of the the function consisting of a record with the code for the function ( or a pointer it ) and a template describing the format of its activation record. the other pointer is the static link to be stored in the activation record for the closure when it is invoked ( the saved environment for the closure ). in algol - like languages, closures can only be passed as function arguments. as a result, the activation record identified by the static link stored in the closure is always available on the stack when the closure in invoked. when that activation is finally freed, the corresponding closure is guaranteed to be inaccessible. ( since c / c + + has no nested blocks or procedure definitions, closures degenerate to function pointers. ) the stack representation of environments breaks if a closure can be invoked after the activation record to which it points ( through its static link ) is deallocated ( " popped " ). the activation record no longer exists and the storage it occupied may have been reused. if the closure code tries to refer to a variable in the deallocated record, it retrieves corrupt data. algol - like languages restrict the usage of closures to prevent this problem from occurring. ( in c / c + + the same problem can arise if a data structure points to an object on the stack. unfortunately, c / c + + does nothing to prevent the catastrophe that occurs if the activation record containing the object is deallocated while the reference still exists. ) in the absence of tail - call optimization which converts procedure calls to jumps, every procedure call allocates a new stack frame. hence, a recursive procedure may allocate a large number of stack frames. the standard definition of the factorial function, for example, allocates 1001 frames to evaluate 1000! in this case, all of the activation records for invocations of factorial have the same static link. programs written in " advanced " languages like scheme, ml, jam, and lc can obviously be restricted to accommodate the stack representation of environments by prohibiting closures from being returned as values or stored in data structures. but this restriction reduces these advanced language to algol with a garbage - collected heap. to accommodate general closures, two implementation strategies are widely used. the first strategy is to abandon the stack discipline for managing activation records by allocating activation records in the heap and relying on garbage collection to reclaim the storage occupied by activation records. this approach does not use the control stack mechanism provided by the underlying computer architecture. the second


is to abandon the stack discipline for managing activation records by allocating activation records in the heap and relying on garbage collection to reclaim the storage occupied by activation records. this approach does not use the control stack mechanism provided by the underlying computer architecture. the second strategy uses a hybrid representation scheme for environments that supplements the stack representation with information stored in the heap. the critical flaw in the stack implementation is that it destroys variables when the evaluation of the corresponding lambda returns. if such variables are stored in the heap and the closure knows how to find them, then the static link stored in the closure representation is unnecessary : all lookups that would have followed the static chain simply access the appropriate variables in the heap. such an implementation must identify the set of variables that occur free in each lambda - expression and force them to be allocated on the heap ( adding a level of indirection to the access protocol ). the activation records that would have contained these variables now contain pointers to them ( located in the heap ) instead. fortunately, the " closure analysis " required to determine which variables must be heap allocated is easy for a compiler to do. in the hybrid strategy for supporting closures, the activation record template used to represent a closure must include a pointer field for each free variable in the closure. when a lambda - expression is evaluated, an activation record template is allocated and the values of the pointers to free variables are copied from the relevant activation records on stack. it is possible to build a good language implementation using either strategy. the hybrid scheme adds a level of indirection to some variable accesses ( ordinary lookups of heap allocated variables ) but reduces it in others ( free variable lookups from within closure bodies ). overall, the hybrid scheme has a modest advantage because it manages memory allocation for activation records more efficiently ( through memory reuse and less fragmentation ). in addition, the hybrid scheme tends to recover more free memory during garbage collection because it only retains the variable bindings that actually appear in closure bodies, while the brute force heap allocation scheme retains all bindings in the activation records accessible to closures. in the course of an computation, an exceptional condition may be encountered that requires abandoning a subcomputation. if that subcomputation has a large number of associated stack frames, the " bubbling " action require to pass a special value back up the call chain is time - consuming and awkward to program. what we want is a construct that lets us label a selected stack frame as a recovery point and return a value directly to that frame ( just as


action require to pass a special value back up the call chain is time - consuming and awkward to program. what we want is a construct that lets us label a selected stack frame as a recovery point and return a value directly to that frame ( just as if the next stack frame had returned normally ). the " direct return " operation deallocates all of the stack frames from the current frame back to the recovery frame ; this can be done simply by changing the contents of the register serving as the stack pointer. in addition, it places the return value in the standard place ( usually a register ) in determined by the procedure calling conventions. in the simple stack representation of environments described above, the only two control operations are function invocation / block entry and function return / block exit. what if want to return a value directly to an activation record many layers above the activation record identified by the dynamic link? in a vanilla algol - like language, we cannot do this. we must ` ` bubble ' ' the value up through intervening stack frames ( via return operations in each context ) until we get to the target context. we need a more general control construct than function return to jump back through multiple stack frames as a single operation. an exception facility like catch / throw in java is such a construct. throwing an exception unwinds the stack ( following the dynamic chain ) until a matching catch operation is found. the matching catch can then extract a value embedded in the exception object. a naive implementation of the throw operation literally follows the dynamic chain and performs the requisite tests. a more sophisticated implemented includes a catch link in each frame pointing the nearest frame on the dynamic chain with an attached catch handler. then only catch links need to be followed. an even more sophisticated implementation ( which works for a simple exception system ) maintains a global table of the matching activation record address for each possible exception. ( in java, the appropriate design for this table is an interesting problem because exception matching is hierarchical, catch construction may include finally clauses that must be executed regardless of whether any of the catch clauses match, and programs can be dynamically extended during execution! ) standard scheme does not include an exception facility because it includes a significantly more powerful control operator called letcc. ( r4rs scheme uses a syntactic variant of letcc called call / cc. ) here are some examples of the behavior of ( letcc xit ( + ( xit 15 ) 5 ) ) = 15 ( letcc xit ( lambda ( x ) ( + ( xit (


of letcc called call / cc. ) here are some examples of the behavior of ( letcc xit ( + ( xit 15 ) 5 ) ) = 15 ( letcc xit ( lambda ( x ) ( + ( xit ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) x ) ) ) cannot be evaluated any further ; ( lambda... ) is a value, and xitoccurs free in it ( ( letcc xit ( lambda ( x ) ( + ( xit ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) x ) ) ) 25 ) = ( letcc xit2 ( [ lambda ( x ) ( + ( ( lambda ( v ) ( xit2 [ v 25 ] ) ) ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) x ) ] 25 ) ) = ( letcc xit2 ( + ( ( lambda ( v ) ( xit2 [ v 25 ] ) ) ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) 25 ) = ( letcc xit2 ( + ( xit2 [ ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) 25 ] ) 25 ) = ( letcc xit2 ( + ( xit2 5 ) 25 ) in general, when a letcc expression is evaluated, it turns its current context ( as in, ` ` complete textual context ' ' ) into a procedural object. this procedural object is also known as a continuation object. when a continuation object is applied, it forces the evaluator to remove the current evaluation context and to re - create the context of the original letcc expression, filled with the value of its argument. like procedures, continuation objects are first - class values, which means they can be stored in data structures or tested by predicates. in essence, letcc takes the current activation record and program counter at the point of invoking letcc and encapsulates them as a procedure waiting for a value to be returned. the body of the letcc is evaluated in the current environment extended by the binding of the letcc continuation name to the encapsulated procedure - - just as the body of a conventional let would be evaluated in an environment extending by the bindings specified in the definitions at the head of the let. now we understand the semantics of letcc, but how do we use it to write programs? we need to also understand its pragmatics. for instance, letcc can be used for exception handling. let us write a procedure, lod : : = null | ( cons [ 0 - 9 ]


use it to write programs? we need to also understand its pragmatics. for instance, letcc can be used for exception handling. let us write a procedure, lod : : = null | ( cons [ 0 - 9 ] lod ) our procedure might look like this : ( define pihelp ( lambda ( l ) ( cond ( ( null? l ) 1 ) ( else ( * ( car l ) ( pihelp ( cdr l ) ) ) ) ) ) ) however, suppose it is possible that we can get an invalid digit ( in the range ( ( bad? ( car l ) ) ( xit # f ) ) we use the following recipe for constructing such programs : if we pass this new procedure exceptional data, we get ( pi ' ( 1 2 b ) ) = = > ( letcc abort ( pihelp ' ( 1 2 b ) xxx ) ) = = > ( letcc abort ( * 1 ( * 2 ( pihelp # f ) ) ) ) = = > # f there are numerous control constructs that we can add to lc. some of these are : ( raise m ) stops computation and returns the value of ( raise m ) corresponds to an exceptional datum condition for the meta - evaluator. hence, it can be added to the evaluator by following the steps above. raiseby delimiting the extent to which it can escape. such a construct is called an abort delimiter, and is sometimes written as ( lambda ( f g ) ( open - file f ) ( g f ) ( close - file f ) ) raisestatement, then the file will never be closed. this might be undesirable. to prevent this, we can instead write ( lambda ( f g ) ( open - file f ) ( # ( g f ) ) ( close - file f ) ) # can be added to the evaluator with the following code : ( ( #? m ) ( letcc newxit ( meval ( # - body m ) env newxit ) ) ) ( # m h ) where his invoked only if maborts. ( the code in hmight typically be used to perform some clean - up action. ) additional extensions are possible : we could have labeled exceptions, and we could also have restartable exceptions ( where raisereturns a value and the continuation active at the time it was invoked ). here is the core of an interpreter that


action. ) additional extensions are possible : we could have labeled exceptions, and we could also have restartable exceptions ( where raisereturns a value and the continuation active at the time it was invoked ). here is the core of an interpreter that implements this version of # takes a body and a handler, as outlined above. the handler takes one argument, which is the value ` ` thrown ' ' by ( define meval / ec ( lambda ( m env exit ) ( cond... ( ( raise? m ) ( exit ( meval / ec ( raise - expr m ) env exit ) ) ) ( ( #? m ) ( ( letcc new - exit ( lambda ( ) ( meval / ec ( # - body m ) env ( lambda ( raised - value ) ( new - exit ( lambda ( ) ( mapply / ec ( meval / ec ( # - handler m ) env exit ) raised - value exit ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( note that all calls to the former meval will now have to call instead, passing on the exit handler unchanged ; only installs new handlers. mapply / ec is similarly modified. ) at this point, we will conclude our study of meta - interpreters. we have thus far covered the following : it would be worthwhile to note in passing some of the topics that we did not cover but which could be studied with the same methodology :


