pauline nyiramasuhuk, who was the rwandan government ' s minister of family and women ' s affairs during the 1994 ethnic war, was found guilty by the international criminal tribunal for rwanda of charges of direct, public incitement to commit genocide and of rape as part of a widespread and systematic attack against a civilian population on political, ethnic and racial grounds. she is the first woman convicted of genocide by the tribunal. also convicted is nyiramasuhuk ' s son, arsene shalom ntahobali. ntahobali was a militia leader during the genocide. he was charged with crimes against humanity, which included rape and war crimes. both ntahobali and his mother have been sentenced to life in prison. the court alleged that the mother and son helped to organize the massacres in the butare region of rwanda. they were both implicit in the abduction of hundreds of tutsis who would eventually be executed. both have been in the court ' s custody since 2001. many were physically assaulted, raped and taken away to various places in butare, where they were killed. during the course of these repeated attacks on vulnerable civilians, both nyiramasuhuko and ntahobali ordered killings. they also ordered rapes. ntahobali further committed rapes and nyiramasuhuko aided and abetted rapes, said the judgment read out by presiding judge william sekule. along with nyiramasuhuk, four other local government officials were indicted of genocide. they will serve between 25 years to life in prison. the 1994 genocide in rwanda saw a 100 - day government - led ethnic cleansing offensive against the tutsi people. around 800, 000 people were killed. the international criminal tribunal for rwanda was specially established by the united nations in november, 1994.


the unicode standard, version 2. 0 ( tus2. 0 ) provides different ways to encode accented characters, either decomposed ( a combining character sequence [ ccs ] ) or composed ( as a single precomposed character ). for example, the following are equivalent : | a | | a + ~ | the tus2. 0 specifies an algorithm for determining whether any two sequences of unicode characters are canonical equivalent ( see tus2. 0, pages 3 - 9 through 3 - 10 ). this algorithm basically decomposes any precomposed characters, then sorts them according to special rules, based on each character ' s combining class. this produces a normalized form. two common functions on unicode text are to fully decompose the text ( as far as possible ), and to fully compose the text ( as far as possible ). in both cases, the correct result can only be achieved if the text is first converted to a normalized form. the following describes mechanisms for composing and decomposing unicode text that do not require fully normalizing the text, and yet produce the correct results. by avoiding the normalization phase, they represent significant performance advantages. | note : | | in the following discussion, we will abbreviate the unicode names for brevity. thus latin capital letter g with breve will be represented as g - breve. a plus sign will be used to indicate a sequence of characters. | the following discussion requires that the reader have first read chapter 3 of tus2. 0. the simple method for producing a normalized decomposed form is to replace each character by its decomposition, then normalize the entire string. however, this does more work than is necessary, especially in the common cases. the optimized method works as follows : this method avoids bubble - sorting all of the combining marks in a string, and optimizes for the common cases : since you are guaranteed that the decomposition is already in normalized order, as each successive combining character is appended, it is bubble - sorted up in the decomposition. since the sequence starts in normalized order, and after each successive character the result is in normalized order, then the final result is in normalized order. | a ` | | a + ~ | | a + ~ + ` | | a. | | a + ~ | | a +. + ~ | the simple method for producing a normalized composed form is to match each possible ccs against a database to see what


a + ~ | | a + ~ + ` | | a. | | a + ~ | | a +. + ~ | the simple method for producing a normalized composed form is to match each possible ccs against a database to see what matches, then replace the ccs with the result. however, this does more work than is necessary, especially in the common cases. the optimized method works as follows : the following algorithm depends on the fact that except for one anomolous case, every ccs of length greater than two ( which is canonical equivalent to a precomposed character ) is also equivalent to a ccs of length exactly two. for example, c + cedilla + acute is equivalent to c - cedilla + acute, and c + acute + cedilla is equivalent to c - acute + cedilla. since all combinations of characters that could combine are in the mapping table, in every order that they could occur in, all the precomposed forms will be generated. since we scan for illegal reversals, we eliminate non - canonical equivalents. at each point in this process, the result string contains a valid composition of the initial portion of the source string. | notes : | | if we didn ' t scan the intervening combining characters, then we could end up with a non - canonical equivalent sequence. for example, consider the following sequence : g + acute + breve. if we didn ' t scan, then this would produce g - breve + acute, since g - breve is a precomposed unicode character, but g - acute is not. when decomposed, this represents g + brev + acute, which is not a cononical equivalent to the orginal string, since breve and acute have the same canonical class. | | the one anomolous precomposed character does require a special case in this algorithm - - for simplicity of presentation, this complication is omitted. |


about " what to do for health " book series : in america, more than 77 million people have below basic or basic health literacy skills, have trouble reading or writing above a 3rd to 5th grade level and are challenged when it comes to effectively navigating all aspects of the healthcare system. in 1998, iha recognized the impact this staggering statistic has on these individuals ' ability to make informed and intelligent decisions on the need for healthcare intervention, and to access that care in an appropriate manner. in response, the principals of iha began writing a series of books, entitled " what to do for health ". the " what to do for health " books series are easy - to - read, easy - to - use guides to better health. they are : - written at a 3rd - 5th grade reading level - effective in - home solutions for most health issues - liberally illustrated with useful diagrams and images - free of medical jargon - available in multiple languages - indexed for quick and easy use titles in the " what to do for health " book series include : click on any title above to find more information including its table of contents and sample pages. effectiveness of the " what to do for health " book series : multiple independent studies have shown that giving parents a copy of the easy to read book, what to do when your child gets sick, and training them how to use it at home to care for their child ' s minor ailments and injuries led to : - 57 - 61 % reduction in er visits - 39 - 56 % decrease in doctors / clinic visits - 43 - 60 % fewer missed school days by children due to illness or injury - 41 - 47 % less work days missed by parents due to child ' s illness one study that included parents on medicaid also showed that the reduced hospital er visits saved more than $ 550 per family annually. click here to view the results of some of these studies to conduct a similar training to those mentioned above, consider our teacher training manuals which are available for each title. the " what to do for health " book series is an excellent resource for distribution by any group that has as its mission the health and wellness of parents, children, mothers - to - be, teens, or seniors. volume discounts and grant book programs for community nonprofit organizations and educational institutions are available. at this time, the iha bookstore cannot calculate freight costs. once you submit your order, we will email you a complete quote for your approval before charging and shipping the order. for more information on the "


- created on thursday, 18 october 2012 20 : 35 - written by imperial valley news san diego, california - the san diego zoo ' s 11 - week - old giant panda cub raised one front paw, followed clumsily by the other, lurched forward, and came to a stop. the cub was taking baby steps during a thursday morning veterinary examination. pk robbins, dvm, san diego zoo senior veterinarian, describes the attempt to walk " like a toddler holding onto the furniture. " the cub ' s physical development is on track for a panda at his age, she said. the male cub lunges forward with his front legs, but his rear legs are not yet strong enough to support his weight. the cub can only take a few steps before he rests. although he may be able to walk on all four legs in a few weeks, it will still be at least a few more months before he is mobile enough to venture on exhibit. san diego zoo scientists are monitoring the cub ' s development by studying his behavior and classifying what they see based on an ethogram used for the six panda cubs born at the zoo. in this context, the cub ' s first steps are termed " clumsy walking. " the scientists have observed the cub, through a closed - circuit camera, becoming more active in his den over the past week. viewers of panda cam, the zoo ' s 24 - hour live online camera feed, may catch glimpses of the cub learning to walk. those watching have already pointed out that he scoots around the den. visit www. sandiegozoo. org / pandacam to watch. the unnamed male cub is the sixth giant panda born at the san diego zoo. the cub ' s mother, bai yun, has given birth to a single cub in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and to this cub on july 29. five of bai yun ' s cubs were conceived through natural mating. only the first, in 1999, was the result of artificial insemination. the san diego zoo ' s giant pandas are on a research loan from the people ' s republic of china. as part of this long - term program, the zoo is also collaborating with the chinese academy of science in studies of behavior, ecology, genetics and conservation of wild pandas living in the foping nature reserve. only 1, 600 giant pandas are believed to exist in the wild, and the species is primarily threatened by habitat loss. san diego zoo global, in conjunction with chinese panda


ways to be involved inclusive partners & programs 200 kids campaign send a kid to camp • people first language • roll & stroll wrapping for inclusion our friend mikayla other ways to support people first language " describing words used often enough become defining words. " too often, we fail to realize the power of our words to empower or limit people with disabilities. while having a disability is a part of who a person might be, it is not the whole of any person. however, when we use phrases like " autistic child, " " disabled adult, " and " wheelchair - bound friend, " we are using a person ' s disability to define them and, in turn, limit them. people - first languague is the first step in establishing an atmosphere of acceptance and empowerment. make it a habit to put the person before the disability. say " child with autism, " " adult with a disability, " or " friend who uses a wheelchair. " the next step of course is to learn a person ' s name and refer to them by that instead of bringing the disability to the forefront every time. for more information, click the links below : * special thanks to kathie snow ( www. disabilityisnatural. com ) for allowing us to use this information.


