stated that tea phenolics help inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause bad breath. iron overload disorders researchers in germany have found that a daily cup of black tea can help stop excess iron damaging the bodies of people who suffer from hemochromatosis due to its high content of flavonoids ( commonly mistaken for tannins ), which limit iron absorption. effects associated with caffeine main article : health effects of caffeine a cup of green tea contains between 15 and 50 mg of caffeine. certain cognitive benefits are associated with caffeine consumption, such as a reduction in the likelihood of parkinson ' s disease and a temporary increase in short term memory. further, caffeine consumption has been linked with greater athletic performance, healthy weight loss, reduction in duration and severity of headaches and is effective in treating the symptoms of asthma. effects on obstructive sleep apnea - related brain deficits university of louisville researchers report that green tea phenolics may stave off the cognitive deficits that occur with obstructive sleep apnea, in the second issue for may, 2008 of the american thoracic society ’ s american journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. researchers examined the effects of green tea phenolics administered through drinking water, on rats that were intermittently deprived of oxygen during 12 - hour “ night ” cycles, mimicking the intermittent hypoxia that humans with osa experience. effects on bacterial and fungal infections a study at pace university reported in american society for microbiology ( may 2008 ) found white tea extracts effective at treating bacterial infections, such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumonia and dental caries. white tea was also found to be effective in treating fungal infections from penicillium chrysogenum and saccharomyces cerevisiae. researchers also reported that white tea extracts showed a greater effect than green tea extracts. antivenin activity of melanin extracted from black tea ( mebt ) was reported for the first time in 2004. low toxicity of mebt in combination with its antagonistic activity against different venoms may allow effective life - saving treatment against snakebites. such application of mebt is important when identification of the snake is impossible or if specific treatment is unavailable. research conducted at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ) and presented at the international stroke conference in february 2009 found that drinking three or more cups of either green or black tea per day can reduce the risk of


or if specific treatment is unavailable. research conducted at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ) and presented at the international stroke conference in february 2009 found that drinking three or more cups of either green or black tea per day can reduce the risk of suffering a stroke by as much as 21 %. research published in april 2009 by the university of l ' aquila and funded by the unilever - owned lipton institute of tea suggests that drinking just one cup of regular, black tea per day may help to protect against cardiovascular disease. the research showed that black tea consumption does — depending on dose — improve blood vessel reactivity, reduce both blood pressure and arterial stiffness, indicating a notably better cardiovascular health profile. sinecatechin, an extract from green tea, was shown to be effective in treating anogenital warts in a double - blinded, randomized controlled trial of greater than 500 subjects. the subjects applied a topical ointment containing either sinecatechin or placebo to the affected area for up to 4 months, and were followed for 3 months after treatment. more than half of the subjects in the treatment group ( 57 % ) experienced a complete resolution of their warts, compared with a third ( 34 % ) in the control group. 78 % of the patients in the treatment group experienced at least 50 % improvement in their warts. the number needed to treat was 4 - 5 patients. the green tea extract treatment was well - tolerated, with relatively few side - effects. in a japanese study, green tea consumption was inversely associated with psychological distress even after adjustment for possible confounding factors. a more frequent consumption of green tea was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in another japanese study. researchers conducted a cross - sectional study in 1, 058 community - dwelling elderly japanese individuals 70 years of age. the prevalence of mild and severe depressive symptoms was 34. 1 percent and 20. 2 percent, respectively. after adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratios for mild and severe depressive symptoms when higher green tea consumption was compared with green tea consumption of 1 cup / d were : 2 to 3 cups green tea / d and 4 cups green tea / d. similar relations were also observed in the case of severe depressive symptoms. one study shows that green tea reduced the severity of rheumatoid arthritis in rats ; however another study shows that tea increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis by 78 % for heavy drinkers and by 40 % for occasional


symptoms. one study shows that green tea reduced the severity of rheumatoid arthritis in rats ; however another study shows that tea increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis by 78 % for heavy drinkers and by 40 % for occasional drinkers. weight loss and cholesterol green tea and its extract have been shown to fight obesity and lower ldl " bad " cholesterol — two risk factors for heart disease and diabetes. one study in the netherlands and a study in japan showed that green tea did both. in the dutch study, participants who drank caffeinated green tea lost more weight, but even those who typically drank the decaf variety saw a decrease in their waistlines and body weight. researchers speculated that the caffeine helps with fat oxidation. in the japanese study, 240 men and women were given varying amounts of green tea extract for three months. those who got the highest amount lost fat and weight and had lower blood pressure and lower ldl " bad " cholesterol. retrieved from " http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / health _ effects _ of _ tea " text is released and available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license additional terms may apply. how to brew tea how long will my tea last? hot tips for iced tea new choices for discerning palettes tea novice? no problem! tea tasting terms welcome to kally tea. we have to admit, once we started drinking loose leaf tea, it quickly turned from a pleasurable delight to a serious passion. we have discovered that drinking loose leaf tea has made us feel better in many ways, not only physically but also mentally and emotionally. black tea, either straight, or flavored, fulfills our morning get - up - and - go - needs. green tea, as well as white tea, both have a very calming and satisfying effect on the body. oolong tea, with its distinct taste, is wonderful any time of the day, and is especially enjoyable after a session of qi gong. herbals also provide wonderful health benefits that seem to have been suppressed for many years. this website represents our long - time passion and vision for how to make a genuine contribution to people ’ s lives. we are so confident that you will enjoy our offerings of loose leaf tea that we offer this full satisfaction guarantee - you ’ ll love our tea or get your money back. we also offer free tea samples in every order shipped. please browse our site and join us in what we feel


sat november 26, 2011 war by remote control : drones make it easy from his spot beneath a replica of the famous wright military flyer in the smithsonian national air and space museum, peter singer is reminded of a modern military drone. " the story of manned airplanes is a great parallel to what ' s happening now with unmanned airplanes, " he tells weekends on all things considered guest host rachel martin. singer, a technological warfare expert and author of the book wired for war, has had drones on his mind a lot lately. the department of defense is under pressure to cut close to a trillion dollars from its budget over the next 10 years, so there ' s a lot of talk around the pentagon about what can go and what can ' t. most defense officials agree that what can ' t be cut is remote aerial technology. drones have taken center stage in the u. s. wars in iraq and afghanistan as well as the counterterrorism fight in pakistan. the ability to fight wars without risking u. s. lives is raising questions about the nature of combat. skepticism from the wright brothers on the wright military flyer, singer says, is a reminder of how just far drone technology has come. in 1903, he says, the new york times printed an article under the headline " flying machines which do not fly, " which argued it would take millions of engineers and mechanics tens of thousands of years to build an actual flying machine. the idea, singer says, was considered science fiction. but on the very day that article was printed, singer says, " two brothers in dayton, ohio, start to assemble the first real flying machine in their bicycle shop. " it wasn ' t long until the military opened bids for what were then called " heavier - than - air " flying machines. the wrights signed a contract, and the military flyer was born. " it ' s just like any other technology — whether it ' s what happened with the horseless carriage or what happened with the computer, " singer says. " starts out as imagination, and then it gets crossed with innovation, profit seeking and, most importantly, that horrible human need to figure out how to destroy one another. " over 100 years later, aerospace pioneers are still convincing the rest of us their work isn ' t the stuff of science fiction. that ' s literally the tagline of a recent recruiting ad by the air force featuring drone technology : " it ' s not science fiction. it ' s what we do every day. " the ad shows a robotic aircraft scanning a desert landscape with a


that ' s literally the tagline of a recent recruiting ad by the air force featuring drone technology : " it ' s not science fiction. it ' s what we do every day. " the ad shows a robotic aircraft scanning a desert landscape with a camera that looks like a bright red eye, alerting troops on the ground of a nearby sniper. not far from the wright exhibit at the air and space museum, you can find an exhibit featuring five different drones – the air force prefers the term " remotely piloted aircraft. among the aircraft is an mq - 1 predator, similar to the drone from that air force ad. these drones have special meaning for singer. " they ' re actually just like that wright brothers flyer, " singer says. " they ' re the first generation of all this. " remote defense takes off singer says not a single western aerospace company has a manned combat aircraft in research and development. the mq - 1 predator is the military ' s main workhorse ; on sept. 11, 2001, the air force had one. " we ' ve now got 57 predators up, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, looking at different target points around the world, " says air force maj. gen. james poss. poss helps oversee the air force ' s surveillance programs, which mostly revolve around drones. poss says the air force now recruits more pilots for unmanned aircraft than fighter and bomber pilots combined. a lot of the skills pilots need are the same — spatial awareness, quick critical thinking skills — but unlike pilots for manned aircraft, remote pilots don ' t need perfect vision. they don ' t need to worry about getting airsick. and combat can bring different strains, too. " unlike a person that deploys to combat, our remotely - piloted aircraft force never leave combat, " poss says. also, " you do leave your ground control station and drive home and you have to mow the lawn. " one predator pilot, he says, has been stationed at creech air force base in nevada, flying surveillance over the same area of southwest asia for nine years. " the overwhelming advantage we get, " poss says, " is that if you want to go and talk to a world expert on iraq or afghanistan, maybe you don ' t need to go to iraq or afghanistan. maybe you need to talk to that young captain down at creech, because they ' ve been staring at that ground for the past nine years. " a war over there the extreme distance between nevada and


