farm land under cultivation have already probably reached their maximum of possible production for the immediate present. it is obvious, therefore, that if we are to give the world more food the new supply which will make this possible must come from the only remaining source the small gardens in our urban and suburban communities. the changed conditions brought into being by the signing of the armistice caused the national war garden commission to continue its work with increased earnestness in 1919. the armistice caused hostilities to be suspended but it did not increase the food supply nor feed the hungry. the world ' s new demand for food made it imperative that the victory gardens meet and surpass the record of the war gardens. to do its share toward bringing this about, to meet the urgent appeal of mr. hoover and to help feed a starving continent, the commission realized that no relaxation was to be considered and its campaign for 1919 as on a broader and more vigorous scaled than during the certificate number one mrs. frank p. brown, of cincinnati, captured first honors with her war - garden display of canned vegetables at several exhibits where she was an entrant. she was awarded the first national capitol prize certificate offered by the national war garden commission in 1918, to blue - ribbon winners in this class at fairs and exhibits all over the country. this terrific demand for food will be not a matter of one season only. for years and years we must continue to supply unheard - of amounts of food. indeed it would have been almost as easy to put humpty dumpty together again as it will be to restore europe ' s agriculture. the soil of thousands of acres has literally been blown away by high explosives. practically all the lands in the embattled nations have decreased in producing power through poor handling, neglect, and lack of fertilizers during the war. and of the host of farmers that toiled to feed europe before the war, millions now lie beneath the soil they tilled, and other millions, maimed and crippled, can never again turn a furrow or harness a horse. as long ago as 1916 the shortage of cattle, hogs, and sheep in europe totaled 115, 000, 000 head ; and without livestock to produce manures years must elapse before europe ' s production is restored to normal. since american farmers cannot produce all the food needed, american gardeners must continue and extend their merciful work of helping to supply the food needs of the world. instead of lessening their efforts, they will be called upon to add as much as possible to their


farmers cannot produce all the food needed, american gardeners must continue and extend their merciful work of helping to supply the food needs of the world. instead of lessening their efforts, they will be called upon to add as much as possible to their productive capacity because of the additional mouths to be fed. they are offered a new opportunity to help. there is no question that the cultivators of our war gardens, now become victory gardens, will continue their labors. for a decade or two before the war, there was deep study and much discussion of the problem as to how to check the exodus from the farm to the city ; but argument and discussion availed nothing, and the exodus continued. in the " city farmer " has been found a partial answer to the stay - on - the - farm idea. ambitious young men and women will not remain in the country where comforts are denied and where advantages of education and social life are few ; but they will be glad to farm i the city. the victory garden has opened the way. by this means almost every one becomes a food producer. furthermore, increasing prices will make it desirable to the individual, and the growing demand for food will make it desirable from the country ' s point of view, that every one help to feed himself. the readjustment which must come out of the war calls for pwoers as herculean as those it has been necessary to put forth during the terrible struggle against " kultur. " this reconstruction work calls for every bit of man - power that can be found. it is a question not of months but of years before this up - building is completed. in france, belgium, poland, italy, russia, and other european countries, the rebuilding of cities and churches, railroads and bridges, docks and roads, houses and barns, the remaking of trench - scarred and shell - torn farms, and many other big works, must be performed. so we can look for no huge immigration after the war to solve our labor problem, and that problem is acute. there are no ruined cities to be rebuilt, or devastated farms to be restored in the united states, but there are innumerable construction tasks to be done that have been put aside during the war. of a bank, not a fine grocery this is a view of the war - garden exhibit, a sort of " count fair, " which was held by the paterson savings institution of paterson, new jersey, and which aroused a very lively and friendly competition among the city farmers of that place


grocery this is a view of the war - garden exhibit, a sort of " count fair, " which was held by the paterson savings institution of paterson, new jersey, and which aroused a very lively and friendly competition among the city farmers of that place. the blue ribbon for the best canned products, and the national capitol prize certificate, went to mrs. f. h. thoms. thousands of miles or road to mention a single task will have to be completely rebuilt. the day of the heavy motor - truck as a means of transportation between city and city has come to stay, and for its accommodation there must be a strengthening of roads. this is one of the great tasks awaiting the army of men returning from the battle - fields. the construction of new buildings in our cities, checked by war - time need of material and men, must be resumed and lost time must be made up. cities will need many improvements which will keep the workers of the world busy. in these and a hundred other ways there will be steady call for the men released from strictly war work. all of these facts point to the increasing value of the victory garden. it will be just as important a factor in the life of the nation and the community after the war as was the war garden during the conflict. the need for gardens will last for many years ; and during that time, the value of gardening will have become so apparent that the movement will continue indefinitely. it will have become a habit fixed and firmly implanted in the hearts and lives of the people of the country. in addition to all this, gardening has been found to be a health measure. it has been used in the rehabilitation of convalescent soldiers. around the hospitals in europe, almost since the beginning of the war, vegetable plots have furnished the means for providing easy and pleasant outdoor work for convalescents, which acted as a tonic to their shattered nerves and bodies. similarly, at the hospitals and army camps in the united states this form of activity was employed to help in the rebuilding of disabled and convalescing soldiers. around the hospitals in europe, almost since the beginning of the war, vegetable plots have furnished the means for providing easy and pleasant outdoor work for convalescents, which acted as a tonic to their shattered nerves and bodies. similarly, at the hospitals and army camps in the united states this form of activity was employed to help in the rebuilding of disabled and in the great reconstruction work at the walter reed hospital, which lies in the outskirts of the nation ' s


and bodies. similarly, at the hospitals and army camps in the united states this form of activity was employed to help in the rebuilding of disabled and in the great reconstruction work at the walter reed hospital, which lies in the outskirts of the nation ' s capital, a fifteen - acre war garden proved of much therapeutic value in the treatment of men suffering from various diseases. in addition to helping them regain their health and strength, gardening trained these men for the future and equipped them to make their own living and become valuable citizens of any community when they should leave active service. part of the large war garden at camp dix, new jersey, adjoined the base hospital ; and potatoes and other vegetables were growing during the season of 1918 up to the very porches on which some of the invalids had to sit in their wheel - chairs. the winter supply ready under the direction of mrs. grace l. ackley, the demonstration canning kitchen established in hinsdale, illinois, was a great success. some women went for instruction, others took war - garden crops to have them canned there, while still others took their maids so that they might learn how to save food. sailors as well as soldiers need fresh vegetables to eat, but they cannot grown vegetables at sea. to overcome this handicap a movement was started throughout the united kingdom to give naval men a supply of fresh vegetables whenever they got to port. navy vegetable rations formerly consisted of potatoes only, and a few dried or canned products which could be kept a long time and stored in small space. the new british organization soon had eight hundred branches and collecting depots throughout the united kingdom. headquarters were established in london, with admiral lord beresford as president. the patrons included many prominent people, but its members ranged from the owners of large estates, contributing regular supplies weekly, to the small schoolboy with only a ten - foot plot to cultivate. not long after the work got under way, 300, 000 pounds of fresh vegetables and fruits were being furnished weekly to the british nave. in speaking of this work and its value, rear admiral lionel halsey, third lord of the admiralty, said : those associated with the vegetable products committee can happily feel that this work is of priceless value, for without a vegetable food the men of the fleet could not have so thoroughly performed their work in the past ; nor will they be able to do so in the future without a continuance of this splendid work as efficiently and as generously as in the past. its value may be realized when it is


not have so thoroughly performed their work in the past ; nor will they be able to do so in the future without a continuance of this splendid work as efficiently and as generously as in the past. its value may be realized when it is stated that these supplies are an invaluable factor in keeping the men in good health and fitness. what is true in the case of the stalwart men of the british navy, is true of all other members of society, of high and low degree. there is need for vegetable food. the body is kep0t in better condition if it does not depend too largely on a meat diet. victory gardening will add greatly to the proportion of greens which will enter into the diet of the american the future of gardening, therefore, is assured. it is such an important economic gain, and its benefits in other ways are so numerous, that the army of home food producers themselves will be its strongest and most ardent champions. both by practice and by precept they will continue to spread the gospel of " food f. o. b. the kitchen door. " just as the army which has fought for justice, decency, and civilization will see to it that these principles are maintained in every part of the world, so the soldiers of the soil in city, town, and village, millions of whom have tested the worth of gardening, will be its future champions and defenders. it is in these ways that the seeds of victory will insure the fruits of peace.


we hope your flock aren ' t feeling itchy... sheep scab, caused by a skin mite, is an endemic, notifiable, disease that can cause great distress, and death, and although has obvious mature symptoms in the early stages, scab infections are not obvious and animals can spread the disease undetected, jeopardising control and possible eradication. the sac are now developing a blood test to test for ( sheep ) scab, as the standard skin scrape test is not always conclusive. it takes only a few moving scab mites to make a whole sheep itchy and those few mites may not be found before they lay eggs... checking for scab and lice currently costs £15 for each scrape. when investigating possible scab infestation 4 – 8 scrapes are normally taken. however, these laboratory fees will be waived if we ' re allowed to take a blood sample of all scrape tested animals and a few of non - affected animals. this offer from sac stands until the end of june, so if you have a suspicious itching check it out! click here to go to the sac website where you can view the updated technical notes : tn636 control of sheep scab and other ectoparasites of sheep.


