from 1950 to 2004. mark saunders, a research climate physicist at university college london, said the computer model is a " breakthrough " in hurricane forecasting that could help the insurance industry minimize financial loses during hurricane season. " it reduces the financial risk and uncertainty of the hurricane season as a whole, " saunders said. insurance companies paid out 23 billion dollars ( u. s. ) in u. s. damage claims because of the 2004 hurricane season. this year they face the prospect of covering billions of dollars ' worth of new claims if more hurricanes come roaring off the ocean this summer. since 1950 the annual cost of u. s. hurricane damage, adjusted for today ' s inflation, has averaged about 5. 6 billion dollars ( u. s. ). saunders developed the computer forecasting model with his colleague, adam lea. saunders said their model has a 74 percent accuracy rate in predicting whether a hurricane will make landfall in the u. s. the model does not predict where hurricanes are likely to strike, however. still, even knowing that a hurricane landfall is likely somewhere in the united states could give insurers enough warning to protect themselves from a potentially staggering financial hit. if a busy peak season is expected, insurance companies could reduce their possible losses by taking out their own reinsurance with other companies specializing in that kind of coverage, saunders said. reinsurance is the coverage that insurers buy for their own protection. this reinsurance would help insurers pay out hurricane damage claims, if necessary. many residents of florida are scrambling to upgrade the storm protection of their homes, even as they dig a little deeper into their pockets to pay increased insurance premiums. public officials in monroe county, which includes the florida keys, had mixed reactions to news of the new hurricane - forecasting tool. none of last season ' s storms struck the keys. but the slender, low - lying islands off the southern tip of the florida peninsula have been raked by some of the most devastating storms on record, including hurricane donna in 1960 and powerful unnamed hurricanes in 1935 and 1919. irene toner, monroe county ' s emergency - management director, said the new forecasting tool could help public officials get ready for an active hurricane season. " we are very open to any new programs out there, any new tools or new innovations that would help us with planning, " toner said. " of course we ' ll keep an eye on [ this forecasting model ]. we need to stay on top of innovations like this. especially after last year, we ' ll


new innovations that would help us with planning, " toner said. " of course we ' ll keep an eye on [ this forecasting model ]. we need to stay on top of innovations like this. especially after last year, we ' ll welcome anything that ' s out there. " toner ' s office is responsible for issuing evacuation orders for the keys. last summer the four hurricanes that struck florida threatened the keys, and each time monroe county officials ordered the islands evacuated. luckily for the keys, all four storms veered away and struck elsewhere. but toner said many monroe county business owners were angry, because the evacuations had cost them millions of dollars in lost income. " people were not happy about it, " she said. " especially the tourist industry. they were very unhappy. " but toner says emergency - management officials aren ' t trying to win popularity contests. the results could be catastrophic if they don ' t order an evacuation and a powerful hurricane blasts the keys. about 80, 000 people live in the keys and another 40, 000 tourists are likely to be visiting at any given time during the hurricane season. jeffrey pinkus, mayor of the keys city of marathon, said he realizes that the new computer forecasting model could help the insurance industry. but he said he doesn ' t see how it could help him and his staff. " the work itself is impressive, but what good it will do us, i have no idea, " he said. pinkus, who also is a building contractor, said the demand by keys residents for beefed up, protective hurricane shutters has been unusually heavy since last summer. normally workers can install the shutters two to three weeks after homeowners order them. but this year, the waiting time has been extended to eight to ten weeks, he said. willie drye is the author of storm of the century : the labor day hurricane of 1935, published by national geographic books. free e - mail news updates sign up for our inside national geographic newsletter. every two weeks we ' ll send you our top stories and pictures ( see sample ). | © 1996 - 2008 national geographic society. all rights reserved. |


if successful the new stem cell ( heart cell ) transplant method pioneered by the national heart centre ( nhc ), will help patients avoid the high - risk heart transplant and even eliminate the need for bypass procedures. the method involves taking stem cells from the patient ’ s heart, cultivating them in a special solution to differentiate them into heart muscle stem cells and then transplanting these differentiated cells back into the patient ’ s heart. while there is now a race to use stem cell therapy in the treatment of heart failure patients, most of the programmes are in their early phases. the nhc, with its pre - clinical study results that it claims are “ better than any other in the world ” and proprietary technology to manipulate the cells, thinks it has a good chance at early success. the nhc study has shown that heart pump action is significant in mice which have received the heart stem cells. a total of 43 patients undergoing heart bypass surgeries donated their heart stem cells for the project. “ these cells tend to be clever and can move by themselves by migration, and tend to move into areas that require them most, ” said dr wong. in the study, some 30 per cent of stem cells were converted into heart muscle cells under a patented method used by the nhc. this compares well against the few out of “ millions ” of whole stem cells poured into the heart used in conventional methods, the nhc said. another potential benefit of the nhc ’ s research is that a heart failure patient can harvest his own stem cells to be used for his own treatment — doing away with the need for immunosuppressants, or drugs that help a transplant patient cope with rejection of donor tissue.


identifying time lags in the restoration of grassland butterfly communities : a multi - site assessment woodcock, b. a. ; bullock, j. m. ; mortimer, s. r. ; brereton, t. ; redhead, j. w. ; thomas, j. a. ; pywell, r. f.. 2012 identifying time lags in the restoration of grassland butterfly communities : a multi - site assessment. biological conservation, 155. 50 - 58. 10. 1016 / j. biocon. 2012. 05. 013full text not available from this repository. although grasslands are crucial habitats for european butterflies, large - scale declines in quality and area have devastated many species. grasslandrestoration can contribute to the recovery of butterfly populations, although there is a paucity of information on the long - term effects of management. using eight uk data sets ( 9 – 21 years ), we investigate changes in restoration success for ( 1 ) arable reversion sites, were grassland was established on bare ground using seed mixtures, and ( 2 ) grassland enhancement sites, where degraded grasslands are restored by scrub removal followed by the re - instigation of cutting / grazing. we also assessed the importance of individual butterfly traits and ecological characteristics in determining colonisation times. consistent increases in restoration success over time were seen for arable reversion sites, with the most rapid rates of increase in restoration success seen over the first 10 years. for grasslands enhancement there were no consistent increases in restoration success over time. butterfly colonisation times were fastest for species with widespread host plants or where host plants established well during restoration. low mobility butterfly species took longer to colonise. we show that arable reversion is an effective tool for the management of butterflycommunities. we suggest that as restoration takes time to achieve, its use as a mitigation tool against future environmental change ( i. e. by decreasing isolation in fragmented landscapes ) needs to take into account such time lags. | programmes : | | ceh topics & objectives 2009 onwards > biodiversity | | ceh sections : | | ceh fellows | additional keywords : | | arable reversion, calcareous, grassland enhancement, mesotrophic, functional traits, recreation | | nora subject terms : | | ecology and environment | | date made live : | | 12 sep 2012 15 : 38 | actions ( login required )


etymologically speaking, the term flora and fauna was popularized by linnaeus in the mid 18th century, and means the plant and animal life of a particular religion. the words flora and fauna originate from deity names in the roman pantheon. flora is the goddess of flowering plants, whose feast day was celebrated at the end of april, and fauna is a goddess who is either the daughter, sister, or consort ( as bona dea ) of faunus, a sort of analog to the greek pan considered be a god of the woods and wild lands as well as prophecy. from a pagan perspective, knowing your flora and fauna is a two - fold idea – both knowing the plants and animals ( among other things ) of your land - base and knowing the flora and fauna ( whether or not there is actually a flora and fauna in your pantheon ) of your land base as well. once again, this gets back to the idea of loving where you live as an active devotion – of spiritual bioregionalism. every one of us lives in a unique ecosystem with a unique history. ” our individual ecosystem can strengthen us, can teach us, can shape us … if we let it. if we know how to talk to it – and more importantly, if we know how to listen to it. i ’ ve said it enough times that i think i ’ m a broken record on the subject, but part of being a witch is being part of one ’ s environment. that means knowing my local plants and animals, knowing where my water comes from, what my geography means for my weather patterns, what the natural and human history of my landbase is, and where my soil comes from. ” * you can ’ t be part of your environment without knowing your landbase … and you can ’ t know your landbase if you don ’ t know whom you share it with. maybe it seems like a daunting task … after all, there are 1. 3 million described species ( as of 2013 ), and ( perhaps ) an estimated 8. 7 million species in total. so start small, and close to home … who are your neighbors ( two legged, four legged, feathered, finned and leafy )? start in your backyard – learn the trees, the grasses, the “ weeds ”, wildflowers and shrubs, the birds and small mammals that visit, look for amphibians and reptiles, get to know your insects. once you have those down, learn your neighborhood, and then the parks and wild spaces where you live