( washington ) - united states helsinki commissioners remembered the romani holocaust today and called on governments to address the human rights violations against roma. “ the single most defining experience for roma in the 20th century was the holocaust, known in romani as the porrajmos, the devouring. during the war itself, roma were targeted for death by the nazis based on their ethnicity. at least 23, 000 roma were brought to auschwitz, ” said helsinki commission chairman senator ben nighthorse campbell ( r - co ). “ almost all of them perished in the gas chambers or from starvation, exhaustion, or disease. ” on the night of august 2 - 3, 1944, the order was given to liquidate the romani camp at auschwitz - birkenau. during the course of that night, 2, 897 romani men, women and children were killed in the gas chambers. roma around the globe have come to remember their holocaust experiences on these days. “ in the coming days, roma will gather - from temple emanu - el in new york to london, from thessalonika to hamburg, ” said commission co - chairmen rep. christopher h. smith ( r - nj ). “ not surprisingly, some of these events, such as those scheduled for london, will also protest the continuing human rights violations of roma. unfortunately, there are too many incidents happening today that illustrate how vulnerable roma continue to be. ” since late april 2001, there have been four violent attacks on roma in the czech republic ; the attack in svitavy on july 21 resulted in the death of one romani man. in hungary, a molotov cocktail was thrown into a romani house in jaszladany on june 5 and, on june 18, two romani children were burned when a molotov cocktail was thrown into their home in hencida. in slovakia, a romani man died in police custody on july 5 after reportedly being chained to a radiator and beaten over the course of 12 hours. “ it is shocking, ” said ranking member rep. steny h. hoyer ( d - md ), “ that belgian authorities would use ink to mark numbers on the forearms of roma to identify them as they were being deported back to slovakia. it is shocking that a hungarian mayor who says ‘ every gypsy should be shot with a single bullet ’ can get re - elected to one term after another. i commend osce chairman - in - office mircea geoana for scheduling a meeting on romani human rights issues in bucharest in september, and hope that


be shot with a single bullet ’ can get re - elected to one term after another. i commend osce chairman - in - office mircea geoana for scheduling a meeting on romani human rights issues in bucharest in september, and hope that meeting will serve as a forum to promote greater government action to address these human rights violations. ” information on the osce meeting can be found at : www. osce. org / odihr / cprsi. background : although roma were among those targeted for complete annihilation by the nazis, their suffering before and during world war ii is not well known. during the 1920s and 1930s, institutionalized racism against roma took on an increasingly virulent form, and policies similar to those instituted against germany ’ s jews were also implemented against roma : race - based denial of the right to vote, selection for forced sterilization, loss of citizenship, incarceration in work or concentration camps, and, ultimately, deportation to, and annihilation at death camps. during the war itself, at least 23, 000 roma were brought to auschwitz, and almost all of them perished in the gas chambers or from starvation, exhaustion, or disease. some roma also died at the hands of sadistic ss doctors, like joseph mengele. elsewhere in german - occupied territory, roma were frequently killed by special ss squads or even regular army units or police, often simply shot at the village ’ s edge and dumped into mass graves. approximately 25, 000 roma from romania were deported en masse to transnistria in 1942 ; some 19, 000 of them perished there. although it has been very difficult to estimate both the size of the pre - war european romani population and war - time losses, some scholars put the size of the romani population in germany and german - occupied territories at 942, 000 and the number of roma killed during the holocaust at half a million. after world war ii, the post - nazi german government strongly resisted redressing past wrongs committed against roma, seeking to limit its accountability. in addition, roma have been discriminated against in court proceedings and their testimony has often been viewed as, a priori, unreliable. the first german trial decision to recognize that roma as well as jews were the victims of genocide during the third reich was not held until 1991. understanding of the nature and extent of romani losses continues to expand, as new archival material becomes available and as a new generation of researchers begins to examine this part of the holocaust. additional information on romani holocaust experiences can


enhancing learning by enhancing assessment assessment is a central element in the overall quality of teaching and learning in higher education. well designed assessment sets clear expectations, establishes a reasonable workload ( one that does not push students into rote reproductive approaches to study ), and provides opportunities for students to self - monitor, rehearse, practise and receive feedback. assessment is an integral component of a coherent educational experience. the ideas and strategies in the assessing student learning resources support three interrelated objectives for quality in student assessment in higher education. objectives for higher education assessment - assessment that guides and encourages effective approaches - assessment that validly and reliably measures expected learning outcomes, in particular the higher - order learning that characterises higher education ; and - assessment and grading that defines and protects academic the relationship between assessment practices and the overall quality of teaching and learning is often underestimated, yet assessment requirements and the clarity of assessment criteria and standards significantly influence the effectiveness of student learning. carefully designed assessment contributes directly to the way students approach their study and therefore contributes indirectly, but powerfully, to the quality of their learning. for most students, assessment requirements literally define the curriculum. assessment is therefore a potent strategic tool for educators with which to spell out the learning that will be rewarded and to guide students into effective approaches to study. equally, however, poorly designed assessment has the potential to hinder learning or stifle curriculum innovation. 16 indicators of effective assessment in higher education a checklist for quality in student assessment assessment is treated by staff and students as an integral and prominent component of the entire teaching and learning process rather than a final adjunct to it. the multiple roles of assessment are recognised. the powerful motivating effect of assessment requirements on students is understood and assessment tasks are designed to foster valued study habits. there is a faculty / departmental policy that guides individuals ’ assessment practices. subject assessment is integrated into an overall plan for course assessment. there is a clear alignment between expected learning outcomes, what is taught and learnt, and the knowledge and skills assessed — there is a closed and coherent ‘ curriculum assessment tasks assess the capacity to analyse and synthesis new information and concepts rather than simply recall information previously presented. a variety of assessment methods is employed so that the limitations of particular methods are minimised. assessment tasks are designed to assess relevant generic skills as well as subject - specific knowledge and skills. there is a steady progression in the complexity and demands of assessment requirements in the later years of there is provision for student choice in assessment tasks and weighting at certain times.


designed to assess relevant generic skills as well as subject - specific knowledge and skills. there is a steady progression in the complexity and demands of assessment requirements in the later years of there is provision for student choice in assessment tasks and weighting at certain times. student and staff workloads are considered in the scheduling and design of assessment tasks. excessive assessment is avoided. assessment tasks are designed to sample student learning. assessment tasks are weighted to balance the developmental ( ‘ formative ’ ) and judgemental ( ‘ summative ’ ) roles of assessment. early low - stakes, low - weight assessment is used to provide students with feedback. grades are calculated and reported on the basis of clearly articulated learning outcomes and criteria for levels students receive explanatory and diagnostic feedback as well as grades. assessment tasks are checked to ensure there are no inherent biases that may disadvantage particular student plagiarism is minimised through careful task design, explicit education and appropriate monitoring of academic what students value in assessment unambiguous expectations students study more effectively when they know what they are working towards. students value, and expect, transparency in the way their knowledge will be assessed : they wish to see a clear relationship between lectures, tutorials, practical classes and subject resources, and what they are expected to demonstrate they know and can do. they are also wish to understand how grades are determined and they expect timely feedback that 1 ) explains the grade they have received, 2 ) rewards their achievement, as appropriate, and 3 ) offers suggestions for how they can improve. ‘ authentic ’ tasks students value assessment tasks they perceive to be ‘ real ’ : assessment tasks that present challenges to be taken seriously, not only for the grades at stake, but also for the nature of the knowledge and skills they are expected to demonstrate. students value assessment tasks they believe mirror the skills needed in the workplace. students are anxious to test themselves and to compare their performance against others. assessment tasks that students perceive to be trivial or superficial are less likely to evoke a strong commitment to study. choice and flexibility many students express a strong preference for choices in the nature, weighting and timing of assessment tasks. this preference for ‘ negotiated ’ assessment is a logical extension of the trend towards offering students more flexible ways of studying and more choice in study options. students who seek ‘ more say ’ in assessment often say they prefer to be assessed in ways that show their particular skills in the best light. they also argue they will study more effectively if they can arrange their timetables for submitting assessable work to


