use of rna : dna ratios for assessing secondary production of planktonic food webs effects of temperature, salinity, food and heavy metals / abstract ( summary ) acartia tonsa is a dominant copepod in coastal waters and is an important link in the food web between microplankton and higher trophic levels. rna : dna ratios have been used to describe growth and nutritional condition of field collected copepods and to show strong correlation between group egg production and rna : dna ratios. a method was developed using a sensitive, nucleic acid fluorescent dye and automated microplate fluorometer to measure rna, dna and rna : dna ratio of individual a. tonsa. rna, dna, rna : dna ratios and egg production were all significantly higher in copepods fed thalassiosira spp. compared to starved copepods. there was a general trend toward an increase in rna : dna ratios with increase in egg production, but due to the high degree of variation in both rna : dna ratios and egg production of individual copepods no significant correlation between rna : dna ratios and egg production was found. significant differences in the rna : dna ratios between fed ( 7. 2 ) and starved ( 3. 4 ) copepods were found after 2 days. in the future this assay may be applied to other species of copepods sampled directly from the field, to provide an index of the health of planktonic food webs in nature. school location : usa - texas source type : master ' s thesis keywords : copepoda rna dna marine plankton date of publication :


first point is that jobs we have today, most did not exist when we were in school. how have schools retooled to deal with this. what are they doing to prepare children for jobs of tomorrow. also just added that children need unstructured time, time to be bored, and explore on their own. discussing the dumbest generation : how the digital age stupefies young americans and jeopardizes our future ( or, don ' t trust anyone under 30 ) and the disconnect between teaching styles and the millenial generation. we have the tools ( computers, projectors, etc ) in the classroom now, or most schools do. but we ' re not utilizing them. there is a split in families that are digitally aware and those who aren ' t. the " aren ' t " group includes families that don ' t have or use a computer, let alone email, myspace, or other social media. to me as a parent, this means the responsibility is on my to do this work at home. so a course for parents, perhaps with scholarships, would be great for every community. it comes down to developing critical thinking in the child. parental supervision ( or at least parental direction ) is key, of course. everything else is just a tool. - turn off the tv - david gives his kids just 1 / 2 a day. - leave the iphone at home - set a good example for the kids when you ' re on family time. - keep track of what you ' re doing - you have to plan and report back on your home schooling. you ' ll be surprised how many experiences you have that are educational. - give them freedome but don ' w tbe afraid to keep an eye on what they ' re doing - keep computer in public spaces, etc. thanks to david for the great session. visit delicious. com / dparmet / homeschooling for his links.


february 10, 2012 | author : tatiana kuilanoff when it comes to model making, rules and guidelines are virtually nonexistent. yes, books are sold giving tips and advice on how to construct a “ realistic ” looking brick wall or a standard dining chair in a variety of scales and sizes … but sometimes these instruction manuals don ’ t provide all the answers. from time to time, you get that one project that is so complex and difficult in function or shape that you don ’ t know where to begin. in short, you ’ re stumped. you sit there at an impasse, looking down at a scrap pile of paper, glue, tape, a variety of wooden sticks, blades, modeling paste, etc. and you wonder why your dumb manual didn ’ t mention how to build this particular thing. you think, “ how do i do this? where do i even start? ” it can be frustrating at first and make you momentarily insane, but honestly, it ’ s one of the more exciting feats one can take on when building model pieces. why you ask? simple - because it allows you to be creative and use your imagination. i encountered such a scenario myself not too long ago. the challenge : building a ½ ” scale model of cinderella ’ s pumpkin carriage. sounds simple enough, that is until you look at it more closely and try to figure out how to build it. who knew a pumpkin had so many grooves and curves! initially, i hadn ’ t the foggiest idea how to build it. all i had were the basics : paper, glue, modeling paste, sandpaper, blades and who knows what else. consequently, this project was going to be one big experiment. i crossed my fingers and hoped for the best. i started off by cutting bits of paper and gluing them together to form a globelike structure. however, at first it looked nothing like a pumpkin ( more like a sad little scrap ball put together ). so then i whipped out the modeling paste and smothered my paper globe. this part took a bit of waiting time because everything had to dry before you could add more layers. nevertheless, it showed promise as grooves of a pumpkin began to form. after what i deemed enough paste ( didn ’ t want to get too putty happy ), i sanded down the structure to give it a smooth finish. putting aside the main body of the structure, i began working on the wheels of the carriage. wheel spokes, the thickness of floss


fort montgomery was the scene of a fierce revolutionary war battle for control of the hudson river. visitors today can tour the remains of the 14 - acre fortification, perched on a cliff overlooking the magnificent hudson. on october 6, 1777, british, loyalist and hessian forces attacked fort montgomery and nearby fort clinton. the defending american patriots, outnumbered 3 to 1, fought desperately until driven out of their forts at the points of the enemy bayonets. more than half of the patriot forces were killed, wounded or captured. visitors can learn about this important military post at the site ’ s museum, which showcases original artifacts and weapons, large - scale models of the fort and the attack, highly detailed mannequins frozen in poses of battle, and an action - packed fifteen minute movie of the 1777 assault. archeologists have revealed many of fort montgomery ' s remains, including the stone foundations of barracks where the troops lived, the ruins of the powder magazine blown up by the british after the battle, and the eroded walls of the north redoubt, where the outnumbered american patriots courageously defended their fort. a hiking trail leads visitors across route 9w, which bisects the fort, to the remains of the west and round hill redoubts where the bloody assault began. there is a spectacular view of the hudson river from the grand battery, where reproduction cannon stand guard and are occasionally fired by the fort ’ s staff. the past comes alive at fort montgomery with living history demonstrations of artillery, musketry, music and camp life, as well as the annual twin forts day commemoration, when the climactic battle is reenacted. traditionally held on the first saturday of october, this event attracts participants and visitors from across the northeast. hikers will enjoy walking the twin forts trail to a beautiful new suspension footbridge that crosses the popolopen creek, where in 1777 a pontoon bridge connected fort montgomery with fort clinton. the trail continues to the trailside museums and zoo ( the former site of fort clinton ), bear mountain state park, and the appalachian trail. fort montgomery is also now an official stop on the hudson river greenway water trail, where kayakers and canoeists can go ashore on the banks of the popolopen. in addition, the fort has been named as a significant stop on the hudson river valley national heritage area revolutionary war trail. tours of fort montgomery are self - guided. illustrated signs explain the fort ' s history and its archeological remains. group tours led by an interpreter are available by appointment.


giving is the most natural thing in the world by drs. rick and jan hanson page 4 of 4 in sum, over three or four million years, the groups of hominid ancestors that developed giving, generosity, and cooperation to a fine art were the ones that survived to pass down the genes that are our endowment today. as a result, we are " born and bred " to want to give, to contribute, to make a difference. when generosity is thwarted one way to see the centrality of that impulse in the human experience is to observe what happens when it ' s thwarted : on the job, even well - paid workers who feel they lack ways to contribute and add value have much less job satisfaction. in mid - life, when the developmental task of what erik erikson called " generativity " ( versus " stagnation " ) is not fulfilled, depression and a sense of aimlessness are the result. in adolescence today, getting shunted off to quasi - reservations of high schools and malls - away from the world of adult work that was the natural province of teenagers throughout most human history - breeds a sense of alienation and irrelevance that in turn fosters poor motivation and a predilection for drugs and other risky behaviors. one reason so many adolescents are angry is that there ' s no way for them to be useful. so, have faith that your son will appreciate more and more the rewards of sharing and giving, cooperation and generosity. in the beginning, the rewards will take the form mainly of enlightened self - interest in the rough - and - tumble real world of children, boiling down to : " if i scratch your back after you scratch mine, probably you ' ll scratch mine again. " over time, the rewards will naturally become more internalized, more emotional, and more abstracted, evolving into a quiet, almost unnoticed pleasure in simply being a good person. like everyone else, deep down, in the whole wide world. * * * rick hanson, ph. d. is a clinical psychologist, jan hanson, m. s., l. ac., is an acupuncturist / nutritionist, and they are raising a daughter and son, ages 16 and 19. with ricki pollycove, m. d., they are the first and second authors of mother nurture : a motheris guide to health in body, mind, and intimate relationships, published by penguin. you can see their website at www. nurturemom. com or


what is abacavir - lamivudine? abacavir and lamivudine is an antiviral medication. it is in a group of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) medicines called reverse transcriptase inhibitors. abacavir and lamivudine helps keep the hiv virus from reproducing in the body. abacavir and lamivudine is used to treat hiv, which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ). abacavir and lamivudine is not a cure for hiv or aids. abacavir and lamivudine may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. you should not take abacavir and lamivudine if you have liver disease. do not take this medicine if you have ever had an allergic reaction to abacavir. tell your doctor if you have had an allergic reaction to any medicine that contains abacavir, such as trizivir or ziagen. once you have had an allergic reaction to abacavir and lamivudine, you must never use it again. you may need a blood test before you start taking abacavir and lamivudine for the first time, or if you are restarting the medication after stopping for reasons not related to an allergic reaction. some people have developed a life - threatening condition called lactic acidosis while taking this medicine. you may be more likely to develop lactic acidosis if you are overweight or have liver disease, or if you have taken certain hiv or aids medications for a long time. talk with your doctor about your individual risk. if you have any of these other conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely use this medication : - kidney disease ; - heart disease or high blood pressure ; or - a risk factor for heart disease such as smoking, diabetes, or high cholesterol. fda pregnancy category c. it is not known whether abacavir and lamivudine is harmful to an unborn baby. before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are pregnant. hiv can be passed to the baby if the mother is not properly treated during pregnancy. take all of your hiv medicines as directed to control your infection while you are pregnant. you should not breast - feed while you are using abacavir. women with hiv or aids should not breast - feed at all. even if your baby is born without hiv, you may still pass the virus to the baby in your breast milk.


