. ” “ scott started to confide in a woman he worked with, a woman he describes as homely, someone he could safely talk to without the risk of straying. ” “ in earlier days it had certainly been better kept ; it now looked like any of the other yugoslavian spas, which are patronized by the peasants and small shopkeepers, and showed a certain homely untidiness, though nothing worse. ” “ hayyim the glazier is reputed to have been a man of fine countenance, wise in homely counsel, honest in all his dealings. ” “ you have got to where the word homely preserves its true signification, and is no longer a term of disparagement, but expressive of a cardinal virtue. ” “ she made a humble apology, though in homely words, for the insult he had received in their house. ” “ he had all his days been accustomed to a plain homely way of living among poor husbandmen, and never affected either gaieties or dainties, and therefore would not have thrust himself so near the king ' s court and chapel if the business god had called him to had not called him thither. ” “ on the same page he actually referred to sophie raworth, possibly the most beautiful woman on television, as " homely " - clearly the man has no taste! ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ homely ’. a complete barron ' s wordlist for gre preparation. your online flashcard replacement. beautiful, attractive, well - formed ugly, unattractive, malformed mere days ago, i found a five - week - old kitten abandoned in the median of the avenue we live on. she was in terrible shape, but is doing great now thanks to love and dedication. the new favourite words of people on twitter. a script searches twitter for " x is my new favorite word " and adds it to this list. unfathomably, glice, cuh, fab, ciggaty, doll, thuggin, oxymoronic, pineapple, succubutt, griming, cheeky and 3099 more... words - or different usages of words i already knew - that i am learning thanks to anne of green gables by l. m. montgomery. see also ofravens ' with thanks to anne shirley. words to reference while writing something gre, gmat, toefl, ielts, sat 。 。 。


century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one who or that which sensitizes ; specifically, in photography, the chemical agent or bath by which films or substances are rendered sensitive to light. - n. same as amboceptor. - n. any agent that sensitizes something. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( photog. ) an agent that sensitizes. - n. ( chemistry ) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction - sensitize + - er ( wiktionary ) “ the sensitizer is a mixture of 90 \ % dark flake aluminium powder, 5 \ % titanium and 5 \ % zirconium hydroxide. ” “ among them : danger - poison, corrosive, severely irritating, highly flammable, highly combustible or strong sensitizer. ” “ “ this effect suggests smoking marijuana ( at least in relatively low doses ) may act as a primer, or sensitizer, in the airways to amplify the adverse effects of tobacco on respiratory health, ” he says. ” “ it ' s the most natural insulin sensitizer there is. ” “ “ this effect suggests smoking marijuana at least in relatively low doses may act as a primer, or sensitizer, in the airways to amplify the adverse effects of tobacco on respiratory health, ” he says. ” “ but clorox says its products are safe and points to an analysis published by the u. k. ' s health and safety executive in 1997 that concluded there wasn ' t enough evidence to classify the chemical as a respiratory sensitizer. ” “ aspartame is a elf electromagnetic wave sensitizer, and induces phasic brain and peripheral nerve entrainment to fire neurons to external pulsed magnetic field effects. ” “ formaldehyde is highly irritating, acts as a potent sensitizer, and is known to cause cancer in humans. ” “ the consumer product safety commission only regulates and requires labeling for household cleaners based on these hazard categories : toxic, flammable, caustic, irritant, sensitizer, carcinogen, nerve or reproductive toxin. ” “ the cpsc requires a warning label on a consumer product which is toxic, corrosive, irritant, or sensitizer. ” ‘ sensitizer ’ hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for sensitizer.


take care when you take a walk by tom nugent, pure matters a stroll around the block could be hazardous to your health. the national highway traffic safety administration says that in miles traveled, pedestrians are 36 times more likely to die in traffic than drivers. children and older adults are two groups at higher risk for injury as pedestrians. here are some ideas on how to help keep them safe when they are on the street. to keep children safe being struck by a vehicle is the leading cause of death and injury in children, according to the pedestrian and bicycle information center ( pbic ). the age group at highest risk is ages 5 to 9. children are at greater risk for injury for several reasons, according to the centers for disease control and prevention : - children are smaller and therefore more difficult for drivers to see. - children often cannot accurately judge how fast a vehicle is traveling to know if they have time to cross the street before the vehicle reaches them. - most children do not understand traffic signals and don ' t know how to anticipate what a driver may do. - children may assume they have the right of way, but drivers may be assuming children must yield. - children are impulsive, often not thinking before they act. to help keep youngsters safe, do not allow any child under age 10 to walk on streets or near traffic after dark. teach your children to cross only at the crosswalk and after they have looked both ways, the pbic says. don ' t just tell your child how to stay safe as a pedestrian. instead, dedicate a few hours to walking around the neighborhood with the child while demonstrating your safety instructions in person. to keep seniors safe fewer older adults are injured as pedestrians, but the injuries are usually more serious than in other adults because they are more fragile, according to the pbic. most older adults struck as pedestrians are obeying traffic laws and using a crosswalk. older adults who walk outdoors for exercise should choose footwear with good traction and wear clothing that is bright and visible, the pbic says. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


just a few days after new migraine treatment guidelines were released at the american academy of neurology ' s annual convention, new research published in this week ' s edition of jama, finds botox may not work as well on migraines as originally thought. the aan ' s recommendations found that numerous drugs, such as the seizure drugs divalproex sodium, sodium valproate and topiramate, along with the beta - blockers metoprolol, propranolol and timolol, are effective for migraine prevention. the guidelines also noted herbal drugs such as petasites relieved migraine pain and nonsterodial anti - inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen sodium should be offered to people with migraines to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. botulinum toxin a, otherwise known as botox, was not mentioned. since botox has become a popular way to eliminate wrinkles in the forehead, doctors have been using it for all types of treatments, from excessive sweating to headaches. but even though the u. s. food and drug administration has approved botulinum toxin a injections for the prevention of chronic migraines, a new analysis finds botox provides only a small to modest benefit for patients with migraine or daily headaches. the review states that migraines and tension headaches are extremely common, about 42 % of adults in the u. s. experience a tension - type headache sometime in their lives. but many of these headache sufferers don ' t seek medical help. migraines are less common - about 8 to 18 % of the population suffers from these types of headaches, which are far more debilitating. botulinum toxin a injections were first proposed as headache treatments when doctors noticed patients with chronic headaches receiving cosmetic botox injections also found relief for their headaches. studies on botulinum effectiveness for headaches have been mixed. researchers from the medical college of wisconsin, milwaukee, reviewed previous studies on botulinum toxin a when used for the treatment of migraine, tension or chronic daily headaches in adults. the headaches were categorized as episodic ( less than 15 headaches per month ) or chronic ( 15 or more headaches per month ), migraine and episodic, or chronic daily or tension headaches. the researchers reviewed 27 randomized placebo - controlled trials that included a little more than 5, 000 study participants and four randomized botox comparisons


in the last two months, eight people in cambodia have died from bird flu, a rare but deadly disease causing concern among health authorities. six of the victims have been children. the h5n1 virus, known to be highly contagious to poultry, typically resembles the flu when contracted by humans. but it kills more than half the people it infects, according to centers for disease control and prevention. of the nine confirmed h5n1 cases in cambodia this year, only an 8 - month old infant has survived. the infant had received medical attention early, said dr. ly sovann, the ministry of health ' s deputy director for communicable diseases control in cambodia. the eight bird flu deaths in the last six weeks - - considering that cambodia has had 19 reported deaths from the disease in the last 10 years - - has sparked increased surveillance efforts. health officials are warning people to wash their hands often, to keep children away from poultry and to avoid eating sick poultry. so far, the nine cases are not believed to be related, although most of them came from the southern region. the eight h5n1 deaths in cambodia occurred with a 15 - year - old girl and a 35 - year - old man on january 21, and a 2 - year - old girl and a 9 - year - old girl on january 28. in the next month, a 5 - year - old died on feburary 7, a 3 - year - old girl died on february 13, a 2 - year - old boy died on february 19, followed by a death of a 35 - year - old man on monday. he came from the kampong cham province in central cambodia and died after developing fever, coughing and difficulty breathing earlier this month. the patients experienced symptoms such as coughing, fever, difficulty breathing, sleepiness and vomiting. bird flu does not usually pass from person - to - person, but the disease is closely monitored because of concerns that the h5n1 virus could mutate allowing to spread more easily among people. " we conducted investigations and found that all the cases were transmission from the poultry, " said sovann. " there is no evidence of transmission from human to human at this stage. "


