hindus propose a comprehensive plan to modernize the popular pilgrimage destination millions of hindus come to worship lord ayappan at his temple in sabarimala in a remote area of kerala state, south india, during the november - to - january pilgrimage season. the crowds have totally overwhelmed the meagre facilities. a group of environmentalists reported, " a post - seasonal visit to sabarimala is a nauseating experience. the whole area looks like the garbage dump of a huge city such as calcutta or mumbai. the air is filled with the stench of decaying flesh from donkeys who died after hauling in supplies and from 3, 000 overflowing latrines. the entire area surrounding the central shrine is covered with tons of solid and liquid waste - - a fertile breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes. " swami sathyananda saraswati, chairman of the hindu unity forum, has announced a master plan to rebuild the area ' s entire infrastructure at a total cost of us $ 125, 000, 000. gone under the ambitious plan by the group of 52 local religious organizations will be the random collection of metal - roofed concrete buildings which presently nearly obscure the central sanctum. an area of 230 hectares ( 2. 3 square kilometers ) surrounding the small central temple will be completely rebuilt, allowing an outer wall for the temple complex to be 600 meters in circumference, with towers built in each of the four directions, all according to traditional kerala temple architecture. outside the wall, pilgrim facilities are planned on a scale sufficient for the huge crowds. for the ordinary pilgrim, the biggest change will be a reduction in the time required to stand in queue to reach the sanctum sanctorum from the present twelve hours to just two and a half. another major change will be the simple availability of water. presently pilgrims buy bottled water even to bathe, as there is no other useable supply. viewing galleries are planned such that on january 14, 2. 5 million people could simultaneously witness the " divine jyothi, " or light - - the culmination of the year ' s worship. the plan also calls for nearby deforested areas to be replanted. swami sathyananda believes the project could be easily funded from the temple ' s yearly income of $ 7. 5 million and from the tens of millions in taxes which result from the temple ' s presence. swami complains, however, that, as with other temples in kerala, management is overseen by various boards whose executive committees are political appoint


it ' s that time of year. when the heat and sunshine cast out those cold and rainy days making the conditions ripe for the emergence of those dormant and overwintering garden insects. the other day when i was puttering around in my garden i uncovered a whole array of different insects taking up residence. i have been studying insects and their management over the last 5 months so this was geek - out central for me and needless to say, a very exciting discovery. however, for many gardeners, the sign of pests in their garden is anything short of exciting. my specimens included spittlebug, aphids, whitefly, silverfish, leafminer, spider mites, a beet armyworm ( one of the many destructive caterpillars found in gardens ) and all kinds of incubating eggs. this was the optimal time to do some de - bugging before the numbers of these guys increased, which in some cases can be as fast as 48 hours. the world of insects and the control of them is a vast subject that people devote their entire life to studying. so in the interest of keeping this brief and not boring you to tears, here are a few tips on how to keep those buggers in check. now is the time to become proactive in your gardens. early detection is key in controlling pests. once the population becomes large, it may be too late to control it, so check your plants regularly, 2 - 3 times a week if possible. get up close and inspect all parts of your plants and its inhabitants - the stems, the leaves - especially the undersides - the soil, and underneath any pots, mulch or other crevices that earwigs, snails, slugs, or sowbugs can hide under. if in your monitoring you notice any pests, removing them is essential. handpick and destroy insects like caterpillars, slugs, or snails. wipe off any eggs found on the undersides of leaves. spray aphids off with a strong jet of water. keep your soil healthy by regularly tilling and amending. select healthy, organic plants and untreated, certified organic seeds and plant them correctly. use sticky traps to capture male insects and prevent mating. use crop rotation to break the cycle of pests and disease. encourage natural enemies and beneficial insects by increasing the diversity of crops in your garden, i. e., companion planting and intercropping. water appropriately according to the needs of your plants


crop rotation to break the cycle of pests and disease. encourage natural enemies and beneficial insects by increasing the diversity of crops in your garden, i. e., companion planting and intercropping. water appropriately according to the needs of your plants. remove and destroy severely diseased plants. while i highly recommend all the above methods first, there are some instances where pesticide use is necessary. pesticides can be organic or inorganic. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and chemical substances are all agents that fall under the pesticide definition. if you use a pesticide, read and use it according to the label and be informed of the potential human and environmental affects. although not devoid of it ' s potential hazards, i typically use omri www. omri. org approved products. they are considered certified " organic " ( we could have a whole discussion about that alone ) and are relatively non - toxic and safe for the environment. some commonly used organic pesticides are horticultural oils, neem oil, insecticidal soaps, and bt ( bacillus thuringiensis ). refrain from the use of toxic pesticides as they cause long term harm for a short term result. it is unlikely that you will ever get rid of all your garden pests nor would you want to since part of keeping a balanced ecosystem is maintaining the presence of beneficial insects which means providing them with a food source - your garden pests. we live in a world where our food can be purchased perfectly unblemished from the grocery store. but when you grow your own edibles, some damage is inevitable. the holes in your kale, the nibbles on your lettuce, bruises on your apples, or disfiguration of your tomatoes is ok and actually quite special because in the natural order of mother nature, everything is imperfectly balanced.


the american civil war had been over for only six years when events which were to shape madison square garden began to unfold. it was in 1871 that cornelius vanderbilt moved his new york & harlem railroad operations from a sprawling shed just north of the newly fashionable madison square park to grand central terminal. madison square was becoming an entertainment and social center for the emerging new york gentry. the park itself was bounded by fifth and madison avenues and twenty - sixth and twenty - seventh streets. the sole blot upon this landscape was the sooty, clamorous train yard. the now - vacant block attracted the attention of the world ' s premier impresario. phineas taylor barium, who leased the site and started constructing what was to become the first madison square garden. madison square garden has been described in the 20th century as " more a state of mind than a building " but in the 19th century it was most certainly a building. barnum ' s original structure was 420 feet by 200 feet with a three - story brick wall and no roof. the centerpiece of this edifice was an oval arena 270 feet long surrounded by rows of banked seats and benches. on april 27, 1874, p. t. barnum threw open the gates on " the great roman hippodrome " also known as " barnum ' s monster classical and geological hippodrome. " a little historical perspective is in order here... george armstrong custer would not lead the 7th cavalry into the valley of the little big horn for two more years ; billy the kid had not yet killed his first man ; and the united states of america numbered 37. the lack of a roof and central heating curtailed winter events, although tenting material was used to protect against more moderate elements. during the next few years the lease was passed to bandmaster patrick gilmore who fostered such events as temperance and evangelical meetings, beauty contests, flower shows, balls, and in 1877, the " first annual n. y. bench show, " a dog show which continues to this day as the westminster kennel show. the new impresario modestly renamed the complex " gilmore ' s garden " and became the moving force in bringing another sport to the new york mass... boxing. boxing was technically illegal in new york, so gilmore was compelled to promote the bouts as " exhibitions " or " illustrated lectures. " boxing drew crowds but not enough to pay the bills, so the lease passed to w. m. tileston, an executive of the dog show who sought


, so gilmore was compelled to promote the bouts as " exhibitions " or " illustrated lectures. " boxing drew crowds but not enough to pay the bills, so the lease passed to w. m. tileston, an executive of the dog show who sought to tone up the garden with such visionary, ' events as tennis, a riding school and an ice carnival. throughout the five years of operation. new yorkers came to know of the exposition arena sitting just north of madison square but their sporadic patronage made it little more than a footnote on the city ' s entertainment scene. then commodore vanderbilt died, and his son william stepped in to regain his family ' s control of the property. on may 31, 1879, a gala ceremony was presented at the arena, in which the official new name was announced... madison square garden. the event was attended by thousands of new york ' s socially prominent. ballets, classical pieces, marches and popular music entertained the throngs, and the reviews were effusive. william vanderbilt was gratified by the acceptance of his madison square garden, but he found that his challenges were the same as his predecessors - how to attract paying crowds. in july of 1882, john l. sullivan agreed to a series of boxing exhibitions in madison square garden which would draw more than 10, 000 paying customers per bout over the next four years. in 1882, p. t. barnum reemerged as a factor in the madison square garden story. he bought the elephant jumbo from a london zoo and amid gales of international publicity, displayed him first at madison square garden. in four days at madison square garden, jumbo drew enough paying customers to recoup the $ 10, 000 purchase price and the $ 30, 000 it cost to transport the behemoth by steamer across the atlantic. other events of note at madison square garden during this decade included flower shows, horse shows, elks conventions and the garden ' s first indoor track and field event in 1888. but as 1888 drew to a close, the days of the original madison square garden were running out. the competition for the entertainment dollar even during the last days of the 19th century, was fierce. although madison square was the focal point of new york night life, hotels, theaters, restaurants, night clubs and music halls could provide many of the physical amenities that were lacking at the garden. the garden was hot in the summer, freezing in the winter and damp in the spring and fall. harper ' s weekly characterized the garden as


