capital markets experiment in wenzhou in china, reforms often come about from the ground up. over the years, the country has shown an uncanny knack for taking what is otherwise an illegal activity according to its own laws and regulations, experimenting with it, legitimizing it, and then incorporating it into an overall reform program on a step by step basis. perhaps the most famous, and far reaching, experiment was conducted in anhui province where the “ contract responsibility ” system took hold in the late 1970s. another such experiment, this time in capital markets, is now being conducted in the wealthy city of wenzhou in zhejiang province on china ’ s east coast. before getting to wenzhou, though, let ’ s look at what happened in anhui 30 years ago to see how it has worked in the past. as the story goes, the farmers in this predominantly rural province in china were having a particularly hard time in the late 1970s. after several years of bad harvests, a severe drought in 1978 finally pushed them to the breaking point. in order to find a way out of their predicament, 21 peasants and team leaders of the xiao gang production team in the li yuan people ’ s commune in feng yang county signed a contract in december, 1978, which stipulated that the production team would not turn over all of its production to the commune, as required by china ’ s constitution at the time, but would instead contract to deliver a set amount, keeping all of the production over that amount for themselves. the contract assigned all of the land to the 20 households that promised to deliver their quota of grain to the state. in the contract, the signatories also promised to look after the children of the team leaders if they were prosecuted, reflecting their concern over the political risk the team leaders were taking. with a profit motive now in place, the xiao gang production team had a bumper harvest in 1979 and delivered to the state 15, 000 kilograms of grain, the highest amount in 23 years. in july, 1979, deng xiaoping visited anhui and encouraged its agricultural leaders to use whatever methods it could to help the peasants get rich, the sooner the better. in 1979, similar experiments began in other areas and provinces throughout china, all resulting in dramatic increases in agricultural productivity. deng xiaoping openly praised these experiments in 1980, and the system was adopted nationally in 1981. deng later extended the contract responsibility system to other sectors of the economy, touching off the economic reform that has lifted hundreds of millions of chinese out of poverty and has made china


openly praised these experiments in 1980, and the system was adopted nationally in 1981. deng later extended the contract responsibility system to other sectors of the economy, touching off the economic reform that has lifted hundreds of millions of chinese out of poverty and has made china the second - largest economy in the world today. last week, china ’ s state council said it would launch experimental financial reforms in entrepreneurial wenzhou. dating back to 2000 bc, wenzhou has a population of just over 9 million people, including 2. 3 million urban residents. when china began economic reforms in 1978, wenzhou was the first city in the country to set up individual and private enterprises, as well as a shareholding cooperative economy. in 1980, wenzhou authorities granted china ’ s first private business license to a wenzhou woman. as testimony to its entrepreneurialism, wenzhou has a total of 240, 000 individually - owned commercial and industrial units and 130, 000 private enterprises. wenzhou is now taking the lead in carrying out financial system reform. due to its underlying wealth, and the difficulties faced by the city ’ s private companies in obtaining loans from china ’ s state - owned banking system, wenzhou has become known as a hub for underground finance, an illegal activity in china today. the shadow banking system came to prominence in 2011 and developed as a way to supply credit to private companies, although at exorbitant interest rates. while the government has cracked down on what it considers the most egregious cases, grey market lending has become a big business in wenzhou — and in other parts of china. in october, ubs estimated that “ private lending, ” the term used for the informal networks of money lenders that have developed outside of china ’ s banking system, could be between two trillion yuan ( $ 317 billion ) and four trillion yuan ( $ 634 billion ). the reforms announced last wednesday include measures to formalize gray - market lending, and to allow capital to flow out of china more freely. in its statement, the state council said it would establish rules and regulations for private lenders in wenzhou, encouraging them to establish legal “ investment companies ” or “ investment management organizations. ” the state council statement also proposed various ways to channel more credit to small and medium enterprises. these include encouraging china ’ s state - owned banks to establish special units devoted to making loans to small and medium enterprises and allowing small firms to issue bonds in wenzhou. like the anhui peasants in 1978, wenzhou authorities have been pushing the envelope as


include encouraging china ’ s state - owned banks to establish special units devoted to making loans to small and medium enterprises and allowing small firms to issue bonds in wenzhou. like the anhui peasants in 1978, wenzhou authorities have been pushing the envelope as far as gaining greater economic freedom for the city ’ s residents. early last year, the wenzhou government proposed to give its locals more freedom to invest overseas, only to be turned down by beijing. wenzhou officials then worked out a new proposal and submitted it for approval as part of a broader plan to make the city a testing ground for financial reforms. as a result, the state council also said it is studying whether to allow wenzhou residents to invest directly overseas. under the proposal, residents in wenzhou would be allowed to spend up to $ 200 million per year — or as much as $ 3 million per person — to set up, acquire, or invest in nonfinancial companies in foreign markets. currently, china strictly limits such investments. china ’ s future development, and its transition to a more sustainable, long - term growth model, depends upon the development of its capital markets. the state council ’ s announcement is a sign that the country is moving ahead with financial reforms and is seeking to channel more capital to private and smaller firms. for this reason, the wenzhou experiment could turn out to be every bit as significant as the experiment conducted in anhui over 30 years ago.


summary traits of southern appalachian orogen major components ( described from foreland to hinterland ) : map from usgs shows some of these major divisions and the distinction between the northern and southern appalachians, with new york city close to the switch over location. one questions that can be asked is what in the geologic history led to the difference between the northern and southern sections. we are focusing on the southern appalachians simply because i know it a bit better. - valley and ridge foreland fold - thrust belt. - thin - skinned, no basement involvement. - pennsylvanian ( alleghanian in age ). - north american shelf sediments involved in the deformation, cambrian and ordovician passive margin wedge of strata. - in above map from the usgs, while the details are not clear, the thickening of the paleozoic strata to the east is clear. this is the passive margin associated with the iapetus, which when closed produced the appalachians. - rome shale as a detachment - blue ridge : - north american basement ( grenville ) involvement and iapetan rift sediments in western part. - rocks are metamorphosed, with polyphase, - eclogites and ultramafites in eastern part. - folded thrust nappes, but thin skinned, and underlain by paleozoic carbonates. - seems likely that any suture in here somewhere. - brevard zone - major fault separating piedmont from blue ridge. early thrust component, large late major dextral motion. - complex of terranes. larger ones carolina terrane and avalon terrane. - pine mountain thrust window - see through crystalline thrust sheet into underlying n. american cratonic - large scale folds, and an extensivenetwork of dextral strike - slip faults active in alleghanian. - alleghanian magmatism also occurs, mainly granites, some gabbros. alleghanian granites carry dextral shear fabric. - mauritanides in northwest africa are the other half of orogen. - triassic rift basins along its interior ( in the piedmont ). - coastal plain composed of cretaceous and tertiary passive margin sediments. valley and ridge province of the appalachians outlined by two white lines in the usgs tapestry map, image source : http : / / tapestry. usgs. gov / features / features. html. this is a shaded relief dem image taked from the nasa visible earth site. see if from the description you can pick out the following : anticlines and


: http : / / tapestry. usgs. gov / features / features. html. this is a shaded relief dem image taked from the nasa visible earth site. see if from the description you can pick out the following : anticlines and possiple thrusts in the valley and ridge, the approximate contact between the valley and ridge, the brevard zone. the land surface as a geologic signature simply because erosion selectively etches into the underlying geologic structure. some major events : - taconian deformation ( late ordovician, circa 440 ma ) of north american marigin clear in the northern appalachians. first major accretion event - obduction - a slew of other events inbetween taconian and alleghanian - assigned to acadian. - significant alleghanian crustal thickening, and hinterland dextral strike - slip suggests decoupled oblique convergence. associated clastics from appalachian extent all the way into nebraska. - map above showing simplified pennsylvanian paleogeography. note the extensive shoreline ' swamp areas ' where coals were deposited. image from usgs site http : / / pubs. usgs. gov / gip / continents /. - map above showing the details of the appalachian coal basin, with the eastern edge involved in the valley and ridge folding. image source from usgs site http : / / pubs. usgs. gov / fs / fs115 - 99 / fs115 - 99. html. - subsequent triassic rifting. - some things as basic as the polarity of subduction are still in debate. map showing two of the better exposed, studied and known triassic grabens in the appalachians - the newark and connecticutt river basins. more basins lie buried underneath the coastal plain province. this rifting started perhaps some 50 - 60 millions after the alleghanian deformation stopped - not along time. image source : http : / / 3dparks. wr. usgs. gov / nyc / mesozoic / mesozoicbasins. htm. penetration of appalachian strain and fluids into the continent. - calcite twin analysis - squee - gee model and mississippi pb - zn deposits. - why are they still high, still mountains? - are the alleghanian granitoids from subduction, crustal anatexis, lithospheric delamination? - what was the polarity of subduction before final continental collision? - when


snakes of massachusetts crotalus horridus ( 36 - 60 ", up to 74 " ) ma status : " endangered. " illegal to harass, kill, collect or possess. a robust, venomous snake, the timber rattler is equipped with a broad triangular head, vertical pupils and heat sensitive pits. the body color may be yellow, gray, dark brown or black, with dark, v - shaped crossbands across the back. the pattern may not be obvious if the body is very dark. the head is usually unpatterned and is covered with many small scales. a distinct rattle on the end of a darkly colored tail produces a buzzing sound when vibrated. when young, the rattlesnake has only a small button on the tail. body scales are strongly keeled and the light colored belly is flecked with dark spots. mating usually occurs in summer or fall. females incubate eggs within their bodies by basking, and give birth the following year to 6 - 10 young from mid - august through september. female rattlesnakes typically give birth every two or three years. although rocky forested hill - sides with southern exposures are essential as winter habitat, rattlesnakes prefer dense forests with a thick understory for foraging. they bask during the day and forage at night, when prey is most abundant. rattlesnakes prey on a variety of warm - blooded animals, including : mice, chipmunks and other squirrels, rabbits, shrews, moles, weasels and birds. occasionally, rattlesnakes will also feed on insects, amphibians and other snakes. when threatened, they vibrate their tails to produce a loud buzzing sound that is difficult to miss. they are not particularly aggressive and bites are rare. in massachusetts, rattlesnakes are so rare that they are almost never encountered by people.