8. predicates and utilities now that we know how to create classes, access slots, and define methods, it might be useful to verify that everything is doing ok. to help with this a plethora of predicates have been created. - function : class - v class - return a vector with all the class ' s important parts in it. this vector is not a copy. changing this vector changes the class. the clos method find - class will have the same effect. - function : find - class symbol & optional errorp - clos function. in eieio it returns the vector definition of the class. if there is no class, nil is returned if errorp is - function : class - p class - return non - nil if class is a class type. - function : object - p obj - return non - nil if obj is an object. - function : slot - exists - p obj - or - class slot - return non - nil if obj - or - class contains slot in its class. - function : slot - boundp object slot nil if object ' s slot is bound. setting a slot ' s value makes it bound. calling slot - makeunbound will make a slot unbound. object can be an instance or a class. - function : class - name class - return a string of the form # < class myclassname > which should look similar to other lisp objects like buffers and processes. printing a class results only in a symbol. - function : class - option class option - return the value in class of a given option. ( class - option eieio - default - superclass : documentation ) will fetch the documentation string for - function : class - constructor class - return a symbol used as a constructor for class. this way you can make an object of a passed in class without knowing what it is. this is not a part of clos. - function : object - name obj - return a string of the form # < object - class myobjname > for obj. this should look like lisp symbols from other parts of emacs such as buffers and processes, and is shorter and cleaner than printing the object ' s vector. it is more useful to use object - print to get and object ' s print form, as this allows the object to add extra display information into the symbol. - function : object - class obj - returns the class symbol from obj


vector. it is more useful to use object - print to get and object ' s print form, as this allows the object to add extra display information into the symbol. - function : object - class obj - returns the class symbol from obj. - function : class - of obj - clos symbol which does the same thing as - function : object - class - fast obj - same as object - class except this is a macro, and no type - checking is performed. - function : object - class - name obj - returns the symbol of obj ' s class. - function : class - parents class - returns the direct parents class of class. returns it is a superclass. - function : class - parents - fast class - just like class - parent except it is a macro and no type checking - function : class - parent class - deprecated function which returns the first parent of class. - function : class - children class - return the list of classes inheriting from class. - function : class - children - fast class - just like class - children, but with no checks. - function : same - class - p obj class t if obj ' s class is the same as class. - function : same - class - fast - p obj class - same as same - class - p except this is a macro and no type checking - function : object - of - class - p obj class t if obj inherits anything from class. this is different from same - class - p because it checks for inheritance. - function : child - of - class - p child class t if child is a subclass of class. - function : generic - p method - symbol method - symbol is a generic function, as opposed to a regular emacs list function. it is also important to note, that for every created class, a two predicates are created for it. thus in our example, the function data - object - p is created, and return t if passed an object of the appropriate type. also, the function is created which returns t if the object passed to it is of a type which inherits from this document was generated by xemacs webmaster on october, 2 2007


north carolina is not experiencing drought or abnormally dry conditions for the first time in three years, thanks to recent rainfall from tropical storm andrea and several other storm systems, according to the n. c. department of environment and natural resources. agricultural officials in richmond county report damp soil and crops that are generally in good shape, heading into the long summer. however, there may have been some damage to crops by heavy rainfall and strong winds. the rainfall from tropical storm andrea helped eliminate lingering abnormally dry conditions in eastern north carolina. the last time the u. s. drought monitor depicted no drought or abnormally dry conditions in north carolina was during the week of april 20, 2010. these conditions are reflected on the federal drought map for north carolina, which is released every thursday. to see the most recent drought map, go to www. ncdrought. org. “ recent rains have brought relief to the lingering dry conditions in eastern north carolina, ” said bob stea, chairman of the n. c. drought management advisory council. “ streams, groundwater and soil moisture levels have greatly improved and are near longer - term averages. ” while dry conditions are no longer present, drought officials say they cannot forecast what the summer months will bring. “ north carolina ’ s rainfall becomes more difficult to forecast, as well as less reliable, during the summer months, ” said michael moneypenny, a meteorologist for the national weather service in raleigh and a member of the drought advisory council. “ weather systems are typically weaker and the bulk of our rainfall comes from scattered shower and thunderstorm activity that pops up during the heat of the day. ” ryan boyles, director of the state climate office at n. c. state university and a member of the advisory council, said : “ winter climate conditions can be predicted several months in advance due to factors such as la nina. however, summer seasonal conditions are not currently predictable, and the upcoming summer is just as likely to be dry as wet. ” with little guidance to rely upon, conditions will have to be monitored closely. conditions can worsen quickly because north carolina ’ s hot summer months bring about higher rates of evaporation. “ i do agree that at this moment we are not in a drought situation here in richmond county, ” said amy hill yaklin, county executive director, richmond county farm service agency. “ we have several different soil types in the county and while it may be damp now is some areas, for instance in the clay, the sand - lands will quickly show stress and the need


problems, and tractors breaking down. thankfully farming is also full of rewards. richmond county farmers are passionate about raising our food, ” conrad said. horticulture agent paige burns, also with the cooperative extension service along with conrad, said the good news about the rain we ’ ve been having is that farm ponds, which farmers use to irrigate crops, have for the most part recovered to normal levels. “ they may need the water later in the season if the rain slows down, ” said burns. “ while good in many ways, the heavy rains shortened the length of the strawberry crop this year by several weeks, as well as caused increased labor costs during the season. strawberries cost thousands of dollars per acre to grow, and when the season is shortened farmers may not make enough money to cover their costs and make a profit. “ additionally, the rain has led to higher moisture levels in wheat, delaying harvest in some cases, and caused leaching of fertilizer in crops, particularly a problem in tobacco. this requires farmers to put out more fertilizer, which is an additional, and unexpected, expense, ” burns said. — editor john charles robbins can be reached at 910 - 997 - 3111, ext. 13, or by email at email @ example. com.


what cesar chavez taught us what cesar chavez taught us this year marks the 38th anniversary of one of the most extreme and effective acts of sacrifice in u. s. labor history - a truly heroic act by farm worker leader cesar chavez. for 25 days he fasted, in february and march of 1968, surviving on nothing but occasional sips of water. the fast was crucial in winning support for the nationwide grape boycott that forced growers to grant california ' s vineyard workers the first union contracts ever won by any farm workers - contracts that were essential if they were to finally escape abject poverty. waging the boycott was extremely difficult for the farm workers. with little money and experience, they traveled to unfamiliar cities far from their rural communities to seek support. chavez ' act inspired them as well as their potential supporters and made their own considerable sacrifices seem much less onerous. chavez had another urgent purpose. he dedicated the fast to reaffirming the principles of nonviolence that had guided his union, later to become the united farm workers, from its founding four years earlier. chavez was concerned that the frustrations of the grape pickers, who had been on strike for three years, were turning them toward violence. " some of our people accused us of cowardice, " he said. " they told me : ' if you go out and kill a couple of growers and blow up some cold storage plants and trains, the growers will come to terms. this is the history of labor ; this is how things are done. ' " fearingi wasn ' ; t that " someone would hurt someone " if picketing continued at the struck vineyards, and well aware that victory would come from peaceful urban boycott activities rather than picketing, chavez called off the pickets. then he retired to a small, white - walled storeroom at his union ' s headquarters in delano, california, to fast, pray and read the bible and the writings of gandhi. " no union movement, " chavez declared, " is worth the death of one farm worker or his child or one grower or his child.... social justice for the dignity of man cannot be won at the price of human life. " tents were erected outside the storeroom to shelter union members and supporters who came in pilgrimage from all over the state. they celebrated daily masses, held prayer vigils and stood in line for hours to speak briefly to chavez as he lay on a cot, barely able to answer them. chavez broke the fast before 4, 000 supporters at an ecumenical


over the state. they celebrated daily masses, held prayer vigils and stood in line for hours to speak briefly to chavez as he lay on a cot, barely able to answer them. chavez broke the fast before 4, 000 supporters at an ecumenical mass in delano ' s city park. senator robert kennedy was at his side as he slumped in a chair and nibbled feebly at a tiny bit of bread handed him by a priest. kennedy took a portion from the same home - baked loaf, then hailed chavez as " one of the heroic figures of our time. " chavez reminded his followers, in a message read by an aide, that " we have our bodies and spirits and the justice of our cause as our weapons. " within two years, those weapons brought victory to the vineyard workers. it was an extraordinary demonstration of the effectiveness of nonviolent activism. what the vineyard workers accomplished, and how they accomplished it, would never be forgotten - not by the millions of social activists worldwide who were inspired and energized by the workers ' struggle, nor by the workers themselves. the victory and the vital lesson it taught would not have been possible except for cesar chavez and his great sacrifice. the ordeal sent him to a hospital for three weeks, and for much of the next eight months he directed the union from a hospital bed at home. the effects of the fast, combined with those of other fasts in later years, undoubtedly contributed to his untimely death at age 66 in 1993. copyright ( c ) 2006 dick meister, a san francisco writer. he ' s the co - author of " a long time coming : the struggle to unionize america ' s farm workers " ( macmillan ). contact him through his website, www. dickmeister. com.