, restaurants, night clubs and music halls could provide many of the physical amenities that were lacking at the garden. the garden was hot in the summer, freezing in the winter and damp in the spring and fall. harper ' s weekly characterized the garden as a " patched - up, grimy, drafty, combustible old shell. " harper ' s made the editorial observation that the site " has been marked these many years as the place for some building of public entertainment much finer than the present structure. " if a " finer " building was called for, then a " finer " building would be delivered. a new corporation under the leadership of j. p. morgan and architect stanford white was entrusted with the task of creating a new palace. the orginal budget was in the neighborhood of $ 75, 000, a neighborhood which white and morgan judged too meager to satisfy the tastes of affluent new yorkers. white added $ 450, 000 to the cost of the project with the simple addition of a grand tower. with the blessings of morgan and his investors, wreckers went to work in july of 1889, and 11 months later, on june 16, 1890, new york city was sent reeling as the new madison square garden opened on the same site. on november 15, 1998 kathy fitzgerald of madison heights, virginia wrote : i am looking for information about a mr. edward d. andrus who was a famous horse tamer and once performed at madison square garden probably in the latter part of the 1800 ' s. more specifically probably in the time period after 1886 and on. he was a personal friend of buffalo bill cody who also performed at msg. mr. andrus at one time was a performer with ringling brothers circus. he also was invited by the governor general of canada to perform there. i am a direct decendant of mr. andrus and my grand aunt has an original poster of him advertising his performances. ( not his performance at msg, however ). if you keep any kind of records at all from this time period, i would be so very grateful for any information you could give. he also was an equine dental surgeon. he used to tame what were at that time referred to as " man - eating " horses. very vicious horses. and he would tame them right before audiences, and have them calmly riding around the ring - " so well tamed that a lady could ride or drive them. " he apparently began learning this trade while working with the arizona land & cattle company. thank


common warning signs of type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes is a serious disease that affects millions of people of all ages. many of the people with type 2 diabetes do not even know they have it. with the serious health complications brought about by type 2 diabetes, it is important for people to recognize its warning signs, and work with their doctors on early diabetes treatment and management. common warning signs of type 2 diabetes are : unquenchable thirst. people with type 2 diabetes usually feel very thirsty all the time. this is also commonly accompanied by dry mouth and frequent urination. headaches, blurred vision and fatigue. this happens when blood sugar levels are more abnormal and out of control. type 2 patients commonly feel weak and tired most of the time. infections. frequent yeast infections or urinary tract infections, slow healing cuts or sores, and dry and itchy skin are the usual conditions that trigger diabetes sufferers to visit a doctor. sexual dysfunction. the damage that diabetes causes to the blood vessels and nerve endings in the genitals leads to loss of feeling and difficult orgasms. sexual dysfunction can be experienced by both male and female diabetes patients. it must be noted, however, that this disease can come without warning signs. regular visits to your doctor are recommended. tags : diabetes detection, diabetes early symptoms, diabetes trigger signs, warning signs of diabetes


the physics factbook™ edited by glenn elert - - written by his students an educational, fair use website topic index | author index | special index the purpose of this analysis is to determine the evolution of gravity in the mario video game series as video game hardware increases. gravity is force which is responsible for keeping us on the ground. it is also the force that prohibits us from jumping 50 feet in the air. however, in mario ' s world, gravity does not quite work that way. mario is able to jump 5 times his height and fall with accelerations that would be deadly to humans. we will find mario ' s acceleration due to gravity by using the formula s = s0 + v0t + ½ at2 where s is the distance he falls, s0 is his initial distance, which is 0, v0 is his initial vertical velocity, which is also 0, a is his acceleration due to gravity, and t is the time it takes for him to fall. when we solve this formula for a, we get a = 2s / t2 first, you must find the time it took mario to fall from the edge of the ledge to the ground in each game. to do this, we opened each clip in quicktime movie player, and using the frame by frame option, found the total number of frames it took mario to fall. we then used the formula : time = ( number of frames ) / ( frame rate ) to find the time of each of mario ' s falls. once we knew the time, we needed to figure out the distance mario fell in each game. we used a screen shot of mario next to the ledge he fell from in each game, and found the height of mario and the ledge in pixels. according to wikipedia, mario is " a little over five feet tall. ", so we used 5 feet, or 1. 524 meters, as mario ' s height. we used the formula : heightmario [ m ] / heightmario [ pixels ] = distance [ m ] / distance [ pixels ] distance = ( heightmario [ m ] / heightmario [ pixels ] ) x distance [ pixels ] once we had the distance mario fell in each instance, we were able to use the formula s = s0 + v0t + ½ at2 to find mario ' s acceleration in each game. mario was in free fall in each case, so this acceleration was equal to gravity. his initial velocity was 0, as was his initial position. our results in m /


issue date : 27 november 2001 the university of the west of england is using innovative materials and processes in a new purpose - built facility for architecture and planning students and researchers at the frenchay campus of uwe. the new a & p studio building is designed to be sustainable and to meet high standards of environmental performance. it has been specifically designed to be economical to run with no heating ; heat will be generated by the people in the building and lots of natural light. the new building uses a range of innovative techniques and materials. it is believed to be the first building in the uk which uses a construction method known as thin - bed masonry – where the bricks are glued together instead of using cement. the technique is quicker than conventional methods and the glue is strong enough to allow large spans without lintels. the bricklayers on the project had to travel belgium to learn the technique – which has been used more commonly on the continent. the new building will make maximum use of natural daylight, have a natural ventilation strategy and use rainwater collected on the roof for flushing toilets. it will also have changing rooms and showers for cyclists. head of architecture at uwe, richard parnaby says, “ as well as meeting the highest possible environmental standards the new building will also provide a valuable learning resource for students and researchers in the faculty of the built environment. the progress of the construction is being recorded by a series of webcams which can be viewed by the public, students and staff at http : / / environment. uwe. ac. uk / studiobuilding / in addition a series of ‘ research panels ’ will allow new materials and processes to be tested by researchers at the university. in the initial construction these will be ‘ modular cellular ’ panels which incorporate compressed straw bales as the core insulation medium. but at a future date these can be replaced with different materials for testing by university research staff. the project manager at uwe, john fell, says, “ we are delighted to be moving forward with this exciting new project. it is appropriate that the new architecture and planning studio building should demonstrate innovative features and seek to highlight the importance of sustainability while providing a teaching and research resource for students and staff at uwe. ” the a & p studio building is to be located at the north end of the frenchay campus linked by a bridge to the adjacent q block which houses the faculty of the built environment. the building has a central ‘ street ’ which runs east - west, the full length of the building. as well as being an exhibition space this


frenchay campus linked by a bridge to the adjacent q block which houses the faculty of the built environment. the building has a central ‘ street ’ which runs east - west, the full length of the building. as well as being an exhibition space this provides natural light and allows the building to be naturally ventilated. this space acts as the ‘ lungs ’ of the building removing the need for air conditioning and reducing the building ’ s energy use by two - thirds over that of a similar building. the landscape around the new building will also enhance the use of natural features with the addition of trees and extensive planting. the three storey building will contain eight studio spaces, a 200 seat lecture room and a specialised gis ( geographic information system ) studio as well as several other areas dedicated to teaching and services. 1. construction started on the building in september 2001. the steel frame, external shell and floors are all now in place. the roof is expected on before christmas. final completion is expected by may 2002. the use of the innovative brick work technique ( thin - bed masonry ) is now underway. 2. a visual in jpeg format of the new building is available by emailing jayne. andrews @ uwe. ac. uk 3. the design team for the building is as follows : buro happold - lead consultant and structural and building services engineers turner & townsend – quantity surveyor wilmott dixon - main contractor white design - architecture 4. the architecture and planning studio is part of the faculty of the built environment – one of uwe ’ s largest faculties with 2100 students and 221 staff. the architecture and planning course is a new undergraduate award which brings together these two disciplines for the first time. the award also leads to appropriate professional qualifications and is recognised by the royal town planning institute ( rtpi ), the royal institute of british architects ( riba ), and the architects registration board ( arba ). 5. additional notes on the building : the orientation of the building will take advantage of the prevailing wind direction to assist ventilation and maximise daylight. the building will be cooled at night by a series of automated windows opening to drive air through the building. this cooling at night will allow the building to absorb more heat during the day thus lowering peak temperatures. a vacuum solar collector on the roof will supplement conventionally heated domestic hot water.


