 1986 ; latham et al., 1978 ), which have exceptionally high levels of fe, mg, and of several heavy metals such as ni, cr, co, and mn, elements that are generally toxic to plants, along with very low levels of n, p, k, ca, and


bisphenol - a ( bpa ) is a chemical compound that is a key ingredient in the creation of polycarbonate plastic, a hard, clear plastic used widely in consumer products, including baby bottles and food containers. invented in the 19th century, bpa has been heavily used in the commercial production of polycarbonates and some pvcs for over 50 years. a growing body of scientific research suggests that the chemical may leach out of polycarbonate feeding bottles and containers, especially when the contents are acidic, high in fat, or heated. research also suggests that bpa may act as an endocrine disruptor, a substance which mimics natural human hormones and could cause developmental and neurological problems in children such as early puberty, and attention disorder syndromes. further studies have shown an association between bpa and heart disease, diabetes and high levels of liver enzymes, while the u. s. national institutes of health in september 2008 determined there was some concern about bpa ` s effects on fetal and infant brain development. in october 2008 the canadian federal government declared bpa a hazardous substance and placed it on the list of toxic substances. at the same time large retail chains throughout canada began voluntarily to remove polycarbonate products from their shelves. in the u. s., the food and drug administration ( fda ) has been lately been encouraged to re - examine its stance on bpa by the union of concerned scientists. bpa free. i have used bornfree products for my kids when they were babies and i have continued to use the toddler products as well. i also recommend bornfree products to my friends and bornfree is also a product of baby products that i love to give to friends as gifts who have little ones!!! so when you are out shopping for your babies or for a gift for a little one, then head over to babies r us and check out the huge selection of bornfree products that they carry both in store and online. i was given a very nice selection of bornfree products to sample and review, courtesy of bornfree! i was given bornfree stage 2 pacifier set, a bornfree twist ' n pop straw cup, a bornfree teether, and a bornfree 9oz training cup, oh and dont let me forget that all of these items i received are of course bpa free!! these are great items for toddlers and those babies that are right between the baby stage and toddler stage! all of these items in this set make a great gift for baby showers


study wrongly implies led to blame for van gogh masterpiece damage 16 january 2013 09. 30 gmt ( netherlands ) - scientists use old led data to highlight why some yellow colours in vincent van gogh ’ s paintings are turning brown due to lighting exposure. findings sensationalised by mainstream press. it has been known for some time that the light yellow tones in vincent van gogh ' s paintings are particularly prone to darkening, but now an international team of scientists have produced a report which suggests that the blue bandwidth in lighting could be to blame. the experiments were apparently carried out using a xenon lamp high in uv - a, uv - b, and uv - c wavelengths. unfortunately the research group, which included scientists from the van gogh museum in amsterdam amongst others, chose to highlight the danger of led lighting by publishing a spectral distribution chart from a six year old led system with a particularly high blue bandwidth. the chart is labelled ‘ emission spectrum of a typical " white " led, containing a substantial portion of harmful blue light ’. even more unfortunately, the report was jumped on by media all over the world printing misleading headlines that leds were harmful to van gogh paintings. articles quickly appeared in the daily mail and the independent in the uk and the huffington post in the usa. in the report they suggest that all leds have a high amount of blue. however, recent developments in museum grade warm white leds with high cri have greatly reduced the amount of blue wavelength present meaning that the bandwidth is now much closer to the black body curve locus. the paint changes have been blamed on a chemical reduction of chromium, the principle element found in the chrome yellow paint favoured by van gogh to depict sunshine. however scientists ' were left baffled as to the cause of the changes and as to why the darkening was more apparent on some canvases rather than others. using synchrotron x - rays to better understand the problem, deutsches elektronen - synchrotron ( desy ) in germany and the european synchrotron radiation facility ( esrf ) in france examined an extensive series of van gogh paintings belonging to three museums in the netherlands ( including the van gogh museum ) and france. speck - sized paint fragments taken from the masterworks were examined at the two synchrotron facilities and two heritage labs in italy and holland. it was concluded that the artist did not always use the same type of chrome yellow paint in his work. van gogh liked to use a standard lead chromate paint named ‘ middle yellow ’ but also


facilities and two heritage labs in italy and holland. it was concluded that the artist did not always use the same type of chrome yellow paint in his work. van gogh liked to use a standard lead chromate paint named ‘ middle yellow ’ but also, due to his poverty, utilised a cheaper ‘ lemon yellow ’ and ‘ primrose yellow ’ from time to time. it was these non regular types of paint that were found to be reactive to light in the lab. the paints affected, which have been found in van gogh ' s famous ‘ vase with sunflowers ’ and the ‘ portrait of gauguin ’, tended to have a higher sulfate content, with the paint becoming unstable the higher the sulphate levels rose. when exposed to green - blue light those paints containing unstable levels of sulfate turned a brownish / yellow, while ‘ middle yellow ’ remained unaffected. claus habfast of the european synchrotron radiation facility in france, told the independent newspaper in london : “ led lights appear to have many advantages but museums should carefully consider that paintings from the van gogh era could be affected by them. ” ella hendriks, head of conservation at the van gogh museum in amsterdam also commented : “ studies like these are very important to make museum curators aware that, even under ambient light conditions, the degradation of some sensitive materials proceeds continuously. musea should carefully consider the potential impact of, for example, the new, led - based, lighting systems that are now being installed in collections. ” however, rogier van der heide of philips lighting, who acts as a lighting consultant at the van gogh museum and rijksmuseum in amsterdam, states : “ the use of led in museums is safe. it is regrettable that the research was published in such a way. the research was correct but the interpretation was wrong. ” martin krautter of erco, who also manufacture led lighting for museums, commented : “ paintings using very unstable pigments have to be treated with extreme caution. but to believe that there is a ‘ less dangerous ’ light source available for these paintings than modern warm white led is quite ridiculous. if you want to stop degrading, put the paintings away into the dark! ” there is no evidence that led light damages artwork across the board. museums that hold works by van gogh and paul cezanne, who are known to have used the paint in question, are being asked to consider their use of lighting systems with high blue bandwidths when lighting works by cezanne or


| multicare orthopedics & sports medicine | shoulderthe shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in your body : it allows your arm to rotate in a full circle. we can activate the shoulder quickly when we throw a ball or put tremendous, slow strain on it when we lift something heavy over our heads. the shoulder is made up of three bones : the clavicle ( collarbone ), the scapula ( shoulder blades ) and the humerus, which is the upper arm bone. because it ’ s responsible for such a wide range of motion, injury or pain in the shoulder is common. common problems with the shoulder the shoulder can be unstable because the ball of the humerus is larger than the socket that holds it. to be stable, a series of tendons, muscles and ligaments must anchor it. injury and aging are responsible for the most common problems with the shoulder. - torn rotator cuffs - torn ligaments and tendons - labrum tears diagnosis at multicare your initial appointment with a multicare orthopedic physician will include a full evaluation of your symptoms and recent activities. establishing the source of the problem is the first step and will help determine your course of care. we may require x - rays, an mri or a ct scan. treatment at multicare multicare physicians are experienced in a wide range of treatment options for shoulder pain, injury and aging, which might include :


review college algebra & trigonometry ( aka " prepare for calculus i " ) all printable files posted on this site are formated in pdf form. hopefully, these files will automatically open in your browser window, but if they don ' t you might need adobe acrobat reader 8 to view them. click here if you need to download acrobat 8 reader. also, if your computer blocks all pop - up windows, you may need to turn that off. these are the skills that you should walk into calculus with. you should know these skills well enough to perform them without needing to refer to any notes. - lines : writing linear equations, graphing linear equations, finding the slope between two points. - factoring : factoring polynomials of all types. - exponent rules : correctly apply exponent rules, be able to rewrite radical expressions with rational exponents, be able to rewrite and evaluate expressions involving negative exponents. - trigonometry : find missing angles or sides on a right triangle. evaluate a trig function of a special angle, like sin ( pi / 6 ). - trig identities : you should know the pythagorean identities, the trig identities for double angles, the definitions of the reciprocal functions, and the odd and even trig identities. - function notation : understand and use function notation, including how to find compositions of functions. - radicals : be able to simplify and / or rationalize a radical term. be able to perform mathematical cacluations involving radical terms. - exponential & logarithms : be able to solve an equation involving exponential or logarithmic terms. be able to evaluate expressions that involve logs or exponential terms or factors. - geometry : be able to find the perimeter, area, volume, or surface area of basic geometric figures. - graphing : you should be able to draw a graph for any of the following functions, labeling important characteristics, like asymptotes, endpoints, vertices, etc. without your calculator. - linear functions - basic quadratic and cubic functions - square root function - absolute value function - exponential functions - logarithmic functions - trigonometric functions ( the six basic trig functions ) - the reciprocal function ( y = 1 / x ) web resources for improving your college algebra & trigonometry skills - west texas a & m university ' s college algebra tutorials - purplemath ' s advanced algebra tutorials. - pauls online math notes


