pace of progress in the delivery of a ' peace dividend ' to the people of the north - east, the ltte withdrew from talks in april 2003. in late 2003 the ceasefire agreement was put under further pressure when hostilities between the ' co - habiting ' president and prime minister resulted in the norwegians withdrawing their facilitation. since the april 2004 elections, the newly elected coalition government has found it difficult to establish a consensus position from which to negotiate and, at the time of writing, direct negotiations are yet to resume, though norwegian facilitation has resumed. these developments and the numerous unresolved issues have underpinned the fact that, despite the ceasefire continuing to hold, there is a long way to go before a permanent settlement can be arrived at. - draft needs assessment for north - east, un agencies, 2003 - http : / / www. peaceinsrilanka. org / downloads / assessment of needs ( draft ). pdf - government peace secretariat - http : / / www. peaceinsrilanka. org / - key actors from accord ( 1998 ) - http : / / www. c - r. org / accord / sri / accord4 / key _ actors. shtml - powerpoint presentation on sri lanka ' s post - conflict needs, world bank, 2003 - http : / / www. peaceinsrilanka. org / downloads / april 14 presentation ( no pictures ) ph. ppt - timeline and documents relating to post - ceasefire developments, refugee council ( uk ) - http : / / www. refugeecouncil. org. uk / downloads / publications / sri _ lanka _ timeline. pdf the duration and intensity of war in sri lanka has been a major cause of displacement. given that almost all of the fighting has taken place in the north - east, it is not surprising that almost all of those who have been displaced have come from this region. given the ethnic make - up of the region, it is also not surprising that the displaced have been predominantly tamil. while the exact impact of the war on the north - east is impossible to estimate, it is clear that the conflict has taken an immense toll. at least 60, 000 people are estimated to have died as a direct result of the war, with almost all of those deaths taking place in the north - east ( noting that some would have been armed forces serving in the region ). extensive fighting, including conventional combat involving large battalions and heavy munitions, has destroyed much of the region ' s physical


with almost all of those deaths taking place in the north - east ( noting that some would have been armed forces serving in the region ). extensive fighting, including conventional combat involving large battalions and heavy munitions, has destroyed much of the region ' s physical infrastructure. key economic infrastructure such as irrigation systems have also been destroyed or neglected, and critical markets for goods and services have been absent or severely disrupted. there have been low levels of investment ( public and private ) in war - affected areas, severe disruption to education, and considerable damage to ecosystems. thus, in the sri lankan case, the destruction caused by the conflict meant that those fleeing from war were also often fleeing from severe disruption of their livelihoods. there is also evidence to suggest that forced migration from the north - east was self - reinforcing. as many fled their erstwhile homes, those who remained were left with reduced economic and social opportunities. often there was not enough critical mass to keep local economies alive, forcing even more people to leave. with fewer opportunities for stable incomes and less incentive to invest productively, the economic breakdown in the north - east leaves many with one of two options : fight or flight. in either case there is little to lose. this is supported by evidence ( hasbullah, 1999 ), that suggests that those fleeing from shelling and search operations of the state armed forces were roughly equal to those fleeing shortage of food and other essential items. further, initial streams of migrants from the north - east overseas created opportunities for further migration, through official and unofficial channels. in the case of tamil households, the prevalence of collective family finance systems meant that pooling money and resources to support the out - migration of some family members, usually young men, was common. displacement in the north - east was often associated with major events. for example, the unhcr ( 2000 ) estimates that some 130, 000 tamils fled to india soon after the anti - tamil riots of 1983. on other occasions, displacement was caused by pre - emptive flight, especially following warnings from one side or another of an imminent attack. for example, several hundred thousand people are estimated to have fled the jaffna area ahead of its capture by the armed forces in 1995, resulting in what is considered to be the peak period of displacement in sri lanka ( gomez 2002 ). similarly, an estimated 170, 000 people fled before the key battle around elephant pass in 2000 ( global idp project ). multiple displacement as a result of fighting has also been commonplace. in some cases families


displacement in sri lanka ( gomez 2002 ). similarly, an estimated 170, 000 people fled before the key battle around elephant pass in 2000 ( global idp project ). multiple displacement as a result of fighting has also been commonplace. in some cases families have been compelled to move several times. a survey of 281 families in 2000 by unhcr ( 2000 ) shows that 21. 7 per cent had been displaced five times or more, while a further 30. 7 per cent have been displaced three times. some of those who have been displaced several times within the north - east may eventually have been displaced to colombo or even overseas. it is clear that conflict - induced internal displacement in sri lanka has occurred on a massive scale. official estimates show that the number of idps peaked at over one million people in late 1995, nearly half of the north - east region ' s population. by early 2002, just before the signing of the ceasefire, there were estimated to be some 683, 286 idps, including 174, 250 people at the 346 welfare centres around the island ( gomez 2002 ). more recently, there is evidence to suggest that more than four - fifths of the current population of the ltte - controlled area has been displaced ( cpa 2003 ). however, it is clear that official figures do not cover the sizeable population of former north - east residents who have not formally registered as idps and now live in and around colombo. idps in sri lanka can be classified according to a number of measures. most importantly, some idps have spent all or some of their displacement in camps or welfare centres set up by the government or non - governmental organizations ( ngos ). others chose not to enter these camps or centres, and fended for themselves within the north - east, in the border areas surrounding the north - east or in other parts of the island, particularly colombo. some idps are returnees from other countries, usually from india ( via transit camps set up to receive them ) or occasionally repatriated asylum seekers from the west. in a situation somewhat different from the bulk of sri lanka ' s idps, there are approximately 100, 000 muslims who were evicted from homes in jaffna and mannar by the ltte in 1990. most of this group settled in the districts in puttalam, anuradhapura, and kurunegala, and many remain there even after the ceasefire. their long - term residence and participation in local economic activities has led to major changes in the local socio - economic


in the districts in puttalam, anuradhapura, and kurunegala, and many remain there even after the ceasefire. their long - term residence and participation in local economic activities has led to major changes in the local socio - economic context. however, this group has yet to achieve political inclusion in their new homes and the resettlement of those amongst this group who are prepared to return will need particularly sensitive handling. - article on muslim idps from lines magazine by shahul hasbullah ( 2002 ) - http : / / www. lines - magazine. org / art _ nov02 / hasbulla. htm - data on past and current levels of idps at the global idp project pages - http : / / www. db. idpproject. org / sites / idpsurvey. nsf / wcountries / sri + lanka - report on impact of forced migration on local economies of the northwest by n. shanmugaratnam ( 2000 ) - http : / / www. nlh. no / noragric / publications / workingpapers / noragric - wp - 22. pdf refugees and migrants the events of 1983 and the civil war since then have had a huge impact on conflict - induced migration from sri lanka. these movements can be classed into three broad categories. first, most tamils already abroad and reluctant to return had more reason ( and justification ) for staying away permanently. across europe and north america, thousands of tamil students and guest workers lodged asylum claims. second, the emigration flows of professional and middle - class tamils gathered strength. some of this group migrated for education and employment to the west, or to take up contracted appointments in countries as far afield as nigeria, papua new guinea or guyana ( though many of these people ended up in the west ). third, the events of 1983 mark the start of the widespread conflict - related flows of tamils seeking asylum overseas and later through family reunion programmes. it is this third group that has contributed the most numbers to the tamil diaspora as well as attracted the most attention. according to the unhcr, some 256, 307 people of sri lankan origin applied for asylum in europe between 1980 and 1999, making sri lankans one of the top ten groups of claimants during this period ( unhcr 2001b : tables v. 4 and v. 13 ). the contribution of the three years prior to 1983 ( 3. 8 per cent ) was relatively small, while the periods 1984 to 1985 (


of claimants during this period ( unhcr 2001b : tables v. 4 and v. 13 ). the contribution of the three years prior to 1983 ( 3. 8 per cent ) was relatively small, while the periods 1984 to 1985 ( 16. 6 per cent ) and 1989 to 1992 ( 31. 1 per cent ) saw the biggest clusters of applications. between 1990 and 1999, people of sri lankan origin ( possibly including small numbers of non - tamil sri lankans ) were the single largest group applying for asylum in canada ( 34, 186 applications ), with nearly half of those applications being lodged in the first three years of that period ( ibid. table v. 21 ). not all of these applications were successful but large numbers of applicants have been granted some of form of resident status in their host country. over time, those who were permitted to stay sponsored family members and also started their own families, thus increasing the numbers of tamils beyond the official asylum - seeker figures. in june 2001, the unhcr estimated the stock of internationally displaced tamils to be 817, 000, most of whom are / were refugees or asylum seekers ( unhcr 2001 ). canada topped the list, hosting an estimated 400, 000 tamils, followed by europe ( 200, 000 ), india ( 67, 000 ), the united states ( 40, 000 ), australia ( 30, 000 ), and another 80, 000 living in a dozen other countries. other estimates place the size of the diaspora around 700, 000 ( fuglerud 1999 ). other causes of displacement sri lanka ' s largest integrated development project, involving building numerous dams, generating hydroelectricity and irrigating large sections of the dry zone in the north - east, has been a cause of displacement, though not to the scale of conflict - induced displacement. from the 1960s, the development of the mahaweli region has been controversial. not only were some local residents displaced through the scheme, including small communities of sri lanka ' s indigenous forest - dwelling people, but the scheme also involved large - scale resettlement from the south ( sørensen 1996 ). while the resettlement was largely voluntary, the arrival of predominantly sinhalese people into what was considered part of the tamil homeland fuelled tamil grievances. there has been periodic disaster - induced displacement in sri lanka. most recently, in may 2003, severe flooding in the south - west coastal regions resulted in more than 120 deaths and 150, 000 families being displaced temporarily. though this does