search course communities : one - variable calculus resources particular resources may be found by either a keyword search or an advanced search. see these options up and to your left. or you may browse for resources under the following topics : - general tools : graphers and cas - general collections of applets : materials that cover a wide range of multivariable calculus topics. - background : resources to help students with things they should know - history of calculus : - continuity and limits : examples, limits of a function - theoretical issues : more on continuity, intermediate value theorem, maximum value theorem, mean value theorem, etc. - functions in general, graphers and definitions : - calculus functions : trigonometric, exponential, logarithms, hyperbolic, inverse functions - differentiation, calculation rules : - differentiation, definition and elementary application : - differentiation, general applications : concavity, related rates, optimization - differential equations : initial value problems, first - order odes, slope fields, euler ' s method, systems - antidifferentiation : rules - fundamental theorem : both parts - integration, motivation and definition : - integration, applications : - integration methods : - numerical integration : euler ' s method, trapezoidal rule, mid - point rule, simpson ' s rule, rk - methods - infinite limits, function values and integrals : - infinite limits, sequences and series : - function approximation : taylor polynomials discuss this course start a new discussion thread periodical articles for student readings it would be helpful to have a place where links to articles from math horizons, college mathematics journal and mathematics magazine could be collected according to subject. for example, having a list of articles suitable for students in multivariate calculus when talking about double integrals. the course community could have a forum to house member suggestions. perhaps journal editors could forward suggestions as part of the standard review process. add your reply


immigrants from the german - speaking countries brought with them their names, their language, customs and traditions, which were largely unknown in north america. some of these, including a surprising number of food and drinks, caught on among their english - speaking neighbors. when there was no exact equivalent or no established english word for a german " import, " the german was adopted into the american language. noted historian daniel j. boorstin calls the american language " another happy american accident. " as he puts it " we have an imported language along with a population of imported people. " the purpose of this unit is to introduce students to, and have them identify, german elements in the american language and way of life. students will carry out several activities and be given assignments to identify german names and words. from these they should gain a sense of the impact of the german - americans on the american mainstream culture. time : 2 class periods. most activities are to be done outside of class. target group : 6 - 8 ; basic high school courses american mainstream culture going beyond : in addition, extra credit projects are suggested for students who might be interested in more in - depth projects related to the german - american experience. hans bahlow, dictionary of german names, 1993, 641 pp., $ 22. 50, isbn 0 - 924119 - 35 - 7, max kade institute for german - american studies, university of wisconsin - madison, 901 university bay drive, madison, wi 52705 george f. jones, german - american names, 1995, 320 pp., $ 25. 00, isbn 0 - 8063 - 1481 - 8, genealogical publishing co., inc., 1001 n. calvert st., baltimore, md 21202 - 3897 gerhard becker, " german loanwords related to food and drinks, " die unterrichtspraxis, vol. 25, no. 2, fall 1992 irma s. rombauer and marion rombauer becker, the joy of cooking, indianapolis : the bobbs - merrill company, inc., 1962 marcia adams, cooking from quilt country : hearty recipes from amish and mennonite kitchens, new york : clarkston n. potter, inc., 1989 if the german heritage map i is used, an overhead transparency has to be made. familiarize yourself with the appendices and decide which should be used as handouts. put on blackboard necessary information if handouts are not used. duplicate appropriate appendices for


map i is used, an overhead transparency has to be made. familiarize yourself with the appendices and decide which should be used as handouts. put on blackboard necessary information if handouts are not used. duplicate appropriate appendices for each student in the class. display a current political map of europe in a spot where students can easily see it. announce that the topic today is german - americans and their contributions to the american mainstream culture. as an opener you may want to ask whether someone in your class has a german name an whether s / he knows what that name means. if there are students from german and mixed german background in the class, it would be interesting to ask them how many generations ago their ancestors emigrated and from which german - speaking country and region they came. use this as a lead - in into a discussion on immigrants ' contributions to america. where german - americans live : turn on overhead projector with german heritage map i. it shows the distribution of german - americans according to the 1990 census. according to the 1990 census : german - americans are the largest ethic group in the u. s., with 59, 947, 374 persons or 23. 3 % of the u. s. population claiming some form of german ancestry. point out that the map does not include tyrol, liechtenstein and luxembourg, germans from russia and the balkan countries, and jewish - german immigrants. the german - americans : raise the question " what is a german - american? " refer to a map of germany, and explain : if used in the narrow political sense, it can refer only emigrants from germany and its given geographical area in a specific historical period. however, the term " german " in this context does not relate to nationality and state boundaries, but to the common bonds of ethnicity, language and culture found in, and coming from, the german - speaking countries and areas of europe. used in the broad ethno - linguistic sense, german - americans thus include immigrants - - and their descendants - - from austria and south tyrol, german - speaking switzerland, liechtenstein and luxembourg, germans from russia and the balkan countries, and jewish - german immigrants ( see the 1990 census : german - americans ). german names : with so many german - speaking people having immigrated to america there must be many persons with german names in the u. s. a. hand out appendix a - identifying german names or write some german names on the black board. these names can also be written prior to class and be covered up with the


america there must be many persons with german names in the u. s. a. hand out appendix a - identifying german names or write some german names on the black board. these names can also be written prior to class and be covered up with the wall map of europe. explain that names were often americanized by immigration clerks, the county clerk, census takers and on tax records by people who thought it was proper to do so or who were just incapable of catching non - english sounds and spelling. they wrote kohlmann " coleman " the way they heard it, and they would write mood instead of muth. in an english - speaking environment it is very difficult hang on to a german name, because people always tend to anglicize it. compare : huber / hoover, pfoerschin / pershing, schultz / shults, kunz, koons, klein / cline, tischler / tishler, heilemann / heileman and freeouf from fruhauf. ask students to check with their family, friends, and acquaintances for german names and have them find out whether anyone knows what the name means and how it may have possibly been changed. to find out the german spelling of a name, including their own, students need to look for documents in their families which show how the names were spelled some generations ago. germans may have also had their names changed during the two world wars or for other expedient reasons. doris day was born doris von kappelhoff, 1924 in cinncinnati. president eisenhower ' s ancestor arrived in 1741 and the name was changed from eisenhauer to eisenhower. general norman schwarzkopf ' s great - grandparents came in the mid - 19th century from sulz / neckar, but the name was not changed. you may want to discuss german first names : johann or johannes - - hans / jack / john ; wilhelm - - william ; heinrich - - heini - - henry ; richard, phillip, max, dietrich, thomas ; margaret ( e ), margret, gretchen ; elisabeth - - libby ; annemarie - - ann ( e ) marie ; rosemarie - - rosemary. ethnic markers : point out that this unit deals only with names, steet names and words, but there are other ethnic markers. to identify things german we must be able to read the many clues which dot the american landscape. these " clues " are called " ethnic markers, " the cultural elements that allow identification of a specific ethnic


and words, but there are other ethnic markers. to identify things german we must be able to read the many clues which dot the american landscape. these " clues " are called " ethnic markers, " the cultural elements that allow identification of a specific ethnic group. examples of identifying the german element : santa ' s reindeer have names such as rudolph, donner and blitzen. the indianapolis zoo ' s two reindeer are named thor and oden and the groundhogs have names such as phil and henrietta. the kroger butchers appearing in the tv ads are called alex and max. the german - american on the barney miller show is named dietrich. amish names are always german. the amish refer to anyone outside their faith and community as an " english, " even though that person may be visiting from germany. meanings : very few people know how their ancestors got their names. humans have always named. in order to understand the organically and historically grown world of family names, we need to go back to the time when family names began to appear. a name, first attached to the first bearer, became a family name and a part of the inheritance passed from father to children. this practice appeared at the time when it became the custom to enter family names into civil registers, tax registers, etc. this was the " birthdate " of family names. give assignments : refer students to the derivation information in webster ' s and other american english dictionaries. hand out appropriate appendices. telephone books : if you have an old german telephone book, let students go through it and compare german last and first names with those in an u. s. telephone book. have them make lists of names they can find in both and then compare the lists. they may use appendix a - identifying german names. or students can use the sample pages in appendix b - directory pages. ask them to tell you which is the page from the german and which is the one from the american telephone book. make a collage : have students go through newspapers and ads and cut out and paste a collage of items with german names. maps : on your state ' s and / or u. s. map students can identify german sounding names of cities and towns. they can make a list of place names for your state. ( as an example look at appendix c - german place names ). buildings, businesses and rural mailboxes : they can find inscriptions in german on churches and other buildings, and german sounding names on businesses and rural mailboxes.