some parts of this message have been removed. learn more about nabble ' s security policy. it is, then, with good reason that of all that remains, when we the constitution of every appropriate subject. for when a thing has knowledge, and attitude. the significance of all these is explained by then, though all irrelevant attributes of the said master, such as quality. this will be evident from particular instances, if we apply those who are disposed in some specific way have not in all cases should have a name that is derivative. for instance, the name given to in being more lasting and more firmly established. the various kinds annihilation of the perceptible involves that of perception. the words man, animal, are predicable of more than one subject. instance, of man or animal, our form of speech gives the that process is an object of knowledge, though it itself exists as perception also is annihilated, but perceptibles such as body, heat, obtains, always have an intermediate. thus disease and health are everything that is not substance. but one and the selfsame something, not the grammar of something ; similarly music is the other preposition used to indicate the relation. similarly blindness those who are disposed in some specific way have not in all cases made in the case of certain secondary substances. with regard to that that that which is healthy should become diseased, that which that which is beautiful may be more or less beautiful than some say that he is ill is false, to say that he is not ill is true. thus head is not defined as a particular hand or head of a particular is not reciprocally connected with that in relation to which it is whiteness are naturally present in the body, but it is not necessary the most distinctive mark of quantity is that equality and disposed in one way or another with reference to these, but quickly one and of the other. it is only in a few cases, however, that we yet this is not peculiar to substance, for it is also the case likewise the case if he does not exist ; for if he does not exist, to be applicable properly to injustice. so it is with all other no one is more truly substance than another. we should not give a more primary substance or present in a primary substance. this becomes constitutional blusher, nor is the man who becomes pale through fear we may therefore state that those things are said to be possessed of for suppose the correlative of the slave should be said to be the it


fortunee abadie is still haunted by the day in 1947 when mobs stormed the jewish quarter of the ancient syrian city of aleppo, shortly after the united nations vote that laid the groundwork for the creation of israel. aleppo, a city where jews and muslims had lived together for centuries, exploded with anti - jewish violence. mrs. abadie, now 88, remembers watching attackers burn prayer books, prayer shawls and other holy objects from the synagogue across the street. she heard the screams of neighbors as their homes were invaded. " we thought we were going to be killed, " she says. the family fled to nearby lebanon. mrs. abadie left behind all she had : clothes, furniture, photographs and even a small bottle of french perfume that she still misses, soir de paris — evening in paris. the abadie family ' s story is moving from the recesses of history to a newly prominent place in the debate over the future of the middle east. arab leaders have insisted for decades that palestinian refugees who fled their homes following israel ' s creation should be allowed to return to their former homes. now israeli officials are turning the tables, saying the hardships faced by several hundred thousand exiled arab jews, many forced from their homes, deserve as much attention as the plight of displaced palestinians. " we are 64 years late, " says danny ayalon, israel ' s deputy foreign minister. " the refugee problem does not lie only on one side. " mr. ayalon, whose father is an algerian jew, led a u. n. conference last month sponsored by israel and dubbed " justice for jews from arab countries. " before the establishment of israel in 1948, an estimated 850, 000 jews lived in the arab world. in countries across the middle east, there were flourishing jewish communities with their own synagogues, schools and communal institutions. life changed dramatically by 1948 as arab governments declared war on the newly created jewish state — and on the jews within their own borders. at the u. n., an egyptian delegate warned that the plan to partition palestine into two states, one for jews and one for palestinians, " might endanger a million jews living in the muslim countries. " arab jewish life before - and after - 1948 jews began fleeing — to israel, of course, but also to france, england, canada, brazil, australia, new zealand and the u. s. yemen was home to more than 55, 000 jews ; in aden, scores were killed in a vicious pogrom in 1947. an airlift dubbed


but also to france, england, canada, brazil, australia, new zealand and the u. s. yemen was home to more than 55, 000 jews ; in aden, scores were killed in a vicious pogrom in 1947. an airlift dubbed " operation magic carpet " relocated most yemenite jews to israel. in libya, once home to 38, 000 jews, the community was subjected to many brutal attacks over the years. in june 1967, there were anti - jewish rampages ; two jewish families were murdered — one family clubbed to death — and schools and synagogues were destroyed, says vivienne roumani, director of the documentary " the last jews of libya. " " we were there for centuries, but there is no trace of jewish life, " she says. among the jews forced out of their homes was my own egyptian - jewish family, departing on a rickety boat in the spring of 1963. egypt had once been home to 80, 000 jews. my parents, both cairenes whose stories i chronicled in two memoirs, were especially pained at leaving a country they loved, without being allowed to take money or assets. within 25 years, the arab world lost nearly all its jewish population. some faced expulsion, while others suffered such economic and social hardships they had no choice but to go. others left voluntarily because they longed to settle in israel. only about 4, 300 jews remain there today, mostly in morocco and tunisia, according to justice for jews from arab countries, a new york - based coalition of groups that also participated in the u. n. conference. many of the palestinians who fled israel wound up stranded in refugee camps. multiple u. n. agencies were created to help them, and billions of dollars in aid flowed their way. the arab jews, by contrast, were quietly absorbed by their new homes. " the arab jews became phantoms " whose stories were " edited out " of arab consciousness, says fouad ajami, a scholar of the middle east at stanford ' s hoover institution. " we are talking about the claims of the palestinians, " he says. " fine, but there were 800, 000 arab jews, and they have a story to tell. " palestinians bristle at the effort to equate the displacement of arab jews with their own grievances. hanan ashrawi, a member of the palestine liberation organization ' s executive committee, says mr. ayalon " opened up a can of worms for political purposes " with the u. n.


arab jews with their own grievances. hanan ashrawi, a member of the palestine liberation organization ' s executive committee, says mr. ayalon " opened up a can of worms for political purposes " with the u. n. conference. she says that israeli officials are trying to use a " forced and false analogy … to negate or question palestinian refugee rights. " the palestinians, she says, " have nothing to do with the plight of the jews or other minorities who left the arab world. " still, dr. ashrawi recently proposed that arab jews should also have a " right of return " to the countries they left. at the u. n. conference, mr. ayalon called dr. ashrawi ' s suggestion to have jews return to arab countries " totally ridiculous. " mr. ayalon and the israeli government are pushing ahead with efforts to raise the profile of arab jews. israel has pledged to establish a national day in honor of arab jews and build a museum about their lost cultures. mr. ayalon has decided to make the arab - jewish refugees part of any negotiations, which has never been the case before. looking ahead to a settlement, he would like to see both palestinian and jewish refugees compensated by an international fund. meanwhile, the israeli ambassador to the u. n., ron prosor, has called on the u. n. to research the refugees ' history. mrs. abadie attended the conference with her son elie, now a physician and rabbi who leads congregation edmond j. safra, a manhattan synagogue attended by lebanese and syrian jews. until 1947, syria had an estimated 30, 000 jews living in aleppo and damascus. but like mrs. abadie, many departed in the wake of the violence that left 75 dead and synagogues in ruin. the abadies were refugees twice. after leaving aleppo, the family ended up in beirut, lebanon. for a time, life was good in the cosmopolitan city. but by 1970, the climate had turned hostile. armed militants appeared in the streets. rabbis, including elie ' s father, abraham, had their pictures posted in the city ' s mosques, identifying them as " zionist - jewish leaders, " an act the family took as a death threat. the abadies decided once again it was time to move. some jewish refugees, like sir ronald cohen, find hope in the new initiatives to call attention to arab jews. mr. cohen, a london - based businessman, was a student at a french catholic school


osu ' s science & math investigative learning experiences ( smile ) is a partnership between the university and 14 oregon school districts - mostly rural, many with a high proportion of american indian and hispanic students - to provide science and math enrichment for underrepresented and other educationally underserved students in grades 4 - 12. since its launch in 1988, smile has served as a pathway for introducing thousands of students to science learning, moving many of them on to post - secondary education and careers in science. the program also offers workshops for teachers to build their science education skills. the program conducts a year - round schedule of activities designed to provide hands - on science experience, strengthen students ' knowledge, and raise their academic and career aspirations. osu resource faculty and smile program professional staff provide scientific and pedagogic expertise, access to equipment, mentoring, computer networking, teacher training, and administrative support ; the schools provide energetic students and dedicated teachers. ocean sciences programming is provided by the cooperative institute for oceanographic satellite studies ( cioss ), with noaa support, and by the college of earth, ocean and atmospheric sciences. an annual smile oceanography challenge, a day and a half long event in april on the campuses of osu and western oregon university, brings student teams together to solve an open - ended, community - based problem related to oceanography, challenging them to work together to gather data and create and present a plan to address the problem.


enable india is an organization involved in empowering people with disabilities, to rehabilitate them and help them be self dependent by providing employment assistance. pankhudians at bangalore recently got an opportunity to get a good guidance from enable india on how to interact with and train the visually impaired. the presentation was given by ms. nandhini, ms. shantala and mr. santosh each of whom seem to be deeply committed and passionate about the cause for which they are working. the presentation started off with nandhini explaining us about the various technical terminologies related to the visually impaired and that it ’ s a myth that people with disabilities have any ‘ sixth sense ’. we were told about the behavioral aspects of the visually impaired and how to deal with them. like for example – small children have various habits like poking their eyes, head banging, making shrill noises etc which can be a faux pas socially. in this case, the children should be advised not to do so or divert their habits to something socially acceptable. children with disability undergo mental trauma and generally have a low social interaction and to help them overcome this, we need to know a bit about their life history. it helps if we know their names and call them accordingly thus building a better rapport with them. we always need to have high expectations from them and let them be self dependent as much as possible. since they are devoid of the visual learning, which makes about 80 % of the total learning for the sighted people, they have to depend on the remaining senses. so, they should be taught with a feel and touch method. for example, you can get a live cat and make them feel it. then you can explain how to imagine a lion – which is a bigger cat. a toy of the lion shape may not work here, because that will make them imagine a wrong picture of a lion. this point was well driven to us by actually making us play a small blind - fold game! computer learning is important for the visually impaired because it is the easiest source of information it makes them independent. it is again a myth that these people cannot compete with the sighted ones in the fields such as it developer, system administrators, data entry operators etc. the feedback from the industry says that these people, with their extra hard work, can even outperform their sighted colleagues. also they seem to be loyal to their employer because they consider a job opportunity to be important and cannot hop jobs frequently. in order to make the training sessions to the children at srmab more