the one story, 60 square - meter house draws a lot of inspiration from traditional japanese tea houses, but attempts to overcome past efficiency problems by using vacuum insulated wall, ceiling and window panels to vastly improve thermal insulation. the living space is enclosed by the engawa, a verandah - like structure made solely from recycled wood and plastics, with the intention of promoting outdoor living. the roof is covered by 460 solar panels designed to appear like normal tiles. these are deemed sufficient to supply the homes electricity requirements. dangling from the roof are a succession of wires, from which the designers intend to grow climbing fruit and vegetables. this acts both as a food supply for the residents and creates a green curtain around the house which aids with privacy, shade and improves the aesthetics of the building. further ideas added into the design intended to aid the residents in their daily life include a “ veggie factory ”, where various salads can be grown under led lighting in shelving incorporated into one of the walls. a further nod to self - sufficiency can be detected in the choice of a small paddy field instead of a front lawn. it is hoped the residents can grow half of their yearly rice requirements on their doorstep. tatami mats have been given a modern day upgrade for the house ; these traditional japanese movable benches are found strewn throughout the home and contain a heat absorbing gel pad. the gel pad solidifies at 15 degrees celsius and slowly liquifies when absorbing heat as the room temperature rises. leaving these outside at night and bringing them back inside during the day is a novel solution for aiding in cooling the interior without reliance on air - conditioning and provides comfortable seating at the same time. “ omotenashi ” translates as thoughtfully and sincerely conveying a feeling of consideration to those who you encounter, and it is hoped that the students have managed to embody this intention within the design for the house, promoting a comfortable home while aiding and promoting increased self - sufficiency for the residents. via japan times


the lithic assemblage presented for study was derived from the ' plough - zone ', ' topsoil ' and ' excavated features ' and was collected in three seasons of excavation, 1972, 1973, and 1977. there is no direct record of distribution across the site other than any zonal patterning that might be derived from the year of excavation and trench description. in total, 179 pieces of worked material were individually described in a single inventory ( see archive ) ; a single piece was identified as a chert and the remainder was flint. the assemblage composition is summarised in two parts : that derived from excavated features, and that from the plough - zone and topsoil ( table 3 ). this was a small assemblage, with roughly equal numbers recovered from the plough - zone ( 83 ) and excavated features ( 96 ). the differences in composition between the plough - zone and excavated features were of interest, in that the number of broken flakes was not greatly different, suggesting that ploughing was not the general cause of breakage. the number of spalls collected from excavated features indicated some differential collection, as also did the small proportion ( by number ) of cores. however, the essential similarity in proportion between these two units of analysis suggests that the assemblage could be treated as a single unit. the analysis of the assemblage immediately identified a strong mesolithic component, in the presence of blades and microliths. however, it was also apparent from the flakes and tools that later industries were also present, and elements of these were stratified in association with neolithic and bronze age pottery. there was no indication that there were any later elements and the material can be understood as residual when in later iron age features. in the analysis of the assemblage the wide variation in the body colour of the worked flint was recorded and compared with the mesolithic assemblage from lightmarsh farm, kidderminster, c. 2 miles ( 3. 5km ) north of blackstone ( bevan 1994 ) and on the same side of the river. there was a single piece of chert in the assemblage, and the remainder was flint with a considerable variation in body colour. a thin - rolled cortex, present on 42 pieces, showed little variation and was not studied further. the source of the flint was local ; the secondary geological deposits and gravel terraces of the severn river valley. the colour ( tables


variation in body colour. a thin - rolled cortex, present on 42 pieces, showed little variation and was not studied further. the source of the flint was local ; the secondary geological deposits and gravel terraces of the severn river valley. the colour ( tables 3 and 4 ) varied from a beige ( b ) to a cream ( cr ), a light grey ( lg ) to a medium ( mg ) and blue - black ( bb ), a white - patinated ( wp ) and yellow - patinated ( y ) surface or body. the only body colour not present in the lightmarsh farm mesolithic assemblage was the blue - black component. few beige and yellow elements were present in the blackstone assemblage. flakes were the largest component of the assemblage ( 150 ), of which more than half were broken ( 80 ). of the broken pieces a considerable number were probably derived from small blades ( 31 ). of the complete flakes there were 33 tertiary, 32 secondary trimming and 5 primary flakes. secondary retouch was only present on eight tertiary flakes and five of these exhibited side retouch, of which one was serrated ; of the two with retouched butts, one also exhibited side retouch and one was notched. there were sufficient complete flakes ( 70 ) to measure for a statistical analysis. the scattergram of breadth : length ( x : y ; fig. 34 ) was plotted for each material colour, described above, to test the possibility that the mesolithic, neolithic and bronze age components might be so differentiated in the assemblage. barfield ( 2007, 106 ) has suggested that in the west midlands the colour and other macroscopic criteria of worked flint assemblages might suggest differential flint sourcing through time. the scattergram shows a cluster of small blades and long flakes ( 6 ) within a length range of 10 - 30mm and a breadth range of 5 - 12mm, of which 50 % have a white - patinated ( wp ) body colour ( fig. 34, zone a ). it is the distribution of the wp flakes ( 16 ), 33 % of which are clustered in the small blade and long flake zone, that most closely matches the scattergram of the lightmarsh farm and other mesolithic assemblages ( barfield 2007, fig. 7 ). of the broken flakes, 31 were probably fragments of


long flake zone, that most closely matches the scattergram of the lightmarsh farm and other mesolithic assemblages ( barfield 2007, fig. 7 ). of the broken flakes, 31 were probably fragments of small broken blades and of these 17 were wp broken blades. this wp material was perhaps preferentially selected or was more available in the mesolithic period, although it is clear that other flint was also utilised. the patination is post - depositional. of the other material - flake distributions a number of observations could perhaps be of interest. there were no blades ( length : breadth of greater than 3 : 1 ) of light - grey ( lg ) flakes, although there were a number of small lg flakes within the ' mesolithic cluster ' of wp flakes. this lg material formed the largest component ( 50 % ) of squat flakes ( length : breadth of less than 1 : 1 ). the distribution of lg material away from long flake and blade production perhaps indicated the lg flint was a larger source component in the later neolithic and bronze age. similarly it might be argued that the blue - black ( bb ) component had a stronger association with the neolithic, with fewer broader flakes in the scattergram distribution ( table 4 and fig. 34 ). table 4 : measured flakes, proportion of wp, bb and lg body colour ( source material ; see text for explanation ) although there appeared to be a number of trends in this analysis that may indicate there were a number of industries present within the blackstone assemblage that had preferred sources and a preferential selection of material, all the material was derived from the same source, the secondary geological deposits and gravel terraces of the severn river valley. the statistical numbers here were also small, and so more exhaustive comparisons would need to be undertaken with assemblages from other sites, beyond the scope of this study. late mesolithic activity at blackstone is clearly identified in the small blades and microliths in the lithic assemblage. all the material used was local to the severn valley. the material is likely to have been won from river bank erosion and tree - throw exposure, with the quarrying of the root hollows into the river terrace deposits. although the scoops on the site ( fig. 5 ) might represent the last traces of such an activity, the presence of only one small - blade core in the


exposure, with the quarrying of the root hollows into the river terrace deposits. although the scoops on the site ( fig. 5 ) might represent the last traces of such an activity, the presence of only one small - blade core in the assemblage does not suggest that there was blade production on the site ; rather the blades had been carefully curated to the site for tool production, as was also indicated by the large number of small broken flakes and spalls. such a site in the river valley, rich in game and close to a river flowing with fish, may well have been a temporary hunting camp, possibly with a constructed shelter with a dry floor in the scooped hollow of a tree - throw, a natural wind - break and shelter, with access to a plentiful supply of wood. early neolithic activity on the site can perhaps be identified in the longer and larger blades, core rejuvenation flakes and the rather broken core material ; compare the opposed platform core that came from a large piece of raw material. with woodland clearance and an increased pace of ground disturbance for agriculture and grazing, the exposure of raw material in larger pieces would have been widespread, and the choice more varied. preferred blue - black flint may have become more available in larger pieces, with the production of larger tools. the broken fabricator and small scrapers can be associated with this mesolithic - neolithic transition, as can the knapped flakes in pit 1027 with its associated neolithic pottery. later neolithic and bronze age activity on the site could perhaps be recognised in the presence of a wider and broader flake component to the assemblage that broadens the scattergram of all measurable flakes. fine invasive retouch, present on one scraper, is a beaker period technique ( fig. 35, no. 5 ). the latter and a thumbnail scraper ( fig. 35, no. 4 ), could be assigned to specialist tool production of the early bronze age period. there is also a sense of random production in the large variation in the platform depth ( up to 7mm ) and thickness of flakes ( one was 18mm in thickness ) from unprepared cores, suggesting a less specialised tool production of the middle bronze age. this latter aspect has not been exhaustively analysed, but with so few tools and datable features a detailed study would perhaps be unproductive. the butt - trimmed larger scrapers might have been associated with this later industry. the excavated ass


this latter aspect has not been exhaustively analysed, but with so few tools and datable features a detailed study would perhaps be unproductive. the butt - trimmed larger scrapers might have been associated with this later industry. the excavated assemblage was derived from a range of features, a number of which can be assigned to the pre - iron age : 0015, 0016, 0023, 0079, 0083, 0113 - 17, 0120, 0149, 0183, 0552 and 1512 - 15 ( see site description, and fig. 5 ). the remainder were from those structures assigned to the iron age, principally the enclosure ditch. analysis ( table 5 ) shows successive residuality within later settlement features. however, 60 % of the assemblage could be assigned to the pre - iron age, and of the remainder only 21 flints ( 23 % ) of the stratified assemblage were not assigned and were residual in the iron age, and of that material three were spalls. the component from iron age features is also equal to and of the same size, proportion and character as that from features assigned to the pre - iron age. thus it is clear that the component in iron age features was residual and there is a measurable 23 % residuality on the site. table 5 : site distribution of flint by period of feature. | pre - iron age features | | iron age features | | unstratified | | % | | broken blades, wp, mesolithic | | 19 | | 10 | | - | | 32 | | blades and long flakes, mesolithic / neolithic | | 10 | | 10 | | - | | 22 | | other mesolithic / neolithic / early bronze age | | 2 | | 2 | | - | | 5 | | spalls and other flake material | | 17 | | 21 | | - | | 41 | the single piece of chert, perhaps from a source further afield or an erratic from wider disturbance across the river valley, might be derived from any of these industries. although the detailed analysis of the measured flakes does indicate that there was a differential sourcing of lithic material through time in prehistory, the assemblage studied was small. however, the potential for study and comparison with larger stratified assemblages in the severn valley is clear, but winning that information will be difficult without stratified ass