i made a quick drawing of the basic principles for distillation using a plastic tent. i have it about half built but it has not been tested yet. it is very simple in it ' s construction. one needs pvc - pipe, pvc - fittings, and plastic tarps. a flex tube and container to collect the distilled water. a little silicon rubber to make the seal where the hose goes through the plastic. a funnel to fill it. a source of heat and coolness is need in close proximity to each other. the greater the difference in temperature the faster water can be distilled. now that this principle is understood. lets take it to the next step. suppose one uses clear plastic for the walls and grows plants in the ground where the gray water is shown. suppose after the pole shift there is enough light for some very low light plants to grow. now this setup would allow one to distill water for human use and at the same time protect the plants from toxins from outside rain. nutrients could be fed to the plants from worm beds etc. the small amount of light coming through the dense clouds could be supplemented with additional light if power is available. the disadvantage to this is animals can easily tear their way in and get our food. probably would need to fence this off to protect it. another disadvantage is plastic tarps have a limited life to them. clear thick vinyl might be the longest lasting. any plastic may leach out some toxins ( plasticides ) into the distilled water. this would become less with usage. i am currently thinking lead, etc. poisoning to be worse than the plasticides. offered by mike.


with the advancement in the web world, today almost everything can be done with the online services available on the internet. be it shopping, searching or the learning. learning to play woodwind instruments as an extra - curricular activity or out of the interest by the children, elders has now become much simpler with the help of pictorial finger charts available easily on the internet websites. in this guide, we will explore some of the oldest and finest instruments and know how easy it is to learn them. flute for kids : with the help of specially designed flute known as the recorder flute, kids till 5th grade do not have to struggle at all. it provides an opportunity for kids to learn while playing music. with this technological advancement in flute, it has become convenient for the amateurs to learn to play the instrument. the trill chart : gives a clear picture of the flute trill chart which is pretty easy for the students to memorize. modern flute fingering chart : charts for the modern flute and piccolo, including many alternate fingerings. flute fingering chart : printable charts from an accomplished flutist. piccolo fingering chart : octave by octave fingering chart to make the procedure of learning a piccolo easy. numeric finger chart : provides with the fingering chart written with numbers rather pictorially. it gives the idea of notes in 2nd and 3rd octave. alternate fingering chart for piccolo : gives musician the alternate fingering positions for the piccolo. piccolo pedagogy : lists fingering charts both online and in print. oboe and english horn teacher ’ s guide : from the history to the performance techniques including the fingering charts of the instrument, every minute detail is present in the teacher ’ s guide. hands - on experience : have an experience with the exercises provided to test the understanding of the instrument. oboe fingering charts : document that provides complex fingering charts for the oboe. basic fingering chart for oboe : offers guides to the basic octaves of the oboe. basic fingering chart : directions for quick learning and using an english horn diagrammatically. a - z of english horn : starting from the student on english horn, choosing the equipment, embouchure to the distinguishing features. fingering scheme for oboe and english horn : provides the basic fingering schemes for these two instruments. pictorial depiction of the clarinet fingering chart : get a clear cut picture of the working of a clarinet with the labeled fingering chart. clarinet fingering charts by key : finger chart for the clarinet in all keys. clarinet fingering chart : another pictorial


pictorial depiction of the clarinet fingering chart : get a clear cut picture of the working of a clarinet with the labeled fingering chart. clarinet fingering charts by key : finger chart for the clarinet in all keys. clarinet fingering chart : another pictorial diagram of fingering positions. clarinet fingering guide with altissimo suggestions for playing : intuitive fingering charts by key and for altissimo notes. to get started : a perfect guide for the beginners to become a master at saxophone. saxophone is one of the easiest instruments to play. tips for a makeover : gives ideas and suggestions for a makeover on the parts of privately owned saxophone section. insight of a saxophone : a simplistic approach for the beginners to help them learn the saxophone and overcoming all sorts of confusion. elaborate finger chart : self explanatory lessons with fingering diagrams that makes the process of learning and playing the saxophone easier. play and learn : a user - friendly guide for students to get a thorough insight on bassoon and perform various exercises to practice different bassoon techniques. types of bassoon fingering charts : first class reference in fingerings for bassoon. a pictorial representation of basic, alternate, and trill fingering chart for bassoon. bassoon fingering chart : interactive fingering chart for german system bassoons. bassoon resource fingering charts : printable charts for german system, french system, and other types of bassoons.


hubble spies edge - on beauty visible in the constellation of andromeda, ngc 891 is located approximately 30 million light - years away from earth. the nasa / esa hubble space telescope turned its powerful wide field advanced camera for surveys towards this spiral galaxy and took this close - up of its northern half. the galaxy ' s central bulge is just out of the image on the bottom left. the galaxy, spanning some 100, 000 light - years, is seen exactly edge - on, and reveals its thick plane of dust and interstellar gas. while initially thought to look like our own milky way if seen from the side, more detailed surveys revealed the existence of filaments of dust and gas escaping the plane of the galaxy into the halo over hundreds of light - years. they can be clearly seen here against the bright background of the galaxy halo, expanding into space from the disk of the galaxy. astronomers believe these filaments to be the result of the ejection of material due to supernovae or intense stellar formation activity. by lighting up when they are born, or exploding when they die, stars cause powerful winds that can blow dust and gas over hundreds of light - years in space. a few foreground stars from the milky way shine brightly in the image, while distant elliptical galaxies can be seen in the lower right of the image. ngc 891 is part of a small group of galaxies bound together by gravity. a version of this image was entered into the hubble ’ s hidden treasures image processing competition by contestant nick rose. hidden treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public.


wet winter weather increases icy road risk 13 november 2012 hampshire road users are being reminded to take extra care this winter as the saturated ground means that water runoff from fields makes it more likely that rural roads will ice over during cold weather. according to the met office, this summer has officially been the wettest in one hundred years and there appears to be no let up in rain as winter approaches. the environment agency has recently released a warning that, following further wet weather in september and october, rivers are full and the ground is saturated, with the result that current groundwater levels in some areas are extremely high and water is seeping onto hampshire ' s roads. roads that would normally dry quickly after precipitation are more likely to remain wet and ice over when the road surface temperature drops below zero. councillor mel kendal, deputy leader and executive member for hampshire county council said : " road users need to take extra care this winter because, due to the saturated ground, even a small amount of rain or snow means that roads are more likely to experience water running on to them which can easily ice over when the temperature freezes. we have recently experienced our first frosts of the winter and our salting teams have been out treating hampshire ' s main routes but, although temperatures may rise slightly in the days to come, drivers still need to take care as some roads may be covered with deep puddles. " hampshire county council takes road safety extremely seriously and invests heavily to maintain and improve the 5, 000 plus miles of road in the county. keeping hampshire moving is a priority of the council - the road network is a vital support for our regional economy and people need to be safe when going about their day - to - day business, whatever the weather. we have a long - term strategic programme of road maintenance and enhancement, operation resilience, which aims to make our roads more resilient to the damaging effects of weather extremes and increasing traffic levels, as well as to improve the overall condition of the roads. "


milton, john, 1608 - 1674. paradise lost : a poem in twelve books / a new edition with notes of various authors by thomas newton, d. d.. london : printed for j. and r. tonson and s. draper in the strand, 1749. 2 volumes. call number : ( spl ) pr 3560 1749 special collections, golda meir library eighty - two years after the first edition of paradise lost, thomas newton completed work on the first definitive edition of milton ' s epic poem. this text arose directly from the controversy surrounding richard bentley ' s 1732 edition. newton used the last authoritative edition ( 1674 ) published at the time of milton ' s death as his copy - text and carefully collated the text with the first edition of 1667. he also had access to all other major editions published prior to 1749 and used them as necessary to verify and correct perpetuated errors. his notes synthesized the work of many different scholars and became the standard for scholarly editions for nearly 150 years. to accompany the newly refined text, the tonsons contracted with artist francis hayman to design new illustrations for the 1749 edition. hayman was a prominent english decorative painter and had recently completed thirty - six illustrations for an edition of shakespeare ' s works. hayman ' s illustrations became the benchmark for editions of paradise lost published well into the nineteenth century. his style began to break from traditional baroque conventions and foreshadowed the innovative work of nineteenth century artists.