your state. ( as an example look at appendix c - german place names ). buildings, businesses and rural mailboxes : they can find inscriptions in german on churches and other buildings, and german sounding names on businesses and rural mailboxes. evaluation : students ' performance can be graded based on how well they do their assignments and on participation in the class discussion. it must, however, be kept in mind that a student from a german background may have an advantage. the teacher may allow students from other ethnic groups to do the same exercises for their own group. the class period begins with a discussion of " traces of german influence. " begin by listing on the blackboard or on butcher paper german words adopted from the german language into english. examples : sauerkraut, gesundheit, cookbook, concertmaster, kindergarten, noodle, pretzels, hamburger ( refer to appendix d - german words in the american language ). ask students to add additional german words and then divide class into teams. as a homework assignment, student teams are to collect more words from their family and community. the team with the most additional answers could win prizes. in distributing the assignment, give a hint by raising the question : " what areas of activity are associated with german ( austrian and swiss ) accomplishments? " suggest : a. ) in your local grocery store, try to find the following : knackwurst ( or knockwurst ), bratwurst ( or brats ), wiener ( often misspelled weiner! ), wiener schnitzel, frankfurter ( or franks ), hamburger, liverwurst, braunschweiger, thuringer sausage, sauerkraut, german potato salad, kuchen, streusel cake ( or topping ), apple studel, torte, kaiser rolls, pumpernickel bread, pretzel, marzipan, noodle, zwieback. look for entenmann pastries and baked goods and check out the names on their selections. wunderbar cheese, muenster cheese, limburger. ask your grandparents about liederkranz cheese ; unfortunately it is no longer available. b. ) if there is a german restaurant in the area, look whether it features : sauerkraut, sauerbraten, knoedel, hasenpfeffer, knackwurst ( or knockwurst ), schnitzel, kloesse. what other food items do you find? c


: sauerkraut, sauerbraten, knoedel, hasenpfeffer, knackwurst ( or knockwurst ), schnitzel, kloesse. what other food items do you find? c. ) check the joy of cooking by rombauer and becker ( bobbs - merrill co. ) or other cookbooks for german recipes. cooking from quilt country by marcia adams ( clarkson n. potter, inc. ) has wonderful amish and mennonite recipes. d. ) students cannot do this themselves, but they could have someone look in a liquor store for the following designations on liquor and wine bottles ( disregard imported bottles ) : schnapps, kummel, kirsch, lager beer, bock beer, riesling, gewurztraminer, auslese. you may also have them look for sutter ' s home wine from california. it is named after johann august sutter, who lost his land in california to the gold rush. or the teacher could bring empty bottles to the classroom so students can check the labels themselves. in the final discussion, it can be pointed out that many german cultural elements have survived to this day in america. the german language in north america lost significant ground as a " heritage language " during world war i, when speaking german in public was prohibited and german church and civic groups were asked not to use german. even so, german is still the everyday language of some u. s. citizens, and many others have knowledge of german either because of family background or because they have learned german in school and / or through overseas exposure as a foreign language. evaluation : students performance can be graded based on how well they do their assignments and on participation in the class discussion. in the school library ' s webster ' s third international dictionary of the english language, look up words from your list of german words. copy those you find, together with the given meaning. try to find out something of their history if possible. ( gerhard becker ' s article " german loanwords related to foods and drinks " is an excellent source for this. ) here is an example : many people think that hamburger originally was a burger with ham in it or on it. hamburger is derived from the german city of hamburg. the original name of the fried meat patty was hamburger steak, meaning a steak the way they ate it in hamburg ( the germans call it " deutsches beefsteak " ). the word burger, which came from hamburger, led


city of hamburg. the original name of the fried meat patty was hamburger steak, meaning a steak the way they ate it in hamburg ( the germans call it " deutsches beefsteak " ). the word burger, which came from hamburger, led to cheeseburger, veggieburger, burger king, etc. hamburger steak ( without the bun ) is said to have been sold by a german street vendor in new york in the 1870s - - possibly on coney island. another source states that the hamburger was introduced by a native of hamburg at the st. louis world ' s fair. kindergarten : find out the original meaning of this word and the person who introduced it. here is a hint. the first american kindergarten was founded in watertown, wisconsin, by a woman with the last name of schurz, who hand just immigrated from germany a few years earlier. she was the wife of the 1848er carl schurz from liblar near bonn, who became secretary of the interior. a heritage project can begin at the cemetery. if you want to know whether a german community was at a specific location at one point in the past, look for german names on the graves. the gravestones will tell you who the first area residents were, how long they stayed, whether they changed their names. you can follow german families over several generations, and you can also find out who other ethnics were, who lived there. the graveyard was usually located near a church, established by the early settlers, and most of the time the homes were also nearby. updated : 28 june 2009, bas comments to : iupui max kade german - american center, firstname. lastname @ example. org this home page sponsored and maintained by iupui university library. iupui school of liberal arts iupui university library iupui home page


small molecules in the blood might gauge radiation effects after exposure ohio state university cancer researchers have identified molecules in the bloodstream that might accurately gauge the likelihood of radiation illness after exposure to ionizing radiation. the animal study, led by researchers at the ohio state comprehensive cancer center – arthur g. james cancer hospital and richard j. solove research institute ( osuccc – james ), shows that x - rays or gamma rays alter the levels of certain molecules called microrna in the blood in a predictable way. if verified in human subjects, the findings could lead to new methods for rapidly identifying people at risk for acute radiation syndrome after occupational exposures or accidents such as the recent fukushima daiichi nuclear reactor incident. the microrna markers might also help doctors plan radiation therapy for individual patients by taking into account how different people respond to radiation treatment, the researchers say. the findings are reported in the journal plos one. " our paper reports the identification of a panel of microrna markers in mice whose serum levels provide an estimate of radiation response and of the dose received after an exposure has occurred, " says senior author dr. arab chakravarti, chair and professor of radiation oncology, the max morehouse chair in cancer research and co - director of the brain tumor program. " accurate dose evaluation is critical for making medical decisions and for the timely administration of therapy to prevent or reduce acute and late effects. " the findings might also one day allow doctors to evaluate radiation toxicity during the course of therapy based on an individual ' s biology. " this would particularly benefit leukemia and lymphoma patients who receive total body irradiation in preparation for stem - cell transplantation, " chakravarti says. first author dr. naduparambil jacob, a research assistant professor in radiation oncology, noted that the study could be an important step in the development of biological dosimetry, or biodosimetry, a technology for identifying people at risk for acute radiation illnesses that develop within weeks of radiation exposure, and cancers and degenerative diseases that can occur months or years later. " biodosimetry is an emerging concept that could enable us to identify individuals who need immediate treatment after a radiation exposure and to better develop personalized radiation treatment plans for patients, " jacob says. for this study, chakravarti, jacob and their colleagues evaluated dose - dependent changes in levels of 88 individual micrornas in serum from mice after a single acute radiation exposure, and after fractionated doses of radiation that are typical of radiation treatment prior to


study, chakravarti, jacob and their colleagues evaluated dose - dependent changes in levels of 88 individual micrornas in serum from mice after a single acute radiation exposure, and after fractionated doses of radiation that are typical of radiation treatment prior to stem - cell transplantation. samples were collected from exposed and control animals 24 or 48 hours after exposure. key technical findings include : - after a one - time exposure, mirna - 150 showed a clear decrease over time with increasing radiation dose, with a drop of 30 percent after 24 hours and of 50 percent after 48 hours, even at the lowest exposure of one gray of radiation. - mirna - 200b and mirna - 762 showed increased levels after radiation exposure, with the changes more pronounced in animals receiving higher doses. - animals receiving fractioned doses showed similar changes ; e. g., mirna - 150 dropped about 50 percent after 24 hours in animals receiving 4 gray. journal reference : plos one provided by ohio state university medical center - revised glioblastoma classification should improve patient care may 16, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - imrt cuts gi side effects from prostate cancer in half vs. 3d - crt jun 01, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - novel radiation therapy safely treats prostate cancer and lowers the risk of recurrence jun 26, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - novel biomarkers reveal evidence of radiation exposure may 22, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - new model may simplify high - dose radiosurgery planning sep 02, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? 14 hours ago i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to