10 questions : miriam robbins dexter on the power of female display miriam robbins dexter, a lecturer in the department of women ' s studies and expert on ancient heroines and goddesses, and a co - author have completed a cross - cultural study of stories and artifacts in which women lift their skirts and expose their genitals, a performance that drives away enemies and returns joy and fertility to the land. miriam robbins dexter, who earned both her ba and her phd at ucla, translates some 20 classical indo - european and near eastern languages. with victor mair, professor of chinese language and literature at the university of pennsylvania, the ucla lecturer in women ' s studies has published a study of women in the ancient near east, asia and europe — in stories, artifacts, and also real life — who expose their genitals to empowering effect ( sacred display : divine and magical female figures of eurasia, cambria press, 2010 ). although the work may bump up against contemporary western taboos about sex, the fact remains that history is replete with representations of the unfettered feminine able to ward off evil and bring joy and fertility. magical female genital display : are you talking about history or, more specifically, the history of art? this is history, not just the history of art. for the prehistoric age, we don ' t really know exactly what is and isn ' t history. that it ' s history is more recently shown in a 19th - century letter we found in the irish times. the letter ' s author was an older man who wrote that as a child he observed a woman who was being besieged by people with pitchforks — she lifted up her skirts and they ran away. there ' s also a 19th - century story about rows of older chinese women frightening off invaders by standing on the city wall and exposing themselves. your material depicts not just genital display but also women dancing. how are the two related? if you look at the kiltinan sheela who graces the cover of our book, she ' s doing both. we find magical dancing figures from the upper paleolithic era on. by the neolithic era, we begin to see display figures sometimes dancing, sometimes crouching. i think it ' s an evolution. what are the crouching position and genital display all about? the earliest display is probably saying, " look, out of here comes babies. " to this was added magic. we don ' t know why. we can hypothesize that this was because, until very


genital display all about? the earliest display is probably saying, " look, out of here comes babies. " to this was added magic. we don ' t know why. we can hypothesize that this was because, until very recently, childbirth was a dangerous act. women died. infants died. if you add a little magic to it, asking the deities for help, maybe it will be successful. this display could turn back an army or bring on rain? yes, it ' s such a powerful position. there ' s genital display for repelling an enemy. if you look at the way [ irish ] sheela na gigs are placed on castle walls — sometimes on the keystone of the arch over the door — and on church walls, they ' re protecting the structure. perhaps they ' re saying, " okay, only those of you who have the right intent may enter. " there ' s also genital display for bringing joy and fertility back to the land — bringing the sun back, bringing the rain back — and this is quite cross - cultural. we ' re calling it " eurasian, " but i ' ve found evidence all over the globe in myths and rituals. how did these images find their way to so many different places? we think that the concept was carried along the silk road. it ' s not simply that there are display figures in europe and there are also display figures in asia — these figures more closely echo one another. it ' s clear to us that it wasn ' t just an abstract concept, but concrete images that were finding their way from place to place. the petroglyphs at qutubi, in west china — huge petroglyphs with dancing male and female figures. the female figures have triangles for their upper and lower bodies. just as we were beginning to do this work, i edited a paper by a romanian archaeologist. she had images collected from her excavations in eastern europe, including dancing female figures with triangle bodies. another example is the crouching female figure on a pot from machang in western china. while there ' s been some discussion over whether the figure was female, male or hermaphroditic, it ' s so clear to both victor and me that it is a female figure with little knobby breasts — just like the breasts on a crouching " fish " figure from the ancient site of lepenski vir in eastern europe. how did these cross - cultural connections become lost to the extent that you and your co - author had to unearth


— just like the breasts on a crouching " fish " figure from the ancient site of lepenski vir in eastern europe. how did these cross - cultural connections become lost to the extent that you and your co - author had to unearth them again? i think that in some areas the subject becomes somewhat taboo, especially in the western world. in india today, there doesn ' t seem to be embarrassment about these female images. the display of the vulva isn ' t sex. it ' s not that there isn ' t an erotic value to the female genitals, but that this display is never about a male and a female having sex. in fact, display figures in indian temples will be right next to mithuna figures — figures of men and women copulating. these figures clearly represent very different functions. do you find that these ideas about the power of the female body are alien to people you might speak with, and to your students? certainly in the united states it is uncommon to think in this way. instead, we have a very odd puritan / pornographic take on the female body. we think that women should be covered and that women should be exposed — all at the same time. is that perspective hard for students and for you as a teacher to overcome? don ' t you think that depends on the person? fair enough. why is it important for people today to know about " sacred display "? young women need to stop being ashamed of their genitals. this society tends to make women feel shy and ashamed. obviously, i ' m very interested in empowering women, and so for that reason i think these concepts are of contemporary value.


tree fruit research and extension center wsu - tfrec is the research and extension center of washington state university dedicated to the tree fruit sciences. located in the primary fruit producing region of the world, the center features a cooperative, multidisciplinary approach to tree fruit production. this areawide ii program builds on the successful codling moth areawide management project ( 1995 - 1999 ) that reduced in - season organophosphate use in apples and pears by 75 %. project goals are to further reduce broad - spectrum pesticide use, expand the use of mating disruption in pome fruits and new cropping systems, and increase efficacy of biological control in orchards for secondary pests. apple and pear production are at risk under the food quality protection act ( fqpa ) because these fruit comprise a significant fraction of the diets of infants and children. fruit research at wsu prosser a lygus bug parasitism survey revealed moderate levels of wasp parasitism in several stone fruit growing regions. studies of thrips ecology showed greater thrips abundance in orchard borders compared with orchard interiors. click on link below. research at wsu prosser for lygus abundance surveys, sweep net sampling was the most effective sampling method. lygus damage was correlated to lygus abundance in apples. a california phenology model was utilized to predict first lygus hatch. thrips abundance was greater in orchard borders compared with orchard interiors. click on links below. you must have adobe acrobat reader® software installed on your computer in order to view and print the map and driving directions. to get more information about downloading a current version of adobe acrobat reader®, click here.


i am intrigued by the world السماواتthat is often used in holy quran to describe god creation of skies and the earth. in arabic السماوات means skies, which is not the same as universe. sky is the region of the atmosphere and outer space seen from the earth. on the other universe is all existing matter and space considered as a whole. in short sky is only part of the universe at best not the whole. from the verse below, almighty allah clearly treats لسماوات and earth as separate entities. this gives a concept of a sky above and the earth below. i also learned that the correct word for universe is الكونnot samawat. my question is did god ever mention universe in quran? samawat clearly does no mean universe because if it meant universe, then earth is indeed part of the universe. but if sawamat means skies that makes sense because god is talking about skies and the earth as two object. so my question is did the holy quran ever mention universe? for reference sky سماء skies السماوات heaven الجنة universe الكون as you can see above, the universe and sky have two different words in arabic. verses for references are below 6 : 1 skies and earth are treated two separate objects. 3 : 190, to allah is all that is in skies and in earth. there is a lot more that we cannot see in sky but is part of universe. 2 : 22 quran talks about ski as canopy. this is clearly not universe. 4 : 132, says that to god belongs what is in skies and what is on earth.


last week the cdc advisory committee on immunization practices voted to change the status of the male human papillomavirus ( hpv ) vaccination from permissive to routine. hpv is the most common sexually transmitted infection ( sti ) in the u. s. ; it is also the main cause of cervical cancer, and research suggests it is the leading cause of other forms of cancer. the hpv vaccine, which is widely marketed for female adolescents, has been approved for males since 2009. however, hpv vaccination rates are low among female adolescents in theu. s. and even lower among males. it is estimated that only 1 % of males in theu. s. have been vaccinated. the advisory committee is recommending that the vaccine become standard for all boys ages 11 and 12 and is advising the vaccination of young men ages 13 to 21 who have not yet received the vaccine. globally, the highest rates of stis occur among youth ( ages 15 - 24 ) and approximately 25 % of young women under 24 years old have been infected with hpv. hpv is responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancer, 95 % of anal cancer cases, 50 % of all vulvar cancer cases, and 60 % of all head and neck cancer cases. the previous focus of hpv vaccination campaigns on females sent the message that hpv is a single - sex issue, however these cancers affect both males and females. expansion of the vaccination recommendations to include boys will help to change the public perception of the infection as one that mainly affects females to one that has negative effects on everyone. the change in the recommendation will likely lead to greater uptake among young men, not only protecting them from hpv - related cancers, but also helping them to prevent the spread of hpv to their partners.


