{"text": "riley - day syndrome is an inherited disorder that affects nerves throughout the body. familial dysautonomia ; hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy - type iii ( hsan iii ) causes, incidence, and risk factors riley - day syndrome is passed down through families ( inherited ). a person must inherit a copy of the defective gene from each parent to develop the condition. this condition is seen most often in people of eastern european jewish ancestry ( ashkenazi jews ). the disease is caused by a change ( mutation ) of the ikbkap gene on chromosome 9. it is rare in the general population. breath holding spells ( can lose consciousness ) decrease in sense of taste inability to feel pain and changes in temperature ( can lead to injuries ) call your doctor if symptoms change or get worse. a genetic counselor can help teach you about the condition and direct you to support groups in your area. genetic dna testing is very accurate for riley - day syndrome. it may be used for diagnosing people with the condition or who carry the gene. it can also be used for prenatal diagnosis. people of eastern european jewish background and families with a history of riley - day syndrome may wish to seek genetic counseling if they are thinking of having children. katirji b, koontz d. disorders of peripheral nerves. in : daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, mazziotta jc, eds. bradley \u2019 s neurology in clinical practice. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2012 : chap 76. klein cj. the inherited neuropathies. neurol clin. 2007 ; 25 : 173 - 207. chad haldeman - englert, md, facmg, wake forest school of medicine, department of pediatrics, section on medical genetics, winston - salem, nc. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46433178101156564, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:743ba5a4-200c-4411-b527-08d2f38aeed0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.343808"}
{"text": "in the 1960s, when women in the united states sought the ever - elusive proverbial voice, there was one woman in a jungle crying out to be heard. ironically, when the fiercely independent doris \u201c lucki \u201d allen volunteered for service in vietnam at the age of 40, her life and work began to personify the second wave of the feminist movement. she was a rare breed of female for her time, self - actualized with a bachelor \u2019 s degree from the tuskegee institute [ now tuskegee university ] ; allen was an african - american aspiring to reach her full human capacities. in many ways she embodied the empowered woman that betty friedan would herald with the 1963 publication of \u201c the feminine mystique. \u201d but despite her accomplishments and years of specialized military training, when she arrived in long binh as an enlisted, spc. 7 intelligence analyst in the women \u2019 s army corps, or wac, allen found herself faced with the same struggle susie housewife endured on the home front \u2014 the struggle for women \u2019 s equality and the search for a voice. \u201c when i first got to vietnam it was a matter of \u2018 you women shouldn \u2019 t be here in the first place, now we have to protect you, \u2019 \u201d said allen. \u201c they didn \u2019 t like us being there. the nurses were fine because they were in a traditionally feminine role. men would say, \u2018 we need the nurses. \u2019 but here come these other women, taking up the good jobs that the men had comfortably sitting behind a desk. \u201d the wac, a women \u2019 s branch of the u. s. army, was created may 15, 1942 and disbanded in 1978. although records are sketchy, roughly 700 wacs served in vietnam, but at peak strength, only 20 officers and 139 enlisted were in vietnam at one time. the majority of women were in clerk - typist positions, but other women served in journalism, communications, personnel, finance, automated data processing and intelligence. while women in the states burned their bras in the name of women \u2019 s liberation, allen \u2019 s efforts in support of anti - communist forces took on a pivotal role with the tet offensive. three months after arriving in long binh, allen began advising supervisors of a potential large - scale attack planned for january 31, 1968. her report \u201c 50, 000 chinese, \u201d which referred to the amassing troops as chinese instead of viet cong, fell on deaf ears. the report was submitted 30 days prior to the tet offensive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4223170393380449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:736dcee2-ef50-45c7-b652-9d7a3126ed60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.353222"}
{"text": "- scale attack planned for january 31, 1968. her report \u201c 50, 000 chinese, \u201d which referred to the amassing troops as chinese instead of viet cong, fell on deaf ears. the report was submitted 30 days prior to the tet offensive, which occurred january 30, 1968, and is today remembered as a major intelligence failure of the war. in \u201c a piece of my heart, \u201d a collection of stories recounting women \u2019 s experiences in vietnam, allen said \u201c i guess the thing that really sticks about vietnam is knowing you give them reliable and valid intelligence, but biases can creep through. there are a lot of things that they might have been biased about with me. i was a specialist as opposed to being a sergeant. i was black instead of being something else. i was enlisted instead of being an officer \u2014 especially in the milieu [ army operations center ] where there were only two enlisted people, and i was a wac. \u201d allen believes that people are going to be people when it comes to bias. she learned to be aware of prejudice, to recognize bias and always know it was \u201c them \u201d and not her. \u201c i asked myself why they weren \u2019 t listening and why i wasn \u2019 t being heard \u201d she said. \u201c i just recently came up with the reason they didn \u2019 t believe me \u2014 they weren \u2019 t prepared for me. they didn \u2019 t know how to look beyond the wac, black woman in military intelligence. i can \u2019 t blame them. i don \u2019 t feel bitter. \u201d when asked what advice she would give to a young female soldier today, allen said, \u201c first and foremost, she must respect herself. she has to be aggressively assertive. \u201d like life \u2019 s happiness itself, allen said \u201c you can \u2019 t always do it alone, but no one can do it for you, \u201d emphasizing that women must also do their best to be team players. allen currently lives in oakland, calif. she retired as a chief warrant officer after 30 years of military service and three bronze stars. she holds a ph. d. in psychology and was inducted into the military intelligence hall of fame at fort huachuca in 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41569738918474974, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:736dcee2-ef50-45c7-b652-9d7a3126ed60>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.354668"}
{"text": "cattle to camels : insights into adaptation, conflict and co - operation from borana communities adapting to changing weather patterns in the horn of africa associated organization : nr international and community initiative facilitation and assistance ( cifa ) climate change is giving rise to new scenarios requiring not only new coping mechanisms, but alternative livelihoods and most dramatically, refined social systems. this project is one of three related studies proposed to look at : borana communities that have shifted from centuries old socio - cultural cattle pastoralism to new livelihoods dependent on the camel. the other two studies will look at : agro - pastoralist communities in borana areas that are shifting to pastoralism ; and how borana peoples are negotiating peace around the principal of temporary, asymmetric and sustainable sharing of contested resources, and respect for the fundamental right of stricken people and their animals to survive. borana cattle are an intrinsic part of the social organization of these pastoral communities who hold indigenous knowledge around a unique migration between the 500 year old deep tula well complexes on the ethiopian plateau and seasonal grazing lands on the north kenyan plains. cattle value comprises : functions ( e. g. traction power ), outputs ( e. g. manure, milk ), services ( e. g. dowry, status of wealth ) associated with keeping cattle, and trade in markets. the borana cattle are the predominant traditional breed on the semiarid southern borana plateau of ethiopia and in the northern kenyan lowlands. the borana plateau is nowadays constantly in crisis due to pressure on the common rangelands. significant changes in climate threaten the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats necessary ( as defined by the convention on biological diversity ) for the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of borana cattle in their natural surroundings. bush encroachment is diminishing availability of good pasture leading to a decline in cattle carrying capacity per unit grazing area. whilst there are advantages in owning a variety of species so that, whatever climatic events occur, there will be survivors, maintaining such herds is a luxury that only the wealthier can afford. however, each represent a massive past investment in animal genetic resources which can provide insurance against unknown global future providing a chance for future generations to respond adequately to increasing food demand, environmental changes, diseases, and other associated challenges. this study features communities that have chosen to switch from their grazing cattle to camels, which are browsers and resilient in a drought ( though camels will die in numbers after a critical point ). understanding this choice and the lessons its holds for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48073694338096307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df9accb-4cbd-419f-85dd-7e0eab3c96c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.359586"}
{"text": "study features communities that have chosen to switch from their grazing cattle to camels, which are browsers and resilient in a drought ( though camels will die in numbers after a critical point ). understanding this choice and the lessons its holds for those struggling with governance under this global ecological crisis as well as others facing climate change induced livelihood choices is critical. themes : agriculture, fisheries and food security, crosscutting issues, gender, poverty and vulnerability, water regions : east africa countries : ethiopia, kenya followers : 6 people are following this project overview : this is a project proposal to be based in the highlands of southern ethiopia and the bordering northern kenyan lowlands where pastoralists have adopted new coping mechanisms in response to climate change. our project goals are to : - facilitate the sharing and build recognition of the unique knowledge and expertise of pastoralists in northern kenya and southern ethiopia, providing essential insights from communities adapting their livelihoods to changing weather patterns. - highlight how, when competition over resources and natural services intensifies, environmental, social and economic pressures can conspire to deny some groups access to the means to survive. - draw international attention to changing climate in arid and semi - arid lands, and how a relatively small change in climate such as a decline or shift in the pattern of precipitation can bring people and livestock to the brink of disaster. - provide an opportunity for communities to voice their observations, experiences and concerns around recurring droughts, unpredictable rainfall patterns, seasonal floods, food insecurity, conflict and disease, and how these have depleted assets and capabilities. - identify where changing climate patterns are too severe for traditional coping strategies such as pastoralist migration routes and local temporary resources sharing agreements with neighbours to accommodate. - support community - level educational activities related to livestock pastoralism and climate change, highlighting the role of local knowledge, practices and coping strategies, facilitating sharing and exchange of these with other communities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47564594066259125, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df9accb-4cbd-419f-85dd-7e0eab3c96c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.360446"}
{"text": "facing drought, u. s. farmers return to crop rotation farmers in top u. s. grain states are planning to rotate to other crops after repeated plantings of corn on the same fields, combined with a devastating drought in 2012, badly hurt yields. farmers in iowa and illinois, which accounted for almost 30 percent of u. s. corn production in 2012, are expected to shift some acreage that was seeded exclusively with corn over the past several years to soybeans this spring. they want to avoid another year of potentially significant losses as dry conditions persist, said agricultural market analysts and economists. a move away from corn in those states may further drive up world food prices, which are already historically high, because corn stockpiles in the united states, the world ' s top exporter, are forecast to hit a 17 - year low by the end of the summer. soaring corn prices, due in part to surging demand for ethanol, in recent years have encouraged a greater amount of corn being planted on the same land year - after - year despite the fact the practice depletes soil of nutrients and reduces yields. although corn plantings are expected to be near record highs nationwide in 2013, the loss of some acres in the most productive states could crimp u. s. yields. corn acres will shift from iowa and illinois to less - productive fields in north and south dakota and the mississippi delta, raising the potential for lower yields overall, said sterling liddell, vice president of food and agribusiness research for agribusiness lending giant rabobank. the shift \" could potentially be very supportive for prices because we ' re in such tight stock conditions with such little room for error, \" he said. iowa and illinois could each see up to one million acres that have been devoted to corn production for the past several years switched to other crops in 2013, according to rabobank. that could mean a loss of up to 320 million bushels of corn from the 2013 harvest, based on the states ' five - year average yields. farmers planted 14. 2 million acres of corn in iowa last year and 12. 8 million acres in illinois. the united states harvested 10. 8 billion bushels of corn in 2012, the smallest in six years. the u. s. government is expected to detail its forecast for the 2013 harvest and plantings in march. ongoing dryness and the need to reinvigorate soils will encourage farmers to retreat, at least temporarily, from corn - on - corn production, according to ag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40745857323433343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5a9b5cd-ef3e-4b5e-88c6-e504c24ea482>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.365806"}
{"text": "government is expected to detail its forecast for the 2013 harvest and plantings in march. ongoing dryness and the need to reinvigorate soils will encourage farmers to retreat, at least temporarily, from corn - on - corn production, according to agronomists. soybeans naturally add nitrogen, a key fertilizer, to the land. more so than soybeans, corn has a greater need for moisture during a critical summertime stage of development, raising the risk for yield losses if moisture is absent during that time. rains in august boosted the size of last year ' s soybean crop but arrived too late in the summer to benefit the already - ravaged corn crop. forecasters have warned the drought will not abate in the coming months. \" farmers are going to do their best to not do corn - on - corn any more than they have to, \" said rich guebert, vice president of the illinois farm bureau, who said he had heard many farmers complain about dramatic yield losses from corn planted after corn. rodney weinzierl, the executive director of the illinois corn growers association and a farmer in the state ' s no. 1 corn - producing county, plans to plant soybeans on land on which he has grown corn for the past three years. the decision to reduce corn plantings \" has a lot to do with moisture, \" said weinzierl, adding that he was \" trying to better understand \" a 40 percent decline in yields last year for corn plantings in fields that also had corn in the previous year. drought burns farmers there has been a movement toward repeated plantings of corn in recent years. acres planted with corn last year and the year before in iowa and illinois rose 6 percent to 9. 8 million acres, according to agricultural data company lanworth, a unit of thomson reuters. total corn plantings in the two states jumped 1 percent to 27 million acres. \" what people were banking on was that corn prices had gotten up there high enough that it was going to offset that yield reduction, but in fact it didn ' t, \" said mike duffy, agricultural economist at iowa state university. it can all make a big difference to farmers ' incomes. duffy estimated an average yield of 165 bushels per acre for corn grown after corn in 2012 and 180 bushels for corn grown after soybeans. in 2012, it cost $ 4. 94 a bushel to produce corn grown after corn in iowa, 70 cents more than it cost to grow corn grown after soybe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41272784545401325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5a9b5cd-ef3e-4b5e-88c6-e504c24ea482>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.366859"}
{"text": "after corn in 2012 and 180 bushels for corn grown after soybeans. in 2012, it cost $ 4. 94 a bushel to produce corn grown after corn in iowa, 70 cents more than it cost to grow corn grown after soybeans. the higher cost was due to reduced yields for repeated plantings and to the additional fertilizer needed to compensate for lost nutrients, duffy said. yields for corn grown after corn take a particularly hard hit compared to corn grown after soybeans when weather conditions are poor, duffy noted, adding that farmers who planted corn repeatedly on the same land said : \" well we got burned here. we don ' t want to do it again. \" record plantings nationwide? still, all signs point to u. s. farmers planting a historically large number of acres to corn in 2013 due to high corn prices. monsanto, the world ' s largest seed company, last week projected 96 million acres of corn will be planted, down 1 percent from a record high in 2012. rabobank predicted total plantings will rise 0. 5 percent to 97. 6 million acres - which would be the most since 101. 95 million acres were planted in 1936 before the advent of soybeans. ( reporting by tom polansek ; editing by k. t. arasu and bob burgdorfer )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37889515152741227, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5a9b5cd-ef3e-4b5e-88c6-e504c24ea482>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.368016"}
{"text": "\" the united states education system must do more to encourage students at every level to study science and mathematics and to pursue careers related to those fields. \" - math and science incentive act of 2005 high profile members of the house and senate have introduced legislation providing financial incentives for undergraduate study in mathematics, science or engineering. under this legislation, the federal government would pay the interest on student loans for undergraduates agreeing to teach science, technology, engineering or mathematics in elementary or secondary schools or who work as a professional in these fields for at a march 11 hearing of the new house science, state, justice and commerce appropriations subcommittee, chairman frank wolf ( r - va ) expressed deep concern about the nation ' s scientific workforce, and said that he would \" like to do something very dramatic \" ( see http : / / www. aip. org / fyi / 2005 / 036. html. ) just over a month later, wolf held a capitol hill press conference to announce his introduction of h. r. 1547. in describing his bill, wolf stated, \" america ' s dominance in science and innovation is slipping. we are facing today a critical shortage of science and engineering students in the united states. unfortunately, there is little public awareness of this trend or its implications for jobs, industry or national security in america ' s future. we need to make sure we have people who can fill these science and engineering positions. \" to make his case wolf cited patent, nobel prize, and doctoral degree data, as well as stating, \" published research by americans is lagging. physical review, a series of top physics journals, last year tracked a reversal in which american scientific papers, in two decades, dropped from the most published to minority status. in 2003, - the most recent year statistics are available - the total number of american papers published was just 29 percent, down from 61 percent in 1983. \" joining wolf at this press conference to announce his sponsorship of a companion bill with almost identical wording was senator john warner ( r - va ). their bills would pay up to $ 10, 000 of interest for new undergraduate student loans made under the higher education act of 1965. in return, students would have to complete five consecutive years of service as a teacher of science, technology, engineering or mathematics at an elementary or secondary school, or as a mathematics, science or engineering professional. failure to complete this requirement would entail the repayment of the interest paid by the government. students would apply for this benefit in a competitive process under criteria outlined in the legislation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5204753107910175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:609fd3b2-704f-49a0-a994-bbcb76c9a543>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.378575"}