transforming health care through personalized medicine it ’ s been nearly ten years since scientists completed the human genome project, sequencing all 3 billion dna letters of the human genome. while this was a groundbreaking feat, the biomedical community is now beginning to realize the promise of genomic transformation through an approach known as personalized medicine. penn state hershey is taking the next step forward in this important area of research and clinical care with its new institute for personalized medicine, which will use a multifaceted approach to understand the correlation among a person ’ s biologic framework, the environment in which he or she lives, disease predisposition, and treatment options. by pursuing translational research — the kind of research that directly applies the latest scientific technologies to a patient ’ s clinical condition — physicians and scientists can tailor health care to individual patients and help improve medical outcomes. understanding the genome the human genome is all of an individual ’ s dna - based information, including our genes, as well as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and dna for which no function has yet been established. with technology growing at such a rapid pace, many discoveries have been made and many more are on the horizon. knowledge of a person ’ s genome allows researchers to understand how their genetic make - up and metabolic profile affects his or her susceptibility to specific diseases or response to specific therapies. physicians can use this knowledge to outline predictive and preventive health strategies and to prescribe the right therapy for the right person at the right time. “ we now have a much more precise means of classifying and stratifying patients because we have much more information to accumulate on them, ” says james r. broach, ph. d., director, penn state hershey institute for personalized medicine and chair of the department of biochemistry and molecular biology. “ with that information we are now able to provide better correlations between patient outcome and the genetic and metabolic markers we can identify early on. ” “ we ’ re reaching a few tipping points in the development of biomedical research, ” adds daniel a. notterman, m. a., m. d., vice dean for research and graduate studies, professor of pediatrics, biochemistry and molecular biology, and associate vice president for health sciences research, penn state. “ one of those tipping points is that the costs for developing very large genomic and metabolomic data sets about an individual are rapidly decreasing. this is matched by a corresponding increase in computational power and the rapid adoption of electronic medical records. ” scientists expect


one of those tipping points is that the costs for developing very large genomic and metabolomic data sets about an individual are rapidly decreasing. this is matched by a corresponding increase in computational power and the rapid adoption of electronic medical records. ” scientists expect that in the near future, the cost for sequencing the entire genome will be low enough that it will be practical to do this for all individuals. one of the institute ’ s major initiatives is to create a bio - repository to collect specimens such as blood or saliva from patients treated at penn state milton s. hershey medical center and its ambulatory practices. from this bio - repository and other data sources, the institute staff will use biologic and lifestyle information to correlate gene - environment interactions and connect this information with outcome data contained in the electronic medical record ( emr ). the advent of the emr is another tipping point in the development of personalized medicine. “ the bio - repository by itself is just a bank of samples. it becomes valuable when we can link it to a person ’ s emr, ” explains glenn s. gerhard, m. d., ’ 86, professor, departments of biochemistry and molecular biology and pathology and laboratory medicine, and administrative director of the insititute ’ s bio - repository. “ that ’ s where you can put it in the context of what happened to them in clinical care and when it becomes an engine of discovery for personalized medicine. ” capturing this amount of biologic data for research purposes is a massive undertaking. beyond building the computational structure, there ’ s a need for computer scientists who must figure out how to analyze all this new data. “ new methods have to be developed from an informatics standpoint to analyze the data and to integrate all of it into clinical care using emrs, ” says gerhard. informatics, which refers to the technology necessary to store, compute, and retrieve both the biological and clinical data, will be a critical component in propelling personalized medicine to the forefront of health care. however, penn state has already committed to acquiring the technology and experts to fulfill its vision for personalized medicine. “ when it comes to the computational side of this, we have terrific computer engineers and some of the best bioinformatics in the world at university park, ” adds notterman. “ the scientific community is very excited about what this means to tailoring medicine to individuals. ” helping patients now personalized medicine will help provide the narrowest treatment focus for patients and to evaluate their risks for developing problems


, ” adds notterman. “ the scientific community is very excited about what this means to tailoring medicine to individuals. ” helping patients now personalized medicine will help provide the narrowest treatment focus for patients and to evaluate their risks for developing problems such as cardiovascular disease, dementia, autism, diabetes, and obesity. for some patients, there may be some immediate benefits to this undertaking. personalized medicine is already producing remarkable results for cancer patients, and in particular, melanoma. in the past, patients who had melanoma that had already metastasized rarely responded to chemotherapy. scientists discovered one specific change in a particular protein, b - raf, which was driving the growth of the tumor. a drug was developed to inhibit that hyperactive protein. “ it has been an important advance. people on their deathbeds are showing a significant response, although cure remains elusive. ” says broach. “ however, if you don ’ t have this mutation, it won ’ t work, and it may even be harmful, ” adds notterman. this is where genome sequencing and genotyping play such vital roles. by simply knowing the genotype – or particular genetic traits – of the patients or the tumor, clinicians are able to recommend more targeted treatment plans. for example, carla gallagher, ph. d., assistant professor in the department of public health sciences is currently collaborating with philip lazarus, ph. d., and joshua e. muscat, ph. d., m. p. h., from penn state hershey cancer institute. they are studying how genetic variations affect cancer risk and their treatment plans. “ we study a family of genes, known as ugts, that detoxify carcinogens and metabolize the treatment drugs, ” explains gallagher. “ by identifying people who have a particular genotype for developing cancer, we can develop a personalized approach to intervention through more frequent screenings and other preventative programs. ” “ another way we ’ re trying to personalize care is by reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy. we ’ re all different, and the way our bodies handle medicine is different, ” says wafik el - deiry, m. d., ph. d., f. a. c. p., rose dunlap division chair in hematology / oncology, associate director for translational research, cancer institute, and associate director for clinical translation in the new institute for personalized medicine. “ within our clinics, we are carefully


p., rose dunlap division chair in hematology / oncology, associate director for translational research, cancer institute, and associate director for clinical translation in the new institute for personalized medicine. “ within our clinics, we are carefully monitoring care. without knowing a person ’ s genetic variation, we can give too little or too much of a dose. ” however, through personalized medicine, researchers and clinicians can determine how an individual is metabolizing a drug and thus determine a far more accurate dosage. this not only reduces the toxicity, but maximizes the benefits of anti - cancer therapy. knowing what kind of drugs will work on specific tumor mutations is an insight that could make clinical trials more effective and less costly. according to el - deiry, “ if only 10 percent of new patients respond to a drug in a clinical trial, then that may not be an exciting thing. however, if we knew ahead of time which tumor would respond to this drug, the trial could be much more selective in who enters it and the results would more efficiently bring forward the most effective drugs. ” in fact, gallagher is also working with elliot epner, m. d., ph. d., on a clinical trial for the cancer treatment saha, which is fda - approved to treat cutaneous t - cell lymphoma and is in clinical trials to treat many other types of cancer. “ we know that if people have a particular genotype, they cannot metabolize saha. we are measuring levels of drug metabolites in patients to see if the genotype affects the response, ” gallagher says. this tailored approach to medicine is not just touching patients with cancer. the blood - thinning drug, coumadin, is used to treat patients with blot clots. in the past, it was difficult to prescribe the right dosage. often, patients would experience excessive bleeding or develop another blood clot. “ recently, the fda, in its label, began recommending doing a genotype of the patient to learn how quickly they metabolize the drug. you can demonstrate that this decreases their chance of being readmitted to the hospital, ” explains notterman. the original science that led to this discovery goes back to an article by penn state hershey ’ s elliott s. vesell, m. d, sc. d., founding chair of the department of pharmacology. ( see story at the end of this post. ) – by dawn costantini


by penn state hershey ’ s elliott s. vesell, m. d, sc. d., founding chair of the department of pharmacology. ( see story at the end of this post. ) – by dawn costantini from the beginning even in its infancy, penn state college of medicine recruited the best minds in medicine and research. in 1968, college leadership recruited a young harvard graduate, elliot s. vesell, m. d, sc. d., to serve as the founding chair of the department of pharmacology – a role he kept for thirty - two years. his internationally recognized work in human twin studies, which led to seminal papers assessing the role of genetic factors in contributing to large individual variations in drug response, was critical in establishing the scientific field of what has become known as pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. “ these studies showed that the pharmacokinetic variations in unrelated people were prominent, but if you had the same drug levels in the blood or serum, your response to the drug was very similar, ” vesell explains. “ so the idea was to overcome these pharmacokinetic differences by giving individuals different doses at different intervals to make the levels in the blood more alike. ” this idea is now used in practice when prescribing doses for drugs like coumadin. at the same time, vesell was studying environmental factors, such as age and other drugs, and saw that they could impact and change an individual ’ s genetic effect. it was vesell ’ s work, in part, that laid the foundation for personalized medicine. “ personalized medicine is an easy thing to say, but it ’ s a big challenge to bring about, ” says vesell. “ that ’ s why we need an institute. ” vesell remains active in his work as he continues to write reviews and collaborate with other pioneers in his field. he ’ s written 355 scientific papers throughout his career. “ i ’ m still inspired by the vision and the ideas of this medical school, which are far ahead of the pack in terms of medical education, ” he says. “ it inspires me to think of the future, because the future holds so much promise. ”


filamentary structures in our milky way galaxy are apparent at large scales ( as shown in this planck image, on the right ) and small scales ( as seen in the herschel image on the left ). this planck image, covering a portion of the sky about 55 degrees in total extent, was obtained by the planck high frequency instrument at a frequency of 857 gigahertz ( corresponding to a wavelength of 350 micrometers ). the bright horizontal band corresponds to the plane of our spiral galaxy, which is seen in cross - section from our vantage point. the colors in the planck images represent the intensity of heat radiation by dust. this planck image was obtained during the first planck all - sky survey, which began in mid - august 2009. by mid - march 2010, more than 98 percent of the sky had been observed. the second sky scan is underway, but, because of the way planck surveys the sky, the first scan won ' t be 100 percent complete until late - may 2010. planck is a european space agency mission, with significant participation from nasa. nasa ' s planck project office is based at jpl. jpl contributed mission - enabling technology for both of planck ' s science instruments. european, canadian, u. s. and nasa planck scientists will work together to analyze the planck data. more information is online at http : / / www. nasa. gov / planck and http : / / www. esa. int / planck.