if you ' ve been feeling stuffy or congested, waking up with a headache, and noticing swelling around your eyes, you may have sinusitis. sinusitis can be inconvenient or even painful at times, but it ' s usually not severe. what is sinusitis? sinusitis is the medical term for inflammation ( irritation and swelling ) of the sinuses. it ' s usually caused by infection. our sinuses are the moist air spaces within the bones of the face around the nose. the frontal sinuses are located in the area near the eyebrows ; the maxillary sinuses are located inside the cheekbones ; the ethmoid sinuses are between the eyes ; and the sphenoid sinuses sit behind the ethmoid sinuses. when we ' re healthy, our sinuses are filled with air, making our facial bones less dense and much lighter in weight. sinuses also play a role in how our voices sound. infection with viruses or bacteria — or a combination of both — can cause sinusitis. generally, someone with a cold also has inflammation of the sinuses. this is viral sinusitis. allergies also can lead a person to develop sinusitis. when the nasal congestion ( stuffiness ) associated with the common cold or allergies doesn ' t allow the sinuses to drain properly, bacteria can become trapped inside the sinuses, leading to bacterial sinusitis. bacterial sinusitis tends to make someone feel sicker than viral sinusitis. a person with bacterial sinusitis usually will have more facial pain and swelling than someone with viral sinusitis, and might also develop a fever. some of the signs that someone may have bacterial sinusitis are : a stuffy or runny nose with a daytime cough that lasts for 10 to 14 days or longer without improvement continuous thick green mucus discharge from the nose ( sometimes with post nasal drip ) persistent dull pain or swelling around the eyes tenderness or pain in or around the cheekbones a feeling of pressure in your head a headache when you wake up in the morning or when bending over bad breath, even after brushing your teeth pain in the upper teeth a fever greater than 102°f ( 39°c ) some people also have dry coughs and find it hard to sleep. others have upset stomachs or feel nauseous. although many of these symptoms are similar to those you can get from viral sinusitis or allergic rhinitis ( inflammation of the nose and sinuses due to allergy )


hard to sleep. others have upset stomachs or feel nauseous. although many of these symptoms are similar to those you can get from viral sinusitis or allergic rhinitis ( inflammation of the nose and sinuses due to allergy ), it ' s a good idea to see your doctor just in case. viral sinusitis and allergic rhinitis are more common, but bacterial sinusitis often needs to be treated with antibiotics, and you can only get these with a doctor ' s prescription. how is it treated? if your doctor prescribes antibiotics for bacterial sinusitis, you may need to take them for as long as 3 weeks. your doctor may also prescribe a decongestant for all forms of sinusitis. if your sinusitis is the result of allergies, your doctor may recommend that you take a daily antihistamine as well. you can lower your risk of getting sinusitis by making some simple changes in your home environment. try using a humidifier during cold weather to stop dry, heated air from irritating your sinuses, which can make them more susceptible to infection. clean the humidifier regularly because mold, which can trigger allergies in some people, forms easily in moist environments. if you have allergies, make an extra effort to keep them under control because they can make a person more prone to developing a sinus infection. although sinusitis itself is not contagious, it is often preceded by a cold, which can be spread to family members and friends. the most effective way to prevent the spread of germs is to wash your hands frequently and thoroughly. steer clear of used tissues, and try to stay out of the line of fire when someone sneezes. what can i do to feel better? if your doctor has prescribed antibiotics or any other medications, be sure to follow the directions carefully. sinusitis can be difficult to get rid of otherwise and can easily return if it ' s not fully treated the first time. even if you feel better, it ' s important to keep taking your antibiotics until you ' ve finished the course prescribed by your doctor. this helps to kill all of the bacteria causing the infection. get plenty of rest and fluids so that your body ' s immune system can work along with the antibiotics to fight the infection. taking ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help to relieve pain and inflammation. a cool - mist humidifier may soothe your sinuses. warm compresses usually


maybe your mom or dad told you about the surgery you had as a little kid. or maybe you found out when you noticed the scar on your chest. or perhaps you ' re wondering why you have to visit the doctor so often. lots of teens who have, or have had, a ventricular septal defect may find themselves wondering : what is it and what does it mean for me? ventricular septal defect ( pronounced : ven - trih - kyoo - lur sep - tul dee - fekt ), or vsd for short, is a heart condition that can affect teens — although most people with vsds have had the problem diagnosed long before they reach their teenage years. what is a ventricular septal defect? to understand this defect, it first helps to review some basics about the way a healthy heart typically works. the heart has four chambers : the two lower pumping chambers of the heart are called the ventricles, and the two upper filling chambers are the atria. in normal circulation, blood that returns from the body to the right - side filling chamber ( right atrium ) is low in oxygen. this blood passes to the right - side pumping chamber ( right ventricle ), and then travels to the lungs to receive oxygen. the oxygen - enriched blood returns to the left - side filling chamber ( left atrium ), then moves to the left - sided pumping chamber ( left ventricle ). the blood is then pumped out to the body through the aorta, a large blood vessel that carries blood to the smaller blood vessels in the body to deliver oxygen. the right and left - sided pumping chambers ( ventricles ) are separated by shared wall, called the ventricular septum. in a person with a ventricular septal defect ( vsd ), there is an opening in the wall ( septum ) between the right ventricle and the left ventricle. you might hear this type of problem also referred to as a " hole in the heart. " as a result, when the heart beats, some of the blood in the left ventricle ( which has received oxygen from the lungs already ) is able to flow through the hole in the septum into the right ventricle. in the right ventricle, this oxygen - rich blood mixes with the oxygen - poor blood and is directed via the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. the blood flowing through the hole creates an extra noise during the listening exam of the heart, known as a


right ventricle, this oxygen - rich blood mixes with the oxygen - poor blood and is directed via the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. the blood flowing through the hole creates an extra noise during the listening exam of the heart, known as a heart murmur. the character of the heart murmur, along with other specific heart sounds that can be detected a cardiologist, may be clues that a person has a vsd. there are different types of vsds, based on the exact location within the ventricular septum. in addition, they can vary in size. the symptoms and medical treatment of the vsd will depend on these features. sometimes, vsds can also be present as part of more complex types of congenital heart disease. most teens with vsd had it — as in, past tense. although ventricular septal defects are quite common ( about 8 out of every 1, 000 babies born have heart defects, and about 30 % of those babies have vsds ), it ' s pretty rare for a vsd to pass unnoticed until the teenage years. this means that the chances are good a vsd is no longer causing problems for a teen. in about 40 % of the kids born with vsds, the hole is small and it closes on its own after birth. if a vsd is large and it requires surgery to be closed, it was most probably corrected during early childhood. in the remaining cases ( kids who have vsds that have not been corrected by surgery and have not closed on their own ), the hole is too small to cause health problems. ventricular septal defects occur during fetal heart development and are present at birth. during the first weeks after conception, the heart develops from a large tube, dividing into sections that will eventually become the walls and chambers. if a problem occurs during this process, a hole in the ventricular septum may result. in some cases, the tendency to develop a vsd may have a genetic basis. some genetic syndromes can cause extra or missing pieces of chromosomes that can be associated with vsd. for the vast majority of children with a defect, however, there ' s no clear reason why a vsd develops. signs and symptoms vsds are usually found in the first few months of life by a doctor during a routine checkup. the size of the hole and its location in the heart will determine whether someone experiences symptoms of vsd. most teens with vsd probably don ' t remember having it because it either goes away on its own or


a doctor during a routine checkup. the size of the hole and its location in the heart will determine whether someone experiences symptoms of vsd. most teens with vsd probably don ' t remember having it because it either goes away on its own or is diagnosed so early in childhood that there ' s no memory of any surgery or recovery. teens who have small vsds that haven ' t closed yet usually experience no noticeable physical signs other than the heart murmur that the doctors hear. they may need to see a doctor regularly to check on the heart defect and make sure there aren ' t any problems. the very small number of teens with moderate and large vsds that haven ' t been treated in childhood may notice some symptoms, however. these include shortness of breath, a feeling of tiredness or weakness ( especially during exercise ), poor appetite, and trouble gaining weight. fortunately, though, advancements in medicine during the past few decades mean that most kids with moderate to large vsds are treated long before the vsd ever causes physical symptoms. if your doctor notices a heart murmur that was not noticed earlier, you may be referred to a pediatric cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart disease in kids and teens. in addition to doing a physical exam, the pediatric cardiologist will take your medical history by asking about any concerns, past health, family health, any medications you are taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. if a vsd is suspected, the cardiologist may order one or more of these tests : a chest x - ray, which produces a picture of the heart and surrounding organs an electrocardiogram ( ekg ), which records the electrical activity of the heart an echocardiogram ( echo ), which uses sound waves to produce a picture of the heart and to visualize blood flow through the heart chambers. this is often the primary tool used to diagnose vsd. a cardiac catheterization, which provides information about the heart structures as well as blood pressure and blood oxygen levels within the heart chambers. this test is not typically performed for vsd unless additional information is needed that cannot be obtained with other testing. if a doctor diagnoses someone with a vsd, treatment will depend on the patient ' s age, the size of the hole, and where it ' s located in the heart. there ' s no concern that a vsd will get any bigger, though : vsds may become smaller or close completely without treatment


depend on the patient ' s age, the size of the hole, and where it ' s located in the heart. there ' s no concern that a vsd will get any bigger, though : vsds may become smaller or close completely without treatment, or they may not change. but they don ' t get any larger. a kid or teen with a small defect that causes no symptoms might simply need to visit a pediatric cardiologist regularly to make sure there are no problems. in most kids and teens, a small defect will close on its own without surgery. and there ' s more good news — if you have a small vsd, you probably won ' t have to restrict your sports or extracurricular activities in any way. if there is a medium to large vsd, surgery may be necessary to close it. in most cases, this surgery takes place in young children — usually in the first year of life. a few people have surgery during adolescence. until their vsds are corrected, some people with larger vsds may need to take medication to help the heart pump more efficiently or help the body get rid of extra fluids. vsd surgery involves making a cut in the chest so a surgeon can stitch the hole closed or sew a patch of manmade surgical material ( such as dacron or gore - tex ) over the defect. eventually, the tissue of the heart heals over the patch or stitches, and by 6 months after the surgery, the hole will be completely covered with tissue. certain types of vsds may be closed by a non - surgical technique during a procedure known as cardiac catheterization. a thin, flexible tube ( a catheter ) is inserted into a blood vessel in the leg that leads to the heart. a cardiologist guides the tube into the heart to make measurements of blood flow, pressure, and oxygen levels in the heart chambers. a special implant, shaped into two disks formed of flexible wire mesh, can be positioned into the hole in the septum. the device is designed to flatten against the septum on both sides to close and permanently seal the vsd. doctors only use this technique to treat certain types of vsd. after healing from surgery or having catheterization, kids with vsds are considered cured and should have no further symptoms or problems. people with some types of heart defects, including vsd, are at greater risk in their lifetime of developing infective endocarditis, an infection of the inner surface of the heart caused by bacteria