' t need to go to iraq or afghanistan. maybe you need to talk to that young captain down at creech, because they ' ve been staring at that ground for the past nine years. " a war over there the extreme distance between nevada and afghanistan keeps a remote pilot out of harm ' s way, but singer argues it also introduces a host of complications about how we define war. he points out that obama skirted congressional authorization for military action in libya, arguing that air support for the european effort did not risk u. s. forces. yet, he says, the u. s. carried out 146 air strikes in libya — including a final strike that may have contributed to the capture of col. moammar gadhafi. the u. s. has also carried out hundreds of air strikes over pakistan using drones. one of those strikes is reported to have killed at least two dozen pakistani soldiers on saturday, further inflaming tensions between the two countries. " engaging in combat and people being at risk have always been together until now, " singer says. " the technology allows you to disentangle them, and now a new age of war has started. " the big question is how much more automated war will become. singer says there are dozens of other countries at different stages of developing their own drone technology. will there be a time when air - to - air combat is fully automated? " i can definitely see some of the more mundane aspects of flight being autonomous, " poss says. that could mean landing and taking off, aerial refueling, flying to and from a certain target. " but i always see a human making that final call on whether or not that is a legitimate target, " he says. " and i certainly always see a human making that final call on whether or not to release a weapon on that target. "


how to recycle in the keys the information below has been provided in a collaborative effort by waste management, the city of key west, monroe county public works and glee volunteers. please send questions or comments to email @ example. com. - faqs for recycling in key west - monroe county recycling, hazardous waste & electronic waste information - recycle sticker graphic : any container less than 50 lbs. can be used for recycling. download, print and attach this sign to your bin with clear mailing tape, or pick up a free sticker at the revenue dept. in city hall. - how often – and on what days is recycled material collected? - do items need to be separated ( plastic, aluminum, tin, paper )? - do i need to take the labels off jars and cans? - what are some of the items that are not recyclable? - how clean do containers need to be before they go into the recycling bin? - how do i find out what to do with hard - to - recycle items? - is recycling really cost - effective and does it improve the environment? - where can i take packing materials such as packing peanuts, bubble wrap and styrofoam blocks to be reused? - if a glass or plastic product doesn ’ t have a recycling logo on it, can it still be recycled? - how can i tell which plastics are recyclable? - why do plastics have a number on them if they can ' t be recycled? - can caps and lids on plastic containers be recycled? - can plastic bags be recycled curbside? - can aluminum foil be recycled with cans? - what about lids for tin cans? - can aerosol cans be recycled? - what types of paper are recyclable? - what type of paper is not recyclable? - can i recycle shredded paper from my home? - if something is made from recycled paper, can it be recycled again? - what colors of glass can be recycled? - what do i need to do to prepare the glass bottles? - why can ' t i recycle broken drinking glasses with my glass bottles and jars? - how can i recycle my old batteries? - where can i recycle my car battery and car oil? - can ' t we just dump latex paint? it is water soluble. - where can i recycle my enamel paint and other hazardous materials? how often – and on what days is recycled material collected? recycled materials


battery and car oil? - can ' t we just dump latex paint? it is water soluble. - where can i recycle my enamel paint and other hazardous materials? how often – and on what days is recycled material collected? recycled materials for households are collected once per week – check with waste management ( wm ) for your day. cost of recycling – for households and condominiums - is included in your monthly bill from the city of key west. do items need to be separated ( plastic, aluminum, tin, paper )? no, the city of key west has recently converted to a “ single stream ” recycling. the items are separated once they reach the recycle facility in broward county. - plastic bags ( take to publix, albertson ’ s, winn dixie or other collection sites ) - styrofoam ( take to publix or other collection sites ) - mirrors, window or auto glass - light bulbs of any kind ( cfls can be recycled at home depot ) - batteries ( aaa, aa, c & d can be recycled at radio shack ) - ceramics or porcelain - film canisters - painted or treated wood - paper towels - plastic wrap how clean do containers need to be before they go into the recycling bin? a good rinse will suffice ; a little residue at the top of a bottle, for example, is fine. just remove all food bits and other bits of trash, cigarette butts, etc. how do i find out what to do with hard - to - recycle items? a surprisingly wide variety of products are recycled by various organizations for free or with a small fee. computers, cooking oil, foam peanuts, and light bulbs are just a few of the items you can recycle with very little effort by taking them to a drop - off center — instead of throwing them away. for drop - off centers in your area, check with wm or public works department. is recycling really cost - effective and does it improve the environment? yes, recycling is cost - effective. the paper, bottles & cans collected in the key west recycling program are sorted at the materials recovery facility in broward county. recycling improves the environment in many ways : - key west city waste is taken either to the recycle center or to the “ waste - to - energy ” facility in broward county. - recycling conserves natural resources. - supplying recycled materials to an industry uses less energy than supplying virgin materials that incur extra extraction and transportation


to the recycle center or to the “ waste - to - energy ” facility in broward county. - recycling conserves natural resources. - supplying recycled materials to an industry uses less energy than supplying virgin materials that incur extra extraction and transportation costs. - manufacturing with recycled materials, with very few exceptions, produces less air and water pollution than manufacturing with virgin materials where can i take packing materials such as packing peanuts, bubble wrap and styrofoam blocks to be reused? packing peanuts, bubble wrap and styrofoam blocks can be taken to one of the shipping companies in key west to be reused ( both pakmail & ups store are on n. roosevelt blvd ). if a glass or plastic product doesn ’ t have a recycling logo on it, can it still be recycled? possibly. the recycling symbol is unregulated and placed on containers by plastic - container manufacturers for their own use. so you ’ ll probably end up with containers that are emblazoned with recycling symbols yet are not recyclable, and vice - versa. if you ’ re not sure if something is recyclable, it ’ s probably better to put it in the trash than in the recycling bin. how can i tell which plastics are recyclable? the numbers inside the " chasing arrows " recycling symbol # on the bottom of plastic containers indicate recyclability. they reflect the plastic resin content of the plastic. wm accepts all # 1 - # 7 plastics, except styrofoam ( # 6 ). this includes the plastic boxes that fresh fruit is sold in, prescription medicine containers, yogurt containers and plastic trays that microwavable meals come in – check the number on the bottom of the plastic item. the numbering system was designed so that plastics could be sorted according to a few broad categories. once the system was adopted, recycling companies were able to identify plastic containers by type. recycling companies could thus separate and collect the plastic types that had sufficient market value to cover the costs of collection and transportation. no. not in curbside recycling. the recycling process ’ biggest problem is plastic bags mixed in with recycled materials ; it jams the equipment. do not include them in your recycle bin. the good news : clean plastic bags can be dropped off at publix ( east end, along with clean styrofoam food containers, egg cartons and paper bags ), albertson ’ s, winn dixie and other locations. - mixed paper


: clean plastic bags can be dropped off at publix ( east end, along with clean styrofoam food containers, egg cartons and paper bags ), albertson ’ s, winn dixie and other locations. - mixed paper - newspaper, magazines, catalogs, junk mail, envelopes ( even with the window ), manila folders, brown paper bags, and fax paper. - cardboard - pizza boxes ( clean ), frozen food boxes, corrugated boxes ( wavy middle layer ) and single layer cardboard ( cereal boxes ). - - waxy juice / milk containers can i recycle shredded paper from my home? most of what households shred is not recyclable because it is almost powder when it comes out. if the paper is at least 1 / 2 " wide and 4 " long, which means it still has fiber characteristic, it is recyclable. but if you use a diamond cut for privacy issues wm is not able to recycle it. so only shred what you have to and use it for compost or shipping and recycle other paper. composting is a great way to “ recycle ” shredded paper. shredded paper is a good source of carbon, which is the main ingredient of a compost pile. if something is made from recycled paper, can it be recycled again? yes. while it ’ s true that recycling paper and plastic over and over will degrade the quality, that doesn ’ t mean you can ’ t recycle it. why can ' t i recycle broken drinking glasses with my glass bottles and jars? the combination of ingredients used to make glassware ( i. e. drinking glasses ) is different from what goes into container glass. glassware, ceramics, window panes, or mirrors can pose a threat to workers and equipment in a glass recycling plant. how can i dispose my old batteries? alkaline batteries ( aaa - d ) may be placed in a clear, sealed sandwich bag and placed in the recycling bin. these can also be recycled at radio shack or can now be taken - along with car, boat, and tool batteries – to the cudjoe transfer station during regular hours. where can i recycle my enamel paint and other hazardous materials? these items must be taken to the following hazmat drop - off location : - cudjoe transfer station ( on blimp rd, mm21. 5 ), 8 : 00 - 4 : 00 on 1st and


thorough, thoughtful history of america ' s road to vietnam, by arnold ( bantam history of the vietnam war - - not reviewed ). beginning with ho chi minh, then a 36 - year - old seaman being inspired during ww ii by fdr ' s antiimperialist rhetoric, arnold traces the american mistakes - - starting with fdr ' s failure to brief truman fully on foreign policy - - that eventually led ho into bloody conflict with the us. according to arnold, ho ' s political innocence, magnetic leadership, and desire for an alliance with america were delineated by oss reports, as was his determination : ` ` if you do not help us achieve our goal [ ending french rule ], i know a country that will be only too glad to. ' ' arnold pinpoints de gaulle ' s artful invocation of the communist threat as the key to the us / french alliance in indochina and explains how america failed to grasp the meaning of the french defeat at dien bien phu in 1954. he confirms that ` ` the u. s. government indeed had a large investment of money and prestige riding on the battle ' s outcome.... ' ' in fact, as the battle for dien bien phu stretched on, he says, a us carrier task force was put on alert and the us quietly moved to the brink of war. as these events began to receive media coverage in the us, president - to - be kennedy got national attention for speaking of the need of the people to know ` ` the blunt truth about indochina ' ' if they were ` ` for the fourth time in this century to travel the long and tortuous road of war. ' ' eisenhower ' s response to kennedy was his famous ` ` domino theory, ' ' with indochina perceived as the first piece likely to fall. an engrossing account of america ' s path to disaster, with eisenhower ' s commitment to indochina and ho ' s growing disaffection with the us set in expert counterpoint.