4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? 14 hours ago i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer genetic variations within and between populations may 12, 2013 this paper ( http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc1893020 / ) asserts these two different conclusions : - - - quote - - - thus the answer to the... - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories ( healthday ) — concurrent use of two immune checkpoint antibodies — ipilimumab and nivolumab — may be effective for the treatment of advanced melanoma, according to a proof - of - principal study presented in... cancer 9 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( healthday ) — the risks of metastasis and death associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( cscc ) are low, but significant, and risk factors for poor outcome include tumor diameter, invasion beyond... cancer 10 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | a new review finds cancer survivors suffer a diverse and complex set of impairments, affecting virtually every organ system. writing in ca : a cancer journal for clinicians, julie silver, m. d., associate professor at harvar... cancer 14 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) —


##s, affecting virtually every organ system. writing in ca : a cancer journal for clinicians, julie silver, m. d., associate professor at harvar... cancer 14 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) — at the age of three, brianica kirsch was diagnosed with brain cancer. cancer 15 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 a new oral targeted drug, idelalisib ( gs - 1101 ), has the potential to stave off the need for additional treatments for relapsed or treatment - resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ), according to a study led in part by... cancer 16 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | the neural machinery underlying our olfactory sense continues to be an enigma for neuroscience. a recent review in neuron seeks to expand traditional ideas about how neurons in the olfactory bulb might encode information about... 10 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) — what if the quality of your work depends more on your focus on the piano keys or canvas or laptop than your musical or painting or computing skills? if target users can be convinced, they... 11 hours ago | 3. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | in 2008 researchers from the university of southern denmark showed that the drug thioridazine, which has previously been used to treat schizophrenia, is also a powerful weapon against antibiotic - resistant bacteria such as... 8 hours ago | 3. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | in order to avoid harms associated with alcohol consumption, in 2009 the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism issued guidelines that define low - risk drinking. these guidelines differ for men and women : no more... 8 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) — working with lab mice models of multiple sclerosis ( ms ), uc davis scientists have detected a novel molecular target for the design of drugs that could be safer and more effective than current fda - approved... 8 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | treatment for alcohol use disorders works best if the patient actively understands and incorporates the interventions provided in the clinic. multiple factors can influence both the type and degree of neurocognitive abnormalities... 8 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 |


learning more about australia ’ s children - minister for school education - minister for early childhood and youth this week more than 7500 government and non - government schools across australia will start taking part in the world ’ s most comprehensive collection of information about the development of australia ’ s children. minister for early childhood and school education peter garrett today visited the mount rogers early links to learning playgroup in canberra to launch the second data collection for the australian early development index ( aedi ). “ australia is the first country in the world to have collected comprehensive and population based data on young children across the entire nation, ” mr garrett said. “ the second national aedi data collection is ground breaking because, for the first time, governments and communities will be able to track progress in their work to improve the health, education, social competence and emotional development of children across australia. “ it ’ s a vital tool for educators, governments and the community, as it helps us understand the importance of early intervention and provides information about the support children and families need. “ it ’ s time to get the basics of early learning right, because we know that by supporting children in the years before school we greatly increase their chance of a successful transition to school as well as being happy and productive in their later years, ” mr garrett said. the aedi measures five key areas of young children ’ s development : physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, and communication skills and general knowledge. mr garrett said the gillard government made an important investment with the first national implementation of the aedi in 2009 and has committed to collecting this data every three years with an investment of $ 28 million for each cycle. “ we ’ re already seeing some incredible programs being delivered across australia as a direct response to the 2009 results, including the early links to learning playgroup in canberra, which offers literacy and numeracy support to children before primary school at no cost to parents, ” mr garrett said. “ the aedi is just one part of the gillard government ’ s national reforms to early childhood ; from our commitment to giving all children access to 15 hours of early childhood education and care for 40 weeks a year by a university - trained teacher by 2013, to improving staff to child ratios in child care and the qualifications of those staff. ” the 2012 aedi data collection will occur from may to 31 july 2012, during which time teachers in schools across australia will complete the aedi checklist for all children in their first year of full - time school


february 9, 2013 to may 27, 2013 inspired by the race : are we so different? traveling exhibition coming to the u - m museum of natural history from february 9 – may 27, 2013, the understanding race project is engaging three overlapping audiences in an exploration of race : campus, community, and k - 12 schools. from january through april, the winter 2013 understanding race lsa theme semester will engage the u - m campus in courses, exhibits, discussions, performances, films, and more. most events will be free and open to the public. principles and goals include an understanding of race as a social construct and an exploration of the intersections of race with other identities. coordinating units ( units represented by the five co - chairs ) include : department of afroamerican and african studies, ginsberg center, museum of natural history, program on intergroup relations, and school of social work. generous funding was provided by : college of literature, science, and the arts ; senior vice provost for academic affairs ; museum of natural history ; lsa associate dean for undergraduate education ; metlife foundation ; department of afroamerican and african studies ; institute for the humanities ; division of student affairs ; center for the education of women ; author ’ s forum ; ann arbor convention and visitors bureau ; center for engineering diversity and outreach ; ginsberg center ; program on intergroup relations ; andrea and david scott ; department of english ; department of anthropology ; and department of sociology. all ten school districts in washtenaw county are participating by sending students to see the race exhibit, following on a “ train the trainer ” series to help teacher discuss race with their students before and after their visits. generous funding and strategic partnership was provided by the ann arbor area community foundation, national center for institutional diversity, u - m diversity council, washtenaw intermediate school district, ann arbor public schools, and james a. & faith knight foundation. to date, more than 500 people have participated in monthly, facilitated community conversations since january 2012. community conversations will continue through june 2013. all are welcome. the national center for institutional diversity is a major funder and strategic partner.


what is a mortgage? a mortgage is a sum of money borrowed from a bank or building society to purchase a property. this money is paid back to the lender over a fixed period ( mortgage term ) together with accrued interest. monthly repayments consist of part repayment of the capital amount borrowed together plus a payment towards the accrued interest. the outstanding balance will reduce over the mortgage term. interest only mortgage with this type of mortgage, each monthly payment is only used to pay off interest, with the capital being paid off at the end of the mortgage term. the borrower will need to satisfy the lender that they have the means in place to pay off the capital when they commence the mortgage. typically, the borrower will commence a saving plan to run in conjunction with the mortgage or alternatively plan to sell the property at the end of the mortgage term. interest rate options borrowers ’ monthly payments will increase or decrease as the lender adjusts the rate in line with market conditions. so the rate you pay is at the whim of the lender and is known as the lender ’ s standard variable rate ( svr ). if market rates ( such as the bank of england base rate ) fall then the lender is not obliged to pass this on. the interest rate on this type of mortgage is fixed for a specific period of time and will remain at this rate regardless of changes to the interest rate in the market place. once the fixed period expires then the rate will normally convert to their standard variable rate, or another fixed rate if available. lenders frequently charge a fee ( early repayment charge ) if a borrower wishes to terminate or switch to another interest rate within the fixed term. in this type of mortgage the interest rate is variable, but although the rate can fall below the capped rate, it will not rise above it. as with the fixed rate mortgage there will normally be an early redemption charge. with this type of mortgage the lender offers a discount on their standard variable rate for a period of time. the interest rate may rise and fall but will always be discounted and at the end of the agreed period will revert to the standard variable rate. borrowers need to be aware that if a large discount is offered the monthly payments may jump significantly at the end of the discount period. also, borrowers may be locked into the mortgage longer than the discounted period with an early redemption charge levied if the mortgage is redeemed early. this is similar to a variable rate mortgage but here


at the end of the discount period. also, borrowers may be locked into the mortgage longer than the discounted period with an early redemption charge levied if the mortgage is redeemed early. this is similar to a variable rate mortgage but here the rate is linked to a prevailing rate such as the bank of england base rate. the rate will be set a percentage amount above the relevant base rate for a specific period and will ‘ track ’ the chosen rate over this period. this rate will be different to ( and usually cheaper than ) the standard variable rate as this is set by the lender taking into account various market conditions, rather than tracking one rate. other mortgage features available this feature will allow over and under payments on your mortgage depending on a borrower ’ s cash flow situation. this is similar to a flexible mortgage but is linked to a current / savings account with the lender. the amount held in the current account will be used to ‘ offset ’ the mortgage debt when calculating the interest charged and could help you pay back your mortgage quicker. the borrower needs to be aware that interest will not be paid on any balance held in the current / savings account. but on the plus side the offset happens before tax is applied to the savings rate which is particularly attractive for high rate tax payers. as an incentive the lender will offer a lump sum of cash to the borrower once the mortgage has been arranged, this will typically be 3 % - 5 % of the loan amount. there will, inevitably be a ‘ lock in ’ period whereby the borrower may be required to repay all or part of the cashback amount if the mortgage is terminated in this period. deposit - the amount of money the borrower will have to find, in addition to the mortgage, to purchase a property. basic valuation – this is a basic valuation of the property on behalf of the lender prior to agreeing a mortgage. this survey will just assess whether the property is worth the purchase price taking into account its general condition. homebuyer report – this a more comprehensive survey of a property with a more in depth assessment of the condition together with recommendations. structural survey – this is the most comprehensive and, therefore, the most expensive type of survey. the report will be thorough and very detailed and this survey is recommended for older properties or those of non - standard construction. booking fee – this is paid at the time of making an application for a mortgage to reserve funds in the chosen product. it is normally non - refundable if the application is declined