eden hot pepper sesame oil is a delightful combination of the nutty flavor of toasted sesame seeds and hot spicy flavor of chili peppers. whole sesame seeds are cleaned, slowly roasted in a rotary kiln to unlock their flavor and aroma, and placed in a screw press called an ' expeller ' to extract the oil. the oil is gently filtered then infused with red hot chili peppers that soak in the oil for 24 hours. the peppers are then removed. most of the fat in eden hot pepper sesame oil is monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. sesamol and sesamin, naturally occurring antioxidants found in sesame seeds and sesame oil, make unrefined sesame oil especially nourishing, and they act as a natural preservative in the oil. one of the most shelf stable unrefined vegetable oils. in the tropical and semitropical areas of asia where spices and peppers are frequently used, it was discovered that hot chili peppers could be infused into sesame oil to create a delightfully hot and spicy oil. spices cause capillaries at the surface of the body to dilate, releasing internal heat and inducing perspiration so they have a cooling effect on the body and make it easier to adapt to hot climates. japanese often use red pepper as a condiment for this purpose, especially during the hot summer months. sesame sesamum indicum is a treasured herb native to indonesia and africa. it has been widely grown in tropical and subtropical asia and in the mediterranean region for thousands of years. the first known cultivation of sesame occurred around 3000 b. c. in the middle east and 1600 b. c. in egypt. the egyptians are credited with being the inventors of sesame oil. sesame seeds were introduced to japan around 645 to 793 a. d. by buddhist priests from korea and china. sesame oil production in japan was recorded during the heian period ( 794 to 1191 a. d. ). sesame plants grow about two to five feet and produce pretty purple cone shaped flowers. there are several varieties of the sesame plant that produce creamy white, brown, black, and red seeds. when ready for harvest the seeds are encased in a protective hard shell that rattles with its precious contents. the entire plant is cut off at the base of the stem and stacked in an upright position against racks and allowed to dry. while drying the capsules that hold the seed split open. the plant is turned upside down, shaken and the seeds drop


chapter 19 : energy - introduction the activities related to energy use may be analysed in three stages ; the production of primary energy, its conversion to derived energy, and the sector in which fuels are finally consumed, or end use ( see box 19a for energy related definitions ). primary energy resources are unevenly distributed across the countries of europe and this leads to different levels of production activity. the main factors which determine the quantity of energy consumed in any particular country include the number of people, their income level, the level and structure of production in the economy, the technology in place, energy efficiency, and energy prices. high levels of energy consumption are particularly associated with the countries of central and eastern europe where energy prices have been very low in the past ( see box 19b for an explanation of data sources and country groupings used in this chapter ). big gains in energy efficiency since the early 1970s have resulted in a weakening of the links between growth in population, gdp and energy consumption. this demonstrates that, through greater energy efficiency, it is possible to obtain the same amount of energy services ( that is, the practical end use to which energy is put ) using less energy input. improvements in energy efficiency can reduce all the main environmental impacts from energy use, and are especially important for reducing carbon dioxide emissions ( for which no cost - effective control technologies are currently available ). this can be economically profitable at the same time by avoiding the investment in new capacity ( eg, building new power stations and energy distribution systems ). improvements in efficiency of a few per cent per year can go a considerable way towards reducing the demand for energy when an economy is growing at, say, 2 to 3 per cent per year. further improvements in energy efficiency are possible for existing generating installations in europe, and also for specific end - use sectors, for instance, tighter control over heating levels and / or improved insulation in european homes. the mix of fuels consumed ( ie, energy derived from solid fuels, gas, oil, nuclear, renewables and derived energy sources such as electricity ) is subject to many influences, including energy and environmental regulation and policy, prices of various fuels ( influenced either by the market or government intervention ), technological developments, and the need for security of supply. depending on the relative influence of these factors in the various parts of europe, some quite different patterns of fuel mix have emerged, which in turn lead to varying contributions to environmental impacts from the generation of energy from different sources. in 1990, the world gross energy consumption was about 8250 million tonnes


in the various parts of europe, some quite different patterns of fuel mix have emerged, which in turn lead to varying contributions to environmental impacts from the generation of energy from different sources. in 1990, the world gross energy consumption was about 8250 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( mtoe ), an increase of 2. 2 per cent per year since 1985, of which the eu accounted for some 15 per cent, central europe approximately 4 per cent, the former ussr around 16. 5 per cent and efta countries 1. 8 per cent ( cec, 1993b ). each region in europe consumes a mix of primary energy containing all three fossil fuels : oil, gas and solid fuels ( coal, lignite ), in different proportions. in the eu oil is the main fuel consumed, in central europe it is solid fuels, while in the former ussr gas and oil are the most important. in efta the main fuel is also oil, but significant proportions of hydropower and biomass are used ( cec, 1993b ). in all country groups gas is likely to take an increasing share of energy consumption in the future, because of both increased availability and lower environmental impact relative to other fossil fuels. download complete chapter in. zip /. htm format : chap19. zip approx. 500 kb 19. 1 - introduction 19. 2 - environmental impacts 19. 2. 1 - impacts from fossil fuels 19. 2. 2 - nuclear power 19. 2. 3 - renewable energies 19. 3 - trends in energy production and consumption 19. 3. 1 - production trends 126. 96. 36. 199 - primary energy 188. 8. 131. 52 - derived fuels : electricity and heat 184. 108. 40. 206 - renewable sources 19. 3. 2 - consumption trends - by fuel type and by end - use sectors 19. 4 - future energy use : underlying driving forces 19. 4. 1 - resources and technological developments 19. 4. 2 - policy 19. 4. 3 - prices, demand and energy efficiency 19. 5 - summary and conclusions


designing a metering system from electrical installation guide this article intends to describe a method to design the energy measurement system of a commercial building. the scope of this article covers all wages consumptions in “ non critical ” buildings. critical buildings such as hospitals, data centers have specific requirements regarding power quality that are not covered here. the method involves 2 steps : the step project definition shall be realized with the future users of the system and lead to define what are the performance metrics that will be part of the users dashboards. step 2 : design of the different components of the measurement system the purpose of the measurement system design is to ensure that the data collected will correspond to the desired analysis and results. this will allow the operation managers to monitor & control the building according to their objectives. this will help to avoid : - insufficient data to enable building consumptions analysis - too much measured and collected data that are never used. however the investment cost to collect these data and the data storage cost is not negligible and could have been used for other energy efficiency actions. this step is split in 2 parts : - define the points of measurement some examples of usual point of measurements for : - select the meters - select the electrical meters - select the gas meters - select the water meters - select the heat and cold meters - select the temperature sensors


updated 04 : 40 pm edt, fri june 6, 2008 ibm shows water cooled cpu ibm on thursday announced plans to use water to cool its next - generation of computer chips internally, allowing it to develop faster multi - layer processors that don ' t require additional external cooling. to this end, the company showed off a prototype 3d chip with thousands of tiny water passages in between the chip ' s layers. the company says interlayer cooling was necessary, as traditional heat sinks weren ' t efficient enough to cool today ' s densely packaged processors. the water - carrying tubes are just 50 microns in diameter, and integrating them into the chip necessitated the development of a new thin - film soldering technique by ibm engineers. to prevent electrical shorts, the passageways were hermetically sealed using a silicon wall and silicon oxide around each interconnect. at 10 microns, these seals required a fabrication accuracy that is 10 times more precise than for current chip interconnects. the final chip sits in a silicon cooling container, with water pumped in through one side and out the other. while water - cooling computers is not a new concept, this is the first time it would be accomplished on such a miniature and large scale. according to ibm, the technology could find its way into consumer - level products within five years.


animal and human bites ( cont. ) in this article check your symptoms minor animal and human bites usually can be treated at home. if you do not have an increased chance of getting an infection, do not have other injuries, and do not need evaluation by a doctor or a tetanus shot, you can clean and bandage a bite at home. home treatment can prevent infection and promote healing. to stop heavy bleeding, try firm, direct pressure on the wound. for more information, see how to stop bleeding. after the bleeding has been stopped, check your symptoms to determine if and when you need to see your doctor. clean the wound clean the animal or human bite as soon as possible to reduce the chance of infection and scarring. some bites cause only bruising ( contusions ) at the bite site but do not break the skin. these bites usually do not become infected. stitches, staples, or skin adhesives ( also called liquid skin ) determine whether your bite needs to be treated by a doctor. bites may need to be closed with sutures, staples, or skin adhesives so that they won ' t leave a large scar. bites to the hand are not usually closed because closing the bite wound may increase your chance of having an infection. cat bites are rarely closed because they are usually no larger than a puncture. for more information, see are stitches, staples, or skin adhesives necessary? your doctor will tell you how to take care of your stitches or staples and when to return to have them removed. skin adhesives usually do not need to be removed, but your doctor may wish to see you to check on the wound. be sure to carefully follow your doctor ' s instructions. if you are unsure of how to care for your wound or have questions, call your doctor for instructions. consider applying a bandage most bites heal well and may not need a bandage. you may need to protect the bite from dirt and irritation. be sure to clean the bite thoroughly before bandaging it to reduce the risk of infection occurring under the bandage. an ice or cold pack may help reduce swelling and bruising. never apply ice directly to a wound or the skin. this could cause tissue damage. after the bite many states require that animal control authorities be notified of animal bites. even if your state law does not require you to report animal bites, you may wish to call animal control to report the bite. they can help you determine whether the animal that bit you : if you are unable to find a phone number