students recognize, understand, and address in both writing and discussion the implications of the many developmental phenomena associated with teaching and learning 1. 1k, 1. 2k, 4k students recognize, understand, and address both in writing and discussion the implications of the many cognitive and behavioral phenomena associated with teaching and learning students recognize, understand, and address in writing and discussion, the many aspects of developing a culture for learning and a positive environment of respect and rapport. specifically, candidates will verbally discuss and write about factors affecting children ’ s learning, including candidates ’ understanding of the school community, students ’ developmental level, students ’ racial, cultural, and gender diversity, and the needs of special populations. 002, 004, 005 diversity : students will develop a vision of learning that promotes the success of all students based on relevant knowledge and theories, including but not limited to an understanding of the diversity of learners and learners ’ needs, and schools as interactive, social, and cultural systems. specifically, candidates will read, discuss, and write about students from diverse social, ethnic, and cultural systems. students recognize, understand, and address in writing and discussion the nature and implications of both student - centered and teacher - centered approaches to teaching and learning. specifically, candidates will analyze instructional techniques that influence student learning. students learn and practice reflective habits while in the classroom. 001, 002, 004 tests : essay test ( 50 points ), mid - term ( 150 pts ) - multiple choice, final ( 200 pts ) – cumulative and multiple choice projects and papers : student motivation and engagement ( 200 pts ), class lead ( 100 pts ), and observation evaluation ( 200 pts ) participation : participation will mainly focus on class and online discussions and group activities. reading the assigned chapters before class and being prepared supports participation. you will be given three online discussions, which will make up 60 of your 100 participation points. i will also look for active engagement in assigned work and coming to class prepared and on time. 900 – 1000 points 800 – 899 points 700 – 799 points 600 – 699 points below 600 points absences during the term should be minimal. as a beginning professional, you are expected to be present and on time in the classroom, as if you were employed. professional teachers are dependable, reliable, and responsible. therefore, candidates are expected to be on time and in attendance at every class. tardiness, leaving early, and absences are considered evidence of lack of dependability, and are taken seriously. if you


delos island was the most important panhellenic sanctuary, and, according to mythology, the birth - place of apollo and artemis. the first signs of habitation on the island date from the 3rd millenium b. c., and important remains of the mycenaean period have been uncovered in the area of the sanctuary. in the 7th century b. c. delos was already a known ionic centre because of its religious importance as the birth - place of apollo. athenian influence was initiated on the sanctuary with the first purification of delos by peisistratos in 540 b. c. but it gradually developed into a proper domination lasting - with short intervals - until the end of the 4th century b. c., when delos island was finally declared free and independent ( 314 b. c. ). the independence of the delos island lasted until 166 b. c. when the romans gave it over to the athenians. the second athenian domination started with the definite expulsion of the delians to achaia, in the peloponnese. the declaration of delos island as an " international " harbour by the romans led to an influx of foreigners who became a significant element of the island ' s population. the absence of taxes resulted to the concentration of trade activity on the island and, subsequently, to its economic prosperity. the close relations of delos with rome, though, was the main reason for its decline. during mithridates ' wars againts the romans, delos suffered severe damage in the raids of 88 b. c. and 69 b. c. since then, the island ' s prosperity gradually came to an end. in the 2nd and 3rd centuries a. d. only a small settlement existed on delos and, as christianity had gradually replaced the ancient religion, the island finally lost its importance. delos island was a sacred place with splendid buildings and sanctuaries and as such, it was never forgotten ; many references are preserved by travellers who visited the island in the last centuries. numerous pieces of sculpture were transferred to museums of greece and abroad, while marbles from the ancient buildings were used as building material by the inhabitants of the excavations on delos island started in 1873 by the french school of archaeology at athens. between 1904 and 1914, under the direction of m. holleaux and thanks to the donation of duke de loubat, the most significant sections of the ancient site were uncovered. intensive excavations were conducted in the years 1958 - 1975. the excavations are still carried out by


carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contain vital clues to the evolution of carbon compounds in our solar system preceding the origin of life. adapted from an arizona state university press release scientists have conducted an organic analysis of the tagish lake meteorite, a rare, carbon - rich meteorite classified as a carbonaceous chondrite. the meteorite fell on a frozen canadian lake in january 2000, and is the most pristine carbonaceous chondrite specimen ever studied. the analysis suggests there can be a different outcome for the evolution of organic chemicals in space than from what has been observed in other carbonaceous meteorites. this difference could be due to the possibility that the tagish lake meteorite contains carbon molecules that may have accumulated during the formation and development of the solar system. carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contain vital clues to the evolution of carbon compounds in our solar system. for example, the murchison meteorite, a carbonaceous chondrite found in australia in 1969, contains numerous amino acids and a variety of other organic compounds that are the building blocks for life. many scientists now believe that such meteorites could have seeded the earth with the ingredients necessary for life to arise. a team headed by chemist sandra pizzarello, a research scientist at arizona state university, conducted the organic analysis of the tagish lake meteorite. 4. 5 grams were taken from the sealed interior of the meteorite, and while the organic compounds found in the meteorite have some similarities to other known carbonaceous chondrites, there are also clear differences - most notably the near - absence of amino acids. " the chemistry here is different from that we have seen in any other meteorite, " says pizzarello. " it ' s simple when compared with murchison, and probably represents a separate line of chemical evolution. however, it still includes compounds that are identical to biomolecules. " in an article published in the august 24 issue of the online journal science express, the team notes that the chemistry of the tagish lake meteorite appears to have preserved organics that accumulated or developed in the early history of the solar system. this includes molecular bubbles of carbon ( fullerenes or " buckyballs " ) containing the noble gases helium and argon in a ratio similar to the gas and dust cloud that formed the planets. thus, the meteorite perhaps reflects an early stage of evolution of complex carbon compounds in space. the science paper notes that many of the organic compounds found in the tagish lake sample have also been found in other


and dust cloud that formed the planets. thus, the meteorite perhaps reflects an early stage of evolution of complex carbon compounds in space. the science paper notes that many of the organic compounds found in the tagish lake sample have also been found in other meteorites, but that the distribution of compounds is different, particularly for the amino acids and carboxylic acids. " we found some compounds identical to some in murchison that show the same - interstellar connection - in their abundance of deuterium ( heavy hydrogen ), while some others differ from murchison in amounts and variety, " says pizzarello, meaning that for some groups of organic molecules, only the simplest species were found in tagish lake, as opposed to a broader distribution of species found in murchison. " overall, tagish lake represents a simpler, more unaltered stage than we have seen before. " other members of the research team include yongsong huang from the department of geological sciences at brown university ; luann becker from the institute for crustal studies at the university of california santa barbara ; robert j. poreda from the department of earth and environmental sciences, university of rochester ; george cooper from the nasa ames research center ; and ronald a. nieman and michael williams, both also from asu. " some people have been disappointed that we found virtually no amino acids, but scientifically this is very exciting, " pizzarello said. " this meteorite shows the complexity of the history of organic compounds in space - it seems to have had a distinct evolution. " pizzarello notes that while the meteorites like tagish lake may lack amino acids, they still could have contributed the molecular precursors of biomolecules that are necessary for the origin of life. louis allamandola, astrochemist with the nasa ames research center and nai member, says the absence of amino acids and other simple organic molecules could mean the meteorite was exposed to high heat or energy levels during its travels through space. " the main signature of the meteorite is that of sooty, cross polymerized aromatic material - - probably much like the black soot from a diesel engine or sooty candle flame, " says allamandola. " from an organic chemical point of view, this is the kind of material you get when you heat any organic material above about 400 degrees celsius ( 752 degrees fahrenheit ). so, all this means is that this particular rock had a different history from that of the


, this is the kind of material you get when you heat any organic material above about 400 degrees celsius ( 752 degrees fahrenheit ). so, all this means is that this particular rock had a different history from that of the murchison meteorite. it had a rougher go on its transit from deep space to earth. " carbonaceous chondrite meteorites generally show little evidence of being shaped by high temperatures. even entry into our atmosphere does not heat their interiors to any great degree, as their porous texture tends to bleed away heat. but allamandola says it wouldn ' t come as a surprise if the meteorite had been heated or energetically processed before entering the earth ' s atmosphere - the vast reaches of space contain many different levels of radiation, temperatures, densities, and environments. " there are at least two ways to look at it, " says allamandola. " either carbon goes through some sort of process to form amino acids, and this meteorite therefore represents an early window on the evolution of carbonaceous chondrites before the amino acids develop. or, the rock might have been so energetically processed that the amino acids were destroyed. " " basically, " allamandola says, " this draws attention to the fact that only very few meteorites have been studied in any detail, and that we really don ' t know what most of them contain. it ' s a tough game. "


