an insect pest native to asia that suddenly appeared this past summer in pennsylvania has caught the attention of california entomologists. they are warning of a possible new threat to the state ’ s grape growers, tree fruit producers and other farmers. the brown marmorated stink bug ( bmsb ) was first sighted in north america in 1996 in tree fruit orchards in northeastern pennsylvania, says larry hull, a pennsylvania state university entomologist at the fruit research and extension center at biglerville. although it has since been found in parts of new jersey, maryland, virginia, and west virginia, the insect had not caused any significant damage to tree fruit crops until this past season. “ some growers in maryland and northern virginia had complained about damage from the insect in 2009, ” hull says. “ but, 2010 was the first year when things really got out of hand. ” some pennsylvania peach growers lost as much as 50 percent to 60 percent of their crop to the insect, which feeds directly on the fruit. damage to fruit may include water - soaked lesions and / or cat - facing, ranging from mild to severe. conditions in pennsylvania this past season — an unusually early bloom and very dry, very warm weather — may have spawned a perfect storm, hull says. “ all the forces came together to create very high bmsb populations, which caught everyone off guard. whether or not that happens next year, we don ’ t know, but we ’ ll certainly be looking for the insect much earlier. ” in the meantime, scientists have launched a major research effort to determine the best ways to control the pest, including appropriate types of insecticides and timing of applications. pyrethroids, for example, will kill bmsb on contact, but this group of chemicals also kills beneficial insects. “ using pyrethroids to control bmsb would ruin everything we ’ ve worked for in terms of integrated pest management over the past 40 years, ” hull says. in addition to insecticide studies, the researchers are also trying to develop a pheromone specific to bmsb for use in trapping the insects to track populations. monitoring movement of the insect is complicated by its very broad range of hosts. it feeds on at least 250 different species of plants ; in addition to grapes and tree fruits such as apples, cherries and pears, other hosts include corn, legumes, vegetable crops and landscape ornamentals. in western states, bmsb has been found in tree fruit orchards in oregon and, two years ago,


tree fruits such as apples, cherries and pears, other hosts include corn, legumes, vegetable crops and landscape ornamentals. in western states, bmsb has been found in tree fruit orchards in oregon and, two years ago, in a cargo shipment at an airport in southern california, says entomologist walt bentley, university of california cooperative extension ipm specialist. he advises growers to take finds of unknown species of stinkbugs seriously and to quickly report them to county agriculture commissioners. the concern about the possibility of bmsb spreading to california and the threat it poses to many of the state ’ s crops comes on the heels of ongoing efforts by grape growers to turn back the recent invasion of the european grape vine mouth ( egvm ). to prevent a repeat of the problems that pest has caused, he ’ s calling on grape growers to be vigilant for any signs of bmsb. “ we missedegvm for a few years and then it became established, ” bentley says. “ bmsb has the potential to feed on grapes and, more significantly, to impart an off - flavor to wine if it falls into picking bins. we need to be aware of it before it gets here. ” the insect looks very similar to a number of stinkbugs found in california — including brochymena. that ’ s why it ’ s important to know the identifying characteristics of bmsb, he says. photos and more information about the insect is available on the uc ipm website : because bmsb moves among so many different hosts, migrating throughout the season, there can be considerable overlapping of generations. “ this makes control more difficult, especially if you ’ re not aware of the insect ’ s presence, ” bentley says. “ you could control for one generation only to have a new group of bmsb move in a few weeks later. ”


most active stories wed november 14, 2012 raise a toast to building better beer bubbles through chemistry scientists may have finally solved a problem that has plagued beer drinkers for ages : insufficient foam resiliency. as any beer drinker can tell you, a tall glass of lager without a white, foamy head on top just doesn ' t look right. and even if you start out with one, it can dissipate fast. and that ' s just sad. now, microbiologists have identified the specific gene in yeast responsible for a beer ' s head and they say this discovery can lead to stronger, longer lasting, more aesthetically pleasing foam on your favorite brews. tom villa, the chair of microbiology at the university of santiago de compostela in spain, says something called the carlsbergensis foaming gene, or cfg1, is responsible for the white stuff at the top of your mug. as villa and his colleagues write in the journal of agricultural and food chemistry, the gene resides in the yeasts used to ferment beer and it produces a protein that binds to the drink ' s co2 bubbles, preventing them from escaping from the glass too quickly. " the bubbles from the co2 have to stay as long as possible, " villa says. " the longer they stay, the better the beer, as you know. " now that we know exactly which gene is responsible for beer foam, villa says it ' s possible to manipulate that gene to create beer with foam that lasts longer — potentially for hours and hours, as our colleagues at science friday reported. he also says the same gene responsible for creating the head on a beer is present in wine as well. his team experimented with these genes and came up with a wine that looks like a beer. " it creates a different kind of wine with a lot of foam, " villa says. " you can play around a little bit. " since most people probably wouldn ' t be into sipping a frothy merlot, villa ' s discovery will mainly impact the world of beer. and even then, he says, this gene has no impact on the flavor of a beer. how does he know this? naturally, he called in his students for a little taste - testing experiment. " it ' s only the physical aspect of the beer, " villa says. " we all want the foam to stay there, the longer the better. you don ' t want to drink a beer that when you pour it, the foam collapses the next minute. " so


tue october 23, 2012 income for young, middle - aged and elderly americans, in two graphs originally published on tue october 23, 2012 9 : 20 am but there ' s another, useful variable to consider : age. the households of middle - aged people earn about $ 20, 000 more each year, on average, than households of people in their late 20s and early 30s. and they earn roughly $ 30, 000 more than people age 65 and over ( note that this difference includes income from social security and retirement ). none of this is terribly surprising — income over the life cycle is a curve, and it peaks when people are in their late 40s and early 50s. still, it ' s useful to recall that when we talk about average household income for the nation as a whole, we ' re lumping in lots of disparate households. a 24 - year - old who makes $ 27, 000 a year is in a much different position than a 45 - year - old making the same amount. a few notes on the data : * all numbers represent pre - tax income. * income earned through work includes both money people earned on their full - time job and freelance income. * government assistance and benefits includes unemployment compensation, food stamps and veterans ' benefits, among other things. * " other " includes financial support from others as well as rental and property income. * the data come the bureau of labor statistics. here ' s the spreadsheet.


muslim rebel groups arise or take refuge in the southern part of the philippines, and malaysia has brokered a fragile cease - fire : neither kuala lumpur nor manila is eager to see that fall apart. ” philippine president benigno aquino iii on tuesday appealed to kiram to instruct his brother to end the occupation. “ if you are truly the leader of your people, you should be one with us in ordering your followers to return home peacefully, ” he said during a statement aired on national tv. on sunday, manila sent the philippine navy ship brp tagbanua to borneo carrying filipino - muslim leaders, social workers and medical personnel for a “ humanitarian mission ” to bring their compatriots home. however, royal army of sulu sources indicate that the rebels are not willing to entertain such a retreat. some observers believe that the timing of the occupation is designed to disrupt the malaysian national elections that are due before the end of june, and the issue has now become a political hot potato domestically. the center for media freedom and responsibility, a philippine ngo, on tuesday released a joint statement condemning the arbitrary detention of three al - jazeera journalists who were in sabah to report on the standoff. the group was eventually released after being held and interrogated for at least six hours. liew chin tong, a democratic action party mp and shadow defense minister for the pakatan rakyat opposition coalition of malaysia, tells time that the country is now suffering the consequences of decades of poorly enforced border controls. “ sabah is a key state which was previously seen as a safe zone for the government but now keenly contested by the opposition, ” he says.


utc−06 : 00 ~ 90 degrees w – all year areas in a darker shade use daylight saving time. the base color shows the standard time. | | 90 degrees w | western border ( nautical ) | | 97. 5 degrees w | eastern border ( nautical ) | | 82. 5 degrees w | date - time group ( dtg ) utc−6 : blue ( january ), orange ( july ), yellow ( all year round ), light blue – sea areas utc−06 : 00 is a utc offset of 6 hours earlier than coordinated universal time. this time is observed in central standard time in north america ( including mexico ), as well as in mountain daylight time. as standard time ( northern hemisphere winter ) central standard time central standard time is standard time in the 6th time zone west of greenwich, reckoned at the 90th meridian ; used in north america in some parts of canada, mexico and the united states. - alabama, arkansas, illinois, iowa, louisiana, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, wisconsin, oklahoma - most of kansas, nebraska, north dakota, south dakota, tennessee, most of texas - western portions of florida, indiana, kentucky, michigan ( except baja california, baja california sur, chihuahua, nayarit, sinaloa, and sonora ) as standard time ( southern hemisphere winter ) as daylight saving time ( northern hemisphere summer ) mountain daylight time as standard time ( all year round ) - ^ http : / / wordnetweb. princeton. edu / perl / webwn? s = cst & o2 = & o0 = 1 & o7 = & o5 = & o1 = 1 & o6 = & o4 = & o3 = & h =


