spiritual assembly in each of the countries it encompasses. ridvan : arabic for " paradise. " twelve - day festival ( from 21 april through 2 may ) commemorating baha ' u ' llah ' s declaration of his mission to his companions in 1863 in the garden of ridvan in baghdad. shoghi effendi rabbani : ( 1897 - 1957 ) the guardian of the baha ' i faith after the passing of ` abdu ' l - baha in 1921, designated in his will and testament as his successor in interpreting the baha ' i writings and as head of the faith. shrine of baha ' u ' llah : the resting place of baha ' u ' llah ' s mortal remains, located near the city of ` akka, israel. the shrine is the holiest spot on earth to baha ' is and a place of pilgrimage. shrine of the bab : the resting place of the bab ' s mortal remains, located on mount carmel in haifa, israel, a sacred site to baha ' is, and a place of pilgrimage. tablet : divinely revealed scripture. in baha ' i scripture, the term is used to denote writings revealed by baha ' u ' llah, the bab, and ` abdu ' l - baha. ten year crusade : 1953 - 1963. ten - year plan for teaching the baha ' i faith initiated by shoghi effendi, which culminated with the election of the universal house of justice, during the centenary of the declaration of baha ' u ' llah. the objectives of the crusade were : the development of the institutions at the world centre ; the consolidation of the communities of the participating national spiritual assemblies, and the opening of the main unopened territories. see also knight of baha ' u ' llah. universal house of justice : head of the baha ' i faith after the passing of shoghi effendi, and the supreme administrative body ordained by baha ' u ' llah in the kitab - i - aqdas, his book of laws. the universal house of justice is elected every five years by the members of all national spiritual assemblies, who gather at an international convention. the house of justice was elected for the first time in 1963. it occupied its permanent seat on mount carmel in 1983. return to the page added 010702 last updated / revised 010802


magnesium treats urinary urge incontinence women who suffer from a common urinary problem known as urge incontinence may benefit from taking magnesium supplements, according to a report in family practice news ( february 1, 2003 : 46 ). this study confirms a previous report demonstrating that this inexpensive and safe mineral is helpful for an annoying and often difficult - to - treat problem. urge incontinence ( also called overactive bladder or unstable bladder ) is characterized by a sudden need to urinate, followed by a strong contraction of the bladder, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. the condition occurs most commonly in women and in the elderly, affecting as many as one of every 50 adult women. while diseases of the nervous system or urinary tract can cause urge incontinence, in most cases the cause is unknown. conventional treatments include medications that help control spasms of the bladder muscles ; pelvic muscle ( kegel ) exercises ; avoidance of caffeine, spices, and other foods that might irritate the bladder ; and biofeedback. in the new study, 60 women with urge incontinence were randomly assigned to receive 350 mg of magnesium hydroxide ( providing approximately 150 mg of elemental magnesium ) twice a day or a placebo for one month. twelve of 30 women in the magnesium group reported improvement in urinary incontinence after one month, compared with only five of 30 in the placebo group. in addition, compared with the placebo group, the magnesium group experienced significantly fewer episodes of urge incontinence, urinated less frequently, and awakened fewer times at night to urinate. the beneficial effect of magnesium on urge incontinence was discovered accidentally by researchers several years ago, when women who were prescribed magnesium for spasms in their calf muscles remarked that the treatment also helped their bladder symptoms. this incidental observation was followed by a double - blind study, similar to the new study, which confirmed the benefits of magnesium. although it is not clear how magnesium relieves urge incontinence, this mineral is known to prevent muscle spasms and, therefore, might have a direct effect on the overactive bladder muscles. good dietary sources of magnesium include nuts, whole grains, wheat germ, fish, and green leafy vegetables. approximately 80 % of the magnesium is lost when whole grains are refined to white flour. processed foods typically are low in this mineral, and as many as three - quarters of americans consume less than the recommended dietary allowance for magnesium