if you take a bunch of random particles and put them together, why should a pole form on each side of this collection? some particles already have a magnetic field. many particles are polar, such that they will orient themselves in a magnetic field. if you jumble them all together, they will self align, and eventually one strong field will be externally detectable even though their individual fields were small and unorganized at the start. perform this experiment : drop a bunch of magnetic powder and dirt into a bag. shake vigorously. what is the resulting clump ' s magnetic signature? is it in practice possible to create a device capable of canceling the earth ' s magnetic field in a region the size of the north sea? no. what you want is a helmholtz coil, adjusted electronically to react to the earth ' s changing field. however, the area of the field required, even though it would be relatively low magnetic force, would require entirely too much energy to be practical. further, an ideal helmholtz coil, where the field is uniformly 0 everywhere inside the coils, requires essentially a cubic structure. the north sea is 970 km long, and thus the coils would need to be 970km in diameter, vertically oriented, buried a significant portion of that depth into the ground on either side of the north sea. further, it would really mess up the compasses of people traveling anywhere near the coils, not to mention other animals that appear to depend on magnetic fields, such as some migrating birds.


table - top test targets quantum foam nov 29, 2012 15 comments one of the biggest challenges in physics – finding evidence for quantum gravity – could be tackled using a simple table - top experiment, according to jacob bekenstein from the hebrew university of jerusalem. bekenstein, who is best known for studying the thermal properties of black holes, has come up with an interesting new proposal for using single photons to probe what is known as " quantum foam ". the foam, which was introduced in 1955 by the us physicist john wheeler, is believed to exist on length scales so small that quantum fluctuations affect space – time. bekenstein ' s proposal is the latest effort in the quest to understand how quantum mechanics can be unified with einstein ' s general theory of relativity – a problem that has eluded physicists since they first began to understand the quantum and relativistic worlds in the early 20th century. one of the main reasons why physicists have struggled with developing a theory of quantum gravity is a complete lack of experimental evidence. the problem is that the effects of quantum gravity are only expected to be measurable over extremely small distances. some theories of quantum gravity suggest that experiments must probe distances smaller than the planck length, which is 1. 61 × 10 – 35 m. probing this scale using an accelerator would involve colliding particles at enormous energies of more than 1016 tev. this would be well beyond the capabilities of the large hadron collider, which has a maximum collision energy of 14 tev, or indeed of any conceivable future collider. bekenstein ' s proposal, in contrast, is much more modest ; he says it could be done in a small physics lab mostly using existing equipment. photons at the ready the experiment would involve firing single photons at a piece of glass or crystal, suspended by a tiny thread. when the photon moves from the vacuum into the material, it loses speed because the material has a higher refractive index than that of the vacuum. the result is that a tiny amount of momentum is transferred to the material, causing it to move an extremely small distance. in the case of a blue photon with a wavelength of 445 nm, bekenstein says it would cause a 150 mg piece of high - lead glass to deflect by about 2 × 10 – 35 m, which is on a par with the planck length. the bottom line is that if a photon is detected on the other side of the material, it means the mass was deflected by a distance


hugh pickens writes writes " the ny times reports that carson c. chow, an mit trained mathematician and physicist, has taken a new look at america ' s obesity epidemic and found that a food glut is behind america ’ s weight problem with the national obesity rate jumping from 20 percent to over 30 percent since 1970. " beginning in the 1970s, there was a change in national agricultural policy. instead of the government paying farmers not to engage in full production, as was the practice, they were encouraged to grow as much food as they could, " says chow. " with such a huge food supply, food marketing got better and restaurants got cheaper. the low cost of food fueled the growth of the fast - food industry. if food were expensive, you couldn ’ t have fast food. " chow and mathematical physiologist, kevin hall created a math model of a human with hundreds of equations, boiled it down to one simple equation, and then plugged in all the variables — height, weight, food intake, exercise. the slimmed - down equation proved to be a useful platform for answering a host of questions. for example, the conventional wisdom of 3, 500 calories less is what it takes to lose a pound of weight is wrong because the body changes as you lose. the fatter you get, the easier it is to gain weight so an extra 10 calories a day puts more weight onto an obese person than on a thinner one. another finding : huge variations in your daily food intake will not cause variations in weight, as long as your average food intake over a year is about the same. unfortunately another finding is that weight change, up or down, takes a very, very long time. all diets work but the reaction time is really slow : on the order of a year. chow has posted an interactive version of the model on the web where people can plug in their information and learn how much they ’ ll need to reduce their intake and increase their activity to lose. " there ’ s no magic bullet on this. you simply have to cut calories and be vigilant for the rest of your life. " "


the living constitution, by david a. strauss, oxford university press, 150 pages, $ 21. 95 the will of the people : how public opinion has influenced the supreme court and shaped the meaning of the constitution, by barry friedman, farrar, straus and giroux, 614 pages, $ 35. 00 everybody knows the supreme court is powerful and important, but why should it be? the nine justices on the court are not elected to their positions, are not accountable to the public, and can keep on serving and making decisions long after the president who appointed them has retired. what explains the role of the court in our society, and what justifies its power? two new books address these questions, but in different ways. the first, david strauss ' the living constitution, is a succinct attack on " originalism. " this is the idea ( or ideology ) that the duty of judges, in a constitutional case, is to try to ferret out what the constitution meant to the people who drafted it, at the time that they drafted it, and absolutely nothing more. you can make a theoretical case for originalism, but you cannot make a practical case. for one thing, it is not so easy to divine what the constitution meant when it was written. for another, a true originalist ( if there are any ) would have to dump overboard almost all of modern constitutional law, including brown v. board of education, all of the decisions on sex discrimination, all the decisions about the right to privacy, and just about everything else in the canon. there is no way to deduce most of the modern rulings on human rights or the powers of congress or the states from the words of the text as it was understood in the late 18th century ( or as the 14th amendment was understood in the 1860s ). originalism is thus both empty and incoherent. but if we come to that conclusion, and admit that true originalism would have disastrous consequences, where does that leave us? once we abandon what we might consider a kind of constitutional creationism and opt for an evolutionary approach to the constitution - - the doctrine of the " living constitution " - - where are we morally and politically? how can we justify an evolving constitution? this is a question that has bothered a number of constitutional scholars ( though probably very few ordinary citizens ). the problem, as some see it, is that the living constitution is undemocratic. the concept vests far too much power in the justices of the supreme court


has bothered a number of constitutional scholars ( though probably very few ordinary citizens ). the problem, as some see it, is that the living constitution is undemocratic. the concept vests far too much power in the justices of the supreme court. as i said, nobody elected them ; they serve for life, and nowadays they live a long time. if we have a " living constitution, " doesn ' t this mean that the justices simply make up new rules as they go along? but no, not at all, according to strauss. constitutional law is far from the arbitrary will of the justices ; rather, it is built up slowly and incrementally ; it grows the way the common law has grown, inch by inch, case by case. each generation builds on the " accumulated wisdom of previous generations. " constitutional law evolves, but not randomly or whimsically ; it changes as society changes and never ( or almost never ) abruptly. many, if not most, of the novelties that the court reads into the constitution have already become socially accepted or are shortly going to be. its rulings on race and sex discrimination are perfect examples. this is the central thesis of strauss ' book - - and a politically fraught thesis it is. " originalism " has become a code word for a right - wing reading of the constitution. nobody is really a thorough - going originalist ( it is simply not possible ). but the right wing demands " strict construction, " insists on adherence to the original understanding, and continually denounces " liberal activist " judges. such justices as antonin scalia and john roberts are as activist as the liberals, if not more so. but this point is conveniently ignored. right - wing insistence on " strict construction " has so bamboozled the public that no prospective justice can even hope to get senate confirmation without mouthing pious platitudes about objectivity and adherence to a traditional canon that nobody in congress ( or the academy ) really believes. and probably nobody on the bench, for that matter. in fact, there is no practical alternative to the " common law constitution. " the actual constitution, the one under glass in the national archives, is hard to amend and has rarely been amended - - formally at least. it is the supreme court that continually amends it and keeps the grand old thing up to date. strauss is a liberal, and his book is clearly meant to defend the supreme court and its works. is his defense a shade too pat? in the late