students who seek ‘ more say ’ in assessment often say they prefer to be assessed in ways that show their particular skills in the best light. they also argue they will study more effectively if they can arrange their timetables for submitting assessable work to suit their overall workload. providing higher education students with options in assessment — in a carefully structured way — is worth considering in many higher education courses though it is not a common practice. encouraging students to engage with the curriculum expectations in this way should assist them in becoming more autonomous and independent learners. re - positioning the role of assessment capturing the full educational benefits of well - designed assessment requires many of the conventional assumptions about assessment in higher education to be reconsidered. for academic staff, assessment is often a final consideration in their planning of the curriculum. this is not to imply staff underestimate or undervalue the role or importance of assessment, but assessment is often considered once other curriculum decisions have been made. the primary concerns of academic staff are often with designing learning outcomes and planning teaching and learning activities that will produce these outcomes. in contrast, students often work ‘ backwards ’ through the curriculum, focusing first and foremost on how they will be assessed and what they will be required to demonstrate they have learned. academic staff view teaching and learning students view teaching and learning course content should be taught? what should students learn? what ways am i going to be assessed? what do i need to know? teaching and learning methods are appropriate? student assessment as a strategic tool for enhancing teaching then are the learning objectives? what approaches to study should i adopt? can student learning be assessed? can be the final consideration for staff in the design of the teaching and learning process is usually at the forefront of students ’ perception of the teaching and learning process for teaching staff, recognising the potent effects of assessment requirements on student study habits and capitalising on the capacity of assessment for creating preferred patterns of study is a powerful means of reconceptualising the use of assessment. but designing assessment to influence students ’ patterns of study in positive ways can present significant challenges. assessment in higher education must serve a number of purposes. the overall cycle of student assessment ( from the design and declaration of assessment tasks, to the evaluation and reporting of student achievement ) must not only guide student approaches to study and provide students with feedback on their progress, but also must determine their readiness to proceed to the next level of study, judge their ‘ fitness to practice ’ and ultimately protect and guarantee academic standards. these purposes are often loosely


mlk memorial : from china, with love? mlk memorial plans have been dogged by controversy over links to china. the mlk memorial was built by a chinese sculptor from chinese granite. but backers are pleased with the result. the stern, bulky visage of martin luther king jr. now gracing the national mall has brought forth tears of joy and redemption from onlookers. but for some americans, the massive monument will forever be marred by where it was made : china. skip to next paragraph in pictures martin luther king, jr. memorial subscribe today to the monitor the mlk memorial was created by chinese master sculptor lei yixin and the dingli stone carving co. out of 159 pieces of pink chinese granite, and, its defenders say, is intended to embrace dr. king ' s legacy as a global icon. " martin luther king is not only a hero of americans, he also is a hero of the world, and he pursued the universal dream of the people of the world, " mr. lei said through a translator in august, before hurricane irene pushed back the dedication of the memorial to oct. 16. to be sure, the ultimate arbiters will be onlookers, and so far those closest to king have been pleased. " this particular artist, he has done a good job, " martin luther king iii, king ' s son, told usa today. but as america prepares to dedicate its first national mall monument to an african - american, the process continues to dog the product. at issue are two philosophical ideas : one is that a sculptor ' s job is to simply put into stone the vision of a patron, and the other is that art is the reflection of its creator. it ' s not the first time such questions have dogged us monument patrons. the decision to use a french sculptor to carve the likeness of robert e. lee for a late 19th century monument in richmond, va., was met with “ a lot of rumbling and grumbling ” from confederate veterans, who argued that only a virginian could sculpt an appropriate likeness of lee, says kirk savage, a university of pittsburgh art historian. mr. savage, the author of this year ' s " monument wars, " a book about the transformation of the national mall, sees an equivalent in the debate over a chinese sculptor carving king. “ the idea is that a portrait likeness is supposed to be more than the features of a person, should convey the character or soul of that person, and that a


a pap smear should be a routine part of a woman ' s yearly gynecological examination. the primary purpose of a pap smear is to detect changes in the cells of the cervix which may lead to cervical cancer, while they ' re still in the early or pre - cancerous stages. during the examination, a sample of cells will be removed from your cervix with a small plastic or wooden spatula, or a cotton swab and brush. the cells are put on a slide and sent to the laboratory. there, the specimen will be examined under a microscope, and the results sent back to your doctor. a negative result means that no cancerous cells were found, and a positive test indicates that abnormalities may exist. oftentimes abnormalities do not mean that a cancer exists, but that these changes may eventually become a cancer if they are not appropriately treated. an abnormal result is usually followed by further diagnostic tests. the american cancer society recommends that women have a pap smear by age 18, or earlier if they ' re sexually active. after three consecutive normal tests, your doctor will let you know how frequently testing is needed. because cervical cancer seldom causes symptoms, many doctors recommend that a pelvic exam, including a pap smear, be performed each year. this is especially true in those who have risk factors such as becoming sexually active at a young age, multiple sexual partners, history of a sexually transmitted disease, or previously abnormal pap smears. for more information on pap smears, contact a health care professional.


| deep submicron technology enabled the design of the industry ' s first very large chips. the magnitude of the design effort involved in creating these chips led to the adoption of reuse methodologies and system - on - chip ( soc ) design, in which various intellectual property ( ip ) components were created and reused to produce even larger, more complex chips. this led to the emergence of design flows and methods for handling ip protection and hierarchy, and ultimately soc test. | to enable soc test, two technologies emerged : as the industry matures in the usage of these technologies, hierarchical soc test flows have begun to emerge, and the benefits of having an soc test methodology are being recognized. - wrapper technology, in which a wrapper isolates the core from the embedded environment during test, such that the core can be tested independently from the logic in which it is embedded. - core test language ( ctl ), which communicates test information for the core and allows for the successful creation of a complete soc test set. socs can incorporate ip from one or more companies, and the benefit of testing the soc hierarchically - - offering the capability to isolate each section of a design for debug - - is proving highly advantageous. by isolating the ip test, each test issue also becomes isolated to a specific block of the design. scan insertion completed on a flat rather than per - core basis makes the soc design difficult to debug. if a test failure occurs, there is no way to figure out what portion of the design is failing without deeper diagnostics ( it is usually difficult to tell by the pattern name ). figure 1 illustrates how scan chains may be inserted in an soc that is tested flat. the scan chains connect to multiple cores, or to a core plus its user - defined logic ( udl ). the patterns created will test the entire design, but if a scan chain failure occurs, it is not obvious which block of logic caused that failure. figure 1 - - soc scan inserted flat figure 2 shows another way of inserting scan chains in an soc to allow for isolation of test. in this example, there are separate scan chains for each core. these scan chains are connected to the top - level ports. this allows a pattern set to test a specific portion of the soc. if that pattern set fails, it is obvious which block of the design caused the failure, making it easier to track yield issues during manufacturing test. this approach offers additional test time and cost reduction advantages, due to the use of the


of the soc. if that pattern set fails, it is obvious which block of the design caused the failure, making it easier to track yield issues during manufacturing test. this approach offers additional test time and cost reduction advantages, due to the use of the much shorter scan chains resulting in fewer test vectors. figure 2 - - soc scan inserted hierarchically to maintain high coverage of a core in the hierarchically scan inserted soc, a mechanism is needed to control logic going into the core and to observe logic coming out of the core. this mechanism is needed because most functional ports of a core are not accessible from the top level of the soc. a wrapper boundary register ( wbr ), as shown in figure 3, isolates a core by bounding that core with a chain of registers, allowing for testing of the internal logic of that core without access to the functional ports. figure 3 - - core with isolation wrapper boundary register a wbr comprises a register for each functional input and output. flip - flops that are part of the function of the design at the input or output can be reused as a wbr cell. when no reusable flip - flop exists, a dedicated wbr cell must be placed on the functional input or output as shown in figure 4. the dedicated input wbr cell, rather than the input port, has the capability of driving the internal logic with the register during internal test ( intest ) mode. if the input port were used instead of the wbr cell, it would generate an x in this scenario, as there is no access to logic external to the core during the intest mode. this would cause a decrease in test coverage of the core. during intest mode, a dedicated output wbr cell captures responses from the functional logic into the wbr cell. the wbr added to a core can also be used to test the user - defined logic surrounding a core. figure 4 - - dedicated wbr cell examples test isolation can be leveraged to test each core with a different methodology, such as flip - flop or latch - based scan, or bist. this allows the best test methodology to be applied to each core, and eliminates the requirement that the entire soc have a matched test method. test isolation also allows for each core to be tested at different frequencies, which is often a requirement in soc design. when an soc is created, it can be a massive effort to create the test patterns for screening the device, and this effort cannot be begun until very late in the design flow. with