australia state of the environment report 2001 ( theme report ) prepared by : ann hamblin, bureau of rural sciences, authors published by csiro on behalf of the department of the environment and heritage, 2001 isbn 0 643 06748 5 accelerated erosion and loss of surface soil ( continued ) grazing animal density in the extensive land - use zone [ l indicators 1. 2a and 1. 2b ] the arid and semi - arid regions that make up what is often described as the extensive land - use zone ( elz ) ( graetz et al. 1996 ) occupy nearly 6 million km2, of which nearly two - thirds carries domestic stock for commercial grazing. animal densities are very low throughout, but range from extremely low ( 0. 5 cattle units / km2 ) in the less fertile western half of the continent, to low ( 1 - 2 cattle units / km2 ) in the more fertile eastern rangelands. domestic grazing animal numbers in this vast region account for less than 13 % of total sheep and 25 % of total cattle numbers in australia ( figure 10 ). these differences in density are associated with broad differences in productive capacity. in the western spinifex sandplains and chenopod shrublands of the west and south it takes 10 - 20 hectares to support one sheep ( 1 cattle unit or 8 - 10 dse per km2 ), compared with the savanna woodlands and mitchell grass plains of the north - east where the safe stocking rate is 4 - 6 cattle unit per km2. as a general rule, sheep predominate in the southern parts of the rangelands and cattle in the north. however, there are significant areas of overlap in the channel country, and in the mulga lands of north - western new south wales and south - western queensland. figure 10 : domestic stock densities in 1997. source : nlwra 2001 in the period 1990 - 1998 the total number of sheep declined steadily from 173 million to 121 million, whereas the number of cattle fluctuated only 1 - 2 million around the average of 23 million. the steady decline in sheep numbers during this period can be safely attributed to the continuing low wool prices and unprofitability of sheep - based enterprises over much of the decade ( ha and chapman 2000 ). live cattle exports to south east asia and fattening enterprises directing stock into high - value markets in japan and north america have influenced the higher numbers of cattle in the tropical, northern parts of the rangelands ( abare 1999 ). there is considerable evidence that the


to south east asia and fattening enterprises directing stock into high - value markets in japan and north america have influenced the higher numbers of cattle in the tropical, northern parts of the rangelands ( abare 1999 ). there is considerable evidence that the worst pressure on much of the pastoral rangelands in recent decades occurred in the 1970s, when stock numbers were about twice the numbers in the 1990s, and before the landcare movement was established in 1989. in many areas these pressures and earlier periods of overgrazing led to massive vegetation loss and accelerated erosion that have left landscapes permanently degraded. there has also been more intensive action to control feral cattle through the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication programs in northern australia. feral pigs, goats, donkeys, horses, and buffalo have all been subjected to control programs coordinated through national strategies, and the rabbit calicivirus disease ( rcd ) has had its greatest effect in reducing rabbit populations in the more arid regions. all told it is estimated that these may have reduced grazing pressure to between 10 and 90 % of the levels experienced in the 1980s. the national land and water resources audit ( nlwra ) rangelands theme recently estimated the long - term changes in stocking numbers ( and other vertebrate herbivore numbers ) in the extensive land - use zone ( elz ). the project will later relate these to modelled biomass production based on climate statistics and the ' aussie - grass ' pasture growth model ( mckeon et al. 1990 ). figure 11 shows the changes in stocking density for two selected years : 1996 and 1999. some regions have experienced very large changes over the period. figure 11 : reductions and increases in stocking densities ( dse / km2 ) in the extensive land - use zone, 1996 and 1999. sources : hall et al. ( 2001 ), nlwra. in 1993 a very thorough review was undertaken to assess the economic viability and ecological sustainability of the rangelands ( wilcox and cunningham 1994 ), following a comprehensive survey of the record the condition, productivity and sustainability of pasture lands of northern australia by tothill and gillies ( 1992 ). both reports identified widespread vegetational degradation and other ecological changes, such as extensive weed invasion, rill and gully features, soil salinisation, and bare scald extension linked to overgrazing. part of the degradation in the northern territory and western australia, such as that in victoria river district and ord river catchments, is largely the result of earlier periods of mismanagement.


, and bare scald extension linked to overgrazing. part of the degradation in the northern territory and western australia, such as that in victoria river district and ord river catchments, is largely the result of earlier periods of mismanagement. eradication campaigns against bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in the 1980s and 1990s have controlled animal numbers, and reduced feral animal populations. unfortunately, recent surveys ( e. g. abare 1999 ) suggest that the higher - productivity regions of the central and eastern rangelands are still being used unsustainably, with consequent continuation of vegetation and land degradation. this is occurring particularly where the more productive regions are fragmented topographically within larger areas of low productivity. before the national land and water resources audit, the principal aim of land condition surveys was to assess rangelands from the perspective of grazing industry utilisation, rather than ecosystem integrity. nevertheless these surveys show clearly that land, where there are the signature indicators of severe soil erosion, such as gullying, bare salt scalds, complete loss of topsoil ( ' class 3 ' land ) and large tracts of land where there is often massive weed invasion largely through overgrazing of more palatable herb and grasses ( ' class 2 ' land ) cannot support continuing ' business - as - usual ' pastoralism, from an economic as well as ecological perspective ( tothill and gillies, 1992, johnston et al. 1996, water and rivers commission 1997 ). table 5 compares some of the features from the combined tothill and gillies ( 1992 ) and wilcox and cunningham ( 1994 ) studies with those undertaken for the national land and water resources audit and other recent studies. | region | | major vegetation types | | 1993 a estimated area of land degraded | | 1993 b stock animal numbers | | change in stock animal numbers 1996 - 1999 c | | 1997 - 1999 estimated area of land degraded | | kimberleypilbara | | eucalypt woodland, various grasslands, sorghum australiense, spinifex with bare ground | | 1 6 % severe gully / sheet erosion, 20 % degraded vegetation | | 643, 000 cattle, some sheep in central - south, ( wa bushlands ) | | cattle densities unchanged between 0. 4 - 5. 4 / 100 ha. sheep few, densities have declined to 0. 5 / 100 ha | | 20 - 25 % overgrazed in timor sea drainage division : 50 % overgrazed in indian ocean division d | |


4 - 5. 4 / 100 ha. sheep few, densities have declined to 0. 5 / 100 ha | | 20 - 25 % overgrazed in timor sea drainage division : 50 % overgrazed in indian ocean division d | | darwin - gulf | | kangaroo - grass, perennial sorghum grass, spinifex, some mitchell grass patches | | < 1 % soil or vegetation degraded, but poor productivity | | 232, 000 cattle | | cattle no change ( 0. 4 - 3 / 100 ha ). sheep declined from 5 - 0. 5 / 100 ha | | no more recent information available | | victoria river and barkly tableland | | mitchell grass and bluebush, soft spinifex | | 2. 5 - 5 % severely affected. lack of data elsewhere | | 384 000 cattle ( victoria river ) 457 000 cattle ( barkly tableland ) | | cattle increase from about 5 - 10 / 100 ha. sheep down to < 1 / 100 ha | | death of some mitchell grass due to drought in nw f | | alice springs | | spinifex predominates ; some mulga with annual grasses | | severe bare areas in todd river plains ; eragrostis degraded | | 297 000 cattle | | no change in cattle densities ( 0. 4 - 1. 5 / 100 ha ). sheep static or less | | no more recent information available | | cape and gulf | | low eucalypt woodland with various grass types | | declining grassland condition, cover and type | | 586 000 cattle | | cattle no change ( average 3 / 100 ha ). sheep decreased from 5 - 0. 5 / 100 ha | | no more recent information available | | north east uplands, queensland | | eucalypt woodland, brigalow, bluegrass treeless plains. black speargrass, aristida spp., some mitchell and soft spinifex | | 8 out of 10 grass types more degraded over 1980 - 1990s | | 1. 2 million cattle and 2. 2 million sheep | | cattle some increase ( 6 - 10 / 100 ha ) big range in sheep but increasing, from 6 - 34, to 10 - 50 / 100 ha | | aristida sp. communities declined 1992 - 1997 ; prickly acacia ( a. nilotica ) now covers 28 % of mitchell grass shires f | | western plains queensland | | extensive grasslands, mulga, gidgee, other acacia woodlands, spinifex | | 18 pasture


1997 ; prickly acacia ( a. nilotica ) now covers 28 % of mitchell grass shires f | | western plains queensland | | extensive grasslands, mulga, gidgee, other acacia woodlands, spinifex | | 18 pasture types, with 6 degraded, 5 - 50 % degraded by erosion, parthenium and prickly acacia weeds | | 2 million cattle and 8 million sheep | cattle no change ( 1. 5 - 3 ), sheep decreasing, from 2 - 10 / 100 ha to 0. 5 - 6 / 100 ha | | no more recent information available | | western division nsw ( far western plains ) | | mulga woodland, box and cypress pine, mallee woodlands, floodplain grasses, saltbush and bluebush | | 11 systems, all showing soil erosion, weed invasion, rabbit warrens and vegetation depletion d | | 137 000 cattle and 5 million sheep | cattle have doubled in number, sheep down by 25 % e | | kangaroos more than monitored. g50 000 ha woody weed cleared ( 20 000 per year ) i, 202 000 ha cleared of warrens. eless than 5 % vegetation types in reserves i | wa bushlands ( south and east of pilbara to nullarbor ) | | nw - se tussock grasses and acacias, mulga, mallee eucalypts, chenopod shrubs | | < 1 % severe erosion, 30 % degraded vegetation, 33 % fair condition, rest not grazed | | 2. 5 million sheep, | low densities and few cattle, sheep no change ( 0. 5 - 3. 5 / 100 ha ) | | < 10 - 15 % of western plateau division in poor - fair vegetation condition. 70 % not grazed and undisturbedd | | northern south australia | | low shrublands and mulga to north, saltbush, bluebush, grasses and acacias to south | | up to 30 % of historically degraded vegetation, but most regions better in 1990 than in 1970 from controls | | 137 000 cattle north of dog fence, 1. 3 million sheep south of dog fence | | cattle increase ( 0. 4 - 1. 4 / 100 ha ), sheep increase, from 0. 5 - 2. 1 to 2. 1 - 4 / 100 ha | | 20 - 30 % still degraded from past effects. only slow recovery despite destocking because poor seasons h | a wilcox and cunningham ( 1994 ). b tothill and gillies ( 1992 ). c