and should have no further symptoms or problems. people with some types of heart defects, including vsd, are at greater risk in their lifetime of developing infective endocarditis, an infection of the inner surface of the heart caused by bacteria in the bloodstream. bacteria are always present in our mouths, and small amounts are introduced into the bloodstream when we chew food and brush our teeth. the best way to protect the heart from this problem is careful attention to dental hygiene to reduce the bacteria count in the mouth, teeth, and gums. this includes brushing and flossing daily, and routine dental cleanings. in general, it is no longer recommended for patients with simple vsds to take antibiotic premedication prior to dental visits, except for the first 6 months after surgery. six months to a year after surgery, though, most vsd patients are considered cured and not felt to have additional risk of endocarditis. teens who have a heart defect should avoid getting body piercings, since piercing increases the possibility that bacteria can get into the bloodstream, infect the heart, and damage heart valves. if you ' re considering a piercing and you have a heart defect, talk to your doctor first. teens who have surgery for larger vsds usually leave the hospital within 4 to 5 days after surgery if there are no problems. after the vsd has been repaired, a person will have a scar in the middle of the chest. the scar may be tender and sore, so the doctor may tell patients to take a pain reliever if they feel a lot of pain. it takes about 6 weeks for a chest incision to heal. the first few days at home after vsd surgery, people who are recovering will be advised to hang out in bed or on the couch doing quiet activities such as reading, sleeping, and watching tv. within 2 to 3 weeks, a person will probably feel better, but it ' s still important to take it easy until about 6 weeks after the surgery. everyone heals differently, so a doctor will advise a vsd patient when it ' s best to go back to school and return to normal activities. sometimes there can be numbness, itchiness, tightness, and burning around the incision, but these feelings shouldn ' t be severe. the appearance of the scar after the initial healing process depends on the skin type, and some people heal differently than others. it is natural to feel a little self - conscious about the way the scar looks. remember, you can


i live in an older home, and most of the walls are covered in lead - based paint. i am concerned that my son might be in danger of lead poisoning. what are some of the symptoms of lead poisoning, and how do i get him tested? - laurie lead poisoning can produce many symptoms, including irritability, headaches, weight loss, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, fatigue, and muscle weakness. however, many kids with lead poisoning don ' t show any signs of the illness. if you ' re concerned that your son might be at risk for lead poisoning, talk with your doctor. it ' s important to get your child tested for lead poisoning, as many other illnesses can cause these same symptoms. your doctor may recommend a blood test that will help to make ( or rule out ) a diagnosis of lead poisoning. some kids, such as those from low - income families or who live in communities where many of the homes were built before 1950, are considered to be at higher risk for lead exposure. state health department recommendations for lead screening vary depending on a child ' s age and risk of lead exposure. but the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recommends that, if possible, all kids be screened when they ' re 1 and 2 years old.


strains and sprains if you ' re an active person, you ' ll probably get a sprain or a strain at some point. they ' re common injuries, especially for people who play hard or are into sports. let ' s find out more about them. what are strains and sprains? muscles contract and relax ( almost like rubber bands ) to help your body move. so a strain is exactly what it sounds like : a muscle that has been stretched too far. it ' s common for people to strain the muscles in their backs, necks, or legs. bones meet at joints, such as elbows, knees, or shoulders. that ' s where your body bends and rotates. strong, elastic bands of tissue called ligaments hold bones together in the joints. a sprain happens when those ligaments have been overstretched ( mild sprain ) or torn ( severe sprain ). ankles, wrists, and knees sprain easily. how is a strain different from a sprain? even though both can hurt a lot, strains are not as serious as sprains. because a strain is pain in the muscle, it may start to hurt immediately or several hours later. the area will be tender and swollen and might also appear bruised. a sprain will probably start to hurt right away. usually the injury will swell and look bruised, it may be hard to walk or move the injured part, and you might even think you have broken a bone. how does a strain or sprain happen? strains often happen when you put a lot of pressure on a muscle or you push it too far, such as when lifting a heavy object. strains may be more likely to happen if you haven ' t warmed up first to get blood circulating to the muscles. they ' re also common for someone returning to a sport after the off - season. that first time playing softball after a long winter off might lead to a strained calf or thigh muscle. sprains are caused by injuries, such as twisting your ankle. this kind of injury is common in sports, but can also happen any time you trip or fall. what if i get a strain or sprain? if you get a strain or sprain, try not to use the part of your body that ' s hurt. that means not walking on a hurt ankle or using a hurt arm. it can be hard to tell the difference between a sprain and a broken bone, so it ' s often a good idea to see a doctor. in some cases, you might need


means not walking on a hurt ankle or using a hurt arm. it can be hard to tell the difference between a sprain and a broken bone, so it ' s often a good idea to see a doctor. in some cases, you might need to go to the emergency department. what will the doctor do? first, a doctor will look at your injury. he or she may gently touch the area, check the color, feel if your skin is warm or cold, and look for swelling and tenderness. if you hurt your ankle, your doctor might ask to see if you can stand on it. in some cases, the doctor will order an x - ray to tell if the bone is broken. - if you have a sprain, the doctor will probably have you wear a splint or temporary cast to support and protect the injured area. he or she may wrap the injury with an elastic bandage to reduce swelling and provide extra support. also, the doctor will probably tell you to take some pain medication. - if you have a strain, the doctor will probably tell you to rest the injury and maybe take some pain medication. what happens next? it ' s very important to follow your doctor ' s instructions. when you get home, think rice as a way to remember how to take care of your injury : - rest ( the injured part of the body ) - ice ( apply cold packs to the injury to help bring down swelling ) - compression ( wrap the injury firmly with an elastic compression bandage or splint to prevent and decrease swelling ) - elevation ( raise the injured part so it ' s higher than your heart, also to prevent swelling ) after 24 hours, it ' s ok to use warm compresses or a heating pad to soothe aching muscles. take any pain medications that have been ordered by your doctor. a strain takes about 1 week to heal. a bad sprain may take longer — as long as 3 to 4 weeks to heal or sometimes even longer. while your strain or sprain heals, take it easy and don ' t do anything that could cause another injury. if you ' ve visited the doctor for your injury, you might have a follow - up visit to make sure everything is healing just right. when you ' re all healed, your doctor will give you the green light to return to your favorite activities. reviewed by : alfred atanda jr., md date reviewed : august 2010 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth® is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice


more and more, the water and wastewater worlds are starting to intersect, as engineers, managers, planners and public officials begin to realize that " wastewater " and its components can be valuable resources. in the san francisco bay area, the woods institute for the environment recently hosted a dialogue on resource recovery from wastewater - specifically, how systems for wastewater management and water reuse should be defined for the san francisco bay area in the 2020s. the dialogue brought together consultants, researchers, water quality agencies and government and industry leaders to inform planning efforts and align research with those efforts. the discussion focused on state - of - the - art technologies for water reuse and energy recovery from wastewater ; and ideas for use of reclaimed water for ecosystem restoration and non - potable reuse applications, extraction of renewable energy, use of nutrients and financing and development of distributed and centralized wastewater treatment systems around the bay. workshop outcomes will help to promote investments to revitalize bay area water and wastewater infrastructure, improve the stability of bay area ecosystems, increase the security and reliability of freshwater supplies, decrease dependence upon imported freshwater, and increase renewable energy generation. the expected solutions will convert current liabilities ( e. g., energy required for wastewater treatment ) into assets ( e. g., energy from wastewater treatment ). more another indication of a paradigm shift in the wastewater industry was a decision to rename the golden hills sanitation company in tehachapi, ca as brite canyon resource recovery. the company is expanding their capacity from 25, 000 gallons per day to 1 million gallons per day and will send their tertiary treated wastewater to tom sawyer lake, improving the water quality there.