at different frequencies, which is often a requirement in soc design. when an soc is created, it can be a massive effort to create the test patterns for screening the device, and this effort cannot be begun until very late in the design flow. with an soc that is composed of wrapped cores, this effort can be divided in many ways. each core ' s test can be created whenever the core is completed, and much earlier in the soc design cycle to absolutely minimize schedule impacts. also, different resources ( people, cpus, tools ) can be used at different times to allow for a more serial flow and a reduction of cost. once a pattern set is created for an isolated core, this pattern set can be reused every time the core is reused. if hierarchical isolation is not used, the test patterns must be created each time the core is instantiated. if the environment allows, all of the cores can be tested in parallel. number of pins, tester memory and power are considerations that must be taken into account for this decision. if any of the environment will not allow for all of the cores and udl to be tested in parallel, hierarchical testing allows for other options. one core at a time can be tested, two cores at a time can be tested, or any other combination of cores and udl can be tested in parallel. the capability of hierarchical testing has the flexibility to test the soc in a way that best fits the environment. in the case of an soc flat test, the choices are much more limited. another advantage of testing hierarchically is that if there are unexpected problems during test, such as excess power dissipation or ir drop, they may be able to be circumvented. an example of this is if three cores are being tested in parallel and the ir drop during the test is high enough to cause data inversion or insufficient frequency measurements, then the testing order can be changed to accommodate these issues. test isolation also provides the ability to use the cores as a guideline to divide the power domains. the current / voltage measurements can be taken for each design entity. the separation of the power information is extremely important in an soc environment. a number of benefits of soc test methodologies have been identified. these benefits are significant enough for designs to be processed in an soc flow by partitioning the design hierarchically without the traditional ip reuse aspects of socs. teresa mclaurin is a consulting member of the technical staff at the arm design center in austin, tx. she manages and leads the dft


using electrical signals alone to transfer data has become too slow for the high - speed transfers becoming routine in datacenters and supercomputers. in datacenters, 10gbit / s is now common in high - end servers and routers. although fiber optics has replaced copper wires for communications connections outside the system, the time has come to move those speed advantages inside to board and chip data interconnects. the search for materials that can meet the myriad challenges of board - to - board and chip - to - chip optical interconnects has been ongoing for several years. a new optical silicone - based material developed by dow corning and ibm promises to overcome most of those challenges to enable flexible, stable, and easily processable board - level polymer waveguides. the two companies debuted the material earlier this month in a presentation at the photonics west 2013 conference in san francisco. a new silicone - based material developed by dow corning and ibm promises to enable flexible, stable, and easily processable board - level optical waveguides, like the prototype shown here, for high - speed data transfer. ( source : ibm research ) " as you continue to scale silicon by adding more transistors per given area, clock rates aren ' t going up accordingly, " simon jones, business builder for dow corning electronics, told design news. " as we try to increase the rate of data moving down copper wires, the power needed and the cost go up exponentially. chip - to - chip and chip - to - board interconnects are becoming the rate - limiting issue. " the point at which optical fiber becomes more efficient than copper is occurring in shorter and shorter links. although there ' s been limited adoption of optical fiber - based connections at the board level, optical fiber is not scalable like transistors. so the volume of fiber that would be needed for increasing links between chips is too high, jones told us. optical links must be integrated into the board in the form of a waveguide. so far, waveguide materials investigated have included glass, silicon, and various types of polymers. materials must have the right performance characteristics, including mechanical and optical properties such as low loss and mechanical flexibility, while also being durable and stable enough to withstand high operating heat and humidity. to keep it cost - effective, the material must also be compatible with standard pc board processing equipment, and have a short processing time. dow corning has been conducting research into polymer waveguide silicones for the last 10 years


the buddha points to two mental qualities as the underlying safeguards of morality, thus as the protectors of both the individual and society as a whole. these two qualities are called in pali hiri and ottappa. hiri is an innate sense of shame over moral transgression ; ottappa is moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing. the buddha calls these two states the bright guardians of the world ( sukka lokapala ). he gives them this designation because as long as these two states prevail in people ' s hearts the moral standards of the world remain intact, while when their influence wanes the human world falls into unabashed promiscuity and violence, becoming almost indistinguishable from the animal realm ( itiv. 42 ) ( http : / / www. accesstoinsight. org / lib / auth... ay _ 23. html ). reverend thanissaro wrote : you have to make a distinction between feeling ashamed about yourself and ashamed about particular actions. remember rahula was a member of the noble warrior caste. if anybody had a sense of pride it would be that caste. and they also had the strongest sense of shame, that certain acts were not up to their standards. and so you ' re not dumping on yourself because you ' re a bad person but saying " i made a mistake. that is not up to my standards. " so it that case the shame is not debilitating. it actually helps you to reflect on what you did wrong. however, the affective experience is not rooted in aversion or some other gross mind state, but equanimity and insight. users browsing this forum : no registered users and 4 guests


| home > facts > hypertriglyceridemia | highlight any text in the article to look up more information! hypertriglyceridemia is an elevation of triglyceride levels in the bloodstream. hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by elevated triglyceride levels. triglycerides are the chemical form in which more than 90 % of dietary fat and body fat exist. there are two sources of triglycerides : they are either obtained from the diet ( dietary triglycerides ) or manufactured by the body itself in the liver. they circulate constantly with all the lipoprotein carriers of the blood. the most important lipoproteins are : a blood cholesterol test usually reports on both cholesterol and triglyceride levels. the american heart association endorses the national cholesterol education program ( ncep ), a division of the national institutes of health ( nih ), and its guidelines ( illustration by ggs information services / thomson gale. ). for the detection of high cholesterol. the following are considered normal results : hypertriglyceridemia is a common disorder in the united states. it is made worse by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, obesity, cirrhosis of the liver and sedentary habits, all of which are more common in industrialized countries than in developing nations. the condition generally occurs in people who have low protein and high carbohydrate diets, but also has genetic causes, not very well - defined. one inherited form is “ familial hypertriglyceridemia ”, affecting about 1 out of 300 individuals in the united states. hypertriglyceridemia can also result from a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism ( dyslipidemia ). triglyceride levels increase gradually in men until about age 50 years and then decline slightly. in women they continue to increase with age. in 2001, the national cholesterol education program ( ncep ) released recommendations on triglyceride levels that should determine whether hypertriglyceridemia treatment is required or not : in the fredrickson classification of hyperlipide - mias, the general term for elevated lipids in the blood, hypertriglyceridemia is classified as four different types : when levels exceed 150 mg > dl, health care practitioners will recommend a diet aimed at lowering levels. most foods contain several different types of fats and some kinds are better


the blood, hypertriglyceridemia is classified as four different types : when levels exceed 150 mg > dl, health care practitioners will recommend a diet aimed at lowering levels. most foods contain several different types of fats and some kinds are better, not only to reduce fat during a hypertriglyceridemia diet, but for improving overall health. the four main types of fats are : unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are considered better than others to lower your risk of heart disease since they lower the total and ldl cholesterol levels. omega - 3 fatty acids may be especially beneficial to the heart. they appear to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease and may also protect against irregular heartbeats and help lower blood pressure levels. saturated and trans fats are considered less healthy because they can increase the risk of heart disease by increasing total and ldl cholesterol levels. tips to limit fat in the diet are accordingly focused on reducing foods high in saturated and trans fats. for example, the mayo clinic offers the following : the function of a hypertriglyceridemia diet is to bring triglyceride levels back to normal recommended levels ( less than 150 mg / dl ). the benefits of normal triglyceride levels are numerous. triglycerides carry fat - soluble vitamins a, d, e and k to where they are required, they help the synthesis of some hormones and protect cell membranes. the fat tissues in which they are stored also cushion and protect organs such as the kidneys and provide thermal insulation. the national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ), through its national cholesterol education program ( ncep ), recommends that the triglycerides of diabetic individuals should be checked regularly. diabetes can increase triglycerides significantly, especially when blood sugar is out of control. healthy adults over 40 should get their triglycerides tested at least once a year, and more often if levels are high until they reach the desirable level. fat restriction should be carefully evaluated. when reducing fat intake results in a required weight loss, triglyceride levels usually improve. when they are severely elevated ( > 1000 mg / dl ), a low - fat diet will decrease chylomicron and vldl. however, when triglycerides are only moderately elevated, a low - fat diet will increase them and may also decrease hdl levels. triglycerides do not cause complications until elevations


diet will decrease chylomicron and vldl. however, when triglycerides are only moderately elevated, a low - fat diet will increase them and may also decrease hdl levels. triglycerides do not cause complications until elevations of 1000 mg / dl or more are reached. there is a risk of chylomicronemia syndrome when levels are 800 mg / dl or higher. the syndrome causes recurrent episodes of abdominal pain that may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. extreme elevations of triglycerides, usually greater than 1000 mg / dl, may cause an inflammation of the pancreas ( pancreatitis ). the pancreas is the organ that makes insulin and substances to help digest food and pancreatitis is accordingly a serious disorder. people with hypertriglyceridemia are also at risk for fatty liver, the accumulation of fat in liver cells. triglyceride levels of 4000 mg / dl or higher, may cause a condition known as lipemia retinalis, in which eye examination reveals retinal blood vessels that have a pale pink, milky appearance. women with elevated triglycerides before conception may develop severe hypertriglyceridemia with levels well above 1000 mg / dl, and the associated risk of pancreatitis. these women require counseling for diet, exercise, and weight management before becoming pregnant and should be monitored closely during their pregnancies. the ncep triglyceride recommendation of less than 150 mg / dl per day has recently been challenged. cardiologists at the university of maryland medical center have presented evidence that the recommended level may still represent a significant risk for heart disease. their study suggests that less than 100 mg / dl would be more appropriate. american heart association. american heart association low - fat, low - cholesterol cookbook, 3rd edition : delicious recipes to help lower your cholesterol. new york, ny : clarkson potter, 2005. freeman, m. w., junge, c. e. harvard medical school guide to lowering your cholesterol. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill, 2005. kowalski, r. e. the new 8 - week cholesterol cure : the ultimate program for preventing heart disease. new york, ny : collins, 2002. larson duyff, r. ada complete food and nutrition guide, 3rded. chicago, il : american dietetic association, 2006. mcgowan, m. p. 50 ways to lower cholesterol. new york,