perspectives : why guidelines differ numerous international, national, and professional organizations publish guidelines and recommendations that assist travel health providers in providing the best possible advice to prospective travelers. the cdc yellow book is one example of published recommendations. however, it is quickly apparent to both clinicians and patients that guidelines and recommendations differ, sometimes dramatically. conflicting messages from authoritative sources may confuse patients and clinicians, and undermine the credibility of the source. it can be unsettling for patients to receive travel medicine advice, vaccines, and a malaria prescription from a provider, only to find that the recommendations conflict with what they have obtained from other sources, or even heard from other advisors. the skillful travel health provider will be able to help the traveler run this gauntlet of conflicting advice by knowing more about why guidelines differ. how are guidelines created? most guidelines of interest to travel health providers and travelers focus on recommendations for immunizations, prophylactic medications, and self - treatment regimens ( such as those for travelers ’ diarrhea ). guidelines come from many sources. a regulatory agency in each country must review and approve an application from the sponsor of a product in order for the product to be commercially distributed. regulatory authorities review data from prelicensure clinical trials and also assess the manufacturing process. international organizations such as the world health organization ( who ) promote their own sets of guidelines. at national levels, agencies such as cdc make recommendations for the use of approved vaccines and medications for travelers. in addition, professional organizations may create consensus clinical practice guidelines based on published medical literature and expert opinion. travel medicine – specific subscription services use experts to organize and present travel medicine recommendations for clinicians. however, these services can use information and sources that may not be fully validated by national and international authorities. finally, vast quantities of unregulated opinions are published on the internet. people new to travel medicine may not be aware of the decision - making process or the source information that results in formal recommendations from these organizations. a national regulatory authority is the government body that approves vaccines and drugs. in the united states, this is the food and drug administration ( fda ). for the vaccines and medications commonly prescribed in a pre - travel consultation, providers are expected to use the products in accordance with the product label as approved by the fda. the product label is a valuable source of information that is accurate at the time it is published. manufacturers submit a detailed application that undergoes rigorous, multidisciplinary review. the approved product label reflects the information provided by the manufacturer in


the fda. the product label is a valuable source of information that is accurate at the time it is published. manufacturers submit a detailed application that undergoes rigorous, multidisciplinary review. the approved product label reflects the information provided by the manufacturer in response to the requirements specified by a large body of regulatory law developed over many years. since each country has different laws and requirements, approved products and their product labels may differ from country to country. this difference is then reflected in the national guidelines that relate to that product. travelers ’ health information is provided by who ’ s publication, international travel and health ( the “ green book ” ) and also in the who international health regulations 2005. countries with less developed or nonexistent regulatory agencies often default to the who guidelines, while more developed countries with resources devoted to travelers ’ health may be aware of the who recommendations, but may not be able to reconcile who recommendations with their own country ’ s recommendations in every situation. us national organizations cdc provides recommendations for travelers ’ health and publishes those recommendations in this book. subject - matter experts at cdc review information in their area of expertise and formulate recommendations. for vaccines, the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) develops written recommendations for the administration of vaccines, including travelers ’ vaccines, to children and adults in the civilian population. recommendations include age for vaccine administration, number of doses and dosing interval, and precautions and contraindications. acip, which is the only entity appointed by the federal government to make such recommendations, consists of 15 experts in fields associated with immunization who have been selected to provide advice and guidance to the us department of health and human services and cdc on the control of vaccine - preventable diseases ( see chapter 2, perspectives : vaccine recommendations of the acip ). professional organizations often develop, write, and publish practice guidelines using committees of experts from their membership. these practice guidelines typically follow an evidence - based medicine approach that links recommendations to the strength and quality of the evidence as assessed by the committee members. the infectious disease society of america has published a travel medicine practice guideline that many find useful. practice guidelines, by their nature, are consensus documents. peer - reviewed medical literature and open sources as experience with a vaccine or a drug is acquired over the years, these results are often published in the peer - reviewed medical literature. in addition, people who use these products gain experience over time and develop their own opinions ( “ experience - based medicine ” ). the data that would be most useful in deciding


years, these results are often published in the peer - reviewed medical literature. in addition, people who use these products gain experience over time and develop their own opinions ( “ experience - based medicine ” ). the data that would be most useful in deciding how to use a vaccine or medication may not be available in published reports, so expert opinion attempts to interpret available information or provide background perspective. why do guidelines differ? guidelines in different countries and organizations may differ in significant ways. some of the reasons why guidelines differ include availability of products in different countries, a different cultural perception of risk, lack of evidence ( or differing interpretations of the same evidence ), and sometimes just honest differences in opinion among experts. occasionally, public opinion may influence recommendations ( for example, the widespread adverse publicity about mefloquine that was reported in the media ). availability of products travel health providers can only use the products that are available to them. availability is determined by the regulatory approval status of the product and, to a lesser extent, the marketing and distribution plan of the manufacturer. among the various vaccines and antimalarial drugs commercially available worldwide, the process for regulatory approvals varies greatly. for example, registering a new vaccine or antimalarial drug in the united states is a costly and rigorous process. if the market is insufficient to justify the expense of registration, then a commercial company may not seek registration in a particular country. the standards for licensure vary, and what may be sufficient for one regulatory authority may not suffice for another. for example, primaquine, an option for antimalarial prophylaxis in the united states, is not registered or commercially available in switzerland. atovaquone - proguanil was available for malaria chemoprophylaxis in the united states before many other countries. on the other hand, an oral vaccine against cholera is approved for use and widely available in many countries, but is not approved by the fda. therefore, cdc and acip guidelines do not include any recommendations for the use of this vaccine. even when the same products are available, the recommendations for their use may differ. the capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine and the oral typhoid vaccine are examples. in the united states, a booster of the polysaccharide vaccine is recommended after 2 years, but in most european countries a booster is recommended after 3 years. in the united states, a packet of 4 oral typhoid capsules is dispensed,


a booster of the polysaccharide vaccine is recommended after 2 years, but in most european countries a booster is recommended after 3 years. in the united states, a packet of 4 oral typhoid capsules is dispensed, whereas in europe, 3 doses are considered adequate. the regulatory agencies may have reviewed the same data and drawn different conclusions, or they may have reviewed different data at separate times and reached different conclusions. it is unusual for regulatory submissions to various agencies to be ready and occur at the same time ; therefore, the data available for review by each agency may not be the same, for legitimate reasons. perception of risk people from varying backgrounds can view the same risk data and come to different conclusions as to the cost and benefit of preventing that risk. for example, national - level recommendations to prevent malaria while traveling to india vary widely. german recommendations are to not use standard prophylaxis for any travel to an indian destination ; standby emergency treatment ( sbet or self - treatment ) is the recommendation for identified risk destinations. the guidelines in the united kingdom recommend only awareness and mosquito bite prevention for more than half the indian subcontinent, including large cities and popular tourist destinations in the north and south, while recommending an individual risk assessment that is based on activities and types of travelers. standard prophylaxis recommended in the uk guidelines is the combination of chloroquine plus proguanil ( an option not available in the united states ) for much of the middle of the subcontinent. however, cdc recommends malaria prophylaxis for any indian destination except for some mountainous areas of northern states above 2, 000 m ( 6, 561 ft ). is one of these guidelines better than the others? not necessarily, as the recommendations may be based on the national experience with different types of travelers, and the risk assessment approach of the organization formulating the national guidelines. for example, in 2008, cdc reported 114 malaria cases acquired in india by returning us travelers, the second highest absolute number of cases from any destination, and 194 cases of malaria acquired in nigeria. however, when viewed as estimated relative case rates ( the number of cases among us travelers attributable to each country divided by the estimated travel volume for us travelers to that country ), nigeria remains well above the median estimated risk, but india falls just below the median estimated risk due the much higher volume of travel to india. india reports active transmission in all provinces in the country. based on the extremely large population of india, some of these


remains well above the median estimated risk, but india falls just below the median estimated risk due the much higher volume of travel to india. india reports active transmission in all provinces in the country. based on the extremely large population of india, some of these provinces have high absolute numbers of cases but low case rates. some countries base their recommendations on these relatively low case rates, but other countries believe that the high absolute numbers of cases result in large numbers of infective mosquitoes that can, in turn, infect travelers. in any case, travelers to india are likely to encounter diverse recommendations for malaria prevention on the internet or from other travelers. the best available data should always balance the risk of the intervention — and the costs — against the risk of the disease, so that the decision to recommend a vaccine or prophylactic medicine may be understood by the clinician and the traveler. lack of evidence in many cases, limited or no data are available to inform an evidence - based assessment. in this setting, travel health providers defer to expert opinion or an extrapolation from limited data in conjunction with expert opinion. in travel medicine, it is rare to have actual prospective numerator and denominator data on the risk of any vaccine - preventable diseases in travelers. for example, any data on the risk of hepatitis a in travelers would have to account for the immunization rate with hepatitis a vaccine. these data are rarely available, and therefore we often rely on historical data that captured few actual cases. can we harmonize guidelines? the complex nature of how we obtain, evaluate, and verify data, combined with the fundamental differences in risk perception, makes it likely that multiple, overlapping, and at times conflicting guidelines will continue to exist. however, given the international nature of travel medicine and the existence of the international society of travel medicine, conflicting guidelines have decreased in the past decade. in one example of an effort to harmonize guidelines, from 2008 through 2010, who convened an international group of yellow fever and travel medicine experts to review available data on yellow fever virus transmission. the product of this collaboration was a country - specific list of yellow fever vaccine recommendations based on the geographic distribution of risk ( see chapter 3, yellow fever and malaria information, by country ). in summary, the role of the travel health provider is to become more sophisticated in his or her understanding of the various differences in guidelines, in interpreting this information, and in conveying it in an assured and comforting manner to travelers. - 1. cdc. advisory committee on immun


the travel health provider is to become more sophisticated in his or her understanding of the various differences in guidelines, in interpreting this information, and in conveying it in an assured and comforting manner to travelers. - 1. cdc. advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ). atlanta : cdc ; 2010 [ updated nov 1 ; cited 2010 sep 16 ]. available from : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / recs / acip / default. htm. - chiodini p, hill d, lea g, walker e, whitty c, bannister b. guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the united kingdom 2007. london : health protection agency ; 2007 [ cited 2010 nov 8 ]. available from : http : / / www. hpa. org. uk / publications / infectiousdiseas.... - committee to advise on tropical medicine and travel. canadian recommendations for the prevention and treatment of malaria among international travellers — 2009. can commun dis rep. 2009 jul ; 35 suppl 1 : 1 – 82. - german society for tropical medicine and international health association ( dtg ). deutsche gesellschaft fur tropenmedizin und internationale gesundheit e. v. 2010 [ updated nov 8 ; cited 2010 sep 16 ]. available from : http : / / www. dtg. org ( in german ). - hill dr, ericsson cd, pearson rd, keystone js, freedman do, kozarsky pe, et al. the practice of travel medicine : guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america. clin infect dis. 2006 dec 15 ; 43 ( 12 ) : 1499 – 1539. - world health organization. international health regulations ( 2005 ). geneva : world health organization ; 2008 [ cited 2010 nov 8 ]. available from : http : / / www. who. int / ihr / 9789241596664 / en / index. html. - world health organization. international travel and health. geneva : world health organization ; 2010 [ cited 2010 sep 16 ]. available from : http : / / www. who. int / ith / en /.


