wendy c. fries brunilda nazario, md smile and say cheese! february is children ' s dental health month, time to make sure tots, tweens, and teens are getting the tooth care they need. even tiny tots need regular checkups, just like mom and dad. the american dental association recommends kids start getting checkups at about age 1, or when their first tooth appears. yet even before then it ' s important to care for your child ' s teeth and gums. though they ' ll eventually lose them, baby teeth help a child speak and chew well, and also create a path for the permanent teeth that follow. to care for baby and toddler dental health : though your preteen and teenager will still receive care from their pediatric dentist, essentially their basic dental health needs are similar to adults. they ( and you! ) should : and be sure your kids know that if those pearly whites are to last a lifetime they ' re not to be used as ice crushers, fork tine straighteners, and potato chip bag openers. now, smile and say cheese! sources : american dental association : " teens : diet and oral health, " " baby ' s first teeth, " " tooth eruption : the primary teeth. " webmd feature : " helpful hints for healthy teeth. " webmd medical reference provided in collaboration with cleveland clinic : " dental health : nutrition and your child ' s teeth, " dental health : caring for your baby ' s teeth. " american academy of family physicians : " dental hygiene : how to care for your child ' s teeth. " american academy of pediatric dentistry : " dental care for your baby. " here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of newssource 16 the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.


argentina ' s president thinks eating pig meat is really sexy. a new warning may have consumers thinking twice before eating pork chops. a sample of raw pork products from supermarkets around the united states found a dangerous bacteria present in the meats that put children most at risk. yersinia enterocolitica, a lesser - known food - borne pathogen, was present in 69 percent of the pork products tested, according to a study released today by consumer reports. more than 100, 000 americans are affected by the bacteria a year, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. for every case that is confirmed with a laboratory test, about 120 more cases escape diagnosis. the bacteria can hit hard. symptoms can include fever, cramps and bloody diarrhea. in the consumer reports study, ground pork turned out to be riskier than pork chops. in the samples taken, 69 percent tested positive for yersenia and 11 percent for enterococcus, which can indicate fecal contamination. “ the results were concerning, ” urvashi rangan, one of the authors of the report, told abcnews. com. “ it ’ s hard to say that there was no problem. it shows that there needs to be better hygiene at animal plants. yersinia wasn ’ t even being monitored for. ” in response, the pork producer ' s council argued the methods used by consumer reports did not provide an adequate estimate of the bacteria from the samples. despite the findings, cooking the pork properly and thoroughly can kill the bacteria. pork cuts should be cooked to 145 degrees, while ground pork needs to reach a temperature of 160 degrees to kill the bacteria. however, it can easily spread to various kitchen surfaces. “ anything that touches raw meat should go into the dishwasher before touching anything else, ” rangan said. ” juices from raw meat that touch the counter should be washed with hot soapy water. ” the u. s. department of agriculture said the findings “ affirm that companies are meeting the established guidelines for protecting the public ’ s health. in a statement, the department says : “ usda will remain vigilant against emerging and evolving threats to the safety of america ’ s supply of meat, poultry and processed egg products, and we will continue to work with the industry to ensure companies are following food safety procedures in addition to looking for new ways to strengthen the protection of public health. "


wed december 19, 2012 peak farmland? some researchers say it ' s here originally published on wed december 19, 2012 1 : 34 pm if you ' re looking for a dash of optimism about the future — and who isn ' t, these days? — you can find it in a rosy new prediction about the planet ' s ability to produce food for the next half - century. it comes to us from a trio of researchers at rockefeller university. their bottom line : we have more than enough land to grow all the food that the world ' s increasing population will desire. in fact, farmers ' ability to grow more food on less land will even outrun demand for that food, and farmers will abandon land once used to grow crops. as the researchers put it, " we are confident that we stand on the peak of cropland use, gazing at a wide expanse of land that will be spared for nature. " globally, they predict that farmers will release an area bigger than egypt, or the equivalent of ten iowas. now, before you go and cross off " food supply " from your list of things to worry about, i must tell you that some other crystal balls show a darker vision of the future. the united nations ' food and agriculture organization, for instance, thinks that feeding humanity in 2050 will require farmers to grow crops on an additional quarter of a million square miles, or five iowas. there are even scenarios that show agriculture gobbling up natural ecosystems equal in size to the entire u. s. what produces such wildly different visions of the future? basically, it comes down to a few key assumptions about supply and demand for food. the rockefeller group, for instance, says that demand for meat, and in particular, beef, is not increasing as quickly as some have predicted. chinese are eating more meat as they get richer, but they are not duplicating the meat - heavy diets of many other countries. the single most important assumption, however, concerns farmers ' ability to increase the amount of food they can grow from each acre of land. the rockefeller university group assumes that farmers will continue to increase their crop yields at roughly the same pace as they have since 1961 — some 1. 7 percent per year. others, like the fao and the international food policy research institute, don ' t believe that ' s likely. yield increases have been much lower — about 1. 2 percent per year — over the past 20 years. and that ' s before one even considers the impact of the climate change, which could be


the trojan asteroids lie in jupiter ' s orbit equidistant from jupiter and the sun. they are an example of what is known as the restricted three - body problem : the motion of a small body, an asteroid, under the influence of two massive bodies whose motion is not affected by the presence of the asteroid. the gravitational forces exerted by the sun and jupiter combine to give the asteroid a stable orbit with jupiter ' s period of rotation. ( some trigonometry is needed to show that the trojan site forms an equilateral triangle with the sun and jupiter ). in the applet, the massive bodies executing circular orbits about their common centre of mass can have mass ratios ranging from 9 up to the value for sun - earth system. it is convenient to view the motion of the asteroid in a frame rotating with the massive bodies. this is a non - inertial frame, and both centrifugal ( - m w x ( w x r ) ) and coriolis ( - 2 m w x v ) forces appear in newton ' s law. viewed in the rotating frame, the asteroid in a stable orbit remains at rest at the point where the net gravitational attraction balances the repulsive centrifugal force. points with this property show up clearly on a color plot of the effective potential in the rotating frame. this potential is the sum of three negative terms : a centrifugal potential that varies as the square of the distance from the centre of mass ( much like an " upside down " harmonic potential ), and two gravitational wells centered on the massive bodies. points where the effective potential falls within a specified range share a common color, and the scale factor is adjusted to place the trojan site near a color boundary. such plots usually use linear or logarithmic scales, but here an inverse scale is used to give suitable numbers and widths of the color bands ( this produces color bands of constant width near a massive body ). the plot is centred on the centre of mass of the system, with the more massive body ( m ) on the left and the less massive body ( m ) a distance d to its right. choose a mass ratio, and press either " tro " for an orbit starting near a trojan site or " sad " for an orbit starting near a saddle point ( a point of equilibrium on the centreline ). the most prominent features of the potential plots are the red regions surrounding the trojan sites. as the red regions are the crests of hills, it is not


for an orbit starting near a saddle point ( a point of equilibrium on the centreline ). the most prominent features of the potential plots are the red regions surrounding the trojan sites. as the red regions are the crests of hills, it is not obvious that a trojan orbit can be stable. as the mass ratio changes, the shape of a crest changes, but it remains a crest. it can be shown analytically that orbits for m / m greater than 25 are stable, but the calculation requires more than the trigonometry needed to find the equilateral triangle. the numerical study of stability, on the other hand, requires only the feynman algorithm for velocity - dependent forces ( such as the coriolis force ). each plot shows the path taken by the asteroid when it is released from rest ( in the rotating frame ) with a y - displacement of d / 400 ( about 1 / 3 of a pixel ) from the equilibrium site. for a trojan site, the displacement puts the asteroid on the far side of the hill from the centre of mass, and initially it moves outward as we would expect. as soon as it acquires a significant velocity, the coriolis force deflects it to the right ( in a frame rotating counterclockwise ). what happens then depends on the mass ratio. for low mass ratios it spirals outward. for intermediate mass ratios it traces out loops close to the trojan site. at higher mass ratios the potential crest becomes an elongated ridge, and the orbit bumps its way around it. on 9 nov 02 my car radio informed me that an asteroid the size of a football field had recently been found to share the earth ' s orbit. in a frame rotating with the earth, it was said to have a horseshoe - shaped orbit. as i drove along, i visualized the crest i had already plotted for jupiter turning into a ridge that circles the sun, and the asteroid bouncing along the crest in a horseshoe orbit until it turns at a low point near the earth. that evening i extended the trojan applet to include the sun / earth mass ratio, and found the horseshoe orbit plotted here. it has a period of 160 years. if you select the " sad " option, the program finds the three equilibrium points that lie on the m / m axis, one outside each mass, and one between them. they are all saddle points : the region they are in is bounded by different colors in the x and y directions. the axis and the force are shown in white on the plot


m / m axis, one outside each mass, and one between them. they are all saddle points : the region they are in is bounded by different colors in the x and y directions. the axis and the force are shown in white on the plot, and a bisection algorithm is used to locate the equilibrium points. if a trojan hill can produce a stable orbit there is no reason to assume that a saddle point cannot. the program tests stability using the same y - displacement used at a trojan site. the saddle points on either side of m are unstable for all mass ratios, but the one to the left of m generates a horseshoe orbit for the sun / jupiter and sun / earth systems. ( note that the other two saddle points are not plotted for these systems, and that the postscript program does not deal with any of the saddle points ). the trojan and horseshoe orbits are closely - related examples of stable orbits : closed curves that rotate about the centre of mass in sync with m. horseshoe orbits can be generated for both the sun / jupiter and sun / earth systems with a d / 400 y - displacement from the left saddle point. a trojan orbit can be generated for the sun / earth system with a d / 1600 y - displacement from the trojan site. a horseshoe orbit can be generated for the sun / jupiter system with a d / 70 ( 2 pixel ) y - displacement from the trojan site. ( the size of the displacement needed can be seen on the horseshoe orbit generated from the saddle point ).