ecosystem properties for which satellite data are required measurement of canopy height with lidar. others are derived from the statistics of direct measurements, such as estimates of landscape heterogeneity used in conservation biology and ecosystem management and the inference of surface sources and sinks of co2 from space - based measurements of column - integrated atmospheric co2. a third category includes quantities that result from using direct observations as inputs in physical, biological, or statistical models ; an example is the estimation of carbon uptake and release through photosynthesis and respiration in marine or terrestrial systems, which are inferred from space - based estimates of photosynthetic light absorption. a final category includes quantities estimated from time series of measurements, which by their rate of change define some other process ( for example, the integral of photosynthesis over time can define biological productivity ). the currently available long - term record of ecosystem dynamics from a variety of sensors is critical for understanding and managing ecosystems in the coming decades. the panel places high priority on maintaining and enhancing this record. the role of multiyear time series in understanding ecological dynamics has long been recognized. from classic examples like the scientific exploitation of the canadian lynx - hare data set through the establishment of the long term ecological research ( lter ) network and newer classic papers that used decadal eddy covariance record, long time series have shaped the field. understanding of global - scale processes has been substantially advanced through long time series, including the ice - core records, the keeling record of atmospheric co2, the czcs - seawifs - modis records of ocean color, and the avhrr and landsat records of photosynthesis and land - cover change. long - term records of photosynthetic activity have enabled forecasts of impending food shortages, pest outbreaks, and other key ecological linkages with human health. to meet the challenges for understanding and managing ecosystems in the coming decade, the maintenance and extension of long - term ecosystem records are paramount. here, the panel briefly reviews critical applications, problems, requirements, and opportunities. there are three fundamental long - term satellite records of ecosystem dynamics, and each addresses a separate issue. first is ocean color, which began with the coastal zone color scanner and continues with


traffic ( aorn 2006 ; bartley 1993 ). if it is necessary to use an operating room for other purposes, it is imperative that the room be returned to an appropriate level of hygiene before its use for major survival surgery. generally, agricultural animals maintained for biomedical research should undergo surgery with techniques and in facilities compatible with the guidelines set forth in this section. however, some minor and emergency procedures commonly performed in clinical veterinary practice and in commercial agricultural settings may take place under field conditions. even when conducted in an agricultural setting, however, these procedures require the use of appropriate aseptic technique, sedatives, analgesics, anesthetics, and conditions commensurate with the risk to the animal ’ s health and well - being. surgical procedures are categorized as major or minor and, in the laboratory setting, can be further divided into survival and nonsurvival. as a general guideline, major survival surgery ( e. g., laparotomy, thoracotomy, joint replacement, and limb amputation ) penetrates and exposes a body cavity, produces substantial impairment of physical or physiologic functions, or involves extensive tissue dissection or transection ( brown et al. 1993 ). minor survival surgery does not expose a body cavity and causes little or no physical impairment ; this category includes wound suturing, peripheral vessel cannulation, percutaneous biopsy, routine agricultural animal procedures such as castration, and most procedures routinely done on an “ outpatient ” basis in veterinary clinical practice. animals recovering from these minor procedures typically do not show significant signs of post - operative pain, have minimal complications, and return to normal function in a relatively short time. when attempting to categorize a particular surgical procedure, the following should be considered : the potential for pain and other postoperative complications ; the nature of the procedure as well as the size and location of the incision ( s ) ; the duration of the procedure ; and the species, health status, and age of the animal. laparoscopic surgeries and some procedures associated with neuroscience research ( e. g., craniotomy, neurectomy ) may be classified as major or minor surgery depending on their impact on the animal ( devitt et al. 2005 ; hancock et al. 2005 ; nrc 2003 ; perret - gentil et al. 1999, 2000 ). for example, laparoscopic techniques with minimal associated trauma and sequelae ( e. g., avian


cambodia - politics, government, and taxation prior to 1991, cambodia had long been dominated by authoritarian regimes. since 1993, however, cambodia has had a multi - party democracy. during its first phase of democracy, cambodia actually had 2 prime ministers, 1 from each of the 2 major political parties, as a kind of political compromise. in 1993, cambodia became a constitutional democracy with the popular norodom sihanouk serving as the king. sihanouk has been an important force in contributing to compromise among competing political factions. the system of having 2 prime ministers, however, became unworkable and was highly inefficient. it also created a particularly complex environment for international investors or others pursuing economic or development activities in cambodia. new national elections in 26 july 1998, resulted in a new government with only 1 prime minister. cambodia has a bicameral legislature, consisting of a popularly elected national assembly ( 122 seats ) and a senate ( 61 seats ). the members of both bodies serve 5 - year terms. the king chooses the prime minister after a vote of confidence by the national assembly. since 1998, the prime minister has been hun sen. there is also a judicial branch led by the supreme court. taxation and the ability to collect revenues by the government remain weak, though government revenues increased 40 percent between 1998 and 1999. such revenues represented only 11 percent of the gdp and direct taxes accounted for only 6 percent of total domestic revenue. corruption and an inability to collect taxes plagued the government throughout the 1990s.


many students have already received their back - to - school shots, but not everyone chooses to get them. health experts are recommending you reconsider as some diseases are gearing up to become epidemics. know more about these vaccines. students of all ages are required by colorado law to get a number of different vaccinations, but parents can fill out a simple form to have their children exempt. required or not, though, health officials are urging people to protect themselves and start as early as possible. " the pertussis, or whooping cough, outbreak that we ' re seeing right now, not only in the state of colorado but nationwide, is a great example of why vaccinations are so important, " said mesa county health department director of health promotion kristy emerson. whooping cough is making its rounds, including 11 confirmed cases in mesa county as well as a number of pending cases. in colorado, as of august 11, 2012, a total of 715 cases of whooping cough had been confirmed. the state average from 2007 - 2011 for this calendar year is 158 cases. " whooping cough is sort of resurging. we ' re starting to see a lot of those cases, and it ' s something that can be prevented by receiving a vaccination, " emerson said. with this epidemic in mind, health officials are continuing to stress the importance of vaccinations, including those for students who are constantly in contact with others. " some shots are required for attendance in school, and they ' re required by the state department of health, " school district 51 spokesperson christy mcgee said. " if [ students ] do vaccinate, we want to make sure we have updated records, and if they don ' t want to, we want to make sure that we have the exemption forms that are required. " the school district tracks how many of its students receive shots. for instance, as of may, kindergarten through fifth grade had 553 students who hadn ' t turned in updated shot records or exemption forms. " we don ' t want diseases to spread ; we don ' t want illnesses to spread, " mcgee said. colorado law does state that students can be suspended if their vaccinations aren ' t up to date, and granted, not all shots are required but are instead recommended like the flu. though it may seem early, health experts highly recommend students and adults alike already look at getting the flu shot. people no longer need to worry about the flu shot not lasting until the


> for 125 years, north carolina state university has linked scientific innovation to economic gains within the state and beyond. > the word “ bacteria ” often conjures up images of germs and infections, but nc state researchers are trying to use beneficial bacteria to stop a deadly infection in its tracks. > the light bulb flashed in dr. michael dickey ’ s head within days of his arrival on the nc state campus. the assistant professor in the department of chemical and biomolecular engineering was going through his faculty orientation in august 2008 when he heard a professor in the department of electrical and computer engineering discuss his work on antennas. > plastic is an integral part of the american consumer culture, but dr. heather patisaul worries that its pervasive presence also poses risks. > humans are born with almost every heart muscle cell they will ever have. yet the body doesn ’ t have a barrier to protect the heart similar to the one that blocks pathogens from getting to the brain. > oystering has been the livelihood of generations of coastal north carolina residents, but the industry has been in decline for decades. giant steel - claw dredges used to harvest the shellfish around the turn of the 20th century destroyed much of the oyster habitat in the coastal sounds. > fruit flies. mice. butterflies. ongoing research on all three species helped nc state ’ s department of genetics land recovery act grants to study drug toxicity and complex traits such as sleep and wake cycles, as well as to purchase tools to decode genetic variations in those and other organisms. > the sea has always been a source of food, travel and trade for humans. now, researchers from nc state are trying to extract energy from the sea as well. > kindergarten students at rachel freeman elementary school in wilmington, like their peers everywhere, are full of energy. staying in line, being quiet and keeping focused are daily struggles. > humans have used plants to feed, clothe, house and warm themselves for millennia. yet, scientists know very little about how plants build the cell walls that have become food, textiles, lumber and fuel for mankind. > dr. sandra yuter got used to the rain while living in the pacific northwest for several years. “ it ’ s mostly a duration issue. it might rain lightly for 18 hours instead of pouring down for an hour, ” she says. > dr. carole saravitz has to step over a puddle to open a plant growth chamber inside the southeastern plant environment laboratory on nc state ’ s campus. > as a marathon runner, dr


marion, n. c. ( sept. 6, 2012 ) — breeding eastern hellbenders in captivity isn ’ t for the faint of heart. for one thing, these odd - looking animals, also called “ water dogs ” or “ snot otters, ” are notoriously difficult to keep in captivity. for another, they ’ re relatively hard to find in the wild, including north carolina where they ’ re protected and listed as a species of special concern, so obtaining animals for captive breeding can be quite difficult. but those factors aren ’ t deterring biologists with the n. c. wildlife resources commission. working cooperatively with the n. c. zoo, the wildlife commission is trying to raise to sexual maturity 10 juvenile hellbenders that it received from a texas zoo in june, with the ultimate goal of breeding them in captivity to create more hellbenders. biologists are not interested in propagating hellbenders to augment wild populations, but rather to meet the increasing demand for these large, aquatic salamanders as educational and display animals for qualified state agencies, universities and other facilities. “ the wildlife commission has no plans or intentions to breed hellbenders for release into the wild, ” said lori williams, a mountain wildlife diversity biologist with the commission ’ s division of wildlife management. “ we are simply trying to eliminate the need for any facility to yank a hellbender from the wild for display purposes. “ there is no need for that practice anymore if captive stock is available. ” currently, the 10 juvenile hellbenders are sharing two aquariums set upat the commission ’ s conservation aquaculture center, which is located at the marion state fish hatchery in mcdowell county. staff with the divisions of wildlife management and inland fisheries are measuring, weighing and photographing the young animals twice a year. in another year or so, they will place the growing hellbenders in a secure, concrete raceway at the hatchery. commission staff began modifying the raceway in july to ensure that conditions will be right for hellbenders to breed and nest when they mature. “ some of the modifications include the addition of baffles to break up line of sight, ” said peter lamb, the commission ’ s technology center biologist. “ this will help keep the animals from feeling over crowded. we will also add a substrate similar to what is found in their natural environment with places for the animals to hide and a set of hinged lids to provide shade and protection from predators. ” because hellbenders grow more quickly in captivity