1 - 4 / 100 ha | | 20 - 30 % still degraded from past effects. only slow recovery despite destocking because poor seasons h | a wilcox and cunningham ( 1994 ). b tothill and gillies ( 1992 ). c hall et al. ( 2001 ), nlwra rangeland grazing pressures project ( unpublished ). d waters and rivers commission ( 1997 ). e kerin and hyder consulting ( 2000 ). f state of queensland ( 1999 ). g pople and grigg ( 1999 ). h sa department of environment, heritage and aboriginal affairs ( 1998 ). i epa nsw ( 2001 ). cattle and sheep densities show the general trend of increased cattle densities in the northern, more fertile regions, but decreasing sheep densities in most areas. low - productivity regions such as the western australian bushlands and northern south australia have maintained low or declining densities. more recent information on the condition of rangelands in the north and eastern parts of the rangelands will be welcome when the nlwra rangeland project on historical trends in grazing density and pressure is completed, as little additional information has been forthcoming from state of the environment reports for queensland ( state of queensland 1999 ) or new south wales ( epa nsw 2001 ). the effect of rcd has been very great in the southern half of the rangelands where rabbits have been reduced to less than 10 % of their former numbers. the challenge now is to sustain this improvement and to extend the effect into the higher rainfall regions. the issue of how vegetation type affects the susceptibility to degradation and erosion pressure has been the focus of concern in the animal grazing industries and among conservation ecologists, particularly in north - eastern australia, where woody weeds are a serious concern to pastoralists ( see introduction of novel biota into native habitats and communities ). many grazing properties in this area have experienced a large increase in woody weeds over the past two to three decades ; 50 % of cattle properties in queensland have an average of 2000 hectares of woody regrowth ( abare 1999 ). on these properties more than 90 % of the land grazed is woodland of some type or other and is described either as forest or woodland by the national forest inventory ( see agricultural best practice ). pastoralists consider it essential to clear some timbered land to maintain grazing productivity, and 63 % considered their productivity has declined as a result of woody regrowth in abare ' s ( 1999 ) survey. nevertheless, woody regrowth in many cases takes place as the result


clear some timbered land to maintain grazing productivity, and 63 % considered their productivity has declined as a result of woody regrowth in abare ' s ( 1999 ) survey. nevertheless, woody regrowth in many cases takes place as the result of current or past grazing practices, and occurs predominantly in native woodlands that are grazed. whether such regrowth is regarded in a negative or positive light is a matter of value judgement, reflecting the diversity of opinion that exists on this matter. regeneration of trees is restricted where animals graze in woodlands, as seedlings are grazed out. a reduction in grazing pressure has been associated with rapid regrowth of shrubs and trees when sheep have been removed ( cooney 1995 ). the regional forest agreement process is redefining grazing lease areas in some areas as old growth forests in nsw and queensland, leading to strong adverse reaction from graziers ( the land 2000 ). this provides a telling example of the tensions that arise from different views about how these forests and woodlands should be used. vegetation and land cover increase when total grazing pressure is reduced by a combination of low commodity prices, vertebrate pest control and good seasons. the increase in cropping area during the 1990s was less than many believe, and there has been some substitution of cattle for sheep in some regions. on the whole, adjustments have affected the degree to which more marginal land within each sla or farm is used or not, rather than reducing grazing pressure equally everywhere. one of the main reasons that we cannot assess the impact of grazing animals adequately is the uncertainty of abs statistical data on pastures. grazing management represents the single biggest, and least costly method of managing vegetation cover. it is probably the most important management tool in combating most land degradation problems. well - controlled grazing greatly assists in increasing tree and shrub regeneration, maintaining a balanced assemblage of grasses and herbs in the understorey, and controlling weeds. unfortunately, the level of animal control needed ( particularly through fencing off remnant vegetation, watercourses and overgrazed areas ) is frequently not available. the current debate about grazing and land management hinges on whether total grazing pressure is a useful management tool when compared to concepts of safe thresholds for specific ecosystems ( mcleod 1997 ). in rangeland ecology around the world, the concept of carrying capacity is often disputed, because it leads to a more static management approach than is required in regions of highly erratic rainfall and patchiness of vegetation. the ' state - transition ' see - saw is regarded as a more representative analogy of the


concept of carrying capacity is often disputed, because it leads to a more static management approach than is required in regions of highly erratic rainfall and patchiness of vegetation. the ' state - transition ' see - saw is regarded as a more representative analogy of the way in which rangelands operate. this concept has led to the development of an ' adaptive management ' approach of action - learning and partnership between pastoralists and scientists that is proving very successful. nevertheless, in recent government inquiries into rangeland condition, both pastoralists and scientists have continued to use ' safe carrying capacity ' to evaluate whether stocking densities are leading to land degradation or loss of productive capacity ( johnston et al. 1996 ). in more reliable rainfall regions, pasture management includes inputs such as fertiliser, herbicide control of weeds, sowing of exotic species of high palatability and nutritional value, and use of animal grazing to control pasture composition. in the mixed farming regions, pastures are rotated with crops to maintain soil fertility and break cycles of disease. in high rainfall districts, pastures are permanent and inputs vary according to the roughness of terrain, value of land and animals, and proportion of off - farm income. in all these environments, the stocking rate is highly dependent on the level of inputs and sophistication of the grazing management ( sustainable grazing systems 1998 ). queensland and northern territory specialist cattle properties have performed more profitably than other specialist cattle producers in mixed farming or high rainfall regions in recent years ( abare 1999 ). this has occurred because of their geographical advantage in the live cattle export trade to indonesia and singapore, which survived the vicissitudes of the asian economic crisis. however, apart from the large corporate farms, average farm business profits have been negative in all areas through much of the decade ( abare 1999 ). in the most difficult cases, where pastoralists have been unprofitable for over a decade, structural adjustments have been proposed in which leaseholders would become environmental stewards, with a shift in emphasis to enterprises such as ecotourism and conservation. consultations with pastoralists have demonstrated their interest in these proposals, but land title acts are often restrictive and new legislation may be required to alter the primary activities on many rangeland leases. large amounts of money and volunteer effort have gone into land restoration using labour - intensive tree and shrub planting schemes, contouring, and weed control. but until recently very little has been done to destock, fence out and encourage vegetation regeneration through reduction in grazing pressure. some catchment management authorities


gone into land restoration using labour - intensive tree and shrub planting schemes, contouring, and weed control. but until recently very little has been done to destock, fence out and encourage vegetation regeneration through reduction in grazing pressure. some catchment management authorities in victoria are now discussing the possibility using a variety of market - based mechanisms to encourage landholders to manage land for environmental outcomes, such as trading salinity credits for destocking ( dnre victoria, pers comm. ). as yet there are few other regions where this option is being taken seriously. nationally, the impact of grazing pressure continues unabated except on lands that have been converted either to conservation reserves, or to more intensive uses not involving stock, such as viticulture and horticulture. while there have been some recent proposals to destock vast tracks of the rangelands ( archer et al. 1997 ), the feasibility of this is questioned. in western australia the department of conservation and land management has fenced off the peron peninsula across its 3 km width and systematically cleared it of nearly all foxes and most cats with a four - year control program. now the reintroduction of native fauna is possible. similar exercises have been undertaken over small areas in south australia, new south wales and queensland. however, the cost of such an exercise makes it prohibitive for large areas. it is widely accepted in all pest, weed and disease management strategies that total eradication is an almost impossible and highly expensive operation that cannot be undertaken other than in the most threatening situations. what we must consider is where the most damage is occurring, both from a land degradation point of view and a biodiversity point of view. this issue is discussed in more detail in the biodiversity theme report.