fri september 14, 2012 how african cattle herders wiped out an ancient plague originally published on tue september 18, 2012 2 : 45 pm twice in all of history, humans have managed to eradicate a devastating disease. you ' ve heard of the first one, i suspect : smallpox. but rinderpest? that ' s a german word for " cattle plague " a feared companion of cattle throughout history. when outbreaks occurred, as in europe of the 1700s or africa in the 1880s, entire herds were wiped out and communities went hungry. now the disease is gone, eliminated from the face of the earth. in this week ' s issue of the journal science, several of the architects of rinderpest ' s elimination lay out the reasons for their success. the key innovation wasn ' t technological, they say. it was social and cultural. technology certainly played a part. half a century ago, a british veterinarian named walter plowright, working in kenya, created the first truly effective and safe vaccine for rinderpest. mass vaccinations of cattle soon eliminated the disease from europe and most of asia. ( rinderpest never made it to north america or australia ; any infected cattle died before they finished the voyage. ) later, jeffrey mariner of the tufts cummings school of veterinary medicine, developed a version of the vaccine that didn ' t need to be refrigerated, allowing veterinarians to use it far from roads and electricity. yet the disease persisted in africa, surviving in remote areas plagued by weak government and chronic conflict, such as southern sudan and parts of uganda, ethiopia, and somalia. veterinarians rarely ventured into those areas, and it was hard to know where vaccinations were even needed because government officials were reluctant to report outbreaks. mariner, who now works at the international livestock research institute in kenya, says that ultimately, the skills and knowledge of nomadic cattle herders who lived in those hard - to - reach areas were the keys to cracking the rinderpest puzzle. " those farmers could tell us where outbreaks were occurring, " mariner tells the salt, speaking by phone from nairobi. in addition, some nomadic farmers got training as " community animal health workers " and were able to carry out vaccinations themselves. they proved better at the job than veterinarians, in part because they knew their animals. this success, in fact, created another problem for the eradication effort, because it threatened the status of professional vet


interpreting the visual evidence the architecture of mass murder the camp at auschwitz - birkenau was the largest of the german concentration central purpose was the murder of europe ' s jews. almost 1. 1 million people, of whom 1 million were jews, were murdered in auschwitz. auschwitz - birkenau was in fact a complex of three camps : an extermination center, a prisoner - of - war camp, and a labor camp built with the cooperation of german industrial firms such as ig farben. forty other smaller installations and work camps in the surrounding area were also run by the camp ' s administration. the construction of the auschwitz - birkenau complex occupied thousands of workers and continued throughout the war. when the soviet army arrived in january 1945, they found that the germans had burned the camp archives before fleeing, but they had not burned the construction archive, which was kept separately. hundreds of technical drawings were found in this archive, and after the collapse of the soviet union in 1991, these drawings became accessible to historians. a further cache of such documents was discovered in an abandoned building in berlin in 2008. they are now held by yad vashem, the holocaust archive in jerusalem, israel. the discovery of these drawings did not add substantially to what was already known about the murder of jews and other prisoners at auschwitz, but they provide an arresting example of the bureaucratic apparatusand the chilling coldness of the planningthat went into the nazi extermination policy. questions for analysis | 1. who would have seen these plans and been made aware of their purpose? | 2. what do these images tell us about the nature of the effort that went into the nazi extermination policy? | 3. is there a way to understand the relationship between the careful renderings, the precise measurements, the rectilinear lines, and the ultimate purpose of the buildings depicted? submit to gradebook :


| diamondoid monolayers as monochromatic electron source | diamondoids are nanometer - sized molecules that feature diamond - crystal cage structures. adamantane, the smallest member in the family, consists of one cage structure, diamantane two, triamantane three, tetramantane four, and so on. on all of these, the dangling bonds on the outer surfaces are terminated by hydrogen atoms. because of their potential to possess novel properties of both diamond and nanomaterial, intensive efforts have been made to synthesize the larger diamondoid molecules, but to no avail. this situation was finally changed in 2003 when significant quantities of higher diamondoids were found in petroleum by researchers in moleculardiamond technologies. now, scientists from berkeley lab, stanford university, lawrence livermore national laboratory, and germany have used photoelectron spectroscopy at the als to reveal an intriguing feature : monochromatized electron emission from a self - assembled monolayer of diamondoids. this discovery has immediately attracted the attention of people who are searching for materials for next - generation electron emitters. materials for electron emitters have long been sought because electrons emitted into vacuum can be precisely controlled and easily integrated into elaborate devices. they lie at the heart of a number of modern technologies, such as field - emission flat - screen displays, electron microscopes, electron lithography, and next - generation free - electron lasers. for electron emitters, one of the biggest challenges is to develop large, uniform surfaces that emit electrons with a sharp energy distribution. in the late 1970s, scientists found that hydrogen - terminated diamond surfaces are characterized by negative electron affinity ( nea ), meaning for electrons, the energy level of the vacuum is lower than that of the diamond conduction bands. at surfaces with nea, electrons excited into the conduction band will spontaneously fall out into vacuum even at low temperature. thus, nea - based electron emitters have several advantages over conventional emitters. they exhibit electron emission at extremely low bias voltage ( zero in the ideal case ), and the energy distribution of the emitted electron is extremely narrow. however, two critical issues prevented nea semiconductors from being used in commercialized products. one is the nonuniform emission normally observed on diamond surfaces. the other is the difficulty of supplying electrons to the emission surface, because diamond and other nea semiconductors are wide - gap materials with low electron conductivity. diamondoids, being diamond - like nanoclusters, provide us with the opportunity to sustain the


is the difficulty of supplying electrons to the emission surface, because diamond and other nea semiconductors are wide - gap materials with low electron conductivity. diamondoids, being diamond - like nanoclusters, provide us with the opportunity to sustain the nea feature of diamond while avoiding the conventional problems of bulk nea materials. toward this end, the collaborators replaced one of the hydrogen atoms on the surface of tetramantane ( four - cage diamondoids ) with a thiol group ( hydrogen + sulfur ). this substitution chemically " functionalizes " the tetramantane, i. e., it promotes bonding with other molecules, enabling it to form more complex structures, like nanosized tinker toys. the researchers found that these diamondoid – thiol complexes would then self - assemble into a uniform monolayer on metal surfaces such as silver or gold. photoelectron spectroscopy was then performed on the tetramantane – thiol monolayers at beamline 10. 0. 1, where a strong, sharp peak was detected. the outstanding peak observed in the spectra is a strong indication of nea. furthermore, up to 68 % of all the emitted electrons were within this single energy peak, with a width of less than 0. 5 ev. this is several times as strong as the same measurement for bulk diamond. technologically, this means most electrons are emitted from the diamondoid monolayer at the same energy, i. e., speed. the result directly shows that diamondoid monolayers can be superior to conventional materials as electron emitters. the molecules can be purified and functionalized under precise control. they can be inexpensively self - assembled into large - area, uniform monolayers. more importantly, they perform better than previous materials in terms of the energy distribution of the emitted electrons. further investigations are under way to fully understand this striking phenomenon, as well as to make real devices based on diamondoids. research conducted by w. l. yang, n. mannella, k. tanaka, and x. j. zhou ( stanford university and als ) ; j. d. fabbri, w. meevasana, m. a. kelly, n. a. melosh, and z. - x. shen ( stanford university ) ; t. m. willey, j. r. i. lee, and t. van buuren ( lawrence livermore national laboratory ) ; j. e. dahl and r. m. k. carlson


. shen ( stanford university ) ; t. m. willey, j. r. i. lee, and t. van buuren ( lawrence livermore national laboratory ) ; j. e. dahl and r. m. k. carlson ( moleculardiamond technologies, chevron technology ventures ) ; p. r. schreiner, b. a. tkachenko, and n. a. fokina ( justus - liebig university, germany ) ; a. a. fokin ( justus - liebig university, germany, and kiev polytechnic institute, ukraine ) ; and z. hussain ( als ). research funding : u. s. department of energy, office of basic energy sciences ( bes ). operation of the als is supported by bes. publication about this research : w. l. yang, j. d. fabbri, t. m. willey, j. r. i. lee, j. e. dahl, r. m. k. carlson, p. r. schreiner, a. a. fokin, b. a. tkachenko, n. a. fokina, w. meevasana, n. mannella, k. tanaka, x. j. zhou, t. van buuren, m. a. kelly, z. hussain, n. a. melosh, and z. - x. shen, " monochromatic electron photoemission from diamondoid monolayers, " science 316, 1460 ( 2007 ).


key term definitions acoustic clarity technology : this polycom patented technology allows you to enjoy instantaneous natural conversation. when paired with a full duplex speakerphone, echo is eliminated and both callers are able to speak simultaneously without experiencing voice dropouts. the voice clarity on conference systems that feature this technology is incredibly crisp and clear. dynamic noise reduction : one of polycom ' s signature features, dynamic noise reduction ( dnr ) eliminates the unwanted background noise that plagues more traditional conferencing methods. this technology was first introduced in the 1980 ' s and targeted noise reduction in long distance communications. dnr can cut down clatter by as much as 10 decibels and can be paired with similar systems. the polycom systems that carry this feature provide the user with optimum microphone sensitivity while removing dynamic noise. dnr can really make a difference when conferencing with client ' s long distance, the level of professionalism will be much appreciated. analog is the original telephone technology, a system that converts air vibrations ( like those created by the human voice ) into similar electrical frequencies. analog lines can support phones, fax machines, and modems and are typically found in homes or small office settings. analog systems measure data in one continuous variable while digital breaks down and manipulates the data. one of the advantages of analog systems is that they dot not require a filter for band - limiting. several soundstation models operate on an analog system with features that are specifically designed for day to day communication. automatic gain control : this adaptive technology is a standard feature in most electronic devices. automatic gain control ( agc ) takes the average output signal level and adjusts the gain to the appropriate level for input signal levels. for example, when a signal is too strong the agc reduces its volume and when the signal is too weak the agc increases the volume. in telephones the agc is most commonly used when a conversation is recorded. the agc will take the large signal from the local user and the small signal from the long distance user and produce a recording that is well balanced. all microphones have directional characteristics, which are determined by the way a microphone picks up sounds. microphones can pick up signals from several directions or from one focused point. a cardioid microphone, the most popular of conferencing systems, picks up sound / signals primarily from the front of the microphone. when the pattern of cardioid sound pickup is graphed the shape resembles that of a heart, hence the name. these microphones