and green leafy vegetables. approximately 80 % of the magnesium is lost when whole grains are refined to white flour. processed foods typically are low in this mineral, and as many as three - quarters of americans consume less than the recommended dietary allowance for magnesium. as relatively small amounts of supplemental magnesium effectively relieved urge incontinence in the new study, it is likely that suboptimal dietary magnesium intake is one of the causes of this disorder. magnesium is inexpensive and generally safe, although people with kidney failure should not take magnesium supplements without the supervision of a doctor. taking too much magnesium usually causes diarrhea ; this can be prevented by taking a smaller amount. alan r. gaby, md, an expert in nutritional therapies, testified to the white house commission on cam upon request in december 2001. dr. gaby served as a member of the ad - hoc advisory panel of the national institutes of health office of alternative medicine. he is the author of preventing and reversing osteoporosis ( prima, 1994 ), and co - author of the natural pharmacy, 2nd edition ( healthnotes, prima, 1999 ), the a – z guide to drug - herb - vitamin interactions ( healthnotes, prima, 1999 ), clinical essentials volume 1 and 2 ( healthnotes, 2000 ), and the patient ’ s book of natural healing ( prima, 1999 ). a former professor at bastyr university of natural health sciences, in kenmore, wa, where he served as the endowed professor of nutrition, dr. gaby is the chief medical editor for healthnotes, inc. copyright © 2003 healthnotes, inc. all rights reserved. republication or redistribution of the healthnotes® content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of healthnotes, inc. healthnotes newswire is for educational or informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose or provide treatment for any condition. if you have any concerns about your own health, you should always consult with a healthcare professional. healthnotes, inc. shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. healthnotes and the healthnotes logo are registered trademarks of healthnotes, inc.


livestock and water ohio state university extension beef specialist limitations on water intake depress animal performance quicker and more drastically than any other nutrient deficiency. domesticated animals can live about sixty days without food but only seven days without water. hearing and sight are impaired without water. humans have reported the incidence of headaches due to the lack of water. signs of dehydration : signs of dehydration or lack of water are tightening of the skin, loss of weight and drying of mucous membranes and eyes. one way to check for dehydration in the horse is by skin folds. pull the skin and hold a moment. release and count the seconds till the fold disappears. on a dehydrated horse, the skin will stand for several seconds. out - breaks of urinary - calculi or water belly can be associated with weather conditions. cold weather may reduce water intake. this reduces water flow through the bladder and kidneys. this reduced water flow allows kidney stones to precipitate. when desirable weather returns, water intake increases and urinary calculi problems are seen because the stones have become too big to pass through the male ' s urethra. any factor that reduces water intake can be a contributing factor to urinary calculi. hard water does not cause urinary calculi problems. it may be a factor if the hardness affects water palatability. temperature : water should not be hot nor in the form of ice. drinkable water is usually between 40 and 65 degrees f. steers that have access to cool drinking water will gain. 3 to. 4 lbs. more per day than those drinking warm water. therefore occasionally check waterers with heaters so as to detect a " runaway ". dip a thermometer into the water. do not allow the thermometer to rest on the bottom. touching the heated bottom of the pan can result in higher temperatures than actual water temperature. check the temperature over several cold days. water temperatures of at least 40 degree f should minimize mechanical problems and maintain animal performance. adequate insulation can reduce problems with water freezing and reduce electric costs in cold winters. make sure the insulation inside the waterer is still in good condition. conserve heat by caulking the base of the automatic waterer and seal the access door with weather proof tape. reducing the wind on the waterer by a windbreak can also reduce electric costs. extra external insulation may be added to some automatic waterers. surround the external surface with 2 inches or more