general information / education / medical / cultural / entertainment the history... cumberland gap has been used as a crossing point in the appalachian mountains. animals have used it as a path to the green pastures of kentucky. native americans used the gap as the warrior ' s path that led from the potomac river down the south side of the appalachians through the gap and north to " the dark and bloody ground " known as kentucky and on to ohio. in 1750 dr. thomas walker found the gap and mapped its location, but the french and indian wars closed the new frontiers. daniel boone and many other long - hunters used the gap to the kentucky hunting grounds. in 1775, after the treaty of sycamore shoals ended most indian troubles, boone and thirty men marked out the wilderness trail from what is now kingsport tennessee through the cumberland gap to kentucky. part of the wilderness road can be walked in cumberland gap, tennessee by the iron furnace. before the revolutionary war over 12, 000 people crossed into the new frontier territory. by the time of kentucky ' s admission to the union, over 100, 000 people had passed through the gap. by 1800 the gap was being used for transportation and commerce, both east and west. in the 1830 ' s, other routes west caused the gap to decline in importance. during the civil war the gap was called the keystone of the confederacy and the gibraltar of america. both armies felt the invasion of the north or south would come through the gap. both armies held and fortified the gap against the invasion that never came. the gap exchanged hands four times to be finally abandoned in 1866 by the federal army. today the cumberland gap is the main local route north and south, via cumberland gap parkway ( hwy. 25e ). by the mid 1990 ' s a four lane tunnel under the gap will open a new north - south, east - west route and the cumberland gap will be restored like the first pioneer saw it. claiborne county located on the tennessee - kentucky - virginia borders in east tennessee, one of the state ' s three " grand divisions. " it was formed in 1801 from parts of hawkins and grainger counties. the county seat is tazewell. the communities of tazewell and new tazewell are in claiborne county, tennessee. we are located in the beautiful mountains of the cumberland gap area. cumberland gap is located where tennessee, kentucky, and virginia meet. claiborne county is a rural county with a population of 28, 828. the county covers 2400 square


. we are located in the beautiful mountains of the cumberland gap area. cumberland gap is located where tennessee, kentucky, and virginia meet. claiborne county is a rural county with a population of 28, 828. the county covers 2400 square miles. tazewell, the county seat, is located about 40 miles north of knoxville, tennessee. along with our beautiful mountains we have beautiful norris lake with 850 miles of shoreline. norris lake was the first t. v. a. lake built in the late 1930 ' s. the lake is fed by two large rivers, the clinch and the powell. the lake is enjoyed by fisherman and water lovers of all ages. some of the larger communities in the county are tazewell, new tazewell, harrogate, speedwell, forge ridge, midway, springdale, cumberland gap, cedar grove, dogwood heights, and lone mountain. population in claiborne county 28, 828 communi comm services claiborne county utility district united cities propane gas the claiborne county area is home to 11 schools. the claiborne county board of education consists of 7 members. for additional information contact our superintendent of schools is dr. roy k. norris. you can contact the central office at box 179, tazewell, tennessee 37879. the phone number is ( 423 ) 626 - 5225. welcome to lincoln memorial university ( lmu ). for more than 100 years, lmu has helped serve the higher education needs of our tri - state area and beyond. we are excited by that heritage, and we invite you to share it! the university offers a talented, dedicated faculty and staff, a strong and varied curriculum, a well - rounded student life, a beautiful campus, and excellent facilities. in keeping with its lincoln legacy, lmu prides itself in providing well developed and relevant academic programs for today ' s students destined to compete in tomorrow ' s competitive workplace. some of our nation ' s most competent lawyers, doctors, nurses, artists, veterinarians, business persons, and writers have their academic roots at lincoln memorial university claiborne county hospital and nursing home 1850 old knoxville road p. o. box 219 tazewell, tn 37879 ( 865 ) 626 - 4211 the abraham lincoln library and museum houses one of the most diverse lincoln and civil war collections in the country. located on the beautiful campus of lincoln memorial university in harrogate, tennessee. exhibited are many rare items -


a man takes a bite from a hot dog in hollywood, california october 3, 2007. ( photo : reuters / lucy nicholson ) junk food may soon be hard to buy at american public schools as the u. s. government readies new rules requiring healthier foods to be sold beyond the cafeteria - a move most parents support, according to a poll released on thursday. with childhood obesity rising, the survey found most people agreed the chips, soda and candy bars students buy from vending machines or school stores in addition to breakfast and lunch are not nutritious, and they support a national standard for foods sold at schools. like us on facebook the findings from the advocacy group kids ' safe and healthful foods project came as the federal government prepares to roll out a nationwide standard that may set up another battle among health experts, schools and the food industry. the u. s. department of agriculture is expected to issue its guidelines by june, according to some experts. these could limit the amount of sugar, salt and fat foods sold at schools could contain. agriculture department under secretary kevin concannon said an important step in addressing childhood obesity is to help make the " right choice an easy choice " while at school. " we look forward to working with parents, teachers, school food service professionals and the food industry to craft workable guidelines so that healthier options are available for our students, " he said. many states have already enacted their own laws mandating healthier non - cafeteria food options. jessica donze black, a dietician who leads the kids ' safe and healthful foods project, said the results show growing support for updating standards that surfaced in 1979. " what has changed in the last 30 years is that the childhood obesity epidemic has more than tripled, " she said. " the school environment has also changed.... today, there are a lot of other places throughout the day that compete with kids eating a healthy school meal. " support for higher standards eighty percent of the 1, 010 adults polled said they would support nutritional standards limiting the calories, fat and sodium in such foods. seventeen percent would oppose it. most also agreed there are now few healthy options. just 5 percent of adults said vending machines offered totally or mostly healthy choices compared with 10 percent for school stores and 21 percent for a la carte lunch lines. changes to school foods may be controversial. new standards for more fruits, vegetables and whole grains in traditional school meals announced in january drew scrutiny when lawmakers blocked limits to french fries and


for school stores and 21 percent for a la carte lunch lines. changes to school foods may be controversial. new standards for more fruits, vegetables and whole grains in traditional school meals announced in january drew scrutiny when lawmakers blocked limits to french fries and counted pizza as a vegetable because it contains tomato sauce. efforts to give students more healthy options to help fight childhood obesity have historically faced pressure from food and beverage companies and even from schools themselves, who rely on such food sales for extra cash. but health experts, pediatricians and other advocates say that is changing as more companies and school districts come on board at a time when more than one - third of u. s. children are overweight or obese. " most people accept that soda, candy bars and other unhealthy foods just don ' t deserve a place in school on a regular basis, " said margo wootan, head of nutrition policy at the center for science in the public interest. she said there are still concerns that members of congress and industry lobbyists could water down the proposal. the american academy of pediatrics ' laura jana said new rules are imperative now that kids consume more than half of their daily calories in school. more students are getting most of their calories from snacks and drinks, not meals, she said. " to me, it ' s a no - brainer.... they can ' t make that healthy choice when we stick all those temptations under their noses, " said jana, a pediatrician based in omaha, nebraska and co - author of " food fights : winning the nutritional challenges of parenthood armed with insight, humor and a bottle of ketchup. " juice, granola bars food and beverage makers have expanded their portfolios to include juice, granola bars and other healthier products. vending machine companies focused on nutritious offerings have also sprung up. u. s. drink companies have already taken voluntary steps to keep sodas out of some schools and their trade group says this has cut calories consumed from beverages in schools by 88 percent. christopher gindlesperger, spokesman for the american beverage association, said its voluntary guidelines are a good model for the government to follow. " it ' s a standard that ' s already in place that is working. it strikes a balance, " he said. aba ' s guidelines eliminate soda in elementary and middle schools but allow diet sodas and low - calorie sports drinks in high school. companies such as the coca - cola co, pepsico inc,


it strikes a balance, " he said. aba ' s guidelines eliminate soda in elementary and middle schools but allow diet sodas and low - calorie sports drinks in high school. companies such as the coca - cola co, pepsico inc, and nestle sa either had no immediate comment or referred questions to industry trade groups. mars inc, maker of the iconic m & m ' s chocolate candies, said it has already agreed to withdraw branded vending machines from schools and does not offer traditional candy in those settings. mars said it has instead developed other, lower - calorie products. as for schools, most now realize vending machines can help teach students about healthy habits and boost learning even though money does loom large, said whitney meagher, project director for the national association of state boards of education. " if you have a choice between a cookie and an apple and the cookie is going to sell better, it ' s hard not to make that decision as a business decision, " she said. the kids ' safe and healthful foods project is a joint venture by the nonprofit policy group the pew charitable trusts and the robert wood johnson foundation, a private organization that aims to improve americans ' health. its poll surveyed 1, 010 registered voters by telephone in mid - january and has a margin - of - error of plus - or - minus 3. 1 percentage points.