as our parents age, it can become more difficult for them to perform everyday tasks, such as making dinner or climbing the stairs. they may not see or hear as well as they once did. or, it may simply be more difficult for them to get themselves around. thankfully, there are gadgets and assistive devices that can help with many daily activities, including : - getting dressed ; - taking a shower ; - reaching out - of - the - way places ; - opening doors ; - reading and writing ; - remembering to take medicine ; - hearing someone on the phone. these things don ' t have to be fancy or expensive. some can even be homemade, such as using different colored rubber bands on pill bottles to visually differentiate them. others can be purchased — and your health insurance may cover the cost. ask your doctor, nurse or other health care professional for advice. here are some gadgets that could prove helpful : if you have trouble hearing - telephone amplifiers with adjustable tone, pitch and volume. - flashing - light phones, doorbells and smoke alarm / carbon monoxide detectors. - cordless headphones for televisions. - vibrating alarm clocks you can put under your pillow. if you have trouble seeing - talking watches, clocks, timers, calculators, scales and indoor / outdoor thermometers. - talking heart and blood pressure monitors. - writing aids such as large - grip pens and other pen designs that reduce shaking and muscle pain. - tactile knobs for stoves with raised dots to show settings. - battery - lighted magnifiers for reading. - magnifiers for television and computer screens. - voice - activated, automatic telephone dialers. - remote controls with large buttons and numbers for televisions, cable boxes, vcrs and dvds. - computers with large - letter keyboards, plus voice - recognition and speech software. if you have trouble remembering - electronic pill boxes with an alarm signal to take medicine. - telephone with memory dialing and spaces for pictures of frequent callers. - timed faucets that automatically turn water off. - electric appliances with automatic turnoff switches. if you have trouble getting around and performing everyday tasks - long - handled “ reachers ” for retrieving items on low or high shelves. - gadgets that help you put on socks or stockings. - lever - style adapters that make turning door handles and faucets easier. - widened tub edges and grab bars to ease getting in and out of the bath. - clothing and shoes with ve


the perils of polonium news analysis polonium - 210, the highly toxic radioactive isotope found in the body of poisoned former russian spy alexander litvinenko is a very rare, exotic material that is difficult to obtain, scientists say. the uk ' s health protection agency says litvinenko, who died last week in a london hospital, had a significant amount of the radioactive isotope in his body. but how it got there and where it came from is a mystery. radiation and chemistry experts say large - scale equipment, such as a nuclear reactor, would be needed to produce sufficient amounts to kill. " it is not as simple as the idea that somebody might have broken into a radioactivity cabinet at some local hospital and walked off with some polonium, " says dr andrea sella, a lecturer in chemistry at university college london. although scientists would not speculate on the source of the polonium, sella says litvinenko ' s death is not a random killing. " this is not a tool chosen by a group of amateurs. these people had some serious resources behind them, " he says. polonium is a by - product of uranium that was discovered by polish chemist marie curie in the late 19th century. it ' s a rare but naturally occurring metalloid found in the soil and atmosphere, and even in the human body. but at high doses it is highly toxic if ingested or inhaled ; it emits alpha particles that can damage the body ' s tissues and organs. " [ alpha particles ] are unable to penetrate a sheet of paper and so it is not a hazard unless ingested, " says professor william gelletly of the university of surrey. long - term exposure to radiation can cause mutations and cancer. but exposure to a short, intense burst of radiation causes major damage to key control centres in cells. " an alpha particle strikes a strand of dna. it snips it in two, which is bad news, or glues two strands together. either way normal cell repair mechanisms may be unable to sort that out, " says sella. " the result is that essentially the cellular command and control network [ in the body ] falls apart. that is what radiation sickness is all about. " professor david ray, of the university of nottingham, says even if a high dose of radiation could not be detected externally after litvinenko was admitted to hospital a fatal dose could have concentrated in deep tissues such as bone marrow. " the limited information that has been released about mr litvinenko ' s condition and the


science subject and location tags articles, documents and multimedia from abc science wednesday, 20 june 2012 the microbes living on your pet dog may help to strengthen your immune system and prevent childhood asthma, according to a new study. tuesday, 18 october 2011 scientists say they don ' t know why asthma cases in children and young people are on the way down. thursday, 14 july 2011 placebo treatments can improve patients ' self - reported asthma symptoms but not their lung function, say us scientists. monday, 30 may 2011 researchers have uncovered why some asthma attacks are triggered by viral infections. wednesday, 27 october 2010 in a discovery that could transform asthma treatment, us researchers have found our lungs carry receptors for bitter tastes. thursday, 4 march 2010 breathing exercises can help control asthma symptoms, say uk researchers. tuesday, 19 may 2009 an experimental asthma treatment that uses heat to reduce airway constriction provided some relief from severe asthma, say us researchers. wednesday, 22 april 2009 having lice may not be such a bad thing, with a uk study finding infested mice have calmer immune systems. monday, 13 april 2009 an enterprising epidemiologist has combined gps technology with a medical inhaler in an effort to better understand the triggers for asthma. tuesday, 3 march 2009 young children who watch television for more than two hours a day double their risk of developing asthma, british researchers say. thursday, 25 september 2008 swimming in outdoor chlorinated pools appears to increase the odds of developing childhood asthma, say belgian researchers. friday, 19 september 2008 use of the common painkiller paracetamol in the first year of life has been linked to an increased risk of asthma and other allergies, a new study has found. monday, 16 june 2008 parents who smoke outside their house are still exposing their children to the harmful effects of passive smoking, an australian study suggests.


tricuspid valve disease refers to damage to the tricuspid heart valve. this valve is located between the atrium ( upper chamber ) and the ventricle ( lower pumping chamber ) of the right side of the heart. the tricuspid valve has three cusps, or flaps, that control the direction and flow of blood. the two main types of tricuspid valve disease are : - tricuspid stenosis — narrowing of the tricuspid valve - tricuspid regurgitation — backflow of blood into the atrium from the ventricle due to improper closing of the tricuspid valve flaps anatomy of the heart copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. is the most common cause of tricuspid valve disease. other causes include : factors that increase your chance of getting tricuspid valve disease include : - history of rheumatic fever - sex : female — for tricuspid stenosis in many cases, there are no symptoms. however, if symptoms do occur, they may include : - difficulty breathing - sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat - swelling in the legs or abdomen the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. the doctor may be alerted to tricuspid valve disease by the following : - heart murmur - irregular pulse or heartbeat - abnormal pulse in the jugular vein of the neck - swelling in the legs images may need to be taken to examine your heart. this can be done with : your heart ' s activity may need to be measured. this can be done with electrocardiogram ( ecg, ekg ). if you have mild tricuspid valve disease, your condition will need to be monitored, but may not need treatment right away. when symptoms become more severe, treatments may include : drugs may be prescribed to treat specific symptoms associated with tricuspid valve disease. these medications include : drugs to control heart - diuretics to promote the production of urine - vasodilators, which dilate blood vessels if tricuspid valve disease is causing severe problems, surgery to repair or replace the valve may be required. tricuspid valve disease cannot be prevented. but, there are several things you can do to try to avoid some of the complications : infections right away to avoid rheumatic fever, which can cause scarring of the heart valve. - if your valve problem was caused by rheumatic fever, talk to your doctor about antibiotic treatment to prevent future episodes. most people with a tricuspid valve defect do need


##umatic fever, which can cause scarring of the heart valve. - if your valve problem was caused by rheumatic fever, talk to your doctor about antibiotic treatment to prevent future episodes. most people with a tricuspid valve defect do need to take antibiotics to prevent infections before dental or medical procedures. but, there are exceptions. check with your doctor to see if your condition requires you take antibiotics. antibiotic prophylaxis. american dental association website. available at :. accessed march 14, 2013. the merck manual of medical information. new york, ny : pocket ; 2000. diseases of the tricuspid valve. texas heart institute website. available at :. updated august 2012. accessed march 14, 2013. kasper dl, harrison tr. harrison ' s principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill ; 2005. tricuspid valve disease. cleveland clinic website. available at :. updated november 2012. accessed march 14, 2013. last reviewed september 2012 by michael j. fucci, do please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright © ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.