washington, nov 29 : probability of cheating is more in creative people than in the non - creative lot, a new study has suggested. according to the research, this is possibly because of the talent possessed by the original thinkers, which increases their ability to rationalize their actions. “ greater creativity helps individuals solve difficult tasks across many domains, but creative sparks may lead individuals to take unethical routes when searching for solutions to problems and tasks, ” said lead researcher francesca gino, phd, of harvard university. gino and her co - author, dan ariely, phd, of duke university, conducted a series of five experiments to test their thesis that more creative people would cheat under circumstances where they could justify their bad behaviour. the researchers used a series of recognized psychological tests and measures to gauge research subjects ’ creativity. they also tested participants ’ intelligence. in each of the five experiments, participants received a small sum for showing up. then, they were presented with tasks or tests where they could be paid more if they cheated. the experimenters also told participants they would be paid more for more correct answers and led them to believe that they could cheat without detection when transferring their answers. however, all the papers had unique identifiers. the results showed the more creative participants were significantly more likely to cheat, and that there was no link between intelligence and dishonesty – i. e., more intelligent but less creative people were not more inclined toward dishonesty. the study has been published online in apa ’ s journal of personality and social psychology. ( ani )


william joseph donovan donovan, william joseph ( donˈəvən ) [ key ], 1883 – 1959, u. s. lawyer and government official, b. buffalo, n. y., grad. columbia law school. distinguished service in world war i won him medals and the nickname wild bill donovan. he was prominent in republican politics, served ( 1925 – 29 ) in the office of the u. s. attorney general, and made an unsuccessful bid for new york governor ( 1932 ). president franklin d. roosevelt sent him on several secret foreign missions, and in 1942 he was made head of the newly created office of strategic services ( oss ), which he made into a formidable and often successful intelligence agency during world war ii. donovan was given the rank of major general and served until 1945. he later returned to public service as ambassador to thailand ( 1953 – 54 ). his enthusiasm for covert operations and paramilitary interventions helped shape the psychology of the central intelligence agency, which replaced the oss as the premier u. s. intelligence agency in 1947. see biographies by c. ford ( 1970 ), a. c. brown ( 1982 ), r. dunlop ( 1982 ), and d. waller ( 2011 ) ; s. alsop, sub rosa : the o. s. s. and american espionage ( 1963 ) ; r. h. smith, oss ( 1977 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved.


silicon carbide, chemical compound, sic, that forms extremely hard, dark, iridescent crystals that are insoluble in water and other common solvents. widely used as an abrasive, it is marketed under such familiar trade names as carborundum and crystolon. it is heat resistant, decomposing when heated to about 2, 700°c ; it is used in refractory materials, e. g., rods, tubes, firebrick, and in special parts for nuclear reactors. very pure silicon carbide is white or colorless ; crystals of it are used in semiconductors for high - temperature applications. silicon carbide fibers, added as reinforcement to plastics or light metals, impart increased strength and stiffness. silicon carbide is prepared commercially by fusing sand and coke in an electric furnace at temperatures above 2, 200°c ; a flux, e. g., sodium chloride, may be added to eliminate impurities. silicon carbide was discovered ( 1891 ) by e. g. acheson ; early studies of it were made by henri moissan. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on silicon carbide from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : compounds and elements


high blood pressure ( hypertension ) what is it? blood pressure has two components : systolic pressure is the top number. it represents the pressure the heart generates when it beats to pump blood to the rest of the body. diastolic pressure is the bottom number. it refers to the pressure in the blood vessels between heartbeats. blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmhg ). so blood pressure would be expressed, for example, as 120 / 80 mmhg. high blood pressure is diagnosed when one or both of these numbers is too high. high blood pressure is also called hypertension. blood pressure is categorized as follows : normal : less than 120 / 80 mmhg prehypertension : 120 / 80 to 139 / 89 mmhg stage 1 hypertension : 140 / 90 to 159 / 99 mmhg stage 2 hypertension : 160 / 100 mmhg and above usually, systolic pressure increases as we age. however, after age 60, diastolic pressure usually begins to decline. prehypertension is not a disease - yet. but it does mean you are at increased risk for developing high blood pressure. why worry about high blood pressure? high blood pressure can damage many organs, including the : hypertension increases your risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. usually, hypertension does not directly cause symptoms. when blood pressure is very high, it can cause : ringing in the ears the diagnosis of hypertension depends on blood pressure readings. therefore, it ' s essential that blood pressure be measured carefully. to obtain an accurate blood pressure measurement : avoid the following for at least one hour before you have your blood pressure taken : be seated for at least five minutes before the reading is taken. do not talk while your blood pressure is being measured. two readings should be recorded and averaged. if your blood pressure is high, your doctor should examine your eyes, heart and nervous system, to look for evidence of damage from hypertension. if there is no such evidence, you should return for at least two more blood pressure measurements. only then should the doctor diagnose you with hypertension. that is because a single high reading can happen to anyone. once you are diagnosed with hypertension, other tests will check for organ damage. these tests can include : to prevent high blood pressure : get regular aerobic exercise limit your intake of salt and alcoholic beverages eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats maintain a desirable body weight hypertension increases your risk of heart attack and stroke


include : to prevent high blood pressure : get regular aerobic exercise limit your intake of salt and alcoholic beverages eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats maintain a desirable body weight hypertension increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. so it is important to modify your risk factors for coronary artery disease. in addition to the above actions, you should : you may be able to cure your hypertension with lifestyle changes alone. sometimes lifestyle changes cannot adequately control hypertension. if this is the case, medication will be needed. antihypertensive medications include : people with diabetes, kidney disease or heart problems are at higher risk of complications from hypertension. as a result, they are usually treated more aggressively with medications. when to call a professional adults should have their blood pressure measured at least every few years. if your blood pressure is higher than 120 / 80 mmhg, schedule regular appointments with your doctor. have your blood pressure monitored more regularly. and get advice about modifying your lifestyle to prevent future problems. the prognosis for hypertension depends on : hypertension can lead to a poor prognosis even if you do not have symptoms. when high blood pressure is treated adequately, the prognosis is much better. both lifestyle changes and medicines can control your blood pressure. american heart association ( aha ) 7272 greenville ave. dallas, tx 75231 national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20824 - 0105


october 17, 2012 ( associated press ) - - america ' s favorite dietary supplements, multivitamins, modestly lowered the risk for cancer in healthy male doctors who took them for more than a decade, the first large study to test these pills has found. the result is a surprise because many studies of individual vitamins have found they don ' t help prevent chronic diseases and some even seemed to raise the risk of cancer. in the new study, multivitamins cut the chance of developing cancer by 8 percent. that is less effective than a good diet, exercise and not smoking, each of which can lower cancer risk by 20 percent to 30 percent, cancer experts say. multivitamins also may have different results in women, younger men or people less healthy than those in this study. " it ' s a very mild effect and personally i ' m not sure it ' s significant enough to recommend to anyone " although it is promising, said dr. ernest hawk, vice president of cancer prevention at the university of texas md anderson cancer center and formerly of the national cancer institute. " at least this doesn ' t suggest a harm " as some previous studies on single vitamins have, he said. hawk reviewed the study for the american association for cancer research, which is meeting in anaheim, calif., where the study was to be presented on wednesday. it also was published online in the journal of the american medical association. about one - third of u. s. adults and as many as half of those over 50 take multivitamins. they are marketed as a kind of insurance policy against bad eating. yet no government agency recommends their routine use " regardless of the quality of a person ' s diet, " says a fact sheet from the federal office of dietary supplements. some fads, such as the antioxidant craze over vitamins a and e and beta - carotene, backfired when studies found more health risk with those supplements, not less. many of those were single vitamins in larger doses than the " 100 percent of daily value " amounts that multivitamins typically contain. science on vitamins has been skimpy. most studies have been observational - - they look at groups of people who do and do not use vitamins, a method that can ' t give firm conclusions. dr. j. michael gaziano, of brigham and women ' s hospital and va boston, led a stronger test. nearly 15, 000 male doctors who were 50 or older and free of cancer when the study


can ' t give firm conclusions. dr. j. michael gaziano, of brigham and women ' s hospital and va boston, led a stronger test. nearly 15, 000 male doctors who were 50 or older and free of cancer when the study started were given monthly packets of centrum silver or fake multivitamins without knowing which type they received. after about 11 years, there were 2, 669 new cancers, and some people had cancer more than once. for every 1, 000 men per year in the study, there were 17 cancers among multivitamin users and more than 18 among those taking the placebo pills. that worked out to an 8 percent lower risk of developing cancer in the vitamin group. multivitamins made no difference in the risk of developing prostate cancer, which accounted for half of all cases. they lowered the risk of other cancers collectively by about 12 percent. there also was a trend toward fewer cancer deaths among multivitamin users, but the difference was so small it could have occurred by chance alone. side effects were fairly similar except for more rashes among vitamin users. the national institutes of health paid for most of the study. pfizer inc. supplied the pills and other companies supplied the packaging. the main reason to take a multivitamin is to correct or prevent a deficiency, " but there may be a modest benefit in reducing the risk of cancer in older men, " gaziano said. cancer experts said the results need to be confirmed by another study before recommending multivitamins to the public. these participants were healthier - - only 4 percent smoked, for example. for people who do want to take multivitamins, doctors suggest : - be aware that they are dietary supplements, which do not get the strict testing required of prescription medicines. - ask your doctor before taking any. vitamin k can interfere with common heart medicines and blood thinners, and vitamins c and e can lower the effectiveness of some types of chemotherapy. for people having surgery, some vitamins affect bleeding and response to anesthesia. - current and former smokers should avoid multivitamins with lots of beta - carotene or vitamin a ; two studies have tied them to increased risk of lung cancer. copyright 2012 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