waterer and seal the access door with weather proof tape. reducing the wind on the waterer by a windbreak can also reduce electric costs. extra external insulation may be added to some automatic waterers. surround the external surface with 2 inches or more of styrofoam. place 1 / 2 inch plywood over styrofoam. put galvanized steel on the top part of the styrofoam - plywood pieces and angle iron on the vertical edges. wrap this external insulation with some 1 / 8 inch cable to keep it in place. stray electric current in a self heating trough can reduce water consumption and thus reduce feed intake. shut off the electricity to automatic waterers and check the inside for rodent nests. make sure the connections are dry and there is a clean - tight ground. access : cows given free access to water will produce more milk and more butterfat than cows allowed to drink only two times per day. the same animal will consume different levels of water due to physiological state. a pregnant or lactating animal will consume more than an open, dry animal. horses that are hot due to strenuous exercise should not have free access to water. they should be allowed only a few sips every 3 to 5 minutes until they cool down. nutrients in diet : increasing the salt concentration or the protein level of the diet stimulates increased water intake in all species because of the increase in urine volume necessary for he excretion of salt and urea. studies with poultry have shown an increase in water consumption due to increases in the fat, protein, salt or potassium in the diet. feeds high in crude fiber such as roughages will require more water for ingestion than feeds low in crude fiber like barley and corn. stress : reduced water consumption can be a sign of sickness or other stressors. special considerations may be needed for valuable animals. newly arrived animals may refuse water at first due to differences in palatability. one should allow them to become accustomed to the new water supply by gradually mixing water from old and new sources. if this is not possible then ntake should be carefully watched to make sure there is no signs of dehydration. mixing small amounts of molasses with home and foreign water sources can hide differences in taste. have water available during low activity times during the day. consumption of water and feed can be reduced when there is a lot of activity to divert their attention. composition of water : water quality, as well as quantity, may affect feed consumption and


taste. have water available during low activity times during the day. consumption of water and feed can be reduced when there is a lot of activity to divert their attention. composition of water : water quality, as well as quantity, may affect feed consumption and animal health since low quality water will normally result in reduced water and feed consumption. chemically pure water is not found in nature and actually deionized - distilled ( pure ) water is undesirable for livestock. certain salts and gases in solution make water more palatable if not present in excess. substances which may reduce palatability of water include various saline salts. salts may be toxic at high levels. sub - stances which are toxic without much affect on palatability include nitrates and fluorine as well as salts of various heavy metals. other materials which may affect palatability or toxicity include pathogenic microorganisms, hydrocarbons, oily substances, pesticides and many industrial chemicals which sometimes pollute water supplies. a hose should never be placed under the surface of the water in an animal watering tank or in a chemical sprayer tank. the tank might fill over the outlet of the hose. a loss of water pressure may result and back siphoning may occur when a hose or faucet is submerged. the entire water system may become contaminated by impurities or poisonous solutions. cleanliness : all water troughs should be frequently cleaned. livestock should never be forced to drink dirty or contaminated water. stale water can still cause a reduction in water consumption. dirty water is a host for disease organisms. disease can rapidly spread if animals drink from the same trough. if an animal becomes ill it should be isolated from the trough and the trough should be disinfected and cleaned. sprinkling baking soda into the fountain periodically may reduce algae growth. have an elevated base around automatic waters. make the base wide enough so they can easily put their front legs on it but not their hind legs when they are drinking. animals will not normally place only their hind legs on this base and therefore will not deficate in the water. make the surface rough so that they will not slip. if there is a question of water quality, it should be tested to obtain optimum production, especially in dairy, broiler, layer or swine operations. the following chemical properties should be considered when evaluating the quality of water for livestock : salinity : salinity refers to salts dissolved in water. commonly present salts include : carbonate, bicarbonates,