if i may shed some light on the question of how long a treaty is valid. might be important for yhis question but also for others. according to treaty law, a treaty ( or convention ) stays valid as long as there is nothing else replacing it or annuling it. modern treaties are signed for a short duration and cease to be valid at a certain date, given by the treaty. if not specified, there are three possibilities for a party to a treaty to stop its application : - a party to the treaty can denunciate it ( regulations for this are often given by the treaty ) - if the treay is violated by one of the parties, it can be suspended by another party ( like a breach of contract ) - fundamental change of circumstances, meaning the appearance of circumstances that did not exist when signing the contract ( very rare ) other things that can happen to a treaty is that an international armed conflict emerges. during the conflict, treaties can de suspended, but not necessarily suppressed. last but not least, the treaty may become invalid by the emergence of rule of ius cogens ( an imperative rule of law ) on the matter. concerning the point that prussia signed and not germany, i have to point out to the principles of state succession : when the german empire was created in 1871, it ' s executive power remained withe the king of prussia as kaiser, which could mean ( that ' s an international public law theory ) that the german empire is the successor of prussia and thus takes over all of prussia ' s obligations with regard to international law. in which case, germany was bound by the 1839 treaty when invading belgium ( even if bismarck called it " un chiffon " ) concerning the 1839 treaty itself, there are in fact 2 : the first one, comprising 24 articles, defining the borders of belgium and stating, in article 7, its neutrality. this treaty has been ratified by belgium and the netherlands. at the same time, another treaty, containing only 4 articles, was ratified by france, austria, russia, prussia and great britain. it reads : [ ces articles ] sont consideres comme ayant la meme force et valeur que s ' ils etaient inseres textuellement dans le present acte ; et qu ' ils se trouvent ainsi places sous la garantie de leurs dites majestes. meaning that the first treaty has on these staes the same valour as for belgium and the netherlands. so to sum up


scientists have apparently broken the universe ’ s speed limit. for generations, physicists believed there is nothing faster than light moving through a vacuum — a speed of 186, 000 miles per second. but in an experiment in princeton, n. j., physicists sent a pulse of laser light through cesium vapor so quickly that it left the chamber before it had even finished entering. the pulse traveled 310 times the distance it would have covered if the chamber had contained a vacuum. researchers say it is the most convincing demonstration yet that the speed of light — supposedly an ironclad rule of nature — can be pushed beyond known boundaries, at least under certain laboratory circumstances. “ this effect cannot be used to send information back in time, ” said lijun wang, a researcher with the private nec institute. “ however, our experiment does show that the generally held misconception that ‘ nothing can travel faster than the speed of light ’ is wrong. ” the results were published in thursday ’ s issue of the journal nature. the achievement has no practical application right now, but experiments like this have generated considerable excitement in the small international community of theoretical and optical physicists. previously thought impossible “ this is a breakthrough in the sense that people have thought that was impossible, ” said raymond chiao, a physicist at the university of california at berkeley who was not involved in the work. chiao has performed similar experiments using electric fields. in the latest experiment, researchers at nec developed a device that fired a laser pulse into a glass chamber filled with a vapor of cesium atoms. the researchers say the device is sort of a light amplifier that can push the pulse ahead. previously, experiments have been done in which light also appeared to achieve such so - called superluminal speeds, but the light was distorted, raising doubts as to whether scientists had really accomplished such a feat. the laser pulse in the nec experiment exits the chamber with almost exactly the same shape, but with less intensity, wang said. the pulse may look like a straight beam but actually behaves like waves of light particles. the light can leave the chamber before it has finished entering because the cesium atoms trade energy with the leading edge of the waves as they pass through. this produces an almost identical light pulse that exits the chamber and travels about 60 feet before the main part of the laser pulse finishes entering the chamber, wang said. wang said the effect is possible only because light has no mass ; the same thing cannot be done with physical objects. the princeton experiment and others like it test


about 60 feet before the main part of the laser pulse finishes entering the chamber, wang said. wang said the effect is possible only because light has no mass ; the same thing cannot be done with physical objects. the princeton experiment and others like it test the limits of the theory of relativity that albert einstein developed nearly a century ago. according to the special theory of relativity, the speed of particles of light in a vacuum, such as outer space, is the only absolute measurement in the universe. the speed of everything else — rockets or inchworms — is relative to the observer, einstein and others explained. only in the lab in everyday circumstances, an object cannot travel faster than light. the princeton experiment and others change these circumstances by using devices such as the cesium chamber rather than a vacuum. ultimately, the work may contribute to the development of faster computers that carry information in light particles. not everyone is convinced the nec scientists did what they claim. aephraim steinberg, a physicist at the university of toronto, said the light particles coming out of the cesium chamber may not have been the same ones that entered, so he questions whether the speed of light was broken. still, the work is important, he said : “ the interesting thing is how did they manage to produce light that looks exactly like something that didn ’ t get there yet? ”


size adult females may attain a body length of 56 mm and males 47 mm. description the adult frog has a somewhat flattened body ; an eye with a dark, horizontal band running through it and a vertically elliptical pupil ; and long limbs with large, spatulate adhesive pads at the tips of the fingers and toes. while the fingers lack webbing, the toes are extensively webbed up to the last segment of the fifth toe ( and this sometimes extends to the tip ). no thumb - like metacarpal tubercle is present. a glandular fold is present behind the eye ( above the tympanum ). the upper body surface is generally green to brown and covered with well - defined reddish brown spots and patches of variable size. there are distinct transverse bands present on the limbs of most specimens. the underside colour is mainly whitish except for the limbs which are fleshy - orange, while the skin is densely granular except on the throat. the advertisement call is a clear high - pitched ringing note produced at a rate of about one per second. biology this species is endemic to certain mountain ranges in the winter rainfall region of the western cape. it only occurs in undisturbed habitat within the mountain fynbos or afromontane forest vegetation types and is dependent on clear, fast flowing, perennial mountain streams for breeding. when they are not breeding, ghost frogs utilize damp terrestrial habitat surrounding the streams and have even been found sheltering under rocks several hundred metres away from the nearest watercourse. they are well adapted for climbing in steep, rocky terrain and enter rock crevices and caves. by means of the adhesive pads on their fingers and toes they are able to climb virtually any wet or damp surface, including smooth, vertical rock faces. breeding takes place from early to mid - summer ( about october to january ) when stream flow has reduced following the rainy season. the males can be heard calling both during the day and after dark. they call from positions adjacent to waterfalls, cascades and small rapids such as from rock cracks or from rocks either on the banks of streams or protruding from the water. ghost frogs have a complex courtship display but actual egg - laying has not been observed. the eggs, which are laid singly, have been found scattered in exposed positions in small quiet, shady pools connected to the main stream. they are large and yellow with each one contained in a stiff jelly capsule. clutch sizes have been found to vary from 50 to 208 eggs. the eggs hatch after four or five days. initially the young tadpoles


pools connected to the main stream. they are large and yellow with each one contained in a stiff jelly capsule. clutch sizes have been found to vary from 50 to 208 eggs. the eggs hatch after four or five days. initially the young tadpoles live off a large reserve of yolk, where after they feed by grazing over algae - covered rocks, and these “ feeding trails ” can be seen on rocks in quieter pools. the distinctive tadpoles attain a length of about 60 mm and are well - adapted for a life in fast flowing streams. in particular, they have large sucker - like mouths for clinging to rocks in fast flowing water and even use their mouths to climb slippery rock faces such as waterfalls. during the day, the tadpoles are usually found attached to the underside of submerged rocks. they are slow developers, taking over twelve months to develop into frogs, and are generally ready to leave the water during the period from march to may. distribution this species is endemic to certain cape fold mountains in the western part of the western cape province. distribution in gcbc this extends from the higher mountains of the cederberg southwards into the groot winterhoek mountains. conservation status not threatened. threats no serious threats. current studies this species was assessed in the southern african frog atlas project ( published in 2004 ). a project to investigate the genetic diversity in the cape fold mountain ghost frogs is currently underway.