nearly everywhere and at all times, marriage has enjoyed a privileged status as the primary social unit — the essential bond that created alliances between families and a bridge between the sexes. in joining a man and woman, marriage attempted to hold men to collective social standards, including responsibility for the women they impregnated and the children they fathered, while also stringently hedging in women ' s sexuality. in short, marriage has always demanded that both men and women sacrifice a considerable measure of individual freedom. in marriage, " i " becomes " we, " and " we " frequently extends beyond the couple to extended family, clan, and society. for these reasons, both political and religious authorities typically have taken great care to present marriage as an institution to which individual interests must be subordinated. at the time of her death in january 2007, the celebrated historian elizabeth fox - genovese was worried that these attitudes were in the process of being reversed. in this book, which she was in the midst of preparing for publication at the time of her passing, she argues that marriage is disintegrating under the rising demands that it serve not the good of the whole but the desires of the individual. a union that at one point was used to limit individual " rights " is now claimed as one right among many. the sexual liberation movements of the last forty years have seriously undermined marriage, argues fox - genovese, so much so that the institution seems to face the threat of extinction. even so, she writes, " marriage for love — the promise of an enduring and engulfing bond between a man and a woman — is a dream that refuses to die.... it still promises that we will finally be loved as we long to be loved. " that dream is the ultimate theme of this book, a fitting coda to elizabeth fox - genovese ' s distinguished career. what they ' re saying... “ the phrase ‘ a woman in full ’ nicely catches the life and work of elizabeth fox - genovese. men and women who believe that, despite all, the dream can be realized will gain understanding and confidence from this book of wisdom. ” — ( the rev. ) richard john neuhaus editor in chief first things “ marriage : the dream that refuses to die is destined to be a classic treatment of the nature, purpose, and future of marriage. by looking carefully at the history and cross - cultural functions of marriage, elizabeth fox - genovese offers a profound and panoramic view of


refuses to die is destined to be a classic treatment of the nature, purpose, and future of marriage. by looking carefully at the history and cross - cultural functions of marriage, elizabeth fox - genovese offers a profound and panoramic view of the institution of marriage in our day and in every day. her clear - eyed treatment of marriage acknowledges that marriage can be a difficult and demanding institution for individuals ; at the same time, fox - genovese points out that marriage is vital for the health of any civilization that aspires to greatness. ” — w. bradford wilcox author soft patriarchs, new men : how christianity shapes fathers and husbands “ elizabeth fox - genovese ’ s last book belongs on anyone ’ s short list of very good books on marriage. she is particularly gifted at pointing to the incoherence and suffering produced buy our modern attempt to demote marriage to the status of a mere individual right. ” — maggie gallagher nationally syndicated columnist and author of the abolition of marriage " the well documented book opens with a fascinating history of marriage, in which fox - genovese notes that, despite countless differences among various cultures and religions throughout time, there has been agreement on basic premises about marriage.... this is an important book that uncovers a frightening truth : marriage and family are at high risk. " — loraine v. murray the georgia bulletin " the books title belie [ s ] what ' s inside : a serious, exacting analysis of the institution of marriage and the ways in which it remains under attack.... but marriage is neither a sermon nor a self - help book ; nor does it explicitly espouse any outdated notions of what a husband and wife ought to be. it is intellectualism, with a warning : same - sex marriage, our society ' s unhealthy obsession with individualism, and our culture ' s devaluation of children will sound the death knell of marriage as a vital institution.... her discussion of how love is portrayed in literature... is particularly fascinating.... even though she is gone, and despite all the obstacles standing in its way, i suspect that the dream will live on, and so will this exceptional book. " — erin montgomery the american spectator " these essays and lectures have been wonderfully edited by sheila o ' connor - ambrose and truly communicate the passion espoused by the original author. fox - genovese believes in traditional marriage and advocates for marriage between a man and a woman..


these essays and lectures have been wonderfully edited by sheila o ' connor - ambrose and truly communicate the passion espoused by the original author. fox - genovese believes in traditional marriage and advocates for marriage between a man and a woman.... she does this with sound reasoning and firm arguments but it is her charity and wit that may ultimately change the hearts of opponents. this beautiful book is both a brief history of the sociology of marriage and a theology of love. " — john - leonard berg catholic library world " fox - genovese reminds us time and again of our interconnectedness. the fact of the matter is, when each marital thread is broken, the larger tapestry of society weakens.... certainly this work nourishes scholarly discourse, but at least as important, it invites us to walk alongside the inner processes and experiences that have informed this scholar ' s personal evolution alongside a cultural evolution. this ultimately makes the book highly unique and valuable. this is the kind of moral courage i long to see modeled & % 8212 ; to witness a sojourner ' s search for truth & 58212 ; to study, learn, and grow personally and professionally ; and then, to challenge those around them to do the same. " — robbie hutchens new wineskins " although this book is titled marriage : the dream that refuses to die, this is not a book about dreams and romance. instead, with the skills of an educator and the passion of a reformer, elizabeth ( betsey ) fox - genovese traces a history of the human desire to be loved as well as valued members of society. " — st. anthony messenger " its rigorous logic brims with delightfully anecdotal accounts of the ' historal, moral, and cultural foundations of marriage. ' " — new oxford review " based on lectures given by fox - genovese ( within the plantation household ), the emory university historian who died in 2007, marriage has the strong sense of a passionate and personal speech. fox - genovese was firmly pro - marriage, and here she is unabashedly frank in her advocacy. her broad, measured tone attempts to encompass a wide sweep of human experience and cultures and is just as concerned with modern marriage as its historical context. fox - genovese examines marriage as a societal question rather than simply a question of individual preference and comments on divorce, same - sex unions, the sexual revolution, and other issues affecting modern marriage. " — elizabeth morris book review


its historical context. fox - genovese examines marriage as a societal question rather than simply a question of individual preference and comments on divorce, same - sex unions, the sexual revolution, and other issues affecting modern marriage. " — elizabeth morris book review " based on some of the last lectures historian fox - genovese ( 1941 - 2007 ) delivered, this little book concisely corrals her thought about marriage. one needn ' t be religious to be made more thoughtful, more mindful, by her arguments. " — ray olson, booklist " the rise of feminism, equal rights, and sexual liberation has had side effects that many do not view as wholly positive. marriage ; the dream that refuses to die looks at the decomposition of one of the world ' s oldest institutions. arguing that there is a possibility that the concept of marriage may eventually become a thing of the past, author elizabeth fox - genovese ' s examination of the topic is thorough and knowledgeable, sure to grant readers all her wisdom on the subject. marriage is highly recommended for any collection dedicated to relationships. " — midwest book review " fox - genovese calls for mature responsibility from adults, especially in the unrealistic, immature quest for happiness. through her historical digging and reference to the old testament, she shows how marriage is a social and public issue as well — despite trudeau ' s claim that the government has no business in the nation ' s bedrooms. indeed, marriage is the bedrock of society and civilization.... she does not follow the typical feminist pattern of labeling women as victims of patriarchy and as therefore not responsible for history or the current society. in fact, by emphasizing the importance of marriage and the family, she shows how women can take greater responsibility for all of society. " — catholic insight


taxonomic name : leucaena leucocephala ( lam. ) de wit synonyms : acacia leucocephala ( lamark ) link 1822, leucaena glabrata rose 1897, leucaena glauca ( l. ) benth. 1842, mimosa leucocephala lamark 1783 common names : acacia palida ( puerto rico ), aroma blanca ( cuba ), balori ( fijian ), bo chet ( vietnam ), cassis ( vanuatu ), false koa ( hawai ' i ), faux mimosa ( french ), faux - acacia ( french ), fua pepe ( samoan ), ganitnityuwan tangantan ( yapese ), graines de lin ( french ), guaje ( spanish ), guaslim ( campeche - mexico ), guaxin ( maya - yucatan ), horse / wild tamarind ( english ), huaxin ( spanish ), ipil - ipil ( philippines ), jumbie bean ( english ), kan thin ( laos ), kanthum thect ( cambodia ), koa - haole ( hawai ' i ), kra thin ( thailand ), kratin ( cambodia ), lamtoro ( indonesia ), lead tree ( english ), leucaena ( english ), leucaena, liliak ( totonaco - veracruz, mexico ), lino criollo ( dominican republic ), lopa samoa ( american samoa ), lusina ( samoan ), nito ( cook islands ), pepe ( niuean ), rohbohtin ( kosrae ), schemu ( vietnam ), siale mohemohe ( tongan ), subabul ( india ), tamarindo silvestre ( spanish ), tangantangan ( chamorro - cnmi ), tangan - tangan ( chamorro - guam ), te kaitetua ( i kiribati ), telentund ( palauan ), tuhngantuhngan ( kosrae ), uaxim ( spanish ), vaivai ( fijian ), vaivai dina ( fijian ), vaivai ni vavalangi ( fijian ), wild mimosa ( bermuda ), wild tamarind ( puerto rico ), zarcilla ( puerto rico ) organism type : tree the fast - growing,