the axle on your vehicle is the structural component that connects two wheels together on opposite sites. it ' s a load - bearing assembly that acts like a central shaft, maintaining the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. the construction of your axle is designed according to what your vehicle is built for ; trucks and off - road vehicles are equipped with axles that keep the wheel positions steady under heavy stress ( ideal for supporting heavy loads ), while conventional axles are constructed for the needs of the general consumer. but no matter what you drive, remember that your vehicle ' s axle must bear the weight of your vehicle ( plus any cargo ) and the acceleration forces between you and the ground. so when it comes to axle inspection, we are your source for professional, knowledgeable service — essential for the equipment that carries you and your family to wherever you need to go. here is a brief description of the most common axle design : simply put, a drive axle is one that is driven by the engine. typically found in modern front wheel drive vehicles, a drive axle is split between two half axles, with differential and universal joints between them. each half axle is connected to the wheel by a third joint — the constant velocity ( cv ) joint — that allows the wheels to move freely. this joint allows the shaft to rotate, transmitting power at a constant speed without a significant increase in friction and heat. cv joints are usually dependable, but, as is the case for all of your vehicle ' s moving equipment, they do require regular inspection. an easy way for you to tell if you need to see us for axle repair is to go out to a large space ( such as a parking lot ), and slowly drive in tight circles. if you hear a clicking or cracking noise, you have a worn joint, and it must be repaired immediately. we will have you back on the road, " click - free " in no time!


avantouinti is the finnish word for " winter swimming ". it may sound to many like masochism taken to ridiculous lengths, but it is becoming increasingly popular in finland where 10 % of the population have tried it and there are more than 80, 000 regular winter swimmers who tout the therapeutic benefits of winter swimming. the typical swimmer is not some grizzled macho - type, but a middle - aged woman with a clerical job. q : what is avantouinti? q : what happens when you jump into cold water? sudden immersion in ice cold water can result in an involuntary gasp followed by 1 - 3 minutes of involuntary hyperventilation. specific data are : 2. 0 liter gasp in 82o water and 3. 0 liter gasp in 50o water ( i. e. nearly your entire lung volume ), and in 50o water a 600 - 1, 000 percent increase in ventilation ( air in and out ) in the first minute. this hyperventilation results in a profound lowering of blood carbon dioxide levels and a raising of blood ph levels. the strain placed on the heart are not likely to be a problem for a healthy, fit person but may be dangerous for those with underlying heart disease or hypertension. professor william r. keating from the university of london indicates that there is little health risk in cold - water swimming unless a person starts suddenly at an old age. q : what is cold water shockrapid cooling of the skin triggers various heart and breathing responses. the heart rate can increase by 50 % and blood pressure increase can increase to 175 / 93. although a substantial strain on the heart, these changes are not likely to be a problem for a healthy, fit person but may be dangerous for those with underlying heart disease or hypertension. q : why is cold water swimming becoming a fitness fad? the number of people who swear by the therapeutic qualities of outdoor winter swimming have increased dramatically of late. clubs have sprung up across the country for the reason that it the ideal form of gentle health care. the benefits can be very great, it can stimulate mental processes, produce hormones which make the body able to cope with physical stresses and can increase the level of mental awareness and a feeling of well - being. it can also release stress, remove aches and pains, increase vitality and keep skin looking younger. apparently the frost is a great preserver! many even treat their asthma or arthritis with cold water swimming. q : can these events be successful fundraisers? take a look at these successful fundraisers


pains, increase vitality and keep skin looking younger. apparently the frost is a great preserver! many even treat their asthma or arthritis with cold water swimming. q : can these events be successful fundraisers? take a look at these successful fundraisers : police plunge for pledges the third annual law enforcement polar bear plunge, with participants diving into frigid lake michigan, was held at sunrise beach march 10th in far north suburban lake bluff. police organizations from throughout the area participate in the chilly event to raise money for the special olympics. the polar bear plunge is held all over the country and this event raised more than $ 75, 000 for the charity. plunge benefits scholorship fund in memory of teen most were there, if not for the heart - stopping shock or the vicarious thrill of watching, to support the justin mello scholarship fund, which is to provide scholarships for students at anchor bay high school and leader dogs for the blind. perhaps the most startling sight was the hoochie - coochie mamas, a self - styled, self - described group of five new baltimore grandmas decked in black - and - white 1880s - era swimsuits, tumbling down the ramp arm - and - arm. " it was cold, " said charlene mceachin, 67, the lead grandma, expressing the day ' s most often - said sentiment. " but it was great. " in all, six groups entered the water. the oldest participant was 79. the youngest was 10. in the middle were vietnam veterans, county prosecutors, tanning salon employees, restaurateurs. donna hinde, spokeswoman for the new baltimore lions club, which organized the event, got on stage and announced that more than $ 21, 000 had been raised. on march 2, 2002, the law enforcement torch run held four polar bear plunges around the state to raise money for special olympics illinois about $ 80, 000 was raised as 200 people took a flying leap into lake michigan in the 4th annual polar bear plunge in lake bluff. at lake of the woods in mahomet, 35 plungers raised $ 8, 400 for eastern prairie / area 8 during its 3rd plunge. the 2nd annual rend lake plunge drew 57 plungers to marcum beach and raised $ 16, 115 to benefit southwestern / area 12, southeastern / area 14 and southern / area 15. and in its first year, the lake decatur plunge had 28 plungers and raised $ 14, 870 for central / area 10. delaware special olympics jumping


16, 115 to benefit southwestern / area 12, southeastern / area 14 and southern / area 15. and in its first year, the lake decatur plunge had 28 plungers and raised $ 14, 870 for central / area 10. delaware special olympics jumping into the atlantic ocean in the middle of winter may seem bizarre to many but what were actually doing is helping raise funds for a very worthwhile cause ". last year, the polar bear plunge raised more than $ 100, 000 for delaware special olympics, the states largest year - round organization devoted to sport training and athletic competition for children and adults with mental retardation. q : what are the rules? can i wear protective clothing? polar bear participants must submerge their entire body, including the head, into the water. no wetsuits, drysuits or other protective clothing are allowed although footwear is legal and recommended due to safety concerns and the fact that numb feet may not feel objects in the water. costumes are a fun way to celebrate the event and are encouraged. q : i want to participate in the page - lake powell polar bear plunge. what do i do? first of all, congratulations on your decision to be a participant! print out the entry and waiver form. entry form and waiver be sure that you understand the inherent risks of cold water swimming. q : what are the benefits of becoming a polar bear member 1 ) shocking the circulatory system can produce a warm afterglow and a transcendental state that one literally needs to experience to fully understand. 2 ) it is a spiritually uplifting ritual which can surpass any normal level of comprehension. 3 ) it can reduce wrinkles. drastic temperature changes and shivering skin actually exercise shallow sub - cutaneous muscles that firm the skin. 4 ) you become part of history rooted in the european tradition of saunas and cold - water swimming. 5 ) jumping in near - freezing water wearing little more than a pair of shorts takes a brave soul. 6 ) participants build a sense of camaraderie and valued friendships that can last a lifetime. 7 ) it helps mentally by shortening the winter season and lifts bouts of depression. 8 ) it ' s a heck of lot cheaper and safer than walking on coals. q : i am 61 years old and very active - - i ' m a long distance runner. i would like to try the coney island polar bear club. will getting into that cold water for about two minutes affect my health? if it doesn ' t kill you,


years old and very active - - i ' m a long distance runner. i would like to try the coney island polar bear club. will getting into that cold water for about two minutes affect my health? if it doesn ' t kill you, you ' ll be just fine. i ' ve known many cold - water swimmers, including members of my own family, but it ' s not for me. i don ' t mind frigid skiing, or even frostbit jogging, but icy swimming gives me the shivers just thinking about it. for me, one of the most graphic images about this comes from darwin ' s recounting of the indians of tierra del fuego bobbing up and down in the iceberg - laden waters of the magellan passage, and then sleeping bare on sleet - driven shores. i get goosebumps writing this. the point is that they got used to it, just as caravaners did crossing the sahara in the heat of the day, when you and i would burn to a crisp. the human body ' s capacity for adaptation is amazing. so clearly, the best advice for you is to train for it. maybe cold showers would help acclimatize your reflexes. i certainly don ' t think it would be wise to take even a two - minute plunge, if you ' ll excuse the expression, " cold turkey. " in medicine, there ' s something called the " cold pressor test " in which a person places his or her hand in a bucket of ice water. certain people with sensitized nervous systems react to this test with a rapid rise in blood pressure as the body tries to re - establish its equilibrium. it might be a good idea for you to have someone take your blood pressure after one of your training cool - downs to be sure you ' re not one of those hot reactors whose blood pressure soars in reaction to a cold stimulus. long - distance runners commonly have low blood pressure, but i mention this merely as a precaution. good - brrrr - luck! walter m. bortz, md, is 70 years old and believes we can plan to live to 100. he is a specialist in internal medicine at the palo alto medical clinic in california and a clinical associate professor of medicine at stanford university school of medicine. anyone with heart problems - just watch! do not drink - alcohol does not warm you up - it accelerates hypothermia. do not stay in the water longer than 15 minutes. body heat is lost