over crowded. we will also add a substrate similar to what is found in their natural environment with places for the animals to hide and a set of hinged lids to provide shade and protection from predators. ” because hellbenders grow more quickly in captivity than they do in their native mountain waters, williams expects that the young animals will reach sexual maturity by 2015. a lot is riding on the next three years, williams said. she is hopeful, yet realistic, about the captive - breeding program ’ s long - term success. “ no one has ever successfully bred eastern hellbenders in captivity, although many have tried for many years, ” williams said. “ it was just last year that a team in the midwest finally got it right with the ozark hellbender, having the first - ever successful captive - breeding event with that species. “ we ’ re hoping for similar results with the eastern hellbender. ” their current location at the marion facility marks a return home of sorts for the young hellbenders, which started out as an egg mass removed from a stream in the french broad river system in north carolina in 2010. the egg mass was taken to the fort worth zoo in texas for a research project looking at the effects of two organic chemicals found in two river systems on growth and reproductive organs. more than 200 baby hellbenders hatched from the clutch, leaving the ft. worth zoo with a large stock of leftover hellbenders that needed a new home, because they couldn ’ t be released into the wild. several agencies and other institutions accredited by the association of zoos and aquariums received the leftover hellbenders, with the commission being one of three in north carolina that had the proper permits, expertise and equipment to care for the hellbenders. the wildlife commission is the only north carolina facility attempting a captive - breeding project. the other north carolina facilities receiving hellbenders will use them only as display and educational animals. while the fort worth zoo provided the hellbenders to start the project, the n. c. zoological society was instrumental in the project ’ s initial success. john groves, curator of amphibians and reptiles at the n. c. zoo in asheboro, provided commission biologists with technical advice on hellbender reproduction and husbandry — big challenges when working with captive animals that need very specific parameters of dissolved oxygen, water flow, temperature and nesting habitat. in addition to providing much - needed guidance, the n. c. zoological society paid to renovate the raceways at the


— big challenges when working with captive animals that need very specific parameters of dissolved oxygen, water flow, temperature and nesting habitat. in addition to providing much - needed guidance, the n. c. zoological society paid to renovate the raceways at the conservation center. “ this project is critical since it will provide the opportunity in the future to attempt captive breeding of this important member of the aquatic ecosystem in north carolina, ” groves said. “ this project will also give us a wonderful opportunity to study this salamander in captivity in a large, naturalistic enclosure where additional aspects of its behavior and ecology can be more fully understood. ” the eastern hellbender — “ an indicator of good water quality ” as its name indicates, the eastern hellbender is found throughout the eastern part of the united states from new york to mississippi. it is one of north america ’ s largest salamanders, generally reaching lengths up to 24 inches. with its wide, flat head, small, beady eyes and broad, flat tail, the hellbender can be a scary sight for those not familiar with this mostly nocturnal animal. however, the hellbender is nonvenomous and completely harmless, spending its entire life in the clean, fast - moving mountain streams and rivers of north carolina where it eats mostly crayfish, small fish and other salamanders. while its preferred food is crayfish, hellbenders are scavengers and will eat just about anything, including bait, or fish on a stringer, which is why anglers can catch them unintentionally. it ’ s these unintentional catches that lead many people to think that hellbenders are harmful to fish populations — a myth that williams is quick to dispel. “ hellbenders do not eat enough fish to have a negative impact on fishing, ” williams said. “ in fact, finding a hellbender in a stream is actually a good thing because hellbenders do well only in clear, clean water. “ so, finding one is an excellent indicator of good water quality, which also supports game fish populations, like trout and smallmouth bass. ” williams advises anglers who catch a hellbender to cut the line as close as possible to the hook and release theanimal back into the water as quickly and carefully as possible. surveys determine hellbender abundance in five western north carolina river basins until recently, biologists had very little information on hellbender populations in north carolina, although they suspected that hellben


##animal back into the water as quickly and carefully as possible. surveys determine hellbender abundance in five western north carolina river basins until recently, biologists had very little information on hellbender populations in north carolina, although they suspected that hellbenders had declined in many streams due to the usualsuspects — poor water quality from silt, sediment and other pollutants, over - collection, human interactions, habitat disturbance, and dams and impounded waterways. since 2007, the n. c. zoo and the wildlife commission have surveyed more than 50 waterways in five western north carolina river basins that were known to have hellbenders at one time or have never been surveyed before. preliminary survey results revealed a decline in some hellbender populations while other populations have remained stable. as biologists expected, hellbenders ’ success is directly correlated to human density : hellbenders tended to do better in areas with fewer people and less human interactions. staff from the n. c. zoo and the commission will continue the surveys for another four or five years. “ north carolina has one of the largest populations of hellbenders in the united states, ” said groves, who has worked with williams to conduct the surveys. “ however, we are finding many populations that are declining or possibly gone. constant monitoring is important, not only to help protect this aquatic salamander, but also to monitor our waterways. ” read more about the surveys here. even though surveys are ongoing, biologists still have little data on hellbenders. they are asking the public to report any hellbender sightings to firstname. lastname @ example. org. for more information on hellbenders in north carolina, download an information sheet here. for more information on wildlife conservation in north carolina, visit the conserving page. a high - resolution version of the photographs above are available for download here please credit lori williams for photo of hellbender on a blue bag and tr russ with remaining photos. for additional photos related to this story, as well as a fact sheet suitable for printing, contact jodie owen, email @ example. com.


ramayana - the story ( pg 3 ) training and marriage with his bow and his wife sita. rama ' s mission in life to fight evil begins when the sage and former king viswamithra takes rama and his brother laxman from their home in ayodhya to the sarayu river for a sacrifice ceremony. this place is haunted by asuras ( demons ), but rama kills the main female demon thataka with his bow and arrow and rids the area of other asuras. he is taught by viswamithra how to use the asthras - divine weapons or deities of various weapons. on their travels they survive many adventures, bring back to life a woman cursed into stone ages ago and fight some demons. on arrival in the town of mithila, rama falls in love with a woman he sees on a balcony ( fortunately the love on first sight is reciprocated ). it is the king janaka ' s foster daughter, sita, who because of a pledge is to be married only to somebody who can lift, bend and string the giant bow of shiva, which is held in storage by king janaka. many men tried before, but all failed. the task presents no problems for rama though ; he even snaps the bow. after the wedding of rama and sita plus the three brothers of rama in mithila they all go back to ayodhya, where the king dasaratha ( rama ' s father ) announces his resignation in favour for rama as kaikeyi is dasaratha ' s favourite wife and mother of rama ' s halfbrother bharata. many years before, dasaratha granted kaikeyi two " blanko " wishes, which she had never asked to be fulfilled. but now through the interference of kooni, a hunchbacked servant, kaikeyi reminds dasaratha of this ancient promise and demands of him the exile of rama into the forest for 14 years, and to crown her son bharata as the future king instead. promises have to be kept, so even though dasaratha dithers and tries to persuade rama to stay, rama is adamant about accepting the exile since it is the " duty of a son to fulfill the wish and promises of one ' s father ". bharata is pretty disgusted with the intrigue of his mother and promises to act only as regent until rama ' s return. for the next 14 years bharata refuses to enter ayodhya, where rama ' s sandals


father ". bharata is pretty disgusted with the intrigue of his mother and promises to act only as regent until rama ' s return. for the next 14 years bharata refuses to enter ayodhya, where rama ' s sandals are kept as a symbol of his kingship, and stays in the nearby village of nandigram instead. soorpanaka, the love - stricken demon rama and sita clothed in tree bark head off into the forest with rama ' s brother laxman, who turns out to be a good engineer and architect, building nice cosy huts for the couple wherever they go. in the forest strange and wonderful creatures and beings live. they meet jatayu, the great eagle, a friend of dasaratha, who in the meantime has died from grief over his expelled son. they meet kamavalli, who appears as a beautiful woman and who falls head over heels in love with rama. kamavalli is in reality the female demon soorpanaka, a sister of ravana ( who is the major " villain " in this story ). love stricken and dead jealous of sita, soorpanaka stalks on sita with the aim of removing her forever from rama ' s side. the vigilant laxman though catches her and cuts off her nose, ears and breasts, whereupon soorpanaka obviously swears revenge. she comes back with her huge army of rakshasas ( demons ), only to be defeated miserably by rama ' s bow. mutilated and humiliated soorpanaka flees to lanka to seek help from her brother ravana. the evil ravana evil ravana from lanka. ravana is also called the overlord of the seven worlds ; he has ten heads and twenty arms. when he had still been one of the " good guys " he had received lots of powers from the gods. now he employs some of the minor gods for menial tasks as for example the god of wind who has to blow away some of the flowers which are constantly showered onto ravana. one of this demon ' s ( in ) famous deeds was his trying to lift mount kailas with god shiva and goddess parvati on it, so that the mountain shook. as a result, nandi the bull ( shiva ' s vehicle ) cursed him, saying that his end would come through a monkey. he is also known as an accomplished veena ( string instrument ) player. the golden deer soorpanaka describes sita in such graphic detail that ra