, 2002. larson duyff, r. ada complete food and nutrition guide, 3rded. chicago, il : american dietetic association, 2006. mcgowan, m. p. 50 ways to lower cholesterol. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill, 2002. mierzejewski, a. bring your triglycerides down naturally : a drug - free solution to high blood lipids. peterborough, on : full of health inc., 2006. american heart association ( aha ). 7272 greenville avenue, dallas, tx 75231. 1 - 800 - 242 - 8721. < www. americanheart. org >. center for disease control ( cdc ). division for heart disease and stroke prevention, 4770 buford hwy ne, atlanta, ga 30341 - 3717. 770 - 488 - 2424. < www. cdc. gov / cholesterol / faqs. htm >. national heart lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ). p. o. box 30105, bethesda, md 20824 - 0105. 301 - 592 - 8573. < www. nhlbi. nih. gov >. nutrition. gov. usda national agricultural library, food and nutrition information center, nutrition. gov staff, 10301 baltimore avenue, beltsville, md 20705 - 2351. < www. nutrition. gov >. monique laberge, ph. d.


fireworks safety drill all accidents due to fireworks occur as a result of carelessness, negligence and ignorance. but these can certainly be avoided by observing some very simple precautions. all of us enjoy the pleasure of light and sound but when disaster strikes the injured has to bear the cross. if you ' re going to set off fireworks at home this year, please take a few minutes to read through the guidelines. store your fireworks safely : in a closed box, somewhere cool and dry, out of reach of children and animals and away from all sources of heat, until the time they ' re needed. locked away is best. don ' t keep the box under the stairs or in a passageway. pets hate bangs and flashes : pets get very frightened on fireworks night, so keep all your pets indoor and close all the curtains to make things calmer. remember it ' s not just your own fireworks that cause distress, so you may have to have your pets indoors on several nights when other displays are taking place. think ahead and be prepared : before you start, make sure you ' ll be giving yourself enough room in a safe place to get to and from your box of fireworks while the display is going on. have a full bucket of water handy for any emergency, and for putting used sparklers into. if you have the chance to get together with some other families, try to go to the home with the biggest open space and safest surroundings. never try to re - ignite the fireworks that don ' t light in the first instance. never give any firework item to small children. never throw fireworks at another person. never carry fireworks in your pocket. never shoot fireworks from metal or glass containers. never experiment, modify, or attempt to make your own fireworks. watch what you wear : loose clothing can very easily catch fire, and should not be worn near any fire or fireworks. long dangly scarves can be risky too. if anyone ' s clothing does catch fire, follow the rule : stop - don ' t run. drop to the ground. roll to put out the flames. one at a time please : you ( or another adult that you choose ) must be the only person letting off fireworks. don ' t allow anyone else - especially children - to do so while your display is going on. let the fireworks off one at a time ( not lots at once ) and don ' t rush. light the tip of each firework at arm ' s length, using fireworks lighter or fuse wick. stand well back immediately. if one doesn


. let the fireworks off one at a time ( not lots at once ) and don ' t rush. light the tip of each firework at arm ' s length, using fireworks lighter or fuse wick. stand well back immediately. if one doesn ' t go off, don ' t go back to it - it could still be live, and could go off unexpectedly on your face. right at the end of your fireworks night, douse the ' duds ' with lots of water, keep it soaking in a bucket of water. never throw left over fireworks onto a bonfire. different fireworks mean different hazards : read the instructions on each one carefully ( by flashlight, never an open flame ) and follow them properly. rockets, for instance, should be launched from a rocket launcher, not from a bottle. sparklers need careful handling - light them one at a time at arm ' s length ; don ' t give one to any child under 5 years of age ; make sure that anyone holding a sparkler wears gloves ; and put each spent one into a bucket of water as soon as it ' s gone out. putting fireworks in your pocket is stupid and dangerous. throwing fireworks at people is stupid and dangerous and illegal ; it ' s a criminal offense to do so. fireworks and booze don ' t mix : drinking alcohol presents an added danger when there are fireworks and bonfires around. so don ' t drink during your fireworks display. watch that person : keep children well away from fireworks, and never let a child handle or light one. even sparklers can be dangerous if unsupervised! do not give sparklers to a child under five. make sure that children are aware of the dangers. don ' t light flying fireworks if there is a heavy wind. never take unnecessary risks while lighting fireworks, just to show off. pool your pocket money and have a professional perform pyrotechnics for the benefit of many


illini state park is the type of park you think of when you think of big picnics and family gatherings. with its rustic civilian conservation corps buildings and riverside picnic areas, illini state park offers beautiful views and a sense of history not found in many other parks. named for the native americans who once inhabited the area, illini state park is located south of the illinois river between marseilles and u. s. route 6. the northern edge of the 510 - acre park is bordered by the great falls of the illinois river. in just 2 miles, the river drops 3 feet, creating beautiful, roaring rapids. the east end of the park is the former site of the prestigious marsatawa country reminders of america ' s industrial age can be seen at illini state park. the area is part of an old glacial feature called the marseilles moraine and is underlaid by 100 feet of coal. a large coal mine 1 mile south of the park supplied coal to marseilles industries until world war ii. the illinois traction system, an interurban electric transit system that ran from chicago to princeton, was one of those industries. the marseilles powerhouse for the its can still be seen on the north bank of the river. less than 1 mile north of the park is the historic illinois - michigan canal, completed in 1848 when the section from marseilles to morris opened. the i & m canal carried the area ' s commerce until the railroads became the transportation giants. although the illinois river rapids are wonderful to watch, they made barge traffic difficult. in the mid - 1920s, the u. s. army corps of engineers built a barge canal to bypass the rapids. the canal borders the park on the north, and visitors can watch as large barges pass and through the marseilles locks. the prestigious marsatawa country club once graced the east end of the park. organized by ottawa resident w. d. boyce, who also founded the boy scouts of america, the club boasted one of the premier golf courses of its day. in the 1930s, two companies of the civilian conservation corps converted the golf course to a park and constructed buildings still in use today. the former country club building was moved into marseilles and serves as the american legion hall. the ccc camp at the west end of the park was converted into a semi - correctional boys ' camp that provided maintenance in the park until it was closed in the late 1960s. illini entered the state park system in 1934 and was dedicated in 1935. hickory, ash, walnut, elm


of the park was converted into a semi - correctional boys ' camp that provided maintenance in the park until it was closed in the late 1960s. illini entered the state park system in 1934 and was dedicated in 1935. hickory, ash, walnut, elm, cottonwood, oak and maple trees provide shady coolness in the summer and beautiful colors in the fall. spring is highlighted by blooming wildflowers, white - tailed deer, squirrels, opossums, beavers, raccoon, groundhogs and a variety of waterfowl and songbirds can be seen throughout the year. scattered throughout the park are picnic areas and shelters with tables, outdoor grills, drinking water, toilets and playgrounds. several of the shelters also have working fireplaces. there is something for every type of camper at illini state park. both tent and trailer sites, including electric and sanitation service, are offered and some of the sites offer breathtaking views of the river. a youth area is available for youth groups and should be reserved in advance through the site office. all campers should obtain permits from the site staff or campground host upon arrival. reservations anglers will find ample supplies of crappie, bass, bluegill, catfish, carp, bullheads and many other species in the illinois river. a boat ramp is available for visitors ' boats. although there is no motor limit on the illinois river, boaters should be aware of the danger of barge traffic and the close proximity of the marseilles lock and dam. state park is the perfect place for winter fun. an ice skating pool and hills ideal for sledding provide hardy outdoor enjoyment. a shelter offers a comfortable setting for warming fingers and toes after a winter workout. hikers will enjoy exploring the park and its many scenic and historic offerings. open fields, a baseball diamond and numerous horseshoe pits provide additional recreational opportunities. a concession stand has food and drink in the warmer months. - while groups of 25 or more are welcome and encouraged to use the park ' s facilities, they are required to register in advance with the site office to avoid crowding or scheduling conflicts. - at least one responsible adult must accompany each group of 15 minors. - pets must be kept on leashes at all times. - actions by nature can result in closed roads and other facilities. please call ahead to the park office before you make your trip. - we hope you enjoy your stay. remember, take only memories, leave only footprints. - for more information on tourism in illinois, call the illinois department of