you should not breast - feed while you are using abacavir. women with hiv or aids should not breast - feed at all. even if your baby is born without hiv, you may still pass the virus to the baby in your breast milk. this medication should not be given to children under 18 years old. avoid taking other medications that contain abacavir or lamivudine, such as combivir, epivir, trizivir, or ziagen. avoid having unprotected sex or sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes. taking this medication will not prevent you from passing hiv to other people. talk with your doctor about safe methods of preventing hiv transmission during sex. sharing drug or medicine needles is never safe, even for a healthy person. back to top seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. symptoms of an abacavir and lamivudine overdose are not known. take the missed dose as soon as you remember. if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. do not allow this medicine to run out completely before you get your prescription refilled. it is important that you not stop taking the medicine once you have started. if you miss several doses, you may have a dangerous or even fatal allergic reaction once you start taking abacavir again. if you stop taking abacavir and lamivudine for any reason, talk to your doctor before you start taking the medication again. back to top stop using this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction to abacavir : - group 1 - fever ; - group 2 - rash ; - group 3 - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain ; - group 4 - general tiredness, body aches ; - group 5 - shortness of breath, cough, sore throat. once you have had an allergic reaction to abacavir, you must never use it again. if you stop taking abacavir and lamivudine for any reason, talk to your doctor before you start taking the medication again. other serious side effects that may not be signs of an allergic reaction include : - stomach pain, low fever, lost appetite, dark urine, clay - colored stools, jaundice ( yellowing of the skin or eyes ) ; - lactic acidosis - muscle pain or


not be signs of an allergic reaction include : - stomach pain, low fever, lost appetite, dark urine, clay - colored stools, jaundice ( yellowing of the skin or eyes ) ; - lactic acidosis - muscle pain or weakness, numb or cold feeling in your arms and legs, trouble breathing, stomach pain, nausea with vomiting, slow or uneven heart rate, dizziness, or feeling very weak or tired ; - fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms ; or - white patches or sores inside your mouth or on your lips. less serious side effects include : - changes in the shape or location of body fat ( especially in your arms, legs, face, neck, breasts, and trunk ) ; - sleep problems or strange dreams ; - headache, depression, anxiety ; or - mild diarrhea. this is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. you may report side effects to fda at 1 - 800 - fda - 1088. back to top before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are using any of the following drugs : - methadone ( methadose, dolophine ) ; - ribavirin ( copegus, rebetron, virazole ) ; - interferon ( rebetron, roferon, intron, alferon, infergen, avonex, rebif, betaseron, actimune ) ; - zalcitabine ( ddc, hivid ) ; or - other medications that contain abacavir or lamivudine ( combivir, epivir, trizivir, ziagen ). this list is not complete and there may be other drugs that can interact with abacavir and lamivudine. tell your doctor about all the prescription and over - the - counter medications you use. this includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. epzicom, abacavir - lamivudine, and lamivudine - abacavir back to top every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by cerner multum, inc. ( ' multum ' ) is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare


. ( ' multum ' ) is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the united states and therefore multum does not warrant that uses outside of the united states are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. multum ' s drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. multum ' s drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and / or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. the absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information multum provides. the information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. if you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. copyright 1996 - 2004 cerner multum, inc. version 2. 05. revision date 8 / 23 / 04


flu is short for influenza, which is a whole family of viruses that are found in birds and mammals. within the family, there are many different strains, and the strains are prone to changing or mutating. influenza should not be confused with other viruses, such as those that cause what we all call “ the common cold. ” common cold viruses are usually from the “ rhinovirus ” family and in general are responsible for causing mild to moderate infections. influenza is deadly. let me say that again — influenza is deadly. while the symptoms of coughing, fever, sore throat and body aches can start off in a similar manner, the potential difference in how cold virus infections and influenza infections can evolve can be likened to the difference between getting hit in the face by a butterfly versus a baseball bat. sadly, popular culture, social networking sites and the media in general portray influenza in a manner that fails to truly communicate the seriousness of the virus. consequently, it is common for well - meaning people to fall into the trap of what i call the 4 d ’ s — being drawn into mis - diagnosing a deadly disease. first, any disease that has a vaccine is a disease that has killed thousands or can wreak havoc on significant populations of people and is potentially deadly. flu shots are vaccines that infectious disease specialists and virologists spend months on formulating based upon vast amounts of highly complex data. they study viral structure, mutation trends and patterns in outbreaks and epidemics. in other words, they put in a lot of hard work and use contemporary scientific methods to create something that is engineered to protect lives. so please get vaccinated. flu season is october through february. it is best to get vaccinated in late september or early october. second, only someone with a license to practice medicine should be consulted and entrusted to diagnose influenza. this column, webmd, wikipedia, facebook or your aunt jenny ’ s best friend ’ s mother should not be perceived as safe or adequate resources to diagnose influenza. educational information that you read or hear about is just that — information, not advice. i am not saying that information doesn ’ t play a vital role. however, educational information about influenza is designed only to alert people to the potential for such an infection so that they can immediately consult a licensed health care practitioner. in my opinion, when it comes to educational information, the centers for disease control has the best information about influenza. the website www. cdc. gov / flu / about / qa / mis


by richard asinof east providence – it ’ s better to safe and single, than dating and in danger, according to christie rizzo, a child psychologist with the bradley / hasbro ’ s children ’ s research center. as many as one in four teens, both male and female, have been in physically abusive relationships, and two - thirds have experience some form of sexual coercion, according to national research. in rhode island, in 2011, in a survey of high school students as part of the statewide youth risk behavior study, about 8 percent of all students surveyed said that they had been hit by a boyfriend or girlfriend in the past year, and 7 percent reported that they had been raped. rizzo, an active researcher on adolescent dating violence, says that many parents are in the dark about their child ' s situation because teens are very good at hiding the signs of abuse. “ depression is strongly associated with dating violence, so if your teen is in a relationship and suddenly begins doing poorly in school or is isolating themselves from their friends, these may indicate that he or she is in an unhealthy relationship, ” rizzo said. sometimes, teens may not even realize they ’ re experiencing early signs of abuse. a predominant indicator of an abusive relationship is extreme jealousy, according to rizzo. the most important thing for parents is to have an ongoing dialogue with their teen, rizzo said. “ kids are so inexperienced with dating, they don ’ t recognize that a partner ’ s extreme jealousy is a form of abuse, so if you encourage an open and ongoing dialogue, you ' re more likely to have your teen report to you, ” she said. for parents who might not know where to start, rizzo suggests they begin by talking about what is healthy in a relationship versus what is not. teens may be experiencing psychological violence and not put it in the same level of seriousness as physical abuse, but data show that a victim of psychological abuse is more likely to experience physical violence down the road. it is also vital for parents to understand that in teen relationships technology ( cell phones, text or instant messenger [ im ], social networking sites ) is often a tool of abuse. one in three teens say they are text messaged up to 30 times an hour by a partner inquiring where they are, what they ’ re doing, or who they are with. “ control and intimidation through technology can be just as serious as face - to - face violence, rizzo said. “ parents need to have a dialogue with


people & events : dr. john rock ( 1890 - 1984 ) when gregory pincus asked john rock to collaborate with him on clinical trials for an oral contraceptive, rock seemed an unlikely choice. the highly - regarded obstetrician and gynecologist was a devout roman catholic and a ground - breaking infertility specialist, who devoted much of his career to helping women with fertility problems to conceive. in the course of his practice, rock had witnessed the suffering women endured from unwanted pregnancies. he had seen collapsed wombs, premature aging, and desperation caused by too many mouths to feed. the experiences of his patients had a profound impact on the man. despite his faithful catholicism and the church ' s opposition to contraceptives, rock came to support contraception within the confines of marriage. although he never went as far as to endorse birth control purely as a woman ' s right, rock believed in the power of birth control to stem poverty and prevent medical problems associated with pregnancy. john rock never planned on becoming a doctor. born on march 24, 1890, in marlborough, massachusetts, rock went to the high school of commerce in boston and set his sights on a career in business. after working on a banana plantation in guatemala and, briefly, in a rhode island engineering firm, rock realized business wasn ' t for him. he turned his attention to medicine. after obtaining undergraduate and medical degrees from harvard in 1918, rock worked at several boston area women ' s hospitals and established his own medical practice. a daily communicant although rock had a progressive view of birth control, he was a social conservative. a father of five and grandfather of fourteen, he attended mass daily and kept a crucifix on the wall above his office desk. early in his career rock opposed the admission of women to harvard medical school. but neither his conservative social views nor his religious faith could shake his belief in the importance of birth control. guided by conscience a formative experience in his youth enabled rock to adhere to his beliefs in spite of his church ' s prohibition of artificial methods of birth control. when rock was a young boy, his parish priest had taken him aside and admonished him : " john, always stick to your conscience. never let anyone keep it for you. " according to rock, these words of advice were to become his life ' s guiding principle. taking a stand in 1931 rock put his reputation on the line by signing a petition with 15 other prominent boston physicians urging the repeal of the massachusetts law prohibiting