birthfathers | legal rights | more on birthfathers a child ’ s story begins with her birth — and even before, ” says ronny diamond, adoption resource director for spence - chapin in manhattan. “ children need to hear that all children are born to two people, and that they are no different. ” since young children tend to focus on their birthmothers, you need to make a special effort to include their birthfathers. diamond suggests these talk techniques : include the birthfather from the beginning. the concept of a birthfather is easier to grasp when kids are three or four, before you need to explain reproduction. you might say : “ it takes a man and a woman to make a baby. the baby grows inside the woman, who then gives birth to the baby. you were born the same way everyone else was. but some babies stay with their birthparents and some don ’ t. your birthparents couldn ’ t raise any baby at the time you were born. so they made sure to find a family that could take care of you forever. some children are adopted, and adoption is forever. ” say what you know. if you know a lot about your child ’ s birthfather, he can have a significant presence in your story. if you know very little about either birthparent, you may want to speculate based on what you do know about the situation of your child ’ s birth. you might say : “ your birthparents may have decided together that they weren ’ t able to give a baby a good life, so they probably talked about what would be best for you. that ’ s why they took you to a place where people who cared about you could make sure you went to live with a family who would love you and take care of you forever. ” add age - appropriate details. when your child is five to seven years old, you need to be more specific in your conversations. again, it ’ s ok to speculate. the key is to be neutral and use language that doesn ’ t label either birthparent in a judgmental way. you might say : “ your birthmother and birthfather made you. but they weren ’ t together as a couple when you were born, and neither one felt they could raise a baby alone. ” or, “ your birthparents didn ’ t know each other very well and your birthmom didn ’ t tell your birthfather about you. she felt that neither of them were grown


anne morrow lindbergh anne morrow lindbergh, famous through her marriage to charles lindbergh, had her own career as a pilot. shortly after her marriage in 1929, she became the first woman in the u. s. to earn a glider pilot ' s license. in 1930, she served as navigator, while seven months pregnant, when her husband set a new transcontinental speed record. in 1931, she earned her private pilot ' s license. perhaps the most famous flight the lindberghs made together was the 1931 great circle survey through northern canada, alaska, and the far east, described so eloquently in anne ' s book north to the orient. anne served as a copilot and radio operator in the lockheed sirius now displayed in the barron hilton pioneers of flight gallery. the sirius was also used for the lindberghs ' 1933 north atlantic ocean survey flight for possible commercial air routes for pan american airways. for her part, anne lindbergh received the u. s. flag association cross of honor. in 1934, she became the first woman to receive the national geographic society ' s hubbard gold medal. lindbergh established herself as a distinguished author as well ; her literary works include listen the wind and bring me a unicorn. ( information compiled by d. cochrane and p. ramirez )


when gordon moore made his observation in 1965 that the number of transistors integrated on a single silicon chip is doubling roughly every two years, the only logical end point for such a trend would be a transistor made from a single atom. this point has now been reached. writing in nature nanotechnology, michelle simmons from the university of new south wales in sydney and colleagues report a single - atom transistor, the world ’ s smallest, on a silicon chip. the transistor is based on current flowing through a single atom of phosphorus embedded in a silicon wafer. phosphorus is a natural choice for such a transistor, as it is relatively easy to integrate into silicon. there it acts as an electron donor because it has an additional electron compared to silicon. this additional charge can be used for conventional electronic devices such transistor, but also more complex schemes are possible. for example, the magnetic property of this single excess electron, its spin, can be used for new types of quantum computing. indeed, i have previously blogged about such efforts from another research group in sydney using multiple phosphorus atoms for silicon - based quantum computing. one of the key challenges in making a single - atom transistor is to place a single phosphorus atom into silicon in a controlled fashion. here, this is achieved by the careful placement of three phosphine ( ph3 ) molecules on the surface of silicon using a scanning tunneling microscsope. in a number of reaction steps these molecules dissociate and cause the ejection of a silicon atom from the surface and the incorporation of a single phosphorus atom in its place. once incorporated into silicon, the energy level of the phosphorus ’ outer electron states lies below that of the surrounding silicon. the precise match between silicon and phosphorus energy levels can be controlled by the electrical potential applied between two gate electrodes on either side ( see figure on the right ). this voltage controls the electric current between source and drain, and through the atom. if the energy levels of silicon and the phosphorus atom do match up, it is possible for electrons to pass through the phosphorous atom one by one. if the voltage between the two gates is set so that the silicon and phosphorus energy levels do not match up, there is no electric current. there are, however, a few drawbacks in the present approach. so far this transistor only works for really low temperatures, barely above absolute zero. and in the current implementation the contacting electrodes are still several tens of nanomet


. there are, however, a few drawbacks in the present approach. so far this transistor only works for really low temperatures, barely above absolute zero. and in the current implementation the contacting electrodes are still several tens of nanometres apart – hardly on the single atom scale. also, the fabrication of the structure with a scanning tunnelling microscope doesn ’ t allow to make billions of them in the same efficient way as commercial computer chips are fabricated. still, such single atom transistors could already be of interest for the quantum computing schemes investigated for phosphorus atoms, where the low temperature is less of an issue. either way, considering that according to gordon moore ’ s law commercial silicon transistors are only expected to reach single atom scales beyond 2020, this study certainly is ahead of the curve. fuechsle, m., miwa, j., mahapatra, s., ryu, h., lee, s., warschkow, o., hollenberg, l., klimeck, g., & simmons, m. ( 2012 ). a single - atom transistor nature nanotechnology doi : 10. 1038 / nnano. 2012. 21 the university of new south wales has produced a youtube video explaining these findings.


monday, october 13, 2008 imagine that scientist have discovered the breakthrough technology for reducing stress or eliminating your stress. they don ’ t have to in a sense, the body already knows what to do, we as humans don ’ t realize that we have the natural ability to reduce our stress built right into the model we were given at birth, you read that right, you were given the premium model and didn ’ t know it. you don ’ t have to ask for the upgrade. our built in mechanism is the natural process we go through at night called rapid eye movement ( rem ). what is rapid eye movement? in research this is what is said ; according to scientific theories, known as the ontogenetic hypothesis of rem sleep, this sleep stage ( also known as active sleep in neonates ) is particularly important to the developing brain, possibly because it provides the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections and for proper nervous system development. studies investigating the effects of active sleep deprivation have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, decreased brain mass, and result in an abnormal amount of neuronal cell death. rem sleep is necessary for proper central nervous system development. further supporting this theory is the fact that the amount of rem sleep in humans decreases with age, as well as data from other species ( see below ). one important theoretical consequence of the onthogenetic hypothesis is that rem sleep may have no essentially vital function in the mature brain, i. e., once the development of cns has completed. however, because processes of neuronal plasticity do not cease altogether in the adult brain, rem sleep may continue to be implicated in neurogenesis in adults as a source of sustained spontaneous stimulation. yet another theory suggests that monoamine shutdown is required so that the monoamine receptors in the brain can recover to regain full sensitivity. indeed, if rem sleep is repeatedly interrupted, the person will " make up " for it with longer rem sleep, " rebound sleep ", at the next opportunity. acute rem sleep deprivation can improve certain types of depression when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. this however is not proven. there is no test that will prove the theory of chemical imbalance. most antidepressants selectively inhibit rem sleep due to their effects on monoamines. however, this effect decreases after long - term use. some researchers argue that the perpet


no test that will prove the theory of chemical imbalance. most antidepressants selectively inhibit rem sleep due to their effects on monoamines. however, this effect decreases after long - term use. some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as rem sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species. it fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged rem sleep deprivation leads to death in experimental animals. in both humans and experimental animals, rem sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities. loss of rem sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections. survivability of the experimental animals decreases when rem sleep is totally attenuated during infection ; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of rem sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology. with the research referenced below, imagine that in the height of your stress with purposeful eye blinking you could go to the true original source of the stress and turn on the plasticity process. in my opinion in doing so we as humans could access the parts of the brain that have the information of letting go of the stress because that is the part of the brain that didn ’ t save that stress to be hashed over and over. when we continue to talk about the parts of our life that aren ’ t working we are continuing to allow that stress to live in the forefront of our lives, thus possibly creating feelings of separation, chronic pain, depression, etc … which really is dis - ease. with purposeful eye blinking it seems that we access the parts of our brain that store our joy. brain scientist dr. jill bolte - taylor says that in living in our left hemisphere of our brain we disconnect from all of life, meaning we live in our ego. this means we live in fear, when we live in fear we then are not living as our true original blueprint. living in our right hemisphere of our brain is when we allow healing to happen and we connect as one with all of life. that means we are living in our true original state of joy. imagine being a child purposely blinking to assist with healing from trauma of any kind. if you open up and connect to those parts of the brain that aren ’ t holding onto the stored trauma you could remember the truth of who you are and where you are from which would start the healing process. what happens as adults, we have allowed that trauma to become our identity.