fijian ), vaivai ni vavalangi ( fijian ), wild mimosa ( bermuda ), wild tamarind ( puerto rico ), zarcilla ( puerto rico ) organism type : tree the fast - growing, nitrogen - fixing tree / shrub leucaena leucocephala, is cultivated as a fodder plant, for green manure, as a windbreak, for reforestation, as a biofuel crop etc. leucaena has been widely introduced due to its beneficial qualities ; it has become an aggressive invader in disturbed areas in many tropical and sub - tropical locations and is listed as one of the ‘ 100 of the world ’ s worst invasive alien species ’. this thornless tree can form dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate once established. it renders extensive areas unusable and inaccessible and threatens native plants. the genus leucaena is distinguished from all other mimosoid legumes by its hairy anthers which are easily visible with a hand lens. leucaena leucocephala is distinguished from other species of leucaena by its intermediate leaflets and large pods in clusters of 5 - 20 per flower head. it forms a small to medium - sized thornless tree 3 - 15 ( - 20 ) m tall and 5 - 50cm bole diameter. the leaves are bipinnate with an elliptic convex extrafloral nectary on the petiole, 4 - 9 pairs of pinnae and 13 - 21 pairs of leaflets per pinna. the leaflets are 9 - 16mm long and 2 - 4. 5mm wide, nearly sessile and strongly asymmetric linear oblong and acute at the apex. the flowers occur in 12 - 21mm diameter heads, are cream - white, with ten free stamens per flower and hairy anthers. the pods occur in crowded clusters of 5 - 20 per flower head and are 11 - 19cm long and 15 - 21mm wide pendulous, flattened and papery, and passively dehiscent with 8 - 18 seeds per pod. three subspecies are recognised, two of which - subsp. leucocephala and subsp. glabrata have been introduced pantropically. these two subspecies correspond to shrubby = subsp. leucocephala variants, sometimes referred to as the common or hawai ‘ ian type, and to the more arborescent = subsp. glabrata variants, sometimes referred to as the giant or salvador


correspond to shrubby = subsp. leucocephala variants, sometimes referred to as the common or hawai ‘ ian type, and to the more arborescent = subsp. glabrata variants, sometimes referred to as the giant or salvador type. agricultural areas, coastland, natural forests, planted forests, range / grasslands, riparian zones, ruderal / disturbed, scrub / shrublands, urban areas leucaena leucocephala is a weed of open ( often coastal or riverine ) habitats, semi - natural, disturbed, degraded habitats and other ruderal sites. it was assigned to the category of ' a serious or widespread weed invading semi - natural or natural habitats which are of some conservation interest ' by cronk and fuller ( 1995 ) and as a category ii weed ( a species which has a local distribution but either expanding populations, or known potential to invade and disrupt native vegetation elsewhere ) in florida by gordon and thomas ( 1997 ). it is not known to invade undisturbed closed forest habitats. it tolerates a wide range of rainfall from 500 - 3500mm and withstands strongly seasonal ( 6 - 8 month dry season ) climates. however, it is not frost hardy and grows poorly, setting less seed in cooler tropical highland sites. the species also grows poorly on the acid soils with high aluminium saturation that prevail in many humid tropical areas. in broad terms, it thus adapts well to a wide range of tropical and subtropical environments, especially seasonally dry tropical areas. leucaena leucocephala is spreading naturally and has been reported as a weed in more then 20 countries across all continents except europe and antarctica. it is a weed of open, often coastal or riverine habitats, semi - natural, and other disturbed or ruderal sites and occasionally in agricultural land. it can form dense monospecific thickets which are reported to be replacing native forest in some areas and threatening endemic species of conservation concern in some areas. dense thickets, even if not of immediate conservation concern can render extensive areas of disturbed ground unusuable and inaccessible. native range : native to mexico and central america, although the precise native range is blurred by indigenous cultivation as a minor food plant. known introduced range : subspecies leucocephala was introduced to the philippines by the spanish before 1815 and is now pantropically naturalised. subspecies glabrata was widely introduced across the tropics in the 1970s and 1980s and is now very widely cultivated throughout the tropics and sub


high risk ( pacific ). biological : a bruchid beetle seed predator, acanthoscelides macrophthalmus has been deliberately introduced and released in south africa as a biocontrol agent and the same insect has been accidentally introduced to australia. the accidental spread of the psyllid insect defoliator heteropsylla cubana in the mid 1980s can cause cyclical defoliation, but does not kill trees and the psyllid appears to have been brought under control by a number of generalist local ( and in some cases introduced ) psyllid predators and parasites. integrated management : once established, leucaena is difficult to eradicate. it resprouts vigorously after cutting. cut stumps need to be treated with diesel or other chemicals. furthermore, the soil seed bank can remain viable for at least 10 - 20 years after seed dispersal. self - fertile ( promoting seed production even on isolated individuals ), some outcrossing, pollinated by a wide range of generalist insects including large and small bees. resprouts after cutting. flowering and seeding continually thoughout the year as long as moisture permits combined with self - fertility promotes abundant pod and seed set. trees are generally short - lived ( 20 - 40 years ). the hard seed coat means that germination occurs over a prolonged period after seed dispersal and that seed can remain viable for long periods ( at least 20 years ) in the soil. this species has been nominated as among 100 of the " world ' s worst " invaders reviewed by : dr. colin hughes, department of plant sciences, university of oxford, oxford, uk. compiled by : under revision last modified : monday, 16 august 2010


| scientific name : | | platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica | | species authority : | | ( roxburgh, 1801 ) | platanista gangetica ( roxburgh, 1801 ) | red list category & criteria : | | endangered a2abcde + 3bcde + 4abcde ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | smith, b. d., braulik, g. t. & sinha, r. | | reviewer / s : | | reeves, r. & taylor, b. l. | determining the status of this subspecies is especially problematical because of the lack of rigorous quantitative data ( current or historical ) on numbers, mortality, extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy. however, the diversity and scale of threats – recent, ongoing, and projected – are such that precautionary reasoning is even more appropriate than is usually the case. criterion a. only very limited data are available on the life history of platanista sp. ( reviewed by brownell 1984 ). age at first reproduction is probably between 6 – 10 years and maximum longevity may be close to 30. therefore, generation time is probably well over 10 but possibly less than 20 years, which would mean that three generations equals at least 30 years ( i. e., from 1974 counting backwards or until 2034 counting forwards ) but less than 60 ( i. e., from 1944 counting backwards or until 2064 counting forwards ). subcriterion a1 does not apply because even if the decline has been greater than 70 %, the causes are not clearly reversible, understood, or ceased, all of which would have to be true. subcriterion a2 can be applied because a population size reduction of more than 50 % since some time between 1944 – 74 is plausible ( note that most of the dam and barrage construction has occurred since the late 1950s ), and it is certainly true that the reduction and its causes have not ceased ( more barrages are planned and under construction — e. g., kanpur barrage on the ganges mainstem ; mortality from hunting and net entanglement continue unabated despite protection laws ), are not fully understood, and may not be reversible. the basis could rest on any or all of ( a ) to ( e ) under a1. subcriterion a3 and subcriterion a4 can also be applied because a population size reduction of more than


not be reversible. the basis could rest on any or all of ( a ) to ( e ) under a1. subcriterion a3 and subcriterion a4 can also be applied because a population size reduction of more than 50 % could plausibly be projected over the next 30 – 60 years, or inferred, projected, or suspected over a period of 30 – 60 years including both the past and the future, with the causes uncertain, continuing, and possibly irreversible, again in either instance based on any or all of ( a ) to ( e ). evidence for subcriterion a4c is probably the strongest since a precautionary interpretation of life history data indicates a period of 60 years for three generations, which encompasses the dramatic effects of the farakka barrage completed in 1974 ( see above ), as well as at least 19 other barrages and 17 high dams constructed in the gbm system since 1956, and the projected declines in the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and / or quality of habitat that will undoubtedly occur if the ganges - brahmaputra inter - link canal and dam project is constructed ( scheduled to be completed in 2016 ). the cumulative effects of these projects indicate a probable population size reduction of more than 50 % from 1956 – 2016. criterion b. it has not been possible to estimate the extent of occurrence or area of occupancy for this subspecies because its potential total range is vast but severely fragmented, and there is great uncertainty about the continued occurrence of dolphins in many parts of the potential range. in any event, although it would easily qualify under subcriteria b1b and b2b, it would not qualify under either b1ac or b2ac and therefore would not qualify as en under this criterion even if its extent of occurrence or area of occupancy were within one or both of the stated thresholds. criterion c. the substantial investment made to date in surveys has failed to explicitly account for more than about 1, 500 animals ( table 1 ). although it is possible that the total population size is less than 2, 500 mature individuals, current information from field surveys does not allow for this criterion to be credibly applied to the subspecies. if future population assessments ultimately indicate that the population meets the criterion d. the population size is definitely greater than 250 mature individuals, so this criterion does not apply. criterion e. no quantitative analysis of extinction probability has been attempted for this subspecies. it


. if future population assessments ultimately indicate that the population meets the criterion d. the population size is definitely greater than 250 mature individuals, so this criterion does not apply. criterion e. no quantitative analysis of extinction probability has been attempted for this subspecies. it is concluded that the subspecies qualifies as en under criteria a2abcde + 3bcde + 4abcde, with available evidence strongest for criterion a4c. the karnaphuli - sangu subpopulation should possibly be listed separately as it may qualify for critically endangered status. | range description : | | ganges - brahmaputra - megna ( gbm ) and karnaphuli - sangu ( ks ) river systems, from the deltas upstream to where rocky barriers, shallow water, fast currents, dams, or barrages ( low, gated, diversion dams ) prevent upstream movement. the gbm and ks systems are disjunct and therefore so are their respective dolphin populations, although there may be occasional demographic interaction during the high water season if the freshwater plumes of the two river systems meet. there is likely further population separation within the two systems, some of it " natural " but much more of it secondary caused by the presence of physical barriers constructed within the last 100 years. ( follow link below to see a distribution map ). the ganges river dolphin was considered by some researchers to be a distinct species for several decades ( 1970s – 1990s ) and was listed as such in the 1996 red list. its range is disjunct with that of the other subspecies, the indus river dolphin, platanista gangetica minor, and therefore the two have been assessed and listed, and should be managed, separately. the map shows where the species may occur. the species has not been recorded for all the states within the hypothetical range as shown on the map. states for which confirmed records of the species exist are included in the list of native range states. states within the hypothetical range but for which no confirmed records exist are included in the presence uncertain list. native : bangladesh ; india ; nepal | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | although the aggregate range - wide abundance of ganges river dolphins was estimated by jones ( 1982 ) as 4, 000 – 5, 000 individuals and more recently by mohan et al. ( 1997 ) as fewer than 2, 000, these were only guesses. population assessments have been based on counts conducted within discrete portions of the vast network of riverine and