pananalig at pananampalataya faith and belief systems “ our first task in approaching another people, another culture, religion is to take off our shoes, for the place we are approaching is holy, else we may find ourselves treading on man ’ s dream. more seriously still, we may forget that god was there before our arrival. ” from cultural workers from mindanao ( pambid, 60 ) faith. “ faith can move mountains. ” this is a western aphorism. in filipino, the word is pananalig at pananampalataya, faith and belief. “ manalig ka sa diyos, at lakasan mo ang loob mo, may awa siya, ” ( “ have faith in god and have courage. he is merciful ” ) is what elders would usually say in the face of a crisis and challenging situations such as a life threatening surgery. another expression of faith that speaks to the optimism of the filipino that things would work out well in the end is “ bahala na, ” ( “ it is up to god ” ). in the face of uncertainty, leave it to god. western observers may construe this as fatalism and passivity. “ faith healing ” and “ faith healers ” abound in the philippines. faith, in majority of the poor people in the philippines, is equated with fanaticism, amulets or anting - anting, and superstitions. yet, in its true sense, it was this faith that was instrumental in the overthrow of a dictator during the 1986 people power revolution in the philippines. this faith was also the moving force that mightily resisted the onset of colonialism ; the same faith that kept the filipino people united under the domination of spain for more than 350 years. faith, a very important filipino cultural domain, permeates through the whole being of a person and the core from which one ’ s actions originate. ( tita pambid )


in general, the toc is determined by oxidizing a water sample. the produced co2 is detected and defined quantitatively. however, not all methods succeed in the complete oxidation of a sample. often enough this may result only in soc ( some organic carbon ) instead of the toc. with this oxidation method the sample will be combusted in a reactor. usually, a maximum temperature of about 1000°c will be reached, which however does not allow the complete oxidation of all carbon compounds. therefore, a catalyst, such as copper oxide or platinum, must be used at this temperatures. normally, the catalytic combustion method can handle a toc concentration of up to 4, 000 mg / l. to reach higher ranges the sample usually needs to be diluted with demin water. lar ag offers a unique and patented high temperature ( ht ) method at 1200°c. this temperature enables the complete oxidation of all carbon compounds without any catalysts. it measures toc concentrations up to 50, 000 mg / l without dilution. in a special heat resistant ceramic reactor the water sample is evaporated and all carbons are completely oxidized to co2 gas. afterwards, the co2 concentration will be analysed with a non - dispersive infrared ( ndir ) detector. thus, the tc, toc and tic can be determined within only 3 minutes. this ht method is used for both, the most challenging and highly contaminated waters ( quicktocultra, quicktocairport ) and waters relativily free of solid maters ( quicktoceffluent ). lar uses the batch injection method with the advantage that the analysers can easily handle sticky, oily and hard to oxidise dissolved and suspended organics resulting in a fast, reliable and accurate analysis. even with rapidly fluctuating toc levels the correct toc concentration will be measured, whereby peaks throughout the course of the day are determined without any memory or adsorption effects. for applications with purified water, this lar method allows the patented * simplified, ready - at - any - time calibration and validation method ( quicktoccondensate, quicktocpurity, quicktocpharma ). photochemical oxidation ( uv - persulphate method ) here the toc is oxidized by means of uv light and a digesting reagent, sodium persulphate, and the produced co2 is measured with a ndir


. photochemical oxidation ( uv - persulphate method ) here the toc is oxidized by means of uv light and a digesting reagent, sodium persulphate, and the produced co2 is measured with a ndir detector. this method suits the determination of toc in clean water ( drinking water, condensate, boiler feed water ), since particles are hard to oxidize completely. the quicktocuv combines this technique with the direct toc method or non - purgable organic carbon ( npoc ) method, whereby the continuously provided water samples will be treated in a multi stage process. wet chemical oxidation with this method the water sample is oxidized by means of strong chemicals as oxidants such as ozone, which are slightly dangerous to health and environment. the ozone oxidation acids and bases are used to adjust the ph value of the sample along the ph scale. however, the oxidation potential of such methods is relative, since particles and more complex carbon compounds can only be partially digested or not at all. with regards to the latest standards of occupational safety and environmental protection these methods are not recommended. * pat. 10 / 583, 932 ; 2347221 ; 04803562. 0 - 2204 ; 200480038582. 7


understanding hidden threats : botnets you ' ve most likely heard of botnets. still, even with all of the references to them in the news these days, it ' s not easy to gain a clear understanding of what they are, and how they might be affecting you. we ' ve taken a few of the most common questions sent in by lavasoft news readers, and answered them in plain and simple terms. keep reading to set the facts on botnets straight. what is a botnet? a botnet is a network of compromised, or infected, computers that hackers have commandeered. pcs that are part of a botnet are often referred to simply as " bots ". botnets are part of the multilayered and profitable crimeware industry, where the initial step is to infect and take control of a targeted computer. pcs in a botnet are under the remote command and control of hackers. as part of that, hackers can take advantage of all of the resources on a machine ( from personal information to bandwidth ), and use it to perform malicious tasks under remote direction - all to carry out their criminal intentions. what is a zombie computer? a zombie computer is a system that has been infected and taken over remotely by cyber criminals. a collection of zombie computers makes up a botnet. what are botnets used for? botnets are controlled remotely by hackers to distribute spam, viruses, and theft schemes - and to hijack additional computers. the main motivation behind botnets, in recent years, is for monetary gain by cyber criminals. once compromised, cyber criminals have complete access to the infected machine ; they are able to load software onto it, or pull information off of it. bot herders, the hackers who control botnets, can instruct thousands of computers to follow their orders, whether it ' s to propagate spam messages, launch fraud schemes or to issue denial of service attacks, targeting certain, often high - profile, websites in order to make them unavailable to users. once bot herders compile a group of compromised machines, they can sell it to fraudsters who are then capable of using the exploited machines for identity and data theft. how do i know if my computer is part of a botnet? most owners of compromised pc are unwitting victims, never realizing that they have allowed unauthorized access to their computers. machines are infected without the knowledge of the computer user ; usually access to the system is gained through a virus, worm, or trojan. the


owners of compromised pc are unwitting victims, never realizing that they have allowed unauthorized access to their computers. machines are infected without the knowledge of the computer user ; usually access to the system is gained through a virus, worm, or trojan. the symptoms of infection are generally very subtle and are not immediately apparent to the average computer user without using special tools. still, there are telltale signs and symptoms which may indicate a problem. - a slow computer the most apparent sign, according to the analysts as lavasoft malware labs, is " slow computer " syndrome : your internet connection becomes strangely sluggish, or your pc gets slower as you run a few programs on it simultaneously. ( however, users should note that this can also be caused by other types of malware, as well as other pc problems. ) - accused of sending spam being accused of sending spam is a sign that your system is infected and is part of a spam bot. - detecting malware responsible for bots by running an anti - spyware and anti - virus program, the security software will be able to root out an infection and classify it as a bot. - an unknown or suspicious process is running in the background on your pc if you use a firewall to monitor network traffic, the program will allow you to spot suspicious traffic on your pc. for more technically - oriented computer users, bot activity can be discovered through packet sniffer tools and knowledge about different protocols, ports, windows registry, processes and tcp / ip. this includes : - large amounts of network traffic bots often connect to remove servers ; they may use a questionable amount of bandwidth and cause network traffic even if you are not online. - irc traffic internet relay chat ( irc ) is a type of real - time internet messaging, designed mainly for group discussion forums. irc bots connect to irc as a client, performing automated functions but appearing to be another irc user. - smtp traffic simple mail transfer protocol ( smtp ) is an internet standard for e - mail across ip networks. bots may use a built - in smtp - engine to send spam to other users. - open ports open ports allows applications to multitask and use different protocols at the same time. all computer devices on a network need a channel to allow them to communicate with each other. bots may search for open ports to be able to start a synchronization or communication. to learn more about the specific steps you should be taking to prevent your