montana noxious weeds over the past 100 years, noxious weeds have been spreading at an alarming rate. for example, spotted knapweed arrived on the west coast of the united states in 1893. by 1920, this weed had established itself in over 24 counties in three northwestern states, with several large infestations near missoula, montana. now, spotted knapweed is established in every county in the western united states and has invaded 5 million acres in montana alone. large infestations continue to expand, especially along waterways and major transportation routes. many other knapweeds, such as yellow starthisle, diffuse knapweed, russian knapweed, and square rose knapweed have similar invasion rates throughout the western united states. leafy spurge and many other noxious weeds are invading from the east, rather than the west. if these weeds continue to spread at their current rate for the next 100 years, they will probably dominate most western rangelands. currently in montana and throughout the west a war is ongoing on noxious weeds. noxious weeds are plants that have been imported from other areas, so they have no natural biological controls. as a result, they are spreading like wildfire, outcompeting and displacing many native plants. it is estimated that we are losing about 5, 000 acres per day across the west to weeds. their seeds are spread by wild animals, domestic livestock, pets, people and vehicles. in montana alone spotted knapweed is estimated to cost $ 42 million dollars each year in control efforts, crop and forage losses, land rehabilitation, and loss of wildlife habitat. control efforts consist of the following : educating the public to the consequences of noxious weed infestations and how they might control the spread of weeds, mapping and inventorying infestations to plan control efforts, and treating weeds using herbicides and biological means ( insects ). public land users are asked to wash undercarriages of vehicles to remove weed seeds and also to feed their horses weed free hay when they are riding onto public lands. damage caused by noxious weeds noxious weeds cause the loss of wildlife habitat. dense infestations of noxious weeds reduce wildlife forage, alter thermal and escape cover and change water flow and availability to wildlife. areas dominated by leafy spurge have been found to receive less use by deer ( 3 times less use ) and bison ( 4 times less use ) compared with similar uninfested areas. elk use in some areas has increased about 4


wildlife. areas dominated by leafy spurge have been found to receive less use by deer ( 3 times less use ) and bison ( 4 times less use ) compared with similar uninfested areas. elk use in some areas has increased about 4 times after controlling the dense spotted knapweed infestation on study sites. noxious weeds alter the functioning of riparian ( wet land ) areas. these weeds often lower water tables and, in some areas, has eliminated surface water and native vegetation needed by wildlife. noxious weeds displace native plant species. noxious weeds outcompete most native plants for soil nutrients and soil. the invasion of our range land by noxious weeds poses a serious threat to the conservation of native plant communities. noxious weeds lower plant diversity. plant diversity is needed to maintain healthy plant communities that resist weed invasion. many noxious weeds such as russian knapweed, leafy spurge, and spotted knapweed, reduce plant diversity of native range land. noxious weeds change the way a plant community works. each plant community has evolved certain ways to cycle nutrients, cycle water, capture energy from sunlight, and store energy in a form usable by animals. noxious weeds alter the way these processes work. by increasing surface erosion, noxious weeds cause a loss of organic matter and nutrients that are normally concentrated in soil surface layers. the removal of organic matter also reduces infiltration capacity, thereby making water less available for plants. because many noxious weeds have relatively sparse plant canopies, more water evaporates from the soil surface, which makes even less moisture available for plant growth. noxious weeds reduce forage production for livestock and crop production. for example, leafy spurge and spotted knapweed can render many range sites useless for cattle production by displacing valuable forage. grazing capacities for livestock can be reduced 65 % to 90 % from the original productivity. noxious weeds increase soil erosion and soil sedimentation. protecting and conserving the surface soil are critical to the long - term sustain ability of healthy, functioning ecosystems. soil provides nutrients and moisture necessary for plant growth and is fundamental to all life. when spotted knapweed invades range land dominated by native bunch grass, protection of soil and water resources is compromised. noxious weeds affect recreational value and uses. for most recreationists, the enjoyment of being outdoors is diminished in areas dominated by noxious weeds. riding horseback through houndstongue promotes husbandry problems for horses when seeds attach to the hide.


compromised. noxious weeds affect recreational value and uses. for most recreationists, the enjoyment of being outdoors is diminished in areas dominated by noxious weeds. riding horseback through houndstongue promotes husbandry problems for horses when seeds attach to the hide. the invasion of spiny weeds, such as canada thistle and musk thistle, limits river access and the sharp spines make walking difficult. noxious weeds that displace non - game wildlife lower the quality of the outdoor experience for many recreationalists. loss of habitat for game animals and fish decreases success of hunters and anglers. this reduces the value to and the use of noxious weeds infested areas recreationists. noxious weeds cost many montanans and people from other states millions of dollars every year. it has been estimated that the economic impact of leafy spurge in montana, north and south dakota, and wyoming totals $ 129. 5 million each year and may result in the loss of 1, 433 jobs. in montana alone, spotted knapweed is estimated to cost $ 42 million each year. if this weed is allowed to expand to its fullest range, it could cost montanans over $ 155 million each year. noxious weeds reduce the value of land. realtors are seeing more potential buyers scrutinize weed infestation and management practices before closing. on production - oriented land, noxious weeds are usually considered in land appraisals. why are many weeds difficult to eliminate? - they produce many seeds and thus spread rapidly. - they have deep roots thus they are hard to kill. - they are not palatable to livestock and wildlife therefore, these grazers eat the other desirable plants first, leaving the weeds to flourish. - they are invader species. they are adapted to rapidly colonize disturbed areas. - they have allelopathy - they give off chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. - they have waxy leaves so herbicides don ' t stick to the plant and can ' t kill it. efforts to control and reduce noxious weeds to prevent weeds spreading via vehicles, driving should take place exclusively on well - established roads and trails, and driving through weed infested areas should be avoided. if driving has to be done through weeds, the undercarriage, tires, and body of the vehicle should be thoroughly washed and sprayed with water as soon as possible. to prevent weeds spreading through animals, horses and pack animals should be fed animal certified weed free food for four days before riding or moving it to a new weed free area


body of the vehicle should be thoroughly washed and sprayed with water as soon as possible. to prevent weeds spreading through animals, horses and pack animals should be fed animal certified weed free food for four days before riding or moving it to a new weed free area. coats and hooves should be brushed and cleaned thoroughly before the trip and only weed free feed should be carried on a trip. also, weed free hay or straw should be used for bedding in animal trailers. to prevent weeds spreading by humans, wild flowers that may be noxious weeds should not be picked. everyone can do their part in weed prevention by recognizing noxious weeds and knowing what to do when they are found. weed identification can be done in many ways on this web site, either from the main weed index, the gallery page with weed pictures, or from the plant identification key page. weeds found that lack flowers and seeds can simply be pulled up and left there. however, if the weeds do have flowers and seeds, they should be put in a plastic bag and burned or disposed of in a landfill. if a weed infestation is found, the owner or land managing agency should be contacted so they can take measures to control the infestation and spread of the weed. to help maintain weed free crops, lawns, or pastures should be well irrigated, fertilized, and not overgrazed. strong, healthy grass, alfalfa, and other kinds of plants are more likely to stop weed development. weeds spread much faster in thin, stringy grass. the best lawn weed prevention is a thick, healthy, and well - cultivated turf. poor fertilizing, mowing, irrigation, watering, drainage, insect or disease outbreaks, and bad soil compaction can all lead to a thin, unhealthy turf. using correct mowing height, fertilization and irrigation methods, soil drainage, and other cultural methods will develop a dense, healthy turf that will naturally ward off weeds. keeping lawnmower blades and other lawn management equipment clean is another prevention measure. if the lawn or field must be seeded or reseeded, only high quality seeds should be bought, so there is a less chance of also planting some weed seeds. certified weed free seed will ensure that the seeds are of very high quality. pastures should not be overgrazed because permanent damage to the grass can occur and weeds will then easily spread. probably the most important step of prevention is early detection. weeds are far easier to control in the early stages of development.