, 000 – 5, 000 individuals and more recently by mohan et al. ( 1997 ) as fewer than 2, 000, these were only guesses. population assessments have been based on counts conducted within discrete portions of the vast network of riverine and deltaic habitat occupied by these dolphins. few rigorous estimates of absolute abundance, with estimates of precision, are available. available counts and estimates are summarized in table 1 ( follow link below ). highest " densities " of ganges river dolphins ( defined as animals per linear river kilometer ) have been observed in the ganges mainstem between maniharighat and buxar ( 1. 5 / km ) ( sinha, unpublished ) - and within this segment particularly in the vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary ( 2. 8 / km ) ( smith, unpublished ) and just downstream between kahalgaon and manihari ghat ( near katihar ) ( 3. 4 / km ) ( sinha, unpublished ) - and the lower sangu river, bangladesh ( 1. 4 / km ) ( smith et al. 2001 ). a few ganges river dolphins were still present during the mid 1990s as far downstream in the hoogly river as kakdwip ( sinha 1997 ). in the sundarbans of bangladesh a minimum of 134 ganges river dolphins were counted resulting in a " density " estimate of 0. 09 individuals / km, with irrawaddy dolphins orcaella brevirostris replacing platanista in higher salinity waters of the southern and western portions ( smith, unpublished ). no information is available on the status of ganges river dolphins in the indian sundarbans, except for historical reports of occurrence ( anderson 1879, jones 1982 ). roughly accounting for duplicate counts or estimates in table 1 ( follow link below ), the total of about 1, 200 – 1, 800 animals provides a reasonable lower range for the total metapopulation abundance. however, considering that areas with potentially large numbers of animals have not been accounted for at all ( e. g., indian portion of the sundarbans delta ) and that at least some of the counts and estimates are known to be negatively biased ( e. g., see smith et al. 2001 ), the true number could be several times as high. numerical declines : although no credible time series of abundance estimates are available for most of the subspecies ' range, the numbers shown in table 1 ( follow link below ) imply downward trends in a number of


, the true number could be several times as high. numerical declines : although no credible time series of abundance estimates are available for most of the subspecies ' range, the numbers shown in table 1 ( follow link below ) imply downward trends in a number of upstream tributaries ( see also range declines below ). range declines : the range of the subspecies has declined progressively since the nineteenth century when it was mapped by anderson ( 1879 ). no dolphins have been reported in recent years between the madhya ganga barrage at bijnor and the bhimgoda barrage near haridwar, at the upstream limit of their historical range in the ganges ( sinha et al. 2000 ). this suggests a roughly 100 km decline in their range in the ganges river since the late 1800s. in recent years, dolphins have not been reported in the yamuna river above the chambal river confluence during the dry season because upstream channels have become too shallow and polluted to support dolphins, but the segment may still be occupied during the monsoon ( sinha et al. 2000 ). historically, they were found year - round in the yamuna river approximately 400 km upstream to delhi ( anderson 1879 ). elsewhere in the ganges mainstem, four extant subpopulations are isolated by barrages, including farakka barrage located approximately at the center of the subspecies ' overall range. in the northern ganges tributaries, of the six subpopulations that were isolated above or between barrages, three have been extirpated ( in the gandak river above the gandak barrage and in the sarda river above the upper and lower sarda barrages ) ( sinha et al. 2000 ) and one reduced to insignificant numbers ( in the kosi river above the kosi barrage ) ( smith et al. 1994 ). ganges river dolphins have apparently been extirpated from the son river ( at least during the dry season ) based on a survey covering ca. 300 km upstream of the ganges confluence, above and below the indrapuri barrage ( sinha and sharma 2003 ). occasional reports of dolphins in the reservoir behind kaptai dam ( built in 1961 ) of the ks system occurred until the mid - 1990s ( ahmed 2000 ), but recent surveys have found no evidence that the subspecies survives there ( smith et al. 2001 ). thus, the dam ' s construction is likely to have caused a substantial reduction in the subspecies ’ range in southeastern bangladesh, but in the absence of any historical information on occurrence in the upper


that the subspecies survives there ( smith et al. 2001 ). thus, the dam ' s construction is likely to have caused a substantial reduction in the subspecies ’ range in southeastern bangladesh, but in the absence of any historical information on occurrence in the upper karnaphuli no quantitative estimate of range reduction is possible. no surveys have been conducted in the damodar river system but a single dolphin was rescued after becoming stranded in a deep pool after flow was diverted during the dry season by an upstream barrage. the downstream effects of at least ten dams and barrages constructed in its mainstem and tributaries has probably severely reduced and fragmented dolphin habitat ( smith et al. 2000 ). | habitat and ecology : | | ganges river dolphins are generally concentrated in counter - current pools below channel convergences and sharp meanders ( kasuya and haque 1972, smith 1993, smith et al. 1998 ) and above and below mid - channel islands, bridge pilings, and other engineering structures that cause scouring ( smith, unpublished data ). their fidelity to counter - current pools is probably greatest in fast - flowing channels ( smithet al. 1998 ). annual monsoon - driven floods cause great variability in the dolphins ’ access to large parts of their range. isolation in seasonal lakes sometimes occurs ( especially in the brahmaputra basin ), as does " escapement " from the river channels into artificial water bodies such as canals and reservoirs. deltaic ( brackish ) waters are a major component of the total range, but ganges river dolphins are not generally known to occur in salinities greater than 10ppt, although they have been recorded in waters as saline as 23ppt ( smith and braulik, unpublished data ). | water development projects construction of at least 50 dams and dams within the known or suspected historical range of the subspecies ( smith et al. 2000 ) has dramatically affected its habitat, abundance, and population structure. the subspecies exists as a metapopulation, with numerous subpopulations isolated to varying degrees by mostly manmade but also natural barriers, as outlined in the preceding section. in addition to fragmenting dolphin populations, dams and barrages degrade downstream habitat and create reservoirs ( known as head ponds ( or pondage in india ) in the case of barrages ) with high sedimentation and altered assemblages of fish and invertebrate species. for example, luxuriant growth of macrophytes and excessive siltation have eliminated suitable habitat immediately above farakka barrage ( sin


barrages ) with high sedimentation and altered assemblages of fish and invertebrate species. for example, luxuriant growth of macrophytes and excessive siltation have eliminated suitable habitat immediately above farakka barrage ( sinha 2000 ). moreover, the insufficiency of water released downstream of this barrage has eliminated dry - season habitat for more than 300 km, or until the ganges ( padma ) - brahmaputra confluence ( smith et al. 1998 ). it has also allowed salt water to intrude an additional 160 km into the sundarbans delta ( rahman 1986 ), further decreasing the amount of suitable habitat for this obligate freshwater dolphin ( reeves et al. 1993 ). a high dam has been planned for some time just upstream of the dolphins ' current ( or at least recent ) range in the karnali river, nepal. if built, this structure would almost certainly eliminate the small amount of dolphin habitat in nepal ’ s last river with a potentially viable dolphin population ( smith and reeves 2000 ). disturbance and environmental degradation associated with geotechnical feasibility studies and bridge and road construction for the dam already may have contributed to a decline in the number and range of dolphins above the nepal - india border ( smith 1993, smithet al. 1994 ). another high dam has been proposed for the surma river in cachar, india, which would certainly affect dolphins downstream in the kalni - kushiyara distributary ( smith et al. 1994 ). since the 1980s, momentum has been growing within india to proceed with large - scale inter - basin water transfer projects, which will involve additional dam construction and diversion of water from rivers inhabited by dolphins. although no final decision has been taken to proceed with construction, feasibility studies are to be completed in december 2005 and detailed project reports in 2006. it was anticipated in 2004 that, if built, the entire project would be finished by 2016. during the may 2004 national elections in india all political parties supported the construction of inter - basin water transfer projects and promised to accelerate the construction process. several key categories of potential threat are : ( a ) further fragmentation of the dolphin metapopulation, ( b ) reduction or elimination of habitat simply in terms of dry - season flow, ( c ) " escapement " of dolphins into canals where they are unlikely to be able to get back into rivers and are therefore doomed, ( d ) cascading effects from interrupted migrations of prey organisms, degradation of prey spawning


season flow, ( c ) " escapement " of dolphins into canals where they are unlikely to be able to get back into rivers and are therefore doomed, ( d ) cascading effects from interrupted migrations of prey organisms, degradation of prey spawning habitat etc., ( e ) contaminant flux leading to significant changes in chronic and / or acute exposure to toxins, ( f ) loss of complexity ( channelization, sediment entrapment upstream of dams, etc. ) making the rivers less habitable for dolphins, etc, and ( g ) downstream effects on the ecology of the delta ( e. g., saline encroachment, loss of sediment ). embankments cause sediments to be deposited in the riverbed instead of on the floodplain, thereby eliminating or reducing the extent of the eddy - counter currents where dolphins are generally found. ( smith et al. 1998 ). they also restrict access to floodplain habitat critical to the reproduction and growth of riverine fish species ( boyce 1990 ). approximately 3, 500 km of embankments have been constructed in the ganges mainstem and gandak, buri gandak, bagmati, kamala, yamuna, and son tributaries ( mishra 1999 ). dolphins were apparently extirpated from at least 35 km of the punpun tributary of the ganges after embankments were constructed in 1975 ( sinha et al. 2000 ). although plans for constructing an extensive system of embankments in the rivers of bangladesh under the flood action plan ( fap ) coordinated by the world bank ( see world bank 1990 ) have been drastically scaled - down, several projects are currently planned or being constructed that will have adverse effects on dolphin habitat. these include the bank protection and river training project ( fap 21 / 22 ), brahmaputra river bank priority works, and jamalpur priority project ( fap 3. 1 ) ( smith et al. 1998 ). environmental assessments of these projects have not considered river dolphins, nor have they acknowledged the cumulative impacts of planned embankments, and others built before the fap, on the fish and crustacean species eaten by river dolphins. other sources of habitat degradation in the gbm system include dredging ( smith et al. 1998 ) and the removal of stones ( shrestha 1989 ), sand ( mohanet al. 1998 ), and woody debris ( smith 1993 ). these activities compromise the ecological integrity of the riverine environments, especially small tributaries where suitable habitat is limited