products liability law : an overview products liability refers to the liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product. this includes the manufacturer of component parts ( at the top of the chain ), an assembling manufacturer, the wholesaler, and the retail store owner ( at the bottom of the chain ). products containing inherent defects that cause harm to a consumer of the product, or someone to whom the product was loaned, given, etc., are the subjects of products liability suits. while products are generally thought of as tangible personal property, products liability has stretched that definition to include intangibles ( gas ), naturals ( pets ), real estate ( house ), and writings ( navigational charts ). products liability claims can be based on negligence, strict liability, or breach of warranty of fitness depending on the jurisdiction within which the claim is based. many states have enacted comprehensive products liability statutes. these statutory provisions can be very diverse such that the the united states department of commerce has promulgated a model uniform products liability act ( mupla ) for voluntary use by the states. there is no federal products liability law. in any jurisdiction one must prove that the product is defective. there are three types of product defects that incur liability in manufacturers and suppliers : design defects, manufacturing defects, and defects in marketing. design defects are inherent ; they exist before the product is manufactured. while the item might serve its purpose well, it can be unreasonably dangerous to use due to a design flaw. on the other hand, manufacturing defects occur during the construction or production of the item. only a few out of many products of the same type are flawed in this case. defects in marketing deal with improper instructions and failures to warn consumers of latent dangers in the product. products liability is generally considered a strict liability offense. strict liability wrongs do not depend on the degree of carefulness by the defendant. translated to products liability terms, a defendant is liable when it is shown that the product is defective. it is irrelevant whether the manufacturer or supplier exercised great care ; if there is a defect in the product that causes harm, he or she will be liable for it. the law of products liability is found mainly in common law ( state judge - made law ) and in the uniform commercial code. article 2 of the ucc deals with the sales of goods and it has been adopted by most states. in it, the most important products liability sections are the implied and express warrant


chapter 5 - iii of the olympic charter, which is " the codification of the fundamental principles of olympism, rules and bye - laws adopted by the international olympic committee ( ' ioc ' ) [ which ] governs the organisation, action and operation of the olympic movement ", splits the ' olympic programme ' into ( rule 45. 2 ) : • sports – those sports governed by international federations ( ' ifs ' ) ; • disciplines – a branch of sport comprising one or several events ; and • events – are competitions in a sport or one of its disciplines, that result in a ranking and giving rise to the award of medals and diplomas. so far so good. bye - law 2 to rule 45 ( blr 45. 2 ) says that the programme consists of a sports core and additional sports ( blr 126. 96. 36. 199 ). the core includes 25 sports from those governed by a designated list of ifs ( blr 188. 8. 131. 52 ). not all ifs are on this list. for example the world squash federation or the federation internationale de l ' automobile ( ' fia ' ) for motorsports. as to the latter, the ioc does not usually consider sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, although the fia has since january this year temporary recognition by the ioc. the amount of sports in total is capped at 28 ( blr 184. 108. 40. 206 ). however many people say that, of the current sports, football and tennis should not be in the olympics as winning a gold medal is not the pinnacle, rather the world cup and the grand slams are. some sports have special criteria for olympic participation, like boxing where they have to be amateurs, and football has the same in that the players have to be under 23 ( except for the 3 players allowed in the squad over the age limit. ) however, international footballers under 23 are often already competing in the world cup. this begs the question : what is the criteria for a sport to be considered for inclusion in the olympics? on the ioc website under ' how does a sport become olympic? ' it says the following, " to make it onto the olympic programme, a sport first has to be recognised : it must be administered by an if which ensures that the sport ' s activities follow the olympic charter. if it is widely practised around the world and meets a number of criteria established by the ioc session, a recognised sport may be added to the olympic programme on the recommendation of the ioc ' s olympic programme commission.


' s activities follow the olympic charter. if it is widely practised around the world and meets a number of criteria established by the ioc session, a recognised sport may be added to the olympic programme on the recommendation of the ioc ' s olympic programme commission. " there criteria are to be found in the ioc document ' evaluation criteria for sports and disciplines - 2012 '. there are 8 themes ( general, governance, history and tradition, universality, popularity, athletes, development of the if / sport and finance ) under which sits 39 criteria and 74 items. an analysis of this document may well be the subject of a further blog at a later date but all that there is to say presently is that it is a comprehensive set of criteria for the ioc session to consider. the last group of sports to attempt to be included for the games was for 2016 in rio de janeiro : golf, squash, rugby sevens, baseball, softball, roller sports, ruby sevens and karate. in october 2009 at the olympic congress in copenhagen the members of the ioc voted for golf and rugby sevens to be included. rugby sevens cruised through with 81 votes to eight, whilst golf ' s election by 63 votes to 27 came after a tough final 72 hours of campaigning. the international golf federation had to overcome complaints about the voting process and the fact that some high profile clubs exclude women members ( e. g. augusta national, home of the masters, and st andrews, the base for the royal & ancient golf ' s governing body ). in my opinion the purpose of the olympic games is to provide a platform to showcase sports, and their competitors, that have little or no exposure in the intervening four years between olympiad, which makes winning medals the pinnacle of that sport. this should be the principal criteria for inclusion above any other and is why i watch the olympics. those sports selected should be aligned as closely as possible to amateur values and the corinthian spirit. for this reason tennis, as mentioned above, and indeed golf due to the four majors, should not be in the olympics. if golf wants to be included the field should be exclusively amateurs like boxing. indeed there are already strong amateur championships and team competitions. on the other hand i applaud the introduction of rugby sevens. winning a gold medal would be the pinnacle for those that play, as they are not often professionals in the 15 - a - side format of the game. also it is a fun game to watch, with a large potential for growth around the world, especially outside the established territories of the uk, france


in order that a clearer idea may be had of the possible proceedings of a deliberative assembly, the motions will be set forth together, properly divided and the order prescribed. 196. first — the main question. — the main question is the subject of deliberation, which may be introduced by a member, or by the report of a committee, or may come from another branch of the legislature or convocation, or from another branch of the government. 197. second — subsidiary motions. — subsidiary motions are those which directly concern the main question, and relate to the progress of that particular piece of business. they are of different rank, by which it is meant that some have precedence over the others. in the enumerations which follow they are stated in order of precedence. those of superior rank precede those of inferior rank ; those of the same rank have no precedence over each other. first rank. — question of consideration ; not amendable and not debatable ; applicable only to the main question. second rank. — motion to lay on the table ; not amendable and not debatable. third rank. — motion to postpone to a day certain ; amendable and debatable. motion for the previous question ; not amendable and not debatable. motion for indefinite postponement ; not amendable ; not only debatable as to itself, but opens up the debate on the main question. motion to commit ; debatable and amendable. all motions of the third rank are of equal right, and when one is pending it must be disposed of before another can be moved. fourth rank. — motion to amend ; amendable and debatable. 198. privileged questions. — privileged questions are those which arise out of the needs of the assembly as a deliberative body. they have precedence over the main question, and over all subsidiary questions, because they concern the whole body and are essential to its needs. first, to adjourn. second, to fix the time to which to adjourn. ( see secs. 171 - 174 as to precedence. ) third, to take a recess. fourth, a question of privilege concerning the assembly. fifth, a question of privilege concerning the individual members. in a general way, it may be said that these questions have rank in the order named ; that is, each is entitled to be put before the other in the above order. but this statement is subject to exceptions, which have been already explained. ( see secs. 168


may be said that these questions have rank in the order named ; that is, each is entitled to be put before the other in the above order. but this statement is subject to exceptions, which have been already explained. ( see secs. 168 - 171. ) 199. incidental questions. — incidental questions are those which arise out of the needs of the orderly conduct of such business as comes before the assembly, whether it relates to the main question or to the privileged questions. they are : first, questions of order. second, reading of papers. third, withdrawal of a motion. fourth, suspension of a rule. fifth, division of the question. sixth, motions as to method of consideration. a question of order has precedence over all the others, provided it is made at once, but has no standing if the business has been entered upon, or in the case of unparliamentary language the offending member has been allowed to proceed. a point of order must be made at once or is deemed to be waived. if there be confusion, rising and endeavoring to make the point saves all rights. the other incidental motions have no precedence over each other, and each must be decided before another can be put, and before any action on the question which was pending when the incidental motion was entertained. 200. practical illustration of order of motions. — to illustrate the order of motions, we can imagine a very long series pending at the same time, as, for example : first, main question. third, amendment to the amendment. fourth, motion for previous question. fifth, point of order, as to the previous question. sixth, question of privilege. seventh, motion to adjourn. here are seven questions pending, and the question of privilege may raise many more. many more also may come up as each question is passed upon by the assembly. these motions are all to be put in the reverse order. first, the motion to adjourn ; if negatived, then, second, question of privilege ( see sec. 178 ) ; third, point of order, to be decided by the chair subject to appeal ; fourth, previous question ; fifth, amendment to amendment ; sixth, amendment ; seventh, main question. this is the order if nothing interferes ; but, to illustrate the possibility of the situation, let us add some of the things likely to happen. after the motion to adjourn is negatived the question of privilege ( 2d ) may of itself develop into a main question with all