very high quality. pastures should not be overgrazed because permanent damage to the grass can occur and weeds will then easily spread. probably the most important step of prevention is early detection. weeds are far easier to control in the early stages of development. if the weeds do get a strong foothold, they will grow extremely deep roots that make it very hard to control and remove. preemergence herbicidal weed control is a weed control and prevention method that is used for annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds. there are several different herbicides that are specific to different weeds. the weed should be correctly identified, and then the correct herbicide bought. the herbicide is applied a few weeks before seed germination. for summer annuals it is applied in the spring, and for winter annuals applied in the fall. for maximum effectiveness many steps can be taken to ensure the herbicide reaches the soil where the weed seed is. the lawn can be thoroughly raked to remove any trash, leaves, and dead grass that could block the herbicide from reaching the soil. mowing also greatly maximizes the amount of herbicide that reaches the soil. the lawn should be irrigated thoroughly after application, so that the water will carry the herbicide down into the soil. if not watered, the herbicide will remain on the surface and be degraded by sunlight. to prevent weed from spreading through mulching, the following measures can be taken. weeds can be spread in a construction site if the specifications and contracting work for mulching and seeding are poorly done. good specifications must be written and all materials that a contractor uses must be thoroughly checked. another way to prevent using weed contaminated mulch is to hire a contractor to cut and bale weed free native grass on public land. this eliminates the chance of introducing new weeds and increase the areais native grass population. when chipping brush, it should be done in - house or by contractor with native plants grown on public land. straw can also bring in noxious weeds if caution isnit taken. rice straw generally is safer than oat, barely, and wheat straw. finally, sites where seed, straw, mulch, etc. has been applied for weeds should be monitored. if weeds do sprout up, they should be destroyed before they can seed. the best weed control in gardens is to prevent weeds from even getting a foothold. prior to planting, all the seeds and the garden soil should be checked to be all weed free. the type of vegetables planted


should be destroyed before they can seed. the best weed control in gardens is to prevent weeds from even getting a foothold. prior to planting, all the seeds and the garden soil should be checked to be all weed free. the type of vegetables planted in the garden can be the best weed prevention method. vegetables that grow fast and are effective at shading ( suppressing ) weeds is the best way to naturally prevent weeds. shading is most effective when the vegetable rapidly germinates and sprouts before the weeds. common vegetables that can serve as weed - suppressing crops include : sweet corn, melons, irish potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, southern peas, cucumbers, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes. if proper cultural methods of prevention are taken, these weed - suppressing crops can prevent weeds from germinating in future garden generations. they should be planted in the fall and killed in the spring before the desired garden vegetables are planted. rye, ryegrass, and other straw residues from the smother crops can prevent early germination of some weeds by up to 75 % or more. however, this method should not be used if small seeded vegetables such as lettuce will be grown because their germination will be reduced. also, the weed - suppressing crops and vegetables should be rotated in where they are being planted in the garden. if the same crops are grown in the same area every year, then the amount of weeds will increase. weeds can also be suppressed by controlled burning of weed - infested areas. mulches can be used to prevent weed germination and growth in gardens. organic mulches consist of plant matter and naturally decompose in the soil. those that are commonly used in gardens include manure, bark chips, ground corncob, sawdust, leaves, straw, etc. however, straw that contains weed seeds should not be used as mulch. if the straw does contain weed seeds, it should be watered until the seeds germinate and then air - dried repeatedly until the seedlings are killed. when applying the mulch in the garden soil, the mulch should be spread evenly three to four inches deep around the base of the vegetable. to water and fertilize the vegetables, the organic mulch should be raked back and then returned after watering. inorganic mulches such as plastic and weed fabrics can also be used as an effective weed suppression mulch and can last for twenty years when buried in soil. organic mulches


the organic mulch should be raked back and then returned after watering. inorganic mulches such as plastic and weed fabrics can also be used as an effective weed suppression mulch and can last for twenty years when buried in soil. organic mulches are mainly used in the latter part of the spring when the soil is warmer. if organic mulch is applied to cold soil, the soil warms more slowly and the vegetable growth rate is slower. inorganic mulches are much more effective in the early spring when the soil is cooler, because they can raise the soil temperature up 6 to 8 degrees f. biological control agents such as insects will only eat the specific weed they have been tested for. many biological control agents are ecological specialists. that means that they eat only one type of plant ( the weed ) and often even feed on only one part of one type of plant. these agents have been rigorously scientifically tested to be sure that they are species specific feeders ( i. e. are safe ) before import and release. for assistance in properly identifying weeds commonly found in montana, check out the weed index on this site ' s home page, and also our gallery of weed pictures. weed identification can also be done from our main online plant identification database. within the category of weeds there are also some that are edible weeds and poisonous weeds, which information is found on each species page. some common noxious montana weeds canada thistle ( cirsium arvense ) field bindweed ( convolvulus arvensis ) whitetop ( cardaria chalapensis ) leafy spurge ( euphorbia esula ) spotted knapweed ( centaurea maculosa ) dalmatian toadflax ( linaria dalmatica ) sulfur cinquefoil ( potentilla recta ) tansy ( tanacetum vulgare ) houndstongue ( cynoglossum officinale )


helper api security this topic describes security issues associated with xmlhttp and serverxmlhttp. in addition, it provides some guidance for mitigating security exposure. the following sections provide information about helper api security, with an emphasis on xmlhttp. use xmlhttp only on the client xmlhttp should only be used on the client. because xmlhttp is marked safe for scripting, you call xmlhttp from a script that is executed in the client - side internet browser. remember, you can use xmlhttp and serverxmlhttp in any arbitrary script, inside or outside the browser. xmlhttp is not safe for server - side implementation. using xmlhttp on the server means that you would use xmlhttp via jscript, vbscript, c + +, asp, or asp. net. xmlhttp is not thread - safe - it doesn ' t work for multi - threaded scenarios. if you use xmlhttp, you will not receive an error, but your script may not perform properly. if you need xmlhttp functionality on the server, you should use serverxmlhttp, not xmlhttp. xmlhttp uses cached credentials xmlhttp uses cached credentials if the user does not provide new credentials for every open method call in scenarios where specific credentials are used. kiosk - style applications using xmlhttp for multiple users that share a single login should always ensure that they terminate the internet explorer process when a user finishes a session. furthermore, kiosk - style applications should never display the address bar as part of the application. set the site object to prevent cross - site and cross - domain attacks when using xmlhttp outside of internet explorer, it is important to set the site object to prevent cross - site and cross - domain access on calls to the open method ( ixmlhttprequest ). if the site object is set, on redirects the redirect target is automatically checked against the initial open request, and the standard cross - zone and cross - domain checks are applied. in internet explorer scripting scenarios, the site is set by internet explorer. validate the url before calling open in xmlhttp you should not accept untrusted data to construct a url when calling the open method. you should validate the data first, making sure that the user is allowed to enter only approved addresses. this is particularly important in scenarios outside of internet explorer when the site object is


zone redirect checking when in asynchronous mode. to mitigate redirect - based dos attacks, xmlhttp and serverxmlhttp components implement redirect limits. redirects are typically permitted from zones of greater security to zones of equal and lesser security. for example, a redirect from a resource in the intranet zone to internet zone should succeed. redirects are not permitted from zones of lesser security to zones of greater security. for example, a redirect from a resource in the internet zone to the my computer zone should fail. redirects are not permitted across networking protocols. redirects are not permitted across network domains. strictness in msxml 6. 0 may prevent some applications from working ie defines five zones - mycomputer, trusted sites, local intranet, internet, and restricted sites. there are a number of rules regarding how a site in one zone can reference a site in another zone. for example, a site on the internet can ' t reference a document on the local intranet. in ie, and for applications that set the site explicitly, msxml 6. 0 is strict about url redirection, and may prevent some user scenarios. in order to work around the security restrictions, the user can add the machine doing the redirection to the list of trusted sites on the machine where the redirection is taking place. error messages may reveal data the description of an error may reveal data. error messages should not be exposed to callers that are not trusted. you should catch all errors and report errors with your own custom error messages. the following sections provide information specific to serverxmlhttp. use serverxmlhttp only on the server serverxmlhttp should not be hosted in the browser ; it is not marked safe for scripting. use https to provide encryption for sensitive data serverxmlhttp does not provide any encryption by default. you should use https connections to encrypt sensitive data during transmission. response packages are insecure response packages are generally not secure ( responsexml property ( serverxmlhttp / iserverxmlhttprequest ), responsebody property ( serverxmlhttprequest / iserverxmlhttprequest ), and responsetext property ( serverxmlhttp / iserverxmlhttprequest ) ). serverxmlhttp is used to retrieve information from other sites on the internet.