the purpose of this website is to : the foundations of modern english government * * * [ page 18 ]... but it seems clear that the tudors inherited and perpetuated a council emancipated from aristocratic predominance. its members were, in the main, men of the middle class, professional government servants of a type which was to become increasingly familiar i the sixteenth century. henry vii ' s chief advisrs - - morton, fox, warden, bray, lovell, poynings, empson, dudley - - were ecclesiastics, knights, and lawyers. the crown had won the contest over the composition of the central organ of government. the victory was not wholly due to its own action. it was the natural result of the decline of the baronage in a world undergoing profound social and economic change. members of the older aristocracy were seldom found at the council board, and such peers as for the future the king chose to summon were mostly of new creation. great ecclesiastics were still important members, but the ecclesiastical element in governmental service was already less important than in the middle ages, and was soon to declie still further. the composition of the council, in short, reflected that social class which was to prove itself the most devotged and efficient support of the new dynasty. the number of councillors was fluctuating and indeterminate. but the exact size of the council is of little importance. persons whom the king desired to consult, or whose services he intended to use, were sworn of his council, and assumed the duties of giving him advice and of keeping secret the deliberations in which they participated. men might, moreover, be summoned to the council [ page 19 ] who had not been sworn of it. the attendance of membes was irregular. the king might summon whom he pleased, and summon them when and where he pleased. 1 [ n1 pickthorn, henry vii, 28 - 30. d. m. gladish, the tudor privy council, 11 - 13. ] the most essential, as it was certainly the most ancient, function of councillors was to give counsel to the king. it was the king who sought it, for such purposes as he wished, and it was for him to decide what action, if any, should be based on the advice which was tendered to him. during the long ascendancy of wolsey, as later under thomas cromwell, the advisory functions of the council were practically superseded by the


him to decide what action, if any, should be based on the advice which was tendered to him. during the long ascendancy of wolsey, as later under thomas cromwell, the advisory functions of the council were practically superseded by the action of a single great minister. 2 [ n2 pollard, council, star chamber and privy council under the tudors, 37 e. h. r. 360. ] it would be a misconception, however, to regard the council as only a body of counsellors. however olarge or small may have been the number of members present at its meetings, they had something like a corporate existence, and were capable of transacting a variety of types of business. the council did more than merely advise the king and his ministers. it had long possessed judicial powers. if on the whole its attempts to obtain an appellate jurisdiction were frustrated by parliament and the common law courts, it developed an original jurisdiction which parliament had sometimes denied and sometimes recognized. 3 [ n3 holdsworth, i. 487, 490. the real objection was to the council dealing with cases cognisable in the common law courts, rather than to its acting where the common law provided no remedy. it had been prevented from dealing with cases involving title to freehold and with treason and felony. ] it also exercised legislative functions, in the issue of ordinances and proclamations, and it constantly gave orders on matters of administrative detail. its meetings were presided over, in the king ' s absence, by a lord president of the council, whose office cab be traced back to 1496, though the extreme informality of his appointment, by royal word of mouth alone, indicates the degree to which the council, even in its most formal aspect, was subjected to the king ' s personal control. 4 [ n4 baldwin, 445. ] its proceedings were recorded by a clerk, whose existence can similarly be traced in henry vii ' s earliest years as king, and the continuous existence of whose office dated from 1405. it had long since acquired a headquarters, in the room styled the star chamber, within the palace of westminster. 5 [ n5 baldwin, 356. pollard, 37 e. h. r. 516 - 18 ]. [ page 20 ] the action of the king strongly pervaded the whole existence and activity of the council. it was his authority, rather than its own, that the council exercised. wherever the king was, there the council must be. thus there was always a


] the action of the king strongly pervaded the whole existence and activity of the council. it was his authority, rather than its own, that the council exercised. wherever the king was, there the council must be. thus there was always a council at the court, a council in attendance on the king. at the same time, however, it was impossible, since the council had so much regular business of a governmental and judicial nature, and a home of its own to trnasact it in at westminster, for all its members to follow the king in his movements from one royal residence to another. certain councillors were therefore taken with the king in his progresses, while others remained behind to deal with routine work. such an arrangement was necessary with a constantly migrating court. it can be observed in and even before the reign of henry vii, 1 [ n1 baldwin, 444. ] andin 1526 henry viii issued a eltham an ordinance designed to ensure the attendance on his peson of a fixed quota of councillors. 2 [ n2 tanner, 220 - 21 ; newton,, 240 - 44. ] it may be inferred from this ordinance that the practice was for those councillors who held offices of state to be kept in attendance on the king, both as advisers and as instruments for the fulfilment of royal commands. this subdivision of the council was in the highest degree informal. it did not indicate any permanent cleavage of the council into two distinct bodies. councillors passed freely from one panel to the other. both dealt with much the same concerns. they constantly corresponded with one another, and when the king returned to westminster the two parts of the council merged, and - - frequently under his own presidency - - sat in the star chamber, to despatch any appropriate business, not necessarily judicial in nature. nevertheless those councillors attendant on the king naturally derived advantage from this fact, and their colleagues in westminster very properly deferred to their instructions. 3 [ n3 baldwin, 448. ] while there is no question of a formal separation between these two bodies of councillors, the practical consequence followed that those who attended the king were primarily concerned with political deliberation and with carrying out the king ' s instructions, whole those in the star chamber dealt chiefly with judicial affairs, although the council with the king had equal judicial [ page 21 ] power and used it. the increase in the judicial activities of the counsel is one of the first important developments of tudor rule. during the unquiet fifteenth century, and even earlier,


although the council with the king had equal judicial [ page 21 ] power and used it. the increase in the judicial activities of the counsel is one of the first important developments of tudor rule. during the unquiet fifteenth century, and even earlier, the need for more effectual means of restoring order and ensuring the due performance of justice had been a perennial problem. in this respect the common law courts had betrayed the most serious defects, from which the jurisdiction of the council was immune. unlike the common law courts, the council dealt with offences not in the places where they had been committed, but centrally, where the local influences which had impeded justice, overawing or corrupting juries, witnesses, parties, sheriffs, and even judges could not come into play. it dispensed with the jury. it evaded the common law rule against the use of torture. it collected information through its own subordinate officials, and by written depositions taken in privacy, and not through evidence given and tested in open court. it could place accused persons on oath, and lead them to incriminate themselves on their own admissions, and indeed without their being aware of the precise charges to be brought against them. the most potent procedural device employed by the council for this purpose was the writ sent out under the privy seal. 1 [ n1 baldwin, 289. ] issued without registration or enrolment, and thus easily kept secret, this writ had never been easy to subject to constitutional checks. the recipient was not required to meet any precisely formulated accusation, but to attend before the council, and answer concerning certain causes there to be laid before him. disobedience was dealt with by reinforcing the writ with a subpoena, contempt of which was punishable by imprisonment at the council ' s discretion. the legality of this whole procedure was perhaps doubtful. statutes of earlier times had forbidden the issue of writs of privy seal in derogation of common law. but it had been legalised by statute in 1453, and, although the statute had lapsed in 1460, it had nevertheless been treated during the reign of edward iv as though it were still in force. 2 [ n2 baldwin, 291 ; i. s. leadam, select pleas in the court of star chamber ( selden society ), introduction, lx. for the writ certis de causis, see holdsworth, history of english law, i. 661. ] thus armed, the council was ready to undertake the


of star chamber ( selden society ), introduction, lx. for the writ certis de causis, see holdsworth, history of english law, i. 661. ] thus armed, the council was ready to undertake the task of repressing violent and powerful evil - doers. the law for this [ page 22 ] purpose was sufficiently strong and needed little amplification, though in 1504 the statutes against livery and maintenance passed in the fifteenth century were supplemented by another making bonds between lords and retainers illegal. 1 ] n1 tanner, 9 - 12. ] what was needed was not the enactment of new but the enforcement of existing law. by the punishments it could inflict, as well as by the procedure it folowed, the council was well fitted for its task. though medieval parliaments had succeeded in preventing it from taking cognisance of cases involving the title to freehold, and of cases of treason and felony, so that it could not take away freehold property or inflict the death penalty, it wielded the scarcely less formidable weaons of mutilation, branding, imprisonment, and the imposition of exorbitant fines. in 1487 a statute defined its judicial function more closely. 2 [ n2 tanner, 258 - 9. pollard, reign of henry vii, i. 55 - 6. ] part of its jurisdiction - - in cases of livery and maintenance, riots and unlawful assemblies, bribery of jurors, abuse of power by sheriffs - - was placed in the hands of the chancellor, treasurer, keeper of the privy seal ( or any two of them ), with a bishop and a temporal lord of the council, and the chief justices of king ' s bench and common pleas. the legal effect of this statute has been much debated, but it can hardly have been intended to supersede or even to limit the jurisdiction of the council as a whole, and in the result it did not do so. the act seems to have attempted to ensure the attendance, for the purposes it contemplated, of a prescribed panel of members, and to remove any doubt as to the legality of their proceedings, without prejudicing the powers of the council in general to deal with these or other offences which could be brought with its competence. 3 [ n3 holdsworth, i. 493 - 4 ; baldwin, 437 - 42 ; c. l. scofield, the court of star chamber, 9ff. ; pickthor


offences which could be brought with its competence. 3 [ n3 holdsworth, i. 493 - 4 ; baldwin, 437 - 42 ; c. l. scofield, the court of star chamber, 9ff. ; pickthorn, henry vii, 47, 145 ; pollard, 37 e. h. r. 520 ff. ; c. h. williams, the so - called star chamber act, 15 hist. 129. a similar statutory committee was established in 1495 when certain members of the council were empowered to deal with charges of perjury and other offences and inflict punishment. 4 [ n4, ii. 589. ] neither enactment abridged the judicial position of the council or placed it on a basis limited by statute. its jurisdiction continues to be an emanation of the royal prerogative, and does not become the creation of an act of parliament. while the council in star chamber was not a different tribunal from the council with the king, the regularity and specialised [ page 23 ] nature of the work done there inevitably tended to create a disjunction between two judicial aspects of the same body. in 1494 a distinction is noted between the sessions of the council and those of the star chamber. 1 [ n1 scofield, 27. but compare tanner, 252. ] in 1500 the star chamber is first referred to by name in legal proceedings. 2 [ n2 polland, 37, e. h. r > 530. ] in 1504 comes its first mention in a statute. 3 [ n3 scofield, 27 - 8. ] although the council with the king retained and exercised judicial powers, it began to some extent to differ from the star chamber. it did not, as the star chamber did, include the judges, and, unlike the star chamber, which came to sit publicly and only during the law terms, it sat in private and all the year round. 4 n4 in this capacity, it came to be known as the council table. tanner, 253. ] the star chamber, being pre - eminently the judicial side of the council, came to include persons whose advice on political matters the king could hardly need, but whose legal knowledge was of value. gradually there came into existence a body of persons known as " ordinary " councillors, a term which firsts occurs under henry viii. 5 [ n5 baldwin, 450 - 51. ] though not usually summoned to meetings of the council with the king, they were nevertheless sworn