torn pages are very common in well - used books such as these textbooks and sunday school books. if a small tear is left unmended, it can easily become a larger tear or even a loss ( when a piece of the page goes missing ). paper repair for special collections materials is done with very thin japanese paper and wheat starch paste. paste is the preferred adhesive because it is water soluble. if the repair should ever have to be undone, it can easily be removed in water. when completed, the repair should be almost invisible. this page was extremely fragile and there were large voids. these were filled with a thin japanese paper to support what was left of the original. knowles, james d. ( james davis ), 1798 - 1838 life of mrs. ann h. judson, late missionary to burmah ; with an account of the american baptist mission to that empire. philadelphia, american sunday school union, 1830 description : 266 p., front. ( port. ) plates 15 cm. many of the pages in this book were stained with an oil - like substance. in the worst affected areas, the paper has actually been eaten away. removing the stains may be impossible, but the paper can be washed and then reinforced with japanese paper to stop further damage. prescott, a. b. ( albert benjamin ), 1832 - 1905 first book in qualitative chemistry new york : d. van nostrand, 1892. edition 7th ed., rev. qd83. p74 1892 description : 162, p. ; 19 cm. white, emerson e. ( emerson elbridge ), 1829 - 1902 a new complete arithmetic : uniting oral and written exercises new york : american book co., c1883. qa103. w63 1883b description : 362 p. : ill. ; 19 cm. when the pages of a book look like this, there is bound to be some damage to the textblock. in this case, the book needs extensive paper repair and to be resewn. many of the pages had been torn from the textblock. after the book is disbound, the pages will be repaired so they can be sewn again. the last several pages of the book were extensively damaged and missing large sections. many of these school books have scribbles and doodles from their original owners. while surface dirt is removed from soiled pages, such marking are not removed since they are part of the provenance of the volume. when the original


the life 2. 0 project aims at generating innovative services to support elderly people ’ s independent living. the services will use location technologies and social networking to enhance elderly peolocalple ’ s access to information about what happens in their neighborhood. the project will be based on the hypothesis that technological infrastructure, such as web applications ( e. g. google maps, social networks ) internet based communication tools ( e. g. skype or twitter ), and geographicalpositioning tols ( e. g. gps devices ) can be integrated in meaningful applications that allow elderly people to “ extend ” their social life beyond the walls of their home, to increase the possibility to create “ intersections ” between their life and the life of other people ( elderly or younger ) around them and to create an “ augmented neighborhood ”, in which individual capabilities are exchanged and social interaction is enhanced. such applications can provide elderly people with a constantly updated map of friends, relatives, helpers and services available in the area. having a chance to know who is around would make it easier to find someone to spend some time together, to join for a walk or for lunch, to ask for a favor or for help. the challenges and the innovation content the challenges of this project, and consequently the area were this project is expected to produce innovative knowledge, can be exemplified in the following questions : - to what extent can the use of those application support social and healthcare services in local context? can those applications really support the activation of elderly people and reduce the costs of healthcare services? what technologies can be used to support people working in those services? how can those technologies be integrated in those people ’ s everyday life? - can new forms of social / support service emerge from the use of those technologies? can elderly people become providers of some of those services, beside being the target for traditional health services? - social networks have been developed for youngsters or relatively young adults, can they be used by the elderly, too? what kind of change would motivate elderly people to use those technologies? - elderly people have always been unfamiliar with computers, however the coming generation of elderly people will have spent a good part of their professional work using computers. to what extent will this facilitate the creation of social networks for the elderly? 5. social networks are substantially indifferent to geographical location : facebook or skype can be used in the same way by people working in the same building or people communicating across the planet. yet some applications, such as google maps, are giving more relevance to geographical locations ; but can


what is a medical oncologist? a medical oncologist is a physician specializing in nonsurgical cancer treatment. they focus on hormone and drug treatments, such as chemotherapy. many cancer patients visit a medical oncologist periodically throughout treatment : this specialist diagnoses the disease and prescribes cancer treatment options. medical oncologists may also be involved in ongoing cancer - fighting research and may refer patients to participate in clinical trials. what is cancer? cancer is mutated cells that affect an area or areas of the human body. some cancerous cells manifest in the form of tumors while others appear as abnormalities in blood cell types. cancer can form in any area of the internal or external body, including bone, blood, organs and tissue. if left untreated or not treated in time, certain cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other areas of the body. the severity of cancer is described as stage 0, stage i, stage ii, stage iii, or stage iv, but exact staging varies by type of cancer. according to the national cancer institute, an estimated one in two women will be diagnosed with a form of cancer in her lifetime. how does medical oncology differ from radiation oncology? medical oncology uses drugs or hormone treatments to treat cancer, unlike radiation therapy which uses high - energy x - rays or other radioactive cancer fighting particles. radiation may complement another cancer treatment or be used on its own to treat various cancers. in certain patients, radiation therapy may be used as a palliative measure in an attempt to relieve symptoms and make the patient more comfortable. according to the american society of clinical oncology, more than half of all people with cancer receive some type of radiation therapy. the side effects of radiation treatment vary, from no side effects, to damage to tissues surrounding the treated area, fatigue, skin reactions, upset stomach and loose stool. more serious effects include secondary cancers from the radiation, impotence and infertility. what is chemotherapy? chemotherapy is the use of oral or intravenous drugs in an attempt to kill cancerous cells in the body. chemotherapy, commonly referred to as “ chemo, ” can be prescribed by your medical oncologist at any time during the treatment course in an attempt to destroy cancer cells. it may also be used to shrink a tumor before surgery or destroy any cancerous cells remaining after surgery. a chemo cycle typically takes 3 - 4 weeks of regular treatments. several of these cycles complete a course, which may last three months or longer.


astigmatism is one of the most common vision problems, but most people don ' t know what it is. many people are relieved to learn that astigmatism is not an eye disease. like nearsightedness and farsightedness, astigmatism is a type of refractive error – a condition related to the shape and size of the eye that causes blurred vision. in addition to blurred vision, uncorrected astigmatism can cause headaches, eyestrain and make objects at all distances appear distorted. astigmatism signs and symptoms if you have only a small amount of astigmatism, you may not notice it at all, or you may have only mildly blurred or distorted vision. but even small amounts of uncorrected astigmatism can cause headaches, fatigue and eyestrain over time. astigmatism usually develops in childhood. a study at the ohio state university school of optometry found that more than 28 % of schoolchildren have astigmatism. children may be even more unaware of the condition than adults, and they may also be less likely to complain of blurred or distorted vision. but astigmatism can cause problems that interfere with learning, so it ' s important to have your child ’ s eyes examined at regular intervals during their school years. what causes astigmatism? usually, astigmatism is caused by an irregular - shaped cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. in astigmatism, the cornea isn ’ t perfectly round, but instead is more football - or egg - shaped. in some cases, astigmatism may be caused by an irregular - shaped lens inside the eye. in most astigmatic eyes, the irregular shape of the cornea or lens causes light rays to form two distorted images in the back of the eye, rather than a single clear one. this is because, like a football, an astigmatic eye has a steeper curve and a flatter one. how is astigmatism treated? in most cases, astigmatism can be fully corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses. rigid gas permeable ( rgp or gp ) contact lenses often provide the best correction for astigmatism. but special soft contact lenses for astigmatism, called toric soft lenses, are also available. hybrid contact lenses are another option.


in part two of this book excerpt series on the. net framework class library from o ' reilly ' s vb. net core classes in a nutshell, get an introduction to the. net framework class library ( fcl ). the. net framework includes the. net framework class library ( fcl ), a vast collection of thousands of types ( that is, of classes, interfaces, structures, delegates, and enumerations ) that aim at encapsulating the functionality of core system and application services in order to make application programming easier and faster. there are classes that you can use to manipulate the file system, access databases, serialize objects, and launch and synchronize multiple threads of execution, to name just a few. to make working with these classes easy, classes with similar functionality are grouped together in namespaces. therefore, there is a namespace containing types for drawing, a number of namespaces for. net remoting, etc. in fact, the " intrinsic " functions of the visual basic language ( such as instr, len, and ubound ) are implemented as class methods in the microsoft. visualbasic namespace. in total, the. net fcl places more than 80 namespaces at your disposal. the. net fcl includes classes with the following functionality : some members of the system namespace, such as the object, string, int32, and single classes, form the data types used by visual basic. net ( as well as by other. net languages that rely on the. net common type system ). when an exception is generated, the clr provides exception information to the exception class ( in the system namespace ) or to one of the derived classes found throughout the. net fcl. the signature of event handlers is represented by the eventhandler delegate ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived delegates. the event information passed to an event handler is represented by the eventargs class ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived classes. attributes allow custom items of information about a program element to be stored with an assembly ' s metadata. since this information becomes a permanent part of the program element ' s description, it is always available and can be used to modify the design time, compile time, or runtime behavior of a program element. attributes are classes derived from the attribute class ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived classes found throughout the. net fcl. the. net fc