is the supreme court that continually amends it and keeps the grand old thing up to date. strauss is a liberal, and his book is clearly meant to defend the supreme court and its works. is his defense a shade too pat? in the late 19th century and well into the 20th, progressives decried ( with good cause ) the " activist " court of that day for striking down social and labor legislation, while conservatives at that time proudly defended the justices for making bold decisions that warded off radicalism and reaffirmed the old economic values. today ' s progressives, who otherwise embrace the living constitution, nonetheless become " originalists " when it suits them - - notably with regard to the meaning of the second amendment. after all, they say, the framers were talking only about state militias, not about the right of private citizens to make arsenals out of their homes, carry guns into starbucks, and buy machine guns ( which hadn ' t been invented yet ). people tend to approve of an evolving constitution mainly when it evolves in the direction they want it to go. if a president john mccain had put two more scalia clones on the court, progressives would become desperately unhappy about the power and activism of the court. and with good reason. strauss ' book is not a historical treatment of the supreme court. true, it describes the work of the court in evolutionary terms. but it leaves off telling the detailed story of how constitutional doctrine evolved against the backdrop of american history. barry friedman ' s the will of the people does that job. it is a sizeable book, rich in details, and remarkably comprehensive, despite a few lapses and inaccuracies. friedman ' s account of the long, slow struggle of the court for acceptance and recognition reminds us that this was not at first a sure thing. the court faced bitter criticism in the 19th century and sometimes outright defiance. georgia, for example, simply ignored the court when the justices tried to protect the rights of the cherokees. but the court slowly became an almost sacred institution, so that even such lapses as the dred scott case, such ( apparently ) unpopular holdings as the ban on school prayer, and such rancidly political decisions as bush v. gore have not impaired its position in the eyes of the public. although people may hate this or that decision, they treat the court as something holy, something untouchable. why should this be so? mostly, according to friedman ' s argument, because the court never strays too far from


of the public. although people may hate this or that decision, they treat the court as something holy, something untouchable. why should this be so? mostly, according to friedman ' s argument, because the court never strays too far from public opinion. to be sure, the justices are hardly experts on gauging public opinion, and they have no power to predict how it will change. the rants against brown v. board of education died down and are now ancient history, while the rants against roe v. wade remain as strong as ever. but, says friedman, what history shows is not that decisions are always " in line with popular opinion " but that public opinion and the court ' s doctrines " come into line with one another over time. " supreme court doctrine on abortion, he argues, has become congruent with general public opinion on the subject, though not everyone would agree. strauss has written a brief for the court, and a rather good one, whether or not we agree with him. friedman ' s book is not intended to be a brief but an analysis instead of the complex social, historical, and political context in which the court does its work. in a way, however, his book is also a brief. he says there is no need to fear the court ( or to praise it inordinately ) ; it does what it does, and in the end, everything comes out all right, or at least comes out nicely in line with public opinion. this too strikes me as a shade too pat. for one thing, public opinion is not easy to define or to measure. there are many different publics and many different opinions at any given time. even if both authors are right that the court does fine in the long run, they fail to recognize how much short - term damage or good it can do. the court ' s decision to give the presidency to george w. bush was a disaster with grave consequences. yet the court also gave us brown v. board, which, despite the doubts of some scholars, did accomplish a great deal - - slowly and partially perhaps, and with many stumbles along the way. but it is hard to imagine the modern world of race relations without it. at times, when the machinery of the country is stalled, the court can jump - start the batteries. or help to. the court is supposed to protect minority rights, although it tends to lose its appetite for this role if the minority is unpopular enough ( communists, for example, during the mccarthy period


stalled, the court can jump - start the batteries. or help to. the court is supposed to protect minority rights, although it tends to lose its appetite for this role if the minority is unpopular enough ( communists, for example, during the mccarthy period ). in that case, and in many other instances, we can fault the court for sticking too closely to public opinion. it also makes a difference what sort of public opinion we are talking about. in general, the court ' s antennae are most sensitive to elite national opinion, not mass opinion - - for example, on the teaching of " creation science " or on flag - burning as a form of symbolic speech. in the supreme court and the american elite, 1789 - 2008 ( see " how supreme a court? " april 2009 ), lucas a. powe jr. spells out this position, arguing that the court has identified with and served " ruling political coalitions. " and though not true in every instance, that conclusion seems generally correct. where does all this leave us? law, like life, is messy and complicated. although the supreme court has changed kaleidoscopically over the years, its position in public opinion has consistently grown stronger. as friedman shows, the many proposals to curb the court, strip it of jurisdiction, or punish it for bad decisions have usually gotten nowhere. is this because the court is shrewd enough to avoid crossing some invisible line? nobody really knows. both of these authors seem to tell us that the court does a good job overall and in the long run. it is a little scary, though, to think that in certain short - run but crucial instances, justice and liberty stand or fall on the slim basis of five votes against four. you need to be logged in to comment. ( if there ' s one thing we know about comment trolls, it ' s that they ' re lazy )


monday, october 22, 2012 however, the only real experts are the youth themselves. to prove this point i recently asked a group of youth workers what the following youth culture slang meant, they didn ' t get any right. lets see how you do : is it a new product from apple corporation? nope : this phrase indicates the time delay of time from when the light turns green and the movement of the car because someone is looking down while using their phone. interestingly enough as our world becomes more digital how certain phrases that we use become out of date. in this case, if you were having a traditional conversation with someone and they gave you shocking news you might say that you were speechless. however you can ' t be speechless where no speech is involved. hence in a text message or online conversation you would be " typeless ". if someone takes something of value from a store it is called shoplifting. however, what is is called if you leave something of value in a store or a public place? i guess it is called droplifting. apparently some youth use techniques such as this to promote their cd ' s and art is public places. to truthenize someone is to use " truth " to destroy someone ' s self image. it is hurtful truth. this is a phrase i hear way to often. it is an acronym describing a lifestyle philosophy akin to " an apple a day keeps the doctor away " however this is much less health : swed stands for smoke weed every day. with the idea that you shouldn ' t be held down to the ideals of society against weed as a drug. yolo is another acronym meaning : you only live once and while it can be used to describe a healthy motivation, it generally is used as a defense for teens risky behavior such as excessive drinking. for me, i don ' t generally try to add words like this to my vocabulary, as kids would recognize it as not being genuine, however it is excellent for me to be fluent in their culture and understanding how they speak and how they think. the best thing to do when they use a phrase you don ' t know is to ask. become an expert by asking the experts. teens themselves. at 1 : 19 pm


photons lost in a maze enhancing the interaction between light and matter is the essence of many research disciplines, including quantum information science, energy harvesting and optical biosensing. the traditional method has been to strongly confine light in, for example, a highly ordered nanocavity. surprisingly, an alternative approach to confinement of waves exists, originally proposed by philip anderson, and for which he was awarded the nobel prize in physics. using this approach, disordered materials are employed, giving rise to random and multiple scattering of the propagating light waves. for a certain amount of randomness of the structures, so - called anderson localized modes form spontaneously : light is trapped in a maze. a challenge in this research field has been to determine how well light can be confined based on random disorder. in a recent paper in new journal of physics researchers from the quantum photonics group at dtu fotonik have developed an efficient method for exciting anderson - localized modes by embedding nanoscopic light sources ( so - called quantum dots ) inside the disordered material. by analyzing the statistics of the emitted light, the quality and extent of light confinement can be extracted. surprisingly, the subtle interplay between the amount of disorder and the underlying periodic structure of the system studied can be exploited to confine light very efficiently, proving the potential of employing disorder for enchancement of light – matter interaction.


wahjudi, stefani ( 2008 ) types and functions of english taboo words used in edmund white ' s a boy ' s own story. bachelor thesis, petra christian university. full text not available from this repository. taboo words are generally offensive and considered inappropriate for being used in most occasions. however, people, although they were considered as well educated persons, still used taboo words in some occasions. this research attempted to find out the types and the functions of taboo words mostly used by the main character in this novel. in conducting this research, the writer used a qualitative - descriptive approach and she became the instrument that collected and analyzed the data from a boy ' s own story novel. the writer analyzed the taboo words that were spoken by edmund and his gay friends. in the analysis, the occurrences of taboo words can be classified based on the types such as ( one ' s ) mother in law, certain game animal, sex, death, excretory, bodily functions, anatomical and religious matters and also based on the functions such as create discredit, discredit, provoke violent confrontation, endearment, the create of strong personal identification and provide catharsis. the writer also analyzed the function of taboo words that was uttered by edmund and his gay friends. after finishing the analysis, all the occurrences of taboo words were put into the prepared table based on the classification of types and functions criteria. in conclusion, the writer concluded that edmund mostly used taboo words when he was talking to those who had intimate solidarity with him and in the informal setting. the taboo words used by edmund mostly occurred when the conversations was talking about emotional pressures. furthermore, the taboo words used by edmund white were mostly functioned to discredit for reducing his emotional pressures and to endear for someone who had close relationship with him. | item type : | | thesis ( bachelor ) | | uncontrolled keywords : | | taboo words, gay | | date deposited : | | 23 mar 2011 18 : 48 | | last modified : | | 02 may 2011 12 : 36 | actions ( login required )


for digital equipment corp ( dec ) : documents, photo albums, talks, and videotapes about computing history minicomputer industry overview and formation observations about the formation and evolution of the minicomputer industry was a key data - point in the formation of bell ' s law that minis typify. bell ' s law of computer classes and class formation was first described in 1972 with the emergence of a new, lower priced microcomputer class based on the microprocessor. established market class computers are introduced at a constant price with increasing functionality ( or performance ). technology advances in semiconductors, storage, interfaces and networks enable a new computer class ( platform ) to form about every decade to serve a new need. each new usually lower priced class is maintained as a quasi independent industry ( market ). classes include : mainframes ( 60 ' s ), minicomputers ( 70 ' s ), networked workstations and personal computers ( 80 ' s ), browser - web - server structure ( 90 ' s ), web services ( 2000 ' s ), palm computing ( 1995 ), convergence of cell phones and computers ( 2003 ), and wireless sensor networks aka motes ( 2004 ). beginning in the 1990s, a single class of scalable computers called clusters built from a few to tens of thousands of commodity microcomputer - storage - networked bricks began to cover and replace mainframes, minis, and workstation. bell predicts home and body area networks will form by 2010. see also the description of several laws ( e. g. moore ' s, metcalfes ' s, nathan ' s, bill ' s, bell ' s ) that govern the computer industry is given in laws, a talk by jim gray and gordon bell. with scalable computers, minis per se are nearly all being replaced by clustered, scalable computers i. e. computers formed from simple computers such as a pc that are interconnected via high speed networks. clusters cover a range from a few to eventually over a million, independent processors in a " scaled out " configuration. the mini we knew and love c2000 built by hp, ibm, and sun that cost $ 100, 000 to $ 1 million evolved to be a scaled out " multi " or multiple, shared memory computer as i described in bell, c. g., " multis : a new class of multiprocessor computers ", science, vol. 228, pp. 462 - 467