looseness or poor feed conversion. near 5000 ppm the water is unacceptable for poultry. should not be used for pregnant or lactating females. usually laxative and may result in reduced water intake. do not use for swine. do not use for pregnant or lactating ruminants or horses. 10, 000 or more may cause brain damage or death. dissolved solids ( ppm ) | sheep & poultry | | 0 - 1000 | | 1000 - 3000 | | 3000 - 6000 | | 6000 - 10000 | | 15000 | | swine | | ( young pigs and market pigs appear to tolerate less than cattle ) | hardness is actually caused by calcium and magnesium. softening the water through exchange of calcium and magnesium with sodium may cause problems if water is already high in salinity. when there is a significant amount of calcium in water from a limestone source, it should be considered as a part of the total mineral intake. however many mineral salts are relatively insoluble and pass through the body without being absorbed. even in hard water, the amount of mineral ingested from the water is not likely to be substantial. animals can become acclimated to the sulfates in water. consider dilluting high sulfate water with low sulfate water for newly arrived animals. use the same procedure for pigs at weaning time. the sulfate recommendation for calves is for less than 500 ppm ( 167 ppm sulfer as sulfate ) and for adult cattle it is less than 1000 ppm ( 333 ppm sulfur as sulfate ). caution is required in evaluating sulfate levels in water because interactions with copper and molybdenum and the inhibiting effect of compounds such as sodium fluoride have on sulfate absorption for the digestive tract. these interactions and inhibitions make determining guidelines about sulfate removal from water difficult. aquifers at different depths may be lower in sulfates. nitrates : nitrate toxicity is seldom caused by water alone. it is usually a feed problem. the majority of nitrate poisoning cases in ohio involve drought stressed oats, corn and barley. high nitrate content interferes with the oxygen absorbing power of the blood and in infants and gives rise to a " blue baby " condition that may prove fatal. non - ruminants may convert small amounts of ingested nitrate to nitrite in their intestines, but the amount converted is not harmful. cud chewing animals at any age can be affected by nitrates in the same way as human infants. they are able, however, to tolerate


ingested nitrate to nitrite in their intestines, but the amount converted is not harmful. cud chewing animals at any age can be affected by nitrates in the same way as human infants. they are able, however, to tolerate much higher concentrations of nitrate, as long as the fodder is not unusually high in nitrates. shortage of breath is one symptom of nitrate toxicity. blood will look brown instead of red. frothing at the mouth, convulsions, blue muzzle and bluish tint around eyes can also indicate nitrate poisoning. more moderate levels of nitrate poisoning are thought to cause poor growth, infertility, abortions and vitamin a deficiencies. producers may suspect nitrates as a cause of poor reproductive performance in their livestock. nitrates can cause low or inade - quate levels of progesterone in recently bred animals to maintain a newly developed fetus. a sign of a nitrate problem is a larger than normal number of animals coming back into heat or an inordinate amount of open females at the end of the breeding season. sources of nitrates in ground water include nitrogen fertilizers, animal manure, crop residues, human wastes and industrial wastes. nitrates may be found in a shallow ground water table. the nitrate concentration will be the greatest in the upper part of a shallow ground water table and wells which just penetrate into the table. shallow wells may have higher levels than deeper wells since the shallow ground water tables are more easily polluted with leached nitrates. protect water sheds against erosion, manure or chemicals. shallow wells with poor casing are susceptible to contamination. a cracked well casing may allow contaminated ground water into a deep aquifer. chlorination of water does not destroy nitrates but clorination can convert nitrites back to nitrates. it is question - able however, if this procedure will solve a nitrite problem. chlorine in the drinking water cannot prevent the change of nitrates to nitrites in the rumen of the cow or sheep or in the ceacum of the horse. laboratory confirmation of nitrate poisoning requires chemical analysis of feeds and water available to animal. chemical analyis of rumen contents for nitrate is not reliable. treatment of nitrate poisoning involves intravenous administrationof methylene blue. a 4 % aqueous solution is administered at the rate of 2 mg methylene blue per pound of body weight. it may need to be repeated. mineral oil given