{"text": "posted on friday, 5th march 2010 by all philippines new bilibid prison the new bilibid prison ( nbp ) ( also known as the national bilibid prison ), located in muntinlupa city, philippines, is one of the seven and most famous main insular correctional facilities for convicted male prisoners in the philippines. the institution is operated and maintained by various philippine government agencies, particularly, the department of justice ( doj ), the bureau of corrections, the bureau of jail management and penology ( bjmp ), and the department of the interior and local government ( dilg ). often called the \u201c bilibid \u201d, the new bilibid prison in muntinlupa city was not the original prison facility that carries the bilibid moniker. the old bilibid prison located in the mayhalique estate in oroquieta street sta. cruz, manila was built by the spanish authorities in 1847 to incarcerate prisoners during the spanish colonial period in the philippines. the prison was established in accordance to a decree issued by the office of the governor general or section 1708 of the revised administrative code. it was then formally opened by a royal decree in 1865. the penitentiary was divided into two main buildings. one is known as the \u2018 carcel \u2019 which can accommodate 600 prisoners. prisoners incarcerated in the carcel were divided according to class, sex, and the degree of the crimes they had committed. the other main building in the prison compound was called the \u2018 presidio \u2019. this building was designed to accommodate 527 prisoners. all in all, before it was referred to as the bilibid prison, this main spanish - era prison facility was called the \u2018 carcel y presidio correcional \u2019. at the start of the 20th century, during the early american colonial rule, a modern 200 bed capacity hospital was added to the old bilibid prison compound. a carpentry workshop was also built for the prisoners to hone their skills in woodworking and later to sell their crafts. during the commonwealth era under the presidency of manuel quezon, a growing number of prisoners admitted in the old bilibid prison ( this is due to an increased population and rapid urbanization of manila ) paved way for the creation and implementation of commonwealth act no. 67 ordering the construction of a new national prison facility in muntinlupa city to replace the old bilibid prison. the construction of the new prison compound started in 1935 with a budget of 1, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4450515962156707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:830dc575-a865-46f5-9353-2cc678f65f35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.477242"}
{"text": "and implementation of commonwealth act no. 67 ordering the construction of a new national prison facility in muntinlupa city to replace the old bilibid prison. the construction of the new prison compound started in 1935 with a budget of 1, 000, 000 philippine pesos. all prisoners incarcerated in the old bilibid compound were transferred to the new prison facility in muntinlupa city on november 15, 1940. at that time, the new penitentiary can accommodate up to 3, 000 prisoners. on january 22, 1941, in a small ceremony attended by government officials and other luminaries, the new prison compound became officially known as the new bilibid prison. old bilibid prison 1899 old bilibid prison 1902 old bilibid prison 1910 tags : american colonial rule philippines, bilibid prisoners convicts felons, bureau of corrections philippines, bureau of jail management and penology bjmp philippines, carcel prison philippines, carcel y presidio correcional manila philippines, commonwealth act no. 67, correccional philippines, correctional facilities in the philippines, department of justice doj philippines, department of the interior and local government dilg philippines, mayhalique estate oroquieta street sta. cruz manila, muntinlupa city sights sounds landmarks, national bilibid prison philippines, new bilibid prison, new bilibid prison muntinlupa city, new bilibid prison nbp, new bilibid prison pictures, old bilibid prison manila philippines, president manuel luis quezon commonwealth government philippines, presidio prison philippines, prisons of the philippines, section 1708 of the revised administrative code spanish colonial rule philippines, spanish governor general philippines, spanish laws decrees in the philippines, spanish prison system philippines, spanish royal decree philippines posted in philippine facts | comments ( 6 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41675637335237947, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:830dc575-a865-46f5-9353-2cc678f65f35>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.479090"}
{"text": "failure to recognise people changes in behaviour when i visit my wife in hospital, she talks about me and about things we did together, as if she were talking to someone else about me. it saddens me, but at the same time i realise that she hasn \u2019 t forgotten me at all. she still cares for me a lot, but she just doesn \u2019 t recognise me. if the person you are caring for sometimes has difficulty recognising who people are and what objects are, you may be inclined to put it down to memory loss, confusion or faulty eyesight. in some cases, you may be right. however, there is another possibility. it could be due to the fact that the brain of the person with dementia cannot put together and make sense of what they remember and what they can see. information from these two sources no longer tallies. this problem is sometimes referred to as \u201c agnosia \u201d. the consequences of this problem are that someone may fail to recognise people and use objects inappropriately. this can make life very difficult for the person and increase isolation and fear in that familiar people may be perceived as strangers. it can also be disturbing for other people who may find the behaviour strange and may cause sadness to close friends and family, particularly when the person fails to recognise them. however, you may be able to help the person to understand who people are, what objects are and how to use them. how to cope with failure to recognise people and objects try to provide assistance without drawing unnecessary attention to the mistake with objects, it might be simplest just to give the person the appropriate object and explain or demonstrate how it is used, without drawing unnecessary attention to the mistake. if the person with dementia does not accept your explanation there is no point arguing. on the other hand, it sometimes helps to point out different features of the object or characteristics of the person - for example, their voice. if the person with dementia does not recognise somebody or mixes up people \u2019 s names in a conversation, you could explain who the people are \u2013 in fact, you might find yourself doing so automatically. but it is perhaps unnecessary and you may be drawing unnecessary attention to a mistake. as the person is likely to forget a few seconds or minutes later, it might also be a waste of time. it is therefore preferable to respect their view, ignore the mistake and attend to what they are trying to say. if the person does not recognise someone, they might feel afraid or disturbed. if this is the case, it is important to provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5121447321359938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:285b1c5c-866b-4798-9c98-bed96a16c405>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.488426"}
{"text": "a bold new approach to writing ( and reading ) poetry based on great poetry of the past. quick, joyful, and playfully astringent, with surprising comparisons and examples, this collection takes an unconventional approach to the art of poetry. instead of rules, theories, or recipes, singing school emphasizes ways to learn from great work : studying magnificent, monumentally enduring poems and how they are made \u2014 in terms borrowed from the \u201c singing school \u201d of william butler yeats \u2019 s \u201c sailing to byzantium. \u201d robert pinsky \u2019 s headnotes for each of the 80 poems and his brief introductions to each section take a writer \u2019 s view of specific works : william carlos williams \u2019 s \u201c fine work with pitch and copper \u201d for intense verbal music ; emily dickinson \u2019 s \u201c because i could not stop for death \u201d for wild imagination in matter - of - fact language ; robert southwell \u2019 s \u201c the burning babe \u201d for surrealist aplomb ; wallace stevens \u2019 s \u201c the house was quiet and the world was calm \u201d for subtlety in meter. included are poems by aphra behn, allen ginsberg, george herbert, john keats, mina loy, thomas nashe, and many other master poets. this anthology respects poetry \u2019 s mysteries in two senses of the word : techniques of craft and strokes of the inexplicable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48500028885192975, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d99e3ca6-7667-4256-b8cd-2eb9697625c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.492309"}
{"text": "organic is a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods. these methods integrate cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, and genetic engineering may not be used. how are organic products overseen? the national organic program regulates all organic crops, livestock, and agricultural products certified to the united states department of agriculture ( usda ) organic standards. organic certification agencies inspect and verify that organic farmers, ranchers, distributors, processors, and traders are complying with the usda organic regulations. usda conducts audits and ensures that the more than 90 organic certification agencies operating around the world are properly certifying organic products. in addition, usda conducts investigations and conducts enforcement activities to ensure all products labeled as organic meet the usda organic regulations. in order to sell, label, or represent their products as organic, operations must follow all of the specifications set out by the usda organic regulations. how do i know if my food is organic? look at the label. if you see the usda organic seal, the product is certified organic and has 95 percent or more organic content. for multi - ingredient products such as bread or soup, if the label claims that it is made with specified organic ingredients, you can be confident that those specific ingredients have been certified organic. what about other labels? there are other voluntary labels for livestock products, such as meat and eggs. animal raising claims must be truthful and not misleading. usda \u2019 s food safety inspection service verifies the truthfulness of these claims : free - range. this label indicates that the flock was provided shelter in a building, room, or area with unlimited access to food, fresh water, and continuous access to the outdoors during their production cycle. the outdoor area may or may not be fenced and / or covered with netting - like material. this label is regulated by the usda. cage - free. this label indicates that the flock was able to freely roam a building, room, or enclosed area with unlimited access to food and fresh water during their production cycle. natural. as required by usda, meat, poultry, and egg products labeled as \u201c natural \u201d must be minimally processed and contain no artificial ingredients. however, the natural label does not include any standards regarding farm practices and only applies to processing of meat and egg products. there are no standards or regulations for the labeling of natural food products if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202107414564915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf906692-f345-4943-8f84-bb2edf2fde51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.508957"}
{"text": "\u201d must be minimally processed and contain no artificial ingredients. however, the natural label does not include any standards regarding farm practices and only applies to processing of meat and egg products. there are no standards or regulations for the labeling of natural food products if they do not contain meat or eggs. grass - fed. grass - fed animals receive a majority of their nutrients from grass throughout their life, while organic animals \u2019 pasture diet may be supplemented with grain. also usda regulated, the grass - fed label does not limit the use of antibiotics, hormones, or pesticides. meat products may be labeled as grass - fed organic. pasture - raised. due to the number of variables involved in pasture - raised agricultural systems, the usda has not developed a federal definition for pasture - raised products. humane. multiple labeling programs make claims that animals were treated humanely during the production cycle, but the verification of these claims varies widely. these labeling programs are not regulated under a single usda definition. no added hormones. a similar claim includes \u201c raised without hormones. \u201d federal regulations have never permitted hormones or steroids in poultry, pork, or goat. protecting organic integrity 30, 000 on - site inspections per year by certifying agents to monitor compliance with usda organic standards certifying agent audits to ensure appropriate monitoring residue testing program to verify that prohibited pesticides aren \u2019 t being applied to organic crops robust compliance and enforcement activities issue - based investigations ( e. g. country - or commodity - specific ) interested in learning more?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4522368775792181, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf906692-f345-4943-8f84-bb2edf2fde51>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.510803"}
{"text": "preface and comparison with the bible the qur ' anis views on the subject of the jewish people is certainly of interest as the relationship between the nation of israel and the muslim world continue to be an epicenter of tension throughout the world. this collection of seventy - one verses has both positive and negative things to say about the hebrews. jewish and muslim relations throughout mohammedis career were hostile. mohammed saw himself as equal to abraham, moses and king david. his validity as a prophet depended on the connection with yahweh or the god of the bible. to his great disappointment, the jews of the arabian peninsula saw him as a demon possessed false prophet. as the muslims turned to raiding caravans and attacking those that opposed them, the small jewish communities attempted to avoid coming under islamic domination but failed. many of them, like the jews of medina and an - nadir, were attacked and driven out of their lands. the proceeds of their rich orchards were given to the muslims. one jewish community, banu quraizah, suffered the execution of more than 600 men while their widows and children became the concubines and slaves of their muslim conquerors. with this in mind, it is easy to understand why some of the verses paraphrased in this chapter are positive and support the jewish heritage, since mohammed was building his credibility on the bible. other verses, however, are negative in reaction to the jewish rejection of him as a prophet. on the positive side, the qur ' an recognizes the inspiration of the holy scriptures, which the jews possessed, and commends the jewish people to study them and obey godis law. it acknowledges that the jews are godis chosen people who were given prophethood and the land of israel, or the promised land, as a possession. it assures them of eternal reward. again, all of this recognition did not sway the jews to believe in mohammed. the negative verses say that the jews are hypocritical, illogical, vile, hard - hearted murderers of the prophets who misrepresent their scriptures. it warns them of hell fire if they reject mohammed and the qur ' an. the qur ' an says... given the holy landpeople of the bible, remember the words of moses to his people when he predicted prophets and kings to come. moses told the jews to enter the holy land, which allah ordained for them. they were afraid of the people so allah had them depart from the holy land for forty years as they wandered homeless ( 5 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4761200278193143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4028bc44-91b6-4bf3-90ba-3dc0699abae7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.537136"}
{"text": "when he predicted prophets and kings to come. moses told the jews to enter the holy land, which allah ordained for them. they were afraid of the people so allah had them depart from the holy land for forty years as they wandered homeless ( 5 : 19 - 26 ). knowing god personallythere is one deity. the christians and jews know him as they know their own sons. but others have lost their souls through idol worship, inventing falsehoods about allah, sinful behavior and denying the revelations ( 6 : 20 - 22 ). reward awaits jewsthose who are muslims, jews, christians and sabaeans have a reward awaiting them with their lord and should have no fear or grieve because they believe in allah, the last day and they do what is right ( 2 : 62 ). chosen peoplethe children of israel were favored by allah and preferred above all creatures ( 2 : 47 ). remember allahis blessingsmanna and quail were sent to the jews for food. twelve springs of water came forth for each tribe to drink when moses smote the rock ( 2 : 57 - 60 ). possess scripturesthe children of israel should accept the qur ' an which confirms the scriptures they possess. do not be the first to reject islam ( 2 : 41 ). jews should practice what they are reading in their holy scriptures ( 2 : 44 ). covenant of the yellow cowwhen moses commanded the people to sacrifice a cow, they wondered if he was playing a game with them. the people tested moses with specific questions concerning the nature of the cow to be offered as sacrifice. it was determined to be middle aged, rich yellow color, healthy and free from blemish. the jews finally did what was commanded, but almost failed to do so ( 2 : 67 - 71 ). bible studied by jewsthose who inherited the scriptures have studied them well and know not to say something about allah that is not true ( 7 : 169 ). the christians and jews disagree yet they study the same holy scriptures ( 2 : 113 ). first to reject islamdo not be the first people to reject the qur ' an because it agrees with your scriptures. fear allah! be honest about the truth you have in scripture, do not sell it for a small price, combine not truth with falsehood or conceal the truth. worship with the muslims, pray and pay the tax to meet the needs of the poor ( 2 : 41 - 45 ). crucifixion of christthe jews have broken the covenant,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4866299814459103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4028bc44-91b6-4bf3-90ba-3dc0699abae7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.541505"}
{"text": "combine not truth with falsehood or conceal the truth. worship with the muslims, pray and pay the tax to meet the needs of the poor ( 2 : 41 - 45 ). crucifixion of christthe jews have broken the covenant, denied allahis revelations and killed the prophets wrongfully. they speak a tremendous slander against mary. they also say that they killed the messiah jesus, son of mary and allahis messenger. they did not kill him or crucify him. it only appeared that way to them. they did not kill him but allah took him up to himself ( 4 : 155 - 158 ). jews and the scripturesthe jewish people were given the torah ( first five books of the bible ) but were not responsive to it. they are like a donkey weighed down with heavy books. they are despicable because they reject allahis revelations ( 62 : 5 ). the children of israel were given the bible, prophethood and favored above all other peoples. it was only after the scriptures had come to them that they divided into factions ( 45 : 16 - 17 ). guidance was given to moses and the children of israel inherited the bible, which is a guide for men of understanding ( 40 : 53 - 54 ). they pervert the words of the bible and take them out of context. all but a few of them are continually treacherous. bear with them and pardon them for allah loves those who are kind ( 5 : 13 ). you have no savioryou jews must protect yourselves from the judgment day when you will have no savior, intercession or ransom for your sins ( 2 : 47, 48 ). remember your past mistakesafter allah gave the scriptures to moses, your forefathers made a golden calf to worship. moses then encouraged the jewish people to kill themselves. they were struck by lightening yet revived by a miracle ( 2 : 53 - 56 ). murderers of the prophetsthe jews disbelieved in allahis revelations and slew the prophets wrongfully. they received humiliation, wretchedness was stamped upon them. they received the wrath of allah ( 2 : 61 ). jesus, son of mary, was given power to do miracles and strengthened with the holy spirit. yet, when an apostle comes with undesirable teachings, the jews get prideful and some they call deceivers and others they kill ( 2 : 87 ). you ask mohammed to bring fire from the sky as proof before you believe. other apostles did bring great signs and gave the scriptures,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46410871916198104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4028bc44-91b6-4bf3-90ba-3dc0699abae7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.544785"}
{"text": "teachings, the jews get prideful and some they call deceivers and others they kill ( 2 : 87 ). you ask mohammed to bring fire from the sky as proof before you believe. other apostles did bring great signs and gave the scriptures, which give light. why did you kill them ( 3 : 183 )? sabbath breakers turned into apesjews are to remember how a group of sabbath breakers were changed into detestable apes by allah as an example for future generations ( 2 : 65, 66 ). hard heartedeven after allah raised a dead man to life, the jews hearts were hardened and became harder than rocks ( 2 : 72 - 74 ). hypocritesthey claim to believe that they will go to heaven, but if they truly believed that then they would wish for death. in fact they love this life more than even the pagans and dread death because they know they face punishment ( 2 : 94 - 96, 62 : 6 - 8 ). jews are enemiesjews and pagans are the fiercest in their opposition to islam, but the most affectionate are some who call themselves dchristians. e they have priests and monks and they are not proud. tears come to their eyes when they hear the reading of the qur ' an because they recognize that it is true. but those who disbelieve and deny allahis revelations are going to the fires of hell ( 5 : 82 - 86 ). claim to paradisethe jews and christians claim that they alone will be admitted to paradise. this is a fantasy ( 2 : 111 ). befriending jews prohibitedthe muslim who takes christians or jews as friends is one of them ( 5 : 51 ). jews among the vilest of creaturesthe christians, jews and idol worshipers, who do not believe in mohammed or the qur ' an, are going to burn forever in hell and are the worst creatures on earth ( 98 : 6 ). fight against the jewsmuslims, fight everyone who reject islam, even if they are christians and jews. fight them until they pay you regular financial tribute with willing submission and feel themselves completely subjected to their islamic conquerors ( 9 : 29 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4564191054076648, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4028bc44-91b6-4bf3-90ba-3dc0699abae7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.546876"}