scaled out " multi " or multiple, shared memory computer as i described in bell, c. g., " multis : a new class of multiprocessor computers ", science, vol. 228, pp. 462 - 467 ( april 26, 1985 ). overview of digital aka dec dec engineering and process documents - engineer ' s orientation manual from 1980. 206 pages contained in a 14mb pdf file. table of contents lists ten sections : corporate overview, funding, life of a hardware project, life of a software project, office of development / engineering, product line groups, process manufacturing, information services, customer services, and references and resources. - engineer ' s orientation manual from 1982. 7mb pdf file. table of contents lists twelve sections : corporate overview, personnel, funding, phase review process, engineering development groups, engineering support group, process technology development, product line group, manufacturing, information services, customer services, and references and resources. - engineering handbook from 1974. 1mb pdf file. - 1988 corporate phase review process guide. 29mb pdf file. include corporate phase review process, product management, marketing, engineering, manufacturing, corporate product operations - sales, and customer services. equipment corporation machine and programming manuals - digital equipment corporation pdp - 1 manual, 1960 ( original version ) @ 2mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 1 manual, 1961 @ 5. 5mb pdf - digital equipment corporation f - 25 pdp - 1 manual for i / o @ 8. 3 mb pdf, authored by gordon bell, describing the various ways i / o devices could be connected to pdp - 1. it included interrupts we called sequence break, coming from mit ' s lincoln laboratory ; high speed memory that evolved to be called direct memory access or dma. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 4 manual, 1962 @ 3. 8mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 5 manual, 1964 @ 7. 2mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 11 manual, 1969, with isp description of the architecture @ 5. 9mb pdf - digital equipment corporation rt - 11 introduction manual, 1977 - digital equipment corporation rt - 11 system user ' s guide, 1977 @ 23. 3mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation, intel, and xerox ethernet specifications manual, 1980 papers and memos articles and product - a computer that grows with you. business week article ( pdf 0. 5 mb ), march 1964, on the introduction of pdp - 6 with


, intel, and xerox ethernet specifications manual, 1980 papers and memos articles and product - a computer that grows with you. business week article ( pdf 0. 5 mb ), march 1964, on the introduction of pdp - 6 with photo of gordon bell and dick best. - using a pdp - 1 computer as a pulse height analyzer. a paper by john leng and gordon bell and others while john worked for the atomic energy of canada. note that this " first " was a prototype for digital ' s subsequent entry into the - bell, c. g., r. cady, h. mcfarland, b. delagi, j. o ' laughlin, r. noonan and w. wulf, " a new architecture for mini - computers - - the dec pdp - 11, sprint joint computer conference, pp. 657 - 675 ( 1970 ). - bell, c. g., a. kotok, t. n. hastings, and r. hill, “ the evolution of the decsystem 10, ” communications of the acm, vol. 21, no. 1, january 1978, pp 44 - 62 - the complete ethernet announcement by bell ( digital ), noyce ( intel ), and liddle ( xerox ) slides and script ( pdf 7mb ) was made in new york city on february 10, 1982 by the dix group, followed by announcements in amsterdam, and london. note gordon ' s presentation states : becomes the system "... can you recall a similar mantra that sun microsystems later appropriated? - ethernet announcement. gordon ' s ethernet announcement with slides and talk text. on the pdp - 11 paper ( unpublished ) written by me in 1995 to be published with the original pdp - 11 paper. on the pdp - 11 written by bill strecker with a retrospective about vax and alpha and published in 1995. we learned from the pdp - 11, published by myself and bill strecker in appendix for edgar h. schein ' s book “ dec is dead, long live dec ” berett - koehler publishers, san francisco, 2003. the appendix describes bell ' s view of what happened such that digital was first sold to compaq in 1998 and then to hp in 2002. digital aka dec was only 41 years old at the time. powerpoint albums and talks of computing history from a digital viewpoint netshow videos and on the future of computers. netshow video


… is a smaller species of oceanic sunfish found in tropical and temperate seas worldwide. like its more well known relative m. mola the slender sunfish is pelagic and roams the vast oceans feeding on jellyfish. also like most molids the slender sunfish will recruit other animals like cleaner fish and seabirds to pick parasites off of them. molids will usually go to the surface and lay on their sides to signify they want to be cleaned, which makes it look like they are sunbathing, hence the name. one of the ocean ’ s oddest looking fish, the mola mola possesses a truly bizarre body shape, likened to a gigantic ‘ swimming head. ’ female sunfish are known to produce up to 300 million eggs at one time, the largest number of eggs ever recorded in a vertebrate. where and when the sunfish spawns is not well known, although five possible areas have been identified in the north and south atlantic, the north and south pacific, and in the indian ocean, where there are central rotating oceanic currents, called gyres. the newly hatched sunfish measure just 0. 25 centimetres in length, and will increase in mass by over 60 million times in order to reach the size of a 3 metre adult. ( via : mission blue - sylvia earle alliance ) ( photo : ( c ) sailroe ) national geographic explorer tierney thys divides her time between research on the giant ocean sunfish ( mola mola ) and making science education films. in our latest podcast ( recorded at this month ’ s scicafe ), ms. thys discusses how science and art can be used to raise awareness for ocean conservation. the mola mola is the largest bony fish living today, and only the three largest sharks ( the blue shark, basking shark, and great white shark ) regularly outweigh this behemoth of the open ocean. like many of the giants of the animal kingdom, the sunfish has a diet that ’ s almost paradoxically nutrient - poor. all of the calories taken in by adult sunfish are provided by jellyfish and small fry and eggs of other fish, so they spend a large amount of their time eating. their presence in an area can indicate nutrient - rich waters where endangered species can often be found. the status of sunfish in the wild is not currently known, though they ’ re caught often enough that they ’ re assumed to not be threatened at this point. a multi - year survey of the


rich waters where endangered species can often be found. the status of sunfish in the wild is not currently known, though they ’ re caught often enough that they ’ re assumed to not be threatened at this point. a multi - year survey of the worldwide sunfish populations is currently underway. image : giant ocean sunfish caught by w. n. mcmillan of e. africa, at santa catalina isl., cal. april 1st, 1910. its weight was estimated at 3, 500 pounds. two years later, alien - like sea creature gains internet stardom by pete thomas, grindtv. com among the more bizarre - looking visitors to california waters this summer are mola molas, or ocean sunfish, which are being seen in unusually high numbers. but it ’ s a stunning photograph of one of these gentle giants that appears to be getting the most attention. the image, captured off san diego by daniel botelho, became an instant hit after being posted last week on his facebook page … the oceanic sunfish is known to bask flat on the ocean surface. it has theorized that this behavior may be a method to ‘ thermally recharge ’ itself before diving to deeper depths. seabirds have also been observed to land on the sunfish and pick parasites off its body whilst in this position. in the course of its evolution, the caudal fin ( tail ) of the sunfish disappeared, to be replaced by a lumpy pseudo - tail, the clavus. this structure is formed by the convergence of the dorsal and anal fins. without a true tail to provide thrust for forward motion and equipped with only small pectoral fins, mola mola relies on its long, thin dorsal and anal fins for propulsion, driving itself forward by moving these fins from side to side.


quadrantid meteor shower 2013 : best place and time to watch the quadrantid meteor shower is the first meteor shower of 2013. the quadrantid meteor shower, the first meteor shower of 2013, will peak thursday in the early hours. the quadrantids is one of the lesser - known meteor showers of the year, but that doesn ' t mean it ' s anything less than spectacular. take a look at this quadrantids meteor shower videoor these pictures of the quadrantids. a stubborn moon will wash out many quadrantids, cutting down on the number of meteors seen by skywatchers, but with an average of about 80 per hour, clear skies should mean many of the shooting stars will still be visible. like the geminids, the quadrantids originate from an asteroid, called 2003 eh1. dynamical studies suggest that this body could very well be a piece of a comet which broke apart several centuries ago, and that the meteors you will see before dawn thursday are the small debris from this fragmentation. after hundreds of years orbiting the sun, they will enter our atmosphere at 90, 000 mph, burning up 50 miles above earth ' s surface — a fiery end to a long journey! more about the quadrantids the quadrantids derive their name from the constellation of quadrans muralis ( mural quadrant ), which was created by the french astronomer jerome lalande in 1795. located between the constellations of bootes and draco, quadrans represents an early astronomical instrument used to observe and plot stars. even though the constellation is no longer recognized by astronomers, it was around long enough to give the meteor shower — first seen in 1825 — its name. adolphe quetelet of the brussels observatory discovered the shower in the 1830s, and shortly afterward it was noted by several other astronomers in europe and america. spacedex. com says the annual quadrantids shower has one of the highest predicted hourly rates of all the major showers, and is comparable to the two of the most lively, the august perseids and the december geminids. more from spacedex. com : while the plus side of this annual shower is its ability to produce fireballs, and its high hourly rates, the downside is its short peak. quadrantids has an extremely narrow peak, occurring over just a few short hours. the quadrantids are also well known for producing fireballs, meteors that are exceptionally bright. these meteors can also, at times, generate persistent trails ( also identified as trains ). those living in the northern hemisphere have an opportunity