existence a body of persons known as " ordinary " councillors, a term which firsts occurs under henry viii. 5 [ n5 baldwin, 450 - 51. ] though not usually summoned to meetings of the council with the king, they were nevertheless sworn of the council. their membership might be no more than a complimentary dignity, or a gage of fidelity and service. so far as they were efficient, they seem to have discharged services of a technical kind - - receiving petitions, conducting examinations, and carrying out similar routine duties. the emergence of a distinction, however, imperfect, between council and star chamber, is only part, though the most important part, of a great development of the structure of the council in early tudor times. the committees of 1487 and 1495 were constituted by statute. the same could be done by the personal authority of the king. about 1493 henry created a committee to entertain the complaints of poor men. 6 [ n6 i. s. leadam, select cases in the court of requests ( selden society ), introduction, xi. ] with such business, dealt with by a procedure analogous to but simpler and less expensive than that of the chancellor in dealing with petitions for equitable remedy where the common law was defective, 7 [ n7 see below, 26. ] the privy seal was already connected, and it came naturally under the care of the keeper of the privy seal. under [ page 24 ] henry viii the committee, at first attendant on the king, became a permanent court, sitting in the white hall of the palace of westminster, conducted by royal officials, and styled the court of requests. by the middle of the century professional judges known as masters of requests were assuming control of its business. * * * [ page 28 ]... the " equity " dispensed by the chancellor in civil cases might, like the " criminal equity " of the star chamber, be regarded as a competitor with the common law.... the zenith of the tudor monarchy * * * [ page 130 ] procedures developed on lines already indicated in their general form. process, whether initiated by the crown ' s attorney or by a private litigant, began with a bill setting forth complaints which brought the case within the competence of the court. the defendant was summoned by subpoena, confronted with the bill, and required to answer it. on his answer, the plaintiff might base further interrogatories. witnesses were then examined similarly. so far the case had been conducted by officers of the court


was summoned by subpoena, confronted with the bill, and required to answer it. on his answer, the plaintiff might base further interrogatories. witnesses were then examined similarly. so far the case had been conducted by officers of the court. it was now ripe for the court itself. if a defendant made an admission, even though not on oath, before an official of the court, he could be directly brought before the star chamber, by what was termed ore tenus procedure, to make his defence and receive its sentence. sometimes a statutory penalty existed. in default of one, the court devised sentences of fine, damages, imprisonment, mutilation, pillory, whipping, and humiliating punishments such as riding a horse with one ' s fact to the tail. 2 [ 2 holdsworth, v. 178 - 84 ; scofield, star chamber, 73 - 9 ; tanner, 256. ]... [ page 133 ] its [ i. e., common law ] doctrines regarding such offenses as conspiracy and defamation, for example, lagged behind those of the star chamber. 2 [ n2 holdsworth, v. 203 - 12. ] at common law, conspiracy was primarily an attempt against the administration of justice between party and party, and not a criminal offence. libel was an offence against the party injured, and him only. the punished conspiracy as criminal, and so also seditious libels against the government and libels on private persons which were likely to provoke a breach of the peace. the proceedings of the prerogative courts, in short, were instinct with the sense that certain acts must be penalised on grounds of public policy, that the interests of the state demand their repression. the common law was hampered by its lack of any such strong sense. its political tradition was the medieval conception of the supremacy of law in the state and over the state. that conception was in danger of being regarded as out of date. medieval rules imposing restrictions on the action of the crown seemed mere antiquated lumber to keep modern minds which exalted above all things the power of an efficient, powerful, and well - advised monarch. the common law might, [ page 134 ] if these fashionable opinions triumphed, be relegated to deciding ordinary cases of crime and civil disputes where no public interest was specially involved. a distinction, already becoming evident on the continent, might be accepted in england also, between public and private law. were it to be worked out, the common law courts would be ousted from their ancient control


disputes where no public interest was specially involved. a distinction, already becoming evident on the continent, might be accepted in england also, between public and private law. were it to be worked out, the common law courts would be ousted from their ancient control over governmental acts. there was a real risk that the common law judges would surrender to the dominant current of opinion, and confine themselves to the peformance of humbler functions. it is to be remembered that they were royal officials, holding office at the crown ' s good pleasure, that like other men they felt the force of the new ideas, that they were uncertain of the applicability of the constitutional theories to be inferred from the crabbed and obscure learning in which they were bred, and that the limits of their jurisdiction did not rest with themselves to fix, since the council acted as a tribunal des conflits their surrender might well mean the end of the principle that government, like private concerns, was subject to the common and statute law and not a matter of arbitrary power. the notion of the sovereignty of law was ceasing to be fashionable. in the sixteenth century, that of an illimitable legislative power was coming to be axiomatic. if the common law courts were silenced on matters of government, and relegated to dealing with private affairs, it would be possible to assert that sovereignty lay in the crown alone. they did not consent to this fate, nor did the tudors seek to impose it on them. * * * the decline and fall of conciliar government, 1603 - 1660 [ page 205 ]... for the enforcement of the laudian [ the king ' s advisor ] policy, the high commission provided a convenient instrument of repression, and its efforts were seconded by the star chamber and by a rigid censorship over printing and publication. it is not surprising that the censorship was evaded, and that, as in the days of marprelate, acrimonious pamphlets appeared, attacking recent innovations and the hierarchical system which made them possible. three pamphleteers, prynne, bastwick and burton, were in 1637 sentenced by the star chamber to pillory, mutilation, fine and life imprisonment, and john lilburne to shipping, pillory, and imprisonment for the importation of similar works from abroad. * * * [ page 214 ] no structural changes in government were thus far involved. but in july 1641 a statute abolished the jurisdiction of star chamber as unwarranted by the act of 1487,


the importation of similar works from abroad. * * * [ page 214 ] no structural changes in government were thus far involved. but in july 1641 a statute abolished the jurisdiction of star chamber as unwarranted by the act of 1487, denied the competence of the privy council to adjudicate on the property rights of the subject, and required the common law courts to pronounce within three days on the legality of commitments made by its order and challenged by habeas corpus. 4 [ n4 gardiner, documents, 179 - 86. ]... at last the battle of the common law courts against rival jurisdiction was won for them by their parliamentary ally, and governmental acts were subject to their sole jurisdiction. * * * [ page 230 ] chapter v the beginning of parliamentary monarchy, 1660 - 1714... a proposal mooted in the lords for the revival of star chamber was at once abandoned, and with the star chamber the council of the north and other courts of like nature also vanished. except for an appellate jurisdiction from courts overseas, the council had been shorn of its judicial powers, retaining only a power of arresting and examining suspected persons, which was subject to the provision of the act of 1641 requiring the speedy issue of a writ of habeas corpus in such cases. 2 [ n2 gardiner, documents, 185. ] with the abolution of the conciliar courts, [ page 232 ] the power of legislating by proclamation, unsupported by any coercive processes save those afforded by the common law, was confined within the limits imposed by the case of proclamations. arbitrary rule was no longer possible to a king who could neither legislate nor tax out of parliament, nor do justice outside the courts of common law and of chancery. * * * [ end of quotations from the constitutional history of modern britain, 1485 - 1951 by sir david lindsay keir ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 118 ] its iniquities it was in a room known as the star chamber that the council sat when there was justice to be done, and there, as the " court of star chamber, " it earned its infamy. that infamy it fairly earned under the first two stuart kings, and no one will dispute that the long parliament did well in abolishing it. it had become a political court and a cruel court, a court in which divines sought to impose their dogmas and their ritual upon a recalcitrant [


and no one will dispute that the long parliament did well in abolishing it. it had become a political court and a cruel court, a court in which divines sought to impose their dogmas and their ritual upon a recalcitrant [ page 119 ] nation by heavy sentences ; in which a king, endeavouring to rule without a parliament, tried to give the force of statutes to his proclamations, to exact compulsory loans, to gather taxes that the commons had denied him ; a whipping, nose - slitting, ear - cropping court ; a court with a grim, unseemly humour of its own, which would condemn to an exclusive diet of pork the miserable puritan who took too seriously the mosaic prohibition of swine ' s flesh. and then, happily, there were doubts about its legality. the theory got about that it derived all its lawful powers from a statute passed in 1487, at the beginning of henry vii. ' s reigh, while manifestly it was exceeding those powers in all directions. we cannot now accept that theory, unless we are prepared to say that for a century and a half all the great judges, including coke himself, had taken an active part in what they knew to be the unlawful doings of the council - - the two chief justiceds had habitually sat in the star chamber. still we may be glad that this theory was accepted. the court was abolished in the name of the common law. it had not added much to our national jurisprudence. it had held itself aloof from jurisprudence ; it had been a law unto itself, with hands free to invent new remedies for every new disease of the body politic. it had little regard for precedents, and, therefore, men were not at pains to collect its decisions. [ page 120 ] it had, however, a settled course of procedure which, in its last days, was described by william hudson in a very readable book. its procedure, the main feature of which was the examination of the accused, perished with it. after the civil war and the restoration no attempt was made to revive it, but that it had been doind useful things then became evident. the old criminal law had been exceedingly defective, especially in relation to those offences which did not attain the rank of felonies. the king ' s bench had, for the future, to do what the star chamber had done, but to do it in a more regular fashion, and not without the interposition of a jury.