oh, those ears - - the way they flit back and forth! and that swishing tail! a horse can speak volumes using body language. but what exactly does all that mean? and how important is it that we know? understanding equine body language is critical to successful horse - human interactions. just ask dr. camie heleski, coordinator of the michigan state university horse management program and lead instructor for my horse university ' s online horse behavior and welfare course, which is based out of michigan state university. " many horse accidents are a result of not reading the horse ' s body language, " she explains. " we are working with a very large animal that still thinks primarily like a creature of prey, hence, being observant to their body language is possibly more important than when working with any other animal. " equines actually communicate using all five senses : sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste. " horses have evolved to live in cohesive groups ( herds or bands ) and their ability to interpret the postures and movements of their group members is important for their survival, " explains professor natalie waran, senior vice president of the international society for equitation science council and head of the school of natural sciences at unitec new zealand. " body language in humans may not be that sophisticated due to the fact that we tend to use sounds to communicate ; but horses appear to rely a great deal on using their tail, ears, mouths [ and ] postures, and these may or may not be linked with specific sounds or calls. " ears, eyes & face the first thing you ' re likely to notice about a horse ' s expression is the position or movement of its ears. regardless of their shape or size, they are almost always in motion and work independently, functioning much like equine radar. ears positioned forward generally indicate that the horse is relaxed, but if sharply pricked forward, take note! your horse is alert and tuning into something that ' s either interesting or frightening. as most horse owners know, there ' s a difference between ears that are positioned towards the rear and those that are sharply pinned backwards. in the former case, the horse is likely either relaxed or listening to something behind him. in the latter case, it ' s a sign of aggression that could be followed by a lunge, bite or kick. watch out! when trying to comprehend equine body language, one must also consider the eyes, nostrils, mouth, facial tension and attitude of the head and neck


a sign of aggression that could be followed by a lunge, bite or kick. watch out! when trying to comprehend equine body language, one must also consider the eyes, nostrils, mouth, facial tension and attitude of the head and neck. these components often work together and are best interpreted in context, a talent one usually acquires with experience around horses in general and around your individual horse in particular. " the horse has large eyes and is supersensitive to movement, as you would expect of a prey animal, " waran says. " this is put to good use in observing body language, and humans are less aware of this non - verbal communication, due to being more vocal! " there is one group of signals that is universal and easily recognized : the pricked ears, flared nostrils, wide eyes ( often showing white ) and elevated head and neck of a horse who is alert and ready to flee. other signals, like " snapping, " may be less familiar to the average horse owner. " ' snapping ' is the behavior in which the immature horse opens and closes its mouth in a frightening circumstance, " explains dr. katherine houpt, director of the animal behavior clinic at cornell university college of veterinary medicine. " for example, colts will do it when they approach the stallion. mares in heat sometimes exhibit the same movement. all donkey mares do and it is called ' yawing ' in that species. snapping is an appeasement gesture : ' please don ' t hurt me ; i am just a baby horse. ' " head, neck & tail speaking of head and neck position, remember that whatever artificial carriages performance classes may call for, a higher head and neck position in a horse generally indicates a state of arousal, while a lower position generally reflects a more relaxed state of mind. at the opposite end of a horse ' s body is another communication tool that is sometimes overlooked. yes, equines use their tails to brush away pesky flies, but did you know that these handy body parts transmit language, too? mind you, a horse ' s natural tail carriage may vary by breed - - the classic example being the high - tailed arabian. however, there are some tail signals that are common to all breeds, and which a horse owner would be wise to heed. for example, have you ever heard the expression " tail clamped between the legs "? if a horse has its tail pressed tightly against his buttocks, chances are it is nervous or fearful. by contrast, a tail that is


esa ' s smos water mission goes live esa ' s smos satellite completed its six - month commissioning this week and formally began operational life. this milestone means the mission is now set to provide much - needed global images of soil moisture and ocean salinity to improve our understanding of the water cycle. the soil moisture and ocean salinity ( smos ) satellite was launched on 2 november last year, and has since undergone an intense programme of calibration and commissioning in preparation for its life in service. at a three - day review this week in avila, spain, all the elements of the mission were found to be in excellent shape. the meeting concluded with the formal end of commissioning. responsibility for the mission has now been transferred from esa ' s project manager, achim hahne, who held the reins since the mission was selected in 2001 for development, to susanne mecklenburg, esa ' s smos mission manager, who is responsible for the data and its delivery to the scientific community. achim hahne said, " i would like to thank all my colleagues in esa, cnes and industry for their excellent work in taking this mission off the drawing board and into orbit. " it ' s been a privilege to have worked on this novel mission, which not only provides essential information to help further our understanding of the earth system, but also demonstrates the excellence of european technology. " from now on, our baby will be the in capable hands of susanne and we look forward to seeing how smos ' s eagerly awaited data will contribute to earth science and be used in practical applications. " smos employs a novel interferometric radiometer that operates in the l - band microwave range to capture ‘ brightness temperature ’ images. these images are used to produce global maps of soil moisture every three days and maps of ocean salinity averaged over 30 days. by consistently mapping these two variables, smos will advance our knowledge of the exchange processes between earth ’ s surface and atmosphere and also help to improve weather and climate models. in addition, the data will also be used for practical applications in areas such as agriculture and water resource management. susanne mecklenburg said, ' ' so far, the mission has been progressing really well and we have been very happy to see what the scientific community has already been able to achieve with the data. brightness temperature data will be released in june and soil moisture and ocean salinity data will be available in september after further validation. " esa has placed three of its earth explorer satellites in orbit within a little over


the means by which most deadly malaria parasites are detected and killed by the mosquitoes that carry them is revealed for the first time in research published today ( 5 march ) in science express. the discovery could help researchers find a way to block transmission of the disease from mosquitoes to humans. mosquitoes become infected with malaria when they feed on the blood of an infected person. young malaria parasites then grow and develop inside the mosquito for two weeks. new human infections occur when these parasites are ' injected ' with the insect ' s saliva during the mosquito ' s next blood meal. however, most of the malaria parasites are killed by the mosquito ' s immune system as soon as they enter the insect ' s bloodstream, with only one or two slipping through the net and going on to divide, multiply, and infect people. the new study shows exactly how the mosquito ' s immune system kicks in to kill 80 - 90 percent of the parasites. the researchers discovered that the parasites are detected by a pair of proteins called lrim1 and apl1c which belong to the mosquito ' s infection surveillance system. these two ' intruder detection ' proteins then activate a third protein in the mosquito ' s blood called tep1, which seeks out the parasitic invader, binds to its surface and orchestrates its destruction by punching holes in its cell membrane. the imperial college london team behind the new discovery say this knowledge could be used to develop new genetic or chemical techniques to improve on the mosquito ' s natural detection success rate, so that 100 percent of the parasites can be killed inside the mosquito, preventing transmission of the disease from insects to people. dr george christophides from imperial ' s department of life sciences comments : " mosquitoes are known as the ' bad guys ' that spread malaria, but these insects are unwilling carriers of the disease, whose immune systems try to fight it, just like ours do. now that we know exactly how their immune system attacks malaria parasites, we need to work out how a small number of parasites manage to evade detection by this system. only a few manage to get past the mosquito ' s defences, but that ' s all that ' s needed for the disease to be transmitted to humans. " if we can figure out how some parasites manage to sneak through undetected, hopefully we can find a way to bolster the mosquito ' s defences to catch them all. " the research, which was funded by the wellcome trust, the biotechnology and biological sciences research council ( bbsrc ), and the national institute of all


can find a way to bolster the mosquito ' s defences to catch them all. " the research, which was funded by the wellcome trust, the biotechnology and biological sciences research council ( bbsrc ), and the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases of the u. s. national institutes of health, was carried out in the laboratory using a model parasite which causes malaria in rodents. half the global population are at risk of contracting malaria and up to half a billion new infections are recorded every year. between one and three million people die from malaria every year - the majority of fatalities are children living in sub - saharan africa. apart from malaria, mosquitoes also spread other serious infectious diseases such as dengue and yellow fever, filariasis and various encephalitides. dr christophides and his colleagues at imperial also discovered that lrim1 and apl1c belong to a family of infection detection proteins that appear to be specific to mosquitoes. the researchers believe that proteins in this family may play a role in defence against these other infections too, and are currently investigating how these proteins function during mosquito infection with dangerous human pathogens. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.


a bomb threat is a form of terrorism - - a threat to detonate an explosive. often, such a threat is made via a telephone call. although 98 % of all bomb threats turn out to be false, and are considered crank calls, they should be treated as real until proven otherwise. all bomb threats should be reported to the police. this should preferably be done by another person while the caller is kept busy on the line. the following information should be obtained from the caller, if possible - where is the bomb located? get precise description if possible. - when will the bomb go off? - what does the bomb look like? - who is calling? caller ' s name, address, current location, telephone number. - what telephone number have they called from? check caller id or ask caller. - will caller report the bomb threat to the police? - will caller hold the line? the authorities must decide whether or not to evacuate depending on the perceived seriousness of the threat. if evacuation is ordered, the bomb squad must be called out to search for the presumed explosive building evacuations due to a bomb threat often need to be accomplished by word of mouth rather than by sounding the fire alarm. external windows should be left open to provide presure relief in the event of an explosion. this action will reduce the distance that broken glass will fly. mobile phones should be turned off until clear of the evacuation area as they can trigger explosive detonators.


capuchin ( kapˈyochin ) [ key ], name for new world monkeys of the genus cebus, widely distributed in tropical forests of central and south america. medium - sized monkeys, they have a body length of 14 to 24 in. ( 36 – 61 cm ), with a tail up to 20 in. ( 50 cm ) long, and weigh 2 to 4 lb ( 0. 9 – 1. 8 kg ). the coat is black or brown, with lighter markings on the chest in some species. the flattened face is naked and pink. members of some species have manes resembling the cowls of capuchin monks. the tail is partially prehensile, that is, it can be used for grasping but not with the dexterity displayed by most new world monkeys. it is usually carried with the end curled in a spiral, hence the alternate name, ringtail monkey. capuchins travel in groups through the trees, making loud sounds, and rarely descend to the ground. they feed on leaves, fruit, insects, small animals, and bird eggs. they are easily trained and are well known from circuses and as the classic organ - grinder ' s monkey. in the wild they use simple tools, such as rocks, for such tasks as cracking the hard shells of fruits. they are classified in the phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata, class mammalia, order primates, family cebidae. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on capuchin from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : vertebrate zoology


students as researchers over 20 years ago i started working with students as evaluators. kids worked with me to design and carry out evaluations of specific programs in which they were involved. while i provided technical assistance ; these were their evaluations. the students determined the questions to be asked and how they would get the answers. they collected and analyzed the data and presented their data - based conclusions and recommendations to the program directors. this was real - - we only worked with program people made a commitment either to implement the students ' recommendations or to explain why they wouldn ' t or couldn ' t do so. the work was good and the experience useful to all in great part because the work was real and the students were in charge. i always thought if it worked in evaluation, it would work in research. it turns out i was right. blackawton bees is an article published in biology letters by 25 8 to 10 year olds and a couple of grown ups. we discovered that bumble - bees can use a combination of colour and spatial relationships in deciding which colour of flower to forage from. we also discovered that science is cool and fun because you get to do stuff that no one has ever done before. a companion paper explained : the research was conceived, carried out, summarized and written up by a class of 8 to 10 years olds in devon, england under the light supervision of a teacher and a research scientist. the result is a significant piece of research giving a novel insight in the colour and pattern vision of the bee. using well - established experimental procedures that were invented by john lubbock for the study of colour vision in bees and later implemented by a nobel prize winner, the results provide convincing evidence that bees can transpose between learned colour, pattern and spatial cues when encountering changes in a coloured scene. students as researchers, now that ' s a concept!