) and the removal of stones ( shrestha 1989 ), sand ( mohanet al. 1998 ), and woody debris ( smith 1993 ). these activities compromise the ecological integrity of the riverine environments, especially small tributaries where suitable habitat is limited and disproportionately vulnerable to local disturbance. dolphin habitat is also threatened by water abstraction from surface pumps and tube wells, especially in the ganges where the mean dry - season water depth has declined dramatically in recent years ( sinha, unpublished ). although the long - term implications of reduced dry - season flows in the ganges are catastrophic, both for the survival of river dolphins and a major portion of the world ’ s human population that inhabits the ganges basin, the cumulative effects of reduced water supplies have received little attention. meanwhile, new projects to divert dry - season flow, such as kanpur barrage in the upper ganges, continue to be constructed ( smith et al. 2000 ). organochlorine and butyltin concentrations in samples from the tissues of ganges dolphins were high enough to cause concern about effects ( kannan et al. 1993, 1994, 1997 ; senthilkumar et al. 1999 ). pollutant loads can be expected to increase with industrialization and the spread of intensive agricultural practices facilitated by water diversion. river dolphins may be particularly vulnerable to industrial pollution because their habitat in counter - current pools downstream of confluences and sharp meanders often places them in close proximity to point sources in major urban areas ( e. g., allahabad, varanasi, patna, calcutta, and dhaka ). furthermore, the capacity of rivers to dilute pollutants ( e. g., arsenic, ddt ) and salts has been drastically reduced in many areas because of upstream water abstraction, diversion, and impoundment. again, this problem is bound to worsen as more development takes place. deliberate killing of river dolphins is believed to have declined in most areas but still occurs at least occasionally in the middle ganges near patna, india ( smith and reeves 2000, sinha 2002 ), in the kalni - kushiyara river of bangladesh ( smith et al. 1998 ), and in the upper reaches of the brahmaputra river in assam, india ( mohan et al. 1997 ). dolphins are killed by tribal people in the upper brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches of the ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant. mortality in fishing gear


et al. 1997 ). dolphins are killed by tribal people in the upper brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches of the ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant. mortality in fishing gear mortality in fishing gear, especially gillnets, is a severe problem for ganges river dolphins throughout most of their range ( mohan 1995, smith and reeves 2000 ). they are particularly vulnerable because their preferred habitat is often in the same location as the fishing grounds. in the middle ganges, although harpooning is now " rare ", mortality in fishing nets remains " widespread " ( sinha 2002 ). a specific problem is that, because dolphin oil is highly valued as a fish attractant, fishermen have a strong incentive to kill any animals found alive in their nets and even to set their nets strategically in the hope of capturing dolphins ( described by sinha 2002 as " assisted incidental capture " ). meaningful quantitative data on the magnitude of catches, either deliberate or incidental, are unavailable and unlikely to become available in the absence of a well - organized, adequately funded, and incorruptible fishery / wildlife management system. | conservation actions : | | ganges river dolphins are legally protected from hunting in all range states. the vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary, bihar, india, between sultanganj and kahalgaon in the mainstem of the ganges river was designated as a protected area for dolphins in august 1991 but there is little government support to enforce protective measures. the legal protection in india has been described as " completely ineffective " ( sinha 2002 ), however a small measure of progress was the convening of the regional seminar on environmental laws in the vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary, bhagalpur, india in november 2003 ( anon 2002 ). also, recent proceedings of the patna high court ( c. j. w. c. no. 5628 of 2001 ) directed the state and federals governments to allocate funds for supporting efforts to conserve and monitor dolphins in the ganges. in a few smaller tributaries, dolphins receive nominal protection by virtue of the fact that small portions of their habitat are within or adjacent to national parks and sanctuaries ( e. g., kaziranga national park in assam, india, national chambal sanctuary in madhya pradesh, india, and royal bardia national park and katerniya ghat gharial sanctuary, respectively north and south of the nepal - india border. although field


##ranga national park in assam, india, national chambal sanctuary in madhya pradesh, india, and royal bardia national park and katerniya ghat gharial sanctuary, respectively north and south of the nepal - india border. although field trials have shown that shark or fish oils would be efficient substitutes for dolphin oil as a fish attractant and some fishermen in the middle ganges are now using oil made from fish scraps as an alternative, most apparently continue to use dolphin oil by preference or because suitable alternatives are not widely available in either the ganges or brahmaputra systems ( mohan and kunhi 1996, smith et al. 1998, bairagi 1999, sinha 2002 ). | | citation : | | smith, b. d., braulik, g. t. & sinha, r. 2012. platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 18 may 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |


sometime in the early summer of 1497, a small caravel, the matthew, with a crew of 18 men, spied land after weeks of perilous sailing across the dangerous, then - unknown waters of the northwest atlantic ocean. captained by an italian seaman, john cabot, whose original name was giovanni caboto, the ship had departed bristol in late may with king henry vii ’ s blessing to look for new lands across the ocean. what cabot and his men saw was a rugged coastline of deep, narrow bays, towering cliffs, and soaring headlands teeming with nesting seabirds — a landscape not unlike many portions of the coastline of britain and ireland. cabot was undoubtedly inspired by the success, only a few years earlier, of fellow genoese mariner christopher columbus, in discovering the islands of the caribbean. but this was no subtropical paradise peopled with friendly natives ; the seas here were rough, cold, and full of icebergs carried south from greenland. instead of waving palm trees, the land was forested with fir and spruce, with the more exposed headlands as barren as the arctic tundra. john cabot had discovered the eastermost portion of north america, the huge island that soon came to be known as newfoundland. although there is some disagreement as to where cabot and his crew made landfall, the most likely spot is somewhere on newfoundland ’ s bonavista peninsula. they apparently went ashore only once, to take in water, plant a flag claiming the land for the british crown, and explore near the sea shore — although they did not go inland “ beyond the shooting distance of a crossbow, ” according to one letter from the period that described the expedition. click here to read the entire article.


march 31, 1912 : titanic - the largest ship in the world is completed! sunday, march 31, 1912 titanic, the largest liner in the world is completed. at 882 feet 9 inches long and 92 feet 6 inches wide, she had the same dimensions as her older sister. her hull was built with 2 thousand 1 inch thick steel plates, held together with over 3 million rivets. her displacement weight is 52, 310 tons, even more than olympic at 52, 067 tons making titanic larger. titanic had three anchors, one for each side with a central anchor stored in reserve on the forcastle deck. the 2 side anchors weighed 7 7 / 8 tons a piece and the central anchor weighing 15 3 / 4 tons. the 2 side anchors were raised and lowered with 96 tons of anchor chain. 29 boilers will produce enough steam to power her 3 story tall reciprocating engines and single turbine, generating up to 46 thousand horsepower. the reciprocating engines turned the outer wing propellers both at 23ft in diameter, and the single turbine turned the center propeller which was 16ft in diameter. titanic and olympic were called triple screw steamers because of the three propellers. pictured below : a photograph of titanic ' s boilers, engines, turbine rotor, and propellers. the cost of building and equipping titanic came to 1. 5 million pounds or 7. 5 million dollars. nearly 125 million dollars by today ' s standards. the white star line expects a quick and glorious return on its investment.