grievances. there has been periodic disaster - induced displacement in sri lanka. most recently, in may 2003, severe flooding in the south - west coastal regions resulted in more than 120 deaths and 150, 000 families being displaced temporarily. though this does not fall under the category of forced migration, it is worth noting that sri lanka has one of world ' s highest rates of voluntary short - term labour migration. more than 500, 000 workers are estimated to be working predominantly as labourers and domestic workers mostly in the middle east. almost all of these migrants are sinhalese and most hail from poor, rural regions in the south. in many ways, this form of short - term migration is a reaction to the poor economic opportunities facing many sri lankans because of uneven development, partly as a result of the war. some idps, particularly muslims displaced in 1990, have also taken up the labour migration option. - flooding in south - west, map - http : / / www. reliefweb. int / w / map. nsf / wbyclatest / 74c7a8e1ca17807285256d340053307c? opendocument - mahaweli development scheme and displacement of indigenous tribes - http : / / vedda. org / 6 - mahaweli. htm - paper on the migration and development nexus - http : / / www. cdr. dk / migdevwall / papers / srilankacasestudy. doc


picardy : the other north of france the native land of famous figures such as rousseau, la fontaine and dumas, and a noble place steeped in ancestral and contemporary history, picardy has many different faces. by turns bucolic and royal, there are many attractions and activities to enjoy. a multiple identity a region with a history marked by conquests and battles, picardy draws its culture from the influence of the north and the ile - de - france. originally agricultural, the region is now turned towards research, and is also an industrial region and major european commercial centre. the armistice railway carriage the 1918 and 1940 armistices between germany and france were signed in this railway carriage located in the rethondes clearing of the compiegne forest. 145m in length and 42m high, this is one of the largest gothic cathedrals ever built. the nave is vertiginous, the choir, composed of 110 oak stalls, and statuary, exceptional. constructed between 1220 and 1248, it is classified as a unesco world heritage site. the bay of the somme covering an area of 70km2, the bay of the somme estuary boasts bodies of water, marshes, dunes and salt water meadows. this landscape between land and sea has inspired many painters and writers. the bay is home to a rich fauna, including seals, and an exceptional flora. influence of the sea lovers of fish will prefer somme eels served with chicory and artichoke or soissons beans to salt marsh lamb and mallard en croute. champagnes, beers, ciders form the perfect accompaniment. the living horse museum this museum is devoted to horses, with 31 exhibition rooms and thirty or so horses. housed in the grandes ecuries du domaine de chantilly, a famous venue in the horse world, only a short distance from the castle and park designed by le notre, it offers educational displays and hosts horse shows.


heat escape routes take a look at this diagram showing heat loss from a house. heat energy is transferred from homes through the examples of convective losses : cold air can enter the house through gaps in doors and windows, and convection currents can transfer heat energy in the loft to the roof tiles. heat energy also leaves the house by radiation through the walls, roof and windows. red shows where most heat is lost - through the windows and roof ways to reduce heat loss there are some simple ways to reduce heat loss, including fitting carpets, curtains and draught excluders. heat loss through windows can be reduced using double glazing. there may be air or a vacuum between the two panes of glass. air is a poor conductor of heat, while a vacuum can only transfer heat energy by radiation. heat loss through walls can be reduced using cavity wall insulation. this involves blowing insulating material into the gap between the brick and the inside wall, which reduces the heat loss by conduction. the material also prevents air circulating inside the cavity, therefore reducing heat loss by convection. heat loss through the roof can be reduced by laying loft insulation. this works in a similar way to cavity wall insulation. if some heat escapes from the house, it costs money and wastes resources. in deciding how cost - effective an energy - saving measure is, we need to know what its pay - back time is. in other words, taking the example of double - glazing : how long will it take before the cost of having the double - glazing installed will be recovered by what we save in fuel bills? the calculation is : pay - back time in years = cost of energy - saving measure ÷ money saved each year [ this page has been adapted from www. bbc. co. uk / schools / gcsebitesize / science


( * ) related to the morphological aspects of fyr checklist a river is an “ environmental continuum ” : a series of small environments and ecosystems that are full of life and transition from one into another. there is a so - called longitudinal continuity from theupstream to the middle reach to the downstream section of a river and a transversal continuity among theriver bed, the banks, and the catchments basin. the action ( flow, erosion, etc. ) of the river affects the riverbed as well as the nearby landscape, which is called an “ area of riverine pertinence ” which also includes the natural riparian areas ( low marshy lands, willow groves, alder groves, hydrophilic meadows ) along the river ( question 2 of morphological aspects list ). in the natural environment of the river, the passage from the aquatic to the terrestrial habitat is not sudden but it is gradual within the riparian area. this area has important ecological functions because it provides a buffer zone for nutrients ( capacity of self - purification ), an area of reproduction for fish, hydro - geologic regulation, increased biodiversity, climate regulation, and habitats for amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and many others ( question 3 - 4 ). while crossing the river from side - to - side, one can recognize the ordinary river bed ( the channel, which is occupied by the river in periods of normal water flow ), as well as the low - water channel and the flood channel. the low - water channel has an indefinite and continuously reshaped pattern. on the other side the flood channel ( flood area ) is usually low, often covered with vegetation or cultivated and submerged during floods ( question 5 ). hours after a strong rainfall, the flow of the river suddenly increases. at the beginning, water is stopped by vegetation and percolates through the soil until refilling the aquifer, but when absorption surpasses the limit and the soil is saturated, water begins to flow to the surface and toward the river. this phenomenon explains the interval of time between the maximum rain and the peak flow. conversely, it takes less time for water to flow from the sides of a river to the main course, if vegetation is scarce or even absent. in addition, during a flood, the increased flow and speed of the water increases the capacity of erosion and transport of inert material ( question 6 ). water is a geomorphologic factor ( related to the form of the surface of the earth ). it scul


the increased flow and speed of the water increases the capacity of erosion and transport of inert material ( question 6 ). water is a geomorphologic factor ( related to the form of the surface of the earth ). it sculpts the land, erodes the substrate and creates new shapes. the substrate ( the stone, the soil, thesides and the river bed ) offers passive resistance to the erosion of water and its course. the water of a river has power ( the kinetic energy produced by movement ), as do all moving bodies. this energy is determined by the speed of the current and the flow. the friction from the deposits and structures on the riverbed dissipate a large part of this energy, which creates turbulence, eddies, and whirlpools, but the remaining energy is used to transport material towards the valley. the faster the river is, the more quickly the energy increases, and the larger the amount of the transported materials. in high slopes ( usually streams ), where the river is very fast, the material consists of small pebbles. in the stretches with a slight inclination ( usually in the plains ), where the river is slow, sand and silt are constantly transported. they can be carried in suspension, which is the case for especially fine material, over long distances, or by rolling along the riverbed as is the case for rough material. during flooding a river ’ s flow and speed increase considerably, as well as its capacity to transport material in a particular stretch. this capacity is seen by the amount of material, or sediment, which is suspended in cloudy, turbid water and which gets caught in bridges, barriers, etc. ( question 7 ) energy that is not dissipated by friction and transportation, erodes other material from the substrate. mechanic erosion in the river - bed is mainly caused by the abrasive capacity of the transported debris. water acts directly on the river - bed ( linear erosion ) and on the whole basin ( widespread erosion ), especially on inclined and barren surfaces. the mechanic action of water on the substrate is important, as well as the action that solubilizes the mineral salts of the rocks and the action related to the alternation of frost and thaw ( question 8 ). in stretches where the river is slower, the capacity of transportation changes. transportation levels may drop, for example, because of a sudden decrease in inclination, or because of higher dispersion caused by friction with very rough ground. first, the rough and heavy material


while it ’ s well known that keeping the brain challenged over the summer can prevent kids from experiencing a backward slide in their academics, not every summer activity screams “ learning opportunity! ” but, it is possible to make even the simplest and non - educational activity into one that gets kids ’ cognitive wheels turning over the summer break. the trick is to get kids thinking actively about whatever they are about to do. after all, active learning is not a skill restricted to the classroom. in fact, the more that children develop this skill outside of the classroom, the more they are able to apply it in class. the best way to help your children develop active thinking and learning skills is to ask questions that will them help them “ turn on their brains ”. do this during any adventure or activity, whether it is walking in the woods or reading a book together. before the activity to signal to kids start thinking about something. for instance, try asking, “ what do we already know about what we are about to do? ” or “ what do we think that we might learn? ” during the activity to draw connections or highlight details : “ what else is this like? ” or “ what does this remind you of? ” after your adventure, reflect on the experience. for example, “ what did you notice or learn that was new? ” and when you are having conversations with your child about day - to - day experiences, whether it ’ s flying a kite, riding a bike, or walking on a beach, remember to always ask for their opinions and seek specific answers. oxford learning provides supplemental education services across north america. it offers programs for young people from preschool through university, and its cognitive approach goes beyond tutoring to ignite a lifelong love of learning. find out more at http : / / www. oxfordlearning. com.