is a peninsula of the roadstead of brest the roadstead of brest is a roadstead or bay located in the finistere department in brittany in northwestern france. the surface area is about 180 km². the port of brest is located on its northern edge and one of the two french naval bases.... it is the base of the snle, the french ballistic missile submarines, and as such one of the most secretive and heavily defended places in france. ile longue is a peninsula a peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland. in many germanic and celtic languages and also in baltic, slavic and hungarian, peninsulas are called " half - islands ".... on the commune of crozon crozon is a commune in the finistere department of brittany in north - western france. crozon is located on the crozon peninsula on the west coast of finistere. it is bordered by the communes of camaret - sur - mer to the west, roscanvel to the northwest, lanveoc to the north, landevennec to the..., attached to the crozon peninsula. its altitude is 42 metres. it is located at 48°18 ' 07. 6 " n 4°30 ' 35. 57 " w. originally the isthmus was a mere sand bank, and crossing was only possible at low tide. during the 19th century, it was improved with a stone pathway. during the construction of the strategic base ( 1967 – 1972 ), it was widened, made insubmersible, and changed into a parking space. the peninsula is a stone plateau surrounded by cliffs. it harbours several water springs, which made human habitat possible. in the 19th century, three villages were built on the peninsula : kernalleguen ( less than a kilometre of the isthmus ), kermeur ( 1. 5 km of the isthmus ) and bothuelc ' h, slightly north. exploitation of porphyry porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large - grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine - grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. the larger crystals are called phenocrysts... started in the 18th century. by the end of the 19th century, half a million cobblestones were produced each year. up to eleven quarries were exploited around the peninsula. the largest,


larger crystals are called phenocrysts... started in the 18th century. by the end of the 19th century, half a million cobblestones were produced each year. up to eleven quarries were exploited around the peninsula. the largest, vengleuz braz, was located west from kermeur. with its cliffs, local water resources, isthmus crossable only at low tide and its location defending brest harbour, ile longue is an easily defendable, strategic location. it was fortified by vauban and dajot as to render the roadstead impossible to hold by an enemy fleet and to allow a counter - attack against an enemy landing party attempting to seize quelern quelern is a hamlet in roscanvel, in the department of finistere, in western france. - fortified lines : the quelern lines defended the entrance to the goulet de brest against capture from behind the defences of the roscanvel peninsula. they are 1. 22 km long and form the only surviving non - urban... dajot had a fort constructed at the top of the peninsula around 1776. it featured a hemicircular lower battery with small buildings protected by a ditch, with a bastion a bastion, or a bulwark, is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall, facilitating active defence against assaulting troops... and a drawbridge a drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. the term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges. - castle drawbridges :... in 1879, a wall was built south of the peninsula, as to defend it against the land. it featured a drawbridge defended by a casemate and two bastions. remains of the main gate and of the casemate still exist, but are enclosed in the military area, and not accessible to the general public. first world war from 1914 to 1919, ile longue was used as an internment camp for german citizens captured after the seizure of the ship nieuw amsterdam, intercepted by the french 2nd light squadron on the 2 september 1914. from the 3 september to the 23, the 1500 passengers were interned at crozon fort and in brest ; from the 4 november, they were transferred to a camp built on ile longue for the occasion. the last prisoners were released on the 31st december


the 3 september to the 23, the 1500 passengers were interned at crozon fort and in brest ; from the 4 november, they were transferred to a camp built on ile longue for the occasion. the last prisoners were released on the 31st december 1919. second world war during the occupation, the germans used ile longue as an anti - aircraft battery, which remained active until 1944. megalithic monuments were destroyed by the construction of bunkers. ile longue strategic submarine base in 1965, president charles de gaulle charles andre joseph marie de gaulle was a french general and statesman who led the free french forces during world war ii. he later founded the french fifth republic in 1958 and served as its first president from 1959 to 1969.... chose ile longue as home for the sea - based component of the force de frappe the force de frappe is the designation of what used to be a triad of air -, sea - and land - based nuclear weapons intended for dissuasion, and consequential deterrence.... the place was chosen because it was close to a large harbour, yet distant enough to stay out of the public ' s eye, and was easily controlled and defended. work began in 1967 and took 5 years. the peninsula was completely changed, as the isthmus was widened and consolidated, and the peninsula itself gained 30 hectare the hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10, 000 square metres, and primarily used in the measurement of land. in 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1 / 100 km2... s. two dry docks were built, as well as numerous habitation, engineering and defence buildings. in 1972, the base was made operational and le redoutable departed for her first patrol. ile longue has been the base of the snle of the force oceanique strategique the force oceanique strategique is the ballistic missile submarine force of the french navy. it is one of the two components of the submarine forces of the french navy and the sea - based component of the french nuclear deterrent. - history : the fost was created in the early 1960s, around the need... ever since. maintenance of the submarines is done at ile longue, as well as storage of the nuclear components ( warheads and fuel bars ). chemical pyrotechnics for the missiles and conventional warheads are stored in guen


. ever since. maintenance of the submarines is done at ile longue, as well as storage of the nuclear components ( warheads and fuel bars ). chemical pyrotechnics for the missiles and conventional warheads are stored in guenvenez, 4 km away. the base is divided into three colour - coded zones : - zone blue comprises the security installations and personnel, including the fire department and the fusiliers marins responsible for the defence of the site. this zone also comprises offices and catering. - zone red encompasses the pyrotechnics and bunkers to hold nuclear warheads. - zone yellow encompasses the harbour and submarine installations, notably two roofed 200 - metre long docks. a 170 - metre long bunker between the two docks is used to load and unload nuclear materials. since 2006, work has been undertaken at ile longue to prepare the base for the new m51 slbm the m51 slbm is a submarine - launched ballistic missile, built by eads astrium space transportation, and deployed with the french navy. designed to replace the m45 slbm the m51 slbm is a submarine - launched ballistic missile, built by eads astrium space transportation, and deployed with the french... external links french ministry of defence satellite photographs on google maps google maps is a web mapping service application and technology provided by google, free, that powers many map - based services, including the google maps website, google ride finder, google transit, and maps embedded on third - party websites via the google maps api...


the royal spanish academy is the official royal institution responsible for regulating the spanish language spanish, also known as castilian, is a romance language in the ibero - romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central - northern iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the kingdom of castile into central and southern iberia during the.... it is based in madrid madrid is the capital and largest city of spain. the population of the city is roughly 3. 3 million and the entire population of the madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6. 271 million. it is the third largest city in the european union, after london and berlin, and its metropolitan..., spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in twenty - one other hispanophone hispanophone or hispanosphere denotes spanish language speakers and the spanish - speaking world. the word derives from the latin political name of the iberian peninsula, hispania, which comprised basically the territory of the modern states of spain and portugal. hispanophones are estimated at... ( spanish - speaking ) nations through the association of spanish language academies the association of spanish language academies is the entity which regulates the spanish language. it was created in mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the spanish - speaking world..... the rae ' s emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto a motto is a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of a social group or organization. a motto may be in any language, but latin is the most used. the local language is usual in the mottoes of governments... is " " ( " [ it ] cleans, sets, and casts splendour " ). the rae is a major publisher of dictionaries a dictionary is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information ; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon... in linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. the term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,... s, and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. its


term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,... s, and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. its website includes an online dictionary and other resources, all in spanish. its most famous publication is the ( dictionary of the spanish language of the royal spanish academy ), the " drae ". the was founded in 1713, modelled after the italian ( 1582 ) and the french ( 1635 ), with the purpose " to fix the voices and vocabularies of the castilian language with propriety, elegance, and purity ". king philip v philip v was king of spain from 15 november 1700 to 15 january 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son louis, and from 6 september 1724, when he assumed the throne again upon his son ' s death, to his death. before his reign, philip occupied an exalted place in the royal family of france as a... approved its constitution on 3 october 1714, placing it under the crown ' s protection. its aristocratic founder,, marquis of villena villena is a city in spain, in the valencian community. it is located at the northwest part of alicante, and borders to the west with castilla - la mancha and murcia, to the north with the province of valencia and to the east and south with the province of alicante. it is the capital of the comarca... and duke of escalona escalona is a municipality located in the north part of the province of toledo, which in turn is part of the autonomous community of castile - la mancha, spain..., described its aims as " to assure that spanish speakers will always be able to read cervantes - people : * alfonso j. cervantes, mayor of st. louis, missouri * francisco cervantes de salazar, 16th - century man of letters * ignacio cervantes, cuban composer * jorge cervantes, a world - renowned expert on indoor, outdoor, and greenhouse cannabis cultivation... " – by exercising a progressive up - to - date maintenance of the formal language. the rae began establishing rules for the orthography of spanish beginning in 1741 with the first edition of the from the second edition onwards ). the proposals of the academy became the official norm in spain by royal decree in 1844, and they were also gradually adopted by the spanish speaking


for the orthography of spanish beginning in 1741 with the first edition of the from the second edition onwards ). the proposals of the academy became the official norm in spain by royal decree in 1844, and they were also gradually adopted by the spanish speaking countries of latin america. several reforms were introduced in the ( 1959 ), and since then the rules have undergone continued adjustment, in consultation with the other national language academies. the current rules and practical recommendations are presented in the latest edition of the in 1994, the rae ruled that the spanish consonants " ch " would hence be alphabetized under " c " and under " l ", respectively, and not as separate, discrete letters, as in the past. the rae eliminated monosyllabic accented vowels where the accent did not serve in changing the word ' s meaning, examples include : ( " gave " ), ( " saw " ), both had an acutely - accented vowel ; yet the monosyllabic word ( " i know ", the first person, singular, present of, " to know " ; and the singular imperative of, " to be " ) retains its acutely - accented vowel in order to differentiate it from the reflexive pronoun. criticisms of the academy the royal academy has, especially in the spanish - speaking americas hispanic america or spanish america is the region comprising the american countries inhabited by spanish - speaking populations. these countries have significant commonalities with each other and with spain, whose colonies they formerly were..., been criticized for being excessively conservative social conservatism is primarily a political, and usually morally influenced, ideology that focuses on the preservation of what are seen as traditional values. social conservatism is a form of authoritarianism often associated with the position that the federal government should have a greater role... and slow to change ; for excessively concentrating upon linguistic usages of the region of castile a former kingdom, castile gradually merged with its neighbours to become the crown of castile and later the kingdom of spain when united with the crown of aragon and the kingdom of navarre..., while dismissing variant usages from other parts of spain and other spanish - speaking countries ; and for being slow in revising its authoritative. moreover, the dictionary has been criticised for its partial definitions and somewhat limited coverage. for example, the drae definition for ( " dinosaur " ) only covers sauropodomorpha sauropodomorpha is an extinct clade of long - necked, herbivorous, sa