those parts of the brain that aren ’ t holding onto the stored trauma you could remember the truth of who you are and where you are from which would start the healing process. what happens as adults, we have allowed that trauma to become our identity. then we get to tell that story day after day when we meet someone, we then sayi have this ailment, i have that ailment, this trauma happened to me as a child and that trauma happened to me as a child. as children we do not have the skills and tools to heal the wounds. as an adult, you have a choice, to stay in your stress ( pain ) or to let it go and create a brand new identity for ourselves. when you start telling a new more self empowering story about yourself that is when miracles happen. research is being done all the time about the brain and how with easy tools and skills we can all heal the wounds of stress and trauma and create the life we want. eye drives restructuring of young brain plasticity depends on transcription factor traveling cell to cell in the months and years after a much - loved child is born, attentive parents marvel at their many distinct spurts in mental skills. babies ’ eyes begin to focus and soon track moving people and objects. they respond to spoken language before they can utter their first intelligible sounds. in succession, kids can read single letters, then words. soon, they compose whole sentences and eventually devour the latest harry potter book. these windows of accelerated learning, known as critical periods, seem even more amazing from the perspective of an adult, whose brain woefully struggles in comparison to learn new things. acquiring a foreign language is much easier before age 11, for example. now researchers have discovered an unusual molecular wake - up call that triggers heightened plasticity in the visual cortex in the first month after birth, reports a paper in the aug. 8 cell. in one surprise, the brain responds to an outside cue — in this case, eyes opening for the first time — rather than dictating the timing from within. more unexpected is the nature of the cue and the way it work. when the eyelids of baby mice first flutter open, researchers found, the retinas flood the synaptic highway into the visual cortex with molecules called otx2. the molecules jump from neuron to neuron to the back of the brain. once there, they turn on the specific circuitry to rewire the brain for sight. “ the eyes are sending more than neural


cortex with molecules called otx2. the molecules jump from neuron to neuron to the back of the brain. once there, they turn on the specific circuitry to rewire the brain for sight. “ the eyes are sending more than neural images and electric signals. they are sending a molecular messenger that switches on the plasticity process, ” said senior author takao hensch, hms professor of neurology at children ’ s hospital boston. “ it ’ s quite a distance to go. ” the phenomenon may apply more broadly, scientists speculate. similar proteins from the ear, nose, or skin at different times may open plasticity in the auditory, olfactory, and other sensory regions in the brain. “ this paper establishes a key new mechanism where activity in one part of the brain [ the retina ] can control plasticity in another [ the cortex ], ” said michael shelanski, codirector of the taub institute for research on alzheimer ’ s disease and the aging brain at columbia university, who was not involved in the study. “ neuronal plasticity is required for learning and for repair in the nervous system. ” the authors see therapeutic potential down the road. “ it ’ s a bit of a science fiction now, but the fact that we can access the brain mechanism of plasticity from the periphery gives us a new route of entry for brain therapies, ” hensch said. he envisions delivering tiny specialized proteins to boost development of specific cells whose impairment may cause disorders ranging from vision loss to schizophrenia. references for research done in this blog : rapid eye movement : wikipedia for the entire article on the eye drives restructuring of young brain : http : / / focus. hms. harvard. edu / 2008 / 082908 / development. shtml


what are migraines? according to the national headache foundation, more than 29. 5 million americans have migraines. symptoms of migraine may include : - moderate to severe pain on one or both sides of the head - pulsating or throbbing pain - pain worse with physical activity - nausea with or without vomiting - sensitivity to light or sound approximately 20 percent of people with migraines experience what ' s called an aura prior to the migraine. symptoms of an aura include flashes of light, zig zags, or blind spots in your vision or tingling in one arm or leg. natural remedies for migraine the herb feverfew ( tanacetum parthenium ) has been used for centuries as a folk remedy for headache, migraine, arthritis, pain, and fever in europe. it became especially popular in england in the 1980s as an alternative to conventional drugs for migraines. several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of feverfew for the prevention and treatment of migraines. for example, one study examined the use of a feverfew extract or a placebo in 170 people with migraines. there was a significant decrease in migraine frequency with feverfew, which decreased by 1. 9 migraines per month, compared to the placebo, which decreased by 1. 3 migraines per month. not all studies have shown that feverfew is effective, however. a critical review of five studies on feverfew and migraines, involving a total of 343 people, concluded that results were mixed and did not convincingly establish that feverfew was effective for preventing migraine. side effects of feverfew may include abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and nervousness. people with allergies to chamomile, ragweed, or yarrow should not take feverfew. feverfew may increase bleeding time, so it should not be taken by people with bleeding disorders or two to three weeks before or after surgery. the safety of feverfew in pregnant or nursing women or children has not been established. feverfew may interact with " blood - thinning " medications, such as aspirin and warfarin ( coumadin ) and non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). people taking these medications should consult a healthcare practitioner before taking feverfew. 5 - htp ( 5 - hydroxytryptophan ) is a compound produced in the body from the amino acid try


anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). people taking these medications should consult a healthcare practitioner before taking feverfew. 5 - htp ( 5 - hydroxytryptophan ) is a compound produced in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. it is used in the body to make the neurotransmitter serotonin and the hormone melatonin. 5 - htp is also available in supplement form. it is made from the seeds of an african plant, called griffonia simplicifolia. since supplements that affect levels of serotonin are used for migraines, 5 - htp has been explored as an alternative. some research indicates that 5 - htp may prevent migraines and reduce the frequency and severity of migraines, however large randomized controlled trials are needed. in one study, 124 people were given 5 - htp ( 600 mg / day ) or the drug methysergide. after six months, 5 - htp was found to be as effective as methysergide in reducing the severity and duration of migraines. another study looked at 5 - htp or the drug propranolol for 4 months. both treatments resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of migraines. however, the propranolol group fared better, with a reduction in the duration of episodes and the number of analgesics used for the treatment of episodes. for more information on 5 - htp, read the 5 - htp fact sheet. magnesium is a mineral found naturally in foods such as green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains and in nutritional supplements. magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions. it helps regulate blood sugar levels and is needed for normal muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm, immune function, blood pressure, and for bone health. several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of magnesium for migraine and have had promising results. in one study, oral magnesium ( 600 mg per day ) or a placebo were given to 81 people with migraines. after nine weeks, the frequency of migraines was reduced by 41. 6 percent in the group taking magnesium, compared to 15. 8 percent in the group taking the placebo. the only reported side effects were diarrhea in 18. 6 percent of people and digestive irritation in 4. 7 percent. other studies have found that magnesium reduces the severity and frequency of migraine. not all studies have confirmed it,


germany, there is a safety limit to the level of pyrrolizidine alkaloids allowed in butterbur products. the daily recommended dose cannot exceed one microgram per day. diener hc, pfaffenrath v, schnitker j, friede m, henneicke - von zepelin hh. efficacy and safety of 6. 25 mg t. i. d. feverfew co2 - extract ( mig - 99 ) in migraine prevention - - a randomized, double - blind, multicentre, placebo - controlled study. cephalalgia. 25. 11 ( 2005 ) : 1031 - 1041. lipton rb, gobel h, einhaupl km, wilks k, mauskop a. petasites hybridus root ( butterbur ) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine. neurology. 63. 12 ( 2004 ) : 2240 - 2244. peikert a, wilimzig c, kohne - volland r. prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium : results from a prospective, multi - center, placebo - controlled and double - blind randomized study. cephalalgia. 16. 4 ( 1996 ) : 257 - 263. pfaffenrath v, diener hc, fischer m, friede m, henneicke - von zepelin hh ; investigators. the efficacy and safety of tanacetum parthenium ( feverfew ) in migraine prophylaxis - - a double - blind, multicentre, randomized placebo - controlled dose - response study. cephalalgia. 22. 7 ( 2002 ) : 523 - 532. pfaffenrath v, wessely p, meyer c, isler hr, evers s, grotemeyer kh, taneri z, soyka d, gobel h, fischer m. magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine - - a double - blind placebo - controlled study. cephalalgia. 16. 6 ( 1996 ) : 436 - 440. pittler mh, ernst e. feverfew for preventing migraine. cochrane database syst rev. 2004 ; ( 1 ) : cd002286. wang f, van den eeden sk, ackerson lm, salk se, reince rh, elin rj. oral magnesium oxide prophylax