interplanting with broccoli by national gardening association editors just because a garden row is occupied, don ' t think you ' ve used up all its growing potential. by planting a few cool - weather seedlings under and around established cole crops, you can get a jump on your fall gardening. you also save space by planting more than one vegetable in a row, and the new plants benefit from the shade of the older plants. this can be a real help in the heat of midsummer. it ' s not a good idea to rely on this method for your main crop, but it can give you quite a harvest bonus later in the season. when your broccoli plants are up and growing in midsummer, try planting loose - leaf lettuce seedlings in the partial shade of the broccoli ' s broad leaves. prepare a planting hole four to five inches from the base of each broccoli plant and set in a seedling. if you fertilized or side - dressed the broccoli, the new lettuce seedlings will probably have enough food for growing. if not, you can side - dress them after they ' re established. the broccoli shade will protect the seedlings from the hot sun. when your broccoli plants have finished bearing, just cut them off ; the lettuce will continue growing. you can also try this multiple planting method around brussels sprouts, but you may have to experiment to see if any extra fertilizer is needed. you might try planting a few quick - maturing seeds such as radishes, lettuce or spinach in the soil around mature plants. just plant, weed and water as usual, thinning if the plants appear crowded. after that, enjoy the extra harvest. filling in the gaps there ' s another way to maximize your garden space. whenever you harvest a cabbage or cauliflower, pull the whole plant from the row. in the gap that ' s left, plant a new seedling. depending on your climate and the length of your growing season, you can replace these early - season vegetables with lettuce, kale, tomatoes, peppers or even flowers. the tender seedlings will be partially shaded by the foliage of the remaining cabbage or cauliflower plants, and you won ' t have to look at empty spaces in your garden. | spacing cole crop plants | | table of contents | | feeding cole crops |


making your garden frog - friendly may not seem like the wisest choice, especially if the thought of frogs makes your spine crawl. yet these amphibious creatures are one of the best critters that you could encourage into your garden. a garden without frogs is like a safari park without lions. these seemingly innocuous creatures may look cute and friendly but they are the terror of the waterways, menacing their pray with an almost pacifying stealth. what you may not know about the garden frog is that they can cope with climate diversity like no other animal. it ’ s not uncommon to find them in the snowfields or even surviving in desert wastelands. yet each species has their own territory and preferred conditions and removing them from these habitats is quickly causing their demise. it ’ s best not to introduce frogs into your garden because if the conditions are not perfect they may die, leave your garden or wreck habitats of other frogs that live in the area. instead seek to encourage them into your garden and they will come. what are the benefits of frogs in the garden? creating a place for garden frogs in your yard is very beneficial. frogs are bug and critter devourers and will feast on many of the your problematic garden pests. mosquito larvae, sowbugs and caterpillars are all common delicacies for the garden frog. plus, they will often forage on the outer foliage of some plants – especially vegetables. these leaves are most accepted by them when they are in some state of decay which means they are often unfit for human consumption. if you have children living with you an added benefit is allowing them to interact with your frogs. children will always find these amphibians delightful, even if they aren ’ t prepared to pick them up or hold them. btw – if you do try to pick up a garden frog makre sure your hands are moist so that you don ’ t hamr their protective skin. the downside of encouraging frogs is that they are common food for snakes which may, in turn, bring these undesirables into your garden as well. how to encourage frogs into your garden while most gardeners tend to opt for a specific frog pond it ’ s not essential to do this. provided that frogs can have access to pools of water, whether it be in a bucket or an unused bird bath, they will find your garden hospitable. in fact, the more moist your garden is the more chance frogs will start to inhabit your yard. the benefit of having a frog pond is


why the name change? genea - world leaders in fertility. find out more this happens very occasionally. the main reason is that the cells are taking a bit longer to grow in culture. just like we all show differences in our height or weight, cells can also differ in how quickly they grow. other times we do not get enough cells to look at initially and we need to grow more. the extra culture time does not mean that there will necessarily be a problem with your result. cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes. karyotyping is used to describe chromosome analysis which checks for the correct number and structure of chromosomes. chromosomes can only be seen when a cell is dividing and they can be treated to display a banded pattern, similar to a bar code. we use cytogenetics and karyotyping for testing the following : dna ( deoxyribose nucleic acid ) is life ’ s genetic code that tells the body how to function or what to look like. the dna code is made up of 4 different chemical units called bases. the bases are adenine ( a ), thymine ( t ), guanine ( g ) and cytosine ( c ). the code, if you were to read it, would look something like this : a gene is a section of genetic code that can be decoded by the cell to mean something. a single gene might be responsible for any aspect of your body ' s function or appearance, like making a certain protein, or the colour of your eyes. if there is an error in the code for a gene the product will be faulty. the dna ( genetic code ) is packaged into chromosomes inside each cell. © 2011 - 2012 genea limited


a volcanic eruption is caused by magma ( molten rock ) moving from deep in the earth into a magma chamber within the volcano. to move upward, the magma must push aside rock, creating small earthquakes. also, as the magma moves upward from deep within the earth, the pressure on it lessens so that gases release, just as removing the cap from a soda bottle releases the gases dissolved within. once the magma is in the volcanic chamber, the additional volume of material may cause the volcano ' s slopes to swell. volcanic eruptions are powerful events, and they are capable of injecting hydrogen chloride ( hcl ) high into the atmosphere. similarly, oceans produce large volumes of sea salt, which contains chlorine, on a daily basis. if these compounds accumulated in large quantities in the stratosphere, they might produce ozone depletion. when magma is runny, eruptions are " effusive ", which means they ooze lava gently all the time. when magma is sticky, eruptions are explosive. the magma clogs the volcano ' s vent until so much pressure builds up that the magma burst out, like a popping champagne cork. the explosion shatters the plug of hard magma that blocks the volcano ' s vent, reducing it to ash and cinder. explosive eruptions are driven by expanding bubbles of carbon dioxide gas and steam inside the magma. an explosive eruption blasts globs of hot magma, ash, cinder, gas and steam high up into the air. volcanoes usually erupt again and again. the interval between eruptions, called the repose time, varies from a few minutes to thousands of years. have eruptions been predicted? yes! on december 18, 2000 volcanologists predicted an eruption of popocatepetl, near mexico city. some 40, 000 people were evacuated from the surrounding region and just hours later, the volcano exploded more violently than it had in centuries.


this site is loaded with information and activities for you and your childrenall of it organized under such categories as family news and hot topics, parenting challenges, special needs, software downloads, ideas from parents, advice from experts, and activities for all ages. parents guide to the internet this u. s. department of education online brochure introduces parents to the internet ' s use as an important educational tool. in addition to basic tips, you ' ll find suggestions for using the internet for school projects and information about how the internet can enrich the learning experiences of children with special needs. this site also includes internet safety guidelines, an internet glossary, and links to a number of fascinating web sites that are designed with you and your children in mind. eric parent information center the u. s. education resource information center ( eric ) created this site to provide " educational materials and services to parents who take an active role in their children ' s education. " here you ' ll find online brochures and magazines, links to education and parent - friendly sites, and ideas for learning activities. parents can search the eric database or use the askeric question - answering service for research - based answers to education questions. the new york times learning network with its " word of the day " and crossword puzzles, this site provides vocabulary and spelling practice. in addition, you and your children can reflect on the past with daily historical facts, stay current with news summaries, and test your memory with current - events quizzes. click on the " parent connections " link to browse education news and educational product reviews. internet public library with an extensive selection of reference tools, online exhibits, and online texts, this site is a great starting point for any research or writing project. through this site, you can access newspapers from every state and many countries as well. the teachers ' and parents ' corner, located in the section for youth, is devoted to topics concerning students and education. this online library ' s more than 14, 000 resources are carefully screened to be child - safe, current, and useful. sites are organized for students, parents, teachers, and librarians. to search the library, click on a topic ( or customize your own search ) and then view a list of search results categorized by source, such as periodicals, discussion groups, or lists. the national clearinghouse on bilingual education maintains this site dedicated to school issues and research regarding linguistically and culturally diverse learners. in addition to providing strategies for parenting a bilingual child and fostering bilingual


source, such as periodicals, discussion groups, or lists. the national clearinghouse on bilingual education maintains this site dedicated to school issues and research regarding linguistically and culturally diverse learners. in addition to providing strategies for parenting a bilingual child and fostering bilingualism, this site provides information about incorporating technology into bilingual education. this is an invaluable site for internet research. not only does it contain the entire encyclopaedia britannica, but it also contains listings of thousands of web sites, rated by britannica editors, and magazines, books, and the merriam - webster collegiate dictionary. search by topics from arts, science, travel, and technology. also, link to today ' s news postings from the washington post. u. s. department of education this home page for the u. s. department of education contains a wide array of information, from programs and services, to publications and products, to obtaining student financial assistance. included are links to articles in the education headlines and a list of the most requested items. colleges and universities at this site, you and your college - bound student can begin to narrow the field of choices for college or university. schools are ranked in a variety of orders, including academically by subject, best value, and location. community colleges are included as well as tips on identifying interests and skills, obtaining financial aid, and finding internships.