its partial definitions and somewhat limited coverage. for example, the drae definition for ( " dinosaur " ) only covers sauropodomorpha sauropodomorpha is an extinct clade of long - necked, herbivorous, saurischian dinosaurs which includes the sauropods and their ancestral relatives. sauropods generally grew to very large sizes, had long necks and tails, were quadrupedal, and became the largest animals to ever walk the earth. the..., just one of the many groups of dinosaurs that existed. supporters respond that the rae ' s purpose is not registering ephemeral spanish usages, but to protect a united castilian language and prevent national variants from becoming incomprehensible to other spanish speakers. critics have acknowledged, however, that recent editions of the ( the 20th, 21st, and current 22nd editions ) show distinct improvement. one innovation was its publication of a paperback paperback, softback or softcover describe and refer to a book by the nature of its binding. the covers of such books are usually made of paper or paperboard, and are usually held together with glue rather than stitches or staples... edition in 1992. partnerships with companies such as, ibm international business machines corporation or ibm is an american multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in armonk, new york, united states. ibm manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas..., and microsoft microsoft corporation is an american public multinational corporation headquartered in redmond, washington, usa that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions..., enabled the rae to update and adapt to the current information - technology era, offering a free on - line version of its diccionario, which may be consulted free of charge at its website. members of the academy are known as ( academic numerary ), chosen from among prestigious persons in the arts and sciences, including several spanish - language authors, known as ( the immortals ), similarly to their counterparts. the numeros are elected for life by the other academicians. each academician holds a seat labeled with a letter from the spanish alphabet ; upper - and lower - case letters are separate seats., sorted by date of induction : - ( h ), count of casa davalos ( 1965 ) - ( g ) ( 1972 ) - ( e ) vacant - ( m ) ( 1980


upper - and lower - case letters are separate seats., sorted by date of induction : - ( h ), count of casa davalos ( 1965 ) - ( g ) ( 1972 ) - ( e ) vacant - ( m ) ( 1980 ) - ( a ) ( 1980 ) - ( z ) vacant - ( n ) ( 1985 ) - ( o ) ( 1985 ) - ( q ) ( 1987 ) - ( p ) ( 1987 ) - ( r ) ( 1988 ) - ( s ) ( 1988 ) - ( j ) ( 1990 ) - ( d ) ( 1991 ) - ( f ) ( 1991 ) - ( c ) ( 1992 ) - ( u ) ( 1994 ) - ( l ) ( 1994 ) - ( c ) ( 1995 ) - ( l ) ( 1996 ) - ( b ) ( 1996 ) - ( u ) ( 1996 ) - ( v ) ( 1997 ) - ( t ) ( 1997 ) - ( k ) ( 1998 ) - ( n ) ( 1998 ) - ( i ) ( 2001 ) - ( n ) ( 2001 ) - ( k ) ( 2002 ) - ( e ) ( 2002 ) - ( f ) ( 2003 ) - ( i ) ( 2003 ) - ( t ) ( 2003 ) - ( g ) ( 2003 ) - ( q ) vacant - ( j ) ( 2004 ) - ( o ) ( 2006 ) - ( x ) ( 2006 ) - ( h ) ( 2006 ) - ( a ) ( 2006 ) - ( r ) ( 2008 ) - ( p ) ( 2008 ) - ( m ) ( 2008 ) - ( d ) ( 2008 ) - ( b ) ( 2008 ) - ( s ) ( 2008 ) notable past academicians - damaso alonso damaso alonso y fernandez de las redondas was a spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. though a member of the generation of ' 27, his best - known work dates from the 1940s onwards. - early life and education :... - vicente bacallar y sanna - pio baroja pio baroja y nessi was a spanish basque writer, one of the key novelists of the generation of ' 98. he was a member of an illustrious family, his brother ricardo was a painter, writer and engraver, and his nephew julio caro baroja, son of his younger sister carmen, was a well known... - camilo jose cela camilo jose cela y trulock, 1st marquis of iria flavia was a spanish novelist and


his nephew julio caro baroja, son of his younger sister carmen, was a well known... - camilo jose cela camilo jose cela y trulock, 1st marquis of iria flavia was a spanish novelist and short story writer. he was awarded the 1989 nobel prize in literature " for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man ' s vulnerability ". - biography : cela published his... - armando cotarelo valledor - miguel delibes setien - leandro fernandez de moratin leandro fernandez de moratin was a spanish dramatist, translator and neoclassical poet. - biography : moratin was born in madrid the son of nicolas fernandez de moratin, a major literary reformer in spain from 1762 until his death in 1780. distrusting the teaching offered in spain ' s universities at... - antonio machado antonio cipriano jose maria y francisco de santa ana machado y ruiz, known as antonio machado was a spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the spanish literary movement known as the generation of ' 98.... - christopher herman maurer - julian marias julian marias aguilera, was a spanish philosopher. his history of philosophy is widely accepted as the greatest work written in spanish on the subject of the history of philosophy... - ramon menendez pidal ramon menendez pidal was a spanish philologist and historian. he worked extensively on the history of the spanish language and spanish folklore and folk poetry. one of his main topics was the history and legend of the cid.... - eugenio d ' ors - benito perez galdos benito perez galdos was a spanish realist novelist. considered second only to cervantes in stature, he was the leading spanish realist novelist.... - manuel jose quintana manuel jose quintana y lorenzo, was a spanish poet and man of letters. he was born at madrid. after completing his studies at salamanca he was called to the bar.... - epifanio c. de los santos joint publications of the rae and the association of spanish language academies - diccionario de la lengua espanola ( dictionary of the spanish language ) ( 1st edition : 1780, 22nd edition : 2001, the 23rd edition will be published in 2013 to mark the tricentennial of the founding of the rae ). the first edition is in public domain works are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights


1st edition : 1780, 22nd edition : 2001, the 23rd edition will be published in 2013 to mark the tricentennial of the founding of the rae ). the first edition is in public domain works are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights have expired, if the intellectual property rights are forfeited, or if they are not covered by intellectual property rights at all... - the diccionario esencial de la lengua espanola ( essential dictionary of the spanish language ) was published in 2006 as a shortened work to span between the 22nd and 23rd editions. - ortografia de la lengua espanola ( orthography of the spanish language, 1st edition : 1741, latest edition : 2010 ). the edition of 1999 was the first orthography to cover the whole hispanic world, replacing the nuevas normas de prosodia y ortografia ( new rules for prosody and orthography ) of 1959. the first edition is in public domain. - nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola ( new grammar of the spanish language, 1st edition : 1771, latest edition : 2009 ). the latest edition is the first grammar to cover the whole hispanic world, replacing the prior gramatica de la lengua espanola ( grammar of the spanish language, 1931 ) and the esbozo de una nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola ( outline of a new grammar of the spanish language, 1973 ). the first edition is in public domain. - the nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola will be published in 3 different versions : the edicion completa ( complete edition ) includes 3, 800 pages in two volumes to describe morphology and syntax ( published december 4, 2009 ) plus a third volume of phonetics and phonology and a dvd ( early 2010 ). the manual edition is a single 750 - page volume, which was presented at the 5th congress of the spanish language which convened virtually in valparaiso valparaiso is a city and commune of chile, center of its third largest conurbation and one of the country ' s most important seaports and an increasing cultural center in the southwest pacific hemisphere. the city is the capital of the valparaiso province and the valparaiso region..., chile, due to the earthquake the 2010 chile earthquake occurred off the coast of central chile on saturday, 27 february 2010, at 03 : 34 local time, having a magnitude of 8.