{"text": "- marginal cost pricingsearch for term ' marginal cost pricing ' expresses the theory that the net benefits of an economic activity are maximised when prices are equal to the marginal cost of production. this is because prices measure consumers \u2019 marginal willingness to pay, and therefore the value, of a commodity or service. the marginal cost is the quantity of resources, which must be employed to produce a single extra unit of the commodity. when price equals marginal cost, it indicates that the cost of the marginal unit of production is just equal to, and therefore justified by, the value of the extra consumption. in the case of water resources, the \u2018 cost of production \u2019 should be interpreted to include the impact on the environment. damage to the environment can lower welfare directly ( e. g. through reduced amenity ), or indirectly, through the need to spend more on water treatment. also, any current use must reduce the amount of water available for use in future periods. this would apply to any store of water, such as an aquifer or lake, being used in excess of its recharge rate. continued exploitation must at some time lead to exhaustion. hence, current use of the resource has an opportunity cost which is the cost of use foregone in the future. various formulae exist on which marginal cost pricing policies can be based, which take into account the indivisibilities, which are a feature of water resources, investment. further information : pricing of water services. oecd, 1987. - meteringsearch for term systems of metering for calculating water consumption, and thereby charges owed by the customer per unit of water consumed, are needed in cases where charges or tariffs for water are not set at a flat rate per user. however, it is important to recognise that metering is expensive to install and operate efficiently, and that users are likely to reduce their usage, so that it may not be economic \u2013 however apparently desirable \u2013 to install a metering system. any decision to install metering will have to take many factors into account : the value and scarcity / abundance of water ; the cost of installing meters, maintaining their security, staffing their inspection, billing customers, etc. ; possible customer reactions ; the desirability and practicalities of introducing a two - tier payment system, whereby above a certain level, price per unit increases, thus helping reduce waste and increase revenues. most oecd countries, and a growing number of other countries, use metering for urban domestic water consumption. ( see also tariff structures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4944488508057384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ec08557-ffd6-45c6-932d-f1e33350e301>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.556184"}
{"text": "youth sports safety - 5 tips to help protect your little athlete cringing at bumps, falls, trips and nudges is a common response among parents of young athletes. seventy - two percent of parents of children ages 6 to 17 report that they are highly concerned about their child experiencing a head injury on the sports field, according to a recent survey conducted by nmi research and dsm nutritional products, and their concern is not unwarranted. in fact, data indicates that emergency room visits of school - age athletes for serious injuries like concussions have significantly increased in recent years. parents should continue to encourage their children to get involved with youth sports, but they need to be aware that hard - hitting spills could have a lasting impact on their child \u2019 s brain health if not handled properly. \u201c i \u2019 ve worked with young and old athletes who are experiencing the lasting effects of head trauma during sports, \u201d says dr. julian bailes, a neurosurgeon and sports medicine expert who has worked with professional and college athletes for more than two decades. \u201c in many cases, their parents or coaches were eager to get them back in the game because they didn \u2019 t show signs of an injury. through research, we \u2019 re finding that even minor repeated head injuries can cause long - term effects on brain function. \u201d every parent on the sidelines should be aware of the signs that a more serious injury may have occurred. a father of five children and former athlete himself, bailes recommends that parents educate themselves about sports safety. \u201c there are things parents can do to help protect their children from sports - related injuries, from selecting the right protective gear to working with coaches and leagues to build awareness around recognizing and treating head injuries, \u201d says bailes. \u201c and we \u2019 re learning more every day. for example, recent pre - clinical studies have looked at the use of dha omega - 3 as a nutrient to help reduce the impact of traumatic brain injury. \u201d tip no. 1 : know the signs. not all concussions involve a loss of consciousness. in fact, most people who have concussions never black out. some indicators that a child may have a concussion and needs to see a doctor include headaches, listlessness, irritability, changes in sleeping, eating, school performance or play behaviors, and loss of balance or unsteady walking. tip no. 2 : limit exposure in practice. as a parent you can encourage coaches to have lighter practice days, focused on agility versus full - on player contact. tip no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.435913557908872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:233a9507-5563-4512-8c79-7868192328d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.566164"}
{"text": "or play behaviors, and loss of balance or unsteady walking. tip no. 2 : limit exposure in practice. as a parent you can encourage coaches to have lighter practice days, focused on agility versus full - on player contact. tip no. 3 : play it safe and slow. less than half of parents rely on a medical professional to examine their child to determine if they should return to play after a head injury, according to the survey. don \u2019 t take any chances. if your child experiences head trauma or you suspect a concussion during practice or in a game, seek medical attention immediately. and don \u2019 t be too eager to get them back in the game \u2013 wait until you get the go ahead from a doctor. tip no. 4 : be smart about nutrition. important for brain development and function throughout the lifecycle, dha is a structural fat in the brain that is particularly important during early childhood when the brain is in a rapid period of growth and development. look for foods rich in dha, like fatty fish, foods and beverages fortified with a vegetarian and sustainable algal source of dha, or algal dha supplements, which can be found at www. lifesdha. com. tip no. 5 : take a lead from the pros. stay up to date on the latest regulations and new equipment that is imposed by professional and collegiate teams. many times, what happens at the professional or collegiate level will trickle down to youth sports. \u201c sports are an important and healthy part of childhood, but being an athlete is not without risks, \u201d says dr. bailes. \u201c it only takes one poor or uninformed choice for a game to turn from fun to tragedy. every parent, coach and child should be educated on how to recognize and handle head injuries during sports. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45397533489011155, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:233a9507-5563-4512-8c79-7868192328d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.569148"}
{"text": "wolfgang amadeus mozart was an undeniable and unforgettable genius whose talent can possibly never be matched again. he wrote some of the most important artistic works ever to be created by man. mozart was born in salzburg on january 27, 1756 to leopold and anna maria pertl. his father who was the choirmaster for the archbishop of salzburg, was an able and shrewd educator, and taught his son, not only theory of notable stature ( his method for the study of violin was in use until the beginning of our century ) but also knew how to intelligently manage the prodigious talent of amadeus. the first few years of mozart ' s life are unclear. it is certain, however, that he came into contact with music very early on in life : in fact, when his sister marianna, known as nannerl, at the age of six, was being given private harpsichord lessons, little wolfgang, who was only three at the time, was already spending hours banging away on the keyboard showing a marked inclination for music. before learning to read or write, little mozart revealed prodigious musical talent, to the extent that at the age of four he was already playing the clavichord and at five he was composing minuets. after having given a profound musical education, leopold mozart thought about investing in the precocious artistic qualities of his children : as early as january 1762 all of the family went to the court of the elector of munich, where the two young musicians gave a concert, resulting in amazement and admiration. the event immediately caused a stir and, in september of the same year, the empress maria teresa invited the two prodigious children to perform in the presence of the imperial family. as a harpsichordist wolfgang was appreciated not only for his compositions, but also for his ability to execute the pieces. he also quickly learned to play the violin and the organ. in 1763 the mozarts went on tour to give concerts. they visited munich, augusta, ulm, mannheim, frankfurt, cologne, followed by visits to aquisgrana and brussels and then to paris. the parisian trip lasted six months, during which the baron melchior grimm took the two children under his protection, introducing them into the artistic and musical society of the time ( diderot, d ' alembert, helvetius, the painter van loo, the musicians j. shobert, e. r. duni, p. gavinies, mme pampadour ) and the court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5228487540711576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0ec504-48ec-4670-8be0-2938bef3d7bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.598609"}
{"text": "( diderot, d ' alembert, helvetius, the painter van loo, the musicians j. shobert, e. r. duni, p. gavinies, mme pampadour ) and the court. in april 1764 in london, johann christian bach, choirmaster of the court, welcomed the young mozart as a colleague and played with him. here wolfgang met c. f. abel, from whom he learnt the technique for playing the clarinet, an instrument which was, at that time, still very seldom used in the orchestra, and also the famous opera composer g. manzuoli who taught him the belcanto technique. the influence of j. ch. bach was crucial to the style in which mozart wrote the k. 16 and k. 19 symphonies in london, as well as many sonatas for the harpsichord and for other instruments. in london, where george iii and queen charlotte didn ' t get tired of listening to his improvisations on the tambourine, the young boy also had his first contact with italian melodrama, attending performances by piccinni, galuppi, gerrandini, giardini and others. when mozart was once again back in salzburg, the archbishop commissioned him in 1767 to compose the oratorio die schuldigkeit des ersten gebots ; in the same year the young musician also wrote a cantata, an offertory, a prologue and a tragedy. from this moment on, aged only eleven, the intense and fruitful structural activity of mozart began which didn ' t stop until his death, amounting to ( according to the chronological catalogue completed in 1862 by ludwig kochel ) at least 626 opus numbers. mozart was continuously called on by the nobles, who often competed against each other for his presence and therefore the composer spent a lot of time in vienna : in 1768 he composed, commissioned by the emperor, la finta semplice, opera buffa in three acts, which, due to the envy the young genius already provoked in the musical circles, wasn ' t performed in vienna but only the following year in salzburg. instead, the german operetta bastien und bastienne was performed privately at doctor mesmer ' s house. in the capital mozart had the opportunity of listening to gluck ' s alceste, he also got to know and began studying in depth, operas from the major symphonists from the viennese style ( joseph and michael haydn, dittersdorf,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43958126899261835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0ec504-48ec-4670-8be0-2938bef3d7bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.600287"}
{"text": "had the opportunity of listening to gluck ' s alceste, he also got to know and began studying in depth, operas from the major symphonists from the viennese style ( joseph and michael haydn, dittersdorf, vanhal, wagenseil, gassmann ). he also began relations with hasse. intense periods of studying, composing and concert activities caused exhaustion and frequent illnesses, but leopold decided to embark on a trip to italy. they left in december 1769, stopped in rovereto, verona and mantova, where mozart conducted one of his symphonies, read and performed a concert and sonata at first sight, and improvised an aria based on a text proposed by the audience. in rome mozart listened to il miserere by gregorio allegri in the sistine chapel - whose score was jealously guarded - and he rewrote it outright from memory after only hearing it twice ; the pope, astonished, gave it the title of cavaliere dello speron d ' oro. in bologna, mozart took lessons from father martini and was subjected to the compulsory test of the accademia filarmonica, which he passed and was nominated and became an official member of the accademia. in milan he met g. b. sammartini and n. piccinni and composed on commission, as well as four symphonies, the opera mitridate re di ponto, performed on december 26th, 1770. following the success of the opera, he had the task of writing a celebration piece for the archduke fernando ' s wedding to maria beatrice of modena. when mozart returned to salzburg in march 1771, he began composing the opera, a ' theatrical evening ' in two acts, entitled ascanio in alba, based on a text by the abbot giuseppe parini. nevertheless, he obtained the authorization to go on a third trip to italy to perform the opera lucio silla in milan ( december 1772 ), which he did reluctantly and the opera, in fact, was unsuccessful ; on this occasion he met giovanni paisiello. from march 1773 to the summer of 1777 mozart didn ' t move from salzburg, apart from a couple of brief trips to vienna, where he became one of haydn ' s disciples and he became deeply interested in counterpoint, writing some expert quartets finishing with fugues of different subjects. in 1775 ( january 13th ), his new opera, la finta giardiniera, was performed in munich and provoked great enthusiasm ; and in 1776, in salzburg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4115857269559157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0ec504-48ec-4670-8be0-2938bef3d7bb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.604570"}
{"text": "counterpoint, writing some expert quartets finishing with fugues of different subjects. in 1775 ( january 13th ), his new opera, la finta giardiniera, was performed in munich and provoked great enthusiasm ; and in 1776, in salzburg, il re pastore. but the shabby atmosphere of his native city, and the continuous oppressions which the archbishop colleredo subjected him to, pushed mozart to resign from the post of konzertmeister, which was also badly paid. in august 1777 the composer left salzburg, accompanied by his mother, and went to munich ; then he went to augusta and finally to mannheim, where he began once again to listen to and study the symphonists of that group. to earn money he gave lessons and composed to order. he met aloysia weber ( daughter of fridolin, uncle of carl von weber ) and he fell in love. on july 3rd, 1778 his mother died : broken - hearted, notwithstanding the eulogies gathered from his symphony in d major called \" parigina \" ( k297 ), he returned to salzburg, where he was proposed the post of organist for the court and for the cathedral. the clamorous success obtained in munich with his new opera idomeneo re di creta ( 1781 ) inspired him to finish completely with salzburg to try out his fortune in the international atmosphere of vienna, where he settled, notwithstanding the opposition he met with from his father and sister, and having been refused by aloysia weber, he married her sister constanze in 1782. in the same year he received the task of writing an opera for the emperor giuseppe ii. mozart chose a german singspiel based on a text by gottlob stephanie, belmonte und constanze oder die entfuhrung aus dem serail, the first masterpiece in mozart ' s opera repertoire and the first step towards the development of a german musical theatre. after the performance of this opera ( july 16th, 1782 ), for four years mozart seems to have distanced himself from the theatre. he became a member of the vienna freemasonry, and wrote a lot of instrumental, symphonic and chamber music, concerts for pianoforte, quartets and trios. in vienna he began a very close friendship with lorenzo da ponte and emanuel schikaneder, who became his librettists. after having composed a short opera entitled der schauspiel direktor ( impresario ), performed in the court of schonbr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.422252772137463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0ec504-48ec-4670-8be0-2938bef3d7bb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.606355"}
{"text": "friendship with lorenzo da ponte and emanuel schikaneder, who became his librettists. after having composed a short opera entitled der schauspiel direktor ( impresario ), performed in the court of schonbrunn, he wrote one of his best masterpieces, le nozze di figaro, based on a libretto by da ponte which was inspired by the famous comedy by beaumarchais especially requested by mozart. from the first performance ( may 1st, 1786 ), the success was phenomenal, provoking envy in the traditional opera composers ( among them antonio salieri ), who, in vain, tried to pull all the strings to sabotage mozart. the opera was repeated the following january in prague, where the italian theatre asked him to write a new opera. this was don giovanni, once again based on a libretto by lorenzo da ponte, and it was staged on october 29th, 1787. it was destined to build inexhaustible themes of literary and philosophical reflections, from the romantics to kirkegaard, to nietzsche, to nowadays. after the triumph of don giovanni in prague, mozart returned to vienna, where he was called to occupy the post of kammermusicus for the emperor, vacant due to the death of gluck. however, the musician ' s economic situation was precarious ; the modest salary, private lessons and the compositions of every type which he had been commissioned to do, were not enough to sustain his heavy family expenses. mozart isolated himself more and more, not finding even his wife to be a comfort in his loneliness. another perturbation he suffered was the death of his father on may 28th, 1787. in 1789 he went to berlin with prince lichnowsky. the emperor federico guglielmo ii, after having heard him play at potsdam, offered him the position of kappelmeister, with an annual salary of three thousand thalers, but mozart refused, preferring to remain loyal to the austrian emperor, his protector, for whom he wrote the new opera, cosi fan tutte, ossia la scuola degli amanti, again with the libretto by da ponte, performed in vienna on january 26th, 1790 but was more or less coldly received. when joseph ii died, his successor, leopold ii showed no interest for music ; to celebrate the coronation mozart nevertheless wrote la clemenza di tito, with the libretto by metastasio and it was performed in prague on september 6th, 1791. already suffering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3935937624084982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0ec504-48ec-4670-8be0-2938bef3d7bb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.608223"}
{"text": "joseph ii died, his successor, leopold ii showed no interest for music ; to celebrate the coronation mozart nevertheless wrote la clemenza di tito, with the libretto by metastasio and it was performed in prague on september 6th, 1791. already suffering from health problems, mozart returned to vienna, convinced he had only a short time more to live. to augment the imminent sense of death, a mysterious customer, so the story goes, ordered a requiem mass. as well as that, he accepted the task of composing another german opera, die zauberflote ( the magic flute ), based on the text by schikaneder. the opera was performed in the small theater auf der wieden on september 30th, 1791 and was the last theatrical masterpiece by mozart. he began once again to work feverishly on the requiem. it remained unfinished however, due to his sudden death. it was finally completed by his student franz sussmayr. the creative activity by mozart ranged from chamber music to concerts for solo instruments, from religious music to symphonies to operas. a first complete edition of his operas was published in leipzig from 1877 to 1905. a new critical edition was completed by the editors barenreiter, kassel, 1955 - 93. mozart is a unique entity in the history of music, a new world began for musical expression which made him into one of the most important symbols in modern culture. on december 5th, 1791 ( dies irae ) at one in the morning one of the most important figures in art ( musical but not only ) of all times died. due to the lack of funds, his remains were buried in a common grave in saint mark ' s cemetery in vienna and were never found again. the cause of his death remained a mystery, and a legend started ( originating from poets and cultured and learned people, among these puskin, in the romantic period ) which stated that mozart was poisoned by antonio salieri.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4412482666918657, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea0ec504-48ec-4670-8be0-2938bef3d7bb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.609885"}