. " according to rock, these words of advice were to become his life ' s guiding principle. taking a stand in 1931 rock put his reputation on the line by signing a petition with 15 other prominent boston physicians urging the repeal of the massachusetts law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives. risking excommunication, he was the only catholic doctor to make the stand. after the catholic church approved of the " rhythm method " in 1936, rock was the first doctor to open a rhythm clinic in boston. there he taught catholic women how to use the only birth control method permitted by their church. teaching birth control as a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at harvard medical school in the 1940s, rock taught his students about birth control, something unheard of in medical schools at the time. in 1949 he coauthored a book, voluntary parenthood, explaining birth control methods for the general reader. by the time gregory pincus approached rock in the early 1950s about the pill trials, rock had also come to believe in the need for world population control. at a time in his life when he could have been settling into comfortable retirement, rock agreed to work with pincus on the controversial project to create a " magic pill " contraceptive. as part of the infertility research at his clinic, rock was able to conduct the first human trials for the pill in boston and sidestep massachusetts ' rigid anti - birth control law. seeking vatican approval when the pill received fda approval in 1960, rock ' s work on behalf of the pill came to the forefront. at age 70, rock launched a one - man campaign to gain vatican approval of the pill. rock argued that using the pill was a more precise way of following the rhythm method. he strongly believed that the church should consider it a " natural, " and therefore acceptable, form of birth control, because it contained the same hormones already present in every woman ' s reproductive system and just extended the " safe period " a woman would have every month. in 1963 rock gained national attention for his cause with the publication of the time has come : a catholic doctor ' s proposals to end the battle over birth control. the debate sparked by rock ' s book received wide publicity, and he was featured in time magazine, on the cover of newsweek, and on a one - hour nbc television program. as rock became a familiar figure in america and abroad, his view quickly took root among laity of the church as well as among many catholic religious leaders. a profound impact confident that the church would eventually


and on a one - hour nbc television program. as rock became a familiar figure in america and abroad, his view quickly took root among laity of the church as well as among many catholic religious leaders. a profound impact confident that the church would eventually approve the use of the pill, rock was crushed when the pope officially banned the pill in the encyclical humanae vitae ( on human life ). in his later years, having lost faith in the church, the man who once attended mass daily stopped going to church altogether. when rock died in new hampshire at age 94, on december 4, 1984, he was still bitterly disappointed by the church ' s refusal to change its position on the pill. yet, despite the church ' s continued opposition to the pill, a profound change had taken place among catholic believers. since the encyclical, millions of catholics around the world have chosen to follow their own consciences on the matter of birth control. rock ' s views on the pill, once daring and radical, had become commonplace among the rank and file of the church. although he died feeling that he had failed in his mission, john rock ' s contribution to the debate on birth control had a profound impact on the lives of countless catholic women. previous | return to people & events | next


this hearty recipe is part of the traditional acadian cuisine. it was – and still is – one of the favorite meals of acadians, at least in the region of southeast new brunswick. origin : grand - pre national historic site region : atlantic ( nova scotia ) course : main course painting of the harvest by artist claude picard© parks canada bouilli ( boiled dinner ) is a traditional acadian meal. all of the ingredients would have been found in the bountiful gardens and farms of the acadians in the area of grand pre. it was no doubt among the meals that the acadian women prepared during the voyage from grand - pre to the anglo - american colonies in the fall of 1755. in fact, the provision lists of the deportation boats included most of the ingredients – cabbage, turnips, potatoes and salt beef instead of salt pork. - 5 oz | 150 g salt pork ( cut in small cubes and sauteed until browned ) - 3 - 3½ lbs | 1. 5 kg pork loin - 1 lb | 500 g cabbage, cut in eight pieces - 1 lb | 500 potatoes, peeled and cut in large chunks - ½ lb | 250 g white turnip - ½ lb | 250 g carrots, cut in 1 - 1½ - inch ( 3 - 4 cm ) pieces, then cut in half or quarters - ½ lb | 250 g green or yellow beans ( fresh or salted ) - in a large pot, cover the meat with water and bring to a boil. when almost cooked, add the vegetables beginning with the cabbage, carrots and turnips, then followed by potatoes and beans ; bring all to a boil and cook until just done. - the cabbage is usually cut into eight pieces, while the turnip is cut into round slices or half moons. potatoes are cut into fairly large pieces, while the carrots are cut into 3 to 4 cm long pieces and split into two or four pieces depending on the size of the carrot. as for the beans, they are left intact, as is the pork. the pork tenderloin can be substituted with pork legs. - note : the original recipe uses salt pork instead of pork loin. if you choose to use salt pork and also salted beans, you will need to remove the salt before adding them to the other ingredients. to do this, cover the salt pork and salted beans with water and boil for about 10 minutes ; drain and recover with fresh water. repeat. test the meat


feeding pet birds the right foods is important for their health. a balanced diet based on sound bird nutrition recommendations is the key. balancing a parrot ' s diet from the beginning may prevent many health and behavior problems. but it ' s never too late to get your pet bird on a firm nutritional footing. it is something you will want to do since an unbalanced diet is a main cause of disease and early death in pet birds. malnutrition is a human - made disease. fortunately, it is also preventable. dietary differences among birds when feeding pet birds, we must realize that the species of birds we have as companion pets do not all have the same dietary needs. just as our north american wild birds such as chickadees, woodpeckers, and hummingbirds do not eat the same foods, neither do our companion birds. in general, parrots can be classified according to their normal diets. most psittacines ( members of the parrot family ) are florivores, meaning the main portion of their diet is obtained from plants. among florivores, there are granivores ( birds that eat grain and / or seeds, including nuts ), and frugivores ( birds with diets based on fruits ). some pet birds are omnivores, whose diet can consist of both plant and animal components. there is a special class of florivores called nectarivores, who eat mostly nectar. from the above table you can see that even among related birds, such as macaws, primary diets differ. a wild hyacinth macaw eats mostly grains ( nuts, actually ), while a blue - throated macaw eats mostly fruits. additionally, in each bird classification there will be different nutrition recommendations. for instance, even though both are considered granivores, in the wild, hyacinth macaws eat mostly palm nuts, while budgies eat mostly seeds. even for seed - eating birds, seeds alone are not a proper diet. there are several reasons for this : the seeds we offer our companion birds are not the same seeds they would find in their native habitats. we tend to offer seeds that are lower in protein and other nutrients, such as vitamins. the amount of energy used by wild birds in foraging for food is far greater than that used by our companion birds. since our pet birds use less energy, they need to eat fewer calories or they will become overweight. eating less, however, could result in vitamin


used by wild birds in foraging for food is far greater than that used by our companion birds. since our pet birds use less energy, they need to eat fewer calories or they will become overweight. eating less, however, could result in vitamin, mineral, and other nutrient deficiencies. when offered seeds, our companion birds tend to pick out their favorites, and leave the rest. limiting the diet to only several types of seeds can lead to certain nutrient deficiencies. even when multiple types of seed are offered, the seed - only diet will not supply the necessary array of vitamins and minerals that is needed for optimal health. birds love seeds, like children ( and adults ) love candy. they will eat a favorite seed over what is healthy for them. the best diet for most seed - eating birds consists of formulated diets ( such as pelleted foods ), vegetables, small amounts of fruit, and an occasional treat. formulated diets : formulated foods are readily available from many reputable manufacturers, pet stores, and veterinarians, and include harrison ' s, zupreem, and roudybush. the food is a blend of grains, seeds, vegetables, fruits, and various types of proteins, as well as additional vitamins and minerals. the ingredients are mixed and then baked. this formulated diet may be in the form of pellets, crumbles, or nuggets. unlike a seed mixture, the bird cannot select particular components out of a formulated diet, so nutritional imbalances are much less likely to occur. there are commercial foods for different species, so be sure to select one appropriate for your bird. some foods have higher fat levels for those birds with higher caloric needs such as macaws and golden conures. other foods are lower in fat and higher in protein to provide better nutrition for birds such as cockatoos and amazons. realize that some species, such as the hyacinth macaw, have very specific dietary needs and need special diets. for most species, pelleted food should be 65 - 80 % of the diet. vegetables should make up 15 - 30 %, and the remainder can be seeds and fruits. vegetables and fruits : vegetables are a good source of vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates, and should comprise 15 - 30 % of the diet. fruits, which are higher in sugar and moisture, should comprise about 5 %. it is best to provide a variety of vegetables and fruit. the following table lists good choices of