april 03, 2013 decrease child mortality rates poverty, birth mortality, children, environment another dramatic drop brings zero closer than ever over the last 50 years, unicef and its partners have helped reduce the worldwide child mortality rate by more than half. much of that success is recent — the result of tried and true lifesaving interventions and programs perfected in more than 190 countries. five years ago, 25, 500 children died every day from preventable causes. today that number is 21, 000. that means unicef has contributed to saving 12, 000 more children ' s lives per day than was the case 20 years ago. but it also means that 7. 6 million children are not reaching their fifth birthday every year. worse - they are dying of preventable causes and treatable diseases. and the majority of those deaths are concentrated among the poorest 20 % of households in the developing world. reaching the children most in need. half of all global child deaths occur in just 5 countries : india, nigeria, democratic republic of congo, pakistan and china. unicef is redoubling efforts to serve those most in need, based on knowledge that for each $ 1 million investment in a country with high mortality rates can potentially save 60 % more deaths. with enough resources and commitment, unicef can reach all these children. at the u. s. fund for unicef we don ' t stop at 12, 000. we stop at zero.


whale watching in hawaii why do whales come to hawaii? from december to early may the humpback whales call hawaii home. travelling nearly 5, 000 kilometres of ocean in less than two months time, these gentle giants migrate from the gulf of alaska to hawaii for breeding and birthing in the islands ’ warm and shallow waters. their annual migration delights both visitors and residents alike during the peak of their numbers between january and early april. weighing up to 40 tonnes, these whales can be graceful acrobats. seeing a humpback whale “ breach ” the ocean by propelling its 14 - metre - long body out of the sea is a spectacular event. their mysterious whale song is yet another intriguing trait of male humpback whales. these complex songs can be heard underwater from up to twenty kilometres away. called “ kohola ” by hawaiians, humpback whales are treated with great respect. some native hawaiians believe that the kohola is an aumakua, or family guardian, so they have high regard for these special visitors. because humpback calves are actually born in hawaiian waters, the whales are considered kamaaina, or native - born. whale - watching tours let you see hawaii ’ s humpbacks for yourself. regulations forbid boats from approaching within 100 metres of a whale, but you ’ ll still get close enough to marvel at these magnificent creatures. you can whale watch from every island, but the calm, clear waters of the auau channel between maui, molokai, and lanai may be one of the best places in the world to see hawaii ’ s humpbacks. if you don ’ t go on a boat tour, you can often see whales from the shore. remember to keep your eyes open during the height of whale watching season. the humpback is still on the endangered species list, but efforts to protect these gentle giants have increased their overall population. in fact, hawaii ’ s humpback whale population may have doubled over the last ten years. roughly 6, 000 to 8, 000 humpback whales visit hawaii each year and current studies may increase those estimates. because of this, there may never be a better time to go whale watching in hawaii. to learn more about whale watching on each island, browse the links below : > kauai whale watching > oahu whale watching > molokai whale watching > lanai whale watching > maui whale watching > hawaii ’ s big island whale watching > whale watching with flip nicklin


what the mouse can teach us ( and what it can ' t ) the humble laboratory mouse has taught us a phenomenal amount about embryonic development, disease, and evolution. and, for decades, the pharmaceutical industry has relied on these critters to test the safety and efficacy of new drug candidates. if it works in mice, so we thought, it should work in humans. but when it comes to molecules designed to target a sepsis - like condition, 150 drugs that successfully treated this condition in mice later failed in human clinical trials — a heartbreaking loss of decades of research and billions of dollars. a new nih - funded study reveals why. sepsis is a life - threatening systemic infection. it can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. serious consequences occur when tissues damaged by infection produce proteins sometimes called “ alarmins ” that send the immune system into overdrive. traumatic injuries involving extreme blood loss or burns can set off the same dangerous response. to probe the molecular response to all of these triggers, the authors took periodic blood samples from 167 trauma ( car crashes, falls ) patients ; from 244 patients with burns over at least 20 % of their body ; and from four healthy volunteers who had been injected with a low - dose bacterial toxin. then they studied the activity of the genes in the white blood cells. comparing the results, they found that of the 5, 500 or so genes that responded to traumatic injury, 91 % also played a role in burn response and recovery. and about 45 % of these same genes were involved in recovery from the bacterial toxin exposure. mice, however, apparently use distinct sets of genes to tackle trauma, burns, and bacterial toxins — when the authors compared the activity of the human sepsis - trauma - burn genes with that of the equivalent mouse genes, there was very little overlap. no wonder drugs designed for the mice failed in humans : they were, in fact, treating different conditions! but that doesn ’ t mean studying mice is useless. there ’ s still much the mouse might teach us. mice, as the authors note, are more resilient to infection and mount a much more regulated immune response to pathogens than humans. while it takes relatively few bacteria in the bloodstream to make humans critically ill, it takes a million - fold more bacteria to sicken a mouse. perhaps this is because mice nose around in some filthy places and can ’ t afford to overreact to every microbe? if we knew how these rodents limit the drama


“ i give you the mausoleum of all hope and desire.... i give it to you not that you may remember time, but that you might forget it now and then for a moment and not spend all of your breath trying to conquer it. because no battle is ever won he said. they are not even fought. the field only reveals to man his own folly and despair, and victory is an illusion of philosophers and fools. ” — from the sound and the fury the sound and the fury is the tragedy of the compson family, featuring some of the most memorable characters in literature : beautiful, rebellious caddy ; the manchild benjy ; haunted, neurotic quentin ; jason, the brutal cynic ; and dilsey, their black servant. their lives fragmented and harrowed by history and legacy, the character ’ s voices and actions mesh to create what is arguably faulkner ’ s masterpiece and one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century. about the author william cuthbert faulkner was born in 1897 and raised in oxford, mississippi, where he spent most of his life. one of the towering figures of american literature, he is the author of the sound and the fury, absalom, absalom!, and as i lay dying, among many other remarkable books. faulkner was awarded the nobel prize in 1950 and france ’ s legion of honor in 1951. he died in 1962. praise for the sound and the fury … “ i am in awe of faulkner ’ s benjy, james ’ s maisie, flaubert ’ s emma, melville ’ s pip, mary shelley ’ s frankenstein — each of us can extend the list.... i am interested in what prompts and makes possible this process of entering what one is estranged from. ” — toni morrison “ no man ever put more of his heart and soul into the written word than did william faulkner. if you want to know all you can about that heart and soul, the fiction where he put it is still right there. ” — eudora welty


iran is certainly not scoring a lot of ‘ greenie ’ points this month. first it hits international headlines for its brutal treatment of environmental activists campaigning to save an endangered salt lake and now they have been highlighted as having the world ’ s most polluted cities. and that ’ s if we ignore the whole nuclear power issue and the debacle over the recently freed us hikers accused of being spies. the who global survey on fine particle pollutants is the first of its kind and found that cities in iran were amongst the worst on the planet for air pollution. high air pollution & traffic fatalities news of iran ’ s poor air quality in cities won ’ t come as a big surprise to the residents living in the smoggy and noisy cities who have been complaining about these issues for years. poor public transport and a traffic fatalities rate five times the world average paints a pretty clear picture of the reason behind the pollution – cars. the who report found that the iranian city of ahvaz had the highest measured level of airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometres. the recommended upper limit for these particles set by the who is 20 micrograms per cubic metre - in ahvas the annual average was a substantial 372 micrograms per cubic metre which is 19 times over the limit. another iranian city, sanandaj had 254 micrograms per cubic metre. 1. 34 million premature deaths per year the who report is based on data provided by the country over the years and measured the level of airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometres in almost 1, 100 cities. india, pakistan and mongolia were also amongst the worst for pollution in cities whilst canadian and american cities had some of the best scores. for example, washington has a score of just 18 micrograms per cubic metre of airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometres. the who estimated that around 1. 34 million premature deaths occur every year due to outdoor air pollution. it added that proper investment to reduce air pollution would quickly pay off as it would lower disease rates and therefore healthcare costs. in tehran alone, it is believed that 27 people a day die from air pollution. who pointed to rapid industrailsation, use of poor quality fuels for transport and electricity generation as the reasons behind high air pollution. : image via iman khalil / flickr. for more on iran and pollution see :


livery companies are an important part of the tradition of the city of london and our company can trace it roots back over hundreds of years. in 1654, the parliament which was the first of cromwell ’ s protectorate passed one of its first acts which provided legislation setting up the fellowship of master hackney coachmen. this was under the authority of the court of aldermen, on similar lines to other trades in the city of london such as the watermen and billingsgate porters. though the act was only to remain in force for three years, it was the forerunner of every future act of parliament concerning hackney carriages, including coaches, horse drawn cabs and taxis until the present day. the court of aldermen ’ s writ was within the ‘ late lines of communication ’. this was a reference to a chain of defences erected around london during the civil war in 1642, from vauxhall to where the elephant & castle is today and from there via aldgate to oxford street, marble arch site and back to the river on the north bank of the thames. at that time, the number of coachmen were restricted to two hundred and the act named the first thirteen overseers, who were entrusted the task of choosing the remainder. control entrusted to the court of alderman each man admitted to the fellowship was required to pay £2 toward the costs of running the fellowship. the court of aldermen in the city of london to whom the overall control was entrusted, were empowered to make additional byelaws concerning the number of coaches, where they were to stand and what the rate of fares were to be and the penalties for any disobedience according to cromwell ’ s ordinance. provision was made for coachmen who refused to be hired, or pretended to be hired when they were not, who misbehaved by “ uncivil carriage or used reproachful words. ” the overseers had authority to try a coachman for the first two offences but for a third offence he had to appear before the court of aldermen who were empowered to withdraw a man ’ s licence if he was found guilty of a serious offence. so the fellowship continued - but not without its problems. the overseers were accused of allowing cavaliers to obtain licences to the detriment of men who had served in cromwell ’ s ‘ model army ’ during the civil war. letters patent confirming the status as a livery company