formerly the range of red wolves included most habitats of the southeastern united states, however this species range was reduced in historic times to extreme southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana. presently, red wolves are being reintroduced into areas of their historical range - - alligator river in north carolina, and the great smoky mountains of tennessee and north carolina ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) before becoming endangered, red wolves inhabited mountains, lowland forests, and wetlands. presently, red wolves survive mainly as small relict and reintroduced populations in inaccessible swampland and mountainous terrain ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). red wolves are distinguished from their nearest relative, canis lupus, by their smaller size, relatively narrower proportions, longer legs and ears, and shorter fur. red wolves have a total length between 1000 and 1300 mm, tail length of from 300 to 420 mm, and shoulder height of 660 to 790 mm. among red wolves, males average 10 percent larger than females. red wolves usually have upperparts that are a mixture of cinnamon, tawny, and gray or black, while the back is normally blackish. the muzzle and limbs are tawny and the tail is tipped with black. in winter, the reddish element of the pelage is dominant. an annual molt takes place in the summer ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). the dominant male and female pair are solely able to reproduce within a pack. other pack members assist in raising young and obtaining food for lactating females. ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) breeding season extends from january to march. the gestation period is 60 - 63 days, with average litters of 3 - 6 pups occurring in the spring. however, litters of up to 12 pups can occur. ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) both males and females participate in rearing the young in the den, as well as other pack members. the young are cared for, nursed, and sheperded through their first year of life. ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) red wolves are primarily a nocturnal species. home ranges are formed and a portion of the home range becomes the exclusive territory of a pack. packs usually consist of a mated pair, and their pups, but larger packs have been reported. dens within the home


are primarily a nocturnal species. home ranges are formed and a portion of the home range becomes the exclusive territory of a pack. packs usually consist of a mated pair, and their pups, but larger packs have been reported. dens within the home range are built to rear young offspring. these dens are normally located within trunks of hollow trees, in sandy knolls, or stream banks. packs often live harmoniously, however aggression towards unknown wolves is characteristic of red wolves, as it is of other canids. within their home range, red wolves hunt over small portions for 7 - 10 days at a time, continuously shifting to new areas of the range. the vocalizations of red wolves are said to be intermediate between those of coyote and grey wolves ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) red wolves communicate with conspecifics through a complex suite of behavioral, tactile, chemical, and auditory signals. body language, pheromones, and vocalizations all serve to communicate about social and reproductive status and mood. social bonding is often acheived through touch. home ranges are delimited using scent marks. rodents, ungulates, and other small mammals are the main prey of red wolves. the dominant prey species include raccoons, white - tailed deer, swamp rabbits, cottontail rabbits, pigs, rice rats, nutria, and muskrats. red wolves will also eat carrion. they typically hunt in a particular area for 7 to 10 days, then switch to a different range ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). ( wilson and ruff, 1999 ) red wolves are primarily preyed on by other canids, including conspecifics from other packs, gray wolves, and coyote as a result of agonistic interactions over territories. young red wolves may also be taken by other large predators such as alligator, large raptors, and bobcats. red wolves are important as top predators in the ecosystems in which they live. red wolves eat many rodents, thus helping to control the populations of these pests ( fox 1975 ). red wolves were long thought by the public to be a serious threat to livestock. this threat has been grossly exaggerated, though they may occasionally kill domestic animals ( fox 1975 ). red wolves have been blamed for depredations on livestock and game. as a result, humans, mainly ranchers, farmers, and government


. this threat has been grossly exaggerated, though they may occasionally kill domestic animals ( fox 1975 ). red wolves have been blamed for depredations on livestock and game. as a result, humans, mainly ranchers, farmers, and government trappers, steadily eliminated populations of red wolves. in 1967, red wolves were listed as endangered and the u. s. fish and wildlife service engaged in a salvage effort to protect remaining populations. fourteen remaining red wolves were placed in a captive - breeding facility ; they have become the founders of the present red wolf population. currently, 200 + red wolves exist, and reintroductions are occurring in a few areas, including north carolina and the great smoky mountains. there has been some controversy regarding the validity of canis rufus as a species. it is possibly a naturally occuring hybrid of coyotes and grey wolves, though debate on this issue continues ( nowak, 1995, wayne, 1995 ). michael mulheisen ( author ), university of michigan - ann arbor, rebecca ann csomos ( author ), university of michigan - ann arbor, cynthia sims parr ( editor ), university of michigan - ann arbor. living in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico. uses sound to communicate young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. an animal that mainly eats meat flesh of dead animals. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own active at dawn and dusk ranking system or pecking order among members of a long - term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. parental care is carried out by females forest


synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. parental care is carried out by females forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). parental care is carried out by males having one mate at a time. having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. active during the night chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species communicates by producing scents from special gland ( s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons. breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. fox, m. w. ed. 1975. " the wild canids : their systematics, behavioral ecology and evolution ". van nostrand reinhold co. new york, ny. canid specialist group, international union for the conservation of nature, august 1998. " red wolf ( canis lupus ) " ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / sppaccts / redwolf. htm. nowak, r. 1995. " hybridization : the double - edged threat. " ( on


line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / sppaccts / redwolf. htm. nowak, r. 1995. " hybridization : the double - edged threat. " ( on - line ). accessed november 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / publicat / cndnews3 / hybridiz. htm. nowak, r., j. paradiso. 1991. canis rufus : mammalian species no. 22. the american society of mammologists. u. s. fish and wildlife service, endangered species coordinator, " red wolf " ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / endangered. fws. gov / i / a / saa04. html. u. s. fish and wildlife service, " red wolf ( endangered species ), wildlife species information : u. s. fish and wildlife service " ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / species. fws. gov / bio _ rwol. html. wayne, b. 1995. " red wolves : to conserve or not to conserve " ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / publicat / cndnews3 / 2conserv. htm. wilson, d., s. ruff. 1999. the smithsonian book of north american mammals. washington : smithsonian institution press.


this is an excerpt from eere network news, a weekly electronic newsletter. vice president biden releases report showing recovery act energy impact in january, operations manager marisol mccormick helped lift the first chevrolet volt battery pack off a general motors michigan assembly line. vice president joe biden on august 24 unveiled a new analysis showing that the american recovery and reinvestment act ' s $ 100 billion investment in innovation is helping accelerate significant advances in science and technology. according to " the recovery act : transforming the american economy through innovation, " the united states is now on track to achieve three major energy innovation breakthroughs thanks to recovery act investments : cutting the cost of solar power in half by 2015 ; reducing the cost of batteries for electric vehicles by 70 % between 2009 and 2015 ; and doubling u. s. renewable energy generation and renewable manufacturing capacity by 2012. overall, the recovery act is impacting science, technology, and innovation projects ranging from building a nationwide smart energy grid to growing the emerging electric vehicle industry, the report notes. the numbers are compelling, according to the report. for example, solar power is on a path to drop from $ 0. 21 per kwh in 2009 to $ 0. 10 per kwh in 2015, a level equivalent to household electricity rates. the cost of power from utility - scale solar projects also should drop, from $ 0. 13 per kwh today to $ 0. 06 in 2015, a rate equal to the cost of wholesale utility power. further, the cost of rooftop solar power could fall to as low as $ 0. 06 per kwh by 2030, a cost less than household rates. another advance is a major reduction in the prices of vehicle batteries. the report projects cost of the typical all - electric vehicle ( ev ) battery will shrink from the current $ 33, 000 to $ 10, 000 in 2015, while plug - in hybrid batteries will drop from $ 13, 000 to $ 4, 000 apiece. these cuts will make evs and hybrids competitive with similar non - electric vehicles. additionally, the united states is poised to both double renewable energy generation and renewable manufacturing capacity by 2012, aided by more than $ 23 billion of recovery act investments. u. s. renewable energy generation capacity from wind, solar, and geothermal is expected to increase 100 % by 2012, going from the 28. 8 gigawatts ( gw ) installed as of 2008 to 57. 6 gw by the end of 2011. that amount of renewable energy will be enough to power 16. 7 million


researchers collect " signals intelligence " on insect pests by jan suszkiw march 23, 2011 using commercially available parts, u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) scientists and colleagues have developed a new automated system for detecting insects based on the peculiar sounds the insects make while moving. according to entomologist richard mankin of usda ' s agricultural research service ( ars ), one likely application will be to automate routine monitoring of industrial - scale traps, especially those placed in hard - to - reach areas like crawl spaces or near food processing equipment. automated insect monitoring could also be useful in situations where frequent checking of traps is impractical, adds mankin, with the ars insect behavior and biocontrol research unit in gainesville, fla. ars is usda ' s principal intramural scientific research agency, and the research supports the usda priority of promoting international food security. mankin developed the device in collaboration with north carolina state university researchers ryan hodges, troy nagel and coby schal, all in raleigh, and roberto pereira and philip koehler, both at the university of florida in gainesville. the team ' s objective was to make automated insect monitoring affordable, easy to use and reliable. toward that end, they integrated commercially available sensors ( leds, microphones and piezoelectric film ) with high - gain amplifiers and laptop - run software for analyzing signals. the system uses the sensors to collect infrared, acoustic and vibration signals generated by three kinds of insect movements : wriggling, crawling and scraping. the software analyzes the signals to create a profile of the target insect that distinguishes it from other species. the researchers tested the device on three stored - product pests ( rice weevil, red flour beetle and drugstore beetle ) and two household pests ( german cockroach and bed bug ). in tests, individuals of each pest species were placed in small arenas where their signals could be collected and analyzed for differences in profile, amplitude and duration. all species tested generated all signal types, but red flour beetles mostly wriggled, german cockroaches typically ran or crawled, and bed bugs mostly scraped. mankin envisions users placing the devices in traps or near infested structures and monitoring them remotely. read more about the research in the march 2011 issue of agricultural research magazine.