( shiva ' s vehicle ) cursed him, saying that his end would come through a monkey. he is also known as an accomplished veena ( string instrument ) player. the golden deer soorpanaka describes sita in such graphic detail that ravana immediately falls in love with her. he wants her, he is sick with love, he is so miserable without her that he orders weather, sun and moon around senselessly, to the extent that the weather goes completely haywire. eventually he takes some action. he persuades his uncle mareecha to help him. mareecha is also an asura ( demon ), but through meditation in a cave he is trying to become " good ". he is one of the sons of thataka, who was one of the first victims of rama ' s demon - kills. only under threat does he agree to help ravana with the abduction of sita. disguised as a golden deer studded with gem stones he ambles around the forest so that rama and sita are bound to see him. sita is fascinated by this wonderful deer and hassles rama to catch it. against the advice of the more suspicious laxman rama follows the deer through fields, forests and valleys, till he realises that he has been tricked and shoots it. mareecha in form of the golden deer screams " help " in rama ' s voice and dies. on hearing rama ' s apparent cry for help sita persuades laxman to leave her and to go out in order to rescue her husband. laxman, suspecting trickery again, is reluctant to leave sita on her own and only after sita threatens to immolate herself, he leaves the hut they are staying at. shortly afterwards an old sadhu appears and sita lets him into the hut. it is ravana in disguise who due to an ancient curse would die if he touched a woman without her consent. therefore ravana digs a hole under the ground sita stands on, chucks her and the earth into his chariot and flies off. jatayu, the great eagle, sees them and tries to rescue sita. a fight ensues in which ravana eventually kills jatayu with his " chandrahasa ", an infallible sword, given a long time ago as a gift from god shiva. hanuman from the monkey race | | the monkey rama and laxman are pretty upset to discover sita ' s disappearance and head out to find her. on their travels through the forests they


is there a dark side to moving in sync? two studies find aligned action does not always lead to the common good source newsroom : university of southern california newswise — moving in harmony can make people feel more connected to one another and, as a result, lead to positive collective action. think of those feel - good vibes created in a yoga class as students move in unison through their downward - facing dogs. yet given that synchronized physical activities are also a cornerstone of military training and are the highlights of military propaganda reels, could the interconnectedness created by coordinated action be mined to make people behave destructively instead? according to two studies conducted by scott wiltermuth, assistant professor of management and organization at the usc marshall school of business, the cohesiveness synchronized action fosters can, indeed, be manipulated for less than ideal ends. wiltermuth ' s first study, " synchronous activity boosts compliance with requests to aggress, " published in the january issue of the journal of experimental social psychology, examined whether aligned action primed participants to act aggressively to others outside their designated teams. in the experiment, 155 participants were divided into teams of three and trained to move plastic cups in a specified sequence to music in either a synchronized or unsynchronized way, while some in a control group merely held their cups above the table. participants had three minutes to memorize a list of cities and were told that those scoring in the top 25 percent would be entered in a lottery to win $ 50, thus creating a competitive environment. after their three minutes elapsed, participants were asked to begin moving their cups in time to instrumental music heard through headphones. they were then informed before they took the memory test that they could chose the sounds the next group of participants would hear during their cup exercise. the choices included a selection called " noise blast, " described as an " aggravating " choice consisting of " 90 seconds of static played at a very high volume. " in about half of the teams, an insider was planted who would try to persuade teammates to select " noise blast. " as anticipated, the study showed that those who moved their cups in synchrony felt more connected to those in their group and were more likely to choose the noise blast option at the request of their teammate than participants who performed actions out of sync with one another or as part of the control group. they identified with the interests of their own group over that of the whole. in the complementary study, " synchrony


option at the request of their teammate than participants who performed actions out of sync with one another or as part of the control group. they identified with the interests of their own group over that of the whole. in the complementary study, " synchrony and destructive obedience " slated for an upcoming issue of social influence, wiltermuth examined whether synchronized action could be used as a tool to heighten people ' s obedience to kill insects at the directive of the authority figure. in the study, 70 participants were randomly assigned either to walk in step behind an experimenter, out - of - step with the experimenter or to simply walk with the experimenter in the control condition. as expected, those who were in sync with the recognized authority figure indicated that they made more of an effort to walk in - step and felt closer to him or her than did those in the coordinated but asynchronous or control condition. next, 89 participants repeated the walking experiment before engaging in a second portion in which they were asked to exterminate sow bugs by funneling as many as possible into a device within 30 seconds. ( participants did not actually kill the bugs. ) those participants who walked in step with the same experimenter who later instructed them to kill the bugs put approximately 54 percent more bugs into the device than did those in the control condition. they also put 38 percent more bugs into the funnel than did participants in the coordinated but asynchronous condition and twice as many bugs into the funnel as did participants who walked in synchrony with a different experimenter than the one who instructed them to terminate the insects. wiltermuth, an expert on group dynamics, says the findings are the first to indicate that synchronous activities may be used to influence leader - follower relations and are especially pertinent, as synchronized action like marching and chanting are still used in political and religious rallies to influence people throughout the world. wiltermuth notes, " the findings suggest that synchrony cannot only be used for good, but also as a tool to promote evil. "


mary cassatt ( artist ) | american, 1844 - 1926 the letter, 1890 - 1891 drypoint and aquatint on laid paper plate : 34. 6 x 22. 8 cm ( 13 5 / 8 x 9 in. ) sheet : 43. 6 x 30. 3 cm ( 17 3 / 16 x 11 15 / 16 in. ) mathews and shapiro 1989, no. 8, state iv / iv chester dale collection not on view object 5 of 12 in the letter, as in the other prints from this series, mary cassatt explores the private realm of women in the nineteenth century. though such domestic activities may at first glance seem trivial, cassatt consistently endows her subjects with a gravity that underscores the seriousness of their occupations. correspondence often consumed a large part of a woman ' s day ; she not only wrote to friends and acquaintances, but she was also responsible for answering invitations, responding to inquiries, and dealing with the daily domestic cares of the household. for cassatt, who was an american expatriate living in paris, the importance of letter - writing to keep in touch with family and friends must have held a special significance. the dropleaf desk in this composition still belongs to the artist ' s family ; at one time, cassatt herself may have used it to write letters. several aspects of the letter reflect japanese influence. the flattening of space is typical of the japanese woodcuts popular in europe at the time, as is an interior setting. | « | | back to gallery | | » | | continue tour |


for the discovery of a gene silencing process called rna interference, andrew z. fire, ph. d., of stanford university school of medicine and craig c. mello, ph. d, of the massachusetts medical school have received the 2006 nobel prize in physiology or medicine. the national institute of general medical sciences, a component of the national institutes of health, has supported the prize - winning research with $ 8. 5 million in grants and continues to fund both scientists. fire became an nigms grantee in 1987 and mello, who also receives funding from nih ’ s national institute of child health and human development, became an nigms grantee in 1999. rnai is a natural process that cells from a wide range of organisms use to turn down, or silence, specific genes. fire and mello discovered it unexpectedly when they used a molecular tool called antisense rna to block the expression of genes that affect development in the c. elegans roundworm. they realized that it actually was the double - stranded rna molecule produced during the synthesis of antisense rna that muted gene expression. since the initial discovery by fire and mello, scientists in labs worldwide have used rnai to decode the human genome and determine the function of genes. rnai also holds promise as a medical therapy for human diseases such as cancer and viral infections, and is currently being tested in a number of clinical trials. “ the unanticipated discovery of a basic biological process that can silence genes took the biomedical research community by storm, ” said jeremy m. berg, ph. d., nigms director. “ rnai has clearly demonstrated the fundamental role that basic research plays in advancing our understanding of health. ” more information about rnai is available on the nigms web site at http : / / www. nigms. nih. gov / news / extras / default. htm # rnai. more information about nigms ' support of nobel prize winners is available at http : / / www. nigms. nih. gov / publications / factsheet _ nigmsnobelists. htm.