hours in hot weather. the diet should also include some fruits such as : apples, pomegranates, papaya, grapes, cantaloupe, pineapple, figs, and kiwi. pollen, corn - on - the - cob and some flowers such as pansies, nasturtiums, roses, hibiscus, marigolds, and dandelions may be offered, as well. check with your avian veterinarian to determine the proper amounts. for most adult birds, supplements are not necessary, and should only be provided if recommended by your veterinarian. commercial formulated diets contain the minerals and vitamins your bird needs. using vitamin supplements could result in vitamin overdoses. foods to avoid some foods are on the do - not - feed list. these include : - high - fat junk food ( potato chips, doughnuts, etc. ) - avocado ( guacamole ) - alcohol or caffeine - fruit pits - table salt - apple seeds birds in the wild spend at least 1 / 3 of their day foraging for food. simply putting food in a dish deprives them of that physical and mental stimulation. try using foraging toys and other methods to enliven your bird ' s eating times. formulated diet can be available at all times. natural feeding times in wild birds are about a half hour after sunrise and again at 5 - 6 pm, so these would be good times to offer the fresh vegetables. always remove any uneaten vegetables or fruit at the next feeding. foraging toys can be left in the cage throughout the day for snacking and entertainment. you should offer your bird only what he can eat in a day. this will make it easier to monitor his daily intake. decreased food intake may be the first sign that a bird is ill. dishes should be washed daily in hot soapy water. no food should remain in the cage for longer than 24 hours, as the risk of fecal contamination or spoiling is high. fresh, clean water should always be available. if a water bottle is used, the water should be changed daily and the tip should be checked daily to be sure it is working. dehydration is a serious problem that can occur within a day or two if water is unavailable. if you are switching your bird from a water dish to a water bottle, make sure your bird knows how to use the bottle before removing the dish. while not a food, grit is something people think all birds need. they do


vaginal discharge refers to any substance coming from the animal ' s vagina. types of discharge can include mucus, blood, or pus. since there are so many causes for this medical condition, consulting with a veterinarian is highly recommended. symptoms can include discharge from the animal ' s vagina, spotting of blood, scooting the hindquarters, attracting males. reasons for why an animal would experience discharge include : - urinary tract infection - foreign body - vaginal trauma - abnormal cells in the vaginal area - fetal death - retained placenta following a birthing - vaginal infection some antibiotics can cause vaginal discharge. estrogen medications given during some phases of the animal ' s heat or estrous cycle, medications containing male hormones, and certain antibiotics can alter the vaginal cells, leading to excess discharge. upon examination, the veterinarian may find blood, pus, urine or feces in abnormal quantities. the veterinarian will need to review the animal ' s medical history and make a risk assessment. radiograph or injection imaging may be used to examine the body for any more underlying medical conditions that would cause the vaginal discharge so that proper treatment can be prescribed. outpatient treatment is sufficient under most circumstances. medications in the form of vaginal douches and antibiotics will be used to treat the infected area. living and management the entire round of antibiotic treatment must be completed to ensure a full recovery. spaying can help to reduce the likelihood of vaginal infections. for birthing animals, make sure that all of the uterine contents have left the animals body, and be observant of excess blood or discharge after the birth. a product made of fluid, cell waste, and cells the organ of mammals that comes while a female is pregnant ; may also be referred to as afterbirth a type of slime that is made up of certain salts, cells, or leukocytes the reproductive cycle of female animals


our pick of the latest physics stories from around the world wide web. the winner of robo mara full event in osaka is expected to set a world record of around four days. at least three powerful solar flares on the sun have hurled billions of tonnes of material towards the earth, which could light up the night sky in a spectacular aurora borealis. a machine originally designed to check the quality of wine could soon lift the current restrictions on taking liquids aboard airplanes. wo us spacecraft have moved either side of the sun to establish observing positions that should return remarkable new information about our star. astronomers have identified some 54 new planets where conditions may be suitable for life. bees navigate by the sun – so how do they manage when it ' s cloudy? it turns out that they read clues to the hidden sun ' s position in polarised light. there is now even more evidence that life on earth may have been seeded by material from asteroids or comets. scientists look at alternatives to the mass of platinum used as international standard measure, which has lost 50 micrograms. the climate secrets of the deepest part of the ocean, the marianas trench in the western pacific ocean, have been probed by scientists. with more than a trillion pixels, this is the most detailed digital picture of the universe ever produced.


describing motion with words visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and take a visual overview of 1d kinematics. distance and displacement distance and displacement are two quantities that may seem to mean the same thing yet have distinctly different definitions and meanings. - distance is a scalar quantity that refers to " how much ground an object has covered " during its motion. - displacement is a vector quantity that refers to " how far out of place an object is " ; it is the object ' s overall change in position. to test your understanding of this distinction, consider the motion depicted in the diagram below. a physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and finally 2 meters north. even though the physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters, her displacement is 0 meters. during the course of her motion, she has " covered 12 meters of ground " ( distance = 12 m ). yet when she is finished walking, she is not " out of place " - i. e., there is no displacement for her motion ( displacement = 0 m ). displacement, being a vector quantity, must give attention to direction. the 4 meters east cancels the 4 meters west ; and the 2 meters south cancels the 2 meters north. vector quantities such as displacement are direction aware. scalar quantities such as distance are ignorant of direction. in determining the overall distance traveled by the physics teachers, the various directions of motion can be ignored. now consider another example. the diagram below shows the position of a cross - country skier at various times. at each of the indicated times, the skier turns around and reverses the direction of travel. in other words, the skier moves from a to b to c to d. use the diagram to determine the resulting displacement and the distance traveled by the skier during these three minutes. then click the button to see the answer. as a final example, consider a football coach pacing back and forth along the sidelines. the diagram below shows several of coach ' s positions at various times. at each marked position, the coach makes a " u - turn " and moves in the opposite direction. in other words, the coach moves from position a to b to c to d. what is the coach ' s resulting displacement and distance of travel? click the button to see the answer. to understand the distinction between distance and displacement, you must know the definitions. you must also know that a vector quantity such as displacement is direction - aware and a scalar quantity such as distance is


" this pressure [ of the catholic church on american journalism ] is one of the most important forces in american life, and the only one about which secrecy is generally maintained, no newspaper being brave enough to discuss it, although all fear it and believe that the problem should be dragged into the open and made publicly known. " 260ageorge seldes was the leading observer and critic of american journalism in this century. of his 21 books, 260b seven deal with freedom of the press. 260c the pressure of the catholic church on american journalism has been catastrophic for population growth control efforts such as the rockefeller commission and the nssm 200 initiative. the secrecy imposed by the catholic church accounts for the near total lack of awareness of the grave threat overpopulation poses to virtually every treasured aspect of life in america. how and why journalism in this country has come to such a deplorable state will be the subject of this chapter. - - george seldes 1890 - 1995 journalist and dean of as we have said, the catholic hierarchy ' s hatred of freedom of the press has long been known. according to bernhard hasler, in his encyclical mirari vos, pope gregory xvi ( 1831 - 1846 ) " condemned the ideas of liberalism. he viewed freedom of conscience as a ` false and absurd concept, ' indeed a mad delusion. freedom of the press, to his mind, could never be sufficiently abhorred and anathematized. " 260d in 1850, pope pius ix ( 1846 - 1878 ) branded freedom of the press and freedom of association as intrinsically evil. 260e the catholic hierarchy has never accepted the concept of freedom of the press. by 1870, the principles of the french revolution ( 1848 ), which included freedom of the press, had brought the catholic church to its knees. newspapers everywhere were conveying the truth about catholicism. indeed, unrestricted journalism of the time was a major cause for the drive to adopt the principle of infallibility ( see chapter 11 ). according to hasler, the infallibilist party " wanted to employ the infallible pope to contain the forces of unbridled journalism. " 260f on may 25, 1870, the newspaper unita cattolica, which supported adoption of the principle of infallibility, wrote, " the infallible pope must counteract and cure the prevailing abuses of unbridled freedom of the press, thanks to which journalists daily spread lies and calumny. every day the pope can teach,


principle of infallibility, wrote, " the infallible pope must counteract and cure the prevailing abuses of unbridled freedom of the press, thanks to which journalists daily spread lies and calumny. every day the pope can teach, condemn, and define dogma and catholics will never be permitted to question his decisions. " 260g with the adoption of the principle of infallibility by pius ix and freedom of the press branded intrinsically evil by him, the church immediately set out to " bridle " the press. in the united states, the knights of columbus was created in 1882 to organize the catholic laity into a tightly controlled and responsive machine. by 1914 the knights of columbus had evolved into a national organization capable of intimidating anyone who criticized the church in any way. during the period from august 1914 to january 17, 1917, the knights succeeded, according to their own report, in shutting down 60 of the 62 or 63 newspapers in the united states that published news critical of the catholic church. and they bragged about it. 260h in 1946, pius xii told a group of american editors that freedom of the press " does not allow a man to print what is wrong, what is known to be false, or what is calculated to undermine and destroy the moral and religious fiber of individuals and the peace and harmony of nations. " 260i the pope, of course, considers himself the supreme judge of what is wrong, false, moral, religious, peaceful and harmonious encompassing all aspects of our existence. given the pontiff ' s statement, reporters, editors and publishers have only those rights given to them by the pope. thus, any reporter, editor or publisher who defies the pope becomes fair game. these were the ground rules established by the knights of columbus in their crusade early in this century to destroy all american newspapers that did not conform to the dictates of the vatican. for his analysis, blanshard depends heavily on the writings of catholics in good standing, including canon law. he observes : " catholics are taught that the roman catholic church is the supreme guardian and purveyor of truth, that the pope has infallible judgment in moral matters, and that ` union of minds requires not only a perfect accord in the one faith, but complete submission and obedience of will to the church and to the roman pontiff, as to god himself. ' the words are those of leo xiii in his chief duties of christian citizens.... 260k ` the church is not afraid of the