federal rules of evidence an expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. if experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. but if the facts or data would otherwise be inadmissible, the proponent of the opinion may disclose them to the jury only if their probative value in helping the jury evaluate the opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect. ( pub. l. 93 – 595, § 1, jan. 2, 1975, 88 stat. 1937 ; mar. 2, 1987, eff. oct. 1, 1987 ; apr. 17, 2000, eff. dec. 1, 2000 ; apr. 26, 2011, eff. dec. 1, 2011. ) notes of advisory committee on proposed rules facts or data upon which expert opinions are based may, under the rule, be derived from three possible sources. the first is the firsthand observation of the witness, with opinions based thereon traditionally allowed. a treating physician affords an example. rheingold, the basis of medical testimony, 15 vand. l. rev. 473, 489 ( 1962 ). whether he must first relate his observations is treated in rule 705. the second source, presentation at the trial, also reflects existing practice. the technique may be the familiar hypothetical question or having the expert attend the trial and hear the testimony establishing the facts. problems of determining what testimony the expert relied upon, when the latter technique is employed and the testimony is in conflict, may be resolved by resort to rule 705. the third source contemplated by the rule consists of presentation of data to the expert outside of court and other than by his own perception. in this respect the rule is designed to broaden the basis for expert opinions beyond that current in many jurisdictions and to bring the judicial practice into line with the practice of the experts themselves when not in court. thus a physician in his own practice bases his diagnosis on information from numerous sources and of considerable variety, including statements by patients and relatives, reports and opinions from nurses, technicians and other doctors, hospital records, and x rays. most of them are admissible in evidence, but only with the expenditure of substantial time in producing and examining various authenticating witnesses. the physician makes life - and - death decisions in reliance upon them. his validation, expertly performed and


x rays. most of them are admissible in evidence, but only with the expenditure of substantial time in producing and examining various authenticating witnesses. the physician makes life - and - death decisions in reliance upon them. his validation, expertly performed and subject to cross - examination, ought to suffice for judicial purposes. rheingold, supra, at 531 ; mccormick § 15. a similar provision is california evidence code § 801 ( b ). the rule also offers a more satisfactory basis for ruling upon the admissibility of public opinion poll evidence. attention is directed to the validity of the techniques employed rather than to relatively fruitless inquiries whether hearsay is involved. see judge feinberg ' s careful analysis in zippo mfg. co. v. rogers imports, inc., 216 f. supp. 670 ( s. d. n. y. 1963 ) see also blum et al, the art of opinion research : a lawyer ' s appraisal of an emerging service, 24 u. chi. l. rev. 1 ( 1956 ) ; bonynge, trademark surveys and techniques and their use in litigation, 48 a. b. a. j. 329 ( 1962 ) ; zeisel, the uniqueness of survey evidence, 45 cornell l. q. 322 ( 1960 ) ; annot., 76 a. l. r. 2d 919. if it be feared that enlargement of permissible data may tend to break down the rules of exclusion unduly, notice should be taken that the rule requires that the facts or data “ be of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field. ” the language would not warrant admitting in evidence the opinion of an “ accidentologist ” as to the point of impact in an automobile collision based on statements of bystanders, since this requirement is not satisfied. see comment, cal. law rev. comm ' n, recommendation proposing an evidence code 148 – 150 ( 1965 ). notes of advisory committee on rules — 1987 amendment the amendment is technical. no substantive change is intended. committee notes on rules — 2000 amendment rule 703 has been amended to emphasize that when an expert reasonably relies on inadmissible information to form an opinion or inference, the underlying information is not admissible simply because the opinion or inference is admitted. courts have reached different results on how to treat inadmissible information when it is reasonably relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion or drawing an inference. compare united states v.


is not admissible simply because the opinion or inference is admitted. courts have reached different results on how to treat inadmissible information when it is reasonably relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion or drawing an inference. compare united states v. rollins, 862 f. 2d 1282 ( 7th cir. 1988 ) ( admitting, as part of the basis of an fbi agent ' s expert opinion on the meaning of code language, the hearsay statements of an informant ), with united states v. 0. 59 acres of land, 109 f. 3d 1493 ( 9th cir. 1997 ) ( error to admit hearsay offered as the basis of an expert opinion, without a limiting instruction ). commentators have also taken differing views. see, e. g., ronald carlson, policing the bases of modern expert testimony, 39 vand. l. rev. 577 ( 1986 ) ( advocating limits on the jury ' s consideration of otherwise inadmissible evidence used as the basis for an expert opinion ) ; paul rice, inadmissible evidence as a basis for expert testimony : a response to professor carlson, 40 vand. l. rev. 583 ( 1987 ) ( advocating unrestricted use of information reasonably relied upon by an expert ). when information is reasonably relied upon by an expert and yet is admissible only for the purpose of assisting the jury in evaluating an expert ' s opinion, a trial court applying this rule must consider the information ' s probative value in assisting the jury to weigh the expert ' s opinion on the one hand, and the risk of prejudice resulting from the jury ' s potential misuse of the information for substantive purposes on the other. the information may be disclosed to the jury, upon objection, only if the trial court finds that the probative value of the information in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert ' s opinion substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. if the otherwise inadmissible information is admitted under this balancing test, the trial judge must give a limiting instruction upon request, informing the jury that the underlying information must not be used for substantive purposes. see rule 105. in determining the appropriate course, the trial court should consider the probable effectiveness or lack of effectiveness of a limiting instruction under the particular circumstances. the amendment governs only the disclosure to the jury of information that is reasonably relied on by an expert, when that information is not admissible for substantive purposes. it is not intended to affect the admissibility of an expert ' s testimony


circumstances. the amendment governs only the disclosure to the jury of information that is reasonably relied on by an expert, when that information is not admissible for substantive purposes. it is not intended to affect the admissibility of an expert ' s testimony. nor does the amendment prevent an expert from relying on information that is inadmissible for substantive purposes. nothing in this rule restricts the presentation of underlying expert facts or data when offered by an adverse party. see rule 705. of course, an adversary ' s attack on an expert ' s basis will often open the door to a proponent ' s rebuttal with information that was reasonably relied upon by the expert, even if that information would not have been discloseable initially under the balancing test provided by this amendment. moreover, in some circumstances the proponent might wish to disclose information that is relied upon by the expert in order to “ remove the sting ” from the opponent ' s anticipated attack, and thereby prevent the jury from drawing an unfair negative inference. the trial court should take this consideration into account in applying the balancing test provided by this amendment. this amendment covers facts or data that cannot be admitted for any purpose other than to assist the jury to evaluate the expert ' s opinion. the balancing test provided in this amendment is not applicable to facts or data that are admissible for any other purpose but have not yet been offered for such a purpose at the time the expert testifies. the amendment provides a presumption against disclosure to the jury of information used as the basis of an expert ' s opinion and not admissible for any substantive purpose, when that information is offered by the proponent of the expert. in a multi - party case, where one party proffers an expert whose testimony is also beneficial to other parties, each such party should be deemed a “ proponent ” within the meaning of the amendment. gap report — proposed amendment to rule 703. the committee made the following changes to the published draft of the proposed amendment to evidence rule 703 : 1. a minor stylistic change was made in the text, in accordance with the suggestion of the style subcommittee of the standing committee on rules of practice and procedure. 2. the words “ in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert ' s opinion ” were added to the text, to specify the proper purpose for offering the otherwise inadmissible information relied on by an expert. the committee note was revised to accord with this change in the text. 3. stylistic changes were made to the committee note. 4. the committee note was revised to


uavsar : an airborne window on earth surface deformation jan. 20 & 21 the earth ' s surface is constantly undergoing surface deformation at the millimeter to meter scale both from natural forces such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and glacier motion and from anthropogenic causes such as oil and ground water pumping. from crust to core, grail reveals the lunar interior feb. 17 & 18 the moon is the most accessible and best studied rocky, or " terrestrial ", body beyond earth. wise : the infrared full sky survey mar. 17 & 18 in early january, 2010, the wide - field infrared survey explorer ( wise ) began imaging the entire sky with sensitivities in the mid - infrared hundreds of times greater than previous surveys. a unique opportunity : scientific research and human space flight in the shuttle era april 14 & 15 for an entire generation around the world, thirty years of access to low - earth orbit using the space shuttle orbiter and solid rocket boosters has created the almost iconic image of the winged ascending spacecraft lighting up the florida sky. john f. kennedy and project apollo may 25 of this year will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the 1961 speech to a joint session of congress in which president john f. kennedy, just four months in office, proposed sending americans to the moon " before this decade is out. " climate change impact on civilizations : lessons from space data and archaeology june 9 & 10 recently, nasa and other remote sensing data have enabled significant progress in archaeological research. hot water : the oceans and global warming july 21 & 22 water covers nearly 70 percent of its surface, so it ' s no wonder that the world ' s oceans play such an important role in global climate changes. nasa ' s deep space network : our link to spacecraft around the solar system aug. 18 & 19 nasa ' s deep space network is the largest and most sensitive scientific communications system in the world. a linchpin of spacecraft communication, dsn is our connection to worlds beyond and an essential piece of jpl ' s exploration of space. from a to z : getting curiosity to the launch pad sept. 15 & 16 the mars science laboratory, " curiosity ", is the latest project in nasa ' s mars exploration program, a long - term program of robotic exploration of the red planet. a self - powered underwater robot for ocean exploration and beyond oct. 13 & 14 the sounding oceanographic lagrangrian observer thermal recharging ( solo - trec ) autonomous underwater vehicle is the first unmanned underwater vehicle ( uuv ) that


data for instruction the careful analysis of student assessment data is at the core of all the decisions teachers make about instruction. several sources of formative and summative data — include the astute observations of watchful teachers — draw a clear picture of the academic progress of each child. analyze & synthesize teachers use their plc time to analyze assessment data at the level of the individual student. the results of this close analysis and synthesis across multiple data sets provide the raw material for any changes to instruction and student placement in whole and small groups for math and reading. share data & make decisions this assessment form and ( sample ) master intervention schedule provide two mechanisms to share data among the evergreen heights teaching team and the families whose children they teach. teachers use the information captured on these forms to design specific interventions and decide grouping for academic enrichment. in the report card that goes out every trimester, parents receive a special insert that explains this formative data. we can make the connection multiple and layered sources of assessment data and its careful analysis on a weekly basis, create a solidly structured center of gravity for teaching and learning. every day, teachers at evergreen heights are able to add to what they know about how well their students are grasping and applying new concepts, which underscores and reinforces the commitment to each child ’ s academic achievement, irrespective of the challenges they face — one of the nine characteristics of high - performing schools. teachers and staff believe that all students can learn and meet high standards. while recognizing that some students must overcome significant barriers, these obstacles are not seen as insurmountable. students are offered an ambitious and rigorous course of study.