a kidney transplant is surgery to place a healthy kidney into a person with kidney failure. kidney transplants are one of the most common transplant operations in the united states. one donated kidney is needed to replace the work previously done by your kidneys. the donated kidney may be from : the healthy kidney is transported in cool salt water ( saline ) that preserves the organ for up to 48 hours. this gives the health care providers time to perform tests that match the donor ' s and recipient ' s blood and tissue before the operation. procedure for a living kidney donor if you are donating a kidney, you will be placed under general anesthesia before surgery. this means you will be asleep and pain - free. usually, surgeons today can use small surgical cuts with laparoscopic techniques. see kidney removal for more information. procedure for the person receiving the kidney ( recipient ) people receiving a kidney transplant are given general anesthesia before surgery. the surgeon makes a cut in the lower belly area. kidney transplant surgery takes about 3 hours. people with diabetes may also have a pancreas transplant done at the same time. this will usually add another 3 hours to the surgery. see also : pancreas transplant your doctor may recommend a kidney transplant if you have end - stage kidney disease. the most common cause of end - stage kidney disease in the u. s. is diabetes. however, there are many other causes. a kidney transplant may not be done if you have : the risks for any anesthesia are : the risks for any surgery are : other risks related to the procedure include : once your doctor refers you to a transplant center, you will be seen and evaluated by the transplant team. they will want to make sure that you are a good candidate for kidney transplant. you will have several visits over the course of several weeks or even months. you will need to have blood drawn and x - rays taken. tests done before the procedure include : you will also want to consider one or more transplant centers to determine which is best for you. if the transplant team believes you are a good candidate for a kidney transplant, you will be put on a national waiting list. most, but not all patients waiting for a kidney transplant are on dialysis. while you are waiting for a kidney, follow these steps : if you received a donated kidney, you will need to stay in the hospital for about 3 - 7 days. afterwards, you will need close follow - up by a doctor and regular blood tests for 1 - 2 months. the recovery period is about 6 months


you received a donated kidney, you will need to stay in the hospital for about 3 - 7 days. afterwards, you will need close follow - up by a doctor and regular blood tests for 1 - 2 months. the recovery period is about 6 months. often, your transplant team will ask you to stay fairly close to the hospital for the first 3 months. you will need to have regular check - ups with blood tests and x - rays for many years. almost everyone feels that they have a better quality of life after the transplant. those who receive a kidney from a living related donor do better than those who receive a kidney from a donor who has died. ( if you donate a kidney, you can usually live safely without complications with your one remaining kidney. ) people who receive a transplanted kidney may reject the new organ. this means that their immune system sees the new kidney as a foreign substance and tries to destroy it. in order to avoid rejection, almost all kidney transplant recipients must take medicines that suppress their immune response for the rest of their life. this is called immunosuppressive therapy. although the treatment helps prevent organ rejection, it also puts patients at a higher risk for infection and cancer. if you take this medicine, you need to be screened for cancer. the medicines may also cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol and increase the risk for diabetes. a successful kidney transplant requires close follow - up with your doctor and you must always take your medicine as directed. renal transplant ; transplant - kidney barry jm, jordan ml, conlin mj. renal transplantation. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 40. kidney disease : improving global outcomes ( kdigo ) transplant work group. kdigo clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients. am j transplant. 2009 nov ; 9 suppl 3 : s1 - 155. updated by : scott miller, md, urologist in private practice in atlanta, georgia. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those


health topics beginning with " l " - labyrinthitis - inflammation of the semicircular canals in the inner ear. - laryngitis - a minor inflammation of the larynx ( voice box ) and surrounding tissues, causing temporary hoarseness. - legionnaire ' s disease - a form of lung infection ( bronchopneumonia ) named after an epidemic that affected 182 people attending an american legion convention in 1976. - leukemia - is a cancerous growth of white blood cells. - lupus erythematosus, systemic - an inflammatory disease of connective tissue. - lyme disease - an inflammatory disorder characterized by a skin rash, followed in weeks to months by symptoms in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and joints. - lymphoma - is cancer of the lymphatic system. - lactose intolerance - is more commonly referred to as " milk intolerance " in the medical community. intolerance to dairy products caused by a lack of the lactase enzyme, needed to digest lactose. - lead poisoning - ingestion of lead into the body that can cause serious problems in children, including mental retardation, liver or kidney damage and developmental delays. - leukoplakia - a white or gray discoloration in the mouth that is not linked to another condition and most frequently appears on the tongue. it can also appear on the insides of the cheeks, roof of the mouth or gums and rarely progresses to oral cancer. - lice - tiny parasitic insects known as pediculus humanus corporis that spread through close contact with other people. - lichen planus - a skin disease that appears as shiny, reddish - purplish, flat - topped bumps with an angular shape. it appears on the inside of the wrists and ankles, the lower legs, the back and the neck. episodes may last months to years. - lipomas - benign tumor composed of fat. - liver cancer - cancer of the liver, an organ in the abdomen that aids in digestion and regulates levels of vital substances in blood. while the most common cancer to occur worldwide, it is relatively uncommon in the u. s. it may result from hepatitis c infection. - lung cancers are the leading cause of cancer deaths in the united states. - lupus erythematosus - a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation of joints ( arthritis ), blood vessels ( vasculitis ), the lining of organs such as the heart ( per


new york — the ancient chinese exercise of tai chi improved balance and lowered the risk of falls in a study of people with parkinson ' s disease. symptoms of the brain disorder include tremors and stiff, jerky movements that can affect walking and other activities. medications and surgery can help, and doctors often recommend exercise or physical therapy. tai chi ( ty - chee ' ), with its slow, graceful movements, has been shown to improve strength and aid stability in older people, and has been studied for a number of ailments. in the latest study, led by fuzhong li of the oregon research institute in eugene, tai chi was tested in 195 people with mild - to - moderate parkinson ' s. the participants attended twice - weekly group classes of either tai chi or two other kinds of exercise — stretching and resistance training, which included steps and lunges with ankle weights and a weighted vest. the tai chi routine was tailored for the parkinson ' s patients, with a focus on " swing and sway " motions and weight - shifting, said li, who practices tai chi and teaches instructors. after six months of classes, the tai chi group did significantly better than the stretching group in tests of balance, control, walking and other measures. compared with resistance training, the tai chi group did better in balance, control and stride, and about the same in other tests. tai chi training was better than stretching in reducing falls, and as effective as resistance training, the researchers reported. the improvements in the tai chi group continued during three months of follow - up. li said the study showed tai chi was safe. it ' s easy to learn, and there ' s no special equipment, he added. " people are looking for alternative programs, and this could be one of them, " he said. estimates vary, but at least 500, 000 people in the united states have parkinson ' s. the findings are in thursday ' s new england journal of medicine. the study was paid for by the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke. dr. chenchen wang, who is studying tai chi for arthritis and fibromyalgia, said the results of the parkinson ' s research are " dramatic and impressive. " she heads the center for complementary and integrative medicine at tufts medical center in boston. one of the study ' s strengths : researchers could measure the results directly instead of relying on the patients ' own reports, she said. but a placebo effect can ' t be totally discounted, she said, because the participants knew which exercise


< i > wife of two crows < / i >, a hidatsa woman painted by artist george catlin in 1832 smithsonian american art museum the knife river region has been home to people for perhaps 11, 000 years. very few objects remain for us to learn from the cultures who lived here, but early written records and large quantities of cultural material document how the hidatsa lived in earthlodge villages overlooking the knife and missouri rivers for 500 years. they developed a prosperous way of life in harmony with nature and the cycle of the seasons. the mandan and arikara joined the hidatsa in settled villages south along the missouri river. together these three groups pioneered agriculture on the northern plains while still hunting bison and gathering wild edibles. despite their links as earthlodge peoples, conflict and competition were not unknown between these three communities. tribes from across the northern plains journeyed to these permanent villages to trade, socialize, and make war. the sioux, cheyenne, crow, assiniboin, and ojibwe along with white traders, explorers, and artists made the knife river indian villages an exciting and cosmopolitan place. foreign visitors also brought new diseases that dramatically altered communities and cultures and led to the end of the traditional lifestyle in the knife river region. did you know? there were 3000 people living at the knife river villages in 1804? that ’ s more people than were living in st. louis, missouri at the same time!


view entire collection by clinical topic diabetes – summer 2012 future of nursing initiative heart failure - fall 2011 influenza - winter 2011 nursing ethics - fall 2011 trauma - fall 2010 traumatic brain injury - fall 2010 fluids & electrolytes wednesday, aug. 29 ( healthday news ) - - water at beaches along lake erie contains a pathogen associated with human fecal contamination, arcobacter species, which are known to cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, and levels correlate with beach advisories, according to a study published in the august issue of applied and environmental microbiology. to investigate whether recreational water is a potential source of arcobacter transmission, cheonghoon lee, ph. d., from the ohio state university in columbus, and colleagues measured arcobacter levels and other fecal genetic markers in water sampled 35 times from four beaches along ohio ' s lake erie coast, which were known to be contaminated with fecal pollution, in the summer of 2010. the researchers found arcobacter at all beaches ( 75. 2 percent of 129 samples ), with occurrence and densities in concordance with the level of fecal contamination. the human - specific fecal marker bacteroides 16s rrna gene showed a significant correlation with arcobacter density. arcobacter levels from the four beaches correlated with beach advisories. most of the arcobacter were closely related to arcobacter cryaerophilus, a species known to cause gastrointestinal disease in humans. " in summary, our results demonstrate that human - pathogenic arcobacter was prevalent in the water at four lake erie beaches during the 2010 swimming season, " lee and colleagues conclude. " since the major contamination sources of arcobacter may originate from human - associated fecal contamination, it is important to identify and manage its sources to minimize public health risks linked to arcobacter exposure in this region. " full text ( subscription or payment may be required ) find in - depth content on major issues provided by leading companies in partnership with nursingcenter. com bd safety beyond needlestick prevention learning center sponsored by bd medical sign up for our free enewsletters to stay up - to - date in your area of practice - or take a look at an archive of prior issues join our cesaver program to earn up to 100 contact hours for only $ 34. 95 explore a world of online resources back to top