did not attain the rank of felonies. the king ' s bench had, for the future, to do what the star chamber had done, but to do it in a more regular fashion, and not without the interposition of a jury. [ emphasis added. ] [ end of quotations from a sketch of english legal history, by frederic w. maitland and francis c. montague ( london / new york : g. p. putnam ' s sons, 1915 ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 260 ] the crown originally held all presses in its own hands, allowed no one to print except under special license, and kept all presses subject to regulations put forward by the star chamber in virtue of the royal prerogative : the exclusive privilege of printing was thus given to ninety - seven london stationers and their successors, who, as the stationers ' company, constituted a guild with power to seize all publications issued by outsiders ; the printing - presses utlimately conceded to the universities existed only by a decree of the star chamber. side by side with the restrictions on printing - - which appear to have more or less broken down - - there grew up a system of licensing which constituted a true censorship. 1 [ n1 see for the control exercised over the press down to 1695, odgers, libel and slander ( 3rd ed., 196 ), pp. 10 - 13 ; holdsworth, history of english law, vol. vi ( 1924 ), p. 360 - 379, and vol. x ( 1938 ), pp. 2, 29. ] press offences constituted a special class of crimes cognisable by a special tribunal - - the star chamber - - which sat without a jury and administered severe punishments. 2 [ n2 gardiner, history of england, vol. vii ( 1884 ), pp. 51, 130 ; ibid., vol. viii ( 1884 ), pp. 225, 234 ; holdsworth, op. cit., vol. vi ( 1924 ), pp. 367 - 370. the star chamber indeed fell in 1641, never to be revived, but the censorship survived the commonwealth, and was under the restoration ( 1662 ) given a strictly legal foundation by the licensing act of 1662, which by subsequent enactments was kept in force till 1695. 3 [ n3 see macaulay, history of england, vol. iv ( 1858 ), ch. xix, xxi. ] * * * [ page 267 ] in england, on the other hand, the attempt made


force till 1695. 3 [ n3 see macaulay, history of england, vol. iv ( 1858 ), ch. xix, xxi. ] * * * [ page 267 ] in england, on the other hand, the attempt made by the crown during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to form a strong central administration, though it was for a time attended with success, because it met some of the needs of the age, was at bottom repugnant to the manners and traditions of the country ; and even at a time when the people wished the crown to be strong, they hardly liked the means by which the crown exerted its strength. hundreds of englishmen who hated toleration and cared ittle for freedom of speech, entertained a keen jealousy of arbitrary power, and a fixed determination to be ruled in accordance with the law of the land. 1 [ n1 see selden ' s remarks on the illegality of the decrees of the star chamber, cited gardiner, history of england, vol. vii ( 1884 ), p. 51. ] these sentiments abolished the chamber in 1641, and made the re - establishment of the hated court impossible even for the frantic loyalty of 1660. but the destruction of the star chamber meant much more than the abolition of an unpopular tribunal ; it meant the rooting up from its foundations of the whole of the administrative system which had been erected by the tudors and extended by the stuarts. this overthrow of a form of administration which contradicted the legal habits of englishmen had no direct connection with any desire for the uncontrolled expression of opinion. the parliament which would not restore the star chamber or the court of high [ page 268 ] commission passed the licensing act, and this statute, which in fact establishes the censorship, was, as we have seen, continued in force for some years after the revolution. the passing, however, of the statute, though not a triumph of toleration, was a triumph of legality. the power of licensing depended henceforward, not on any idea of inherent executive authority, but on the statute law. the right of licensing was left in the hands of the government, but this power was regulated by the words of a statute ; and, what was of more consequence, breaches of the act could be punished only by proceedings in the ordinary courts. the fall of the star chamber deprived the executive of the means for exercising arbitrary power. 1 [ n1 but the council after the restoration exercised considerable administrative power and in it are to be found


act could be punished only by proceedings in the ordinary courts. the fall of the star chamber deprived the executive of the means for exercising arbitrary power. 1 [ n1 but the council after the restoration exercised considerable administrative power and in it are to be found the beginnings of the modern government departments. - - ed. ] [ emphasis added. ] [ end of quotations from introduction to the study of the law of the constitution, by a. v. dicey ( london : macmillan and co., 1939, 9th ed., 1st ed. 1885 ) ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 86 - 87 ]... it is clear that, though the council professed to desire to uphold the law in ordinary cases, 1 [ n1 dasent xxx 697 - - a case more fit for ordinary law sent to be heard by the two chief justices. ] it would, if necessary, make the ordinary law yield to what it considered to be state necessity. 2 [ n2 ibid xxxii 100 - - the city of london had made certain rules for the company of carmen, the validity of which had been questioned by the company in the king ' s bench. the king ' s bench decided against their validity, and the city appealed to the council ; the council said that it would hear what the chief justice of the king ' s bench had to say because " it is convenient that wee mayntaine and hould as good agrement and correspondence as wee may betwixt our proceedinges in matters of state and the practize of the lawe ; " but in the end ( p. 421 ) the validity of the rules was affirmed. ] thus, we find it laid down in the star chamber that, " exorbitante offences are not subjecte to an ordinayre course of law ; " 3 [ n3 hawarde, les reports etc. 292. ] and that in case of necessity no precedent is needed as, " they can make an order according to the necessity and nature of the thinge itself. " 4 [ n4 ibid 144. ] a striking instance of the application of these principles is a case in which the council directed a gaoler to disobey a writ of habeas corpus, and to make a return that the commitment was by the queen ' s special command. 5 [ n5 dasent xxiii 330 ; cf. ibid 95, 159 - - in that case the cause assigned was, " the speciall service of her majest


a return that the commitment was by the queen ' s special command. 5 [ n5 dasent xxiii 330 ; cf. ibid 95, 159 - - in that case the cause assigned was, " the speciall service of her majestie and the state, " a ground admitted by the judges in 1591 to be a good cause for refusing to release a prisoner, vol. i 509 ; hallam, c. h. i 234 - 236 ; prothero, documents, 446 ; vol. v app. i. ; vol. vi c. 6. ] it is clear that the ideas which underlie these activities lead directly to the growth of a system of administrative law, and that in all questions of doubtful jurisdiction the council was claiming to exercise the powers of a tribunal des conflits. it is equally clear that the powers thus assumed were gradually undermining the legal securities for the liberty of the subject. those who were bold enough to complain or criticize soon found themselves committed to prison for an indefinite period ; 6 [ n6 see the case of sir john smythe who had made speeches " pretendinge that by the lawes of the realme no subject ought to be commanded to goe out of the realme in her majestie ' s service, " dasent xxv 459, 460, 475, 501 ( 1596 ) ; he was still under surveillance in 1600, ibid xxx 177, 249. ] and they were lucky if they escaped with an abject apology and a recantation of their political errors. 7 [ n7 robert tailboys was committed to prison because he took upon him to " examyne the lawfull aucthorite of leavying of money for her majesty ' s service, " dasent xxvi 138 ( 1596 ), but was released later in the year on making humble submission, ibid 318, 319 ; cf. ibid xxviii 400 ( 1598 ), a rebuke to sir john savile and the other justices of the west riding for delays in collecting shipmoney, and for calling its legality in question ; for an earlier case of 1595 - 1596 in which savile supported unsuccessfully the yorkshire justices against the council of the north see reid, king ' s council in the north 336 - 339. ] * * * [ page 102 ] " when the common state or wealth of the people require it, " it was said in the star chamber, " the king ' s


north see reid, king ' s council in the north 336 - 339. ] * * * [ page 102 ] " when the common state or wealth of the people require it, " it was said in the star chamber, " the king ' s proclamation bindes as a lawe and neede not staye a parliamente. " 1 [ n1 hawarde, les reportes etc. 328, 329. ] * * * [ page 273 ]... the practice of making a preliminary examination of accused persons became usual ; and torture was used to discover facts whenever the council deemed it necessary.... [ page 274 ] it is obvious that it leads directly to the growth of a system of administrative law ; and it is equally obvious that if it had prevailed the common law would have ceased to be the law of the constitution. [ end of quotations from holdsworth ' s history of english law - volume four - the common law and its rivals ( boston : little, brown & co., 1924 ) ) ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 163 - 164 ]... the law applied was based upon the common law ; 7 [ n7 see pp. 24 - 25 - - rules are laid down by the chief justices as to bail and arrest ; 27 - - a plea to the jurisdiction is referred to the chief justices ; 63 - - a case is referred to the common law ; 128 - 129 - - counsel is rebuked for citing common law cases which do not apply ; 154 - - a case is remitted to a trial at common law ; 261 - - legal argument as to the power of the crown to grant the forfeiture of penal laws ; 325 - - a lecture on serving process by the lord chief justice. ] but the procedure of the court enabled it to disregard many of those technical common law rules which rendered the administration of the criminal law ineffective. 1 [ n1 on occasion they would disregard even their own rules of practice ; thus at p. 149 the lord keeper said they could make an order " even if it be not the course of the court ; for in such great cases, in which was a great mischief, and it was so necessary for the public good, a precedent was not necessary to direct them, but they could make an order according to the necessity and nature of the thing itself " ; cf. p. 103, where they dealt with a case of riot because the country would not find it ; at p. 292 the lord chancellor says, " exor