{"text": "advice to help you recognise the early signs of the onset of labour during pregnancy with information on imminent birth and delivery.. labour is the process through which your baby will be born. for most women this happens when they are around 40 weeks pregnant, but anything from 37 weeks to 42 weeks is considered as being normal. with a first baby, from the first signs of labour until the baby is born can quite easily be a full 24 hours. this is because labour tends to start gradually allowing your baby time to adjust to what is happening. if you have already experienced labour the womb seems to work differently. the process of labour may still begin gradually but you will usually deliver your baby much more quickly. signs of the onset of labour : - a show - this is the mucousy plug that sits in the neck of the womb. as the neck of the womb begins to open this mucus may be dislodged. the mucus may be clear, slightly brown or pink. you may notice some streaks of blood. this is normal. if there is more than just a few streaks of blood, if there is bleeding without mucous or if your baby has not been moving please contact a midwife to make sure things are ok. otherwise just wait and see. a show can actually happen a few weeks before you actually go into labour so it may or may not be a sign. - waters breaking - your waters are the amniotic fluid that surrounds your baby. they can break before you go into labour or during the labour process. when they do break you will be aware of leaking fluid all at once or keep leaking small amounts. some women feel a popping sensation. most women go into labour when their waters break after 37 weeks, but it can take a day or two. you will need to contact your midwife or the delivery suite to let them know what is happening. if you do not go into labour yourself then your labour may be induced because once the waters have broken there is a small risk of infection to your baby which increases with time. - contractions - this is the muscle of your womb tightening, pulling up on your cervix and pushing down on your baby. at first you may be aware of just some discomfort or period type pain that comes and goes. as time goes on you will become more aware of definite contractions, usually felt low down in the front of your abdomen or in your back. they will become longer and stronger and more intense. once your contractions are lasting about 45 seconds to a minute they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41750593578841005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2047b095-167c-4176-8b10-e5a06d89efa3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.629399"}
{"text": "what is the michel thomas method? the michel thomas method teaches everyday conversational language that will allow you to communicate in a wide variety of situations, empowered by the ability to create your own sentences and use the language instinctively, having absorbed the vocabulary and grammatical structures. these all - audio courses were perfected over 25 years by gifted linguist and teacher michel thomas, and provide an accelerated method for language learning that is truly revolutionary. lessons 1 - 8, the beginner course : this course makes no assumption of knowledge of any language other than english and gives the beginner practical and functional use of the spoken language. it is also appropriate for anyone who has studied polish before, but has forgotten much of it or does not have confidence in speaking. the beginner course is designed to take you from complete beginner to intermediate level. lessons 9 - 12, the intermediate course : this course is for those with an intermediate - level foundation in polish, or those who have completed lessons 1 - 8 and want to take their learning to an advanced level and speak polish proficiently and easily. how does it work? unlike most language courses that focus around topics or grammar forms, the michel thomas method works by breaking a language down into its component parts, enabling you to reconstruct the language yourself - to form your own sentences, to say what you want, when you want. within the first 10 minutes of the course, you will be generating complete sentences on your own. it is important that you complete the lessons in order. the method is successful because it builds on the language you learn in each lesson and ' recycles ' language taught in earlier lessons, allowing you to build ever - more complicated sentences. because the method is based on understanding, not memorisation, there is no set limit to the length of time that you should study each lesson. once you feel you have a good grasp of the language taught in one lesson, you can move on to the next. in lesson 7 of the polish beginner course, you \u2019 ll be able to use reflexive verbs and speak about the past with \u2026 - nouns : ' visa ', ' reservation ', ' observation ', ' operation ', ' organisation ', ' son ' - pronouns : ' your ' ( formal, singular ), ' his ', ' her ' ( sense ' her coffee ' ), ' oneself ', ' your ' ( informal, singular ), ' each other ', ' her ' ( sense ' for her ' ), ' him ' ( sense ' for him ' )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43339170241196756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17ba69aa-615c-4afe-bfa0-28257778d002>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.640626"}
{"text": "' her ' ( sense ' her coffee ' ), ' oneself ', ' your ' ( informal, singular ), ' each other ', ' her ' ( sense ' for her ' ), ' him ' ( sense ' for him ' ) - verbs : ' to feel ' ( = ' to have oneself ' ), ' to be called ' ( = ' to call oneself ' ), ' to learn ' ( = ' to teach oneself ' ), ' to get ready ' ( = ' to prepare oneself ' ), ' to start ( itself ) ', ' to find out ' ( = ' to make oneself know ' ), ' to get / become ' ( = ' to make itself ' ), ' to know ( somebody / something ) ' - social communications : ' how are you? ' ( = ' how do you have yourself? ' ), ' how does one say it? ' ( = ' how does it speak itself? ' ), ' i am cold ' ( = ' to me it is cold ' ; ' it is ' can be omitted ) - adverbs : ' cold, colder ', ' warm, warmer ', ' yesterday ' - adjective : ' busy / engaged / occupied ' - how to use the possessive pronouns ' your ' ( formal ), ' his ', ' her ' - forming verbs from nouns ending in ation ( acja in polish ) - verb endings for ' they ' and ' you ' ( formal, plural ) form - commands in the plural - using reflexive verbs - the past tense : formation ; endings affected by gender ; usage ( translates english ' i bought ' and ' i have bought ' ) - past - tense endings for ' i ', ' he / she / it ', ' you ' ( singular, formal ) - past tense of impersonal expressions ( e. g. ' to me it was cold ' = ' i was cold ' ). in the next lesson you \u2019 ll learn more about the past tense, including detachable past - tense endings and tense in reported speech. \u00a92013 michel thomas ( p ) 2013 hodder & stoughton there are no listener reviews for this title yet. report inappropriate content if you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. this report will be reviewed by audible and we will take appropriate action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207968065296259, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17ba69aa-615c-4afe-bfa0-28257778d002>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.642475"}
{"text": "click image to enlarge linus torvalds likes penguins, which is why \" tux, \" the linux penguin, is both official mascot and logo for linux. red hat linux includes two types of desktop managers : gnome and, as shown here, kde. it almost looks like the standard microsoft windows graphical user interface. that ' s almost the point : people are used to the graphical interface with its icons, windows, pulldown menus, application launcher, panel ( what ' s called the \" taskbar \" in windows ), applets, and such. but behind the desktop is the linux kernel \u2014 the operating system \u2014 complete with true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, tcp / ip networking, multi - user capability, and load balancing. ( source : red hat, inc. ) why would ibm, msc. software, and a whole bunch of other hardware and software suppliers get \" pretty excited \" about the linux operating system ( os )? try low cost and reliability, multi - platform support, world - wide popularity ( and potential for high - volume sales ), and open source accelerating innovation. for these same reasons, you might want to not only get excited about linux, but consider it in your information technology ( it ) strategy. what is linux? linux is a free, unix - like os developed by linus torvalds while he was a student at the university of helsinki in 1991. ( in fact, \" linux \" is a fusion of \" linus \" and \" unix. \" ) software developers worldwide have been refining linux ever since. linux is now developed under the gnu general public license and its source code is freely available to everyone, although its assorted distributions might not be free from software companies and other developers. linux is not unix ; it was written from scratch. both follow posix standards ( portable operating system interface for unix ). and like unix, linux is a more technology - oriented os ; that is, it doesn ' t quite have the ease - of - use slickness of microsoft ' s windows and apple macintosh oss. however, those oss don ' t necessarily have linux ' s true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, tcp / ip networking, multi - user capability, and load balancing fea - tures. nor do they, like linux, intrinsically support computing environments that can scale horizontally and vertically \u2014 from embedded devices, desktops and web servers, all the way up to cluster computing environments. why so popular? there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48779731181745395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc804e4-e31a-497a-9df5-5d825a238abe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.658601"}
{"text": "fea - tures. nor do they, like linux, intrinsically support computing environments that can scale horizontally and vertically \u2014 from embedded devices, desktops and web servers, all the way up to cluster computing environments. why so popular? there are several reasons for the worldwide popularity of linux during the past two years, according to deepak m. advani, vice president of linux strategy and market development for ibm corporation ( somers, ny ). first, the linux total cost of ownership is relatively small. you don ' t have to pay a license or royalty for the os. better, it can run on inexpensive, non - proprietary, commodity hardware ( read \" intel \" and \" amd \" desktop computers ). user companies that lease their computers can trade in these machines every six months or so for a faster machine \u2014 and with linux. \" computer users can actually save money by making a decision to install linux tomorrow, \" says michael tiemann, chief technology officer ( cto ) of red hat, inc. ( durham, nc ). from a hardware perspective, linux is very efficient ; it doesn ' t require a lot of cpu resources. \" the things people have been able to do with old and refurbished desktop computers with red hat linux and the other utilities that come with it is just mind boggling, \" continues tiemann. linux is reliable. once you deploy a linux - based solution, it just runs. no reboots every week or so to flush out memory, eliminate dll corruptions, or reset pointers. linux preserves users ' investments in skills and applications because it can be installed just about everywhere. linux is the only os that runs on all \" intel inside \" and amd platforms ; powerpc, risc, and alpha processors ; as well as on mainframes and ibm as / 400s. \" users like that ; they ' re not locked to any given vendor, \" says advani. there ' s also a \" macro - economic trend \" to consider, advani is quick to point out. \" universities are deploying linux \u2014 pervasively and aggressively. many of today ' s students will not only run the it systems in the future, but they will make many of the it decisions. \" tiemann agrees, relating a conversation he had with the cto of a tier - 1 automaker. \" i asked him if he was running red hat at home, and he said, \u2018 of course! ' \" as open - source software, the linux source code is freely available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47439998996197436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc804e4-e31a-497a-9df5-5d825a238abe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.660295"}
{"text": "he had with the cto of a tier - 1 automaker. \" i asked him if he was running red hat at home, and he said, \u2018 of course! ' \" as open - source software, the linux source code is freely available for examination, modification, and redistribution. nobody really owns that source code ( although the name \" linux \" is a registered trademark of linus torvalds ). anyone can use it ; anyone can change it, fix bugs, add new features. the only caveat is that software changes are relinquished for everybody to share and use. \" one of the interesting things about linux and the open source development model is that programmers are reluctant to write poor implementations that will reflect poorly on their abilities, \" says tiemann. to this, advani adds that ibm sees open source accelerating innovation. \" it ' s a mechanism to bring together some of the brightest minds in the software industry, collaborating through the power of the internet, to develop a world - class os. \" a hardware vendor ' s perspective ibm ' s assumption is that if linux is this ubiquitous, ibm should have linux running on all its \" e - server platforms. \" ( these are rebranded ibm servers. for instance, the as / 400 is now the iseries \u2014 \" i \" stands for integrated ; mainframes are the zseries \u2014 \" z \" for near - zero downtime. ) of course, linux runs on ibm ' s intel - based netfinity series ( now xseries ). it also runs on ibm ' s other platforms, including ibm mainframes. why would anyone want that? universities, for instance, using ibm ' s vm ( virtual machine ) os, can run tens of thousands of linux instances on one mainframe. this not only gives the university ' s students their own dedicated linux - based computer, it also increases the utilization of the mainframe. on the industrial side, user companies love the reliability and manageability of their mainframes and the distributed computing model that ibm gives them. but these companies want to run modern, internet - based applications on those very same mainframes. linux makes that possible. a software vendor ' s perspective unlike ibm, msc. software is pushing software \u2014 computationally intensive software. specifically, finite element analysis ( fea ). msc. software ' s goal is to take big computational jobs \u2014 crash analysis using fea is an excellent example \u2014 and \" parallelizing \" them so they run much, much faster across multiple processors or some form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5083337406745887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc804e4-e31a-497a-9df5-5d825a238abe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.661527"}
{"text": "element analysis ( fea ). msc. software ' s goal is to take big computational jobs \u2014 crash analysis using fea is an excellent example \u2014 and \" parallelizing \" them so they run much, much faster across multiple processors or some form of cluster computing environment. \" by taking this really big problem, dividing it into smaller problems, and orchestrating that solution, we can do that job a lot faster, \" says jay clark, director of marketing and business development for msc. software ( costa mesa, ca ). however, \" linking several computers together does not become cost - effective unless you use commodity hardware. linux lets you use commodity hardware with all the traditional strength of the os, such as multi - user and multitasking with low overhead and high security, so you can get the job done faster and a lot less expensively. \" this is exactly what was found at dana corp. ' s spicer axle div. ( toledo, oh ), the world ' s leading independent axle and component manufacturer. running linux - based msc. nastran and msc. patran across multiple intel processors, spicer engineers found that individual analysis jobs ran two to ten times faster, depending on the physics behind the problem being solved. in general, the engineers found the intel - / linux - based cluster computing environment ran approximately three times faster and at half the cost of other simulation environments. ( by the way, herein lies linux ' s real threat to microsoft. forget \" better \" software, though that ' s a hard one to forget. forget less expensive software ; ditto. ground zero is in web - based and distributed computing environments, including cluster computing. microsoft very much wants to own the defacto os that fuels these environments. ) what about unix? unix has traditionally, and technologically, provided high - end cad / cam, points out tiemann. but it does so with a price tag five to ten times what you would pay using linux running on intel hardware. so not surprisingly, traditional unix applications are now showing up on linux. happily, migrating unix applications to linux is a fairly easy port. does this then spell the end of unix? hardly. computing will continue to be a heterogeneous world, says advani ; all platforms will have a key role to play. and, alas, linux still has some limitations. it is not yet ready to be your high - volume, mission - critical os, continues advani. \" i look at oss from a workload perspective. what work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5161492587341718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc804e4-e31a-497a-9df5-5d825a238abe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.662810"}
{"text": "role to play. and, alas, linux still has some limitations. it is not yet ready to be your high - volume, mission - critical os, continues advani. \" i look at oss from a workload perspective. what workload do you want to deploy? is linux ready for that workload? for high - end databases requiring 16 - or 32 - way symmetric multiprocessing ( smp ) capability, you need low levels of failure over time. that requires sophisticated workload management and scheduling. some of those capabilities aren ' t in linux today. \" linux in automotive linux has already made inroads to automotive. it is being used for servers of all types ( such as file, print, and web servers ). automotive ' s follow - the - sun engineering, as well as customer service and dealership, environments epitomize the distributed enterprise, and linux is already running some of those applications. moreover, automotive has traditionally used unix - based cluster computing for its high - end design engineering and simulation applications, such as computational fluid dynamics and crash analysis. by the way, the national center for supercomputing applications ( ncsa ), which, says tiemann, runs some of the \" mother of all finite element analyses \" problems, is building two tera - scale computers \u2014 both of which are running linux, the larger of the two running red hat linux. \" if your readers don ' t consider linux in their next compute environment, they ' re going to be making a big mistake, \" concludes clark. enter \" linux \" in your favorite search engine and your computer is bound to become overloaded with hits. besides e - visiting the three suppliers mentioned in this article at www. ibm. com, www. mscsoftware. com, and www. redhat. com, trawl over to www. linux. org for lots of information about linux, as well as links to even more information. for information about non - proprietary work on real - time and embedded linux, go over towww. puffinplc. org. there are other real - time linux projects going on, proprietary and non - proprietary ; enter \" linux real time \" in a search engine to see. if you can ' t quite replace your windows - based software with linux equivalents, visit the wine development headquarters at www. winehq. com for software that lets windows applications run on linux. keep in mind there ' s a lot of activity going on now in porting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44985521143015367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc804e4-e31a-497a-9df5-5d825a238abe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.664280"}
{"text": "this page contains some audio files. you can press this button here to test your sound settings. read our help pages for more information in case our sound feature does not work for you. the verb ' tener ' and its uses you can use the verb ' tener ' ( to have ) in spanish to express the fact that someone has or owns something. | 1st | | yo tengo | | nosotros tenemos | | 2nd | | tu tienes | | vosotros teneis | | 3rd | | el / ella tiene | | ellos / ellas tienen | | tengo un perro. | | i have a dog. | | \u00bf tiene pablo un carro nuevo? | | does pablo have a new car? | | tienen unos discos fantasticos. | | they have some fantastic records. | here are some expressions with ' tener ' to tell someone, what disease someone else has. | tener gripe | | to have the flu | | tener catarro | | to have a cold | | tener fiebre | | to have fever | | tener tos | | to have a cough | | tener dolor de cabeza | | to have a headache | | tener dolor de estomago | | to have a stomachache | | tener dolor de garganta | | to have a sore throat | | tener dolor de muelas | | tener dolor de espalda | | to have a backache | | \u00bf tienes dolor de cabeza? | | do you have a headache? | | no tengo catarro. | | i don ' t have a cold. | to tell someone that you have to do something, you can use a form of ' tener ' plus the preposition ' que ' plus an infinitive. sort of like ' you have ( tener ) to do your homework! '. | tengo que practicar ahora. | | i have to practice now. | | tienen que ir al supermercado. | | they have to go to the supermarket. | finally you can use ' tener ' ( to have ) as well to indicate that you fell like doing something. therefore, take the right form of ' tener ' plus the expression ' ganas de ' plus an infinitive : | tenemos ganas de dar un paseo. | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4743084726851613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2959be1-3935-47f1-854e-d1beb24e4713>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.668769"}