reliable. treatment of nitrate poisoning involves intravenous administrationof methylene blue. a 4 % aqueous solution is administered at the rate of 2 mg methylene blue per pound of body weight. it may need to be repeated. mineral oil given via a stomach tube will increase the eliminaton of nitrites from the digestive tract. the tables below apply to the significance of nitrates in water. let ' s keep in mind there are three different units to express levelsnitrates in forage and water. ( 1 ) nitrate nitrogen ( n ), ( 2 ) potassiumnitrate ( kno3 ) and ( 3 ) nitrate ( no3 ). these units correlate with each other as follows : exercise caution. may need to dilute or limit feed forages. | over 3 % | | over. 45 % | | over 2 % | | potentially toxic | exercise caution. consider additive effect with nitrates in feed. | over 2100 ppm | | over300 ppm | | over 1300 ppm | | potentially toxic | ph : high saline water is not the same as alkine water. the water ph denotes either alkalinity or acidity. a ph of 7 would be neutral ; over 7 indicates alkalinity ; below 7 designates acidity. acid waters ( ph below 7 ) have been found to occur in proximity to coalveins. high alkalinity may cause digestive upsets, laxative action, poor feed conversion, reduced water and / or feed intake. microbiologic properties : there are many microorganisms in our water supply. most are quite harmless to our sources of water. there are, however, certain organisms where caution should be used. green scum that builds up in livestock drinking troughs and tanks is algae. it cannot grow without sunlight. some blue - green algae are toxic. no good method exists to predict whether or not the algaes will produce the toxins. about all you can do is to monitor livestock behavior when algae blooms heavily. copper sulfate or other commercial copper containing products often called bluestone will kill the algae for a period of several months. in troughs or small tanks, a safe dosage is one level teaspoon of copper sulfate per 1500 gallons of water. one ounce will treat 8000 gallons of water. one pound per acre - foot is a good estimate for larger bodies of water. generally, treatment is done only when algae growth is heavy or if a toxicity problem occurs. hold livestock off


of water. one ounce will treat 8000 gallons of water. one pound per acre - foot is a good estimate for larger bodies of water. generally, treatment is done only when algae growth is heavy or if a toxicity problem occurs. hold livestock off the treated water source for at least 24 hours. in treating large stock tank or ponds, drag a sack containing the correct amount of copper sulfate behind a boat, pacing yourself to cover the heavily infested areas first. if your tank contains catfish ( not scaled fish ), treat one - half of the pond at a time and allow the fish to move to untreated water. occasionally putting baking soda in water troughs will help prevent algae growth. proper cleaning of automatic waterers can be quite effective in preventing algae growth. consider the use of a disinfectant with poultry waterers. for 1 ppm for 1 / 2 ppm coliform counts below 50 per milliliter of water are safe for all cattle. other possible contaminants include : coccidia, staphs, streps, virus, lepto, etc. microorganisms can enter a well having improper surface protection. a well is situated improperly if the drainage from livestock pens, a manure pit or cracked well casing allows bacteria to enter the water supply. cracks in cisterns can also allow access to microorganisms. protect the surface of wells from contamination by rodents. contamination might occur from a heavy, spring rainfall. signs of blue green algae poisoning are diarrhea, lack of coordination, labored breathing and death. during recovery unpigmented skin may slough off. a suggested treatment for algae afflicted animals is large quantities of medical - grade charcoal and mineral oil. other chemicals : many other chemicals may be found in water, some of which could be detrimental to livestock production : no accurate measurements of safe levels of herbicides and pesticides in water for animals have been determined. the following guidelines for humans appear to be reasonable for livestock. | pesticide | | maximun concentration mg / l | pesticides can enter a ground water or surface water supply from run - off, drift, and accidental spills. provide adequate drainage around the water supply. wells should be located on elevated ground to prevent surface run - off into the well. fish are much more sensitive to pesticides than other livestock. the following are generally considered safe levels of some potentially toxic nutrients and contaminants in water for cattle : these are analyzed only when there is