stories from dep is a collection of feature articles published in dep ' s internal newsletter, weekly pipeline. this article was originally published april 19, 2011. they ’ re g - r - r - r - r - ate! catch basin crews storm city ’ s drains for most new yorkers, it ’ s just another feature of the urban landscape — barely acknowledged until a ring or an iphone is dropped down the ominous metal grate. while catch basins may not be the most glamorous piece of infrastructure, they perform a critical role in ensuring the health, safety, and economic vitality of new york city. a catch basin is a type of storm drain located adjacent to a curb that collects rainwater from the street and transports it either to one of dep ’ s 14 wastewater treatment plants ( for combined sewers ) or directly into a waterbody ( for stormwater sewers ). the catch basin is typically covered by a metal grate, which prevents large objects from falling in. catch basins function primarily as a draining mechanism during heavy storms to prevent flooding and allow rainwater to flow off of the city ’ s impermeable streets and sidewalks. with more than 144, 000 catch basins, some of them are bound to get clogged once in a while. to ensure clogged catch basins are a rare occurrence, bwso ’ s field operations unit carries out a comprehensive catch basin inspection program which ensures that each of the catch basins is inspected at least once every three years. bwso also responds to 311 complaints regarding clogged catch basins and street flooding, and a special rain patrol is also sent out during heavy storms to focus on clearing debris off the top of catch basins. when a weather event is forecast, crews also preinspect areas prone to flooding to ensure infrastructure is operating properly. during a scheduled inspection, bwso staff examines the surrounding concrete, sidewalk, and the iron grate itself to ensure that there are no structural issues. next, they measure the accumulation of debris in the catch basin to determine if cleaning is required. anytime the level of debris in a catch basin comes within 18 inches of the outlet to the sewer system, a cleaning is required. to clean the catch basin, bwso uses a truck mounted crane, which first lifts the metal grate off of the catch basin and then uses a clamshell bucket to remove the debris. when you inspect so many catch basins each year, you ’ re bound to make some unexpected discoveries. according to dennis delaney, chief


first lifts the metal grate off of the catch basin and then uses a clamshell bucket to remove the debris. when you inspect so many catch basins each year, you ’ re bound to make some unexpected discoveries. according to dennis delaney, chief of maintenance and repairs for the bronx, manhattan, and staten island, his crews have found raccoons, swans, and baby ducks living in catch basins. his crew was even called on recently to rescue a small kitten that had fallen through the metal grate and down into the catch basin. bwso also occasionally receives calls from the nypd to assist in a weapon search when it is believed that a suspect dumped a gun or knife into a catch basin. although sewer maintenance crews are happy to help with the rescue of a kitten or even a lost iphone, their primary responsibility is always to ensure the overall integrity of the sewer system. and catch basin cleaning remains a critical sewer maintenance activity. rick nelson, the acting chief of maintenance and repairs for brooklyn and queens, points out that by reducing the likelihood of flooding, catch basin cleaning “ ensures the health, security, and well - being of the general public. ” so the next time you ’ re walking down the street, take a moment to notice the catch basins beneath your feet and the thousands of miles of connecting sewers that make it possible to live comfortably in new york city.


although international rugby has been played for well over a century, the rugby world cup is a relatively recent phenomenon. the first tournament took place in may and june 1987, with games played in both new zealand and australia. the final was held at eden park, auckland, on 20 june, where the home team beat france to become the inaugural holders of the webb ellis cup. in a country where rugby is often referred to as a religion, hosting and winning the first rugby world cup was certainly a big deal. for much of the 20th century the all blacks had been regarded as one of the best teams in international rugby, but without a world cup such claims were difficult to prove. before 2011 ' s triumph new zealand had not won the four - yearly competition since 1987, a fact that weighed heavy on the hearts and minds of new zealand fans. photographs of captain david kirk holding the webb ellis cup aloft in 1987 became one of our most famous sporting images. until richie mccaw was able to repeat the scene in october 2011 many feared kirk ' s image would remain our only proof of rugby supremacy. in a remarkable case of history repeating itself the 2011 tournament ( once more hosted by new zealand ) saw the same four teams compete in the semi - finals - new zealand, australia, wales and france - and like 1987 the same two - new zealand and france squared off in the final at eden park. this proved to be a much closer game than the 1987 final and indeed closer than most predicted. the all blacks prevailed 8 - 7 in the lowest scoring final in the tournament ' s history. what is less well known is how the first rugby world cup came about. this fascinating story highlights a number of key themes, including the struggle between the amateur ideal and creeping professionalism, tensions between the british home unions and southern hemisphere countries, and international protests over sporting contacts with south africa. the story begins with a look at the 19th - century origins of international rugby. next page : origins of international rugby


deborah lewinsohn lab the lewinsohn laboratory studies the immunology of childhood tuberculosis. tuberculosis is one of the most important causes of infectious morbidity and mortality worldwide. young children are more likely than older individuals to contract infection with and develop severe disease from the causative agent mycobacterium tuberculosis ( mtb ). these clinical observations likely reflect fundamental differences in the immune systems of young children and adults. essential to effective tb immunity is functional innate immunity, including macrophages, innate t cells, and dendritic cells, and appropriate adaptive immunity including, strong th1 cell immunity, absence of th2 cell immunity, and balanced tregulatory immunity. the laboratory studies : 1 ) innate immunity relevant to pediatric tb ; 2 ) adaptive t cell immunity to tb ; 3 ) mtb - specific t cell immunity in young children following exposure, infection, and / or disease. thus far, we have determined that dc biology and induction of th1 cell immunity and excessive th2 immunity does not limit control of mtb infection in young children. we are currently investigating macrophage and t cell function, as well as the role of innate t cells in effective tb immunity. knowledge gained relevant to tb immunity in children may have important implications for improved vaccines, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of children with tb.


open - source digital textbooks visualize this : a calculus teacher downloads an open - source digital calculus textbook. she deletes a chapter that isn ' t relevant to her class and replaces it with one from another open digital textbook that she ' s used in the past. she reads through the book, embeds several youtube videos where relevant and an occasional humorous photo to keep students ' interest, adds links to related websites and study aides, and uses a special app to create quizzes within the text that test the students ' knowledge of the course material. once it ' s complete, she makes it available to her students, who download it at no cost. the promise of open - source textbooks for ed - tech neophytes, this may sound like a utopian dream, conceived by a former student whose hefty backpack caused years of exorbitant chiropractor bills and whose interest in math was killed by his stultifying calculus textbook. but for tech - savvy teachers and students, this is the new face of education. jumping on the digital bandwagon for several years, ed - tech advocates in traditional and online schools have heralded digital textbooks as the wave of the future - - and many schools, both k - 12 and post - secondary, have their surfboards ready to ride that wave. in huntsville, alabama, schools are taking steps to become the first in the nation to use only digital textbooks. in florida, recent legislation requires that in 2015, all k - 12 instructional materials must be provided in a digital format. in fact, in february 2012, the obama administration called for all students to use digital textbooks by 2017, in conjunction with the release of its digital learning playbook. but as schools pledge to embrace electronic textbooks to save money and enhance learning, and proponents genuflect to south korea as the leader in both educational technology and outcomes ( textbooks in south korea will be nearly entirely digital by 2015 ), skeptics contend that digital textbooks aren ' t living up to their promise. they point to recent studies, such as one by daytona state college, that found cost savings of only one dollar for students who used electronic textbooks instead of printed material. the devil is in the copyright amidst the clatter of the debate, one group of advocates is making an important distinction : not all digital textbooks are created equally. these are supporters of the open source movement. open - source educational resources - - usually abbreviated as oer - - are distinct from other digital media in their licensing agreements. these books


is making an important distinction : not all digital textbooks are created equally. these are supporters of the open source movement. open - source educational resources - - usually abbreviated as oer - - are distinct from other digital media in their licensing agreements. these books have an open copyright license that enables anyone to access the publication, and to alter and distribute it without infringing on any copyright agreement, such as the calculus teacher mentioned above. california leads the charge open - source textbooks sound like a great idea, right? california thinks so. the promise of open - source textbooks led california governor jerry brown to approve two pieces of legislation in september 2012 : the first provides state funding for 50 open - source digital textbooks that will be developed by the state ' s universities. the second establishes an online library to host the books. the legislation is particularly noteworthy because it addresses some of the challenges that have stalled the widespread adoption of open textbooks, namely, quality control and cost. at present, open textbooks are developed by an eclectic mix of non - profit organizations, scholars and a few companies. the quality is often inconsistent, and some teachers complain of having to look hard for a good book. furthermore, because publishers don ' t generate the revenues they get from copyrighted digital books, it ' s not lucrative enough to be enticing to publishers, and the books are costly to publish. to date, funding has come largely through philanthropy. in california, the california open education resources council will be charged with creating and overseeing a book approval process. this will include identifying targeted courses for which the textbooks will be produced. the council will seek bids for producing the textbooks, which will be peer reviewed. momentum behind the movement while california ' s initiative is the most comprehensive to date, other states see the potential. in january 2012, utah ' s state office of education announced it would develop a program to make open source textbooks available to k - 12 students. washington is considering a similar program, and florida ' s k - 12 resources will be produced under an open copyright license. furthermore, many colleges and universities have taken matters into their own hands, such as washington ' s community and technical colleges. they have already created an online library housing open digital textbooks and supplemental materials, such as syllabi and activities. these materials can be used either in online schooling or in traditional classrooms. that ' s money back in the bank according to recent figures from the college board, the average college student spends $ 1, 168 on textbooks each year. a 2010 report from student public interest research groups (