aids window period there is usually a period of several weeks in which newly infected people have not yet produced enough hiv antibodies to be detected. the cdc said there have been 35 aids cases since 1985 linked to blood from people in this " window period. " like the first generation of aids blood tests, current tests detect antibodies to the aids viruses. unfortunately, for a brief time after infection, people make too few antibodies for these tests to detect. as a result, their blood passes all the screening tests, even though it can transmit hiv. the " window period " for hiv - 1 lasts about 22 days the fda recommended in august 1995 that blood banks begin using the new p24 antigen test for hiv - 1 when it became available. this test might cut 6 to 12 days from the window period = 97at an added cost of perhaps $ 60 million each year. future tests may be based on the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ), which can detect hiv directly by detecting its genetic material. pcr is sensitive enough to detect hiv in blood several days earlier than the p24 antigen test. pcr was invented in the mid - 1980s, and it gave scientists a way to quickly and simply make millions of copies of genes for their experiments. molecular biologists could probe the gene defects underlying cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and many other diseases. virologists could study the myriad variants of hiv - 1 to determine how the virus changes over time. pharmacologists could measure the effects of potential drugs on viruses. archaeologists could track ancient human migrations. once refined by experimental scientists, pcr was eagerly adapted by clinicians. its sensitivity made it seem a natural for testing donated blood for diseases. so far, pcr has proved difficult to automate, a necessity for processing the 14 million units of blood donated each year. also, pcr is expensive and, as viewers of the o. j. simpson trial learned, demands pristine handling conditions and meticulous technique. more research is needed before blood banks can take advantage of pcrs power. but protecting the blood supply from hiv - 1 is not enough. scientists continue to discover other diseases that can be transmitted in blood. also, mistakes can occur. blood can be mislabeled. blood bank volunteers can neglect to ask prospective donors all the required questions. lab workers can be sloppy in testing blood, or a test kit can be defective. thousands of errors and accidents are reported to fda each year. and even if cheap, reliable, error - proof


can neglect to ask prospective donors all the required questions. lab workers can be sloppy in testing blood, or a test kit can be defective. thousands of errors and accidents are reported to fda each year. and even if cheap, reliable, error - proof screening tests were available for every transmittable disease, transfusion would still not be 100 % safe. no medical procedure is. transfusions cause some kind of problem in about 10 % of recipients. these problems range from fever and hives to iron overload and congestive heart failure. abbott park, ill., april 24, 1996 - - abbott laboratories ( nyse : abt ) today announced the united states food and drug administration ( fda ) has cleared for marketing the companys new test for the virus that causes aids. the test is intended for the detection of the hiv - 1 p24 antigen of the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ). the test, to be sold under the name abbott hivag - 1 monoclonal, is an enzyme immunoassay ( eia ), and is the second fda - licensed hiv antigen detection kit intended for use in blood banks and plasma centers nationwide according to new fda blood screening recommendations. abbott hivag - 1 monoclonal is also cleared for prognostic use in hiv - infected patients. " the test reduces the window period between hiv infection and detection the first 25 to 45 days, when the virus can elude efforts to screen it out, " said ronald gilcher, m. d., president and ceo, sylvan n. goldman center, oklahoma blood institute, where the test has been researched since 1991. " the new test also cuts testing time to four hours from 24 from abbotts earlier version antigen test. " hiv antibody testing has been used by all u. s. blood institutions to screen donated blood and plasma for hiv infection. this new test will allow u. s. blood screening centers to have an alternate source for the p24 antigen test. ( hiv antibody tests will continue to be used in parallel to identify hiv positive blood. ) while antibody testing can measure the bodys immune response to the presence of a virus, antigen testing detects the virus itself. patients infected with hiv may have positive antigen results very early in the infectionbefore a substantial antibody response has formed. as a result, people recently infected with hiv may be identified by the antigen test while the antibody test remains negative or indeterminate until a later i hope this information is of some assistance. david a


##before a substantial antibody response has formed. as a result, people recently infected with hiv may be identified by the antigen test while the antibody test remains negative or indeterminate until a later i hope this information is of some assistance. david a. reznik, d. d. s. some notes and a link the " window period " is the time it takes for a person who has been infected with hiv to react to the virus by creating " antibodies generally appear within three months after infection with hiv, but may take up to six months in some the three month window period is normal for most of the population. many people will have detectable antibodies in three or four weeks. very, very rarely, a person could take six months to produce antibodies. click here for more on hiv testing one reader asked : on 8 th may 2007, i had a sex with a prostitute and condom breaks a little and it contacts for 3 - 5 seconds. i feel many symtoms after 3 weeks ( fatigue and tiredness, no fever ) after 6 weeks no fatigue but headache and sore throat. ( no fever till now ) after 4 weeks i got my rapid test negative after 6 weeks i find that girl and request her to test and got her test negative. after 52 - 53 days i went to labortory and got my western blot test ( he takes three days to deliver the result ) the result of western blot test is as follows gp 41 negative gp 120 negative gp 160 negative hiv - 2 specific antibody - - negative serium control band reactive after this, doctor told me you need not to worry bcoz this test is effective within 2 weeks after exposure. is it true i am still tense, please answer me is this test after 53 ( ~ 8 weeks ) is reliable to me )????? please answer, i m very tense, one of my relative is asking me to donate blood for his father, should i donate. please tell me??? the chance of hiv transmission by way of single sexual contact is about 25 %, going by chance factor ; ie. one in 4 will get the infection. obviously chance increase with multiple exposures. rupture of protective condom can prone one to high risk. local factors in the genital tract are also important. other local infections, ulcers, mucosal trauma etc contribute of higher chance. prophylaxis with medicines can prevent transmission if taken as early as possible after exposure, preferably within a day of contact. medicines are not of known benefit


other local infections, ulcers, mucosal trauma etc contribute of higher chance. prophylaxis with medicines can prevent transmission if taken as early as possible after exposure, preferably within a day of contact. medicines are not of known benefit after 1 month. pcr test can confirm the disease early after contact ( 95 % detection after 6 weeks ). elisa and western blot can be falsely negative upto 3 - 4 months. similarly, a negative test in the sex worker may not mean 100 % negative result, if the lady is in window period. if you are negative even after 6 months, means you should have not acquired the infection. in such a fortunate situation, it is wise to avoid sexual mis - adventures in future! your wb test is negative at this point ( nearly 50 days ; less than 2 months ). it is most likely that you are un - infected. however, as a possibility of still 5 - 10 % chance, it is worthwhile to not donate blood for 6 months post exposure. a negative wb or elisa at 3 months will however make you 99 % negative and at 6 month, 100 % negative. if there is an emergency to donate, a negative dna pcr test at this point can be done which can suggest that you are 99 % negative. read more on hiv testing


as defined in the heritage act, 1995, archaeology is an area that looks at the human past by examining evidence from the historic environment, artefacts, monuments, buildings, landscapes and seascapes : ' [ archaeology is ] the study of past human societies, either as a whole or of various aspects of them, through the material remains left by those societies and the evidence of their environment, and includes the study of, searching and prospecting for archaeological objects, monuments, buildings, or parts of any buildings, habitually used for ecclesiastical purposes, landscapes, seascapes, wrecks, and climatological, ecological or pedological factors which may be relevant to the understanding of past human societies or the distribution or nature of any of the foregoing … ' the heritage council is a major source of funding for archaeological research projects in ireland and seeks to promote best practice in all matters archaeological, in keeping with the terms of national legislation and international best - practice. what is archaeology? humans have occupied ireland for the past 10, 000 years, leaving us with a rich legacy of archaeological monuments and landscapes. these landscapes are important, as they are often the only record left by past generations of their achievements and daily lives, much of which was lived at a time without written records. archaeology studies the human past through the monuments and physical traces in our landscape, the artefacts left behind by past generations, and traces from the environmental record. today ’ s archaeologists work closely with experts in other disciplines — environmental scientists, surveyors, planners and historians, as well as physicists involved in radiocarbon dating. archaeology in ireland is a subject of great public interest, especially for local communities. it is also an academic subject taught and debated in our universities. in recent years, economic growth in ireland has seen a dramatic increase in archaeological investigations. these have resulted in many exciting discoveries about how people in ancient ireland lived their lives. get involved in archaeology! archaeology is not just for experts. since ireland has roughly 130, 000 known archaeological monuments, it is vitally important that local communities are involved in protecting and understanding our archaeological heritage. although archaeologists have a good knowledge about ireland ’ s archaeological monuments, it is likely that there are significant numbers of unknown archaeological sites on our landscape. and some of these may only be discovered by local communities appreciative of their value and role. you could help to trace the historical development of our landscapes using historical sources, folklore, early maps and photographs. using the discovery series 1 : 50, 000 maps, you can locate known archaeological sites


communities appreciative of their value and role. you could help to trace the historical development of our landscapes using historical sources, folklore, early maps and photographs. using the discovery series 1 : 50, 000 maps, you can locate known archaeological sites to visit ( sites on private land should only be visited with the permission of the landowner ). the best way to get involved is to join a local archaeological and historical society and seek to learn more about your own region ’ s archaeological heritage. you could also enroll in local adult education classes in archaeology which are provided by universities, institutes of technology and other centres - you might even become a professional archaeologist yourself! the heritage council seeks to promote best practice in all matters archaeological in keeping with the terms of : the national monuments acts, 1930 - 2004 ; the european convention on archaeological heritage ( valetta ) ; the european landscape convention ( florence ) ; and through dialogue with various professional bodies such as the institute of archaeologists of ireland, the european association of archaeologists and icomos. heritage council publications encouraging best practice have covered areas such as urban archaeology ; the treatment of human remains ; aerial archaeology ; the care of historic graveyards ; as well as the use of conservation plans for medieval urban defences and medieval rural settlements. the national monuments service of the department of arts, heritage and the gaeltacht has day - to - day responsibility for the management and regulation of our archaeological heritage.