we have now seen four common concurrency concepts that can be used for programming concurrent application logic. however, there are still other concurrency concepts and language primitives for concurrent programming. we will now introduce the more interesting ones briefly. we give hints how they relate to the former concepts and how they can be used in practice. promises [ fri76, lis88 ] and futures [ bak77 ] generally describe the same idea of decoupling a computation and its eventual result by providing a proxy entity that returns the result, once available. in concurrent programming, promises and futures are often used for asynchronous background tasks. once a task is dispatched, the proxy entity is returned and the caller ' s flow of execution can continue, decoupled from the new computation. the proxy entity can later be queried to return the result of the decoupled computation. if the result is not yet available, the proxy entity either blocks or provides a notification, when non - blocking. promises and futures also introduce a synchronization mechanism, as they allow to dispatch independent computations, but synchronize with the initial flow of control, once the result is requested and eventually returned. futures and promises are available in many programming languages using threads for concurrency. in this case, the execution of the background task is scheduled to another thread, allowing the initial thread to continue its execution. actor - based systems often use an actor as a proxy entity of a computation, which is essentially the same as a future [ hew73 ]. sending a message to another actor and awaiting its eventual response is also often abstracted using futures. in event - driven systems, eventual results are represented by events, and handled by associated callbacks. when programming web applications, promises or futures can be used to decrease latency. the scatter - gather pattern dispatches multiple independent operations ( scatter ) and waits for all operations to yield results ( gather ). for instance, multiple independent database queries can be parallelized using this pattern. this can be implemented by scattering all operations as background tasks yielding proxy entities, then gathering all results by accessing the proxy entities. in effect, this converts a sequence of operations into parallel execution of operations. dataflow programming provides a similar execution strategy, but hides the notion of futures in the implementation. coroutines [ con63 ], and similarly fibers and green threads, are a generalization of subroutines. while a subroutine is executed sequentially and straightly,


but hides the notion of futures in the implementation. coroutines [ con63 ], and similarly fibers and green threads, are a generalization of subroutines. while a subroutine is executed sequentially and straightly, a coroutine can suspend and resume its execution at distinct points in code. thus, coroutines are good primitives for cooperative task handling, as coroutines are able to yield execution. we have identified the advantages of cooperative task handling in chapter 4, especially in case of massive parallelism of asynchronous operations such as i / o. coroutines are often used as low - level primitives, namely as an alternative to threads for implementing high - level concurrency concepts. for example, actor - based systems and event - driven platforms may use coroutines for their underlying implementation. there are also several programming languages and language extensions that introduce coroutines or their variants to high - level programming languages. for instance, greenlet is a coroutine framework for python, that is heavily used by high performance event loop frameworks such as gevent. google go is a general - purpose programming language from google that supports garbage collection and synchronous message passing for concurrency ( see below ). go targets usage scenarios similar to c / c + + by tendency. it does not supply threads for concurrent flows of executions, but a primitive called goroutine, which is derived from coroutines. goroutines are functions that are executed in parallel with their caller and other running goroutines. the runtime system maps goroutines to a number of underlying threads, which might lead to truely parallel execution. in other circumstances, multiple goroutines might also be executed by a single thread using cooperative scheduling. hence, they are more powerful than conventional coroutines, as they imply parallel execution and communicate via synchronous message passing, and not just by yielding. message passing is a theoretical model for concurrent systems that became well - known thanks to hoare ' s csp [ hoa78 ]. it is also the theoretical foundation for concurrent programming concepts. there are two different flavors of message passing - - synchronous and asynchronous. we have already got to know the latter one, because the actor model is essentially built on asynchronous message passing between actors. asynchronous message passing decouples communication between entities and allows senders to send


anna eleanor roosevelt ( 1884 - 1962 ), wife of the thirty - second president of the united states, was a philanthropist, author, world diplomat, and resolute champion of liberal causes. eleanor roosevelt was born in new york city on oct. 11, 1884, into an economically comfortable but troubled family. her father was elliott roosevelt, the younger brother of theodore roosevelt, a future president of the united states. although handsome and charming, elliott was plagued by frequent mental depressions and by alcoholism. her mother, beautiful but neurotic, was preoccupied with the family ' s image in upper - class society and embarrassed by eleanor ' s homeliness. eleanor ' s father entered a sanitarium for alcoholics when she was a child. when eleanor was 8 years old, her mother died, and she and two younger brothers went to live with their maternal grandmother in new york. shortly thereafter the older brother died, and when eleanor was not yet ten, she learned that her father was dead. her grandmother sheltered her from all outside contacts except for family acquaintances. eleanor roosevelt began discovering a world beyond the family at mademoiselle souvestre ' s finishing school at south fields, england, where she went at 15. mademoiselle souvestre taught a sense of social service and responsibility, which eleanor began to act upon after her return to new york. she plunged into social work, but soon her tall, handsome cousin, franklin delano roosevelt, began courting her. they were married in march 1905. she now had to contend with a domineering mother - in - law and a gregarious husband who did not really understand his wife ' s struggle to overcome shyness and feelings of inadequacy. between 1906 and 1916, the roosevelts had six children, one of whom died in infancy. the family lived at their estate at hyde park, from which franklin pursued his political ambitions in the democratic party. he served a term in the new york state senate before president woodrow wilson appointed him assistant secretary of the navy in 1913. although eleanor did much red cross relief work during world war i and even toured the french battlefields shortly after the armistice, she remained obscure. a major turning point in eleanor ' s life came in 1921, when franklin contracted polio and permanently lost the use of his legs. finally asserting her will over her mother - in - law ( who insisted that franklin quietly accept invalidism ), eleanor nursed him back into activity. within a few years he had regained his strength and political