{"text": "your baby now weighs almost 430g, measures about 28cm long from crown to heel. your baby ' s legs aren ' t curled up so tightly to her tummy now. this means she can be measured from the top of her head to her heels, instead of her bottom. she is proportioned like a newborn, albeit a thinner version since her baby fat hasn ' t yet developed. although she ' s getting heavier every day, her skin still appears wrinkled and translucent because she needs to gain more weight. her lips are distinct and her eyes are formed, though the coloured part ( the iris ) still lacks pigment. the pancreas, essential in the production of hormones, is developing steadily. even this early, the first signs of teeth appear in the form of tooth buds beneath her gum line. before you know it, your baby will be born, and soon after, her first teeth will come through. you ' ve probably gained between 5. 5kg and 7kg. starting now, you ' ll begin to put on weight more steadily, averaging about 225g per week. you may crave certain foods and you may notice an increased ( but not bloody ) vaginal discharge. both are a normal part of being pregnant. is your partner feeling left out? tell him about our community where he can compare notes with other dads - to - be. note : every baby develops differently. this page is designed to give a general idea of how a fetus grows in the uterus. see your previous stage : 21 weeks pregnant see your next stage : 23 weeks pregnant referencesthis article was written using the following sources : hill m. 2009. development week by week. university of new south wales embryology. embryology. med. unsw. edu. au [ accessed august 2009 ] medline. 2009. fetal development. medline plus medical encyclopedia. www. nlm. nih. gov [ accessed august 2009 ] visembryo. 2006. pregnancy timeline. the visible embryo. www. visembryo. com [ accessed august 2009 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4134143075714079, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d242982-0b5e-4181-a6e7-49bbb8ec2028>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.671398"}
{"text": "a chemical pregnancy is another word for a very early miscarriage or spontaneous abortion which aborts prior to seeing the fetus. a chemical pregnancy is a pregnancy that has been confirmed by a pregnancy test ( either blood or urine ), but there are no other significant clinical signs of the pregnancy and there is nothing seen on ultrasound. the urine pregnancy test is often faintly positive or blood hcg levels are very low and don ' t increase appropriately. it is believed that fertilization occurs, but that the egg has died shortly after implantation. using beta - hcg blood testing, a woman can test positive for pregnancy as early as 1 - 2 days before a menstrual period is missed, usually 11 or 12 days after conception. although the blood test can detect a very low hcg level that indicates pregnancy a few days before a period, two to three days later, a period may start. without the test, most women would never have known they were briefly pregnant. a chemical pregnancy happens much more frequently than most people expect, probably up to 30 - 40 % of all pregnancies end up in a chemical pregnancy, and without early testing, most women would never have known about it. if the pregnancy develops for several more weeks, a sac forms, but without an embryo. that ' s called a ' blighted ovum '.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4955084876491471, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e9418a7-bfaa-47cc-b7be-13487860e074>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.675099"}
{"text": "henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. hiatus in the diaphragm. at its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column ; it approaches the median line as it descends ; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. the vessel describes a curve which is concave forward, and as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is inconsiderable. relations. it is in relation, anteriorly, from above downward, with the root of the left lung, the pericardium, the esophagus, and the diaphragm ; posteriorly, with the vertebral column and the hemiazygos veins ; on the right side, with the azygos vein and thoracic duct ; on the left side, with the left pleura and lung. the esophagus, with its accompanying plexus of nerves, lies on the right side of the aorta above ; but at the lower part of the thorax it is placed in front of the aorta, and, close to the diaphragm, is situated on its left side. peculiarities. the aorta is occasionally found to be obliterated at the junction of the arch with the thoracic aorta, just below the ductus arteriosus. whether this is the result of disease, or of congenital malformation, is immaterial to our present purpose ; it affords an interesting opportunity of observing the resources of the collateral circulation. the course of the anastomosing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4780710495939593, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3eb767a9-eda4-4777-aaa0-1999cf65090f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.677012"}
{"text": "| 4 | | the indian ocean about the indian ocean the indian ocean is the third largest ocean in the world and it covers 73 million square kilometers. this is the warmest ocean, rich in various flora and fauna. the deepest place in the indian ocean is the java basin, located south of the island of java. its depth is of 7450 m. it is int... | 4 | | the arctic ocean the arctic ocean - the realm of ice and silence the arctic ocean, which lies between canada and siberia, is the smallest ocean on the planet. it is the most mysterious, because it is almost completely hidden under a huge layer of ice. the arctic ocean basin divides into two underwater thresholds. the... | 3 | | the pacific ocean in the xv century, people called it \" the great ocean, \" and it was already assumed that it is an ocean of boundless amount. and they were right, because the area of the pacific ocean is more than 178. 620 million km \u00b2. it occupies half of the entire water surface of the earth, and over thirty percent of the planet ' s surface. the spanish conquistador vasco nunez de balboa found the ocean for the first time. on october 2, in 1513 he reac... oceans the oceans of the world the world ' s oceans the planet ' s oceans ocean tours water surface on the planet underwater world hydrosphere water water surface the role of oceans in the world the world ocean oceanography the earth ' s four oceans the atlantic ocean the indian ocean the pacific ocean the arctic ocean deep waters the deeepest ocean in the world the smallest ocean in the world currents movements of the water salt water the formation of seas and oceans on the planet water area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43118498045013026, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a330df9e-a064-4f6e-a642-50588d4861ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.679360"}
{"text": "if what has been already said shows the carnal policy of rome at the expense of truth, the circumstances attending the festival of the assumption show the daring wickedness and blasphemy of that church still more ; considering that the doctrine in regard to this festival, so far as the papacy is concerned, was not established in the dark ages, but three centuries after the reformation, amid all the boasted light of the nineteenth century. the doctrine on which the festival of the assumption is founded, is this : that the virgin mary saw no corruption, that in body and in soul she was carried up to heaven, and now is invested with all power in heaven and in earth. this doctrine has been unblushingly avowed in the face of the british public, in a recent pastoral of the popish archbishop of dublin. this doctrine has now received the stamp of papal infallibility, having been embodied in the late blasphemous decree that proclaims the \" immaculate conception. \" now, it is impossible for the priests of rome to find one shred of countenance for such a doctrine in scripture. but, in the babylonian system, the fable was ready made to their hand. there it was taught that bacchus went down to hell, rescued his mother from the infernal powers, and carried her with him in triumph to heaven. * * apollodorus. we have seen that the great goddess, who was worshipped in babylon as \" the mother, \" was in reality the wife of ninus, the great god, the prototype of bacchus. in conformity with this, we find a somewhat similar story told of ariadne, the wife of bacchus, as is fabled of semele his mother. \" the garment of thetis, \" says bryant, \" contained a description of some notable achievements in the first ages ; and a particular account of the apotheosis, of ariadne, who is described, whatever may be the meaning of it, as carried by bacchus to heaven. \" a similar story is told of alcmene, the mother of the grecian hercules, who was quite distinct, as we have seen, from the primitive hercules, and was just one of the forms of bacchus, for he was a \" great tippler \" ; and the \" herculean goblets \" are proverbial. ( muller ' s dorians ) now the mother of this hercules is said to have had a resurrection. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4501981056624602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad7cf227-8e61-468f-8941-66138c0e53ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.690045"}
{"text": "hell, under the name of \" the holy virgin, \" we find pausanias, while describing the grove carnasius, thus bearing testimony : \" this grove contains a statue of apollo carneus, of mercury carrying a ram, and of proserpine, the daughter of ceres, who is called ' the holy virgin. ' \" the purity of this \" holy virgin \" did not consist merely in freedom from actual sin, but she was especially distinguished for her \" immaculate conception \" ; for proclus says, \" she is called core, through the purity of her essence, and her undefiled transcendency in her generations. \" do men stand amazed at the recent decree? there is no real reason to wonder. it was only in following out the pagan doctrine previously adopted and interwoven with the whole system of rome to its logical consequences, that that decree has been issued, and that the madonna of rome has been formally pronounced at last, in every sense of the term, absolutely \" immaculate. \" now, after all this, is it possible to doubt that the madonna of rome, with the child in her arms, and the madonna of babylon, are one and the same goddess? it is notorious that the roman madonna is worshipped as a goddess, yea, is the supreme object of worship. will not, then, the christians of britain revolt at the idea of longer supporting this monstrous babylonian paganism? what christian constituency could tolerate that its representative should vote away the money of this protestant nation for the support of such blasphemous idolatry? * * it is to be lamented that christians in general seem to have so little sense either of the gravity of the present crisis of the church and the world, or of the duty lying upon them as christ ' s witnesses, to testify, and that practically, against the public sins of the nation. if they would wish to be stimulated to a more vigorous discharge of duty in this respect, let them read an excellent and well - timed little work recently issued from the press, entitled an original interpretation of the apocalypse, where the apocalyptic statements in regard to the character, life, death, and resurrection of the two witnesses, are briefly but forcibly handled. were not the minds of men judicially blinded, they would tremble at the very thought of incurring the guilt that this land, by upholding the corruption and wickedness of rome, has for years past been contracting. has not the word of god, in the most energetic and awful terms, doomed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646715860674288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad7cf227-8e61-468f-8941-66138c0e53ef>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.692344"}
{"text": "would tremble at the very thought of incurring the guilt that this land, by upholding the corruption and wickedness of rome, has for years past been contracting. has not the word of god, in the most energetic and awful terms, doomed the new testament babylon? and has it not equally declared, that those who share in babylon ' s sins, shall share in babylon ' s plagues? ( rev 18 : 4 ) the guilt of idolatry is by many regarded as comparatively slight and insignificant guilt. but not so does the god of heaven regard it. which is the commandment of all the ten that is fenced about with the most solemn and awful sanctions? it is the second : \" thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in the heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth : thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them : for i the lord thy god am a jealous god, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me. \" these words were spoken by god ' s own lips, they were written by god ' s own finger on the tables of stone : not for the instruction of the seed of abraham only, but of all the tribes and generations of mankind. no other commandment has such a threatening attached to it as this. now, if god has threatened to visit the sin of idolatry above all other sins, and if we find the heavy judgments of god pressing upon us as a nation, while this very sin is crying to heaven against us, ought it not to be a matter of earnest inquiry, if among all our other national sins, which are both many and great, this may not form \" the very head and front of our offending \"? what though we do not ourselves bow down to stocks and stones? yet if we, making a profession the very opposite, encourage, and foster, and maintain that very idolatry which god has so fearfully threatened with his wrath, our guilt, instead of being the less, is only so much the greater, for it is a sin against the light. now, the facts are manifest to all men. it is notorious, that in 1845 anti - christian idolatry was incorporated in the british constitution, in a way in which for a century and a half it had not been incorporated before. it is equally notorious, that ever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4386783268640342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad7cf227-8e61-468f-8941-66138c0e53ef>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.693354"}
{"text": "manifest to all men. it is notorious, that in 1845 anti - christian idolatry was incorporated in the british constitution, in a way in which for a century and a half it had not been incorporated before. it is equally notorious, that ever since, the nation has been visited with one succession of judgments after another. ought we then to regard this coincidence as merely accidental? ought we not rather to see in it the fulfilment of the threatening pronounced by god in the apocalypse? this is at this moment an intensely practical subject. if our sin in this matter is not nationally recognised, if it is not penitently confessed, if it is not put away from us ; if, on the contrary, we go on increasing it, if now for the first time since the revolution, while so manifestly dependent on the god of battles for the success of our arms, we affront him to his face by sending idol priests into our camp, then, though we have national fasts, and days of humiliation without number, they cannot be accepted ; they may procure us a temporary respite, but we may be certain that \" the lord ' s anger will not be turned away, his hand will be stretched out still. \" * * the above paragraph first appeared in the spring of 1855, when the empire had for months been looking on in amazement at the \" horrible and heart - rending \" disasters in the crimea, caused simply by the fact, that official men in that distant region \" could not find their hands, \" and when at last a day of humiliation had been appointed. the reader can judge whether or not the events that have since occurred have made the above reasoning out of date. the few years of impunity that have elapsed since the indian mutiny, with all its horrors, was suppressed, show the long - suffering of god. but if that long - suffering is despised ( which it manifestly is, while the guilt is daily increasing ), the ultimate issue must just be so much the more terrible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4972484807211898, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad7cf227-8e61-468f-8941-66138c0e53ef>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.694132"}
{"text": "| therapeutic dosages | therapeutic uses | safety issues | interactions you should know about policosanol is a mixture of waxy substances generally manufactured from sugarcane. it contains about 60 % octacosanol, along with many related chemicals. in some cases, the terms octacosanol and policosanol are used interchangeably. numerous studies have reported that sugarcane policosanol can substantially improve cholesterol profile, with an efficacy approximately equal to that of the most effective drugs used for this purpose. on this basis, policosanol has been approved as a treatment for high cholesterol in about two dozen countries, most of them in latin america. however, essentially all positive studies of policosanol were performed and reported by a single cuban research group \u2014 a group with a financial relationship to the product. independent verification of the product \u2019 s effectiveness was delayed for several years by various legal obstacles. during the years 2006 and 2007, however, several independent studies of sugarcane policosanol were at last reported. in none of these trials has policosanol proved more effective than placebo. the tested cuban policosanol product is manufactured from sugarcane. octacosanol and related substances are also found in wheat germ oil, vegetable oils,, and various animal products. due to political and patent issues, sugarcane policosanol has not been widely available in the us. products sold in the us market as \" policosanol \" are generally derived from beeswax or wheat germ. these products have a significantly different mixture of constituents and could have substantially different effects. typical dosages of policosanol in cuban studies have ranged from 5 mg to 10 mg twice daily. the cuban research group that holds the patent on sugarcane - derived policosanol has published approximately 80 double - blind studies on their product. if these reports are to be believed, a total of several thousand people with elevated cholesterol levels have been enrolled in clinical trials ranging in length from 6 weeks to 12 months, and in virtually every one of these trials policosanol proved both more effective than placebo and equally effective as statin drugs. however, in science, it is always necessary to have independent confirmation of results before a treatment can be considered proven to work. the first truly independent trials of policosanol as a treatment for high cholesterol began to appear in 2006. of the many studies published since then, enrolling over 500 people, not one found policosanol more effective than place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4782318902676855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d89c58d8-2086-400c-be9f-762b28fbda21>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.700186"}
{"text": ". the first truly independent trials of policosanol as a treatment for high cholesterol began to appear in 2006. of the many studies published since then, enrolling over 500 people, not one found policosanol more effective than placebo. these results have raised serious doubts about the effectiveness of sugarcane policosanol. in addition, questions are now being raised about other scientific claims made by the patent - holding cuban research group. wheat - germ policosanol, sold in the us as substitute for sugarcane policosanol, failed to prove more effective than placebo in the one published clinical trial of this product. there is no published evidence to indicate that beeswax - derived policosanol affects cholesterol profile. a study published in croatia reportedly found benefit with rice - source policosanol, but it suffered from significant problems in design and reporting. the bottom line : at present, considerable doubt exists regarding whether any form of policosanol offers cholesterol - related benefits. one study, again conducted by the patent - holding cuban research group, reported that policosanol is helpful for other potential uses of policosanol have been proposed by non - cuban researchers. a small double - blind trial found marginal evidence that policosanol might enhance sports performance marginal benefits were also seen in a very small, double - blind trial of individuals with ; however, this study also reported that policosanol can increase the side effects of the levodopa, the standard drug used for parkinson \u2019 s disease. finally, in a small double - blind trial, policosanol failed to produce any benefits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : virtually all statements regarding the safety of policosanol derive from studies reported by the patent - holding cuban research group. since the reliability of these researchers is now in question, all of the statements below are similarly open to question. given the above caveat, policosanol is said to be safe at the maximum recommended dose. in double - blind trials, only mild short - term side effects have been reported, such as nervousness, headache, diarrhea, and insomnia. a safety study of 27, 879 people followed for 2 to 4 years showed that use of policosanol produced adverse effects in only 0. 31 % of participants, primarily weight loss, excessive urination, and insomnia. in animal studies, no toxic signs were seen even at 620 times the maximum recommended dose. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4608737036011632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d89c58d8-2086-400c-be9f-762b28fbda21>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.704791"}