more to explore page 3 of 6 chichen itza is an ancient mayan city located on the yucatan peninsula. at its peak, around 600 a. d., it was the center of power in the region. many of the original stone palaces, temples and markets remain throughout the city. teotihuacan, an ancient city possibly built by the toltecs, is located in the state of mexico. the city rose to power in 150 a. d. and was a strong influence on mayan culture. it is also the location of the world ’ s third largest pyramid, the piramide del sol ( pyramid of the sun ). paquime, located in the state of chihuahua, was a cultural center in north mexico for over 300 years. at the height of its power in the 13th century, the city ’ s population is thought to have reached 10, 000, with most of the citizens living in five or six story buildings similar to modern apartments. paquime featured a ceremonial area, temple structures, a ball court, pyramids and effigy mounds, including one that resembled a cross with perfect astronomical orientation. turkeys and parrots were kept in special cages, possibly to supply feathers used for ceremonial and personal adornment. cuarenta casas ( forty houses ) are cliff dwellings located in the state of chihuahua and discovered by the spaniards around the 16th century. despite the name, only about a dozen adobe apartments are carved into the west cliff - side of a dramatic canyon at la cueva de las ventanas ( cave of the windows ). cuarenta casas is believed to have been an outlying settlement of paquime in the 13th century. mexico city is home to the three - story palacio nacional ( national palace ), built in 1563 on the site of the aztec leader moctezuma ’ s palace. originally, the palace housed all three branches of the government. today, however, only the executive branch resides there. palacio nacional was destroyed by fire twice, once in 1659 and again in 1692. it was reconstructed in 1693 and remains largely unchanged today. in the early to mid - 1900s, diego rivera painted a collection of huge murals on the walls of the palace that illustrate the colorful history of mexico. the palace is also home to mexico ’ s liberty bell. located at the north side of mexico city ' s town square, catedral metropolitana is the largest and oldest cathedral in all of latin america. construction on the building, which blends


the palace is also home to mexico ’ s liberty bell. located at the north side of mexico city ' s town square, catedral metropolitana is the largest and oldest cathedral in all of latin america. construction on the building, which blends baroque and neoclassical styles, began in 1573 and took three centuries to complete. the cathedral features 14 chapels, five altars and numerous statues, paintings and altarpieces of christ and the saints. the sea of cortes the sea of cortes, also known as the gulf of california, is situated between mainland mexico and the baja peninsula. located on isla partida, one of numerous sea islands, is ensenada grande beach, which many consider to be the most beautiful beach in mexico. the sea of cortes contains many unique species of marine life, including the mantra - like flying mobulas, which can leap from the water and glide through the air, and the vaquita marina, the most endangered porpoise in the world. popocatepetl and iztaccihuatl located on the eastern rim of the valle de mexico, popocatepetl and iztaccihuatl are mexico ’ s second - and third - highest volcanic mountains. craterless iztaccihuatl is dormant and a popular site for mountain climbing ; however, popocatepetl, whose aztec name means smoking mountain, has erupted more than 20 times since the arrival of the spanish. it continues to spout plumes of gas and ash and is carefully monitored by scientists. mexico city, the second - largest metropolitan area in the world after tokyo, is home to numerous attractions, including the palacio nacional and the catedral metropolitana. with its golden beaches, tropical jungles and renowned daredevil cliff - divers, acapulco remains the best - known and most popular resort town in mexico. the baja peninsula the baja peninsula along mexico ’ s west coast, is famous for its long coastline of fine white beaches, peaceful bays and imposing cliffs. guadalajara, jalisco, is rich in mexican culture. the area has become famous for its locally manufactured tequila, mariachi music, sombreros, charreadas ( rodeos ) and the mexican hat dance. fact check we strive for accuracy and fairness. but if you see something that doesn ' t look right, contact us! own the official larry bobblehead and git - r - done! keep up with the latest history shows, online features, special offers and more. sign up more outside


ship : 440 tons ; complement 220 ; armament 20 9 - pounder smooth bore cannon and 10 6 - pounder smooth bore cannon. source of name : as a child, alfred - - the youngest son of aethelwulf, king of the west saxons - - exhibited a love of learning and made two trips to rome. during these travels, he noticed the contrast between civilized conditions on the european continent and the primitive state of his native wessex. as a result, he devoted his life to raising the level of culture in his homeland. after succeeding his brother, aethelred, to the throne in 871, alfred demonstrated great skill as an administrator and political leader. he brought men of learning to wessex and encouraged the translation of outstanding books from latin into anglo - saxon, besides devoting much of his time to translation. despite intellectual interests and a peaceful disposition, alfred was a great military leader and succeeded in stemming the danish conquest of england. he realized that a navy was necessary to defend his realm and, becasue of the dearth of anglo - saxon sailors, brought frisian mariners to england from across the north sea to man ships which he had constructed to guard england ' s coasts. this accomplishment won him the title, " father of the royal navy, " and the overall success of his almost three decades of rule has caused history to remember him as " alfred the great. " alfred - a ship - rigged vessel originally named black prince - was built at philadelphia in 1774. no record of her builder seems to have survived, but it is possible that john wharton may have constructed the ship. john barry served as the ship ' s only master during her career as a philadelphia merchantman. launched in the autumn of 1774 as relations between the american colonies and the mother country grew increasingly tense, black prince was fitted out quickly so that she could load and sail for bristol on the last day of 1774. the ship did not return to philadelphia until 25 april 1775, six days after the battles of lexington and concord. fearing that american commerce would soon be interrupted, her owners were eager to export another cargo to england, so they again raced to load and provision her. black prince sailed on 7 may, this time bound for london. she did not reach that destination until 27 june. the ship left the thames on 10 august but encountered contrary winds during much of her westward voyage and finally returned to philadelphia on 4 october. while the ship had been abroad, much had happened to deepen the american conflict with england. the battle of bunker hill had been


the thames on 10 august but encountered contrary winds during much of her westward voyage and finally returned to philadelphia on 4 october. while the ship had been abroad, much had happened to deepen the american conflict with england. the battle of bunker hill had been fought, the other colonies acting in congress had pledged to support massachusetts in its struggle for freedom, and george washington had taken command of the american army besieging british - occupied boston. moreover, private correspondence which black prince had brought from england to members of the continental congress reported that the british government was sending to america two unarmed brigs heavily laden with gunpowder and arms. this inteligence prompted congress on 13 october to authorize the fitting out of two american warships, of 10 guns each, to attempt to capture these ships and divert their invaluable cargoes to the ill - equipped soldiers of washington ' s army. congress decided, on 30 october, to add two more ships to the navy, one of 20 guns and the other slightly larger but not to exceed 36 guns. alfred undoubtedly was the latter ship. as a result, the naval committee purchased black prince on 4 november 1775, renamed her alfred four days later, and ordered her fitted out as a man - of - war. her former master, john barry, was placed in charge of her rerigging ; joshua humphreys was selected to superintend changes strengthening her hull, timbers, and bulwarks as well as opening gunports ; and nathaniel falconer was made responsible for her ordnance and provisions. soon four other vessels joined alfred in the continental navy : columbus, cabot, andrew doria, and sloop providence. esek hopkins, a veteran master of merchantmen from rhode island, was appointed commodore of the flotilla. alfred was placed in commission on 3 december 1775, capt. dudley saltonstall in command, and became hopkins ' flagship. the new fleet dropped down the delaware river on 4 january 1776 ; but a cold snap froze the river and the bay, checking its progress at reedy island for some six weeks. a thaw released hopkins ' warships from winter ' s icy rasp in mid - february, and the fleet sortied on 18 february for its first operation. the marine committee had ordered hopkins to sail for hampton roads to attack british warships which were harassing american shipping in virginia waters ; then to render similar service at charleston, s. c. ; and, finally, to head for rhode island waters. he was given the discretion of disregarding these orders if they proved impossible and planning