and permanently lost the use of his legs. finally asserting her will over her mother - in - law ( who insisted that franklin quietly accept invalidism ), eleanor nursed him back into activity. within a few years he had regained his strength and political ambitions. meanwhile, she entered more fully into public life. speaking and working for the league of women voters, the national consumers ' league, the women ' s trade union league, and the women ' s division of the new york state democratic committee, she not only acted as franklin ' s " legs and ears " but began to acquire a certain notoriety of her own. during franklin ' s new york governorship she saw the last of her children off to boarding school and kept busy inspecting state hospitals, homes, and prisons for her husband. roosevelt ' s election to the presidency in 1932 meant, as eleanor later wrote, " the end of any personal life of my own. " she quickly became the best - known ( and also the most criticized ) first lady in american history. she evoked both intense admiration and intense hatred but almost never passivity or neutrality. besides undertaking a syndicated newspaper column and a series of radio broadcasts ( the income from which she gave to charity ), she traveled back and forth across the country on fact - finding trips for franklin. she assumed the special role of advocate for those groups of americans — working women, blacks, youth, tenant farmers — which franklin roosevelt ' s new deal efforts to combat the depression tended to neglect. holding no official position, she felt she could speak more freely on issues than could roosevelt, and she also became a key contact within the administration for officials seeking the president ' s support. in short, eleanor became an intermediary between, on the one hand, the individual citizen and his government and, on the other, the president and much of his administration. of particular concern to her was securing equal opportunities for women under the new deal ' s work relief projects ; ensuring that appropriate employment for writers, artists, musicians, and theater people became an integral part of the works progress administration ( wpa ) program ; promoting the cause of arthurdale, a farming community built by the federal government for unemployed miners in west virginia ; and providing work for jobless youth, both white and black ( accomplished under the national youth administration, set up in 1935 ). much more than her husband, she denounced racial oppression and tried to aid the struggle of black americans toward full citizenship. largely because of her efforts, african americans, for the first time since the reconstruction years


national youth administration, set up in 1935 ). much more than her husband, she denounced racial oppression and tried to aid the struggle of black americans toward full citizenship. largely because of her efforts, african americans, for the first time since the reconstruction years, had reason to feel that the national government was interested in their plight. as the united states moved toward war in the late 1930s, eleanor roosevelt spoke out forcefully in favor of the adminstration ' s policy of aiding antifascist governments. she accepted an appointment as deputy director in the office of civilian defense. she applied herself diligently to her new job but proved inefficient as an administrator and resigned in 1942 in the face of growing congressional criticism. that was her first and last official position under roosevelt. once the united states formally entered the war, she made numerous trips to england, europe, and the pacific area to boost troop morale and to inspect red cross facilities. after roosevelt ' s death in april 1945, eleanor was expected to retire to a quiet, uneventful private life. by the end of the year, however, she was back in public life. president harry s. truman appointed her american delegate to the united nations commission on human rights. as chairman of the commission, she worked the other delegates overtime to complete the universal declaration of human rights, adopted by the un general assembly in 1948. she remained in her post at the un through 1952. she became the target for virulent right - wing attacks during the presidential campaign of that year. after the election of republican dwight d. eisenhower, she gave up her un post, but continued to work for international understanding and cooperation as a representative of the american association for the united nations. during the last decade of her life eleanor roosevelt traveled to numerous foreign countries, including two trips to the soviet union, and authored several books. she continued to articulate a personal and social outlook which, while never profound and sometimes banal and obtuse, still inspired millions. but by the early 1960s, although she had accepted three new government appointments from president john f. kennedy ( delegate to the u. n., adviser to the peace corps, and chairman of the president ' s commission on the status of women ), her strength was waning. she died in new york city on nov. 6, 1962. her candid autobiographical writings are invaluable : this is my story ( 1937 ) ; this i remember ( 1949 ) ; and on my own ( 1958 ). these works are combined with