could make an order according to the necessity and nature of the thing itself " ; cf. p. 103, where they dealt with a case of riot because the country would not find it ; at p. 292 the lord chancellor says, " exorbitante offences are not subjecte to an ordinarye course of lawe. " ] the judges of the court did not hesitate to develop and expand the principles of the criminal law in a way in which no common law judge would have dared to attempt. 2 [ n2 illustrations may be seen in the way in which they dealt with officials who had misbehaved or neglected their duties, vol. iv 77 - 80 ; or with informations for the breach of proclamations, pp. 79, 318, 319, 328 ; or with such offences as riot, conspiracy, libel, and various forms of fraud, below 197 - 213. ] * * * [ page 165 ] he [ historian leadam ] entirely supresses the fact that it used torture to extort confessions and information. 8 [ n8 below 185 - 187. ]... [ page 166 ]... men generally... were beginning to regard it as a court which attempted to maintain royal absolutism, and to overthrow the constitution, by the cruelty of the punishments which it inflicted upon its political opponents. * * * [ page 184 ]... the extreme harshness of this procedure was largely due to the fact that the extraordinary procedure had gradually become the ordinary procedure ; and that familiarity with and acquiescence in the harshness of its methods had made it possible to increase progressively that harshness. 7 [ n7 above 173 - 175. ] we have seen that hudson admits the existence of this extraordinary procedure, but that he deprecates its use in any but extraordinary cases. 8 [ n8 above 165. ] but from other sources we can see that it was used, and that it reproduced two of the most dangerous features of the continental procedure. in the first place torture was freely used, to extort either a confession, or the disclosure of further information. in the second place the court considered [ page 185 ] that it was free to disregard not only the ordinary rules of procedure, but also the ordinary rules of law. ( i ) that torture was used all through this period is conclusively proved by the acts of the privy council. 1 [ n1 see e. g. nicolas vii xlvi - xlviii ; dasent iv 171, 201, 284


( i ) that torture was used all through this period is conclusively proved by the acts of the privy council. 1 [ n1 see e. g. nicolas vii xlvi - xlviii ; dasent iv 171, 201, 284 ; v 235 ; xiii 37, 399, 401 ; for a case on the pipe roll of 24 hy. ii where the king gave a license to torture see pike, hist. of crime i 427. ] jardine, in his " reading on the use of torture in the criminal law of england " gives numerous illustrations which show that, down to 1640, it was used, not only in the case of persons charged with offences against the safety of the stte, but also in the case of persons charged with serious crimes having no reference to safety of the stte ; and it was used, not only to extort confessions, but also to obtain a disclosure of accomplices. 2 [ n2 jardine, use of torture app. ] but it is also clear from the works of fortescue, 3 [ n3 de laudibus c. 27. ] smith, 4 [ n4 de republica anglorum, bk. ii c. 24 - - " torment or question which is used by the order of the civill lawe and custome of other countreis to put a malefactor to excessive paine, to make him confesse of himselfe, or of his felowes or complices, is not used in england, it is taken for servile. " ] [ n5 third instit. 35 - - " there is no law to warrant tortures in this land, nor can they be justified by any prescription, being so lately brought in. " ] and from the resolution of the judges in felton ' s case, 6 [ n6 rushworth, pt. i. vol. i 650 - 651 - - all the judges agreed that felton could not be tortured by the rack, " for no such punishment is known or allowed by our law. " ] that the use of torture was wholly contrary to the common law. as esmein has said, " torture is out of place in a purely accusatory procedure and in a free country ; " 7 [ n7 history of continental criminal procedure 107. ] and, as we have seen, the criminal procedure of the common law was essentially accusatory, while england was universally regarded as a " dominium politice


a free country ; " 7 [ n7 history of continental criminal procedure 107. ] and, as we have seen, the criminal procedure of the common law was essentially accusatory, while england was universally regarded as a " dominium politice et regale. " further, all these writers, though they say it is unknown to the common law, knew that it existed, and in some cases assisted in its application. * * * * * * [ page 187 ] on the other hand, the continental rules of proof were not so strictly applied here as on the continent ; and that led to a capriciousness in the use of torture which selden notes as peculiar to the english practice. 1 [ n1 " the rack is used nowhere as in england. in other countries ' tis used in judicatue, when there is a semi - plena probatio, a half proof against a man ; then to see if they can make it full, they rack him if he will not confess. but here in england they take a man and rack him i do not know why or when ; not in time of judicatue but when somebody bids, " table talk ( ed. reynolds ) pp. 184, 185. ] ( ii ) the same extraordinary power which could order the use of torture could equally dispense with the ordinary rules of procedure and the ordinary rules of law. * * * hudson himself tell us that, in a case which affected the state, the lord chancellor had imprisoned certain witnesses who refused to give evidence, though he had himself admitted that this would not be done in ordinary cases ; 7 [ n7 hudson, op. cit. 209. ] and it is quite clear that the accused was not allowed to refuse to answer by involving the privilege against self - crimination, which he possessed in ordinary cases. 8 [ n8 above 182. ] [ end of quotations from holdsworth ' s history of english law - volume five - the common law and its rivals ( boston : little, brown & co., 1927 ) ; bold emphasis added. ] the court of star chamber, or star chamber, was an equity court for criminal justice in which the king and his / her advisors or council had control of the court to such extent that the judges of the court did not have to follow any rules, and did whatever they wanted ( or whatever the king or council wanted ). the judges were particularly harsh against political enemies of the king, and in offenses against the state the judges


quick start guide chapter 19 : personal protective equipment program : personal protective equipment revision record : http : / / www. lbl. gov / ehs / pub3000 / pub3000changes. html who needs to know about these requirements? the requirements of the personal protective program apply to : - anyone at lbnl before entering a technical area, construction area, or other area with postings or markings requiring personal protective equipment ( ppe ). - anyone working in or walking through any environment where chemical or biological agents are stored or handled ; where radioactive materials are stored or handled ; where physical hazards exist ; where any potential hazard to eyes, feet, head, or skin is present ; where hearing damage is possible ; where construction poses a risk for injury or illness. inadequate use of personal protective equipment may lead to : - injuries ( including loss of body members and fatalities ) to personnel ( burns, lacerations, eye damage, hearing loss, radioactive contamination, being struck by falling objects, electric shock, inhaling harmful substances ) - extra costs and delays what you need to do before performing work : 1. define work / protocols. - personal protective equipment ( ppe ) must be established for all technical areas. - the following ppe fulfill minimum requirements for labs or shops where chemical or biological materials are stored or handled : protective eyewear, long pants, close - toed shoes. - the following additional ppe may be required based on specific hazards : head protection, respiratory protection, hand protection, skin protection, face protection, toe / foot protection, and hearing protection. - unless otherwise noted, the following ppe fulfill minimum requirements for construction sites : nonconductive hard hats, safety glasses, shirts with sleeves, long pants, reflective vests, and steel - toed ( or equivalent ) shoes. - for more information, see section 19. 1. 1 ( lbnl ppe policy ). 2. analyze hazards. perform risk - assessment. 3. develop controls. inform others of these requirements and post relevant ppe requirements on entrance placards. where to find out more : whom to contact for help : for assistance with personal protective equipment questions, contact the appropriate sme : - general ppe requirements – michael wisherop, ext. 7407 - protective footwear ( shoe mobile schedule ) – edith perry, ext. 7170 - laboratory ( chemical ) ppe – larry mclouth, ext. 5286 - hearing protection – herb toor, ext. 5918 - respiratory protection – herb


united states information : west virginia it ' s easy. send a link to the story you were just reading to a friend. just fill out the form on this page and we ' ll send it along. united states of america jan. 1, 2009 : est. population, 304, 060, 000 ; members, 5, 974, 041 ; stakes, 1, 438 ; wards, 11, 289 ; branches, 2, 074 ; districts, 12 ; missions, 106 ; temples in use, 62 ; under construction or announced, 7 ; percent lds, 2, or one in 51. a few stakes and missions have headquarters in states other than that for which they are named. to simplify this listing, these stakes and missions are listed in the states for which they are named. numbers preceding stakes and missions are their chronological numbers assigned at the time of creation. letters are added if number has been used previously. ( * stake name changed 14 jan 1974 or as indicated otherwise. ) jan. 1, 2009 : est. population, 1, 815, 000 ; members, 16, 711 ; stakes, 4 ; wards, 24 ; branches, 14 ; missions, 1 ; percent lds, 0. 9, or one in 109. luke s. johnson and william w. mclellin were sent to what is now west virginia by joseph smith on 25 january 1832. they preached in cabell county, just over the ohio river from ohio on the western tip of west virginia. the prophet joseph smith visited wheeling on 4 april 1832 and purchased paper for the church ' s press that was then located in jackson county, mo. the paper was used to publish the book of commandments. that same year, elder amasa m. lyman of the quorum of the twelve and an elder johnson baptized 40 converts in west virginia. by 17 october 1836, lorenzo d. barnes reported that he and samuel james had baptized enough converts to start a branch in shinnston. elder george a. smith of the quorum of the twelve taught in a grammar school at, or near shinnston, that had 75 members. one convert was bathsheba wilson bigler, who later became the wife of apostle george a. smith. she was baptized 21 august 1837, along with a number of other family members including her parents, brothers and sisters. she migrated to join the main body of saints shortly after baptism. she served as relief society general president from 1901 - 1910. others immigrated to join with the saints, and the branches were