this programming language may be used to instruct a computer to perform a task. if you know unix shell, please write code for some of the tasks not implemented in unix shell. there are many unix shells and most of them can be categorized into two families. for purposes of the rosetta code, all examples are in bourne - compatible syntax. the other family of shells, with a markedly different syntax, are csh ( c shell ) and it ' s tcsh ( tenex c shell ) " clone. " common bourne compatible shells include the original bourne shell ( / bin / sh on most versions of unix ), the gnu bourne again shell ( bash - - - which is linked to / bin / sh on many distributions of linux, making it their default shell ), the korn shell ( ksh ), the public domain korn shell ( pdksh ), the almquist shell ( ash ) and the debian almquist shell ( dash ) and the z shell ( zsh ). main article : unix shell implementations while unix shells vary in the programming languages they support, such languages carry a minimum set of features. each language allows the programmer to execute system commands as though he were typing the commands himself, and each language allows for a header line which specifies which shell implementation is used to interpret the script. this one tells the operating system to use the bourne shell : this line tells the operating system to use the bourne again shell : and this one tells the operating system to use the korn shell : each header line consists of a hash, a bang, and the path to the interpreter binary. this category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. pages in category " unix shell " the following 200 pages are in this category, out of 200 total.


interactive timeline - history of the ra before the romans the pre - roman site of the tower of london was probably occupied by an iron age farm. twilight of the roman city londinium was remodelled and strengthened in response to the threat of saxon invasion. the conqueror ' s castle work began on the construction of william the conqueror ' s mighty white tower. the tower enlarged a major expansion of the tower ' s defences during the reigns of richard i and king john. the classic castle henry iii extended the defences of the tower and refurbished and enlarged the royal lodgings. apogee of the medieval castle tower defences extended, to those seen today, by england ' s greatest warrior king, edward i. the tudor power house during henry viii ' s reign the offices of ordnance, armoury, mint and records occupy the tower. showplace of the nation after the restoration in 1660 armouries displays are established to impress the visiting public. the great conflagration the grand storehouse including two armouries displays is destroyed by fire on 31 oct 1841. remedievalisation of the castle 50 years of restoration transformed the appearance of the tower following the fire of 1841. the castle at war wwii aerial bombing threatens the tower. the main guard is destroyed on the 29 dec 1940. the tower today the tower of london attracts over 2 million visitors per year as a world heritage site. what we do royal armouries is the united kingdom ’ s national museum of arms and armour, including artillery. as a museum we have a duty of care for these objects, to keep them, study them and increase our knowledge of them, so that this can be passed to future generations along with the objects themselves. this knowledge can be shared with others who also collect arms and armour, we are actively involved with and support a number of groups committed to the study of the subject and its practical applications. as such we offer an enquiry service to the public and the commercial world alike and have often acted as consultants on a number of film and television projects.


it may not be altogether without interest, as illustrating the growth of some of the ideas referred to in the preceding chapters, to take a brief glance at some of the eschatological ideas contained in the later jewish literature. frequently, however, what is said on the subject in this literature reflects much earlier thought ; so that while in some cases we may trace development, in others it is nothing more than the crystallisation of traditions that have been handed down for generations. in rabbinical writings the technical term for the terrors of the " last times, " previous to the advent of the messiah, is cheble ha - meshiach or cheblo shel mashiach, the " birth - pangs, " 1 or " travail " of the messiah ( shabbath 118a ). in the mishnah tractate, sota ix. 15, we have the following account of these travails : " as traces of the approach of messiah are to be regarded that arrogance increases, ambition shoots up, that the vine yields fruit and yet wine is dear. the government turns to heresy. there is no instruction. the place of assembly ( the synagogue ) is devoted to lewdness. galilee is destroyed, gablan laid waste. the inhabitants of a district go from city to city without finding compassion. the wisdom of the learned is hated, the godly despised, truth is absent. boys insult old men, old men stand in the presence of children. the son depreciates his father, the daughter rebels against the mother, the daughter - in - law against the mother - in - law. a man ' s enemies are his house - fellows. " 2 in the " years " immediately preceding the advent of the messiah each year is to be characterised by a special plague ; the rise of false messiahs is also one of the signs of the end the study of the torah ( " law " ) will cease, heresy will increase, and men will give up hoping for the messiah 1 ( sanhedrin 97a ) ; see also pesikta 51b. in the apocalypse of abraham xxx., a jewish work of the second century a. d., ten " plagues " are mentioned as portents of the advent of the messiah : distress, fire, pestilence among the beasts, famine, earthquakes, and wars, hail and frost, ravening wild beasts, pestilence and death among men, destruction and flight, and subterranean noises. the war of go


the messiah : distress, fire, pestilence among the beasts, famine, earthquakes, and wars, hail and frost, ravening wild beasts, pestilence and death among men, destruction and flight, and subterranean noises. the war of gog and magog is also frequently referred to in rabbinical literature ( berachoth 7b, pesikta 79a, etc. ; see, for further references, the jewish encyclopædia, v. 212 ; and § iii. of this chapter ). in rabbinical literature there is never any ambiguity about the central person of the eschatological drama ; in the old testament it is sometimes jehovah himself whose advent as judge is looked for, at other times it is one who is subordinate to him ; in the apocalyptic literature also we come across passages in which god himself is the central figure at the " last times, " though more generally it is his messiah. in the writings which we are now considering it is invariably the messiah, and none other, whose advent is spoken of. but it is taught that the advent of the messiah is only an episode in the life of one who has existed from all time ; king messiah, it is said, pre - existed before the creation of the world. 1 according to weber, however, the meaning of this statement is that it was god ' s will from all eternity to create the messiah and to send him into the world ; 2 that is to say, he existed potentially, but not actually, from all time. in the later jewish theology it is taught that the messiah lives in the garden of eden. but in spite of this pre - existence of the messiah, whether from all eternity or of more limited duration, he is to be born of a woman and is to be of the seed of david ( bereshith rabbah c. xii., sanhedrin 93b ) ; it is said in pesikta 149a : " happy the hour in which the messiah was born, happy the womb from which he came forth! 3 happy the generation that sees him ; happy the eye that is honoured by looking up him! " 4 thus the messiah is always regarded as human and nothing more, and this in spite of his being reckoned as superior to the angels. it is instructive to observe that the accounts of the actual advent of the messiah in rabbinical literature are generally wanting in all the supernatural traits which we read of in the old testament descriptions of the advent as well as


as superior to the angels. it is instructive to observe that the accounts of the actual advent of the messiah in rabbinical literature are generally wanting in all the supernatural traits which we read of in the old testament descriptions of the advent as well as in those of the apocalyptic literature ; this must in great part, if not altogether, be due to the purely human character ascribed to the messiah in rabbinical literature. he comes as the warring champion of his people to deliver them from the oppression of their enemies ; this is clearly seen in the targum of jonathan to isa. lii. 14, 15 ; it is here said that at the messiah ' s advent he will destroy many peoples, and he will silence kings by his wonderful deeds ; then, in dealing with isa. liii. 2, the targum tells of the coming messiah as the righteous one ; and there follows a description of his power and majesty ; he will annihilate the wealthy and the great, and thus take away the reproach of his people. as the deliverer ( goel ; " redeemer " seems too strong a word to use, as it connotes more in christian phraseology than in jewish ) of his people, the messiah is compared to moses, who delivered the israelites from the egyptian bondage ( cf. 1 cor. x. 1 - 4 ) ; and it is said, therefore, that just as moses lived in retirement before he came forth for his work of leading the israelites out of egypt, so will the messiah be in hiding for some time previous to his advent ; this is brought out in pesikta 49b : " just as the first goel ( i. e., moses ) manifested himself to israel and then hid himself from them, so will the last goel ( i. e., the messiah ) manifest himself first, and then hide himself from the people. for how long? - - for forty - five days, according to dan. xii. 11. 12. and whither will he lead them? some say : into the judæan desert ; others : into the desert of sihon and og, according to hos. ii. 16.... " 1 these passages are sufficient to show that the teaching in rabbinical literature concerning the actual advent differs considerably from that of the old testament and apocalyptic literature. one of the main elements in rabbinical eschatology is the war of gog and magog ( cf. chap. iii.