a dirt - covered beet freshly pulled from the soil does not instinctively rouse the appetite — unless, of course, you know what ’ s beneath that rough exterior. beets have nourished civilizations for many centuries, from the neolithic peoples of the netherlands to the roman empire and 8th - century babylonia. those early wild beets, used as food and medicine, were long and sinewy rather than round. lynn coulter, author of gardening with heirloom seeds, says that spherical beets began to appear during the 15th or 16th century, developed through the slow process of selection. today, this mediterranean native remains a staple of vegetable gardeners around the world, and it ’ s not hard to figure out why. its fleshy roots are delectable and good for you. “ the roots themselves contain potassium, folic acid, manganese, and lots of fiber ; and edible beet greens offer vitamins a and c, calcium, and iron, ” says john jett, ph. d., a former consumer horticulture specialist with the west virginia university extension service. beets, like carrots, turnips, and swiss chard, are biennial, meaning they flower and set seed their second year of growth ( sometimes, though, they bolt prematurely, especially during hot, dry spells ). beets are also very cold - hardy. “ i get my seeds in the ground about 4 weeks before our last expected frost in the spring, ” says coulter. “ then i sow more seeds every 2 weeks, to keep a steady supply of fresh, tender beets. ” stop planting when the temperatures hit 75 degrees but then begin sowing seeds again about 8 weeks before the first expected fall frost for a delicious late - season harvest. coulter gardens in georgia, but her planting schedule works in cooler climates, too. though beet seeds can be started indoors under lights, it ’ s far simpler to sow them directly in the garden. “ beet seeds can be tricky to germinate because of a hard seed covering, ” jett says. “ soak the seeds in warm water for a few hours before sowing them to increase the chances of germination. ” beets grow best in full sun and well - drained soil. “ plant them in garden soil that ’ s been worked to a depth of 8 to 10 inches and cleared of rocks, ” coulter says. “ use lots of good organic material to amend your soil. ” sow beet seeds to a depth of 1⁄2 to


garden soil that ’ s been worked to a depth of 8 to 10 inches and cleared of rocks, ” coulter says. “ use lots of good organic material to amend your soil. ” sow beet seeds to a depth of 1⁄2 to 1 inch and space rows 12 to 18 inches apart. thin the seedlings to leave 2 to 4 inches of space between plants, using the wider spacing if the beets will be harvested at their fully mature size. it ’ s important to note that most beet seeds are multigerm ( though a handful of monogerm varieties do exist ), meaning there is not just a single embryo in each seed but rather a cluster of several. this results in multiple plants emerging from each planted seed, making thinning compulsory. jett also reminds gardeners that keeping the soil moist throughout the growing season results in roots of better quality. a layer of organic mulch helps retain soil moisture, stabilize temperature, and suppress weeds. beets require an ample amount of phosphorus to produce large, healthy roots. since this nutrient is not very mobile within the soil, it is most often applied as a sidedressing by distributing it along the length of the rows. soil ph also affects the availability of phosphorus ; the mineral is most accessible to plant roots when the ph is between 6. 0 and 7. 0, which is the favored ph range for beets. if a soil test notes a lack of phosphorus, an early - season, side - dress application of bonemeal or rock phosphate should fill in the gap. a few insect pests occasionally bother beets. to protect beet foliage from leaf miners, flea beetles, leafhoppers, and other potential troublemakers, cover the newly planted rows with floating row cover and leave it in place until harvest.


the spiritual - cognitive components of anger were long recognized by our church fathers. st. basil recognized the loss of reason in anger. " it makes a man completely bestial... in fact, it does not even allow him to be a man at all, because he ho longer has the help of his reason. " an interesting spiritual issue arises in this context. in order for us to perceive ourselves to be " intruded on " to the extent that it justifies, anger, vengeance, and retaliation we have to have to see ourselves as ' important. ' st. basil tells us " anger nurses a grievance. the soul, itching for vengeance, constantly tempts us to repay those who have offended " ( st basil the great, homily 10 ). i am so important, so above others i have the " right " to act uncharitably toward other. what is the root of this reaction? the passion and sin of pride. st mark the acetic ( philokalia v. i ) wrote : " the passion is strengthened especially by pride. and as long as it is so strengthened it cannot be destroyed.... thus the structure of evil in the soul is impossible to destroy so long as it is rooted firmly in pride. " from the shepard of hermas ( book ii commandment 5 ) who saw the holy spirit choked by anger : " for he is choked by the vile spirit, and cannot attend on the lord as he wishes, for anger pollutes him. for the lord dwells in long - suffering, but the devil in anger. " abba agathon wrote that anger can produce spiritual death : " an irascible man, even if he is capable of raising the dead, will not be received into the kingdom of heaven. " another holy desert father abba poimen saw anger as obliterating he who would consider himself a monk : " a complaining, vindictive monk, prone to anger, cannot exist, ". that is to say that, any who have such faults are not actually monks, even if they wear the schema. " mankind is created in the image of god and as creatures of god we are called to be " like " him. ( gen. 1 : 26 ) the church fathers define the image of god in us as our free will and intelligence. to be like him meant that mankind must choose " the good. " for our first parents, choosing good was to obey their creator — not to make themselves


26 ) the church fathers define the image of god in us as our free will and intelligence. to be like him meant that mankind must choose " the good. " for our first parents, choosing good was to obey their creator — not to make themselves into gods by tasting the fruit of knowledge of good and evil ( gen. 2 : 17 ). noting mankind coveted a spiritual power above it ' s created nature blessed augustine interpreted this passage to mean that adam and eve thought of themselves as having the knowledge of god. when god further revealed his will in the form of the law : the ten commandments ( deut 5 : 6 - 21 ). and other proscriptions listed for his people. when the fullness of time had come and god sent his " only begotten son " our lord god and savior jesus christ, he revealed to us the fullness of what it was to be " like " him. our lord tells us " and now i give you a new commandment : love one another. as i have loved you so you must love one another. " ( john13 : 34, 35 ). what greater love could the father have for us that even though he is god, nevertheless, send his son to take on our nature so we — all mankind — can be lifted up to him? " for god so loved the world that he gave his only begotten son : that whosoever believeth in him may not perish, but may have life everlasting. " ( john3 : 16 ). let us ponder some of the things our lord has told us about love. " if you forgive the faults of others your heavenly father will forgive yours. if you do not forgive the faults of others, neither will your heavenly father forgive you. " ( mt. 6 : 14 - 16 ). " my son your sins are forgiven. " ( mk. 2 : 5 ). " if you want to avoid judgment, stop passing judgment. " ( mt. 7 : 1 ). how do we achieve this love shown to us by the father and his son, our lord, god and savior jesus christ? st. paul tells us : " get rid of all bitterness, all passion and anger, harsh words, slander and malice of every kind. in place of these, be kind to one another, compassionate, and mutually forgiving, just as god as forgiven you in christ. " ( eph. 4 : 31 ). our calling as part of god ' s creation, as a member


in place of these, be kind to one another, compassionate, and mutually forgiving, just as god as forgiven you in christ. " ( eph. 4 : 31 ). our calling as part of god ' s creation, as a member of christ ' s body, the church, is to grow and actualize ourselves ; to find those imperfections in us that are barriers preventing us from being " like god " ; that prevent us from loving and forgiving. in keeping with st. paul ' s words, our emotions, such as anger, are just such an imperfection or barrier. by making ourselves less angry we can grow in the love of god and our neighbor. current research psychology has helped us understand the cognitive structure supporting and triggering anger. besides aiding in helping us to understanding how anger comes about, this research also helps us to employ psychological techniques that can aid in overcoming and preventing anger. the cognitive - behavioral model of emotional dysfunction ( beck, shaw & emery, 1979 ; ellis, 1962 ) has been shown to be effective in this regard. beck points out the theme of anger is " significant intrusion. " we feel some one has intruded on us or on someone or something we love and posses that we consider to be an extension of ourselves. according to this model, emotions such as anger are produced by distorted or irrational beliefs, attitudes and cognitions. situations ( something that someone has said or done or events that have happened ) do not produce or cause our upset. we upset ourselves over people and events, by our " interpretations " of them, thereby making ourselves dysfunctionally angry, anxious or depressed or simply functionally annoyed, concerned and disappointed. if our thinking is clear, rational and non - distorted we have normal feelings like : bearable nuisances, caring and livable letdowns. if our " interpretations " are irrational or distorted we get enraged, intensely worried and despondent. ellis has long pointed out that emotions such as anger add to our problems like in a ' domino effect. ' originally we have a problem, the " activating event. " our angry emotional response is a new problem added to the original, which in turn is linked to other dysfunctional outcomes, etc. this was so clearly perceived by one of our spiritual fathers so early after our lord ' s message, the shepard of hermas said : " but anger is foolish, and fickle, and senseless. now, of folly is begotten bitterness, and of bitterness anger, and of anger frenzy. this