##paraiso province and the valparaiso region..., chile, due to the earthquake the 2010 chile earthquake occurred off the coast of central chile on saturday, 27 february 2010, at 03 : 34 local time, having a magnitude of 8. 8 on the moment magnitude scale, with intense shaking lasting for about three minutes. it ranks as the sixth largest earthquake ever to be recorded by a..., and will be published on april 23, 2010. the gramatica basica ( basic grammar ) is a 250 - page pocket reference intended for school use, to be published in late 2010. - the rae has also published two other works by individual editors : gramatica de la lengua espanola ( grammar of the spanish language, by emilio alarcos llorach, 1994 ) and gramatica descriptiva de la lengua espanola ( descriptive grammar of the spanish language, 3 volumes, directed by ignacio bosque and violeta demonte, 1999 ). - diccionario panhispanico de dudas ( pan - hispanic dictionary of doubts, 1st edition : 2005 ). resolves doubts related to the use of the spanish language. - diccionario del estudiante ( student ' s dictionary, 1st edition : 2005 ). replaces the diccionario escolar de la rae ( rae scholastic dictionary, 1996 ). - diccionario practico del estudiante ( practical student ' s dictionary, 1st edition : 2007 ) is an adapted version for latin america, and is for sale only in the americas.


note : a thorough review of these last two articles will help in understanding the concept of voltage feedback covered in this article. figure 1 shows an electrical diagram of a typical commercial refrigeration system. the diagram includes : notice that all of the power - consuming devices ( loads ) in figure 1 are 230 v. if some of these loads were changed to 115 - v loads, problems could arise from voltage feedback. let ’ s say the evaporator fans are 115 - v devices ; the circuit in the defrost mode would have the contacts between 2 and 4 of the time clock being open, and defrost circuit contacts between 1 and 3 being closed. now let ’ s say there are now two power - consuming devices ( loads ) in series being fed voltage by line 2 ( l2 ). the two loads in series are the 230 - v compressor contactor coil ( cc1 ) and the 115 - v evaporator fan. even though the contacts between 2 and 4 would be open, there is a feedback circuit from l2 through cc1, through the evaporator fans to neutral ( ground ) and back. the feedback circuit has a complete path for current to flow because the current can alternate from line l2, through the compressor contactor coil and evaporator fan motor, to neutral ( ground ). this can happen at 60 cycles per sec ( 60 hz ). because cc1 and evaporator fan motor are in series with one another when in defrost, both power - consuming devices will see a lower voltage than they are rated for. the lowered voltage each will experience will depend on their individual impedance ( ac resistance ). cc1 will probably be humming and getting hot, and the evaporator fan may be running slowly. both loads will eventually burn out because the low - voltage condition creates a high - amperage condition. this situation is what is referred to as voltage feedback. the voltage from l2 is feeding both power - consuming devices when in defrost mode. voltage feedback often happens when power - consuming devices with different voltage magnitudes ( 230 and 115 ) are in the same circuit. in this situation, one remedy would be to install an evaporator fan with a 230 - v motor ( see figure 2 ). with both cc1 and the fan being 230 v, there cannot be a voltage feedback because l2 would be feeding itself, and there would be no potential difference in voltage. the 230 - v isolation relay coil is wired into the defrost circuit off


is my loved one a workaholic? many behaviors can become habitualized or addictive. while drug and alcohol addiction involves both a physical and psychological dependence, behavioral addictions are purely psychological. these disorders can be very serious, as it is difficult to maintain a normal lifestyle, healthy relationships, steady employment and important hobbies or passions when a particular behavior becomes compulsive. this can lead to anxiety, depression or substance abuse. what is a behavioral addiction, and how does work become addictive? some behaviors that may become compulsive include the following : - having sex - viewing pornography - using the internet - thrill seeking though maintaining steady employments is crucial for most people, when work becomes something that completely dominates a person ’ s attention, time and emotions, it is a problem. some signs of compulsive working include the following : - excessive hours spent working - choosing to work extra hours even when not expected to by employer - inability to engage in other activities without staying in touch with the office - defensiveness when confronted with concerns about working - choosing to work instead of engaging in activities once enjoyed - loss of sleep due to working or obsessing over work issues - irritability related to work issues - use of substances such as caffeine, alcohol or amphetamines to keep working - refusal to take time off from work including vacation time that has been earned there is a difference between someone who works hard or works long hours and someone who is psychologically addicted to working. work addiction is often a progressive disease and may lead to other compulsive behaviors. how to help a workaholic the emotional aspects of behavioral addiction often cause an addict to be unable to admit that he or she has a problem. defensiveness and denial are powerful, and it is important for the affected loved ones to be direct and compassionate when confronting a workaholic. advance preparation may include the following : - seek the advice of a process addiction expert - prepare talking points for the confrontational conversation - explore treatment options in advance - assuring the workaholic that you are in their corner and will be with them through treatment - develop clear and reasonable goals for treatment outcomes find support for workaholic treatment if left untreated compulsive working can destroy relationships, personal health and even the career that the workaholic is obsessed with. stress can create serious physical side effects including the following : - raised blood pressure - increased risk of heart attack and stroke - ulcers and other gastrointestinal distress treatment


more gold - - and other minerals - - in them thar hills? tuesday, july 24, 2012 tau researcher ' s new method uncovers half - million ton mineral deposit in rough mountain terrain though technology has taken much of the guesswork out of mining, mountain ranges are still notoriously difficult environments in which to hunt for valuable minerals. various methods used to draw a picture of the underground environment, including the measurement of gravitational and magnetic fields, are easily thrown off by factors such as changes in topography height, surrounding temperature, and barometric pressure. now prof. lev eppelbaum of tel aviv university ' s department of geophysics and planetary sciences has developed a new method for processing and analysing complex environments in the face of these challenges. combining new physical - mathematical approaches with their own advanced software — which brings together all available analysis in the same three - dimensional image — the researchers were able to overcome the difficulties posed by mountainous regions, successfully uncovering new mineral reserves. prof. eppelbaum began working on his methodology with the late prof. boris khesin of ben gurion university. presented at the european geosciences conference in vienna in april 2012 and in their book geophysical studies in the caucasus, the method has already uncovered a previously unknown polymetallic reserve on the southern slope of the caucasus, part of a vast mountain range between europe and asia that stretches from the black to the caspian seas. the reserves include copper, zinc, lead, aluminium, and a mixture of gold and silver, prof. eppelbaum says. a mountain range in three dimensions in the hunt for underground metals or other resources like oil, gas, or water, geophysical fields such as gravity, magnetics, temperature, polarization, and electromagnetism play crucial roles. for example, the density of polymetallic ore — which consists of more than one metal — exceeds that of the surrounding rocks, creating a gravity anomaly. although a 3d gravity analysis may then be used to decode these environmental cues, reserves do not reveal themselves that easily. " after the environmental analysis, you must calculate the different types of background ' noise, ' " prof. eppelbaum observes, such as the complexity of the topography, environmental characteristics, and more. mountain ranges present particularly difficult terrain for this kind of calculation. in order to circumvent these issues, profs. eppelbaum and khesin improved current methods of geophysical analysis. they developed new mathematical approaches to process the information gathered from already - existing technology and


for this kind of calculation. in order to circumvent these issues, profs. eppelbaum and khesin improved current methods of geophysical analysis. they developed new mathematical approaches to process the information gathered from already - existing technology and from their own specially - designed software which allows the user to interpret all the information in a cohesive 3d image. " this 3d combined modelling software, which we programmed ourselves, enables scientists to see the buried targets more clearly, " says prof. eppelbaum. prof. eppelbaum believes they have discovered more than 500, 000 tons of previously undiscovered polymetallic ore in the caucasus mountainside in a single ore deposit. other zones that could contain ore reserves have also been identified by the new methodology. caucasus and beyond an expert in the caucasus mountains, prof. eppelbaum says that this technique can be applied to any region of the world, but most effectively in mountainous regions such as the appalachian mountains in the us and canada or the alps in europe. dr. eppelbaum plans to develop collaborations with international geophysicists in an effort to discover new reserves around the world. " these reserves are very valuable resources for countries to discover, " he says. for more environment and ecology news from tel aviv university, click here.


letter : research before making statements research before making statementsa letter by herb theiss published on jan. 25 about the second amendment shows a total lack of understanding of the origins of the second amendment, its purpose and the history behind it. the federalist papers, pre - revolutionary war and first continental congress history all show that the true purpose of this amendment is to protect americans from abuses by the state. this amendment ’ s origins go back to the “ glorious revolution of 1688 “ and the 1689 english bill of rights which stated : “ the subjects which are protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions as allowed by law. ” the founding fathers specifically excluded the phrase “ as allowed by law “ in drafting the second amendment. writings by the founding fathers makes their intent crystal clear : thomas jefferson wrote : “ the strongest reason for people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is as a last resort to protect themselves against tyranny in government. “ george washington : “ firearms stand next in importance to the constitution itself. they are the american people ’ s liberty teeth and keystone under independence. from the hour the pilgrims landed, to the present day, events, occurrences, and tendencies prove that to ensure peace, security and happiness, the rifle and pistol are indispensable... the very atmosphere of firearms everywhere restrains evil interference. they deserve a place of honor with all that is good. ” for a modern take on this, read the pravada. ru editorial of dec. 28 – yes, pravada. per theiss : “ the writers also realized that the only weapons available were single shot, black powder, etc. ” guess what? black powder weapons were the most advanced weaponry of the day, and were owned by the average citizen. understand, i am not suggesting an armed uprising. just do some research before telling us what the founding fathers meant.


editor ’ s note : the albany museum of art has recently been awarded the honor of reaccreditation. nick nelson, executive director of the albany museum of art, and ford w. bell, president and ceo of the american association of museums, have co - authored this article. most would agree that americans are, by nature, a trusting people. but these days america ’ s faith in many of its important institutions — government, the media, the judicial system — have been severely shaken. yet one institution our citizens continue to trust and support is the nation ’ s museums. a recent national survey found america ’ s museums and libraries to be the most trusted sources of information by the public. that ’ s why the popularity of museums endures, and why an american association of museums survey found that museum attendance has jumped markedly in this troubled economy. no surprise, really, as tough times have historically produced a jump in museum visits ( there was a dramatic spike after 9 / 11 ). people are looking for what one researcher calls “ respite and renewal, ” as well as a sanctuary of substance and authenticity in an increasingly virtual world. that bond between museums and the public has been built, layer upon layer, over the nation ’ s history. it is rooted in the mission of all museums — education — but also in the ways in which museums have become part of their communities. we believe today ’ s museums are our communities, weaving cities and towns together culturally, intellectually and economically. as the institutions charged with collecting, preserving and exhibiting our heritages - cultural, historic, scientific, natural - our museums preserve more than one billion objects, from george washington ’ s militia uniform to a frank stella sculpture to african masks and andy warhol prints. moreover, museums are vital cogs in the american economy, a declaration confirmed by the statistics. america ’ s estimated 17, 500 museums employ nearly half a million citizens, and through direct expenditures alone inject some $ 20 billion into the american economy. further, museums play an essential role in the u. s. travel and tourism industry, with cultural travel now calculated to account for some $ 192 billion in economic activity annually according to data provided by the u. s. department of commerce. right here in the southwest georgia, the albany museum of art contributes to the local economy by providing a draw for cultural tourism and by improving the quality of life in the community, making it more livable and attractive to business. further, the ama ’ s myriad programs reach into our schools and our community.