the four - winged dinosaur in 2002, the discovery of a beautiful and bizarre fossil astonished scientists and reignited the debate over the origin of flight. with four wings and superbly preserved feathers, the creature 130 million years, was like nothing paleontologists had seen before. in this program, nova travels to china stone quarry where the fossil discovered ( a famous fossil treasure ) and joins leading figures in the world of paleontology, biomechanics, aerodynamics, animation and scientific reconstruction carry out a rather unorthodox experiment : a wind tunnel test flight of a replica of ancient scientists rarity. dubbed microraptor, the crow - sized fossil is one of the smallest dinosaurs ever found and one of the most controversial, challenging conventional theories and assumptions about the evolution of flight. but how microraptor use their wings? is it extends its arm and leg - mounted wings in the style of an early 20 - century biplane to produce lift at low speed? he used it to create a single lifting surface efficient, fast, slip? do you use some combination of these two methods? or were the extra wings useless for flight and is likely to have been for other purposes such as attracting a mate? to answer these questions, nova interviews chinese paleontologist xu xing, who first recognized the importance of microraptor and gave it its name, paleontologist mark norell and artist mick ellison of the american museum of natural history paleontologist larry martin of the university of kansas ; anatomist farish jenkins of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard university, and aerodynamics kenny breuer of brown university. in addition, nova commissions a “ flight - ready ” wind tunnel model of microraptor complete with feathers and articulating joints. artists have historically played an important role in paleontology, helping to reconstruct the appearance and behavior of ancient animals. in the case of microraptor, two completely different reconstructions were made, one at the american museum of natural history, and the other at the university of kansas, based on different samples and different techniques. the two very different reconstructions play into a long - standing scientific controversy about the origin of bird flight. for years the debate has been a confrontation between two camps : those who believe dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds, and those who do not. the four - winged dinosaur,


bluebirds make the most delightful backyard tenants due to their gentle nature, beautiful coloring, sweet song, and insect - controlling eating habits. if you live within their range, and wish to have them nest in your yard, there are some things you should know about their food and housing needs. in the wild, bluebirds forage small insects and fruit, so they are not often seen visiting traditional feeders that offer seed. they can, however, learn to eat from a feeder, and they will quickly learn to use one in order to spend their energies on caring for their young instead of foraging for food. their feeder favorites are mealworms and small pieces of fruit or berries, including raisins. when insects and other natural food supplies are scarce, they will also eat small peanut and sunflower kernels, as well as suet. bluebird feeder types range from dish - style to the predator - resistant, house - style. mealworms are available live, roasted or canned. live mealworms are obviously the closest match to a bluebird ' s native diet, while roasted mealworms have a longer shelf life and do not require refrigeration. canned mealworms are processed in a way that locks in their nutrients and juices. if you choose to offer fruit, you can cut fresh fruits, or offer a number of varieties of dried fruit such as blueberries, cranberries, raisins and cherries. some owners use a seed blend with fruit in hopes of attracting bluebirds to feed at their traditional feeders. the population decline of eastern bluebirds in the early 20th century was due to loss of habitat and competition for nesting sites from the aggressive house sparrow, a european species introduced to north america in the mid 1800s. this decline encouraged an interest in offering bluebird houses to help increase their populations. since bluebirds compete with house sparrows and european starlings for nesting spots, there are a couple of things you ' ll need to keep in mind in order to offer a nest box that will deter these competitors. first of all, the nest box should be constructed of wood with 1 - 1 / 2 " entrance hole and no perch. this opening size should exclude starlings. house sparrows, however, will still be able to access through a 1 - 1 / 2 " entrance hole. to deter them, you will need to restrict the internal dimensions. most pundits would agree that a nest box with cozy 4 " x 4 " inside floor dimensions is adequate for eastern bluebirds ( 5


1 - 1 / 2 " entrance hole. to deter them, you will need to restrict the internal dimensions. most pundits would agree that a nest box with cozy 4 " x 4 " inside floor dimensions is adequate for eastern bluebirds ( 5 " x 5 " for mountain and western bluebirds ), while effectively deterring house sparrows. bluebird nest box heights generally range from 8 - 12 " high. make sure the house has drain holes. clean the box at the beginning of the season and preferably after babies fledge to encourage multiple broods. place your bluebird house 5 to 6 feet off the ground. ideally, it should be located on open land, not in a wooded area, although a few nearby trees are okay. some landlords believe the nest box should be located within 50 feet of a tree, with door facing the tree, so fledglings will have a place to fly to and perch after their first flight attempts. this will help them avoid falling to the ground and becoming prey to predators. another thing you need to know about attracting bluebirds to nest is that there is a difference between nest spacing and nest pairing. bluebirds are competitive with each other, so they require nest spacing of at least 100 yards from each other. however, bluebirds have been known to nest adjacent to swallows, so you can pair nest boxes 10 - 25 feet apart to allow a bluebird family and a swallow family to live in close proximity of each other. other ways to attract bluebirds birds need a source of fresh water for drinking and bathing. add a birdbath to your landscape so they ' ll have a spot to splash about, clean their feathers, and drink water. they prefer running water to standing water, so many people add a dripper to their birdbaths. you will also want to plant native species that produce berries bluebirds eat. bluebirds are known to consume the fruits of plants such as flowering dogwood, eastern red cedar, holly, american elderberry, and pokeweed. these plants will also attract other species that are interesting to watch, so they are well worth the effort.


magnesium for heart health among the top nutrients for heart health, magnesium really stands out. it ’ s used in scores of enzymatic reactions, and it ’ s necessary for normal muscle function. unfortunately for many people, they ’ re seriously low on this mineral. a shortage can cause or worsen congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, chest pain ( coronary vasopasm ), high blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, heart muscle disease ( cardiomyopathy ), heart attack, and even sudden cardiac death. your cells need a steady supply of magnesium to maintain proper smooth muscle function in your blood vessels. in addition, magnesium helps shuttle potassium and sodium, two other essential electrolytes, into and out of cells, maintaining proper balance ( homeostasis ). magnesium deficiencies can lead to muscle weakness and tremors ( spasm ) and a host of cardiovascular problems ranging from high blood pressure to arrhythmias. so what ’ s going on to cause such a depletion of this crucial mineral? stress depletes magnesium your body responds to various types of stressors by releasing the “ fight or flight ” hormones adrenalin and cortisol. these hormones are fine, perhaps even life - saving, when you are trying to outrun a predator or meet a deadline, but they are only meant to kick in during times of need. if the stress level in your life is high, especially if you don ’ t get enough exercise, your bloodstream may be flooded with these hormones on a regular basis, causing magnesium to be released from cells and lost in the urine. drugs deplete magnesium if you have a history of heart attack, congestive heart failure or high blood pressure, you may be on diuretics, which can cause magnesium depletion. in a landmark study reported in the early 80s, men with high blood pressure on diuretic therapy had a higher death rate than those whose high blood pressure was left untreated. it was suggested that many of these men suffered sudden cardiac death from heart rhythm disturbances resulting from a deficiency of magnesium and / or potassium. the study created chaos in the medical establishment, since treating hypertension was thought to reduce cardiovascular complications, including sudden cardiac death. as a result of this study, many physicians now prescribe magnesium and potassium to their patients who must take diuretics. hydrochlorothiazide is the diuretic most likely to deplete magnesium and potassium levels ; newer - generation


a result of this study, many physicians now prescribe magnesium and potassium to their patients who must take diuretics. hydrochlorothiazide is the diuretic most likely to deplete magnesium and potassium levels ; newer - generation drugs such as indapamide cause fewer problems. diet depletes magnesium most people ( including physicians ) are not aware that the typical american diet is frequently short on magnesium. a century ago, magnesium and other minerals were widespread in the american diet. but current farming technology employs large amounts of inorganic fertilizers that are often low in magnesium. overuse of phosphates, nitrates, and ammonia drains much - needed magnesium from the soil. this combination of low - magnesium soil concentrations and the damaging impact of modern food processing results in decreased environmental availability of magnesium. consider, too, the age of chemicals in which we live. our bodies are insulted by multiple chemical pollutants, such as aluminum, lead, and iron, that interact with magnesium. by binding to and “ using up ” the body ’ s magnesium stores, these elements further increase our magnesium requirements. magnesium loss is also linked to a host of medical conditions, including alcohol abuse, prolonged use of antibiotics, anorexia nervosa ( or any state of starvation or malnourishment ), and excessive use of h - 2 receptor antagonists such as tagamet or zantac. calcium depletes magnesium taking more than 2, 000 mg calcium per day can cause your kidneys to excrete excess magnesium. the highest levels recommended for prevention of osteoporosis are 1, 500 mg per day for women not on estrogen replacement therapy, so stick with recommended guidelines. better yet, take a calcium / magnesium combination supplement to ensure proper absorption. a ratio near 2 : 1 — such as 1, 000 mg calcium and 400 mg magnesium — is fine. does your body have enough magnesium? this can be difficult to answer. although most hospitals and laboratories can measure serum levels of magnesium quite readily, the serum magnesium level has a very weak correlation with the level of magnesium in heart cells. however, if your serum magnesium is low, then it ’ s highly likely that the magnesium level in your heart is low as well. likewise, if your serum magnesium level is high, there is a reasonable chance that the magnesium level in your heart is probably adequate. a more insidious problem occurs when the serum level falls within the normal range. you ( and your doctor ) might think all is well