the design time, compile time, or runtime behavior of a program element. attributes are classes derived from the attribute class ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived classes found throughout the. net fcl. the. net fcl features a number of general - purpose and more specialized collection classes. the general - purpose classes include the array class ( in the system namespace ) and the arraylist and collectionbase classes ( in the system. collection namespace ). specialized classes include the stack class, a last - in, first - out structure, the queue class, a first - in, first - out structure, in the system. collection namespace, and the listdictionary class, a linked list dictionary class, in the system. collection. specialized namespace. the. net fcl provides full support for custom windows and web controls that integrate with design - time environments like visual studio through a number of classes, including the container class in the system. componentmodel namespace or the collectioneditor class in the system. componentmodel. design namespace. using the. net fcl, you have easy access to application configuration information from configuration files using classes such as appsettingsreader and dictionarysectionhandler in the system. configuration namespace. you can also access registry data using the registry, registryhive, and registrykey classes in the microsoft. win32 namespace. finally, you can access activedirectory information using the members of the system. directoryservices namespace. the. net fcl makes a large number of debugging, diagnostic, and informational classes available that can help in locating and fixing bugs, as well as in improving overall performance. these include the debug, debugger, eventlog, and performancecounter classes in the system. diagnostics namespace. the fcl provides a full set of graphics objects, such as the color structure, the brush class, the font class, and the graphics class in the system. drawing namespace. the fcl allows you to read the standard input, standard output, and standard error streams, as well as to access the file system, through classes like file, fileinfo, streamreader, and streamwriter in the system. io namespace. through the type class in the system namespace and classes like assembly, module, eventinfo, methodinfo, and parameterinfo in the system. reflection namespace, the. net fcl


space ring could shade earth and stop global warming a wild idea to combat global warming suggests creating an artificial ring of small particles or spacecrafts around earth to shade the tropics and moderate climate extremes. there would be side effects, proponents admit. an effective sunlight - scattering particle ring would illuminate our night sky as much as the full moon, for example. and the price tag would knock the socks off even a big - budget agency like nasa : $ 6 trillion to $ 200 trillion for the particle approach. deploying tiny spacecraft would come at a relative bargain : a mere $ 500 billion tops. but the idea, detailed today in the online version of the journal acta astronautica, illustrates that climate change can be battled with new technologies, according to one scientist not involved in the new work. mimic a volcano all scientists agree that earth gets warmer and colder across the eons. a delicate and ever - changing balance between solar radiation, cloud cover, and heat - trapping greenhouse gases controls long - term swings from ice ages to warmer conditions like today. those who are often called experts admit to glaring gaps in their knowledge of how all this works. a study last month revealed that scientists can ' t pin down one of the most critical keys : how much sunlight our planet absorbs versus how much is reflected back into space. nonetheless, most scientists think our climate has warmed significantly over the past century and will grow warmer over the next hundred years. various studies claim the planet is destined to warm by anywhere from 1 to 20 degrees fahrenheit over the next few centuries. seas will rise dramatically, the scenario goes, inundating coastal cities. but another group of scientists argue that the temperature data supporting a warming planet is not firm and that projections, based on computer modeling, might be wildly off the mark. either way, perhaps our fate is more in our hands than we might have imagined. " reducing solar insolation by 1. 6 percent should overcome a 1. 75 k [ 3 degrees fahrenheit ] temperature rise, " contends a group led by jerome pearson, president of star technology and research, inc. " this might be accomplished by a variety of terrestrial or space systems. " the power of scattering sunlight has been illustrated naturally, the scientists note. volcanic eruptions, such as that of mt. pinatubo in 1991, pumped aerosols into the atmosphere and cooled the global climate by about a degree. other researchers have suggested such schemes as adding metallic dust to smoke stacks, to flood the atmosphere and reflect more


as that of mt. pinatubo in 1991, pumped aerosols into the atmosphere and cooled the global climate by about a degree. other researchers have suggested such schemes as adding metallic dust to smoke stacks, to flood the atmosphere and reflect more sunlight back into space. in the newly outlined approach, reflective particles might come from the mining of earth, the moon or asteroids. they ' d be put into orbit around the equator. alternately, tiny micro - spacecraft could be deployed with reflective umbrellas. a ring created by a batch of either " shades the tropics primarily, providing maximum effectiveness in cooling the warmest parts of our planet, " the scientists write. an early version of their idea was presented but not widely noticed in 2002. eccentric but reassuring those researchers who don ' t buy the argument that global warming is occurring at any significant rate nor that humans are largely to blame may warm up quickly to the new idea. benny peiser, a social anthropologist at liverpool john moores university in the uk, tracks climate research and the resulting media coverage. he ' s among the small but vocal group that goes against mainstream thought on the topic of global warming. " i don ' t think that the modest warming trend we are currently experiencing poses any significant or long - term threat, " peiser told livescience. " nevertheless, what the paper does show quite impressively is that our hyper - complex civilization is theoretically and technologically capable of dealing with any significant climate change we may potentially face in the future. " peiser also notes that the kyoto protocol, a global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is estimated to cost the world economy some $ 150 billion a year. he also sees a broader rationale for supporting the seemingly bizarre manner of managing earth ' s temperature budget. " i believe that this mindset, despite its apparent eccentricity, is actually rather reassuring, " peiser said. " it provides concerned people with ample evidence of the extraordinary human ingenuity that, as so often in the past, has helped to overcome many predicaments that were regarded as impenetrable in previous times. " he also sees an ultimate big - picture reasoning to look favorably on the notion of controlling earth ' s climate. " whatever the cost and regardless of whether there is any major risk due to global warming, " peiser said, " it would appear to me that such a space - based infrastructure will evolve sooner or later, thus forming additional stepping stones of our emerging migration towards outer space. " more from livescience


1 ) the cubists were concerned with how _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a given subject from different points of view simultaneously. 2 ) sometimes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to place physics and chemistry into separate categories. 3 ) martha graham, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, has run her own dance company for half a century. 4 ) long before children are able to speak or understand a language, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 5 ) the seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections 6 ) the worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of dollars and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ few results. 7 ) experiments in the photography of moving objects _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in both the united states and europe well before 1900. 8 ) the university of georgia, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in 1785, was the first state supported university in the united states. 9 ) thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cacti and sagebrush could live. 10 ). _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, in the late 1800 ’ s, some libraries had to keep as many as twenty to thirty copies of each of mary jane holmes ’ s books on hand.


rubella ( german measles ) what is rubella ( german measles )? rubella is a viral illness that results in a viral exanthem. exanthem is another name for a rash or skin eruption. it is spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. pregnant women who have been exposed to rubella need to seek medical attention immediately. what causes rubella? rubella is caused by a virus, called a rubivirus. it can be spread from a pregnant mother to the unborn child, or from secretions from another infected person. it is most prevalent in late winter and early spring. rubella is preventable by proper immunization with the rubella vaccine. what are the symptoms of rubella? the disease itself does not have any long - term consequences. the biggest concern is to prevent an affected child from infecting a pregnant woman. it may take between 14 to 21 days for a child to develop signs of rubella after coming in contact with the disease. it is important to know that a child is most contagious when the rash is erupting. however, the child may be contagious beginning 7 days before the onset of the rash and 5 to 7 days after the rash has appeared. therefore, children may be contagious before they even know they have the disease. the following are the most common symptoms of rubella. however, each child may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - childhood rubella - rubella may begin with a period of not feeling well, a low - grade fever, and diarrhea. this may last one to five days. - the rash then appears as a pink rash with areas of small, raised lesions. - the rash begins on the face and then spreads down to the trunk, arms, and legs. - the rash on the face usually improves as the rash spreads to the arms and legs. - the rash usually fades by the third to fifth day. - lymph nodes in the neck may also become enlarged. - older children and adolescents may develop some soreness and inflammation in their joints. - congenital rubella syndrome ( rubella that is present at birth ; the child contracted it from his / her mother while in utero ) can result in many problems, including the following : - cataracts in the eyes - heart problems - mental retardation - growth retardation - enlarged liver and spleen - skin lesions - bleeding problems how is rubella diagnosed?


over the past 30 years, public education in america has experienced a barrage of criticism, prompting various and sundry reforms designed to make government - funded schools more effective. despite the best efforts of the reformers, however, public confidence in public schools is lower today than it was three decades ago. all of the time, effort, and money spent on the current system have not led to significant and widespread improvement. after a generation of futile tinkering it is time to stop, take a step back, and ask ourselves a few basic questions about how education is delivered in this country. what does the public want? parents want a great many things from their schools, but their aspirations can be distilled down to four general goals. first and foremost among these goals is that schools provide their students with the academic basics : public consensus on the importance of basic academic and job training is high both nationally and internationally. beyond the basics, however, parental priorities begin to diverge. questions such as the role of religion in education elicit many different - and conflicting - views. so the second goal is for schools to cater to each family ' s particular needs in these areas withoutcausing social tensions or conflicts within the community. to be effective, schools must be flexible and responsive to a diverse population. the third goal is that children at all income levels have access to quality educational services. in fact, education is widely seen as the most promising way to lift families out of poverty. fourth and finally, people want their schools to foster responsible citizenship, democratic ideals, and a healthy economy. what kind of schools can meet these goals? there are five interrelated traits that have consistently characterized the world ' s most effective and successful school systems : choice and financial responsibility for parents and freedom, competition, and the profit motive for schools - - in essence, a free market in education. market education where it has been tried has best met the four goals most desired by parents. despite this fact, however, virtually every country today has a government - run school system in place. this is because many people are simply not comfortable with the idea of profit - making schools or the elimination of government oversight from education. and there ' s the rub : the way to reach the educational goals most desired by the public is to cultivate a free market in education, which is at odds with america ' s current approach to schooling and most people ' s dearly held beliefs about how schools should work. how would free - market education work? people must first recognize that ideas should not be