complete submission and obedience of will to the church and to the roman pontiff, as to god himself. ' the words are those of leo xiii in his chief duties of christian citizens.... 260k ` the church is not afraid of the truth, ' says father john c. heenan in his priest and penitent, but she is very much afraid that a clever presentation of falsehood will deceive even the elect. ' the church teaches that literature is ` immoral ' if it is opposed to catholic standards, and that ` no one has a right to publish such literature any more than one has a right to poison wells or sell tainted food. ' " 260l blanshard quotes the most authoritative catholic work on doctrine, father henry davis ' s four - volume moral and pastoral theology which instructs catholic bishops to enforce a boycott against all of the following classes of books, as described in the priest ' s own words : pope pius xi was equally forthright. in an allocution dated december 20, 1926, he stated, " catholics may not support, favor, or read papers which are edited by men whose writings are in notable opposition to catholic doctrine in faith and morals... " 260o blanshard describes a february 11, 1928 article by a jesuit priest, charles j. mullaly, that appeared in the jesuit magazine, america. the article is a point - by - point description of catholic techniques in boycotting an american newspaper and a censorship program for priests and laymen. blanshard writes : " father mullaly tells with perfect candor how a priest and four or five catholic laymen, with the help of an impressive letterhead bearing the names of prominent citizens, can terrorize any editor with the specter of a great wave of catholic indignation. " 260p this same technique is still in use in the 1990s and numerous examples in the period 1994 - 1996 will be cited in the next chapter. mullaly offers an example of a boycott that can be used as a model in the techniques of suppression. the offending washington, d. c., newspaper had published a series of letters - to - the - editor about a suspicious death of a young girl at a catholic home administered by the sisters of the good shepherd. " instead of writing an indignant defense of the sisters of the good shepherd, " says father mullaly, " and thus stimulating a controversy that would have been financially profitable to the offending paper, this catholic society


sisters of the good shepherd. " instead of writing an indignant defense of the sisters of the good shepherd, " says father mullaly, " and thus stimulating a controversy that would have been financially profitable to the offending paper, this catholic society followed a more practical method of action. its strategy was aimed at the business office and not at the editorial department... members of the society interviewed merchants who advertised in the paper and suggested they demand an immediate change of editorial policy, if they hoped to keep catholic trade. no intimation of boycott was given, but these businessmen understood perfectly well that the paper was supported by their advertising, and they hastened to show sympathy for their insulted catholic patrons. " priests in washington were told to make a statement in their pulpits ` somewhat as follows ' : ` there is a newspaper in this city that is attacking the sisters of the good shepherd. i will not mention its name. this paper is opening its columns to bigots who are insulting the purity of our catholic sisterhoods. i do not know what kind of catholic each of you may be, but as for me, i will fight insults to the holy mother church. i do not know what you will do ; i will fling any offending newspaper from my house and will never buy it again. ' father mullaly claimed that ` the effect was magical, ' and that the offending newspaper lost forty percent of its circulation in two weeks. '... father mullaly, in a triumphant mood, told how the washington truth society was able to function successfully as censor of the washington press in this manner without any large membership meetings. its actual work was done by ` one active priest in charge, two zealous laymen and a catholic lawyer or two, ready to give legal advice free of charge. the letterhead was formidable with prominent men, but this heavy artillery was brought to bear only when urgently needed. in any city of the united states one zealous pastor with two or three active laymen, together with a legal advisor, could form a truth society that would batter to pieces bigotry when found in the pages of any local newspaper. ' " father mullaly concluded this revealing document with a platform of action for punishing critical american newspapers : blanshard concludes, " the machinery that the church uses in the united states to enforce its boycott of unfriendly literature is quite elaborate.... non - catholic publishers who print criticism of catholic policy are threatened with boycotts and


blanshard concludes, " the machinery that the church uses in the united states to enforce its boycott of unfriendly literature is quite elaborate.... non - catholic publishers who print criticism of catholic policy are threatened with boycotts and flooded with very unpleasant letters of protest. as a result of this type of pressure scarcely any publishers in the united states will even consider any manuscript that might expose them... to catholic boycott. 260t " every city editor in the united states, " blanshard goes on to say, " knows of the unofficial catholic censorship of american news, but almost all publishers avoid discussion of the phenomenon because of the fear of catholic reprisals. the hierarchy itself has avoided public discussion of its boycott techniques in recent years, and has resorted more and more to quiet pressure260u.... as a result of this policy of siege and boycott, very few publishers in the united states are courageous enough or wealthy enough to deal frankly with catholic social policy or stories of priestly crime260v.... frequently the church succeeds in intimidating the most powerful newspapers by this policy of organized protest and boycott, and, in many cases, the facts suppressed have great social significance. " 260w unquestionably, the most important story suppressed by the catholic church thus far has been that by 1970, overpopulation had emerged as the greatest single threat to the security - survival of the united states and indeed all nations. but before we return to the issue of population, let ' s turn to an insider in american journalism, george seldes, for more proof. in an article, " george seldes leaves a legacy of courage, " the media watchdog publication, extra!, writes, " as a press critic, george seldes picked up where upton sinclair left off. from the 1930s onward, seldes led the way for new generations of journalists eager to search for truth wherever it might lead.... i. f. stone aptly called seldes ` the dean and granddaddy of us investigative reporters. ' " 260y he was an american journalism insider. while blanshard ' s intensive study of the press focused on what the catholic hierarchy said and did regarding freedom of the press, seldes observed and reported on the actual outcomes of the hierarchy ' s influence over american newspapers. very few americans outside the journalism field appreciate the intensive influence exercised by the hierarchy over the american press at least since the adoption of the principle of papal


, seldes observed and reported on the actual outcomes of the hierarchy ' s influence over american newspapers. very few americans outside the journalism field appreciate the intensive influence exercised by the hierarchy over the american press at least since the adoption of the principle of papal infallibility in 1870. this influence has greatly hampered the truthful and complete reporting on all matters of concern to the vatican - - including all matters related to population growth control. seldes reported on numerous examples of this influence. i will present here only one example - - the spanish civil war - - carefully documented by seldes to show that the catholic hierarchy ' s wielding of enormous influence in the press, observed for the past 25 years in population matters, is certainly not unprecedented. but before doing so, it will be interesting to note some of seldes ' s findings during several decades of intensive research. these excerpts are from his book, lords of the press : " it was then twenty - seven years since i had started in journalism, by which time i had learned the first lesson, namely, that one must never write on controversial subjects, the first of which was religion, and that one must never report even the truth in any case in which the catholic hierarchy might be offended. " 260z seldes quotes heywood broun, " and still more precarious is the position of the new york newspaper man who ventures any criticism of the catholic church. there is not a single new york editor who does not live in mortal terror of the power of this group. " 260aa seldes continues : " probably the bravest thing the news has done has been its editorial defiance of the pressure of the catholic church.... " 260bb " to criticize the catholic church is to invite a boycott, the withdrawal of advertising, loss in circulation and in revenue. " 260cc "... almost every newspaper in the world is scared to death when any religious sect is mentioned critically. " 260dd " ten years ago 1929 the catholic church was on the defensive. today it is on the aggressive, and there is ten times the fear of it there was a decade ago. father curran, of the international catholic truth society, changed the policy of one newspaper because he controlled $ 20, 000 of business ( new republic, december 30, 1936 ) and had the effrontery to boast of this outrageous attack on the freedom of the press. but it is general catholic pressure, not $ 20, 000, which frightens if it does not wholly corrupt


republic, december 30, 1936 ) and had the effrontery to boast of this outrageous attack on the freedom of the press. but it is general catholic pressure, not $ 20, 000, which frightens if it does not wholly corrupt many other newspapers. " 260ee regarding the war in spain : " but a new element entered into the war : the catholic church. it sided with the rebels. the rebels had sworn to restore the church to power. that was one reason for the vatican ' s sympathy.... the american press got its first facts fairly straight. its errors were unintentional. but from the beginning of august 1936, the catholic hierarchy in america... began a crusade against the newspapers which truthfully reported events in spain. " 260ff " it is now well known that reactionary catholics ( as distinguished from liberal catholics who are either for the loyalist government or neutral ) have used their tremendous pressure, plus threats of boycott, and the withdrawal of advertising money, to change the opinion of american newspapers regarding the war in spain. " 260gg " how effective the boycott against the stern paper [ record publisher, stern ] was i do not know. but every newspaperman knows that the most powerful pressure group in america today is the roman catholic church. i do not know whether it succeeded in curtailing the record circulation or inflicting a financial blow through the withdrawal of advertising by catholic business men. but on august 10, 1936, publisher stern wrote a humble letter to cardinal doughterty... [ who ] accepted the apology.... i believe that every newspaperman in america who really values freedom of the press, no matter what his religious beliefs may be, will deplore this episode, and especially the record ' s genuflections. " and now we behold the publisher of a chain of four newspapers, four of the very tiny minority of liberal, free, independent newspapers left in america, bowing before the pressure of the church when in fact his editorials on spain had been true, honest, favorable to the anti - fascist movement in spain and applauded by all fair, liberal and intelligent men. " caught between the advertising pressure of big business on the one hand, and the political pressure of a religious organization on the other, the new york post, philadelphia record, camden courier and camden post have had to make the usual compromises. " i know of no better illustration of the fact that there is no completely free press in america. " 260hh of all of