##erverxmlhttprequest ), and responsetext property ( serverxmlhttp / iserverxmlhttprequest ) ). serverxmlhttp is used to retrieve information from other sites on the internet. when you retrieve data using it, you should know that the source of your information is trustworthy. further, after using a response package, you should check for malicious data ( both size and content ). the serverxmlhttp object does not check for denial of service threats or bad data returned from response packages. serverxmlhttp should not be used to load untrusted xml in applications where denial of service is a concern. no secure - base - url checking for redirects serverxmlhttp does not provide secure - base - url checking for redirects. you should be aware that, when accessing untrusted locations with msxml 6. 0 serverxmlhttp or msxml 3. 0 serverxmlhttp in asynchronous mode, there are no checks on redirects. there are checks on the initial open ( both for the open call and for any external references within the instance ). spoofing and best - fit character attacks serverxmlhttp is vulnerable to both spoofing attacks and best - fit character attacks. for more details, see the discussion under xmlhttp, earlier in this topic.


introduction to visual c + + for unix users this topic provides information for unix users who are new to visual c + + and want to become productive with visual c + +. you can use visual c + + from the command line in a similar way that you would use a unix command - line environment. you compile from the command prompt with the command - line c and c + + compiler ( cl. exe ) and tools, including nmake. exe, the microsoft version of the unix make utility. in unix, commands are installed in a common folder, such as / usr / bin. in visual c + +, the command - line tools are installed in your installation directory at vc \ bin ( on a typical installation at program files \ microsoft visual studio 8 \ vc \ bin ). to use the command - line tools, run vsvars32. bat, which is located in your installation directory at common7 \ tools. this adds your bin directory to your path and sets up other paths that are necessary to compile visual c + + programs from the command line. if you open a command prompt with the visual studio command line prompt from the start menu, then vsvars32. bat is run for you. to take advantage of more powerful features, such as the debugger, statement completion, and so on, you need to use the development environment. for more information, see building on the command line and walkthrough : compiling a native c + + program on the command line ( c + + ). if you use the command line and run your applications on your development workstation, you will see that a dialog box to run the visual studio debugger is displayed when your code encounters a memory access violation, unhandled exception, or other unrecoverable errors. if you click ok, then the visual studio development environment is started, and the debugger will open to the point of failure. it is possible to debug your applications this way, and, in this case, your source code would only be available if you compiled with the / z7, / zi, / zi ( debug information format ) switch. for more information, see debugging native code and using the visual studio ide for c + + development. it is easier to use the development environment to edit and build your source code in a project. a project is a collection of source and related files that will be compiled into a single unit, such as a


studio ide for c + + development. it is easier to use the development environment to edit and build your source code in a project. a project is a collection of source and related files that will be compiled into a single unit, such as a library or executable. a project also contains information on how the files are to be built. information about projects is stored in a project file with the extension. prj. an application that consists of multiple libraries and executables, each potentially built with a different set of compiler options or even in a different language, are stored in multiple projects that are part of a single solution. a solution is an abstraction for a container to group multiple projects together. information about solutions is stored in a solution file with the extension. sln. for more information, see managing solutions, projects, and files and using the visual studio ide for c + + development. you can use visual c + + to use existing code that is set up to compile with or without a makefile and put it into a visual studio project. for more information, see the create project from existing code files wizard. for more information, see how to : create a c + + project from existing code. you can create new projects in the development environment. visual c + + provides numerous templates that provide standard code for various common projects. you can use application wizards to generate projects with code outlines for various application types. you can start with an empty project by using the console application ( win32 ) wizard. select the empty project check box. you can then add new and existing files to the project later. when you create a project, you must name the project. by default, the project name equals the name of the dynamic - link library ( dll ) or executable that is build from the project. for more information, see creating solutions and projects. visual c + + contains several extensions to the standard c + + programming language. these extensions are used to specify storage class attributes, function calling conventions, and based addressing, among other things. for a complete list of all visual c + + extensions, see microsoft - specific modifiers. you can disable all microsoft - specific extensions to c + + by using the / za compiler option. this option is recommended if you want to write code to run on multiple platforms. for more information on the / za compiler option, see / za, / ze ( disable language extensions ). for more information on visual c + + conformance, see


about the michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ) what is folklife? a brief history of mtap what is folklife? " folklife " or " folklore " are often used as synonyms for " traditional culture " or simply " tradition. " as practiced by ethnic, regional, occupational, familial, and religious groups, folklife refers to the traditional expressions through which these communities maintain and pass on their shared sense of beauty, identity, generally, folklife is learned by example, through imitation and repetition, rather than through formal instruction such as classes or workshops. ordinarily, valued and authentic folk practitioners are brought up within a traditional community, learning a repertoire and style from their seniors. folklore tends to express the values, tastes, and standards of the cultural community which sustains it. through a lifetime of practice, tradition bearers refine and reshape their skills, while maintaining the cultural and aesthetic values of their folklore is one of the more conservative aspects of culture, based on patterns, styles, and beliefs shared within specific cultural communities. tradition bearers are motivated, through the act of creating, to preserve a traditional form that carries group identity and not necessarily to express an innovative personal vision. folklore, however, is also a dynamic aspect of culture. " folklore " describes living traditions that often change over time in response to a changing society. a brief history of mtap the michigan state university museum ' s michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ), develops and implements programs " to advance cross - cultural understanding in a diverse society through the identification, documentation, preservation, and presentation of the traditional arts and cultural heritage of the state of michigan. " the michigan state university museum first initiated ongoing research and presentation of michigan traditional arts in 1975 with a statewide survey and 1976 exhibition of historical folk art. in 1977, the folk arts division of michigan state university museum joined with the michigan cooperative extension service to provide statewide educational programming and general public services in the area of michigan ' s traditional cultural resources. in 1986, the michigan council for arts and cultural affairs created a partnership with the michigan state university museum to strengthen the support of folk arts and artists in the state. the activities of the folk arts division to promote awareness, appreciation, and support for michigan ' s traditional cultural resources through research, education, and public service are now coordinated under a program known as the michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ). among the major ongoing or long - term mtap programs are : the annual festival of michigan folklife ( 1987 - 1997 ),


, education, and public service are now coordinated under a program known as the michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ). among the major ongoing or long - term mtap programs are : the annual festival of michigan folklife ( 1987 - 1997 ), the michigan heritage awards ( since 1985 ), the michigan traditional arts apprenticeship program ( since 1987 ), the michigan quilt project ( since 1984 ), the folkpatterns program ( since 1979 ), and the michigan stained glass census ( since 1990 ). mtap ' s longstanding role in coordinating a statewide folklife festival began with the 1985 " michigan : whose story? " festival. in 1987, mtap collaborated with the smithsonian institution to present michigan ' s folk artists at the festival of american folklife. that same year, mtap brought the smithsonian ' s michigan program to michigan with the launching of the festival of michigan folklife. for the twelve years producing that festival, mtap conducted field research to identify over 1200 folk artists for presentation at the festivals. in 1999, mtap forged a new partnership with the national council for the traditional arts in washington d. c., and the city of east lansing, to co - produce the national folk festival 1999 - 2001. beginning in 2002, mtap continues the festival tradition with the launching of the great lakes folk festival. since the mid - 1980s mtap staff have met regularly with state folk arts program staff around the u. s. and have played key roles in state and national arts policy development, evaluation studies, and professional development and training opportunities for both traditional artists and program administrators. staff with day - to - day full - or part - time responsibilities for mtap collections c. kurt dewhurst, ph. d., curator of folk arts beth donaldson, collections assistant, great lakes quilt center and mtap research collections ; manager, traveling exhibits service, and co - coordinator, michigan stained glass census lora helou, public relations coordinator julie levy - weston, special projects coordinator ; traveling exhibits program and marsha macdowell, ph. d., professor, department of art and art history and curator of folk arts ; coordinator of mtap gary morgan, ph. d., museum director mike secord, director, great lakes folk festival, facilities manager, special pat power, special projects coordinator / great lakes folk festival lynne swanson, collections manager, cultural collections sunny wang, computing technology coordinator pearl yee wong, collections coordinator, mtap research collections mary worrall, assistant curator, great lakes quilt center affiliates who regularly


special projects coordinator / great lakes folk festival lynne swanson, collections manager, cultural collections sunny wang, computing technology coordinator pearl yee wong, collections coordinator, mtap research collections mary worrall, assistant curator, great lakes quilt center affiliates who regularly assist in carrying out responsibilities for mtap collections or activities : noel allende - goitia, ph. d., research associate, msum john beck, ph. d., adjunct curator and co - coordinator, " our daily work, our daily lives " program, labor education, msum eve boicourt, research associate, msum frank ettawegeshik, coordinator, native american arts initiative project, msum isaac kalumbu, ph. d., adjunct curator, msum ; assistant professor, ethnomusicology, peter knupfer, ph. d., associate director, matrix mark kornbluh, ph. d., professor of history, director, matrix barbara kreuger, research associate, msum ; michigan stained glass census diana n ' diaye, ph. d., folklife specialist, smithsonian institution center for folklife and cultural heritage deborah smith pollard, ph. d., associate professor, um, and adjunct curator, msum ; coordinator, " lest we forget : detroit gospel legends " project, msum and gpac justine richardson, matrix, associate researcher ray silverman, ph. d. ; adjunct curator, msum : professor, art history laurie k. sommers, ph. d. research associate, msum ; assistant professor, ethnomusicology at valdosta state university steve stier, research associate, msum ; michigan barn preservation network yvonne lockwood, ph. d., curator of folklife emeritus and these msu museum faculty and staff member who provide regular support : juan alvarez, curator of exhibitions jilda anthony, assistant to director in addition, mtap is supported by interns, volunteers, students, and contracted © 2003 michigan state university