{"text": "use of policosanol produced adverse effects in only 0. 31 % of participants, primarily weight loss, excessive urination, and insomnia. in animal studies, no toxic signs were seen even at 620 times the maximum recommended dose. in addition, policosanol does not adversely affect the liver. finally, policosanol does not interact with three types of medications used for high blood pressure : calcium - channel antagonists, diuretics, and beta - blockers. on the other hand, policosanol may be a \" blood thinner, \" and it appears to enhance the blood - thinning effects of aspirin, though at least one study failed to confirmed this adverse effect. still, to be on the safe side, policosanol should not be combined with aspirin or other blood - thinning drugs, such as ( trental ). there is also at least a remote chance that it might cause excessive bleeding if combined with natural supplements that thin the blood, such as, and high - dose. similarly, individuals with clotting problems should avoid policosanol, and the supplement should not be used during the period immediately prior to or following surgery or labor and delivery. one non - cuban report suggests that policosanol might increase the action of levodopa, a medication used for parkinson ' s disease, leading to increased side effects called dyskinesias. the maximum safe dosages for young children, pregnant or nursing women, or individuals with severe liver or kidney disease have not been established. interactions you should know about do not use policosanol except on medical advice if you are taking : blood - thinning medications, for example : natural supplements that thin the blood, for example : keep in mind that policosanol may increase both the effects and side effects of :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41090837718365036, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d89c58d8-2086-400c-be9f-762b28fbda21>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.705763"}
{"text": "click on the image to see an enhanced diagram. heat is energy in transit from warmer systems to colder systems. heat is associated with the internal potential and kinetic energy ( an apparently disorganized molecular motion ) of a system. if heat is a form of energy associated to the particles \u2019 rotational, translational and vibratory movements, how does the heat move through the space between the sun and the earth, which density is extremely low? the answer is : heat could be transferred from warmed systems by radiation. the thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation that consists of particles and waves, i. e. photons and waves, the same as visible light. thus, the radiative heat transfer can take place through vacuum. the energy always moves from a warmer system to a colder system. the energy which is moving from one system to another is known as heat. the transfer or dispersion of heat can occur by means of three main mechanisms, conduction, convection and radiation : conduction : it is the flow of heat through solids and liquids by vibration and collision of molecules and free electrons. the molecules of a given point of a system which are at higher temperature vibrate faster than the molecules of other points of the same system - or of other systems - which are at lower temperature. the molecules with a higher movement collide with the less energized molecules and transfer part of their energy to the less energized molecules of the colder regions of the structure. for example, the heat transfer by conduction through the bodywork of a car. metals are the best thermal conductors ; while non - metals are poor thermal conductors. for comparison, the thermal conductivity ( k ) of the copper is 401 w / m * k, while the thermal conductivity ( k ) of the air is 0. 0263 w / m * k. the thermal conductivity of the carbon dioxide ( co2 ) is 0. 01672 w / m * k, almost the thermal conductivity of an isolator. formula to calculate the conductivity gradient for a given system : q = - ka ( \u03b4 t / \u03b4 n ) where \u03b4 t / \u03b4 n is the temperature gradient in the direction of area a, and k is the thermal conductivity constant obtained by experimentation in w / m. k. convection : flow of heat through currents within a fluid ( liquid or gas ). convection is the displacement of volumes of a substance in a liquid or gaseous phase. when a mass of a fluid is heated up, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.637436435894723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.725176"}
{"text": "w / m. k. convection : flow of heat through currents within a fluid ( liquid or gas ). convection is the displacement of volumes of a substance in a liquid or gaseous phase. when a mass of a fluid is heated up, for example when it is in contact with a warmer surface, its molecules are carried away and scattered causing that the mass of that fluid becomes less dense. for this reason, the warmed mass will be displaced vertically and / or horizontally, while the colder and denser mass of fluid goes down ( the low - kinetic - energy molecules displace the molecules in high - kinetic - energy states ). through this process, the molecules of the hot fluid transfer heat continuously toward the volumes of the colder fluid. for example, when heating up water on a stove, the volume of water at the bottom of the pot will be warmed up by conduction from the metallic bottom of the pot and its density decreases. given that it gets lesser dense, it shifts upwards up to the surface of the volume of water and displaces the upper - colder and denser - mass of water downwards, to the bottom of the pot. formula of convection : q = ha ( ts - t \u221e ) where h is for convective heat transfer coefficient, a is the area implied in the heat transfer process, ts is for the temperature of the system and t \u221e is a reference temperature. radiation : it is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves or photons. it does not need a propagating medium. the energy transferred by radiation moves at the speed of light. the heat radiated by the sun can be exchanged between the solar surface and the earth ' s surface without heating the transitional space. for example, if i place an object ( such as a coin, a car, or myself ) under the direct sunbeams, i will note in a little while that the object will be heated. the exchange of heat between the sun and the object occurs by radiation. the formula to know the amount of heat transferred by radiation is : q = e \u03c3 a [ ( \u03b4t ) ^ 4 ] where q is the heat transferred by radiation, e is the emissivity of the system, \u03c3 is the constant of stephan - boltzmann ( 5. 6697 x 10 ^ - 8 w / m ^ 2. k ^ 4 ), a is the area involved in the heat transfer by radiation, and ( \u03b4t ) ^ 4 is the difference of temperature between two systems to the fourth or higher power. a heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6239080346056073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.727733"}
{"text": "^ - 8 w / m ^ 2. k ^ 4 ), a is the area involved in the heat transfer by radiation, and ( \u03b4t ) ^ 4 is the difference of temperature between two systems to the fourth or higher power. a heat sink is a system capable of absorbing heat from an object with which it is in thermal contact without a phase change or a significant variation in temperature. at earth ' s location, the outer space, the gravity field ( guth. 1999. pp. 29 - 31 ) and the false void are heat sinks. water has a specific heat of 4. 190 kj / kg. k, while air has a specific heat of 1. 0057 kj / kg. k, and soil have a specific heat of 0. 725 kj / kg. k. water has a specific heat higher than soil and air ; then, the thermal capacity of water is higher than the thermal capacity of the air and the soil. to a greater thermal capacity, a slower rate of dissipation of heat. the atmosphere and the soil don ' t maintain a load of heat for longer periods than water because they have a specific heat capacity lower than water, so water absorbs more heat for inreasing its temperature for a determined interval. for equal volumes ( 1kg, for example ), water absorbs more heat than air or soil. the absorbed heat will be transformed into kinetic and potential energy. a body with a high energy density will lose its inner energy slower than a body with a lower energy density. for example, if you have ten dollars and your friend has five dollars, and each one is obliged to spend one dollar per day, you will delay ten days to spend your money, while your friend will delay only five days to consume his money. in general, the soil and the air have independently 1 / 4 of the specific heat of water. for example, the specific heat of carbon dioxide is 850 j / kg \u00b0c ; to be precise, 4. 92 times less than the specific heat of water ; then, its thermal capacity will be less than the thermal capacity of water. for equal masses of the evaluated substances, at controlled temperatures and pressure, the carbon dioxide will release its internal heat five times faster than the water. if one kilogram of water at 30 \u00b0c is cooled by 10 \u00b0c in 10 minutes, one kilogram of carbon dioxide at 30 \u00b0c would be cooled by 10 \u00b0c in two minutes. the rule is : if you get it fast, you will lose it fast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6275685091376995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.730757"}
{"text": "kilogram of water at 30 \u00b0c is cooled by 10 \u00b0c in 10 minutes, one kilogram of carbon dioxide at 30 \u00b0c would be cooled by 10 \u00b0c in two minutes. the rule is : if you get it fast, you will lose it fast. as an interesting datum, the hydrogen has a specific heat of 14200 j / kg - \u00b0c ; while methane, another of the famous \" greenhouse \" gases, has 2200 j / kg \u00b0c. steam water has a specific heat of 2100 j / kg - \u00b0c ( data on specific heat of the substances obtained from monachos engineering and from wittemann ). water absorbs the incoming solar infrared radiation because the frequency of the internal vibration of the water molecules is the same frequency of the waves of the solar infrared radiation. this form of radiative heat transfer is known as resonance absorption. we humans feel the heat radiated by the sun and other systems with a higher temperature because our bodies contain 55 - 75 % of water. the radiative energy inciding on our skin is absorbed by the molecules of water in our bodies by resonance absorption. just then, the infrared radiation absorbed by our bodies leads to a more intense internal vibration of the water molecules in our bodies and our bodies get warmer. however, in general, living beings possess thermoregulatory systems that permit us to eliminate the excess of heat from our bodies, maintaining a quasi - stable internal temperature ( it is one of the homeostatic processes of biosystems ). if the earth did not have water, nights would be extremely cold. for example, if the atmospheres of mars and earth had the same density, mars would have an atmospheric co2 concentration of 11998. 5 ppmv. however, due to the lower density of mars ' atmosphere, the concentration of co2 in that planet ' s atmosphere is equivalent to 0. 95 % on earth ; nevertheless, mars is a frozen planet because mars has only vestiges of water ( 0. 03 % ) and it has not ponds, lakes and oceans, as earth has. have you read that \u201c the main explanation of the blazing venus surface and the frosty martian surface has been quite clear and straightforward : the \" greenhouse effect \u201d? this assertion is ambiguous because the real cause is the distance of venus ( nearly ) and mars ( distant ) from the sun, and because mars and venus do not have water as earth has. if the greenhouse effect was the responsible, then mars, a planet with 95 % of carbon dioxide in its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5759455258139703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.732724"}
{"text": "the distance of venus ( nearly ) and mars ( distant ) from the sun, and because mars and venus do not have water as earth has. if the greenhouse effect was the responsible, then mars, a planet with 95 % of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, would not be an iced, but a tepid planet. besides, mars only receives 589. 2 w / m + e2 of solar irradiance, while earth receives 1367. 6 w / m + e2 of solar irradiance ( 2. 32 times higher than mars ). mars \u2019 core has a temperature of 1727 \u00b0c ( fei and bertka, science ; 2005 ), while the temperature of the earth ' s core is 7, 200 \u00b0c, \u00a1 this is a core temperature four times higher than mars ' core temperature! despite the low density of the martian atmosphere, it has a concentration of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) of 0. 95 %, which is 29. 5 times higher than the concentration of co2 in earth \u2019 s atmosphere. if the global temperature was determined by co2, mars would be comfortably warm. on the other hand, nasa has reported a climate change on mars - i. e. a martian global warming due to the \" shrunk \" of frozen deposits of co2 on mars means that its atmosphere ' s temperature has increased far from normal. the report on the martian global warming from nasa says, \u201c new impact craters formed since the 1970s suggest changes to age - estimating models. and for three mars summers in a row, deposits of frozen carbon dioxide near mars ' south pole have shrunk from the previous year ' s size, suggesting a climate change in progress. \u201d ( cursives are mine ). scientists have also observed that venus, jupiter, saturn and its satellite titan are experiencing climate changes, which indicates that the climate change and the global warming are phenomena which are taking place in the whole solar system, which denotes a cosmic origin. many authors say that \u201c greenhouse \u201d gases act as a \u201c blanket \u201d which reflects the heat back to earth - i. e. \u201c some re - radiated heat reflected back to earth \u201d ( ultimate visual dictionary \u2013 the atmosphere. dk publishing, inc. p. 301. 1998 ) and \u201c the reason is that the atmosphere functions like the crystals of a glasshouse. this is, the properties of absorption and conduction of glass are similar to those of the atmospheric greenhouse gases \u2026 \u201d ( wilson, jerry d. college physics - 2nd edition ; p. 382. prentice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4941065741118693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.735145"}
{"text": "functions like the crystals of a glasshouse. this is, the properties of absorption and conduction of glass are similar to those of the atmospheric greenhouse gases \u2026 \u201d ( wilson, jerry d. college physics - 2nd edition ; p. 382. prentice hall inc. 1994 ). there are other authors who discuss thermal events similarly as the writers i have quoted in the previous paragraph ; i have found the same mistakes written on reports from nasa, noa, epa, etc. those unintentional faults have been inflated by some pseudo - environmentalists and politicians that enforce the erroneous concept of \" greenhouse gases \", \u201c anthropogenic global warming \u201d and \u201c manmade climate change \u201d, closing their eyes to the laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer, thermal expansion, physics laws, etc. the atmosphere is not a \u201c glass \u201d, nor acts like a glass. it either is a blanket that \u201c reradiates \u201d heat to the surface, or that obstructs convection. far from impeding convective heat transfer, gases allow convection. co2 is able to absorb the energy emitted by the ground and the oceans and transforms it into kinetic and potential energy. by these transformations from one class of energy into another, the co2 emits radiant energy ( energy in transit or heat ), which is transferred by convection to the upper atmosphere layers. after it has been transferred to the upper layers of the atmosphere, the heat is released to the outer space ( heat sink ). however, we have understood that the current concentration of carbon dioxide cannot be a source of \u201c global warming \u201d. we would need about 560 ppmv for increasing the earth \u2019 s surface temperature up to 0. 7 \u00b0c. the terrestrial atmosphere is a stratum composed by a mixture of gases ( air ) that wraps the earth and is retained by earth \u2019 s gravity. the atmosphere stratifies according to differences of density and temperature. nitrogen and oxygen are the predominant constituents in all layers, but each layer is less dense than the previous layer, starting up from the troposphere which is the denser layer ( density = magnitude of mass per unit of volume ; for example, the density of liquid water is 1 kg per liter ). the quantity of mass of air per unit of volume decreases as height increases. at sea level and 288. 2 k ( 15. 2 \u00b0c or 59. 36 \u00b0f ), the density of air is 1. 225 kg / m + e3 and its thermal conductivity is 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5779657157276403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.737007"}
{"text": "unit of volume decreases as height increases. at sea level and 288. 2 k ( 15. 2 \u00b0c or 59. 36 \u00b0f ), the density of air is 1. 225 kg / m + e3 and its thermal conductivity is 0. 02596 w / m k. however, like all materials, when gases warm up their density decreases because their molecules vibrate faster and are scattered ( expansion ). thus, the volume of air is enlarged to a maximum value, but its density decreases because its molecules distribute in a greater volume. if the gas expansion were not feasible, then the pressure exerted by the gas would increase ; for example, inside a closed container or into the cylinders of a modern engine. at my childhood, i performed a very dangerous experiment with an empty glass container ( a flask of instantaneous coffee ) that i placed into an empty wood box ( after all, i took a few precautions ). i placed the box on a firewood stove and kept waiting. i do not remember how long it delayed, but the flask was cracked out and, after few minutes, it exploded ( do not try it at home! ). the expansion of the glass cracked the flask, and the expansion of the air trapped inside the flask blew it up. obviously, thermal energy was the driver. vertical convection does not occur in the stratosphere because in this layer of the atmosphere the gases move only horizontally ; consequently, the main modes of heat transfer in the stratosphere are radiation and conduction ; however there is horizontal convection in the stratosphere known like advection, which is a horizontal heat transfer due to the horizontal displacement of air masses. the advection in the stratosphere is chaotic ( cat \u2019 s eyes ). question from a student : if air has a density of 1. 29 kg / cubic meter and the water ' s density is 1. 00 kg / cubic meter, why the air does not submerge into liquid water? answer : first of all, you forgot to write \" x 10 + e3 \" after the density of liquid water. you should have written : \" if air has a density of 1. 29 kg / cubic m and the water ' s density is 1. 00 x 10 + e3 kg / cubic m... \" if we express the quantities without the notations based on 10, we will read the phrase as follows : \" if air has a density of 1. 29 kg / cubic m and the water ' s density is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5307474760138953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.739887"}
{"text": "kg / cubic m... \" if we express the quantities without the notations based on 10, we will read the phrase as follows : \" if air has a density of 1. 29 kg / cubic m and the water ' s density is 1000 kg / cubic m... \", which clearly denotes that the air is less dense than the water. regarding your question, if placed in denser mediums, the less dense materials would tend to float. as the air is less dense than water, it will move to the surface of water. when we deal with ice ( water in solid phase ), given that the ice has a density of 920 kg / cubic m, which is less dense than the water in liquid phase ( 1000 kg / cubic m ), the ice will tend to float in the mass of liquid water ; however, only a portion will remain totally submerged in the water because the relation between the densities of ice and liquid water is 92 % ; this means that only the 8 % of the ice will float above the surface of the water in the liquid phase. for an iceberg, we would only see an 11 % of the complete block of ice above the level of water because seawater has a density of 1030 kg / cubic m ( 920 \u00f7 1030 = 0. 89 ; 0. 89 is equal to 89 % ). algorithm and example from real life if soil absorbs heat and its temperature in 31 march 2007 at 13 : 15 hrs is 348. 15 k ( 75 \u00b0c ) and the temperature of air is 300. 15 k ( 27 \u00b0c ), what would be the tropospheric \u03b4t if we consider the absorptivity - emissivity of co2? to know the answer, we have to know first the heat transfer from the soil to the mixed air. primary, we have to obtain the grashof number and the convective heat transfer coefficient for those particular conditions : gr l = g \u03b2 ( ts \u2013 t \u221e ) d ^ 3 / v ^ 2 g is the gravitational constant ( 9. 8 m / s ) \u03b2 is the volumetric expansion coefficient t1 - t2 is the difference of temperature between two adjacent systems expressed in kelvin d is the distance between the two systems v is the velocity of heat transfer between two systems. gr l = ( 9. 8 m / s ^ 2 ) ( 2. 857 x 10 ^ - 3 k ^ - 1 ) ( 48 k ) ( 1 m ) ^ 3 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.521587303121337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.745311"}
{"text": "v is the velocity of heat transfer between two systems. gr l = ( 9. 8 m / s ^ 2 ) ( 2. 857 x 10 ^ - 3 k ^ - 1 ) ( 48 k ) ( 1 m ) ^ 3 / ( 2. 076 x 10 ^ - 3 ) ^ 2 m ^ 4 / s ^ 2 = 0. 699965 m ^ 4 / s ^ 2 / ( 2. 076 x 10 ^ - 3 ) ^ 2 m ^ 4 / s ^ 2 = 3. 12 x 10 ^ 5 convective heat transfer coefficient : \u045b = - - - - - - - ( c ) [ ( gr ) ( pr ) ] ^ 1 / 4 k is the thermal conductivity d is the distance between the two systems c is a correction factor for heterogeneous systems gr is the grashof number pr is the prandtl number a is the constant of proportionality for natural laminar systems. \u045b = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( 0. 60 ) [ ( 3. 12 x 10 ^ 5 ) ( 0. 697 ) ] ^ 1 / 4 = 0. 389 w / m ^ 2 * k the heat transfer from soil to mixed air is : q = \u045b a ( ts \u2013 t \u221e ) = 0. 389 w / m ^ 2 * k ( 1 m ) ^ 2 ( 48 k ) = 18. 7 w 18. 7 w = 4. 47 cal / s if m of mixed air = 1. 18 kg / m and the cp of mixed air at 300. 15 k = 1005. 7 j / kg * k ( 240. 37 cal ), then : \u03b4 t = q / m ( cp ) = 4. 47 cal / s / ( 1. 18 kg / m ^ 3 ) ( 240. 37 cal ) = 4. 47 cal / 283. 64 = = 0. 016 \u00b0c / s if 0. 016 \u00b0c is the \u03b4t caused by the thermal transfer by conduction - convection from the ground to the total mixture of air each second, then we must first warm up the soil and the oceans for the next reason : the energy absorbed by dry air from incoming solar radiation is 697. 04 w / m ^ 2 x 0. 14 ( absorptivity of dry air at t = 300. 15 k, and p = 1 atm )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5591972056587815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.747441"}