other, the new york post, philadelphia record, camden courier and camden post have had to make the usual compromises. " i know of no better illustration of the fact that there is no completely free press in america. " 260hh of all of seldes ' s conclusions, one of the most important is that secrecy is generally maintained regarding the fact that the pressure of the catholic hierarchy on the american press is one of the most important forces in america. this pressure makes things happen or not happen depending on the needs of the hierarchy irrespective of the needs of the american people, our country and our democracy. this secrecy made possible the killing of the rockefeller commission and nssm 200 initiatives and all other serious efforts to control population growth by the catholic hierarchy. seldes ' s extensive study of the spanish civil war and the related control of the american press by the catholic hierarchy is exceedingly instructive for all who are concerned about population growth control. population growth control is by no means the first instance of absolutely pivotal catholic hierarchy intervention in american press coverage of an important issue. the hierarchy has a history of manipulating the press to insure that papal interests are served even at the expense of american interests. in the 1970s and 1980s, george seldes told us how and why in seven articles that appeared in the churchman magazine, an episcopal journal, founded in 1804, and the oldest religious publication in america. it has always been committed to the truth. ( i am honored to be a contributing editor. ) after decades of intense study, in an august 1978 article, seldes concludes : " the new york times is still in fear of reprisals from the roman church in america, as it was during the entire spanish war when under managing editor edward l. james and the notorious ` fascist phalanx in the bull - pen. ' james ' s four, incidentally roman catholic, editor assistants, bowed to the ` power house on madison avenue, ' cardinal spellman ' s residence, and a certain father thorning, and published scores of falsifications from spain. " 260ii seldes provides strong evidence to support this conclusion. for example, he cites the new republic magazine : " the new republic, to its credit, in ` who lied about spain? ' when the war was over 1939 listed the [ new york ] times man with franco as the number one falsifier. " in a november 1981 article, seldes concluded that all of america ' s 1, 750 daily papers were similarly


? ' when the war was over 1939 listed the [ new york ] times man with franco as the number one falsifier. " in a november 1981 article, seldes concluded that all of america ' s 1, 750 daily papers were similarly terrified by " the catholic church propaganda campaign. " 260jj this " terror " that seldes describes is still pervasive and has led to the disappearance of a free press in america in matters of concern to the vatican, such as the recognition of overpopulation as a national security threat. but let us begin the story at the beginning and allow mr. seldes to lay out the evidence for us item by item. in 1931, spain became the republic of spain, a liberal democracy that separated church and state, ended state monetary support for the church and adopted the principles of freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press. the vatican feared for the church ' s very survival in spain. there had been four insurrections since 1835, and it was the spanish people, the poor workers and poor peasants, who burned the churches because they blamed the hierarchy for having persistently backed the upper class. 260ii the latest uprising against the catholic church took place throughout the country in july, 1936. 260kk one historian described it as " the work of masses of common people, a spontaneous uprising. " 260kk the vatican feared that the liberal democracy with its freedoms would spell the end of the church in spain. the spanish war of 1936 - 39 is often called a civil war. but this was a lie from the beginning. it was not a civil war but an invasion by hitler, mussolini and salazar fascists or what seldes refers to as the fascist internationale in league with the vatican. mussolini landed 200, 000 infantrymen from his black arrow division in franco - held seaports and hitler sent goering ' s condor legion to bomb civilians, 260ll involving an estimated 50, 000 german aviators. 260jj all this had been envisioned in rome in 1934. seldes writes, " mussolini and two representatives of the plan... met there and even promised help in overthrowing the republic and establishing a fascist type of government. they also met with hitler that same year - - and the confessions of the nazis at the nuremberg trials confirm the plot. " 260kk there was to be an uprising of treasonous republic officers led by franco, the invasion by the italian and german forces and the promulgation of the lie that this was an uprising against a


nazis at the nuremberg trials confirm the plot. " 260kk there was to be an uprising of treasonous republic officers led by franco, the invasion by the italian and german forces and the promulgation of the lie that this was an uprising against a communist take - over of the republic and a " christian crusade against atheistic communism. " 260mm the creation of this great lie would be primarily the responsibility of the vatican. " cardinal pacelli, then papal secretary, began this campaign of falsification in america when he came to hyde park [ new york ] to enlist the aid of president franklin roosevelt in this undertaking. pacelli, who three years later was to become pope pius xii, was successful. roman catholic layman james farley, a boss of the democratic party, cardinal spellman, and joseph p. kennedy, fdr ' s ambassador to london, promoted pacelli ' s position. each warned roosevelt he would lose the catholic vote unless he embargoed arms to spain and joined chamberlain ' s so - called neutrality pact. the making of the " christian crusade against communism " myth began immediately following pacelli ' s visit to america. " the new york times, october 1, 1936, was informed from rome that pacelli had ` left for the united states of america to enlist the support of president roosevelt and the u. s. government for the anti - communist campaign the pope has been waging for some time. the holy see regards the spread of communist doctrine as the gravest and most threatening danger hanging over the world. ' when the cardinal arrived in new york the new york times headline read : ` pacelli reported seeking aid in u. s. in anti - red drive... ' 260mm a myth was born. in spain the day before, seldes later discovered, " the [ spanish hierarchy ' s ] pastoral letter ` los dos cindados ' of september 13, 1936 had converted a treasonable officer ' s rebellion into the ` crusade against godless communism. ' " 260nn " immediately following this meeting, hitler ' s newspapers reported fdr had made important concessions to the cardinal and that pacelli ` is declared to have delivered the catholic vote in the united states to roosevelt. ' although this appeared at first to be a typical nazi piece of propaganda, it seems to have been substantiated by important visits to hyde park in 1936 by farley and cardinal spellman. in every catholic country in europe, cardinals, priests and diocesan publications had openly declared themselves to be against franco,


of propaganda, it seems to have been substantiated by important visits to hyde park in 1936 by farley and cardinal spellman. in every catholic country in europe, cardinals, priests and diocesan publications had openly declared themselves to be against franco, but not one in america did so [ emphasis added ]. " 260mm the neutrality act was instrumental in the demise of republican spain. president roosevelt prevented guns, food and medicine from being shipped to the republic. 260ll everyone understood this. " roosevelt was re - elected in 1936, and again in 1940. the non - intervention pact, originated by pro - fascists in the british foreign office, remained in effect ; the world press either falsified the news of the arrival of german and italian troops, or confused enough people to prevent effective protest. " 260mm " when in 1938, a last effort was made to lift the embargo on arms, the nation said : ` the catholics got busy and reached the president, who was fishing in southern waters. big church dignitaries came to washington and talked cold politics... ' the nation report, written by max lerner, columnist for the new york post, continues : ` only a band of heroes could have withstood the combined effort of catholic votes, state department leaning and authority, administrative pressure, and mental sluggishness, and the senate committee [ considering this legislation ] was not heroic... the biggest factor in the mind of the president was the catholic vote.... it is a cold political fact that mr. roosevelt, who has braved concentrated wealth, has not braved the risk of losing the catholic vote. ' the repeal move in congress failed, and the last hope for the spanish republic disappeared. " 260mm this blockade was responsible for the republic ' s defeat. 260jj it was not only president roosevelt who felt the intense catholic pressure. when spain ' s congress opened in 1938, " a resolution was introduced in the american congress to send greetings. only 60 members had the courage to sign ; 440 were either on the fascist side or too cowardly to declare their convictions. the 60 who signed were attacked in the roman pulpit, the roman catholic press, and by the cardinals as ` anti - american ' and as ` reds '. cardinal spellman and his colleagues, whose offices were referred to among newspapermen ( but never by newspapers ) as ` the power house ', sent orders to the lobbyists to get retractions from the 60 under threat of defeat in the next elections.


spellman and his colleagues, whose offices were referred to among newspapermen ( but never by newspapers ) as ` the power house ', sent orders to the lobbyists to get retractions from the 60 under threat of defeat in the next elections. many recanted. " a few half - recanted, saying their greetings did not mean endorsement. among them : harry byrd of virginia and claude pepper of florida. three senators affirmed their endorsement of the spanish republic. among them : senator hubert humphrey. 260mm seldes goes on, " the vatican lobby continued its work in washington for many years after the republic ' s demise, seeking quick recognition of the fascist regime, loans, admission to the united nations. " 260mm " in madrid, september 15, 1971, primate cardinal enrique taracon presided at a congress of the entire roman catholic hierarchy, with 94 bishops and 151 priests present.... although a two - thirds ' vote was necessary to pass resolutions, and this one did not pass, it is significant that it received a large majority of the vote.... the majority confessed it had sinned in supporting the wrong side ( the fascist side ) in spain and asked to be forgiven. ` we humbly recognize, ' said the resolution, ` and ask pardon for it, that we failed at the proper time to be ministers of reconciliation in the midst of our people divided by a war between brothers. ' " 260mm " in 1971 - - and again in 1972, 1983 and succeeding years - - a majority of spain ' s 94 bishops and 151 priests attending voted 60 % or more for the church ' s apology but never officially passed it. " 260ii by taking this action, cardinal taracon probably prevented widespread killing of priests and nuns upon franco ' s death in 1975. the news of these votes was almost completely suppressed in the world press. only three minor reports on this story appeared in the united states. 260ii " fdr admitted his error in 1939 - - but it could not be published in his lifetime. he said to his ambassador to madrid, claude bowers, who had told the truth about the great world campaign of falsehood against spain and had urged american help : ` we have made a mistake, you have been right all along.... ' he wrote this confession by fdr in 1954. secretary of state sumner welles in his book time for decision, 1944, wrote : ` of all our blind isolationist policies the most disastrous was our attitude on the spanish civil war. '