monday, january 22, 2007 why did the chicken cross the road? agee, jon. 2006. why did the chicken cross the road? new york : dial. isbn 0803730942 [ suggested grade levels 1 – 6 ] although this eclectic picture book will amuse anyone, it holds special appeal for fans of contemporary children ’ s picture book art. in it, fourteen of today ’ s most successful picture book artists visually answer the perennial question : why did the chicken cross the road? the scenarios depicted range as widely as the artists ’ recognizable styles. marla frazee begins by contrasting a chicken coop beneath gloomy wet skies against a colorful chicken palace on the sunny side of the street. a single word - - “ duh ” - - hovers above the chicken. later, david shannon shows a chicken at the wheel of a red convertible filled with barnyard animals. the caption reads “ because the light was green! ” in contrast, harry bliss says that to answer the question we should “ ask the mutated zombie chickens from mars! ” he then pictures a chicken hot footing it across the road with a legion of bug eyed, sharp - toothed, green - tongued chickens in pursuit. children will enjoy identifying the various artists and associating this art with familiar books. as with anything, they will likely appreciate the style and humor of some inclusions more than others. sharing this book presents a great opportunity to talk about varying tastes and points of view. encourage children to brainstorm other ideas about why the chicken crossed the road and to illustrate their ideas in their own unique artistic style. jokes and riddles for beginning readers : hall, katy. dino riddles. isbn 9780142501795, 0142501794 helmer, marilyn. critter riddles. isbn 9781553374459, 1553374452 for older readers : brewer, paul. you must be joking! isbn 9780812626612, 0812626613 thomas, lyn. ha! ha! ha! : 1000 + jokes, riddles, facts and more. isbn 1897066120, 9781897066126 by suzy parchman


there would be no words to adequately describe that happened within the explosion. no one near ground zero would survive to tell their story. but what is known is that the force of the blast - - equaling the detonation of 13, 000 tons of tnt - - and sheer heat killed at least 80, 000 civilians instantly ( atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki ). as for the witnesses on the ground far enough away from the explosion to have survived, this is one of their testimonies. " and at the moment when i spoke to my friend, there was a flash, far brighter than one used for a camera. it exploded right in front of my eyes. there was a tremendous noise when all the buildings around me collapsed … i was so surprised to see the dark sky with all the red flames through the window because it was only a few minutes before when the sky was blue and clear. it was all quiet and the city was wrapped, enveloped in red flames " ( voices of hibakusha : eye - witness accounts of the bombing of hiroshima ) - - - taeko teramae | | video : b - 29s drop an atomic bomb on japan ( world war ii database ) 56k ( 293 kb ) | cable / dsl ( 1. 47 mb ) 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 " atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki. " atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 11 jul. 2005. wikipedia. 11 jul. 2005 < http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / atomic _ bombings _ of _ hiroshima _ and _ nagasaki >. marx, joseph l. seven hours to zero. new york : g. p. putnam ’ s sons, 1967. “ voices of hibakusha : eye - witness accounts of the bombing of hiroshima. ” remembering hiroshima and nagasaki. 2005. laguardia community college. 02 aug. 2005. < http : / / www. laguardia. edu / ctl / peace / et. htm >


the health behaviour in school - aged children : who collaborative cross - national ( hbsc ) study : origins, concept, history and development 1982 – 2008 purchase on springer. com $ 39. 95 / €34. 95 / £29. 95 * * final gross prices may vary according to local vat. this paper traces the history of the hbsc study from its origins in the early 1980 ’ s to the present day describing how it was first conceptualised scientifically and how this influenced issues of study design. the challenges of managing a cross - national study are explained as are changes and adaptations over time with growth of the study from 3 to over forty country members. the key partnership with the world health organisation and its benefits are presented. with developments in scientific management and theoretical perspectives, hbsc has made a substantial contribution to the area of youth health. the last decade has seen increased dissemination to policy makers and evidence that scientific information arising from the study has influenced strategic policy development and practical health improvement programmes. this paper considers some of the key success factors and challenges for the study as it attempts to maximise its scientific output and channels the research findings into health improvement for young people. future challenges for the study are also considered. supplementary material ( 0 ) about this article - the health behaviour in school - aged children : who collaborative cross - national ( hbsc ) study : origins, concept, history and development 1982 – 2008 international journal of public health volume 54, issue 2 supplement, pp 131 - 139 - cover date - print issn - online issn - additional links - author affiliations


frequently asked questions - q : what is linux? - q : is linux unix? - q : who wrote linux? - q : how is linux licensed? - q : how does one pronounce linux? - q : how many people use linux? a : the name " linux " is used to refer to three similar yet slightly different things, which can be confusing to all but the hardcore geek. the three usages vary by how much of a complete software system the speaker is talking about. at the lowest level, every linux system is based on the linux kernel — the very low - level software that manages your computer hardware, multi - tasks the many programs that are running at any given time, and other such essential things. these low - level functions are used by other programs, so their authors can focus on the specific functionality they want to provide. without the kernel, your computer is a very expensive doorstop. it has all of the features of a modern operating system : true multitasking, threads, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared, copy - on - write executables, proper memory management, loadable device driver modules, video frame buffering, and tcp / ip networking. most often, the name " linux " is used to refer to the linux operating system. an os includes the kernel, but also adds various utilities — the kinds of programs you need to get anything done. for example, it includes a shell ( the program that provides a command prompt and lets you run programs ), a program to copy files, a program to delete files, and many other odds and ends. some people honor the request of richard stallman and the gnu project, and call the linux os gnu / linux, because a good number of these utility programs were written by the gnu folks. finally, software companies ( and sometimes volunteer groups ) add on lots of extra software, like the xfree86 x window system, gnome, kde, games and many other applications. these software compilations which are based on the linux os are called linux distributions. so, there are three linuxes : the linux kernel, the linux os, and the various linux distributions. most people, however, refer to the operating system kernel, system software, and application software, collectively, as " linux ", and that convention is used in this faq as well. a : officially an operating system is not allowed to be called a unix until it passes the open group ' s certification tests, and supports the necessary api '


collectively, as " linux ", and that convention is used in this faq as well. a : officially an operating system is not allowed to be called a unix until it passes the open group ' s certification tests, and supports the necessary api ' s. nobody has yet stepped forward to pay the large fees that certification involves, so we ' re not allowed to call it unix. certification really doesn ' t mean very much anyway. very few of the commercial operating systems have passed the open group tests. a : unofficially, linux is very similar to the operating systems which are known as unix, and for many purposes they are equivalent. linux the kernel is an operating system kernel that behaves and performs similarly to the famous unix operating system from at & t bell labs. linux is often called a " unix - like " operating system. for more information, see http : / / www. unix - systems. org / what _ is _ unix. html. a : linus torvalds and a loosely knit team of volunteer hackers from across the internet wrote ( and still are writing ) linux from scratch. a : linus has placed the linux kernel under the gnu general public license, which basically means that you may freely copy, change, and distribute it, but you may not impose any restrictions on further distribution, and you must make the source code available. this is not the same as public domain. see the copyright faq, ftp : / / rtfm. mit. edu / pub / usenet / news. answers / law / copyright, for details. full details are in the file copying in the linux kernel sources ( probably in / usr / src / linux on your system ). there is a faq for the gpl at : http : / / www. gnu. org / copyleft / gpl - faq. html. the licenses of the utilities and programs which come with the installations vary. much of the code is from the gnu project at the free software foundation, and is also under the gpl. some other major programs often included in linux distributions are under a bsd license and other similar licenses. note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the gpl should be posted to the news group gnu. misc. discuss, and not to the news : comp. os. linux hierarchy. for legal questions, refer to the answer : where are linux legal issues discussed?. a : this question produces an outrageous amount of heated debate. if you want to hear linus


and not to the news : comp. os. linux hierarchy. for legal questions, refer to the answer : where are linux legal issues discussed?. a : this question produces an outrageous amount of heated debate. if you want to hear linus himself say how he pronounces it, download english. au or swedish. au from ftp : / / ftp. funet. fi / pub / linux / people / linus / sillysounds /. if you have a sound card or the pc - speaker audio driver you can hear them by typing $ cat english. au > / dev / audio the difference isn ' t in the pronunciation of linux but in the language linus uses to say, " hello ". for the benefit of those who don ' t have the equipment or inclination : linus pronounces linux approximately as leenus, where the ee is pronounced as in " feet, " but rather shorter, and the u is like a much shorter version of the french eu sound in peur ( pronouncing it as the u in " put " is probably passable ). a : linux is freely available, and no one is required to register with any central authority, so it is difficult to know. several businesses survive solely on selling and supporting linux. linux newsgroups are some of the most heavily read on usenet. accurate numbers are hard to come by, but the number is almost certainly in the millions. however, people can register as linux users at the linux counter project, which has been in existence since 1993. in may of 2003 the project counted more than 134, 000 users, but that is certainly only a small fraction of all users. the operator of the linux counter estimated 18 million users, as of may 2003. visit the web site at http : / / counter. li. org / and fill in the registration form. the current count is posted monthly to news : comp. os. linux. misc, and is always available from the web site. [ harald tveit alvestrand ] a : in 1999, international data corporation released its first commercial forecast of linux sales. the report quantifies linux vendor sales in 1996, 1997, and 1998, and forecasts through the year 2003. leave a reply you must be logged in to post a comment.