which were harassing american shipping in virginia waters ; then to render similar service at charleston, s. c. ; and, finally, to head for rhode island waters. he was given the discretion of disregarding these orders if they proved impossible and planning an operation of his own. however, by the time his ships broke free of the ice, growing british strength in the chesapeake prompted hopkins to head for the west indies. knowing that the american colonies desperately needed gunpowder, he decided to attack the island of new providence in the bahamas to capture a large supply of that commodity as well as a great quantity of other military supplies reportedly stored there. a fortnight after leaving the delaware capes, on the morning of 3 march hopkins arrived off nassau and captured fort montague in a bloodless battle in which continental marines under capt. samuel nicholas joined hopkins ' sailors in america ' s first amphibious operation. that evening, hopkins issued a proclamation which promised not to harm "... the persons or property of the inhabitants of new providence... " if they did not resist. the following morning, governor montfort browne surrendered fort nassau but only after he had spirited away most of the island ' s gunpowder from new providence to st. augustine, fla. after hopkins stripped the forts of their guns and all remaining ordnance, alfred led the american fleet homeward from nassau harbor on st. patrick ' s day, 17 march, the same day that british troops were evacuating boston. on 4 april, during the homeward voyage, hopkins ' ships captured the six - gun british schooner hawk and the eight - gun bomb brig bolton. shortly after midnight on 6 april, hopkins encountered the 20 - gun hms glasgow. that british frigate - - which was carrying dispatches telling of the british withdrawal - - put up a fierce and skillful fight which enabled her to escape from her substantially more powerful american opponents. at the outset of the fray, fire from her cannon cut alfred ' s tiller ropes, leaving hopkins ' flagship unable to maneuver or to pursue effectively. the american ships did attempt to chase their fleeing enemy, but after dawn glasgow disappeared over the horizon and safely reached newport, r. i. when alfred and her consorts put into new london, conn., on 8 april, the americans were at first welcomed as heroes. however, many of the officers of the american squadron voiced dissatisfaction with hopkins, and he was later relieved of command. alfred was inactive through the summer for a number of reasons, but high on the list of her problems were want


first welcomed as heroes. however, many of the officers of the american squadron voiced dissatisfaction with hopkins, and he was later relieved of command. alfred was inactive through the summer for a number of reasons, but high on the list of her problems were want of funds and a shortage of men. on 7 august, capt. john paul jones, who had helped to fit her out as a warship and had been her first lieutenant on the cruise to new providence, was placed in command of the ship. she departed providence, r. i., on 26 october 1776 in company with hampden, but that vessel struck a " sunken rock " before they could leave narragansett bay and returned to newport. her officers and men then shifted to sloop providence accompanying alfred to waters off cape breton island which they reached by mid - november. there they took three prizes : on the 11th, the brigantine active, bound from liverpool to halifax with an assorted cargo, the next day, the armed transport mellish, laden with winter uniforms for british troops at quebec ; and, on the 16th, the snow kitty, bound from gaspe to barbados with oil and fish. because of severe leaks, providence sailed for home soon thereafter and alfred continued her cruise alone. on 22 november boats from the ship raided canso, nova scotia, where their crews burned a transport bound for canada with provisions and a warehouse full of whale oil, besides capturing a small schooner to replace providence. two days later, alfred captured three colliers off louisburg, bound from nova scotia to new york with coal for the british army and, on 26 november captured the 10 - gun letter - of - marque john of liverpool. on the homeward voyage, alfred was pursued by hms milford but managed to escape after a four - hour chase. she arrived safely at boston on 15 december and began a major refit. captain elisha hinman became alfred ' s commanding officer in may 1777, but she did not get underway until 22 august when she sailed for france with raleigh to obtain military supplies. en route, they captured four small prizes. they reached l ' orient on 6 october, and on 29 december sailed for america. they proceeded via the coast of africa, where they took a small sloop, and then headed for the west indies, hoping to add to their score before turning northward for home. on 9 march 1778, near barbados, they encountered british warships ariadne and ceres. when the american ships attempted to flee, alfred fell behind her faster consort. shortly after


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philosopherby rit nosotro first published : : 2003 the enlightenment period had several great thinkers and philosophers, one of them being jean - jacques rousseau. rousseau was born in geneva to a watchmaker and a minister ’ s daughter. his mother, suzanne bernard rousseau, died only days after his birth leaving him to his father who not only failed to educate him but also abandoned him when rousseau was just ten years old. relatives of rousseau ’ s mother took over care of rousseau but at age sixteen he ran away from an apprenticeship to travel. during this time he became acquainted with a madame de warens with whom he lived for approximately nine years. in 1742 rousseau moved to paris to present and hopefully make a good deal of money off of a new kind of musical notation. in this attempt rousseau failed miserably. he began secretarial work and copying music after this failure. during this time, he met therese la vesseur who bore him five children, although they were not married until much later in their lives. these five children he later consigned to a foundling home, despite the fact that rousseau defended the rights of small children and spoke often of the importance of education. this hypocritical act is one thing that makes the life of rousseau so contradictory. in his book emile, rousseau writes that “ we are born weak, we need strength ; helpless we need aid ; foolish we need reason. all that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man ' s estate, is the gift of education. ” ( 1 ) in spite of this belief that each person is in need of strength, aid, reason and so forth, he failed to even take care of his own children, much less give them the education he spoke so well of. rousseau believed that man was born innately good but that it was society that corrupted man. he argued that man was made unhappy by experiences that he had in society because society was distorted, corrupt, and false. in rousseau ’ s the social contract, which he wrote in 1762, rousseau explains this concept of man being naturally good but corrupted by society. the social contract is an accord which all men enter into by common agreement. in this book the idea is presented that the state would give protection to the members of this contract and in return the state gets the pleasure and opportunity to govern the members. freedom is easily preserved in this sort of contract because when entering the contract all the members give up as well as gain the same rights as each other. rousseau writes that


this contract and in return the state gets the pleasure and opportunity to govern the members. freedom is easily preserved in this sort of contract because when entering the contract all the members give up as well as gain the same rights as each other. rousseau writes that : “ since each gives himself up entirely, the condition is equal for all. ” ( 2 ) in the social contract rousseau also states that for society to run well there is need for a legislator. this legislator writes the constitution of the state but he himself does not enforce it. the people enforce it themselves because they are able to see the good in it even they may not be able to recognize that good without there being a constitution of the state. one of jean - jacques rousseau ’ s greatest works is his confessions. his confessions was written nine years after the social contract and is rousseau ’ s autobiography. in this account of his life, rousseau is quick to celebrate man ’ s sinfulness and he considers his own sinfulness to be what makes him human. he does not hesitate to give explicit accounts of his sinful acts and in fact speaks highly of them. the confessions ends with a declaration to his readers that dares them to judge him and his morals, habits and pleasures. “ anyone … who examines with his own eyes my nature … and can think me a dishonorable man, is himself a man who ought to be choked, ” ( 3 ) writes rousseau. through this is seen a perverse attitude, hailing sin as something to be thought highly of and not something to be sorry for. all of these sins and wrongdoings rousseau seems to see as something essential in his life and he celebrates them in his confessions. jean - jacques rousseau died in 1778 when he was sixty six years old. he spent his life pursuing literary achievements, fame and fortune. rousseau lived a life filled with paranoia and fear of secret enemies. he had several brushes with the government. his book emile was banned in both switzerland and france for being sacrilegious and rousseau was exiled. living a life without god and without good morals, rousseau often became afraid of resentment, afraid of persecution and often concerned that his friends were plotting against him. this attitude cost rousseau many friendships and resulted in a nervous and suspicious mistrust of most people. when he died, rousseau was clearly insane and it is not surprising, considering the way he chose to live his life. rousseau believed man to be innately good and only sinful because of the corruption of society but he failed to realize that it is man ’ s


movement 1 : allegro, ma non troppo movement 2 : andantino movement 3 : allegro vivo then, in 1905, he was actually made director of the conservatoire and his subversive nature came out into the open. suddenly, gone were the comfortable perks and practices hallowed by tradition and in came a rational programme of reform which instituted, among other things, the rendering of operatic items in the form in which composers had written them, and not ‘ as always sung at the opera ’. faure, now nicknamed ‘ robespierre ’, made powerful and articulate enemies. how else can we explain the fact that when he died in 1924, the right to a state funeral of this ex - director of the conservatoire, member of the institut, president of the societe nationale de musique, grand - croix de la legion d ’ honneur, should have been questioned by the arts minister with the words : ‘ faure? qui ca? ’. to adapt a modern phrase from another context, faure was in the establishment but never of it. his immunity to fashion can be seen in the titles of his piano pieces. while the neo - debussystes were penning ( as it were ) ‘ bells and birds through a light mist on a spring day in the cevennes ’, faure was content with ‘ nocturne no 8 ’ or ‘ barcarolle no 13 ’. worse still for his future reputation, his music failed to take account of the twentieth century ’ s efflorescence as the age of publicity. his piano music, for example, makes few bright splashes, but is ferociously difficult to play well. his songs likewise eschew facile narrative in favour of the deeper meaning of the text, which means that singer, pianist and audience all have to understand the nuances of the words ( and vlado perlemuter remembers, from experience, how faure refused to allow singers to ‘ take their ease ’ in order to make some expressive point more emphatically ). when faure retired from the conservatoire on 1 october 1920 he naturally looked forward to having more time for composition. but he was now seventy - five and beset by deafness and by the deformation of high and low sounds — a condition that suggests a sexual origin, though it has never been thought polite to mention this in french literature about him. it has been suggested that this is a possible reason why his later works tend to occupy the middle range of the sound spectrum, further alienating them from