{"text": "the next reason : the energy absorbed by dry air from incoming solar radiation is 697. 04 w / m ^ 2 x 0. 14 ( absorptivity of dry air at t = 300. 15 k, and p = 1 atm ) = 18. 7 w / m ^ 2 = 4. 47 | cal / s | / m ^ 2. considering the same conditions but including water vapor ( relative humidity of 50 % ), the temperature caused by the heat absorbed by water vapor and carbon dioxide, taken independently, is : heat absorbed by water vapor : 278 w = 278 j / s ( absorptivity = 0. 75 ) heat absorbed by carbon dioxide : 0. 4 w = 0. 4 j / s ( absorptivity = 0. 001 at its current partial pressure ) change of temperature by the load of heat absorbed by water vapor : \u03b4t = 278 j / 0. 013 kg ( 1864 j / kg \u00b0c ) = 11. 5 \u00b0c change of temperature by the load of heat absorbed by carbon dioxide : \u03b4t = 0. 4 j / 0. 00067 kg ( 871 j / kg \u00b0c ) = 0. 7 \u00b0c applying the algorithm to know the load of heat absorbed by co2 : q stored = m ( cp ) ( \u03b4t ) / \u03b4t mass of atmospheric co2 = 0. 00067 kg cp co2 = 871 j / kg k \u03b4t = 48 k ( 348. 15 k - 300. 15 k ) \u03b4t = 60 s q stored = 0. 00067 kg ( 871 j / kg k ) ( 48 k / 60 s ) = 0. 47 j / s \u03b4 t = q / m ( cp ) = ( 0. 47 j / s ) / | 0. 00067 kg ( 871 j / kg * \u00b0c ) | = 0. 8 \u00b0c therefore, water vapor is the main driver of the warming effect of the atmosphere. on this case, water vapor absorbed the infrared radiation, emitted by the surface, 14 times more efficiently than co2. ( martin chaplin. 2009 ) the following diagrams illustrate the mechanisms of heat transfer between the surface and the atmosphere in earth, as well as how clouds and rain and hail are produced, and the effect of induced emission upon spontaneous emission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5289683747171224, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75d3108-a88b-48fc-9d90-3b168a47faff>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.748354"}
{"text": "tracy bale ' s research into the influences of the prenatal environment on the developing brain caught our attention. curious to know more, biotechniques contacted her to find out about the ambition, character, and motivation that led to her success. stressing the importance of development what interested you in looking at the effects of the prenatal environment? in most neuropsychiatric diseases, symptoms almost always present after a stressful life event, even in individuals who are well medicated or who never presented with an affective disorder before. for example, a child with autism might be doing well, but if that child is disrupted or stressed by a schedule change, his symptoms may be exacerbated. this started me thinking about what could cause such drastic disruptions to stress pathways. since it is unlikely that single genes cause the variance in stress response, i began looking at how they could develop. this led me to study the prenatal environment, specifically maternal stress and diet. we focus on how the prenatal environment and stress response during different periods of life can be a key predisposing factor toward disease. there are periods of vulnerability during prenatal development where changes in the mother ' s environment indirectly alter the programming of the fetal brain, and i have been working to define those specific time periods. what are you working on now? at the moment, we are trying to clarify the mechanisms by which most neuropsychiatric diseases have sex biases. there ' s a much higher presentation of autism and schizophrenia in males than in females, whereas depression and anxiety disorders occur more frequently in females. in addition, there are also sex differences in the effectiveness of treatment and the severity of symptoms. our goal is to find out why it is that when we expose a mother to a given stressor during pregnancy, in spite of the fact that the rodents we are testing have both male and female offspring in the same uterus, the effect is sex specific. we are also interested in the metabolic factors inf luencing obesity, another disorder with underlying stress components. we have ongoing studies looking at how maternal high - fat diets affect offspring, and have actually tracked an induced insensitivity to insulin, which is a precursor to diabetes, across multiple generations to see if the mom or dad can pass it on and if the male or female offspring inherit it. by looking across generations, we can begin to figure out how that programming occurs. how do you experimentally approach these complex questions? once we identify a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5135619451618495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68f0028-571a-4488-a551-56f9692de8a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.757410"}
{"text": "see if the mom or dad can pass it on and if the male or female offspring inherit it. by looking across generations, we can begin to figure out how that programming occurs. how do you experimentally approach these complex questions? once we identify a dam as pregnant, we assign her to either develop normally in her cage or to experience chronic stress during a very narrow time frame, the equivalent of the first trimester. we use one different mild stressor, which is psychological in nature, per day over the course of 7 days. so, she may have marbles put in her cage overnight that she will try to bury or avoid. or maybe her bedding will be wet one day and the next day we will change her cage multiple times. the next day might include a short period of restraint. in the end, there is nothing that is painful or that changes her gestational length, litter size, or actual behavior. it ' s just enough to be upsetting to the mouse. for our analysis, we look at different end points with a systems approach because behaviors are a culmination of many different factors. we use behavioral tests that have been validated with antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs to compare the control animals with the prenatally stressed animals. but behavioral testing can be confounded by many questions : are the animals more stress sensitive or responsive? are they differentially cognitive? do they have better motor skills? so, we also examine physiological measures of stress hormones comparing the basal state with acute stress to monitor the animals \u2019 responses. and we can look at other physiological changes, including developmental differences, changes in gene expression profiles within particular areas of the brain, and proteomics studies on amniotic fluid or protein array comparisons of the placenta. we work with mice, but obviously the goal is translational. so, studying placenta or amniotic fluid is advantageous since it is a lot easier to get those samples from humans than a part of the brain. much of our current work is focused on identifying biomarkers for disease or altered stress response, which will also be translational. what is the most important open question in your field? the programming effects we see are typically epigenetic, so i think the most important question at the moment is how dynamic epigenetic marks really are and when they are vulnerable to change. evidence suggests that for some genes methylation marks can be changed under stress or drug abuse. however, the problem is that we really don ' t have a way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5324457532834366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68f0028-571a-4488-a551-56f9692de8a0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.762360"}
{"text": "life science student text ( 3rd ed. ) life science student text ( 3rd edition ) provides a thorough overview of the life sciences but now in two volumes with larger format and single - column text. activity pages with color illustrations and photographs are included in the back of the student text. objectives are listed at the beginning of each section, and self quizzes and regular review questions are at the end of each chapter. there is increased emphasis on bible integration as well as career features, increased compliance with national and state science standards, enhanced appendices on classification and biomes, and an expanded glossary and index. the following resources are available at bjupress. com : rated 4. 5 out of 5 by 2 reviewers. rated 5 out of 5 by hjghg hard cover would be better we plan to use another science curriculum next year because of the cost of this text. this is primarily because the text is soft cover and contains the students ' work pages. most publishers at this level have a hard text and a seperate workbook, which is much less expensive. we are having to find ways to cut our costs, and this is by far are most expensive curriculum item. june 12, 2013 rated 4 out of 5 by citrusteacher life science student text review use this text in a class of 14. the text is understandable by the students and what is not understood i am able to explain. labs at times, are difficult as resources are limited. labs that can make use of more ' household ' type items and equipment would be welcome. march 10, 2013 1 - 2 of 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4585281923802307, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f971c0ca-d914-4425-b26d-a60db62f8106>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.765326"}
{"text": "- rhys clement, specialist trainee year 4 in trauma and orthopaedics - 1royal infirmary of edinburgh, edinburgh eh16 4sa, uk - correspondence to : r g e clement hippocrates advised that doctors should \u201c be clean in person, well dressed, and anointed with sweet smelling unguents. \u201d 1 although this remains sound advice, the concept of acceptable attire for doctors is constantly evolving. two hundred years ago doctors wore formal attire for all clinical activity, including surgery, because they had no idea that their clothing could transmit infection. the demonstration of micro - organisms by pasteur revolutionised the way people thought about infection and paved the way for lister \u2019 s concept of antisepsis that has shaped our modern approach towards infection control. however, lister did not recognise clothing as a source of infection and continued to operate in formal attire. macewan, a student under lister who became professor of surgery in glasgow, is credited with introducing the sterile surgical gown. white coats made their appearance on wards and in clinics during the 20th century and are an iconic symbol of the medical profession. they were cited as a defining factor in the emerging role of hospital based care and the acceptance of the sick role outside of the home. 2 the white coat remained the status quo until 2007, when the department of health ( doh ) released dress code guidelines that forced doctors to remove their white coats, jackets, ties, and watches and roll up their sleeves. 3 these guidelines were based on the findings of two literature reviews known as tvu1 and tvu2, 4 5 which were commissioned and funded by the doh \u201c to inform policy development. \u201d critics argue that evidence to support the new dress code is lacking, and the conclusions of tvu1 and tvu2 suggest there may be some merit in their argument. 6 7 8 tvu1 stated that \u201c the hypothesis that uniforms / clothing could be \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813962772813221, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aad70e4a-5781-485c-9f33-483792175b98>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.770868"}
{"text": "for all great discoveries chemists are indebted to the \u201c balance \u201d \u2014 that incomparable instrument which gives permanence to every observation, dispels all ambiguity, establishes truth, detects error, and guides us in the true path of inductive science. the balance, once adopted as a means of investigating nature, put an end to the school of aristotle in physics. the explanation of natural phenomena by mere fanciful speculations, gave place to a true natural philosophy. fire, air, earth, and water, could no longer be regarded as elements. three of them could henceforth be considered only as significative of the forms in which all matter exists. everything with which we are conversant upon the surface of the earth is solid, liquid, or aeriform ; but the notion of the elementary nature of air, earth, and water, so universally held, was now discovered to belong to the errors of the past. fire was found to be but the visible and otherwise perceptible indication of changes proceeding within the, so called, elements. lavoisier investigated the composition of the atmosphere and of water, and studied the many wonderful offices performed by an element common to both in the scheme of nature, namely, oxygen : and he discovered many of the properties of this elementary gas. after his time, the principal problem of chemical philosophers was to determine the composition of the solid matters composing the earth. to the eighteen metals previously known were soon added twenty - four discovered to be constituents of minerals. the great mass of the earth was shown to be composed of metals in combination with oxygen, to which they are united in one, two, or more definite and unalterable proportions, forming compounds which are termed metallic oxides, and these, again, combined with oxides of other bodies, essentially different to metals, namely, carbon and silicium. if to these we add certain compounds of sulphur with metals, in which the sulphur takes the place of oxygen, and forms sulphurets, and one other body, \u2014 common salt, \u2014 ( which is a compound of sodium and chlorine ), we have every substance which exists in a solid form upon our globe in any very considerable mass. other compounds, innumerably various, are found only in small scattered quantities. the chemist, however, did not remain satisfied with the separation of minerals into their component elements, i. e. their analysis ; but he sought by synthesis, i. e. by combining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5830261357631745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a414e97-50c7-4a62-876f-e742ec3a65c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.777481"}
{"text": "today \u2019 s youth are busier than ever before. think about your child, grandchild or other child you know and their activities over the last month \u2013 chances are they were involved in y ball, band, dance or a number of other activities. there \u2019 s no way around it, many kids today are involved in more clubs and activities outside of school than ever before. while these activities may provide benefits for youth, 4 - h is unique in that the entire family is involved in the process of youth development. 4 - h works to build character, confidence and skills not just for the youth, but for the entire family. 4 - h accomplishes these things in many ways. 4 - h youth improve their self - confidence, learn subject matter, and develop important skills including leadership, citizenship, communication and decision making \u2013 all of which they \u2019 ll need to compete today and in the future. families are encouraged to be involved in projects and instruction together, parents become the resource. this creates a framework for youth development within the home in other areas. so who can benefit from 4 - h? typically, people think 4 - h is for children who live in the country, which is not true. there are actually more than 28, 000 young people from all across missouri who participate in 4 - h. in fact, 20 % of missouri 4 - h members reside on farms ( 41 % come from towns of less than 10, 000 ). the program welcomes all youth ages 5 - 18, from both rural and urban settings. 4 - h encourages family involvement in many ways. parents and other interested adults are encouraged to get involved in 4 - h. adults and young teens can become a volunteer leader or assistant, share a skill or some knowledge with a group, supply refreshments for a meeting, or sign up to be a project leader. 4 - h has more than 150 fun projects to explore from photography to model rocketry to gardening and numerous animal projects. the most popular projects in this area include projects related to livestock, dog care, photography, and shooting sports. older teens are realizing the need for leadership skills and 4 - h lets them participate in programs providing leadership to younger members and volunteering in other 4 - h opportunities. they also have opportunities to travel on many leadership trips : teen conference, citizenship washington focus, national 4 - h conference, national 4 - h congress, and state 4 - h congress. our next regional event is a 4 - h lock - in to be held february 22nd at the chillicothe ymca for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45191751608594044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b3f80ad-9aa8-4049-ba20-060899d17a9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.856830"}
{"text": "teen conference, citizenship washington focus, national 4 - h conference, national 4 - h congress, and state 4 - h congress. our next regional event is a 4 - h lock - in to be held february 22nd at the chillicothe ymca for youth grades 6 and up. the 4 - h program is a volunteer - led organization that reaches youth through a variety of programs. it provides fun, educational opportunities at the local, state, national and international levels. missouri 4 - h has over 11, 000 dedicated volunteers who make 4 - h programs possible. we are currently in need of volunteers to help with various projects and our 4 - h life program ( 4 - h for children of offenders ). if you want to help, you can make a difference! parents are encouraged to contact their local university of missouri extension office for more information on how to enroll their children in 4 - h. youth have fun learning with new and old friends in clubs and classrooms, and at meetings, social activities, tours, trips, camps and fairs. they learn about themselves and experience new challenges. give them a chance to pick their own 4 - h adventure that will last a lifetime. the 4 - h year is underway, but members may join at any time. if you are interested in joining a club or volunteering as a project leader, contact shaun murphy, regional youth specialist, at 660 / 646 - 0811.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45495537858524776, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b3f80ad-9aa8-4049-ba20-060899d17a9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.864889"}
{"text": "guide to asthma management in children full colour pdf of the pages as they appeared in \u2018 best practice \u2019. printer friendly pdf. this guide is based on the paediatric society of new zealand guidelines for the management of asthma in children, 2005, 1 the british guideline on the management of asthma, 2008, 2 and the national asthma council of australia, asthma management handbook, 2006. 3 diagnosis of asthma in children the initial assessment in children who are suspected of having asthma should focus on the presence of key features and clinical findings from the history or examination, and careful consideration of alternative diagnoses. the key features of asthma are : - recurrent wheeze and breathlessness with or without cough - variation in the intensity and duration of symptoms - symptom free periods in very young children be especially aware of non - asthma causes of wheeze. the diagnosis of the cause of recurrent wheezing in infants is often difficult. for more information please refer to pattemore p. wheeze in infants and young children. diagnosis and management options. new zealand family physician 2008 ; august 35 ( 4 ) : 264 - 69. asthma should be suspected in any child with recurrent or persistent wheeze whether audible or detected on auscultation. however, alternative causes of wheeze should be considered especially in young children ( table 1 ). wheeze due to asthma is often accompanied by cough, shortness of breath or both. asthma can occur in infants aged less than one year, but it is more difficult to diagnose because of the number of different causes of wheeze at this age. instigation of inhaled corticosteroid treatment in infants should only be done with caution if the likelihood for asthma is high and preferably in consultation with a paediatrician. | table 1. some non - asthma causes of wheeze in young children | | associated signs / symptoms | | possible causes | | fever, cough | | respiratory tract infections, e. g. bronchiolitis | | persistent wet cough | | cystic fibrosis, recurrent aspiration, bronchiectasis | | excessive vomiting or spilling | | reflux ( with or without aspiration ) | | dysphagia | | swallowing problems ( with or without aspiration ) | | transient infant wheezing ( onset in infancy, no associated atopy ) | | maternal smoking or other irritants | | abnormal voice or cry | | laryngeal problems | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42911861386950434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0d28d2c-8bef-4826-b6a0-fd6f91c398e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.873080"}
{"text": "swallowing problems ( with or without aspiration ) | | transient infant wheezing ( onset in infancy, no associated atopy ) | | maternal smoking or other irritants | | abnormal voice or cry | | laryngeal problems | | focal signs in the chest | | developmental delay, post - viral pneumonia, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis | | inspiratory stridor as well as wheeze | | central airway or laryngeal disorder inhaled foreign body | recurrent wheeze and failure to thrive | | cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux | | clubbing | | cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis | | ( adapted from 1, 3 ) | cough is a common symptom of asthma, it can be the main symptom in children but it is very rare for it to be the only symptom. cough due to asthma is usually associated with wheeze and episodes of breathlessness. a diagnosis of asthma is unlikely if cough is present without associated clinical findings consistent with asthma, especially wheeze. | when cough is the predominant symptom of suspected asthma, careful assessment is required to avoid making an incorrect diagnosis of asthma. 3 chronic or recurrent cough in the absence of wheeze is unlikely to be due to asthma. 9 | recurrent non - specific cough, without accompanying wheeze, is very common particularly in pre - school age children, and can lead to a misdiagnosis of asthma. it is not usually associated with atopy or a family history of asthma and often occurs after a respiratory tract infection. recurrent non - specific cough is typically dry, worse in the early morning and during exercise, and occurs in short paroxysms sometimes followed by vomiting. in between episodes the child is well with no wheeze. most children with acute cough are likely to have an uncomplicated viral acute respiratory tract infection, but the possibility of a more serious problem such as foreign body aspiration, should always be considered. clinical features in the diagnosis of asthma in addition to the key features of asthma, the presence or absence of other factors and clinical findings assist in determining the probability of a diagnosis of asthma. factors that increase the probability of asthma - more than one of the following symptoms \u2013 wheeze, cough, breathlessness, chest tightness \u2013 particularly if these are frequent and recurrent ; are worse at night and in the early morning ; occur in response to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43118207778938633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0d28d2c-8bef-4826-b6a0-fd6f91c398e5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.874044"}