a free market in education, which is at odds with america ' s current approach to schooling and most people ' s dearly held beliefs about how schools should work. how would free - market education work? people must first recognize that ideas should not be rejected just because they are perceived as " radical. " the american revolution was radical - treasonous in the eyes of the british monarchy - but it was based on sound principles that led to the establishment of a great nation. einstein ' s relativistic model of the universe was equally revolutionary, causing scientists to discard the well - established rules of newtonian mechanics. in both cases, change came about because people recognized that the change was necessary for the achievement of a desired end : liberty in the former case and scientific accuracy in the latter. the reintroduction of educational freedom in america is crucial to the achievement of academic excellence on a long - term, widespread basis. the following paragraphs explain how and why this is so. parental choice in education is not distributed to any and all who ask for it. like all other human freedoms, choice must be fought for and defended. parents, when free from the " choices " imposed on them by government - appointed experts, have over the centuries done remarkably well for their children in the educational marketplace. parents in general avoid pedagogical fads and focus instead on ensuring that their children learn useful skills. the societies and economies that have grown up around parental and educational choice have been among the most productive and cohesive in history. when families can get what they want for their children, without forcing their views on their neighbors, community tensions are kept to a minimum. parental financial responsibility public schools - which usually do not charge tuition - often do not take the needs of families as their guiding principle. many even ignore those needs completely, preferring to deliver the sort of education favored by whomever is footing the bill. all too often, parents who attempt to take an active role in schools for which they are not paying tuition are rebuffed as nuisances since they have no direct power over the institution and frequently have few alternatives. worse yet, " free " government schools tend eventually to be taken for granted by parents who have many other important concerns to which they must attend. government schooling encourages parents to drop little johnny off in the morning and forget about him while they tend to other matters until it ' s time to pick him up in the late afternoon. burdened by so many other responsibilities, these parents often wake up one day to find themselves disen


little johnny off in the morning and forget about him while they tend to other matters until it ' s time to pick him up in the late afternoon. burdened by so many other responsibilities, these parents often wake up one day to find themselves disenfranchised spectators in their own children ' s education. government school teachers cite the lack of participation by parents as one of their most pressing problems, but government schooling itself is one of the key causes of that problem. by contrast, private school teachers report parental apathy to be far less common. the responsibility of directly paying all or part of their children ' s tuition forces parents to take a more active role, and gives them considerably more power over the content and direction of the instruction their children receive. poor families will of course face financial difficulties, which i will address in a moment. competition and freedom for schools just as parents must be free to choose their children ' s schools, schools must be free to innovate. they must be able to cater to specific audiences, leverage the particular talents of their staffs, and follow the goals and philosophies of their principals. the absence of these freedoms has led to frustration and low morale among teachers, institutional inefficiencies, and pedagogical stagnation. to be effective institutions of learning, schools must be unburdened from the paralyzing and mindless bureaucracy so prevalent in classrooms today. the freedom of schools, however, should be balanced with accountability to prevent abuses. schools that are not directly answerable to families can and do go off on their own educational tangents that diverge wildly from the goals of students and parents. the way to ensure that schools are free to do whatever they want so long as they are effectively serving their customers is to force them to compete with one another to attract and keep those customers. the profit motive for schools by themselves, the four factors thus far described choice and responsibility for parents, and freedom and competition for schools are enough to prevent the worst educational abuses, but they are not enough to promote educational excellence. for that, it is necessary to introduce the incentive of profit making. many of us have powerful computers on our desks, a situation that would have been unthinkable only 20 years ago. but computer manufacturers have not been regularly improving performance and cutting costs out of the goodness of their hearts : they have done it because they profit from doing it. the absence of the profit motive in any business leads to stagnation, and the nonprofit private school industry is


have not been regularly improving performance and cutting costs out of the goodness of their hearts : they have done it because they profit from doing it. the absence of the profit motive in any business leads to stagnation, and the nonprofit private school industry is a case in point. the virtual absence of significant progress in pedagogy and educational technology over the past one hundred years is absolutely unprecedented in other fields. every other area of human endeavor from agriculture to the service sector to athletics has registered significant gains during the 20th century, gains that have been conspicuously absent from both public and nonprofit private schools. the only proven way of spurring that same tremendous progress in education is by encouraging innovation through the lure of potential profits. this does not mean that there is no role for nonprofit schools. on the contrary, schools associated with religious organizations will undoubtedly continue to operate effectively as nonprofits. these schools are not likely to be the originators of dramatic educational innovations, but they will continue to offer a much - sought - after moral and religious educational environment. scholarships for low - income families but what kind of service would low - income families receive in a free educational marketplace? the short answer is much better service than they currently receive. in early 19th - century england, families from the lowest economic classes felt that their own private educational arrangements were superior to government - subsidized schools, and the evidence backs them up. markets, moreover, are normally complemented by some mechanism for subsidizing the education of poor families. private scholarship programs, which are cropping up around america today, promise to be the most effective such mechanism ever conceived. educational tax credit programs such as the mackinac center for public policy ' s universal tuition tax credit would allow for rapid growth in the number of private scholarships available, giving low - income families unprecedented power in the educational marketplace. an overwhelming body of evidence points to the fact that poor parents base their educational decisions on the same criteria as wealthier ones, and giving them the financial clout to choose their schools will transform the educational landscape. decaying buildings, low standards, and defective curricula will soon be replaced by the sorts of things that all parents expect : a clean and safe classroom environment, high academics tandards, and pedagogical methods and materials based on sound research rather than the latest fads. a choice of futures in 1841, state - funded school promoters such as horace mann promised a millennial transformation of society if only their proposals were passed into law. mann argued that " nine tenths


articlesclose the door on intimate partner violence recognizing domestic violence newsabused black girls more likely to develop asthma : study abused children at risk for obesity as adults : study domestic violence is a term used to describe violence and abuse by family members or intimate partners such as a spouse, former spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, ex - boyfriend or ex - girlfriend, or date. other terms used for domestic violence include the following : intimate partner abuse domestic violence can take many forms, but involves using intimidation and threats or violent behaviors to gain power and control over another person. usually, the abusive person is a male, and women are often the victims ; however, domestic violence occurs against males. child abuse, elder abuse, and sibling abuse are also considered domestic violence. the cdc lists the following facts about domestic violence and women : about 4. 8 million women are victimized by intimate partners annually. increased frequency of violence toward a spouse is associated with increased risk of the violent spouse also being abusive to the child. there is a strong association between stalking and other forms of violence : 81 percent of women who were stalked by a current or former husband or partner were also physically assaulted by that partner, and 31 percent were also sexually assaulted. psychological consequences for victims of intimate partner violence can include depression, suicidal thoughts and attempts, lowered self - esteem, alcohol and other drug abuse, and post - traumatic stress disorder. according to the national coalition against domestic violence, abuse often begins with verbal behaviors such as name - calling, threats, and hitting or throwing objects. it can become worse, including pushing, slapping, and holding against the victim ' s will. further battering may include punching, hitting, and kicking and may escalate to life - threatening behaviors such as choking, breaking of bones, or use of weapons. the following are forms of domestic violence and battering : physical. this refers to battering or hitting causing physical injury that may include bruising, broken bones, internal bleeding, and death. often the abuse begins with minor contact and escalates over time into more violent actions. sexual. this often accompanies or follows physical battering, and results in rape or other forced sexual activity. psychological or emotional. an abuser often mentally or emotionally abuses with words, threats, harassment, extreme possessiveness, forced isolation, and destruction of belongings. isolation often occurs when the abuser tries to control a victim ' s time, activities, and contact with others. abusers may accomplish this through interfering with supportive relationships, creating barriers to normal activities, such


, forced isolation, and destruction of belongings. isolation often occurs when the abuser tries to control a victim ' s time, activities, and contact with others. abusers may accomplish this through interfering with supportive relationships, creating barriers to normal activities, such as taking away the car keys or locking the victim in the home, and lying or distorting what is real to gain psychological control. stalking. repeated harassing or threatening behavior that often leads to physical or sexual abuse. economic. this is when the abuser controls access to the all of the victim ' s resources, such as time, transportation, food, clothing, shelter, insurance, and money. for example, he may interfere with her ability to become self - sufficient, and insist that he control all of the finances. when the victim leaves the violent relationship, the perpetrator may use economics as a way to maintain control or force her to return. first, you must recognize that battering or abuse is occurring. because verbal and emotional abuse often precede physical violence, you should be aware of warning signs that include extreme jealousy, possessiveness, a bad temper, unpredictability, cruelty to animals, and verbal abusiveness. contact your local battered women ' s shelter or the national domestic violence hotline at 800 - 799 - safe. they can provide you with helpful information and advice. the national coalition against domestic violence urges women in abusive relationships to create a safety plan. the following plan may help you in difficult situations : find a safe place to go in your home if an argument begins. avoid rooms without an exit and rooms with potential dangers, such as a kitchen. know who to contact in a crisis and establish a code word or sign among trusted family or friends to let them know you need help. memorize all important phone numbers. always keep money and change with you. keep important papers and documents in a place you can easily access if necessary, including : social security cards, birth certificates, marriage license, checkbook, charge cards, bank statements, health insurance cards, and any records of past abuse including photographs and police reports. remember that help is available and that you have the right to live without fear and violence. without help, abuse will continue and place you at risk for serious harm.