.. ' he wrote this confession by fdr in 1954. secretary of state sumner welles in his book time for decision, 1944, wrote : ` of all our blind isolationist policies the most disastrous was our attitude on the spanish civil war. ' president harry truman wrote in his memoirs : ` i believe it was a mistake for me to support the neutrality action in the first place. ' " the spanish war of 1936 - 1939 was unspeakably brutal. all told, an estimated 500, 000 to 1, 000, 000 of spain ' s population of 25, 000, 000 were killed. 260nn by 1939, an estimated 100, 000 prisoners of war had been murdered by the fascists. 260jj "... the official organ of the roman church in france, la croix, was the first to report that franco killed every loyalist republican prisoner - - a tremendously important news story. that, incidentally, was also suppressed in almost the entire u. s. press. " 260nn these spaniards were murdered for only one reason - - they believed in liberal democracy, just as we americans do here in this country. seldes documents the leading role of the vatican in the destruction of the spanish republic. the murder of 100, 000 liberal democrat prisoners by franco was undoubtedly made easier by pope pius xi. referring to the uprising against the roman church throughout spain in july, 1936, pius xi attacked the " ruinization, destruction, villainies, barbarities by the savage forces whom it is impossible to dignify with the words human beings. " 260kk dehumanization always makes mass murder seem less reprehensible. " pius xii declared publicly year after year his support for franco. he sent franco the supreme equestrian order of the militia of our lord jesus christ. immediately after the war ended in 1939, pius xii not only sent his congratulations to the fascist victor, but stated his ` christian heroism ' had ` pleased god '. on july 11, 1939 pius xii reviewed 3, 000 spanish legionaries in rome and called them the defenders of the faith and the culture of their country. " 260kk " pius xii [ also ] blessed the italian fascist army and air force on its return from spain... in 1939. 260mm " all the american cardinals endorsed the franco - fascist cause except cardinal mundelein of chicago.... franco had awarded his decorations, usually the ` sacred heart of jesus ', to all the american cardinals except mundelein.... incidentally, two


cardinals endorsed the franco - fascist cause except cardinal mundelein of chicago.... franco had awarded his decorations, usually the ` sacred heart of jesus ', to all the american cardinals except mundelein.... incidentally, two well known [ catholic ] laymen, ambassador to spain ogden h. hammond and ambassador william cameron forbes, are also listed among the recipients of franco ' s bloodstained medals. " 260kk in the publication historia del franquismo, which began in 1976 to revise 40 years of spanish history following franco ' s death, " issue no. 1, page 6 states : ` the rebellion of the generals was first called a crusade for god, for spain and for franco ' by the church. when franco won he received the following telegram : ` we lift our hearts to the lord sincerely thankful that your excellency has brought a catholic victory to spain.... we send your excellency and to all the noble people of spain our apostolic benediction. [ signed ] pope pius xii ' " 260nn " to the spanish press pius xii issued the following statement for april 18, 1937 : ` the nation selected by god... the people of spain came to the defenses of the faith and of christian civilization... god in his compassion will lead spain on the safe road of your traditional and catholic greatness. ' " 260nn " primate of spain, cardinal goma... called the war ` a crusade for religion, for country, and for civilization ' in a pastoral letter. " 260nn seldes offers a mountain of evidence to support his conclusions that " it was the roman catholic church which was fascism ' s main supporter, " and " it was the hierarchy which originated and propagandized the ` holy crusade against godless communism '. the hierarchy was as responsible as guns and planes in destroying the republic. it monopolized schools. it propagated fascism for 39 years. " 260nn why would the vatican propagate fascism? " the first fascist newspaper, arriba espa¤a, was published august 1, 1936. one of its directors was a priest representing the church... on september 16 arriba espa¤a said editorially that ` catholicism will find fascism its best collaborator '. " 260nn and what were the church ' s rewards? " franco repaid the roman catholic church by abolishing divorce, making religious marriages obligatory and restoring taxes for the benefit of the church - - all previously banned by


its best collaborator '. " 260nn and what were the church ' s rewards? " franco repaid the roman catholic church by abolishing divorce, making religious marriages obligatory and restoring taxes for the benefit of the church - - all previously banned by the republic. " 260nn most important, franco turned the schools over to the catholic church. seldes offers "... two short abstracts from nationally used catechisms taught to two generations of children, in the hope of producing a brain - washed people which would never rebel. " 260oo " in the second year of the war the archbishop of grenada gave his imprimatur to the catechism of the jesuit priest angel maria de arcos. this catechism was so unbelievable, so obscurantist, incredible, outrageous, that when john langdon - davies wrote about it in a london liberal magazine he was attacked by numerous catholic editors, accused of making the whole thing up. he sued for libel, established the veracity of the catechism, and won his case. here is what the children in many eastern cities, including granada, were taught : q. is every liberal government hostile to the church? in 1944 the new classic catechism, known as the nuevo repaldi, and used nationally, was published and introduced into every secondary school in spain. it consists of 112 pages, and was fully described by the u. s. press attach ‚ in madrid during the spanish war, emmet john hughes, in his report from spain. of the ten pages which concern themselves with the essential doctrines of catholic faith and morals, here are a few samples : a. evidently, since whoever is not with christ is against him. q. then there is no grade of liberalism that can be good? a. none : because liberalism is mortal sin and anti - christian. q. what of communism, socialism, modern democracy, anarchism, and the like sects? a. they are contrary to catholic faith, to justice, and to virtue, and as such condemned by the church. ( in reply to another question : ) a. the liberal system is the weapon with which the accursed jewish race makes war on our lord jesus christ, and his church, and on the christian people. q. what does freedom of the press mean? these two catechisms make it clear just how strongly the catholic church feels about freedom of the press, as well as with what disdain and contempt it views this vital democratic principle. a. the right to print and


does freedom of the press mean? these two catechisms make it clear just how strongly the catholic church feels about freedom of the press, as well as with what disdain and contempt it views this vital democratic principle. a. the right to print and publish without previous censorship all kinds of opinions, however absurd and corrupting they may be. q. must the government suppress this freedom by means of censorship? a. obviously, yes. a. because it must prevent the deception, calumny and corruption of its subjects, which harm the general good. q. does one sin gravely who subscribes to a liberal newspaper? a. yes... because he contributes his money to evil, places his faith in jeopardy, and gives a bad example. q. what rules can be given to know liberal papers? a. the following : q. what is the rule to avoid error in these cases? - 1. if they call themselves liberal. - 2. if they defend freedom of conscience, freedom of worship, freedom of the press, or any of the other liberal errors. - 3. if they attack the roman pontiff, the clergy, or the religious orders. - 4. if they belong to liberal parties. - 5. if they comment on news or judge personalities with a liberal criterion. - 6. if they unreservedly praise the good moral and intellectual qualities of liberal personalities and parties. - 7. if, in reporting events concerned with the battle waged by our lord jesus christ and his holy church against their enemies today, they remain neutral. a. do not read any newspaper without the previous consultation and approval of your confessor. " 260oo of course, seldes was by no means alone in his assessment of the catholic leadership ' s corruption of the press ( particularly the new york times ). the churchman published numerous articles on this topic, 260ll as did the new republic. in their june 28, 1939, issue, " who lied about spain? ", the new york times and its reporter, william p. carney, headed the list. 260kk numerous books were also devoted to this topic ( see herbert l. matthews, a world in revolution, and guy talese, history of the times ). 260ll few americans today are aware of this page of american history, or of this corruption of the principle of freedom of the press by the catholic hierarchy, or of its implications for population growth control. it should also be made clear that not all catholic reporters were part of the vatican


aware of this page of american history, or of this corruption of the principle of freedom of the press by the catholic hierarchy, or of its implications for population growth control. it should also be made clear that not all catholic reporters were part of the vatican propaganda machine. writes seldes, " in all justice, it must be stated that a score of noted catholic war correspondents and noted catholic newspapers - - in europe - - reported the war honestly, detailing all the atrocities committed by the fascist - nazi forces... " 260ll ( the most famous reporter on the loyalist ( republican ) side was a catholic named ernest hemingway. other notables were fernsworth of the times and taylor of the chicago tribune, both catholics. ) 260mm seldes continues, " on may 12, 1949, one new york newspaper carried this item, otherwise suppressed throughout the country [ emphasis added ] : ` patman ousts priest lobbying for spain '. representative wright patman ( d. - texas ) called a doorkeeper and had ejected from the speaker ' s lobby of the house the rev. dr. joseph f. thorning, editor, college professor, and the best known propagandist [ emphasis added ] for franco ' s fascist regime in spain. throughout the war, thorning not only praised the fascist coalition but denounced the correspondents who were reporting from the republican side. seldes concluded, " although the new york times always surrendered to father thorning, he continued to attack it. " 260mm we have witnessed in america since the mid - 1970s the application of this same technique for control of the press on the issue of overpopulation. although the entire press consistently genuflect to the catholic hierarchy, they are under continuous attack for being too ` liberal ' and ` anti - catholic '. the charge of ` liberal press ' is always used to attack the anti - vatican position on every issue. this technique is used hundreds of times each day to control the american press. in january 1977, historia revealed for the first time in spain what seldes, matthews, hemingway, fernsworth and others attempted to report in this country, that " nazism and fascism were accepted and became franco ' s policy from the first days of the war. these facts the american press also largely suppressed, preferring to call hitler ' s and mussolini ' s collaborator franco a nationalist, " asserts seldes. 260nn seldes was quite critical of the world press generally. he writes, " the world press it might be said -