serum magnesium level is high, there is a reasonable chance that the magnesium level in your heart is probably adequate. a more insidious problem occurs when the serum level falls within the normal range. you ( and your doctor ) might think all is well, but a normal serum magnesium does not necessarily indicate that the heart has a normal magnesium level in the cells. modern technology has yet to develop an ideal system for measuring magnesium. although some tests include measuring levels in blood cells and skeletal muscle, these tests are technically difficult and very expensive. because of these pitfalls, i do not routinely order serum magnesium tests on my patients. i believe that since magnesium is safe, inexpensive and easy to use, it should be considered a mineral that deserves more use for chronic and acute cardiological problems. here ’ s when to use magnesium i believe that magnesium is so important for heart health that i made it part of my awesome foursome. if you ’ re in any of these situations, supplemental magnesium is an absolute must. - you have suffered a heart attack or are at risk for heart attack ; - you are prone to ventricular arrhythmia ; - you have had or are planning open - heart surgery or a heart transplant ; - you have congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy ; - you have high blood pressure ; - you are taking diuretics long - term. there is a great deal of evidence that magnesium, when administered according to specific protocols in appropriate dosages, can reduce the risk of death in patients who have suffered a heart attack. for example, when a person comes in with a heart attack, we give two grams ( 2, 000 mg ) intravenously over an hour. in addition, magnesium can prevent or reduce the severity of life - threatening ventricular arrhythmias that often occur after heart surgery, chiefly through its membrane - stabilizing effect and ability to maintain intracellular potassium, another crucial mineral for the heart. some enlightened cardiac surgeons administer magnesium intravenously prior to bypass surgery. other research shows that a magnesium / selenium combination can also be useful in treating ventricular arrhythmias. magnesium is also effective in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy. patients with very diseased hearts, especially those undergoing cardiac transplantation, typically have low levels of magnesium and coenzyme q10 in their myocardial cells. perhaps the best indication for magnesium, with huge implications for large numbers of people, is


patients with very diseased hearts, especially those undergoing cardiac transplantation, typically have low levels of magnesium and coenzyme q10 in their myocardial cells. perhaps the best indication for magnesium, with huge implications for large numbers of people, is in the treatment of high blood pressure. there is a direct relationship between low magnesium and high blood pressure. in addition, magnesium deficits are found in insulin - resistant individuals and particularly type 2 diabetics. many diabetics are hypertensive as well. magnesium is endothelial - cell friendly, helping the lining of your arteries stay smooth and elastic. over time, low magnesium levels may predispose the interior of your vessels to contract ( go into spasm ) ; eventually, high blood pressure can result. magnesium can come to the rescue of contracted blood vessels and even reverse some of the damage. foods rich in magnesium include whole grains, fish and seafood, leafy green vegetables, soy products, brown rice, bananas, apricots, seeds and nuts. the foods highest in magnesium include kelp, tofu, figs and pumpkin seeds. i also recommend that you take a magnesium supplement, particularly if you are on diuretics or have any of the cardiovascular conditions mentioned in this newsletter. if such is the case, take 400 – 800 mg of magnesium each day as a supplement. look for easily absorbable forms of magnesium such as magnesium orotate or magnesium citrate. note : excessive magnesium levels can be dangerous in patients with renal failure. if you have renal insufficiency or kidney failure, do not take supplemental magnesium unless prescribed and monitored by your physician. if you are healthy, without heart, kidney or high blood pressure problems, you can get sufficient “ insurance ” levels of magnesium in a high - quality multivitamin / mineral supplement. remember, magnesium works in concert with other nutrients, particularly b vitamins, coq10, and vitamin e. all in all, a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables enhanced with targeted nutritional supplementation is your best bet to maintain optimum magnesium stores in the body and thus, protect you from a host of cardiac conditions. enjoy what you ' ve just read? get it delivered to your inbox! signup for e - news and you ' ll get great content like you ' ve just read along with other great tips and guides for dr. sinatra! meet dr. sinatra dr. stephen sinatra is a highly respected and sought - after cardiologist and nutritionist with more than 30 years of clinical practice,


the four horsemen of the apocalypse an apocalypse ( greek : apokalypsis ; “ lifting of the veil ” or “ revelation ” ) is a disclosure of something hidden from the majority of mankind in an era dominated by falsehood and misconception, i. e. the veil to be lifted. the term also can refer to the eschatological final battle, the armageddon, and the idea of an end of the world. these perceptions may better be related to the phrase “ apokalypsis eschaton ”, literally “ revelation at ( or of ) the end of the eon, or age ”. in christianity the apocalypse of john is the book of revelation, the last book of the christian bible. the four horsemen of the apocalypse – war, famine, pestilence, and death – are described in the last book of the new testament of the bible, called the book of revelation of saint john the evangelist at 6 : 1 - 8. the chapter tells of a scroll in god ’ s right hand that is sealed with seven seals. jesus christ opens the first four of the seven seals, which summons forth the four beasts that ride on white, red, black, and pale horses which each symbolize war, famine, conquest ( or pestilence ) and death, respectively. the christian apocalyptic vision is that the four horsemen are to set a divine apocalypse upon the world as harbingers of the last judgment.


noise in an image is described as random granulation that is particularly visible in uniform areas. noise in an image can stem from several different factors : noise itself is characterized by several values, among which are standard deviation and signal - to - noise ratio ( snr ). other measures are derived from these, such as dynamic range and tonal range. ( other aspects of interest include color sensitivity, and noise granulation and coloration, which will be discussed separately on this site. ) where is the mean gray level measured in the patch. snr is independent of any gain applied to the signal since signal and noise are equally amplified. dynamic range is defined as the ratio between the highest and lowest gray luminance a sensor can capture. however, the lowest gray luminance makes sense only if it is not drowned by noise, thus this lower boundary is defined as the gray luminance for which the snr is larger than 1. the dynamic range is a ratio of gray luminance ; it has no defined unit per se, but it can be expressed in ev, or f - stops. tonal range is the effective number of gray levels the system can produce. this measure has to take noise into account ( indeed, a very thin gray - level quantization is irrelevant if the quantization step is much smaller than noise ). the standard deviation of noise can be viewed as the smallest difference between two distinguishable gray levels. the expression of the tonal range is since tonal range is a number with no unit, one can consider instead, which represents the number of bits necessary to encode all distinguishable gray levels.


media art installations can exist in a multiplicity of forms, from a two - channel video projection to a large - scale environment that incorporates digital media, sculptural objects, interactive computer devices, and ephemeral materials. these variable and complex conditions can pose challenges even for the most seasoned exhibitor. evolving technologies and the range of artistic practices incorporated in media installations require exhibitors to look at each work ' s requirements on a case - by - case basis. however, certain questions specific to the conditions and attributes of media - based installations are useful to clarify. what is a multi - channel installation? what is a synchronizer? what equipment is provided with an installation? the following questions provide a starting point for understanding the basics of exhibiting media art installations. the single - channel video and computer - based art sections of this guide also feature information relevant to exhibiting media art installations. what is a media art installation? media installations are works of art that situate moving - image media within specific scenarios, built structures, sites, or viewing environments. since the 1960s, artists have been integrating media such as film, video, and slides with objects and sculptural elements. more recent installations incorporate digital moving images and computer - based interactive devices. what is a multi - channel video installation? a multi - channel video installation consists of two or more display devices, such as monitors or projectors, used in the same work of art, in the same viewing space. the viewing space may be expanded to multiple monitors throughout an entire museum, or two projections situated side - by - side or overlapping. multi - channel works range from classic early video pieces, such as vito acconci ’ s remote control ( 1971 ), which includes two monitors and two video sources, to more recent works, such as christian marclay ' s video quartet ( 2002 ), a four - channel video projection. what is a synchronizer or control system? it is typical for installations with two or more devices to be linked with a synchronizer, which ensures that all the programs begin, end, and repeat at appropriate intervals, prescribed by the artist. synchronizers can also be incorporated into control systems, which are either stand - alone devices or computers that send the same pre - programmed commands a synchronizer can send, but can also be used to control lights, motorized screens, and other electronic elements depending on the installation. it is possible with some installations to have all of the video programs stored on a hard disc or computer -


a synchronizer can send, but can also be used to control lights, motorized screens, and other electronic elements depending on the installation. it is possible with some installations to have all of the video programs stored on a hard disc or computer - based device that also acts as the synchronizer. audio for multi - channel installations ranges from mono, stereo, or multi - channel to 5. 1 surround sound or a combination of configurations. what equipment is provided with an installation? what additional equipment will i need to acquire? when exhibiting a media installation, it is important to obtain an equipment list that outlines what devices, if any, are supplied as part of the work. display and / or playback devices may not be included. the specific playback and display equipment will depend on the media format provided with the installation. equipment choices have an impact beyond the purely technical and should agree with the artists ' intentions, as they impact the meaning and perception of the work. it is important to obtain equipment recommendations from the artist, gallery, or artist ’ s representative in as much detail as possible in order to understand the equipment ' s function and how it applies to the installation. proper selection, installation, and maintenance of video and audio equipment are critical, and exhibitors should consult qualified technicians where possible. visit equipment & technical issues for more information how much space is needed for an installation? it is important to determine what the minimum space requirements are and the specifications with regard to viewing conditions. confirm that the space in which you plan to present the work is large enough for the intended scale, and that lighting conditions, walls, floors, ceilings, and other environmental factors are discussed with the artist prior to the acquisition and installation. ambient light typically washes out projected images, and is usually of greatest concern at the entrance of the space. light lock entrances or other solutions may be necessary. painting, carpeting, and building - out of spaces may be necessary depending on the work. the lighting, carpet, paint and other elements are considered elements of the installation, and should be considered carefully and meet the specifications outlined by the artist or artist ’ s representative. does the installation have sound? if so, what are the specifications? sound, while extremely important, is often the forgotten variable of media - based work. when exhibiting a media installation with a sound component, be sure to ask detailed questions regarding the presentation of the sound element. ( how loud it is expected to be? what kind of equipment is required? ) it is also important to consider how the sound will