art contributes to the local economy by providing a draw for cultural tourism and by improving the quality of life in the community, making it more livable and attractive to business. further, the ama ’ s myriad programs reach into our schools and our community. the museum ’ s school tours and traveling trunk outreach programs served almost 5, 000 children in our local schools. the traveling trunk program brings works of african art like those on display in the ama ’ s miller gallery to local classrooms for hands - on learning experiences. the albany museum of art is also widely recognized for its quality exhibitions. this year the museum was honored with an exhibition of the year award from the georgia association of museums and galleries for “ the indian gallery of henry inman ”, an exhibition featuring 19th century portraits of native american leaders from georgia. family days, a partnership between the ama and the city of albany ’ s recreation and parks department, draws record crowds to the museum. this fall ’ s family day was enjoyed by 450 attendees. this program was the recipient of the dorothy mullins art & humanities award from the georgia recreation and parks association in 2010. the albany museum of art is recognized in the community and state - wide for excellence. one metric that illustrates that this recognition is warranted is accreditation by the american association of museums. the albany museum of art was recently re - accredited by aam adding the distinction of national recognition for the quality of its programs and operations. this most recent accolade makes the ama one of only 15 museums in the state of georgia to be accredited. furthermore, of america ’ s estimated 17, 500 museums, only 778 are accredited. what does accreditation mean? it means that the albany museum of art has taken it upon itself to see how they measure up to the highest standards of the museum field. the museum has not only met the standards, it has exceeded them, putting it among the 4. 5 percent of u. s. museums to be accredited by aam. simply, the albany museum of art is among the best museums in the country, on a par with such other accredited museums as the smithsonian in washington, the metropolitan museum of art in new york, and the getty museum in los angeles. such museums are also a source of something perhaps less tangible, but no less valuable : civic pride. residents of albany and southwest georgia can be proud that in their midst they boast one of the country ’ s finest museums, whose primary objective is to serve the community better every day. show your pride in albany and southwest georgia. visit


science fair project encyclopedia david ricardo ( april 18, 1772 — september 11, 1823 ), a british political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists. he was also a successful businessman, financier and speculator, and amassed a considerable fortune. born in london, ricardo was the third of seventeen children in a sephardic jewish family ( from portugal ) that emigrated from the netherlands to england just prior to his birth. at age 14 ricardo joined his father at the london stock exchange. ricardo rejected the orthodox jewish beliefs of his family and eloped with a quaker, priscilla anne wilkinson, when he was 21. his father was so unhappy with this that he abandoned ricardo and never spoke to him again. around the same time ricardo became a utilitarian. ricardo ' s work with the stock exchange made him quite wealthy, which allowed him to retire from business in 1814 at the age of 42. he then purchased and moved to gatcombe park, an estate in gloucestershire. in 1819, ricardo purchased a seat in the british parliament as a representative of portarlington, a borough of ireland. he held the post until the year of his death in 1823. as an mp, ricardo advocated free trade and the repeal of the corn laws. he died at gatcombe park at 51 years of age. ricardo was a close friend of james mill, who encouraged him in his political ambitions and writings about economics. other notable friends included thomas malthus, whose ideas on population growth ricardo did not accept, and jeremy bentham. ricardo ' s most famous work is his iron law of wages, a document which shows his capatalist tendencies. in this book ricardo states that the wages of 19th century british workers should not be increased, though it was encouraged greatly by the masses. this was due to his observation of the direct link evident between money and population. an increase in income of workers equals an increase in children, resulting in a larger workforce. such an increase means that employers will be forced to lower wages as their working population grows exponentially. also, the surplus of workers and lower wages will combine to create a greater state of poverty that existed before wages were originally raised. ultimately, he favoured employers far more than workers, a philosophy adopted by karl marx. his publications included : - the high price of bullion, a proof of the depreciation of bank notes ( 1810 ), which advocated the adoption of a metallic currency - essay on the influence of a low price


a philosophy adopted by karl marx. his publications included : - the high price of bullion, a proof of the depreciation of bank notes ( 1810 ), which advocated the adoption of a metallic currency - essay on the influence of a low price of corn on the profits of stock ( 1815 ), which argued that repealing the corn laws would distribute more wealth to the productive members of society - principles of political economy and taxation ( 1817 ), an analysis that concluded that land rent grows as population increases. it also clearly laid out the theory of comparative advantage, which showed that all nations could benefit from free trade, even if a nation was less efficient at producing all kinds of goods than its trading partners. other ideas associated with ricardo : - ricardian equivalence, an argument suggesting that in some circumstances a government ' s choice of how to pay for its spending ( ie, whether to use tax revenue or issue debt and run a deficit ) might have no effect on the economy. ironically, while the proposition bears his name, he does not seem to have believed it. robert barro is responsible for its modern prominence. - the iron law of wages, which asserted that real income of workers would remain near the subsistence level, despite any attempts to raise wages. - complete text of ricardo ' s on the principles of political economy and taxation. - david ricardo, biography - biography at new school university the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


the beethoven piano sonata series : introduction before ludwig van beethoven ( 1770 - 1827 ) changed the direction of music forever, he was a pianist... and a pretty good one to boot. beethoven could play fiddle too, but, then again, he was no paganini ( though his violin concerto in d major, op. 61 has never been out of the repertoire and his 10 violin sonatas have always been popular with the virtuosi ). often overlooked by pedestrian classical music listeners are his monumental piano sonatas, 32 of them. haydn ' s 62 ( or 65, depending on who you ask ) and mozart ' s 18 piano sonatas are important and enjoyable, but beethoven ' s 32 stand like a musical mount everest there to be scaled by the daring and talented. like his symphonic music, the depth and breadth of beethoven as a composer is encompassed in these solo piano pieces. and like his symphonic music, beethoven ' s piano sonatas fall conveniently into the three creative periods of the composer ' s life, as defined by 200 years of music scholarship. early period ( 1792 - 1802 ) beethoven ' s first published piece of music was his piano trio in e - flat major, op. 1, no. 1. the piece is one of three piano trios with the opus number 1, all which are thought to have been composed between 1792 and 1793, first performed in 1793 at the home of prince lichnowsky ( to whom they were dedicated ), and published in 1795. using 1792 as a convenient starting point, beethoven ' s first creative period is dated between this year and 1802. during this period, beethoven composed music greatly influenced by haydn ( with whom he briefly studied ) and mozart ( whom he admired ) his first two symphonies and piano concertos, his six opus 18 string quartets, and the first 12 or 13 his piano sonatas, including the much celebrated sonata pathetique. beethoven began to experience tinnitus ( ringing in his ears ) as early as 1796. over the next several years, it became difficult for him fully to appreciate performed music and ultimately even to have a normal conversation. by 1802, the end of his first creative period, beethoven ' s hearing loss provided the catalyst of crisis that resulted in his famous heiligenstadt testament. beethoven came to reside in heiligenstadt on the advice of his physician johann adam schmidt in early may 1802, ostensibly to ease his increasing physical complaints. beethoven remained in heiligenstadt until the fall, at which time he wrote his personal testament to


came to reside in heiligenstadt on the advice of his physician johann adam schmidt in early may 1802, ostensibly to ease his increasing physical complaints. beethoven remained in heiligenstadt until the fall, at which time he wrote his personal testament to his brothers, carl and johann. in the heiligenstadt testament, beethoven bemoans his brothers for misunderstanding him and expresses his despair regarding his progressive hearing loss... " ah, how could i possibly admit an infirmity in the one sense which ought to be more perfect in me than others, a sense which i once possessed in the highest perfection, a perfection such as few in my profession enjoy or ever have enjoyed. oh i cannot do it ; therefore forgive me when you see me draw back when i would have gladly mingled with you... " but what a humiliation for me when someone standing next to me heard a flute in the distance and i heard nothing, or someone heard a shepherd singing and again i heard nothing. such incidents drove me almost to despair ; a little more of that and i would have ended my lifeit was only my art that held me back. ah, it seemed to me impossible to leave the world until i had brought forth all that i felt was within me... " paradoxically, beethoven finished composing his sunniest symphony, the second, and began on his monumental third, while enduring the sturm und drang revealed in his testament. surrounding this period was the composing of piano sonatas numbers 17 tempest and 18 the hunt. these sonatas represent a transition in beethoven ' s piano composing that anticipates his blindingly creative late period. middle period ( 1802 - 1814 ) beethoven ' s middle period began shortly after heiligenstadt, lasting until about 1814. it was the period in which beethoven composed those large scale works emoting heroism and struggle. this period resulted in symphonies nos. 3 through 8, the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and violin concerto, five string quartets ( nos. 7 - 11 ), beethoven ' s only opera, fidelio, and several of his most famous piano sonatas, including nos. 14, moonlight, 21, waldstein, and 23, appassionata. the moonlight sonata says it all. beethoven is turning inward, relying on all that is left him, his mind ' s ear. late period ( 1815 - 1827 ) beethoven ' s final creative period began around 1815. his deafness complete and tolerated, beethoven ' s extra - musical attention was devoted to