australiaedit this page from familysearch wiki the first europeans began exploration of the australian continent in the 17th century. dutch explorer willem janszoom landed in the gulf of carpentaria in 1606 and mapped some of the coastline. later on abel tasman in 1642 reached van diemen ' s land ( now tasmania ) and in 1644 with three ships ( limmen, zeemeeuw & braek ) he mapped the north coast of australia. no formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when capt. james cook took possession in the name of great britain. australia was first settled by europeans in january 1788 with the arrival ( at botany bay on the south - east coast ) of eleven english ships with more than 1000 convicts and military personnel, known today as the ' first fleeters. the site was found to be unsuitable so a few days later the ships moved to port jackson at sydney cove. the second fleet arrived in 1790 and saved the colony from starvation. the third fleet arrived in 1791 and included the first irish transportees. the first free settler immigrants arrived in 1793. the expanding colony became known as new south wales. six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries ; they federated and became the commonwealth of australia in 1901. the new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the british effort in world wars i and ii. in recent decades, australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. getting started with australia research to get started with australian research, it is helpful to know where one ' s family or ancestors lived in australia and to know when they died. australian states ' civil death certificates give a great deal of valuable information which will help you in your research. click on a state name or on the map below to learn about research in an australian state or territory. the states and territories of australia include : wiki articles describing these collections are found at : in order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! many tasks need to be done. you can help by : did you know ( all text below this is included in a column on the left side of the screen. )


by : shelagh mcnally for fibroids1 women suffering from cervical cancer or hpv will be remembering june 8, 2006 as the day the fda approved the history - making vaccine, gardisil. this vaccine neutralizes two strains of the human papilloma virus ( hpv ) responsible for cervical cancer. | preventing and screening for hpv | according to the american cancer society : delaying having sexual intercourse if you are young can help you avoid hpv. limiting your number of sexual partners and avoiding sex with people who have had many other sexual partners lower your risk of exposure to hpv. remember that condoms do not completely protect from hpv because hpv can be passed through skin to skin contact with any hpv infected area. however condoms do provide some protection against hpv and also protect against hiv / aids and other sexually transmitted diseases passed through fluid exchange. getting a yearly pap smear can detect hpv and other precancerous conditions allowing doctors to treat these conditions before they fully develop into cancer. hpv belongs to a group of viruses that include 100 different strains with more than 30 strains being sexually transmitted. sometimes visible as herpes or genital warts, hpv usually affects the vagina, cervix, vulva and rectum. often without symptoms, most infected people have no idea they have the virus and unwittingly pass it on to their partners. hpv has become the most common sexually - transmitted disease in the united states, and according to the national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, there are approximately 20 million people in the united states infected. each year there are another 6. 2 million infections so that by the age of 50 at least 80 percent of women who will be infected are infected. most of the time infections caused by the virus clear up on their own but with the risk of persistent infection, hpv is responsible for at least 70 percent of all cervical cancers. cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide ; there are nearly a half million diagnoses and 240, 000 deaths each year. small wonder that gardisil is one of the most anticipated vaccines in recent years. it was 15 years ago that local researchers at the university of rochester medical center discovered the antibody produced by the immune system neutralizing the human papilloma virus. merck pharmaceuticals took over from there and began developing the gardisil vaccine. “ when we first started looking for hpv in the 80s, half of the women at the student health center


immune system neutralizing the human papilloma virus. merck pharmaceuticals took over from there and began developing the gardisil vaccine. “ when we first started looking for hpv in the 80s, half of the women at the student health center had hpv, ” said dr. cosette m. wheeler, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the university of new mexico health sciences center and one of the lead investigators in the vaccine trials. “ now we can say that the vaccine is 100 percent effective against hpv types 16 and 18, which are responsible for the majority of the cancers, ” dr. wheeler said. the vaccine is also effective against the hpv strains that develop into genital warts. | facts on gardisil | licensure announced on june 8, 2006. gardisil is the first vaccine ever for the prevention of cervical cancer. gardisil is a recombinant vaccine effective against hpv types 6, 11, 16 and types 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 percent of genital warts. gardisil is approved for use in females ages 9 - 26 years. gardisil does not protect against hpv types not in the vaccine so a yearly pap smear is still required. find out more about the hpv virus and gardisil at www. cdc. gov / std / hpv / default. htm hailed as a major breakthrough, gardisil is also at the center of a growing controversy. since the vaccine is most effective if administered before a young girl becomes sexually active, conservative groups are worried that gardisil will promote promiscuity. at the same the american academy of immunology practices is lobbying for the vaccine to become part of the routine inoculations even suggesting it be mandatory for school entry. while this debate continues, it ’ s more likely that budgetary and distribution issues will determine gardisil ’ s future. gardisil is one of the most expensive vaccines on the market : a three - course shot, given over six months, costs between $ 300 and $ 500. getting teens to show for appointments is also going to be a challenge and there is also plenty of discussion around who exactly should receive the shot – the recommended age is between 11 and 12. on june 29, a panel of vaccine experts brought together by the centers for disease control and prevention will give their recommendations over who should receive the vaccine. it could be in doctors ’ offices as early as this summer. in the meantime mer


one of the great bits of repartee in the king ’ s speech comes as the maverick australian speech therapist, lionel logue, is just getting to know his royal highness prince albert, the stammering duke of york : logue : “ surely a prince ’ s brain knows what his mouth ’ s doing? ” bertie : “ you ’ re obviously not well acquainted with many royal princes. ” no one could have imagined any such dialogue involving archduke otto von habsburg, who died on july 4 — not because the archduke was a fearsome personality, but because he was a pre - eminently intelligent and decent man. the full name he was given at his baptism in 1912 — franz josef otto robert maria anton karl max heinrich sixtus xavier felix renatus ludwig gaetan pius ignatius — speaks volumes about the history of his family, whose rule over central europe extended back some seven centuries. otto might have been thought an anachronism after his father, emperor karl, was driven from the throne of the dual monarchy of austria - hungary in the waning days of world war i. yet the son declined to disappear from the scene and played roles both dramatic and useful over the eight decades of his maturity. he worried hitler, who saw him as a potential threat to the anschluss uniting austria with germany. so the nazi fuhrer twice tried to meet the young austrian nobleman when archduke otto was studying in berlin in 1931 - 32. otto von habsburg not only rebuffed hitler on both occasions, thus putting himself firmly on the gestapo ’ s list of enemies ; in 1938, as the nazi vice was closing on an independent austria, the archduke, at obvious risk to his life, volunteered to return to austria as the head of government, to provide a national rallying point against nazi paganism. in june 1940, the luftwaffe bombed the belgian castle in which otto von habsburg and his family were living, just hours after the family had fled south ahead of the wehrmacht ’ s drive west. hounded by the gestapo in neutral lisbon, archduke otto and his family came to the united states at the invitation of president franklin roosevelt and spent the second world war years in america. otto von habsburg returned to europe after the nazi defeat, married princess regina of sachsen - meiningen, who was working as a nurse at a munich refuge camp the archduke visited ( and whose father, duke george iii, had died in the soviet gulag ) ; the couple had seven children, and lived a model christian family life. elected to the european parliament in 1979,


a nurse at a munich refuge camp the archduke visited ( and whose father, duke george iii, had died in the soviet gulag ) ; the couple had seven children, and lived a model christian family life. elected to the european parliament in 1979, otto von habsburg spent 20 years as perhaps that body ’ s most respected member : an adroit debater in seven languages, he kept alive the vision of a post - cold war europe reunited as a single civilizational enterprise, built on the sturdy foundations of biblical religion, faith in reason, and commitment to the rule of law. in that sense, otto von habsburg was arguably the first modern “ european. ” he may also have been the last. for the european union, as it has evolved in the early 21st century, has been built around a naked public square in which biblical religion plays no role ; faith in reason is faltering under the assault of post - modernism and political correctness ; and the rule of law is jeopardized by what another great son of mitteleuropa, joseph ratzinger, has called the “ dictatorship of relativism. ” in 2006, i spent a memorable evening discussing this unhappy situation with the archduke otto, at an acton institute dinner in rome at which we were seated across the table from one another. he was not bitter, for he was a man of deep catholic faith, and thus a man of hope. but he was concerned about europe ’ s future, and his concerns have turned out to be entirely prescient. otto von habsburg ’ s father, emperor karl, was beatified by john paul ii in 2004. the late pope once greeted archduke otto ’ s mother, empress zita, by saying that he was “ happy to receive the widow of my father ’ s last sovereign. ” it is entirely safe to say that we shall not see their likes again. may they rest in peace. george weigel is distinguished senior fellow of the ethics and public policy center in washington, d. c. become a fan of first things on facebook, subscribe to first things via rss, and follow first things on twitter.


actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) > perciformes ( perch - likes ) > pomacentridae ( damselfishes ) > pomacentrinae etymology : stegastes : greek, stegastos, - e, - on = covered ( ref. 45335 ). environment / climate / range marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 2 - 10 m ( ref. 9710 ). tropical ; 30°n - 30°s size / weight / age maturity : lm? range? -? cm max length : 12. 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref. 7247 ) soft rays : 12 - 14. body and median fins generally brown to nearly black ; body paler ventrally ; fins grading to smoky gray distally. margin of scales on sides with blackish streak, appearing as series of transverse bands ; few small blue spots scattered on head and sides. pelvic and anal fins bright blue anteriorly. morphologically similar with s. fasciolatus but s. obreptus has well - developed serrae on the suborbital and preopercle margins, posterior outline of soft dorsal more pointed and angular, and it differs in habitat. lips dusky brown. indo - pacific : ryukyu islands, encompassing the indo - malayan archipelago, western australia north of abrolhos islands ; reaching eastward along the northern margin of the tropical indian ocean to sri lanka and india. adults occur close to shore in rocky or dead reef areas where visibility is often reduced due to silting and wave action. territorial, they maintain and ' weed ' filamentous algae patches growing on dead coral ( ref. 9710 ). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding ( ref. 205 ). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref. 205 ). males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref. 205 ). allen, g. r. and a. r. emery, 1985. a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific, with descriptions of two new species. indo - pac. fish. ( 3 ) : 31. iucn red list status ( ref. 90363 ) threat to humans referencesaquacultureaquaculture profilestrainsgeneticsallele frequenciesheritabilitydiseasesprocessingmass conversion estimates of some properties based on empirical models phylogenetic diversity index ( ref. 82805


the upanishads are early philosophical texts of the hindu religion. the upanishads represent the loftiest heights of ancient indo - aryan thought and culture and are regarded as direct revelations of god. because these teachings were usually given in the stillness of some distant retreat, where the noises of the world could not disturb the tranquillity of the contemplative life, they are known also as aranyakas, forest books. this version is a translation of swami paramananda. paramananda was an important swami, mystic, poet, and an innovator in spiritual community living. wilder publications is a green publisher. all of our books are printed to order. this reduces waste and helps us keep prices low while greatly reducing our impact on the environment. upanishads is a beautiful text to read, and i recommend that everyone should read it. many of the western philosophers and thinkers have showered their praises on this beautiful text, for instance emerson, thoreau, and, schopenhauer. this edition is not complete upanishads in case you want to have the complete text. you can earn a 5 % commission by selling the upanishads paperback book / softback on your website. it ' s easy to get started - we will give you example code. after you ' re set - up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! are you the author / publisher? improve sales by submitting additional information on this title. this item ships from and is sold by fishpond world ltd.


protein is essential for many bodily processes, including building and repairing tissue. protein is essential for many bodily processes, including building and repairing tissue. you use protein to make enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals. plus, your hair and nails are mostly made up of protein. it is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. protein is made of smaller components called amino acids, 12 of which are manufactured by the human body. another 9, called essential amino acids, must be obtained from food. a complete protein or whole protein is a protein that contains all of the essential amino acids. all animal proteins are complete, including red meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and dairy. vegetarians will be happy to know that complete proteins can also be obtained through certain plants, such as soy, spirulina, hemp seed, amaranth, buckwheat, and my fave quinoa. foods can be combined to make complete proteins like pairing beans with rice or corn. there are other combinations as well. beans and seeds, beans and nuts, and beans and grains will form a complete protein. when you eat hummus and pita bread, nut butter on whole grain bread, pasta with beans, veggie burgers on bread, split pea soup with whole grain bread, and tortillas with refried beans, you are eating complete proteins. fit ' s tips : recent studies show that the beans and the grains don ' t even need to be eaten at the same meal, so if you eat beans for lunch and rice with dinner, you ' ve got yourself a complete protein. you may spread your food combination over a 2 - day period.


the assassination of president abraham lincoln john wilkes booth plotted and carried out the assassination of president lincoln. originally, the plan was to abduct president lincoln and take him to virginia, but when general lee surrendered, booth and his comrades were forced to change their plans. fatefully, on april 15, 1865, booth shot and killed president lincoln. through his actions, booth hoped to reinvigorate the confederacy, but the assassination only strengthened the union ' s cause and destroyed any hope of a confederate photos ( 94 ) add images places mentioned on this page connected pages add page links add link about this page anyone can contribute to this page. please sign in or sign up — it ' s free. the hanging of conspirators in the lincoln assassination : david herold, lewis powell, mary surratt, and george atzerodt july 7, 1865 while many might know that john wilkes booth assassinated president abraham lincoln on april 14, 1865, many do not know the nine others who were connected in some way to the conspiracy. out of those nine, lewis powell, mary surratt, david herold, and george atzerodt died by hanging on july 7, 1865, around 1 : 15 pm after being convicted of conspiring to kill the president. one of those four, lewis powell ( alias : lewis paine ), also hanged for his crime of the attempted murder of the secretary of state william seward. until the last moment, family members pleaded for the lives of these four legendary criminals, and legal support, especially for mary, sought all avenues of appeal for their release. these documents display the written conviction of the four sentenced to death, and the chicago tribune ’ s account of the event up to and during the executions. this brief, yet haunting, account of their executions displays their dedication to the confederate cause. history shows that had the confederacy won, these four would have found fame and not nooses around their necks.


webmd health news brenda goodman, ma laura j. martin, md jan. 27, 2011 - - an international team of researchers has identified four genetic variants common to celiac disease and crohn? s disease. the research may help to explain why people who have celiac disease appear to have a higher rate of crohn? s disease than the general population. it may one day lead to new treatments that address the underlying inflammation involved in both conditions. the new study made use of a new way to analyze hundreds of thousands of genetic variations, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or snps, that may be involved in any one disease, called a genome - wide association study, or gwas.? it? s completely changed the way we can identify genetic risk factors,? says study co - author john d. rioux, phd, an associate professor of medicine at the university of montreal, in quebec, canada.? there are sequence differences at the genetic level that get translated down to the protein levels,? rioux says.? and these differences may really nudge a person toward inflammation and we? re just in the beginning, but we hope they may elucidate a common pathway and one day help us discover treatments that correct the underlying genetic changes.? for the study, which is published in the jan. 27 issue of plos genetics, researchers compared 471, 504 snps, representing the genomes of about 10, 000 people, some of whom had crohn? s disease, some who had celiac disease, and some healthy people. they found four genes that appeared to contribute to the risk for both diseases. two of these genes, il18rap and ptpn2, had previously been reported to be associated with each disease. another, called tagap, had previously been identified as an area of risk in celiac disease but was new to crohn? s disease risk. the fourth, pus10, had been previously been tied to crohn? s disease, celiac disease, and ulcerative colitis. three of the four appear to be involved in controlling how the immune system responds to perceived threats.? the first three we can say are involved in t - lymphocyte function,? rioux says.? they seem to have a role to play in how these cells respond to a given stimulus.? rioux says that having your immune system respond to incoming threats is a good thing, but sometimes the body


##ocyte function,? rioux says.? they seem to have a role to play in how these cells respond to a given stimulus.? rioux says that having your immune system respond to incoming threats is a good thing, but sometimes the body goes overboard, attacking itself instead of a foreign invader, and that overstimulation can contribute to host of diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and many others. celiac disease ( also called celiac sprue ) is an autoimmune disease where the lining of the intestine becomes damaged by a reaction from eating gluten, a protein that? s found in wheat and other grains like rye and barley. the damage prevents the intestine from absorbing nutrients in food, which can cause problems ranging from anemia to osteoporosis to lactose intolerance. celiac disease has been linked to a higher risk for intestinal cancers. in crohn? s disease, inflammation of the digestive tract can cause the bowel to empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea. some research has shown that people with one condition are more prone to the other. one study, for example, found that more than 18. 5 % of patients with crohn? s disease also have celiac disease. sources : festen, e. plos one genetics, jan. 27, 2010. john d. riox, phd, associate professor of medicine, university of montreal. lucia shindorff, phd, epidemiologist, national human genetics research institute. tursi, a. inflammatory bowel diseases, 2005. news release, plos one genetics. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of fox16 - breaking news and weather to plan your day for little rock and central arkansas the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.