the teaching in rabbinical literature concerning the actual advent differs considerably from that of the old testament and apocalyptic literature. one of the main elements in rabbinical eschatology is the war of gog and magog ( cf. chap. iii. § ii. ) ; this idea is, of course, based on ezek. xxxviii. 14 - xxxix. 16, but it is greatly elaborated in this later literature. this " war " represents the final attack of the gentiles, expressed collectively by the term " gog and magog, " upon the messiah and his faithful followers ; the point of the whole conception is to set forth the doctrine of the judgement upon the wicked in the " last times. " as is to be expected, a particularistic attitude is taken in the rabbinical writings, that is to say, the gentiles are as a body regarded as the " wicked, " and as such are to be condemned to eternal punishment, while the people of the messiah, i. e., the jews, are to inherit the happiness and glory of the messianic kingdom. at the same time, it is only fair to remember that the rabbis were to a large extent forced into this particularistic attitude by their contemplation of the actual sinfulness of the non - jewish world ; above all, the non - recognition of jehovah and the non - observance of his law on the part of the gentile world must have made the heathen peoples appear as outside the pale of divine mercy in the eyes of the rabbis. this is well illustrated in abodah zarah 8b, where it is said that the war of gog and magog against the messiah is not only undertaken because of the enmity of the gentiles towards the messiah, but also because they desire to do away altogether with the law of god. moreover, it is not only against the law of god that the gentiles are described as fighting in the " last times, " but against god himself ; thus rabbi levi, in pesikta 79a, explains the words of zech. xiv. 3 ( then shall the lord go forth, and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle ) as referring to the " last times, " and god is made to say to the gentiles : " sinner, thou comest to try conclusions with me! as thou livest, i will make war against thee. " 1 in the


as referring to the " last times, " and god is made to say to the gentiles : " sinner, thou comest to try conclusions with me! as thou livest, i will make war against thee. " 1 in the same way in mechilta 48b, psalm ii. is explained as referring to the war of gog and magog ; jehovah laughs them to scorn, the armies of gog and magog will suffer the fate of pharaoh and his host, they will be swallowed up by the deep, so that the very fish will tremble ( cf. ezek. xxxviii. 20 ) ; it is jehovah himself who will fight against gog and magog, and will destroy the gentile hosts, israel alone will be saved. 2 ( see, further, the next section. ) speaking generally, therefore, the judgement on the wicked in the " last times " is to be executed, according to rabbinical teaching, rather on account of gentile enmity than on account of their wickedness ; though they are reckoned among the wicked indiscriminately because of their repudiation of the law of jehovah. ( see, further, the targum of pseudo - jonathan on num. xi. 26. ) from what has been said in the preceding section we shall expect to find particularistic views held with regard to the righteous in rabbinical literature ; and for the most part this is so. it is israel, the people of the law, for whom blessedness is reserved. the materialistic views always held with regard to the messianic kingdom naturally resulted in the idea, not infrequently expressed, that in the messianic era the requirements of the law - - in particular the sacrificial and priestly laws - - would be strictly observed ; it was this observance which constituted righteousness, and brought with it its reward. it is true that sometimes another and very remarkable view is met with, viz., that a new law would be proclaimed by the messiah ; in the targum to isa. xii. 3, for example, it says : " ye shall receive a new law from the elect one of the righteous " ; and a midrashic passage, commenting on eccles. xi. 8. ( all is vanity ), declares : " the law which man learns in this world is nothing in comparison with the law of the messiah " ( midrash koheleth, on


peace in the messianic kingdom. from the two preceding sections it will be seen that the judgement upon the wicked and the blessedness of the righteous include the subjects of the gathering of the gentiles and the ingathering of israel ; for the final gathering together of these is, speaking quite generally, for the purpose of assigning to them their punishment and reward respectively. it will, therefore, not be necessary to devote special sections here to the consideration of their final gathering. ( see chaps. iii. § § ii., iii. ; vi. § § i. ii. ) as we have already seen ( chaps. iii. § iv. ; vi. § iii. ), the resurrection formed part of the messianic hope both in old testament and apocalyptic writings. the rabbinical literature has much to say on this subject ; in the first place, " the very term used to express the idea of sharing in the future life is ' to inherit the land ' ( sanhedrin xi. 1, with reference to isa. lx. 21 ). the resurrection, therefore, was believed to take place solely in the holy land ( pesikta rabbah i. after psalm cxvi. 9 ).... jerusalem alone is the city of which the dead shall blossom forth like grass ( kethuboth 111b, after psalm lxxii. 16 ). those that are buried elsewhere will therefore be compelled to creep through cavities in the earth until they reach the holy land ( pesikta rabbah i., with reference to ezek. xxxvii. 13 ; kethuboth 111a ). " 1 here again we meet with particularistic views ( in later times universalistic ideas on the subject came to the fore, see below ), and this is further illustrated by the fact that it was taught that in order that all israel might partake of the joys of the messianic kingdom, those who had died before the coming of the messiah and who were gathered in sheol, would be brought up from there ; the one condition was that they should have the mark of the covenant ( i. e. circumcision ) ; this, of course, precluded the gentiles, according to the early rabbinical view, from hoping for the resurrection. it was further taught that all those who are imprisoned in sheol should be brought out by the messiah, who himself would come and fetch them thence ( cf.


gentiles, according to the early rabbinical view, from hoping for the resurrection. it was further taught that all those who are imprisoned in sheol should be brought out by the messiah, who himself would come and fetch them thence ( cf. 1 pet. iii. 19 ) ; 1 in bereshith rabbah we read : " and when they that were bound in gehinnom saw the light of the messiah, they rejoiced in receiving him, and said, this is he who will lead us out of darkness " ( see jellinek, beth hamidrash ii. 50 ). after they have been brought out of sheol there will follow the resurrection of the just. god, it is said further, will give the messiah the " key " of the resurrection of the dead ( sanhedrin 113a ). elsewhere ( jer. targum to exod. xx. 15, cf. berachoth 15b ) it is said that the trumpet shall be blown to arouse the dead, and that this will be the signal for the resurrection. ( cf. isa. xxvii. 13 ; 1 cor, xv. 52 ; 1 thess. iv. 16 ). another interesting belief was that men would rise from the dead in the same clothes in which they had been laid in the tomb. in sanhedrin 90b this is paralleled by the example of a grain of wheat, which does not come forth from the earth naked, but covered in its garment ( cf. 1 cor. xv. 37 ) ; and if this is so with a grain of wheat, how much more with the human body! it is for this reason that minute directions are given by dying rabbis regarding the clothes in which they are going to be buried. 1 but in later times the circumscribed idea of the resurrection of israel alone gave way to that of a general resurrection ; " as in the course of time the national hope with its national resurrection and final day of judgement no longer satisfied the intellect and human sentiment, the resurrection assumed a more universal and cosmic character. it was declared to be solely the act of god, who alone possesses the key that will unlock the tombs ( berachoth 15b ).... nor is the wrath of the last judgement believed any longer to be brought upon the heathen solely as such. [ paragraph continues ] all evil - doers who have blasphemed god and his law, or acted unright


... nor is the wrath of the last judgement believed any longer to be brought upon the heathen solely as such. [ paragraph continues ] all evil - doers who have blasphemed god and his law, or acted unrighteously, will meet with their punishment ( tos. sanh. xiii. ; midr. teh. vi. 1, ix. 15 ). " 1 this has been referred to in chap. iii. v. and vi. § iv., where we saw that the subject is mentioned several times in the apocalyptic literature ; it plays a more prominent part in rabbinical literature, thus, in the targum of pseudo - jonathan to num. xi. 26 ff., in the prophecy of eldad and medad, we are told of this messianic banquet at which the israelites will feast with great joy upon the ox that has been prepared for them for this purpose from the beginning. bousset ( die religion des judenthums im neutestamentlichen zeitalter, p. 271 ) mentions a parallel idea in iranian eschatology, according to which the marrow of the slain ox hadhayos is to be the food of immortality for the righteous. but it is in connection with leviathan that the messianic banquet is usually referred to in rabbinical literature ; for example, in baba bathra 74a, it is said that at the time of the resurrection a banquet will be given by god to the righteous, and that at this feast the flesh of leviathan will be eaten. very quaint ideas of a haggadic character ( i. e. didactic narrative ) figure in this literature ; according to one, it appears that prior to the banquet the righteous will take part in the hunting of leviathan and behemoth ; the angel gabriel has the task of slaying leviathan, but he will not be able to accomplish it without the help of god, who will therefore come and divide the monster with his sword. according to another haggadah, when gabriel fails, god will order leviathan to engage in a battle with the " ox of the mountain, " which will result in the death of both of them ( baba bathra 75a ) ; then leviathan will be cut up and eaten by the righteous. these haggadahs are probably based upon such passages as isa. xxvii. 1 : in that day the lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan


then leviathan will be cut up and eaten by the righteous. these haggadahs are probably based upon such passages as isa. xxvii. 1 : in that day the lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the swift serpent, and leviathan the crooked serpent ; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea? psalm lxxiv. 12 - 15 :.... thou didst break the heads of the leviathan, thou wilt give him for food.... ; 1 job. xxvi. [ paragraph continues ] 12, 13, and others. as leviathan represents the principle of evil, his destruction symbolises the end of sin ; 1 the banquet on his flesh, which is a much later idea, is interpreted by maimonides as being an allusion to the spiritual enjoyment of the intellect ; 2 originally it probably connoted something far more materialistic, and it may be safe to say that it was based upon the ordinary custom of royal banquets. the thought of the " forerunner " is so prominent in the gospels that a brief reference to it as regards jewish post - biblical literature will not be out of place here. the fact of elijah ' s appearance is mentioned first in mal. iv. 5 : behold, i will send you elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of the lord come ; though this is, of course, referred to in mal. iii. 1, but elijah is not mentioned by name there ; and in the gospels the words in isa. xl. 3, are adapted to the same purpose, though in their original context the reference is to the historical conditions of the time : the voice of one that crieth, prepare ye in the wilderness the way of the lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our god. how firm the belief was, long before the christian era, that elijah was to fill this office may be seen from sir. xlviii. 4 - 10 : how wast thou glorified, o elijah, in thy wondrous deeds! and who shall glory like unto thee?... who was recorded for reproofs in their seasons, to pacify anger before it brake forth into wrath ; to turn the heart of the father unto the son, and to restore the tribes of jacob. " according to a tradition contained in yalkut shimeoni, it is said in reference to isa. lii. 7, that three days before the advent of