largely suppressed, preferring to call hitler ' s and mussolini ' s collaborator franco a nationalist, " asserts seldes. 260nn seldes was quite critical of the world press generally. he writes, " the world press it might be said - - although no general statement is wholly true - - failed its readers during the spanish war. the democratic republic was labeled " red " and " communist " at a time when there were fewer " reds " and communists in spain than there are today. " 260ll " the army and the rulers joined the majority of the spanish people in repudiating franco - fascism with the dictator ' s death. this left only the fourth estate, and notably the outstanding newspaper in the world, the most powerful and important maker of public opinion, the new york times, to complete the repudiation by confessing the falsehoods and pro - fascism of the past. " its great opportunity came on august 1, 1977, when it published a two - column obituary of its spanish war correspondent, herbert l. matthews. instead of confessing that it had falsified history during the war by publishing slanted news and outright 100 % pure lies from the franco side, and harassed and intimidated matthews, who risked his life and told the truth, this dirty - trick obituary added to the sad record of american journalism ' s failure. " this failure of the new york times to correct its false history of the fascist officers ' conspiracy and rebellion - - wrongly called the ` spanish civil war ' ( there were almost no spaniards in the franco armies : there were germans, italians, and the terico and foreign legion of muslims ) - - was so flagrant that for the second time in times history, if not in all journalism ' s history, one of the senior editors of the times was forced to criticize the times. john b. oakes wrote a ` letter to the editor ' and it was printed! " matthews was one of the victims.... edward l. james, then unfortunately managing editor, published falsehoods alongside matthews ' factual reports.... unable to get the truth published in the times, he wrote it in his book, a world in revolution. here are a few quotations : " ' mccaw had ordered the copy readers to substitute the word " insurgents " when i sent " italians ". ' ( p. 26 ). " ' i saw two of henday ' s associated press stories [ french border ] front - paged, both equally false. ' ( p.


substitute the word " insurgents " when i sent " italians ". ' ( p. 26 ). " ' i saw two of henday ' s associated press stories [ french border ] front - paged, both equally false. ' ( p. 35 ). " ' i especially took strong exceptions to the fact that in the effort to be " impartial " the times had throughout alternately featured mine, carney ' s and ap henday ' s copy from the franco side, regardless of news value, accuracy, and honesty. ' ( p. 39 ). " elsewhere in his book matthews wrote that ` carney was a roman catholic... in carney ' s case it blinded him to any other aspect of the rebellion. ' and again, ` all four of the editors who worked in the bull pen throughout the war were roman catholics : robert mccaw, the assistant managing editor in charge ; neil macneil, the second man ; clarence howell, a convert, was almost fanatically religious ; and harvey getzloe. ' these four were known in the times as ` the catholic bull - pen. ' " guy talese in his history of the times refers to them as ` the fascist phalanx in the bull - pen. ' " it might be worth noting that the n. y. times also used the services of the times of london, whose correspondent in spain, lawrence fernsworth, happened to be an american and a roman catholic. fernsworth also wrote for the american catholic press as well as the n. y. times. when fernsworth once protested editor james ' mismanagement of the spanish war news, james cabled ` resignation accepted. ' fernsworth had not resigned ; james threw him out. " 260ll the editor of the churchman inserted the following note into seldes ' s article : " [ lawrence fernsworth ' s... articles in the churchman... titled ` a catholic reporter in spain, ' gave an inside story of the pressures upon an american reporter working in spain during those war years, 1936 - 39. ` a political church, ' he wrote, ` was not interested in honest surveys... ' an accompanying editorial in the churchman for march 1, 1940, stated : ` all too rarely does the public have the opportunity of being taken behind the scenes of dramatic events of such significance. all through the spanish war liberal - minded americans who attempted to counteract the falsehoods of the roman catholic hierarchy in reference to that conflict were bitterly attacked


does the public have the opportunity of being taken behind the scenes of dramatic events of such significance. all through the spanish war liberal - minded americans who attempted to counteract the falsehoods of the roman catholic hierarchy in reference to that conflict were bitterly attacked, as the churchman was on many occasions, by catholic leaders. when we, along with others, insisted that there were thousands of italian troops fighting in spain and that great numbers of german army technicians were in that country aiding franco, we were frankly and bluntly called liars by roman catholic leaders. yet, as the public now knows, we were merely recording the facts. ' ] " 260ll "... the n. y. times under james, by publishing one column of falsehoods alongside one column of matthews ' eyewitness facts, served the cause of franco and his allies, hitler and mussolini... " 260ll this very same technique is being used in america today by a press manipulated by the vatican to misinform americans, minimizing the threat of overpopulation and, in particular, the threat of the greenhouse effect. the vatican demand is that both sides of the issues be given equal press. an article of falsehoods is published alongside an article of facts. for example, the united nation ' s task force on the greenhouse effect includes 2500 scientists. there are perhaps a half dozen people with credentials who dismiss this theory. the vatican has successfully insisted that both groups be given equal press or, better yet, none at all. on illegal immigration, the costs to america vastly outweigh the benefits. the vatican has succeeded in leveling the playing field using this technique of press manipulation. as a result, americans remain unorganized on the immigration issue. the outcome : press generated confusion prevents effective protests. " if there is any value in history, if history teaches us something and helps world civilization, the spanish record should be set straight. the times failed to do so in august 1977. yet in 1971 matthews concluded : ` i say that not only i, but the truth suffered. no student can today go back to the files of the new york times from july 1936 and get a competent, balanced, complete journalistic picture of the spanish civil war. the times failed its readers and posterity. ' 260ll " the war correspondents, not only matthews and hemingway, but the hundred or more without exception, tried to tell the world from madrid that this was a rehearsal by hitler and mussolini for a world war. we said so in 1936 and


' 260ll " the war correspondents, not only matthews and hemingway, but the hundred or more without exception, tried to tell the world from madrid that this was a rehearsal by hitler and mussolini for a world war. we said so in 1936 and every year until 1939. we warned fdr and france and england that the nazi - fascists, masquerading as anti - communists, were trying out guns, tanks, and airplanes. there was destruction of whole cities, air - bombing ( guernica ), destruction of whole civilian populations ( barcelona block bombing ). we tried to tell the world to prepare for the hitler - mussolini - japanese anti - komintern pakt attack - - world war ii as it is now called - - and by preparing, perhaps prevent it. we failed largely because of pressure by the roman catholic church of the united states on the american press - - by father thorning, cardinal spellman and others. and, being the most powerful opinion - making paper in america the times must share a major part of the blame. three estates - - rulers, army, church - - have at least confessed their sin. but not the infallible times. " 260ll to this day the new york times has not published the truth about its falsehoods and pro - fascism of the spanish war years. we must assume that the times does not want known the influence of the catholic hierarchy at the times during that era. we must also assume that the times has not acted because the catholic influence prevails in its editorial offices today. the overthrow of democracy in spain by the vatican with the spanish war of 1936 - 39 was viewed as a matter of great concern to the vatican. their success required substantial control of the press in spain and in the united states. halting of population growth control is far more important to the vatican than spain ever was and control of the press is critical. the vatican is succeeding in thwarting population growth control because it is largely controlling the press on this issue. seldes singled out the new york times for particular scrutiny but his studies showed that all 1, 750 american newspapers with few exceptions were victimized by the catholic leadership and that " the catholic church propaganda campaign [ was ] conducted largely by the knights of columbus. " 7 as late as 1978, he concluded that " the new york times is still in fear of reprisals from the roman church. " in the case of population growth control ( family planning, abortion, immigration ) no catholic reporters, editors or publishers,


the language of sex five voices from northern france around 1200 john baldwin introduces five representative voices from the turn of the twelfth century in northern france : pierre the chanter speaks for the theological doctrine of augustine ; the prose salernitan questions, for the medical theories of galen ; andre the chaplain, for the ovidian literature of the schools ; jean renart, for the contemporary romances ; and jean bodel, for the emerging voices of the fabliaux. baldwin juxtaposes their views on a range of essential subjects, including social position, the sexual body, desire and act, and procreation. the result is a fascinating dialogue of how they agreed or disagreed with, ignored, imitated, or responded to each other at a critical moment in the development of european ideas about sexual desire, fulfillment, morality, and gender. these spokesmen allow us into the discussion of sexuality inside the church and schools of the clergy, in high and popular culture of the leity. this heterogeneous discussion also offers a startling glimpse into the construction of gender specific to this moment, when men and women enjoyed equal status in sexual matters, if nowhere else. taken together, these voices extend their reach, encompass their subject, and point to a center where social reality lies. by articulating reality at its varied depths, this study takes its place alongside groundbreaking works by james brundage, john boswell, and leah otis in extending our understanding of sexuality and sexual behavior in the middle ages. " superb work.... these five kinds of discourse are not often treated together in scholarly writing, let alone compared and contrasted so well. " — edward collins vacek, theological studies " [ baldwin ] has made the five voices speak to us in a language that is at one and the same time familiar and alien in its resonance and accents. this is a truly exceptional book, interdisciplinary in the real sense of the word, which is surely destined to become a landmark in medieval studies. " — keith busby, bryn mawr reviews " [ baldwin ' s ] attempt to ' listen ' to these distant voices and translate their language of sex into our own raises challenging methodological questions that will be of great interest to historians and literary scholars alike. " — john p. dalton, comitatus