introduction to linux a protocol is, simply put, a set of rules for communication. in order to get data over the network, for instance an e - mail from your computer to some computer at the other end of the world, lots of different hard - and software needs to work together. all these pieces of hardware and the different software programs speak different languages. imagine your e - mail program : it is able to talk to the computer operating system, through a specific protocol, but it is not able to talk to the computer hardware. we need a special program in the operating system that performs this function. in turn, the computer needs to be able to communicate with the telephone line or other internet hookup method. and behind the scenes, network connection hardware needs to be able to communicate in order to pass your e - mail from one appliance to the other, all the way to the destination computer. all these different types of communication protocols are classified in 7 layers, which are known as the open systems interconnection reference model, the osi model for short. for easy understanding, this model is reduced to a 4 - layer protocol description, as described in the table below : table 10 - 1. the simplified osi model | layer name | | layer protocols | | application layer | | http, dns, smtp, pop,... | | transport layer | | tcp, udp | | network layer | | ip, ipv6 | | network access layer | | ppp, pppoe, ethernet | each layer can only use the functionality of the layer below ; each layer can only export functionality to the layer above. in other words : layers communicate only with adjacent layers. let ' s take the example of your e - mail message again : you enter it through the application layer. in your computer, it travels down the transport and network layer. your computer puts it on the network through the network access layer. that is also the layer that will move the message around the world. at the destination, the receiving computer will accept the message through it ' s own network layer, and will display it to the recepient using the transport and application layer. | it ' s really much more complicated | the above and following sections are included because you will come across some networking terms sooner or later ; they will give you some starting points, should you want to find out about the details. linux supports many different networking protocols. we list only the most important : the transport control protocol and the internet protocol


will come across some networking terms sooner or later ; they will give you some starting points, should you want to find out about the details. linux supports many different networking protocols. we list only the most important : the transport control protocol and the internet protocol are the two most popular ways of communicating on the internet. a lot of applications, such as your browser and e - mail program, are built on top of this protocol suite. very simply put, ip provides a solution for sending packets of information from one machine to another, while tcp ensures that the packets are arranged in streams, so that packets from different applications don ' t get mixed up, and that the packets are sent and received in the correct order. a good starting point for learning more about tcp and ip is in the following documents : man 7 ip : describes the ipv4 protocol implementation on linux ( version 4 currently being the most wide - spread edition of the ip protocol ). man 7 tcp : implementation of the tcp protocol. rfc793, rfc1122, rfc2001 for tcp, and rfc791, rfc1122 and rfc1112 for ip. the request for comments documents contain the descriptions of networking standards, protocols, applications and implementation. these documents are managed by the internet engineering task force, an international community concerned with the smooth operation of the internet and the evolution and development of the internet architecture. your isp usually has an rfc archive available, or you can browse the rfcs via http : / / www. ietf. org / rfc. html. nobody expected the internet to grow as fast as it does. ip proved to have quite some disadvantages when a really large number of computers is in a network, the most important being the availability of unique addresses to assign to each machine participating. thus, ip version 6 was deviced to meet the needs of today ' s internet. unfortunately, not all applications and services support ipv6, yet. a migration is currently being set in motion in many environments that can benefit from an upgrade to ipv6. for some applications, the old protocol is still used, for applications that have been reworked the new version is already active. so when checking your network configuration, sometimes it might be a bit confusing since all kinds of measures can be taken to hide one protocol from the other so as the two don ' t mix up connections. more information can be found in the following documents : man 7 ipv6 : the linux ipv6 protocol implementation. rfc188


of measures can be taken to hide one protocol from the other so as the two don ' t mix up connections. more information can be found in the following documents : man 7 ipv6 : the linux ipv6 protocol implementation. rfc1883 describing the ipv6 protocol. the linux kernel has built - in support for ppp ( point - to - point - protocol ), slip ( serial line ip ), plip ( parallel line ip ) and pppp over ethernet. ppp is the most popular way individual users access their isp ( internet service provider ), although in densely populated areas it is often being replaced by pppoe, the protocol used for adsl ( asymmetric digital subscriber line ) connections. most linux distributions provide easy - to - use tools for setting up an internet connection. the only thing you basically need is a username and password to connect to your internet service provider ( isp ), and a telephone number in the case of ppp. these data are entered in the graphical configuration tool, which will likely also allow for starting and stopping the connection to your provider. the linux kernel has built - in isdn capabilities. isdn4linux controls isdn pc cards and can emulate a modem with the hayes command set ( " at " commands ). the possibilities range from simply using a terminal program to full connection to the internet. check your system documentation. appletalk is the name of apple ' s internetworking stack. it allows a peer - to - peer network model which provides basic functionality such as file and printer sharing. each machine can simultaneously act as a client and a server, and the software and hardware necessary are included with every apple computer. linux provides full appletalk networking. netatalk is a kernel - level implementation of the appletalk protocol suite, originally for bsd - derived systems. it includes support for routing appletalk, serving unix and afs file systems using appleshare and serving unix printers and accessing appletalk printers. for compatibility with ms windows environments, the samba suite, including support for the nmb and smb protocols, can be installed on any unix - like system. the server message block protocol ( also called session message block, netbios or lanmanager protocol ) is used on ms windows 3. 11, nt, 95 / 98, 2k and xp to share disks and printers. the basic functions of the samba suite are : sharing linux drives with windows machines, accessing smb shares from


##ger protocol ) is used on ms windows 3. 11, nt, 95 / 98, 2k and xp to share disks and printers. the basic functions of the samba suite are : sharing linux drives with windows machines, accessing smb shares from linux machines, sharing linux printers with windows machines and sharing windows printers with linux machines. most linux distributions provide a samba package, which does most of the server setup and starts up smbd, the samba server, and nmbd, the netbios name server, at boot time by default. samba can be configured graphically, via a web interface or via the command line and text configuration files. the daemons make a linux machine appear as an ms windows host in an ms windows my network places / network neighbourhood window ; a share from a linux machine will be indistinguishable from a share on any other host in an ms windows environment. more information can be found at the following locations : man smb. conf : describes the format of the main samba configuration file. the samba project documentation ( or check your local samba. org mirror ) contains an easy to read installation and testing guide, which also explains how to configure your samba server as a primary domain controller. all the man pages are also available here. leave a reply you must be logged in to post a comment.


today i ' ll conclude my 3 - post series on drawing rectangles in autocad lt. ( who ' d have thought there could be so much to say about rectangles? ) this time, you start the rectang command, pick your first point, and enter a for area. specify other corner point or [ area / dimensions / rotation ] : a the next prompt is for total area. remember to use the current units, i. e. square inches for architectural drawings. enter area of rectangle in current units < 100. 0 > : < enter number > then you ' re asked for either the length ( aka x direction ) or the width ( y direction ), to be used in calculating dimensions. calculate rectangle dimensions based on [ length / width ] < length > : enter rectangle length < 10. 0000 > : < enter number > the sign of the number you enter determines which side of the cursor your rectangle ends up on. positive numbers create rectangles above and to the right ( positive x and y ), and negative numbers create rectangles below and to the left ( negative x and y ). you may notice that this finishes the command. so if you want to use the rotation option too, you ' ll need to set it first.


according to the 2006 government information office yearbook, the religious affairs section of the ministry of the interior ( moi ) estimated that 35 percent of the population considers itself to be buddhist and 33 percent taoist. while the overwhelming majority of religious adherents are categorized as either buddhist or taoist, many adherents consider themselves to be both buddhist and taoist. in addition to organized religions, many persons also practice traditional chinese folk religions, which include some aspects of shamanism, ancestor worship, and animism. researchers and academics estimate that as much as 80 percent of the population believes in some form of traditional folk religion. such folk religions may overlap with an individual ’ s belief in buddhism, taoism, confucianism, or other traditional chinese religions. there also may be an overlap between practitioners of buddhism, taoism, and other traditional chinese religions, and falun gong practitioners. falun gong is a self - described spiritual discipline that combines qigong ( a traditional chinese exercise discipline ) with the teachings of founder li hongzhi. falun gong is registered as a civic rather than a religious organization. according to an academic source, falun gong membership exceeds one million and continues to grow. traditional chinese religions with adherents constituting less than 5 percent of the population include the following : i kuan tao, tien ti chiao ( heaven emperor religion ), tien te chiao ( heaven virtue religion ), li - ism, hsuan yuan chiao ( yellow emperor religion ), tian li chiao ( tenrikyo ), universe maitreya emperor religion, hai tze tao, zhonghua sheng chiao ( chinese holy religion ), da yi chiao ( great changes religion ), pre - cosmic salvationism, and huang chung chiao ( yellow middle religion ). small percentages of the population are protestant, roman catholic, or sunni muslim. the church of scientology, the baha ’ i faith, jehovah ’ s witnesses, the mahikari religion, the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints ( mormons ), and the unification church are registered. unregistered denominations include presbyterians, the true jesus church, baptists, lutherans, seventh - day adventists, and episcopalians. the majority of the indigenous population of 507, 000 aborigines is protestant or catholic. there is also a small number of adherents of judaism, although they are predominately expatriates.


this report offers an updated review of the various facets and the latest trends and differentials in sex selection in asia. it includes a set of recommendations to combat gender discrimination and prenatal sex selection at the national and regional level. education, urbanization and economic development have significantly improved opportunities for asian women and girls over the last two decades. yet, this has coincided with a fall in the proportion of girls among children in many countries. the decline, caused to a large extent by an increase in prenatal sex selection in the past 20 years, is leading to an alarming demographic masculinization. this intensifying gender imbalance will have an adverse impact at many levels on men, women and families over the next half century. prenatal sex selection leads to distorted levels of sex ratios at birth, which today range between 110 and 120 male births per 100 female births in many countries, as against the standard biological level of 104 - 106. birth masculinity as measured by the sex ratio at birth reaches levels above 120 or 130 in some specific regions, pointing to the intensity of son preference and gender discrimination there. meanwhile, postnatal sex selection – measured by excess deaths among female infants and young girls – has not yet disappeared from several countries, reflecting the continuing discrimination against and neglect of female children.