exhibiting a media installation with a sound component, be sure to ask detailed questions regarding the presentation of the sound element. ( how loud it is expected to be? what kind of equipment is required? ) it is also important to consider how the sound will affect other works in the exhibition space, how it might distract from viewing other work, and how two or more works containing sound will interact with one another. when installing, sound absorption materials and carpeting might be necessary. careful execution when building presentation spaces can help to create a well separated space. headphones are not a common practice in media installation designs, but might be suitable in some instances. how do i delineate between media - based installation and the other categories of single - channel video and computer - based arts? the lines between these categories are becoming increasingly blurred. single - channel video is more and more often being presented in installation environments and recent computer - based installations echo many characteristics of video installation. while these categories have some specificity, it is advisable to visit the single - channel video and computer - based arts sections of this guide as each contains relevant information to the other. what are the recommended media formats for exhibiting multi - channel works? the media format one chooses for presenting multi - channel video works depends on a range of variables, including viewing context, exhibition environment, and the work itself. for example, a well - authored dvd is suitable for exhibition in a gallery or museum, primarily because of its ability to loop ( that is, to continuously repeat content ). dvds should be made from source material on archival formats or uncompressed video files and authored by a knowledgeable professional. please visit " equipment & technical issues " for more detailed information. what is a " loan agreement " and when does it apply? typically, exhibitors must enter into specific agreements or licenses that outline the terms, conditions and rights that are being extended for the use of a media art installation in an exhibition. such agreements vary depending on the source of the installation ( gallery or artist ) and a range of factors such as venue, duration of exhibition, and whether the exhibition will tour to additional venues. visit " agreements and contracts " for samples of these documents. can i tour my exhibition? if you wish to tour your exhibition, you must negotiate a specific advance agreement with the artist or gallery, which outlines the terms and conditions of the tour. visit " agreements and contracts " for samples of these documents.


the future of war gardening the fruits of peace to spring from the seeds of victory coming events, we are told, cast their shadows before. among the prophetic shadows now hovering over us is a finger of cloud which points to vital changes in the business of feeding the world. indeed, these changes are already taking place. in part they have taken place, but many of us, being of those who have eyes yet do not see, are still unaware that the old order has changed and that the new order of things has come to pass. no other single occupation born of the war has affected a greater number of people than has gardening. starting from a mere nothing before the united states entered the war, this form of service grew in less than two years into a new occupation, which numbered its followers by the millions and, in the number of people employed, exceeded any other branch of gainful occupation with the single exception of actual farming. the fact that such a vast number of american citizens took up this work shows that they appreciated the merit of it, and this is one of the reasons for the confident prediction that war gardening has come to stay. it is something that the world will not willingly let die. home food production will continue because it has been found worth while ; and, like other things which this war has demonstrated to be of value and benefit to mankind, it will last. war gardening will permanently establish itself because its peace - time value will fully equal its war - time worth. this will be true at all times, but more particularly during the first five or ten years of the great reconstruction period. during that period the matter of food production will be of the most pressing importance. it will be on a par with many of the other enormous reconstruction problems which face the world. it will require the continued application of broad thought and effort. there will be no decrease in the demand for food ; in fact that demand will really be greater, much greater, than it was during the days of actual conflict. this will be true because the coming of peace means the restoration of the freedom of the seas, and freedom of the seas means a restored commerce. german savagery and the frightfulness of unrestrained submarine warfare have largely driven the world ' s ordinary commerce from the seas ; and much of that commerce was traffic in foodstuffs. for decades, even centuries, europe has been dependent upon the remainder of the world for food to eke out its own inadequate supplies. before the war, for example, england, according to the united states food administration,


traffic in foodstuffs. for decades, even centuries, europe has been dependent upon the remainder of the world for food to eke out its own inadequate supplies. before the war, for example, england, according to the united states food administration, produced but one - fifth of her own foodstuffs, while france raised one - half of hers, and italy produced perhaps two - thirds of what she consumed. what was true of these nations was true of the remainder of europe. unless food could be obtained from foreign sources, hunger was sure to visit practically every european nation. the shutting off of commerce by german piracy has meant starvation, literal starvation, to multitudes of innocent persons. canning team in iowa under the supervision of skilled home demonstration agents of the united states department of agriculture, and other teachers, many groups of girls throughout the country have made excellent records in conserving garden products. here are shown miss julia e. brekke, home demonstration agent, and the canning team which won first prize at the clinton county fair at de witt, iowa. the restoration of commerce means that all these starving nations will send their ships to america for food, food, and still more food. the number of these innocent neutral victims of german savagery is put by the united states food administration at 180, 000, 000 persons! russia, too, is disorganized and starving, and her population numbers 160, 000, 000! if figures never lie, the burden we must carry in time of peace, as indicated by statistics, is truly appalling. when war began we were feeding our own 100, 000, 000 people and sending abroad a relatively small and constantly decreasing surplus. to our 100, 000, 000 we had to add the 120, 000, 000 people of the entente allied nations. speedily we found that our claim that america was " the granary of the world " was an empty boast. merely to provide food sufficient to enable our allies to eke out their own stores taxed us to the utmost. only through decreased consumption, by having recourse to wheatless and meatless days, by lessening our use of butter, milk, sugar, and other exportable food could we send enough to keep our allies from actual starvation. during the three years preceding the war, our exports of meat were just short of an average of 500, 000, 000 pounds a year. in 1917 we shipped abroad 2, 000, 000, 000 pounds an increase of 400 per cent. in the


the three years preceding the war, our exports of meat were just short of an average of 500, 000, 000 pounds a year. in 1917 we shipped abroad 2, 000, 000, 000 pounds an increase of 400 per cent. in the same way our exports of butter in 1913 totaled slightly more than 3, 500, 000 pounds. in 1917 we exported, in round numbers, 26, 750, 000 pounds. before the war our shipments of cheese averaged 2, 500, 000 pounds. in 1917 they exceeded 66, 000, 000 pounds. our exportation of condensed milk jumped from 16, 500, 000 pounds to if the feeding of our 120, 000, 000 allies made such a drain on our resources, what will happen now that 180, 000, 000 starving neutrals also come to us for food ; when russia ' s helpless 160, 000, 000 thrust their hands across the sea to us, even as the sinking peter appealed to christ, saying, " save me or i perish "? now that peace has come ; now that germany and austria are again to be admitted to the society of nations, as eventually they must be, how can we prevent their hungry multitudes another 100, 000, 000 souls from also entering our markets and bidding for our food supplies? already our former foes are begging piteously for food, and president wilson has assured them that their appeals will be heeded. now that these things have come to pass, we must feed or help to feed, not 220, 000, 000 people as during the war, but an additional 440, 000, 000. in short, now that the war is ended and commerce restored, we must help to feed two - thirds of a billion of people! question is, does it " jell "? mrs. grace l. ackley ( second from left ) is shown explaining the art of jelly - making to a group of other women of hinsdale, illinois. the women ' s association of the union church found so much food - saving work to do that it appointed a chairman for every day in the week. food administrator hoover recognized this condition as inevitable, and when the armistice was signed he was prepared to reckon with it. with the cessation of hostilities he marshalled the food forces of america and proceeded at once to europe to join hands with the food forces of england and the continent to the end that starvation might be prevented. as one of his initial steps, before sailing, he asked that the war gardens of american be maintained


forces of america and proceeded at once to europe to join hands with the food forces of england and the continent to the end that starvation might be prevented. as one of his initial steps, before sailing, he asked that the war gardens of american be maintained and expanded. to the victory gardeners, he gave the impetus of his urgent plea for continued effort in the cause of food production. the signing of the armistice caused complete and peremptory revision of the figures dealing with america ' s obligations toward meeting the world ' s demand for food. during the war we had to furnish food for france and belgium, but they were a france and belgium greatly reduced in area because of german invasion. much of their territory and millions of their people were held by the enemy, shut off from their own countries and therefore compelled to depend in part on the invaders for subsistence. to - day these people are repatriated. their restoration to citizenship has brought the obligation to feed while the direct burden falls on france and belgium, these countries must look to america for ways and means. by all the ties of international friendship, by a sense of gratitude for the part these countries played n winning the war, by geographical location and by inherent capacity to provide food, america is the one country able to meet the call. we must also provide for the smaller allied nations which have been under german oppression serbia, rumania, greece, the czechs, the jugoslavs, the starving population of northern russia and the people of other countries in europe. the revision of figures necessitated by the armistice gave new meaning to america ' s responsibility. the original pledge made by the united states was 17, 500, 000 tons of food to be shipped overseas during the year. this amount of food was 50 per cent. greater than that which was sent the year before. with belgium and france liberated and millions in south central europe clamoring for food, the united states undertook to increase its exports from 17, 500, 000 to 20, 000, 000 tons. to meet the demands for food america has two sources of supply. food can be raised only on the farms, by those who make a business of production, and on the lands of our cities, towns and villages. no other sources exist. the 40, 000, 000 acres of farm land under cultivation have already probably reached their maximum of possible production for the immediate present. it is obvious, therefore, that if we are to give the world more food the new supply which will make this possible must come from the only remaining source