hypertension is a gateway to stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney disease. probably because of its interference with health, on average the life span of people with hypertension is five years shorter than that of people with normal blood pressure. hypertension directly leads to 60, 000 deaths a year and contributes to another 300, 000 deaths. quite naturally, if you ’ re working to control it, you ’ re burdened with concerns. you must reprogram your eating and exercise habits and begin a regimen of one or more pills a day, pills which may be expensive. spanish researchers uncovered another hidden burden associated with high blood pressure : its effect on survival after both admission and readmission to hospitals. over a 10 - month period, they studied 1, 007 men and women admitted to a hospital for any heart - related problem, including chest pain, fainting, heart attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and pericarditis. in this group of patients, 69 % had pre - existing hypertension before being admitted. at the end of one year, 17 % of those with high blood pressure were dead compared to only 9 % of those with normal blood pressure. patients rehospitalized for a cardiac problem had similar outcomes : 31 % with pre - existing high blood pressure died within a year compared to only 18 % with normal blood pressure. there are many things you can do to keep your hypertension under control and even prevent the condition from developing. here are the recommendations of the national heart, lung, and blood institute ; the centers for disease control and prevention ; and the american heart association : achieve & maintain a healthy weight for your height. eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. limit sodium intake to under 2, 300 milligrams ( one teaspoon ) a day. get plenty of potassium ( 4, 700 milligrams ) a day. drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. monitor your blood pressure regularly, and work with your doctor to keep it in a healthy range. from harvard medical school healthbeat june 7, 2012


english form of latin io ( h ) annes, new testament greek ioannes, a contracted form of the hebrew name johanan ‘ god is gracious ’ ( the name of several different characters in the old testament, including one of king david ' s ‘ mighty men ’ ). john is the spelling used in the authorized version of the new testament. the name is of great importance in early christianity : it was borne by john the baptist ( the precursor of christ himself, who baptized sinners in the river jordan ), by one of christ ' s disciples ( john the apostle, a fisherman, brother of james ), and by the author of the fourth gospel ( john the evangelist, identified in christian tradition with the apostle, but more probably a greek - speaking jewish christian living over half a century later ). the name was also borne by many saints and by twenty - three popes, including john xxiii ( giuseppe roncalli, 1881 – 1963 ), whose popularity was yet another factor influencing people to choose this given name. it was also a royal name, being borne by eight byzantine emperors and by kings of hungary, poland, portugal, france, and elsewhere. among numerous bearers of note in recent times have been american president john f. kennedy ( 1917 – 63 ) and british pop singer john lennon ( 1940 – 80 ). in its various forms in different languages, it has been the most perennially popular of all christian names.


a blue view is a weekly perspective on the life aquatic, hosted by national aquarium ceo john racanelli. from the smallest plants and animals invisible to the human eye to entire ecosystems, every living thing depends on and is intricately linked by water. tune in to 88. 1 wypr every tuesday at 5 : 45 p. m. as john brings to the surface important issues and fascinating discoveries making waves in the world today. october 16 : clean water act this year marks the 40th anniversary of the federal water pollution control act, or clean water act, the nation ’ s law for protecting our most irreplaceable resource. in 1972, in the midst of a national concern about untreated sewage, industrial and toxic discharges, destruction of wetlands, and contaminated runoff, this principal law was passed to protect the country ’ s waters. the act set a national goal, “ to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation ’ s waters, ” with interim goals that all waters be fishable and swimmable where possible. arguably, no environmental legislation has had as much of an influence on our daily lives and health. thanks to the clean water act, huge strides have been made to protect our health and the health of the environment. want to help protect your local waterways and manage water supply? here are some easy tips to help :


high - resolution radar as well as hyperspectral optical imagery was acquired during flights across two test areas in southern tunisia. meanwhile ground teams precisely documented ground vegetation and terrain at sampling sites within these test areas, with samples taken to local laboratories for detailed analysis. and esa ' s envisat, ers - 2 and proba satellites acquired images of these sites around the same time. the aim was to scale up the findings from the ground, and at the same time to use this ' ground truth ' to calibrate satellite imagery with reality on the sandy arid ground as well as seeing what can be learnt about the water beneath it. the sahara has altered through the ages : during the last ice age, 10 000 years ago, there was savannah here with rivers, lakes and plentiful rains. that landscape has vanished now, but the rains from that period progressively percolated beneath the ground to be collected in layers of water - bearing rock known as aquifers. this ' fossil water ' is today used in north african nations for irrigating agriculture and to support population growth. it is a valuable resource but also a non - renewable one - distributed across national boundaries - which requires careful management to be employed in a sustainable way. over - exploitation risks exhaustion of groundwater, plus loss of artesian pressure to put remaining supplies out of reach or induce contamination from nearby saline water deposits. working with partners including african water agencies, esa has commenced a project called aquifer to develop satellite - derived products and services to suppo contact : mariangela d ' acunto european space agency


new evidence indicates that the loss of two types of brain cells - - not just one as previously thought - - may trigger the onset of symptoms associated with parkinson ' s disease. the evidence, based on mouse models, shows a link between the loss of both norepinephrine and dopamine neurons and the delayed onset of symptoms associated with parkinson ' s disease. it was originally thought that the loss of only dopamine neurons triggered symptoms. dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for coordinating movement. results of the study by emory scientists, along with the university of georgia, will appear in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, early edition online during the week of aug. 13 - 17 and in the aug. 21 print edition. the research was conducted by karen rommelfanger, graduate student in the laboratory of david weinshenker, phd, assistant professor of human genetics in emory university school of medicine and gary miller, phd, associate professor in emory ' s rollins school of public health. the team also included gaylen edwards and kimberly freeman at the university of georgia. parkinson ' s disease affects motor coordination and is characterized by symptoms such as tremors of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face ; rigidity or stiffness of limbs and trunk ; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement ; and postural instability. the disease most often occurs in those over 50. " people don ' t start showing symptoms of parkinson ' s disease until about 80 percent of their dopamine neurons are gone, which is when you cross some sort of threshold. our study looked at what happens while the dopamine neurons are dying and people still appear fine, says dr. weinshenker. " the lack of symptoms until the death of most of the dopamine neurons suggested the existence of a system that can temporarily compensate for the loss of the dopamine. "


are you lost on your bike? fear not! the vibrobelt could send you in the right direction. this smart belt will send subtle vibrations to guide bicyclists to their destinations. the vibrobelt was developed by haska steltenpohl and anders bouwer in the intelligent systems lab at the university of amsterdam. their goal was to find a way to gently steer bicyclists to a location so they avoid being dangerously distracted by visual maps, gps screens or smartphones. worn around the waist, the vibrobelt gives waypoint, distance and endpoint information using directional tactile cues, according to its creators. the belt works by taking information about the route and translating it into unique buzzes that indicate where the bicyclist should go. for example, the vibration for going left is different from the one for going straight. when the two researchers tested the belt against a gps screen on a group of 20 volunteers who were taking unfamiliar routes, they found that everyone made it to their destinations just fine. however, the volunteers who used the vibrobelt were able to navigate more quickly, remembered the route they took and could recall landmarks along it better. paul marks, writing for new scientist, called the vibrobelt “ satnav for your waist. ” bouwer and steltenpohl plan to refine their system and their paper about the vibrobelt was accepted for the international conference on intelligent user interfaces, which takes place in santa monica next month. wonder if they considered a smart bicycle seat cover. although something like that might end up being a bit too, um, distracting. credit : richard masoner


new hurricane - forecast tool debuts ( and just in time ) for national geographic news | april 20, 2005 | with another active hurricane season expected in a few months, meteorologists and insurance companies will have a new forecasting tool to help them predict whether late - season storms will again batter the u. s. coastline. researchers at england ' s university college london have devised a computer model that uses data from midsummer winds to predict the likelihood of hurricanes striking the united states later in the season. the model was created by scientists at the college ' s benfield hazard research centre. the center is sponsored by benfield, a london - based reinsurance company that is one of the world ' s largest. the new model could get a real workout right from the start. forecasters think a ten - year trend of active hurricane seasons will continue this summer. william gray, a pioneer in long - range hurricane forecasting who is based at colorado state university, thinks seven hurricanes will form in the atlantic basin this year. ( the region includes the caribbean and the gulf of mexico. ) the professor of atmospheric science predicts that three of those storms will be major ones, with winds exceeding 111 miles an hour ( 179 kilometers an hour ). gray believes there ' s a better - than - even chance that one of those intense hurricanes will make landfall somewhere on the u. s. east coast. gray also thinks the u. s. gulf coast faces a higher - than - usual risk of taking a hit from a major hurricane, although not as high as the atlantic coast. hurricane season runs from june 1 to november 30. the computer model developed by university college london researchers analyzes data from july wind patterns from sea level up to about 25, 000 feet ( about 7, 500 meters ). the model predicts whether the winds are forming " steering currents. " such currents would guide hurricanes to the u. s. shores from august through october, when most storms form. last summer those steering currents helped shove five hurricanes ashorefour in florida and one in north carolina. during some hurricane seasons, however, the wind currents tend to push storms away from u. s. shores. the data for the new computer modelwhich is described in the latest issue of the science journal natureis based on july wind patterns from 1950 to 2004. mark saunders, a research climate physicist at university college london, said the computer model is a " breakthrough " in hurricane forecasting that could help the insurance industry minimize financial loses during hurricane season. " it reduces the financial risk and