date uploaded : november 6, 2011, 10 : 07 pm last edited : august 7, 2012, 5 : 52 pm article tagsbasic techniques, patterns print this article article © mail user : mithrilweaver pirsig ' s bridge is not a weave in itself. it links existing round, tube, cylindrical and pillar style weaves. if it were a weave in itself it would be called “ tri cable ” or the existing “ hex cable ” weave. it forms by having 2 in 1 or 2 in 2 chains connected with a center ring. the 2 in 1 or 2 in 2 chains form the outside geometrical shape of the tube. so, where “ roundmaille ” has 3 rings at the end that form a triange, pirsig ' s bridge forms 3 - 2 in 1 chains and connects them with 1 or 2 center rings as shown here : pirsig ' s bridge really is a conceptual idea rather than an actual recipe or formula of exact ring combinations. as shown in the picture below, there are many possibilities for pirsig ' s bridge. this picture shows a stainless steel 6awg with 1 ” id ring being held captive by it. pirsig ' s bridge can link different tube shaped weaves as shown here : pirsig ' s bridge can make a great ending for clasping a tube, round, cylindrical, or pillar shaped pattern also. using “ orbital ” and “ orbit ” weaves pictured below, it is possible to use the orbiting ring as the center ring in pirsig ' s bridge. the rings running inside the orbital ring then connect to the clasp or other pattern. this allows the ending to be balanced and symmetrical. the chain running inside the orbiting ring can be held without distorting the pattern. if the pattern has a captive ring already embedded in the pattern it is possible to close off the pattern, skip a portion of pirsig ' s bridge, and run an orbiting pattern inside the captive ring as shown below : ( the rings closing off this captive inverted round must have very small aspect ratio to hold the captive ring in place, otherwise the orbiting ring will fall out with its chain. ) the aspect ratio is very important in pirsig ' s bridge, but it is impossible to give a formula that will work in every case. the combining aspect ratios are different for every weave and sometimes it is possible to have 2 or more combinations of rings with different aspect ratios. it usually requires some trial and error to see what works best in each unique


formula that will work in every case. the combining aspect ratios are different for every weave and sometimes it is possible to have 2 or more combinations of rings with different aspect ratios. it usually requires some trial and error to see what works best in each unique pattern. pirsig ' s bridge works best in patterns that have orbiting rings because the bridge wants to be held spread open. if the bridge is not held spread open, the rings will gather on one side and distort the pattern. a minimum of 3 rings ( triangle ) shaping the outside need to be used in pirsig ' s bridge. there is a balance that needs to be achieved when clasping using the bridge. 3 rings shaping the bridge work best in terms of the clasp because the chain running inside the orbiting center ring does not want to be crowded. 6 rings ( hexagon ) shaping the bridge works best for keeping the center ring balance on the pattern. it is difficult to find a 2 in 1 chain that will fit inside an orbiting center ring with 6 rings attached to it though. * thanks go out to everyone that contributes on this site and others. this “ open ” reference source has been invaluable to me and my artwork. i divulge what i have created with gratitude in this same spirit. feel free to contact me with any questions. original url : http : / / www. mailleartisans. org / articles / articledisplay. php? key = 613


150 years later, remembering john brown ' s raid download mp3 ( right - click or option - click the link. ) welcome to american mosaic in voa special english. i ' m doug johnson. this week on our program : - a competition to find a spokesmodel for mother earth … - and a question from russia about kurt cobain and the band that he led, nirvana. - but first, a report on a town marking the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of an anti - slavery rebellion. harpers ferry is a small town in west virginia. it is in a beautiful area of the blue ridge mountains where the potomac and shenandoah rivers come together. also, the states of west virginia, virginia and maryland meet in the area. the appalachian trail runs through harpers ferry. the town has shops, restaurants and a national historical park. many people visit harpers ferry to see a town that looks the same as it did more than one hundred fifty years ago. this year it is celebrating the anniversary of an important historical event. mario ritter has more. voa reporter susan logue visited harpers ferry recently. she spoke to park ranger david fox. he says the town was very different in eighteen fifty - nine. he says harpers ferry was a noisy, dirty, polluted industrial city in what was then virginia, the largest slave state in america. it was also home to the united states armory and arsenal, one of only two in the country. weapons for the army were made and stored there. john brown was an important person in the history of harpers ferry. he was an abolitionist. he wanted to end slavery in the united states. on october sixteenth, eighteen fifty - nine, john brown led an armed group of twenty - one men into harpers ferry. their goal was to seize the federal arsenal and use the weapons to arm an anti - slavery rebellion. they wanted to set up a government for the united states where slavery would be banned. john brown and his men seized the arsenal and its one hundred thousand weapons. they also seized the nearby arms factory and a railroad bridge. a battle followed, first involving local armed groups and then the united states marines. eighteen people were killed. after thirty - six hours, brown was captured in the building that served as the fire engine and guard house. it is the only armory building still standing. it is now known as john brown ' s fort. park ranger david fox says this building has different meanings to different people. david fox : " to some people this building is


fire engine and guard house. it is the only armory building still standing. it is now known as john brown ' s fort. park ranger david fox says this building has different meanings to different people. david fox : " to some people this building is the scene of a crime, where a murderer and a traitor was captured and brought to justice. to others, this monument is nothing less than a monument to freedom on a battlefield. " john brown was tried in nearby charles town and found guilty of treason and murder. he was executed on december second, eighteen fifty - nine. last month, the harpers ferry national historical park and other partners held many programs observing the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of john brown ' s raid. there were talks, living history re - enactments, special tours, and musical and dramatic events. visitors to harpers ferry can learn about america ' s history as it brings the past to life. the united states has many famous and beautiful women who model clothing and represent companies or causes. this weekend, project green search will announce its selection of a new model for the environmental " green revolution. " barbara klein has more. this modeling competition is about much more than beauty. project green search is looking for young women who are also concerned about the environment, animal welfare, fair trade and human rights. the judges have chosen ten finalists. we would like to tell you about three of them. leilani munter is a professional race car driver and an environmental activist. she is using her fame as a race car driver to bring environmental issues to the attention of millions of racing fans. she says small changes multiplied by millions can make a huge difference. ms. munter purchases half a hectare of rainforest for every race she drives. she demands that her racing sponsors be eco - friendly and she is pushing her sport to become more eco - friendly too. zion francis was a civil engineer and is now a model and actress. she studied sustainable engineering methods in france. she has been working to support the green revolution in the united states. ms. francis has volunteered for social and environmental organizations. they include engineers for a sustainable world, the sustainable food center in austin, texas, and the forest service in california. zion francis says green living is honoring your position as a human, a citizen and a consumer. vanessa meier is interested in the animal food production industry. she says that raising animals for food is responsible for the release of more greenhouse gases than all forms of transportation combined. ms. meier is working to change this


a citizen and a consumer. vanessa meier is interested in the animal food production industry. she says that raising animals for food is responsible for the release of more greenhouse gases than all forms of transportation combined. ms. meier is working to change this. she does not eat animals or animal products. she says any discussion about improving the environment must include a discussion about changing the animal food production industry and changing people ' s diets. our listener question this week comes from russia. alex shestakov wants to know about kurt cobain and his band, nirvana. kurt cobain was the lead singer, songwriter and guitarist for the group. nirvana began in nineteen eighty - seven in the northwestern state of washington. the band defined the kind of rock and roll known as " grunge. " it mixes the sounds of hard punk and heavy metal rock and roll. grunge songs often express feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and dark humor. the song " lithium " is a good example. it is from the album that brought nirvana huge fame, " nevermind. " many critics would say kurt cobain was one of the greatest rock and roll artists of his time. but his personal story was tragic. cobain had a serious case of scoliosis, or curvature of the spine, as a child. he also suffered from severe stomach pain his whole life. and he struggled with depression. cobain became dependent on the powerful drug heroin. he also abused other pain - killing drugs and alcohol. cobain reportedly was always insecure, questioning his worth as a person. he once wrote : " i hate myself and i want to die. " in nineteen ninety - two kurt cobain married musician courtney love and the couple had a baby girl. cobain appeared much happier than he had ever been. the next year nirvana released its final studio album. " in utero " entered billboard magazine ' s top two hundred albums chart in the number one position. " heart - shaped box " was one of the album ' s hit singles. sadly, kurt cobain could not break his heroin addiction or win his battle with depression. in april of nineteen ninety - four the musician shot and killed himself at his home in seattle, washington. he was only twenty - seven. thousands of fans attended his memorial service. we leave you with kurt cobain singing " all apologies " from the nirvana album, " in utero. " i ' m doug johnson. our program was written by june simms, shelley gollust and caty weaver who was