bahrain : the tear gas regime bahrain finds an off - label use for tear gas as chemical warfare. cross - posted from scramble for africa. physicians for human rights just released a report on the bahraini government ’ s pervasive use of tear gas to repress its restive civilian population. bahrain has raised the global bar on the usage of tear gas to unprecedented heights. it has become the tear gas regime. consider this excerpt from the phr report : “ phr investigators visited one home in which residents provided “ guest gas masks ” to visitors exposed to toxic chemical agents in and around the home. “ we ’ ve been exposed to tear gases almost every day, ” said one resident of a shi ’ a neighborhood. “ we ’ ve had canisters shot in the house, on the doorstep, and on the roof. we ’ ve had so many attacks, i can ’ t count the number of times. you don ’ t need to go outside to smell the ‘ tear gas. ’ ” the report continues : “ preliminary analysis of data suggests that the majority of shi ’ a neighborhoods ( comprising 80 % of all neighborhoods in bahrain ) have been exposed to toxic chemical agent attacks at least once per week since february 2011. ” that is a remarkable record of sustained gassing. what does this mean for the neighborhoods and villages affected? as phr details : “ symptoms of cs [ the most commonly used chemical agent in contemporary ‘ tear gas ’ worldwide ] exposure include severe tearing, burning in the nose and throat, eye spasms, chest tightness, coughing, and wheezing among other signs of oral and respiratory distress. ” imagine encountering that on a daily or weekly basis as many shia neighborhoods in bahrain now are. there is plenty of reason to question the legitimacy of tear gas usage in virtually any context. phr medical investigators noted in a report published the ama ’ s journal in 1989 that : “ [ t ] he evidence already assembled regarding the pattern of use of tear gas, as well as its toxicology, raises the question of whether its further use can be condoned under any circumstances … [ t ] here is an important role for the independent [ health ] professional : to study, document, analyze, and report on such hazards and to advise government on what does and does not carry an acceptable risk. if a weapon is found to present too serious a risk, it is then the responsibility of those in charge of public safety to decide on alternatives. ” note the ‘ pattern of use ’ analysis from even the late ‘ 80s.


carry an acceptable risk. if a weapon is found to present too serious a risk, it is then the responsibility of those in charge of public safety to decide on alternatives. ” note the ‘ pattern of use ’ analysis from even the late ‘ 80s. when is ‘ tear gas ’ used in an appropriate and proportionate manner? can a protestor or bystander among us think of an instance? international law permits its use under the category of ‘ riot control ’. thus, it is properly deployed to disperse ‘ riots ’, not nonviolent gatherings, and not some scattered projectile throwing and minor property destruction. the very label ‘ tear gas ’ is a euphemism which obscures that its use on humans : “ poses serious health risks and even causes death. ” the proper term for ‘ tear gas ’ is ‘ toxic chemical agent ’ as phr employs. as phr notes, “ “ tear gas, ” implying that these chemical agents merely cause tearing, is a misnomer. “ perhaps the roots of the crowd control method should give us pause. the origin of tear gas derives from chemical weapons that became so infamous in ww1. lest anyone continue to regard ‘ tear gas ’ as a mere inconvenience, it has also been implicated as a carcinogen, and may even damage dna, thus impacting one ’ s future children and family lineage. phr describes the effects of the toxic gas : “ in addition to wounds due to the impact of toxic chemical agent canisters, phr investigators also documented severe tearing, burning eyes, throat irritation, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and vomiting in individuals exposed to toxic chemical agents. because chemicals in toxic lachrymatory agents can destroy membranes of the throat, esophagus, and mouth, such vomiting can become dangerous. even if an exposed person quickly leaves the chemical - saturated area, symptoms of exposure can last hours. …. sustained exposure to toxic chemical agents can also burn skin and the cornea of the eye. a physiotherapist reported that she developed shortness of breath, wheezing and severe coughing, turned red, and felt hot after being exposed to tear gas that was yellow in color. a doctor at private hospital treated her with atrovent and symbicort, but she reported having continued difficulty breathing at night and difficulty speaking for approximately two weeks. ” in the u. s. water hosing crowds fell out of favor due to the illegitimacy it acquired after becoming ind


symbicort, but she reported having continued difficulty breathing at night and difficulty speaking for approximately two weeks. ” in the u. s. water hosing crowds fell out of favor due to the illegitimacy it acquired after becoming indelibly associated with the repression of the black civil rights movement. by almost any measure, tear gas is far worse. note that outside the u. s. high pressure water is still utilized. israel retains the water cannons technique in their crowd control repertoire but has added an extra fillip - - lacing the water with sewage - scented malodorous elements. historically, tear gas usage has been associated with less than reputable purposes. the south korean dictatorship ( washington backed by the way ) employed it against the democracy movement. phr : “ twenty - five years ago, phr documented the deleterious and long - term health effects of tear gas used indiscriminately in south korea against civilian protesters, including toxic pulmonary damage and death, as well as possible miscarriages. as physicians we were then compelled to question whether the further use of these toxic chemical agents could be condoned under any circumstances. the extensive and persistent use of this so - called nonlethal chemical agent now in bahrain — unprecedented in the 100 - year history of tear gas use against civilians throughout the world — compels phr once again to call the world ’ s attention to the known and still unknown serious health consequences of tear gas, including death. ” bahrain is also joined in its distinguished company by the khartoum regime which along with more lethal means, has employed tear gas in darfur to quell a recent upsurge in nationwide protests seeking to join their international brethren in the arab spring. israel has also made a habit of using tear gas, not uncommonly in particularly dangerous or lethal manners by directly firing the canisters at people and vulnerable points, virtually ensuring serious injury or death. in the u. s., victims of police ‘ riot control ’ include scott olsen, who was hit by a ‘ bean bag round ’, though the consequences of a tear gas canister no doubt would have been similar. the phr report clearly establishes that bahrain is violating international law in its usage of toxic chemical agents : “ while current international law allows governments to use some chemical agents for crowd control purposes, bahraini law enforcement officials routinely violate every u. n. principle of their use. specifically, phr documents in this report that bahraini authorities : ( 1 ) fail to exercise restraint before


allows governments to use some chemical agents for crowd control purposes, bahraini law enforcement officials routinely violate every u. n. principle of their use. specifically, phr documents in this report that bahraini authorities : ( 1 ) fail to exercise restraint before resorting to force ; ( 2 ) use disproportionate force when responding to protesters ; and ( 3 ) fail to minimize damage and injury to demonstrators. ” we might ask why international law permits chemical weapons in civilian use but not military. phr ventures that internal use against civilian populations was not a primary concern of conference that drafted the international law guiding the use of chemical weapons and that a lack of consensus ( surprise, surprise ) among the delegates may have been a factor. while few governments can be properly said to abide by international law on crowd control procedures listed, bahrain has gone well beyond the normal abuses. the u. s. of course is deeply complicit in the repression in bahrain. though it is not currently supplying the regime with tear gas, the phr report identifies two of the four main toxic chemical manufacturers that produced the weapons that have been deployed against bahrain ’ s citizens are u. s. - based : nonlethal technologies, inc. ( based outside of pittsburgh, pa in homer city ; nicholas kristof ( to his credit ) reported late last year that nonlethal technologies tear gas shells were “ being swept off the street each morning ” in bahrain. ) and federal laboratories / defense technology in casper, wy. beyond bahrain, “ us - based company combined systems inc., which exports riot - control equipment to armies around the world. the company has yet to address allegations that it has been a primary riot control agent ( rca ) supplier to mena governments embroiled in the arab spring. ” csi is located not far from nonlethal technologies, in jamestown, pa. western pennsylvania seems on its way to cornering the global market on the production of toxic chemical agents designed for use against civilian demonstrators. on august 1st the tom lantos human rights commission on capitol hill held a hearing on bahrain ’ s record. to his credit senator ron wyden ( d - or ) testified to oppose washington ’ s alliance. by contrast, michael h. posner, assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, and labor ( ha! ) testified : “ king hamad deserves great credit for initiating this commission and for allowing an independent body to take a critical look at bahrain ’ s human rights record and to report so extensively on its


for democracy, human rights, and labor ( ha! ) testified : “ king hamad deserves great credit for initiating this commission and for allowing an independent body to take a critical look at bahrain ’ s human rights record and to report so extensively on its findings. we also commend the king for accepting and committing to implement the recommendations of the bici report. and after a worrying period of rising violence in the streets by both demonstrators and police, violence has subsided this summer. ” he of course also added some anodyne criticism to ensure a modicum of credibility for his words. the u. s. fifth fleet gives bahrain no small strategic significance to the u. s. democracy would endanger the fleet - - the people might want to evict the fleet, but we can surely count on the ruling regime. tellingly, the fifth fleet ’ s home base was take over from the british in 1971 as they relinquished their colonial possessions. you can learn a lot about nations as well as people from observing who its friends are. though the u. s. has frozen sales of tear gas to bahrain ( which it appears the regime is having no trouble obtaining elsewhere ), washington nonetheless proceeded in may with an arms deal to the country following a week - long visit to the u. s. by crown prince salman bin hamad al khalifa. a bahraini dissident noted that by doing so the u. s. sending “ a direct message that we support the authorities and we don ' t support democracy in bahrain, we don ' t support protesters in bahrain. ” along with kevin funk, steven fake is the author of " scramble for africa : darfur – intervention and the usa " ( black rose books ). they maintain a website with their commentary at scrambleforafrica. org.


hand contusion overview what is a hand contusion? a person with a hand contusion has a bruise to the soft tissues of the hand. a bruise is a collection of blood beneath the skin, caused by blood vessels that have broken at the time of an injury. a contusion may be caused by a blow to the hand, a sprain or a fracture. what are the symptoms of a hand contusion? symptoms of a hand contusion include hand pain, hand swelling, hand tenderness, and hand bruising. how does the doctor treat a hand contusion? treatment of a hand contusion includes rest, elevation, cold compresses, and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medications for pain. see hand injury treatment for more information. continue to hand contusion symptoms - campbell da, kay sp. the hand injury severity scoring system. j hand surg [ br ]. 1996 jun ; 21 ( 3 ) : 295 - 8. - chan j, spencer j. adaptation to hand injury : an evolving experience. am j occup ther. 2004 mar - apr ; 58 ( 2 ) : 128 - 39. - gustafsson m, ahlstrom g. problems experienced during the first year of an acute traumatic hand injury - a prospective study. j clin nurs. 2004 nov ; 13 ( 8 ) : 986 - 95.