ethical issues linked to the use of specific forms of at the ethical issues linked to the use of assistive technology in dementia care - respecting autonomy - the issue of consent - leisure and social inclusion - socially assistive robotics - eenhancing safety and wellbeing in the home - memory and mobility - surveillance, safety and monitoring obtaining informed consent or assent difficulties obtaining the informed consent of people with dementia for the use of at are quite similar to those linked to consent to medical treatment. care must be taken to ensure that the person with dementia understands the information that is given, can retain it long enough to make a decision and can express his / her decision. this may sometimes be difficult due to the technical aspects of some devices ( fisk, 1997 ). consent must amount to more than agreement to the use of at without understanding its function ( e. g. consenting to wear a bracelet without realizing that it enables other people to monitor one ’ s whereabouts ). certain types of tracking device cannot be easily discarded which means that once they have been put on, the person with dementia no longer has the freedom to take them off, even if they are cumbersome or s / he later objects to their use. one system requires two hands to take the bracelet off ( miskelly, 2004 ). this puts people using such devices in a vulnerable position in which they have no power and may feel humiliated and trapped. different ways of presenting the information can be used and measures can be taken to check whether the person has really understood what is at stake and the consequences for him / her. there may be a tendency to conclude too hastily that the person does not have the capacity to consent and to ask carers instead. however, even in the case of incapacity to consent to the use of a particular form of at, the person with dementia should be involved in the decision making to the greatest extent possible. the capacity to consent is likely to deteriorate over time and in some cases may fluctuate from day to day or at different times of the day ( jacques and jackson, 2000 ). a person may therefore consent to the installation of surveillance equipment but later not be aware that s / he is being monitored or able to reaffirm or withhold consent. yet his / her desire for privacy may change as the disease progresses. it might be possible to obtain his / her views on the matter if the necessary time and effort were taken but the de - installation of the equipment might involve costs which the person with dementia would have to be


for privacy may change as the disease progresses. it might be possible to obtain his / her views on the matter if the necessary time and effort were taken but the de - installation of the equipment might involve costs which the person with dementia would have to be able to consent to. for this reason, essen ( 2008 ) emphasises the importance of having built - in possibilities to exit such services. people who are responsible for obtaining the informed consent of people with dementia for the use of at devices or systems should have received training in relevant communication methods as otherwise it could not be said that such consent had really been sought. this would mean that the rights of people with dementia had not been respected ( martin et al., 2010 ). ensuring that consent is given freely it is important to obtain the person ’ s free and informed consent before installing or using at. in the case of movement monitoring, for example, a person may be willing to sacrifice a certain degree of privacy in return for the benefits that s / he believes the device will bring but consent must not be based on pressure ( e. g. the person being told that otherwise her / his husband / wife will not be able to sleep ) or presented as the only option ( e. g. being told that otherwise there will be nobody to help in case of need, that the use of such devices is standard policy in a particular nursing home or that it is obligatory for insurance purposes ). perry, beyer and holm ( 2009 ) draw attention to possible coercion which may be subtle and even unintentional e. g. the fears of staff about the use of at being passed on to the potential users. people with dementia who are in hospital or residential care are in a vulnerable position in that they may fear retribution if they do not consent to the use of at. alternatively, they may be inclined to give a socially desirable response particularly if the person asking is perceived as having a higher status than them. in the case of learning disabilities, it has been found that some people with learning disabilities have a tendency to acquiesce ( i. e. respond positively irrespective of the question asked ) and to select the last of two possible options given ( i. e. if asked whether they would like tea or coffee, they would say “ coffee ” but if asked whether they would like coffee or tea, they would say “ tea ” ) ( sigelman et al., 1980 and 1982 ). it has been reported in connection with a person with dementia ( redfern


say “ coffee ” but if asked whether they would like coffee or tea, they would say “ tea ” ) ( sigelman et al., 1980 and 1982 ). it has been reported in connection with a person with dementia ( redfern et al., 2002 ) but it is not known whether this is common although it could at least apply to some people with dementia with learning disabilities. of course, it would be an over - simplification to portray people who are monitored, tracked or tagged as passive victims manipulated by care providers, as they have something to gain from this kind of at such as a sense of feeling cared for and protected in the privacy of their own home ( essen, 2008 ). when at affects other people the issue of consent is further complicated in group settings where one person ’ s desire to use at may infringe on another person ’ s right to privacy or the other person may object to the use of a certain device or equipment ( e. g. in the case of video surveillance of a shared room or of communal areas such as kitchens and lounges ) ( bharucha et al., 2006 ; perry et al., 2009 ). people sharing a room might also have different levels of capacity to consent, with some being able to decide themselves and others not. shinoda - tagawa et al. ( 2004 ) have described the use of video surveillance as a means to investigate resident - to - resident violence. however, as almost 50 % of violent acts reportedly occur in residents ’ private space, this raises issues linked to privacy and in the shared areas to obtaining the consent of all concerned, including visitors ( sifford and bharucha, 2010 ). staff also have a right to privacy. when used as part of a research project, it has been suggested that care staff who object to video surveillance could be temporarily reassigned to another unit ( sifford and bharucha, 2010 ) but clearly such a solution is likely to be unrealistic in the case of prolonged use of such surveillance. it is possible that the consent of staff to the use of surveillance equipment is not always requested, but in cases where they are informed in advance of its installation, it has been suggested that their continued employment may be considered as implied consent ( carlson, 2001 ; bharucha et al., 2006 ). however, with high levels of unemployment in most countries, people may feel that they have less freedom to decide not to stay and as equipment is introduced into more and more establishments


( carlson, 2001 ; bharucha et al., 2006 ). however, with high levels of unemployment in most countries, people may feel that they have less freedom to decide not to stay and as equipment is introduced into more and more establishments, this might even necessitate a change of profession, which for some people may seem impossible if they have specialised in that particular domain. consequently, it could be argued that a certain degree of coercion is present in such implicit consent. communication and social interaction multimedia software can be used in a variety of ways to stimulate physical and cognitive capacities, and to increase social interaction or contact with the outside world. computer - based activities, for example, may be either solitary or involve interaction with others. some may be based on cognitive stimulation ; others may provide a pleasant experience or be combined with physical exercise. whilst elderly people of today are not generally as knowledgeable about computers as the younger generation, using computer technology may help bridge the gap between generations and provide a common interest or activity which can be shared with younger people, thereby promoting inter - generational social interaction and in some cases helping maintain family ties. the use of various devices has also been shown to promote social interaction amongst residents in residential care. an example is the picture gramophone which was developed in finland and tested in the enable project in some residential care homes. this is an easy - to - use device which does not necessitate any knowledge of computers. by simply touching icons on a computer screen, people with dementia can listen to the songs of their choice and see the lyrics displayed on the screen. the results of the study showed that it created social interaction ( with two to three people using it together ), led to singing / humming and was an enjoyable activity ( topo et al, 2004 ). in a different study involving the use of touch - screen displays for photos, videos and music for reminiscence work, it was found that this approach gave people more control over the direction of the conversation which in turn resulted in more prolonged engagement in the conversations ( castellot - lou et al., 2010 ). such devices could presumably also be used in people ’ s homes. a possible drawback may be that some people who are not involved in the activity may overhear songs which they find annoying or which are associated with painful memories from the past. the “ window on the world ”, described by orpwood et al. ( 2007 ), relays images from the outside onto a screen, which is located in the


which they find annoying or which are associated with painful memories from the past. the “ window on the world ”, described by orpwood et al. ( 2007 ), relays images from the outside onto a screen, which is located in the person ’ s living environment. the images might be of people moving about outside, of visitors in a common room or of the garden ( depending on where the camera is placed ). this device might raise ethical and legal issues linked to obtaining consent or at least informing people that they are being filmed. concerning people with dementia, this technology has the advantage of creating a link to the outside world as well as providing stimulation, perhaps creating opportunities for social interaction amongst viewers, but may also be enjoyable for people who are bored just sitting down all day with nothing to do. it might also be appreciated by people who are bedridden or have serious problems with mobility. it also has the advantage of being suitable for people who have great difficulty communicating but should not reduce efforts to maintain real human contact with them. a drawback to such a device ( and to the others mentioned in this sub - section ) is that in communal settings, some people may find it annoying, disturbing or an intrusion into their personal worlds. careful planning and attention to the location of such devices may help prevent other residents being disturbed. some forms of at, such as video - telephoning, can be equally important in breaking the isolation of carers as that of people with dementia. it may also serve as a means of mutual support amongst carers or to help maintain communication between couples when one goes into residential care ( savenstedt et al., 2003 ). video - telephoning may also enable relatives and friends who are unable to visit as regularly as they would like to keep in touch with a person with dementia in residential care, reassure themselves that s / he is alright and perhaps reduce feelings of guilt about not visiting ( savenstedt et al., 2003 ). in a study which set out to assess the level of satisfaction with such equipment, it was found that some carers received support from other carers during the bereavement process following the death of the person with dementia during the study ( magnusson and hanson, 2003 ). the researchers felt that it would have been unethical to withdraw the equipment at that time and they draw attention to the risk of people becoming dependent on equipment which is subsequently withdrawn. video - phoning, like monitoring for safety purposes, may be perceived as an invasion