number of other family members including her parents, brothers and sisters. she migrated to join the main body of saints shortly after baptism. she served as relief society general president from 1901 - 1910. others immigrated to join with the saints, and the branches were discontinued. missionary work did not resume until 28 december 1867. laboring in logan county in june 1884, andrew w. spence and an elder vickers were served with a warrant for suspicion of being part of a band of robbers. the pair opened their satchels and not only convinced the officers that they were innocent, but also distributed tracts that opened the way for the missionaries to teach at the courthouse. from this opening, a branch of 26 members was organized. the west virginia conference was organized on 18 september 1886. a year later, missionaries from the northern states mission searched out and taught " bickertonites, " ( see pennsylvania history ) but failed to make any headway among them. west virginia was placed in the eastern states mission on 14 march 1897. it became part of the middle states mission on 22 may 1902, but was reunited with the eastern states mission on 18 june 1903. by 1906, george d. ward and companion completed a small chapel for the franklin branch. one of the early converts in this branch was william perry hartman. nearly 100 of his descendants joined the church. three branches were later organized because of his family ' s influence. the west virginia conference was divided and the west virginia north and south conferences were created on 31 december 1930. the north conference had 888 members and the south conference had 1, 397 for a statewide total of 2, 285. on 18 october 1942, elder george albert smith of the quorum of the twelve was present at the huntington branch chapel dedication. on 15 october 1949, elder harold b. lee of quorum of the twelve visited west virginia while on a tour of the east central states mission. membership grew slowly in west virginia and during the 1950s and 1960s. numerous branch chapels were built throughout west virginia as the church expanded its building program worldwide. the first stake in west virginia was created on 23 august 1970 in charleston with a membership of 3, 966. units in west virginia included the asheland, charleston, charleston 2nd, huntington, and parkersburg wards and the beckley, logan, portsmouth, ripley, point pleasant, and webster spring branches. the west virginia charleston mission was organized on 1 july 1980. additional stakes were created in fairmont on 6 may 1979 and huntington in 1982. in 2002, membership reached 12, 764


, portsmouth, ripley, point pleasant, and webster spring branches. the west virginia charleston mission was organized on 1 july 1980. additional stakes were created in fairmont on 6 may 1979 and huntington in 1982. in 2002, membership reached 12, 764, and 12, 907 in 2003. sources : andrew jenson, encyclopedic history of the church, 1941 ; lorenzo d. barnes, reminiscences and diaries, 1834 - 1839, church archives ; bathsheba wilson bigler smith, autobiography, church archives ; southern states mission, manuscript history and historical reports, church archives ; eastern states mission, manuscript history and historical reports, church archives ; northern states mission, manuscript history and historical report, church archives ; lisle g. brown, " west virginia and mormonism ' s rarest book, " west virginia history, january / april 1978 ; richard l. jensen, " ' bell - snickeled ' builders, " church news, 1 april 1978 ; mike cannon, " west virginia, " church news, 2 october 1989. stakes — 4 ( listed alphabetically as of oct. 1, 2009. ) no. / name / organized / first president north america east area 522 * charleston west virginia west virginia ( w. va., ky. ) 23 aug 1970 david l. atkinson 1025 * clarksburg west virginia 7 mar 2004 fairmont west virginia 6 may 1979 david glenn williams 1375 * huntington west virginia 23 nov 2003 * owingsville kentucky 3 may 1995 huntington west virginia 7 nov 1982 grant earl jenson 2629 martinsburg west virginia 29 feb 2004 steven charles grow mission — 1 ( as of oct. 1, 2009 ; shown with historical number. ) ( 188 ) west virginia charleston mission 888 oakwood rd, ste. 310 charleston, wv 25314


making youth work work : a toolkit - section 6 section 6 - youth workers are appropriately trained, qualified and competent many people think that youth work is easy : from the outside, its lack of formal structures and relaxed approach to working alongside young people looks pretty straightforward. but those who have done it for a longer time know that it involves a lot of really complex processes, a good understanding of how young people grow and develop, an ability to use conversation as a tool to help young people learn and a clear understanding of the boundaries between a professional relationship and friendship. youth workers need to have a substantial toolkit of approaches and techniques to help them help young people get the most out of different situations. and, most importantly, they have to actually like young people and enjoy their company! there is a tradition of professional training for youth work that goes back to the 19th century, and training now is based on regularly reviewed national occupational standards and approved subject benchmarks. there are different levels of qualifications available for youth workers, ranging from introductory training for those just starting out to degree and post - degree qualifications for those who want to make youth work their career. the documents here help to explain youth work qualifications, and provide some examples of job descriptions for workers at different levels, to show how skills can be applied in different settings. more information on this can be found in the youth work training section of the learning south west web - site. somerset children and young people ' s workforce matrix good practice guidelines in delivering youth support worker qualifications youth support worker job description & person specification professional youth worker job description & person specification national youth agency ’ s getting qualified guidance to see section 7 of the toolkit, click here


purpose of linux systems linux is deployed as a tool for a wide variety of functions. here are some of the common uses of linux : network server : linux is a dominant operating system for network servers. these servers are either general purpose, i. e. a single server provides various network services such as file, print, e - mail etc., or they are specifically providing one service, e. g. a dedicated web server. desktop / workstation : linux is increasingly being used on the desktop as well. engineering workstations ( essentially relative more powerful desktops ) were the first desktop systems to deploy linux. with increasing number of desktop applications available on linux and continuous improvements in its user - friendliness, linux has now become a contender for the office desktop platform. appliance / embedded : linux is considered the preferred embedded operating system by many device vendors. open source licensing of linux give device manufacturers to fine tune the os for their specific needs. furthermore they save significantly on licensing costs. many of the network based appliances ( e. g. firewall appliances ) use linux as the operating system because of its excellent networking support. q. what are key requirements from a linux server running in production ( select all applicable choices ) : a ) it should have minimal downtime. b ) it should do very fast word processing. c ) it should be secure against exploits originating from the network. d ) it should be remotely manageable. a, c & d ) high availability, security and manageability are all key requirements from a linux server in modern data centers. word processing is typically done on the desktop, and in general is a not a requirement from the server.


incredible batch of rare and new species discovered a chameleon ( chamaeleo gracilis ) found during a 2006 expedition to ghana ' s atewa range forest reserve led by conservation international ' s rapid assessment program. credit : piotr naskrecki, conservation international two species of primates that are of global conservation concern, eight new species of katydids, a critically endangered frog species, 17 rare butterfly species and wild birds such as the brown - cheeked hornbill are among the finds of an expedition to a forest reserve in ghana. scientists exploring one of the largest remaining blocks of tropical forest in western africa discovered these animals as part of significant populations of new, rare and threatened species, underscoring the area ’ s high biological diversity and value. the findings came from a 2006 expedition to ghana ’ s atewa range forest reserve ( atewa ) led by conservation international ’ s rapid assessment program and were presented in a report made public thursday. the discoveries include : - - a critically endangered frog species ( conraua derooi ) whose presence in atewa may represent the last viable population in the world. - - an unusually high 22 species of large mammals and six species of primates including two species that are of global conservation concern : geoffroy ’ s pied colobus ( colobus vellerosus ) and the olive colobus ( procolobus verus ). - - 17 rare butterfly species, including the magnificent papilio antimachus, whose wingspan is the widest in the world. another, called mylothris atewa, is found nowhere else in the world and has been proposed as globally critically endangered. the new report contains the first photo of this species in the wild ; - - the highest diversity of katydids ( a grasshopper relative ) in all of africa, including eight species new to science, making 13 percent of all species of katydids in atewa new to science. - - an unusually high 155 bird species. six species of global conservation concern including the brown - cheeked hornbill and the nimba flycatcher ( first time recorded in ghana ). - - 19 fish species of significant potential value in the aquarium trade. these species indicate that the streams run through high quality, intact forest, which is becoming exceedingly rare in west africa. - - the only tree fern species ( cyathea manniana ) found in ghana. other places where similar species are found include forests in brazil and madagascar. - - a strange new


intact forest, which is becoming exceedingly rare in west africa. - - the only tree fern species ( cyathea manniana ) found in ghana. other places where similar species are found include forests in brazil and madagascar. - - a strange new species of spider tick, with a lineage dating back to the age of the dinosaurs, looks like a cross between a spider and a crab, and males have their reproductive organs on their legs. they are considered quite rare, with only 57 other species known from this group throughout the world. “ while this forest has long been known to harbor a high number of species and to serve as an essential source of water for local villages and for accra, it is only recently that the global importance of this reserve has been confirmed, ” said okyeame ampadu - agyei, an expedition member in ghana associated with conservation international, which led the expedition. “ we must quickly take action to protect the incredible diversity of atewa for future generations and to prevent the extinction of the 36 globally threatened species that we know to live in atewa. ” the reserve ' s animals and habitats are under pressure from illegal timber harvesting and bushmeat hunting, the researchers said. from june 6 to june 24, 2006, a team of 22 scientists, post - graduate students and assistants from ghana and abroad surveyed the 58, 472 acre atewa tract in south - eastern ghana. the scientists found an intact forest ecosystem, which is unusual and significant for west africa, where most forests are highly fragmented and disturbed. established as a national forest reserve in 1926, and since designated as one of ghana ’ s globally significant biodiversity areas, atewa ’ s importance has long been recognized because it contains the headwaters of three river systems, essential sources of domestic, agricultural and industrial water for local communities and many of ghana ’ s major population centers, including accra. in their final report, scientists called for the government to upgrade the area ’ s protection status such as to a national park, create of a buffer zone around the park and develop a management plan that includes conversation measures and economic development strategies compatible with conservation goals. the report points to eco - tourism as an optimal industry to develop because of atewa ’ s beauty, richness in species and close proximity to the capital city. - dinosaur quiz : test your smarts - 10 amazing things you didn ' t know about animals - colorful butterflies more from livescience. com