in new york city on nov. 6, 1962. her candid autobiographical writings are invaluable : this is my story ( 1937 ) ; this i remember ( 1949 ) ; and on my own ( 1958 ). these works are combined with an additional updated chapter in autobiography ( 1961 ). an even more intimate view of eleanor can be gained from joseph p. lash, eleanor and franklin : the story of their relationship based on eleanor roosevelt ' s private papers ( 1971 ) and eleanor : the years alone ( 1972 ). also helpful is tamara k. hareven, eleanor roosevelt : an american conscience ( 1968 ). james r. kearney, anna eleanor roosevelt : the evolution of a reformer ( 1968 ), is less a biography than a topically organized analysis of various facets of roosevelt ' s public life. less critical though useful are alfred steinberg, mrs. r. ( 1959 ) ; joseph p. lash, eleanor roosevelt : a friend ' s memoir ( 1965 ) ; and archibald macleish, the eleanor roosevelt story ( 1965 ). information about roosevelt ' s role in relation to her husband ' s career is in frank freidel ' s uncompleted biography franklin d. roosevelt ( 3 vols., 1952 - 1956 ) ; alfred b. rollins, roosevelt and howe ( 1962 ) ; and james macgregor burns, roosevelt : the lion and the fox ( 1963 ). learn more about eleanor roosevelt


i was interested in this article on what helps people learn from the excellent blog, the frontal cortex, written by journalist and science writer, jonah lehrer. " it turned out that those subjects with a growth mindset were significantly better at learning from their mistakes. as a result, they showed a spike in accuracy immediately following an error. most interesting, though, was the eeg data, which demonstrated that those with a growth mindset generated a much larger pe signal, indicating increased attention to their mistakes. ( while those with an extremely fixed mindset generated a pe amplitude around five, those with a growth mindset were closer to fifteen. ) what ' s more, this increased pe signal was nicely correlated with improvement after error, implying that the extra awareness was paying dividends in performance. because the subjects were thinking about what they got wrong, they learned how to get it right. " carole dweck ' s research has a lot of appeal. her recent research has looked at what she calls a " growth mindset " versus " a fixed one. " a growth mindset believes that in learning effort counts most, that we make mistakes because we are still learning. a fixed mindset believes that our ability to learn is fixed. we make mistakes because we can ' t learn, not because we haven ' t tried hard enough or are still in the process of learning. the study reported in the frontal cortex went one step further, to see what happened in the brain as one tried to learn. first, participants had to detect that they had made an error. then, they had increased attention to avoid making the error again. the researchers found differences in brain activity between people in the " growth mindset " group and in the " fixed mindset " group. but as i thought about this research in the context of behavioral psychology, i was struck by the level of theoretical buzz going on here. in class yesterday, dr peterson was describing the effectiveness of clicker training for animals and athletes. a radical behaviorist would say that you don ' t need to hypothesize the existence of mental states such as a " growth mindset " or a " fixed mindset. " you just need to provide reinforcement ( * * * click! * * * ) for successive approximations to the target behavior of correctly identifying the middle letter in a meaningless sequence of letters, such as " mmmmm " or " nnmnn. " i wonder what the results of this study would look like if the researcher used clicker feedback to reward participants when