a sexual origin, though it has never been thought polite to mention this in french literature about him. it has been suggested that this is a possible reason why his later works tend to occupy the middle range of the sound spectrum, further alienating them from a world that has come to regard le sacre du printemps as representing a textural norm. tension in late faure comes from within the material. and the listener has to do just that — listen … and not merely hear. he began his piano trio in his favourite resort of annecy - le - vieux in august 1922. initially the top line was to be taken by a clarinet ( or violin ), but the clarinet option was soon abandoned ( though it has been revived in recent years with the clarinet taking the top note wherever there is double - stopping ). as faure confessed to his wife : ‘ the trouble is that i can ’ t work for long at a time. my worst tribulation is a perpetual fatigue. ’ this fatigue is in no way to be heard in the work itself, except insomuch as there are no more notes than necessary, according to the well - known mozartian formula. the distance between faure ’ s trio and ravel ’ s, in time a mere eight years or so, can be measured more meaningfully through their amenability or otherwise to verbal explanation. with ravel there are easily audible and describable structures like pantoums and passacaglias. with faure the meaning is almost entirely in the movement between one note and another, between one chord and another. true, the first and last movements embrace sonata and rondo form respectively, while the slow central movement is mostly a meditation on two themes. but form - following is not the best way to enjoy this music. instead, it is a continual joy and excitement to follow faure ’ s games, which are linguistic rather than formal. in the ecole niedermeyer in the 1850s and 1860s he had absorbed a modal way of thinking, the result of which was that a dominant seventh, for example, did not carry the same expectation for him as for a conservatoire - trained student. in fact it contained expectations, in the plural : from any given harmonic situation, faure could, by 1922, take one of at least half - a - dozen exits, any of which might in turn lead to another situation, from which etc. following faure ’ s thought therefore demands the patience and attentiveness of theseus following the thread


1922, take one of at least half - a - dozen exits, any of which might in turn lead to another situation, from which etc. following faure ’ s thought therefore demands the patience and attentiveness of theseus following the thread in his search for ariadne. and at the end of the thought there are often miraculous moments of revelation when everything suddenly comes out into the sunlight, like pelleas from the grotto beneath the castle, and we find ourselves saying : ‘ ah! je respire enfin! ’ as for faure ’ s ‘ perpetual fatigue ’, in the finale of the trio he shakes it off with amazing vigour. by the closing bars, as the french faure scholar jean - michel nectoux writes, ‘ all the thematic and rhythmic elements are now in place and proceed to indulge in a joyful celebration, a perfect balance between that ‘ fantasy and reason ’ of which verlaine, and faure, speak so persuasively at the end of la bonne chanson. ’ to generalise grossly, one might hazard that if in debussy ’ s trio the ‘ fantaisie ’ is stronger than the ‘ raison ’ and in ravel ’ s the ‘ raison ’ than the ‘ fantaisie ’, in faure ’ s trio the balance of which nectoux writes is the achievement of an old man who has seen much and suffered much ; a balance, moreover, that will subtly shift at every hearing. from notes by roger nichols © 1999


it has been stated ( p, 109 ) that the belief in an original “ communal ” form of village in peninsular india was largely due to the conservation of some forms of joint village, which ( without asking anything in detail as to their date or other features ), were at once assumed to be ancient, and to represent relics of an early universal common ownership. i therefore briefly sketch the different cases where such survivals occur. i. in bombay we find ( a ) in the gujarat districts a limited number of actually existing joint villages – in strong contrast with the “ severalty ” villages all round. in the dakhan districts there are only traces of a ( more ancient ) mirasi tenure prevailing from former times down to the days of the marathas. ii. in madras, especially in the chingleput district and the immediate vicinity, we have ( fast disappearing ) traces of a privileged co - sharing tenure of villages, also called by the moslems mirasi, and by the indigenous people kaniatsi. i. ( a ) in some of the gujarat districts a limited number of villages ( narwadari and bhagdari ) are known to be comparatively modern, though a precise date is not assignable. in both cases they represent the growth of certain dominant families over the village. in the broach district these are bohra128 families, often descended from one ancestor. in the kaira district villages the families are of the kunbi caste, and here apparently ( in some cases ) several families had originally joined together for the purpose of restoring cultivation or taking the revenue responsibility. in time, the families multiplying in numbers, divided their interests and responsibilities in suitable shares. but ( as usual ) they kept together as jointly liable bodies, without which they would have soon lost their privileged position. as it was, these dominant bodies came to constitute the corn ; munity – the joint proprietors of the whole village. the bohras adopted the plan of dividing into fractional shares, according to the “ ancestral ” system, following the table of descent – each share of the holding corresponds to a similar fraction of the revenue liability129. the kunbis ( being probably associate groups of different families ) contracted for a lump sum of revenue on the whole village, and proceeded to divide it and the cultivation – not by ( ancestral ) fractional shares – but by arranging groups of cultivation ( including portions of each kind of soil ), and making out a narwa or distribution scheme, which apportioned


, and proceeded to divide it and the cultivation – not by ( ancestral ) fractional shares – but by arranging groups of cultivation ( including portions of each kind of soil ), and making out a narwa or distribution scheme, which apportioned the revenue responsibility over the holdings of the different sections or family groups. ( b ) the more interesting ancient mirasi traces in many dakhan villages are fully discussed in a paper contributed by me to the royal asiatic society ’ s journal in 1897130. it was long ago noticed that in these villages certain lands were said to be minim, and had once constituted shares in a property which, in fact, included the whole village. in some cases the complete list of shares could still be traced, and they were all known by hindu - aryan names, and the holders were superior in rank and dignity. looking back at the known early history of western india, i think there can be no doubt that these were the shares in villages which had become dominated by families of some rank, perhaps connected with the ) ( maya kingdom of devagiri, or with the chalukya or the rashtrakuta clans, all well known to history and to our epigraphists. these, being of military ; not agricultural caste, perished in the wars that ( as a matter of fact ) overthrew the ‘ maya and chalukya kingdoms iti the middle ages. the names and locale of the shares ( bhag ) remained, owing to the tenacity of tradition which is so notorious throughout the east ; and as the miras tenure was an advantageous one, it was found possible ( for a long time ) to continue the privilege, and fill the vacant holdings by the revenue authorities granting ( or even selling ) the miras title. here, then, we have only the “ manorial ” growth of dominant, co - sharing families over the villages. but in this case the families shared the misfortunes of their race and disappeared ; while in other parts of india the joint families persisted, multiplied, and furnished quite numerous “ communities, ” dominating the villages, and introducing their own co - sharing constitution. ii. the vestiges of mirasi tenure in madras are of a different order131. tradition in this case – as accepted by all the best authorities – is supported by the caste and other features of the villages, which were still plainly in evidence at the end of the eighteenth century. they were chiefly mediaeval villages established by a succession of immigrants


this case – as accepted by all the best authorities – is supported by the caste and other features of the villages, which were still plainly in evidence at the end of the eighteenth century. they were chiefly mediaeval villages established by a succession of immigrants of a peculiar agricultural race ( vellalan ) from north kanara and elsewhere, who were with difficulty induced to settle by the promise of exceptional privileges, and a permanent interest in the villages they established. the success of this special colonising enterprise, after many failures, is referred to the efforts of one of the later chola kings who ruled in the eleventh century a. d. the case was altogether exceptional ; and the families appear to have found a close co - operation necessary, both to insure a victory over the difficulties of the enterprise, and also to secure among themselves the due sharing of the privileged tenure, with its partial exemption from taxation. we have fair evidence of their mode of allotting the lands each year for cultivation, and of sharing the profits. in some cases they actually divided the shares on the ground permanently132. in all these cases we have varieties of ways in which a special privilege, a grant, or even the usurpation, of families of superior ability or rank, results in producing a joint body of proprietors. in some cases it is over existing severalty villages ; in others, the dominant groups ( with the same sense of superiority ) have occupied newly established villages, so that there were no former landholders to become vassals, but only such slaves, tenants, and helpers as the superior settlers themselves introduced and located. but the whole circumstances in each case clearly negative the idea that in such traces we have a primitive and general institution. the raiyatwari was the general form, the mirasi right a special and privileged growth in and over it, and it certainly had nothing of a communistic character. in so brief a note i have not attempted to allude to every instance of an alleged mirasi interest in madras ; but an examination of any village to which the term mirasi can properly be applied, in districts other than chingleput, will always show that it is a case of some grant or dominant right acquired. 128. the bohra are a caste partly of traders, partly of agriculturists. the kunbi are the well - known cultivating caste of western india. the total number of these villages does not exceed 347 ( “ l. s. b. i., ” vol. iii.,


of agriculturists. the kunbi are the well - known cultivating caste of western india. the total number of these villages does not exceed 347 ( “ l. s. b. i., ” vol. iii., p. 260 ). the largest number is in the broach district, much fewer in kaira, and about a dozen in surat. 129. for details and examples, see “ ind. vill. comm., ” p. 386 ff. 130. vol. for 1897, april, p. 239. see also my “ ind. vill. comm., ” p. 380 ff. 131. these are the traces discussed in the volume entitled “ mirasi papers, ” madras, 1862, to which sir h. s. maine once alludes ( see p. 36 ). 132. the details are given in “ ind. vill. comm., ” p. 362 ff. of course colonist parties have been found in other parts of india, most commonly on a smaller scale, and with no particular difficulties to contend with, so that exceptional advantages are not expected or granted. in the s. e. panjab many ( individual ) villages were founded by colonist bodies, who have fallen into the joint village class because they readily accepted a joint liability for revenue ( pp. 94 – 5 ). this collection transcribed by chris gage