the 1911 “ battle ” for islam in british guiana and yes, we won the “ battle, ” more than 174 years ago when british missionaries in then british guiana tried their hardest to convert as many east indian - muslims to christianity in the colony, despite the fact that they failed to do so during their reign in hindustan. the muslims in guyana ought to celebrate this year ’ s eid ( and every day for that matter ) with much exuberance as they stood their grounds in the face of much cruelty, hardship and many adversities at the hands of their plantations owners. had it not been for the adherence to the five pillars of islam – tawheed ( belief in one god ), namaz ( prayers ), zakat ( charity ), rozah ( fasting during ramadhan ) and the hajj ( pilgrimage to mecca ), islam may have also suffered a slow ‘ death ’ in the same manner it was systematically eradicated amongst the enslaved african muslims during the period of slavery. the second missionary conference, “ on behalf of the mohammedan world, ” was held on january 23 - 28, 1911 in lucknow, india. the conference was called for two main reasons to : ( a ) address the growing fear of the colonialists that the total muslim population had surpassed the christians by more than 5 million in the british empire ; and ( b ) review the progress made, if any, and if not why not, to convert the east indians to christianity by the missionaries in the various colonies of the empire. among the reports presented during the conference was a section on british guiana, dutch guiana and the west indies detailing – ( i ) the ‘ rebirth ’ of islam in the region with the introduction of east indian indentured servants following the abolition of slavery ; and ( ii ) the impact islam had on the freed africans in the region, but especially in british guiana. at the conference, evangelists expressed their deep concern regarding the spread of islam, claiming that a century ’ s worth of missionary work in british guiana will be wasted if drastic steps were not taken to stop the east indian muslims in their conversion of the africans. they recognized the fact that the learned muslims ( like gool mohammed khan ) in british guiana were “ skillful debaters ” who were well - versed in the bible and were able to “ shake the faith of the uneducated christians. ” the conference concluded that the struggle for the future in british guiana will be a “ battle between christ and mohammed. ” the evangelists regarded the


- versed in the bible and were able to “ shake the faith of the uneducated christians. ” the conference concluded that the struggle for the future in british guiana will be a “ battle between christ and mohammed. ” the evangelists regarded the muslims as a threat and a bad influence on “ their people, ” in referring to the freed africans. they noted that in several cases african christians had “ forsaken christ for the prophet of mecca ”, without any pressure from the east indians as the africans felt a greater affinity to islam as many of them realized it was once their religion as well. the evangelists ‘ discovered ’ that muslims on the whole resisted conversion to christianity. hence, in their annual assessment of muslims in british guiana, they labeled them as aggressive, stubborn and organized and that they were a hindrance in their ( evangelical ) crusade to change the religious demographic of the west indies. the greatest shock for the missionaries in british guiana was the realization, as expressed by rev. j. b. hill, of the aggressiveness of the “ docile coolie mohammedans ” in their new ‘ homeland. ’ case in point, two muslim jahagis from bihar who came on the hesperus in 1838 – jumun ( age 27 ) and phultun ( age 28 ) – were the first to rebel against the ‘ slave - like ’ conditions and ran away from gladstone estate just days after they were transplanted on the plantation. while there were other instances of rebellion amongst the indians, the one that many historians failed to acknowledge was the 1872 devonshire castle riots where about 300 sugar workers ( muslims and hindus alike ) downed tools and confronted their white masters demanding better working conditions and wages. in the ensuing ‘ battle, ’ five workers were gunned down by the colonial police – two of them were muslims – ackloo and maxid ally. then in 1913, there was the rosehall uprising, where most of the protestors in the forefront ‘ battling ’ imperialism were muslims – moula bux, jahangir khan, dildar khan, chotey khan, aladi, and amirbaksh – they all stood up against the injustices they were subjected to on the plantation. fast forward to the 1940s, when there was an increased demand by the muslim leadership in british guiana for funding of islamic and urdu schools. these propositions and requests were articulated in several correspondences by the president of the sadr anjuman, mr. r. b. gajraj and moulvi m. a


leadership in british guiana for funding of islamic and urdu schools. these propositions and requests were articulated in several correspondences by the president of the sadr anjuman, mr. r. b. gajraj and moulvi m. a nasir to the british government but with little or no success, they were basically ignored. christian schools, on the other hand, were heavily funded by the british, whereas the british government consistently “ paid ” only lip service to the concerns of the muslims in british guiana. on august 21, 1941, the british guiana islamic association ( bgia ) called a special conference on education to discuss a uniform system of muslim religious education in accordance with the requirements of the education code of british guiana. the main speakers on the subject were : messrs. m. a. nasir ( president ) and ayube m. edun ; also, present were – k. ali, s. shabratee, m. l. r naboo, and s. m. shakoor, the urdu secretary. sadly, the recommendations and resolutions which emanated from that conference and subsequent conferences fell on deaf ears – it was the british way of getting back at the “ aggressive ” muslims – which ultimately contributed to the demise of the urdu language as the muslims did not have the human or financial resources to fund the teaching of the language. muslims ‘ fought ’ hard to hold on to their religion and culture, despite the fact that a number of them converted to christianity ( including many hindus ). those who converted were regarded as ‘ civilized ’ and rewarded with better and higher paying jobs in the public service. many of them were also given scholarships to study in england as a bonus, while their children were admitted to the christian schools. the ‘ battle ’ however, has not ended ; much of the region still needs to embrace this multicultural history. muslims must not be seen as alien to the west indies, nor should they be ashamed of their islamic heritage given present day hysteria towards followers of the religion. more can be done to educate and accept the long presence of the muslims and their role in helping to shape the socio - economic and political policies affecting the work / lives of the peoples in the region. today, the younger generation needs to be educated on our history in guyana, and appreciate the [ righteous ] path that their ancestors blazed for them to follow. we share an islamic history that is rich in many spheres of – math, astronomy, physics, literature, architecture and culinary. in fact, many scholars agree that


health benefits of tea tea contains catechins, a type of antioxidant. in a freshly picked tea leaf, catechins can compose up to 30 % of the dry weight. catechins are highest in concentration in white and green teas, while black tea has substantially fewer due to its oxidative preparation. research by the u. s. department of agriculture has suggested that levels of antioxidants in green and black tea do not differ greatly, with green tea having an oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( orac ) of 1253 and black tea an orac of 1128 ( measured in µmolte / 100g ). tea has negligible carbohydrates, fat, and protein. although tea contains various types of phenolics and tannin, tea does not contain tannic acid. tannic acid is not an appropriate standard for any type of tannin analysis because of its poorly defined composition. theanine and caffeine tea also contains theanine and the stimulant caffeine at about 3 % of its dry weight, translating to between 30 mg and 90 mg per 8 oz. ( 250 ml ) cup depending on type, brand and brewing method. tea also contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline. due to modern day environmental pollution fluoride and aluminum have also been found to occur in tea, with certain types of brick tea made from old leaves and stems having the highest levels. this occurs due to the tea plant ' s high sensitivity to and absorption of environmental pollutants. dry tea has more caffeine by weight than coffee ; nevertheless, more dried coffee is used than dry tea in preparing the beverage, which means that a cup of brewed tea contains significantly less caffeine than a cup of coffee of the same size. green tea catechins have also been shown to possess antibiotic properties due to their role in disrupting a specific stage of the bacterial dna replication process. an article in new scientist magazine mentions that numerous studies suggest that green tea protects against a range of cancers, including lung, prostate and breast cancer. the reason cited is the antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ), according to hirofumi tachibana ' s team at kyushu university. their research showed that growth of human lung cancer cells with a cell receptor called 67 lr is slowed significantly after drinking just two or three cups of green tea, which contains egcg. the


than non - tea drinkers. coffee consumption did not show any effect except at the very highest level of consumption, where it was associated with significantly decreased decline of 20 percent. the study used data on more than 4, 800 men and women aged 65 and older from the cardiovascular health study to examine change in cognitive function over time. study participants were followed for up to 14 years for naturally - occurring cognitive decline. ( aaicad 2010 ; lenore arab, phd ; ucla ) lowered stress hormone levels according to a study by researchers at university college london, drinking black tea can lead to lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol after a stressful event. fifty minutes after being subjected to challenging tasks, subjects who had been drinking 4 cups of black tea daily for 6 weeks, had a 20 % greater drop in cortisol than the placebo group. blood platelet activation, which is linked to blood clotting and the risk of heart attacks was also lower for tea drinkers. effects on hiv a recent study appearing in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology was the subject of an article on bbc news. it stated that epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ) found in green tea can lead to the inhibition of hiv binding and may be used as a complementary therapy for hiv patients, but qualified it by noting that " it is not a cure, and nor is it a safe way to avoid infection, however, we suggest that it should be used in combination with conventional medicines to improve quality of life for those infected. " it was an in vitro ( test tube ) study, not an in vivo study, which only tested effects of a chemical in green tea. " many substances shown to prevent hiv infection in the test tube turn out to have little or no effect in real life, so i think there ' s a long way to go before anyone should rely on green tea to protect against hiv infection. " effects on inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) the phenolics in green tea have been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation in mouse models of ibd. this effect seems to be related to tea ’ s ability to interrupt the cascade of inflammatory reactions that are the cause of ibd. effects on bad breath researchers at the university of illinois at chicago stated that tea phenolics help inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause bad breath. iron overload disorders researchers in germany have found that a daily cup of black tea can help stop excess iron damaging the bodies of people who suffer from hemochrom