{"text": "increase the probability of asthma - more than one of the following symptoms \u2013 wheeze, cough, breathlessness, chest tightness \u2013 particularly if these are frequent and recurrent ; are worse at night and in the early morning ; occur in response to or worsen after exercise or other triggers, such as emotional upsets ; or occur apart from colds - audible wheeze or widespread wheeze heard on auscultation - clinical findings ; increased respiratory rate, prolonged expiratory phase, chest shape ( over - inflation, harrison \u2019 s sulcus ), use of accessory muscles - personal history of atopic disorder - family history of atopy or asthma, especially maternal - improvement in symptoms or lung function in response to reversibility testing or adequate treatment factors that lower the probability of asthma - isolated cough in absence of wheeze or difficulty breathing - history of moist cough - prominent dizziness, light - headedness, peripheral tingling - repeatedly normal physical examination of chest when symptomatic - normal peak expiratory flow ( per ) or spirometry when symptomatic - no response to a trial of asthma treatment - clinical features suggesting alternative diagnosis - asymmetrical findings on chest examination | the diagnosis of asthma is a clinical one. it is based on recognising a characteristic pattern of episodic symptoms in the absence of an alternative explanation. 2 | this can help with the diagnosis of asthma and can be viewed as a trial of treatment. if the child presents with a history of symptoms and has clinical findings at the time of examination, one suggested method is : - one puff of salbutamol mdi via a spacer, followed by six breaths through the spacer - repeat above - review and assess the response after 20 minutes - base confirmation of clinical asthma on easing of signs and symptoms following treatment - practices vary and some practitioners consider that up to six puffs ( given separately ) are required for reliable testing if the child presents with a history of symptoms but no clinical findings consistent with asthma at the time of examination, instruct caregiver to administer salbutamol as above recording response to treatment in an asthma symptoms diary. | page 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | references | | page 1 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45736418688508257, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0d28d2c-8bef-4826-b6a0-fd6f91c398e5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.874972"}
{"text": "ulsterarticle free pass ulster, ancient ulaid, one of the ancient provinces of ireland and subsequently the northernmost of ireland \u2019 s four traditional provinces ( the others being leinster, munster, and connaught [ connacht ] ). because of the ulster cycle of irish literature, which recounts the exploits of cu chulainn and many other ulster heroes, ulster has a place of great prominence in irish literature. the name ulster is now used by many to refer to northern ireland. ancient ulster extended from the northern and northeastern coasts of ireland south to what is now county louth and west to what is now county donegal. about the beginning of the common era, when the ancient provinces of ireland were first taking permanent shape, ulster had its capital at emain macha, near armagh. attacks from the midland kingdom of meath ( midhe, or mide ) led to ulster \u2019 s disintegration in the 4th and 5th centuries. the province subsequently split into three kingdoms : oriel, or airgialla ( in central ulster ), aileach ( in western ulster ), and the smaller kingdom of ulaid ( in eastern ulster ). during the anglo - norman invasion of ireland in the late 12th century, one of the baronial adventurers, john de courci, captured eastern ulster and ruled that small kingdom until dispossessed in 1205 by king john, who created hugh de lacy ( died 1242 ) earl of ulster. from 1263 to 1333 the earldom was held by the anglo - norman family of de burgh, passing then to an heiress who married lionel, duke of clarence, a son of king edward iii, and ultimately to the crown. in the 16th century ulster was administratively divided into nine shires ( counties ), of which those in the republic of ireland still exist. meanwhile, the o \u2019 neills ( of county tyrone ) and the o \u2019 donnells ( of county tyrconnell [ donegal ] ) had become virtually supreme in much of ulster. these two roman catholic clans were involved in a serious rebellion against queen elizabeth i from 1594 to 1601, caused in part by attempts to impose the english reformation on the irish. the failure of negotiations with james i led to the flight of the northern earls of tyrone, tyrconnell, and many others in 1607. soon afterward thousands of settlers, mainly lowland scots presbyterians, were introduced into ulster, and particularly into its eastern portions, which became predominantly protestant as a result. their descendants prospered, and their refusal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41252288885080646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72881f7c-c16d-4727-838b-14ac09a29039>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.878322"}
{"text": "the tree of life is a richly evocative symbol seen in sacred art, architecture, houses of worship, and literature throughout the ages and around the world. with its roots reaching downward and its branches extending upward, this tree signifies a mystical, primordial linkage between heaven and earth that is the locus of manifold blessings reflective of a culture ' s deepest yearnings - - be it unity with the gods, wisdom, wholeness, renewal, peace, or everlasting life in god ' s presence. the tree ' s precious fruit carries similar connotations, such as the pure love of god, eternal joy, and triumphal entry into the eternal realms. perhaps no other religious motif is so rich in allegorical potential or so accommodating of spiritual meanings for so many religious traditions. no image of eternal life is more powerful or persistent than the tree of life. from the paradisiacal garden of eden to the apocalyptic new jerusalem, the tree of life dominates the landscape, being mentioned explicitly more than two dozen times in the latter - day saint scriptural canon and alluded to many other times therein. from the temple to the cross, the symbol of the tree of life invites all to come unto christ, to become planted by rivers of living water, and to bring forth and enjoy the fruits of god ' s love that are sweet about all else. this highly informative and beautifully illustrated book contains original essays by leading latter - day saint scholars and scholars of other faiths - - including donald w. parry, daniel c. peterson, andrew c. skinner, john w. welch, and margaret barker - - that focus on the tree of life symbol in the bible, early christianity, and the book of mormon, as well as in southeast asian, islamic, and maya temples, cultures, and art.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5201669589428378, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a088e7f-f041-4077-87d7-8b2cf6119de8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.882619"}
{"text": "1 entry found. common name : maple, sugar maple botanical name : acer spp. ( most common one used is a. saccharum ) ( ay - ser ) decorative life : 10 plus days. post harvest care - remove bottom leaves if necessary, recut stems under water and place into water plus regular household bleach at 20 drops ( 1 / 4 teaspoon ) per quart. since air embolisms are common with this species, cutting under water might provide a key to reduced leaf abscission. - a member of the aceraceae ( maple ) family. - native to northern temperate regions. - a common relative of the many maples ( sugar, silver, red, etc. ) is box elder. - leaves are 5 - lobed, opposite on woody branches. - branches can be cut to almost any length. - plant is a deciduous tree, dicotyledon, leaves not parallel veined. - used for its colorful foliage. flower color : not applicable. - stems with leaves can be preserved with glycerin. - sugar maples are known for maple syrup although many so - called syrups of today contain very little if any maple extracts. - other common maples include norway, red, silver, sycamore and japanese. - the air pollutant sulfur dioxide can cause an increase in ethylene production with red maple foliage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38610929975010877, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfe8d4ad-7ebc-427b-8a42-bae435b9e179>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.885529"}
{"text": "many people with cancer want to take an active part in making decisions about their medical care. it is natural to want to learn all you can about your disease and treatment choices. however, shock and stress after the diagnosis can make it hard to think of everything you want to ask the doctor. it often helps to make a list of questions before an appointment. to help remember what the doctor says, you may take notes or ask whether you may use a tape recorder. some people also want to have a family member or friend with them when they talk to the doctor - to take part in the discussion, to take notes, or just to listen. you do not need to ask all your questions at once. you will have other chances to ask the doctor or nurse to explain things that are not clear and to ask for more information. getting a second opinion before starting treatment, you may want a second opinion about your diagnosis and treatment plan. many insurance companies will cover a second opinion if your doctor requests it. it may take some time and effort to gather medical records and arrange to see another doctor. usually it is not a problem to take several weeks to get a second opinion. in most cases, the delay in starting treatment will not make treatment less effective. but some people with cancer need treatment right away. to make sure, you should discuss this delay with your doctor. there are a number of ways to find a doctor for a second opinion : - your doctor may refer you to one or more specialists. at cancer centers, several specialists often work together as a team. - nci ' s cancer information service, at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer, can tell you about nearby treatment centers. information specialists also can provide online assistance through livehelp ( https : / / livehelp. cancer. gov ). - a local or state medical society, a nearby hospital, or a medical school can usually provide the names of specialists. - the nci provides a fact sheet called \" how to find a doctor or treatment facility if you have cancer. \" the treatment plan depends mainly on the type of cancer and the stage of the disease. doctors also consider the patient ' s age and general health. often, the goal of treatment is to cure the cancer. in other cases, the goal is to control the disease or to reduce symptoms for as long as possible. the treatment plan may change over time. most treatment plans include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. some involve hormone therapy or biological therapy. in addition, stem cell transplantation may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4518675594015821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed27cf1d-1a75-4bed-8735-bdb1d45a70bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.908871"}
{"text": "control the disease or to reduce symptoms for as long as possible. the treatment plan may change over time. most treatment plans include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. some involve hormone therapy or biological therapy. in addition, stem cell transplantation may be used so that a patient can receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. some cancers respond best to a single type of treatment. others may respond best to a combination of treatments. - local therapy removes or destroys cancer in just one part of the body. surgery to remove a tumor is local therapy. radiation to shrink or destroy a tumor also is usually local therapy. - systemic therapy sends drugs or substances through the bloodstream to destroy cancer cells all over the body. it kills or slows the growth of cancer cells that may have spread beyond the original tumor. chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy are usually systemic therapy. your doctor can describe your treatment choices and the expected results. you and your doctor can work together to decide on a treatment plan that is best for you. because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. side effects depend mainly on the type and extent of the treatment. side effects may not be the same for each person, and they may change from one treatment session to the next. before treatment starts, the health care team will explain possible side effects and suggest ways to help you manage them. this team may include nurses, a dietitian, a physical therapist, and others. the nci provides booklets about cancer treatments and coping with side effects. these include radiation therapy and you, chemotherapy and you, biological therapy, and eating hints. at any stage of cancer, supportive care is available to relieve the side effects of therapy, to control pain and other symptoms, and to ease emotional and practical problems. information about supportive care is available on nci ' s web site at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / coping and from information specialists at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer. you may want to talk to the doctor about taking part in a clinical trial ( a research study of new treatment methods ). the section on \" the promise of cancer research \" has more information about clinical trials. you may want to ask the doctor these questions before treatment begins : - what is my diagnosis? - has the cancer spread? if so, where? what is the stage of the disease? - what is the goal of treatment? what are my treatment choices? which do you recommend for me? why? - what are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111937245558348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed27cf1d-1a75-4bed-8735-bdb1d45a70bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.911312"}
{"text": "what is my diagnosis? - has the cancer spread? if so, where? what is the stage of the disease? - what is the goal of treatment? what are my treatment choices? which do you recommend for me? why? - what are the expected benefits of each kind of treatment? - what are the risks and possible side effects of each treatment? how can side effects be managed? - will infertility be a side effect of my treatment? can anything be done about that? should i consider storing sperm or eggs? - what can i do to prepare for treatment? - how often will i have treatments? how long will my treatment last? - will i have to change my normal activities? if so, for how long? - what is the treatment likely to cost? will my insurance cover the costs? - what new treatments are under study? would a clinical trial be appropriate for me? in most cases, the surgeon removes the tumor and some tissue around it. removing nearby tissue may help prevent the tumor from growing back. the surgeon may also remove some nearby lymph nodes. the side effects of surgery depend mainly on the size and location of the tumor, and the type of operation. it takes time to heal after surgery. the time needed to recover is different for each type of surgery. it is also different for each person. it is common to feel tired or weak for a while. most people are uncomfortable for the first few days after surgery. however, medicine can help control the pain. before surgery, you should discuss the plan for pain relief with the doctor or nurse. the doctor can adjust the plan if you need more pain relief. some people worry that having surgery ( or even a biopsy ) for cancer will spread the disease. this seldom happens. surgeons use special methods and take many steps to prevent cancer cells from spreading. for example, if they must remove tissue from more than one area, they use different tools for each one. this approach helps reduce the chance that cancer cells will spread to healthy tissue. similarly, some people worry that exposing cancer to air during surgery will cause the disease to spread. this is not true. air does not make cancer spread. radiation therapy ( also called radiotherapy ) uses high - energy rays to kill cancer cells. doctors use several types of radiation therapy. some people receive a combination of treatments : - external radiation : the radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. most people go to a hospital or clinic for treatment 5 days a week for several weeks. - internal radiation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4754443309311906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed27cf1d-1a75-4bed-8735-bdb1d45a70bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.913011"}
{"text": "several types of radiation therapy. some people receive a combination of treatments : - external radiation : the radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. most people go to a hospital or clinic for treatment 5 days a week for several weeks. - internal radiation ( implant radiation or brachytherapy ) : the radiation comes from radioactive material placed in seeds, needles, or thin plastic tubes that are put in or near the tissue. the patient usually stays in the hospital. the implants generally remain in place for several days. - systemic radiation : the radiation comes from liquid or capsules containing radioactive material that travels throughout the body. the patient swallows the liquid or capsules or receives an injection. this type of radiation therapy can be used to treat cancer or control pain from cancer that has spread to the bone. only a few types of cancer are currently treated in this way. the side effects of radiation therapy depend mainly on the dose and type of radiation you receive and the part of your body that is treated. for example, radiation to your abdomen can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. your skin in the treated area may become red, dry, and tender. you also may lose your hair in the treated area. you may become very tired during radiation therapy, especially in the later weeks of treatment. resting is important, but doctors usually advise patients to try to stay as active as they can. fortunately, most side effects go away in time. in the meantime, there are ways to reduce discomfort. if you have a side effect that is especially severe, the doctor may suggest a break in your treatment. chemotherapy is the use of drugs that kill cancer cells. most patients receive chemotherapy by mouth or through a vein. either way, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can affect cancer cells all over the body. chemotherapy is usually given in cycles. people receive treatment for one or more days. then they have a recovery period of several days or weeks before the next treatment session. most people have their treatment in an outpatient part of the hospital, at the doctor ' s office, or at home. some may need to stay in the hospital during chemotherapy. side effects depend mainly on the specific drugs and the dose. the drugs affect cancer cells and other cells that divide rapidly : - blood cells : when drugs damage healthy blood cells, you are more likely to get infections, to bruise or bleed easily, and to feel very weak and tired. - cells in hair roots : chemotherapy can cause hair loss. your hair will grow back, but it may be somewhat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5293758666778106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed27cf1d-1a75-4bed-8735-bdb1d45a70bf>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.914124"}
{"text": "damage healthy blood cells, you are more likely to get infections, to bruise or bleed easily, and to feel very weak and tired. - cells in hair roots : chemotherapy can cause hair loss. your hair will grow back, but it may be somewhat different in color and texture. - cells that line the digestive tract : chemotherapy can cause poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores. some drugs can affect fertility. women may be unable to become pregnant, and men may not be able to father a child. although the side effects of chemotherapy can be distressing, most of them are temporary. your doctor can usually treat or control them. some cancers need hormones to grow. hormone therapy keeps cancer cells from getting or using the hormones they need. it is systemic therapy. hormone therapy uses drugs or surgery : - drugs : the doctor gives medicine that stops the production of certain hormones or prevents the hormones from working. - surgery : the surgeon removes organs ( such as the ovaries or testicles ) that make hormones. the side effects of hormone therapy depend on the type of therapy. they include weight gain, hot flashes, nausea, and changes in fertility. in women, hormone therapy may make menstrual periods stop or become irregular and may cause vaginal dryness. in men, hormone therapy may cause impotence, loss of sexual desire, and breast growth or tenderness. biological therapy is another type of systemic therapy. it helps the immune system ( the body ' s natural defense system ) fight cancer. for example, certain patients with bladder cancer receive bcg solution after surgery. the doctor uses a catheter to put the solution in the bladder. the solution contains live, weakened bacteria that stimulate the immune system to kill cancer cells. bcg can cause side effects. it can irritate the bladder. some people may have nausea, a low - grade fever, or chills. most other types of biological therapy are given through a vein. the biological therapy travels through the bloodstream. some people get a rash where the therapy is injected. some have flu - like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, weakness, and nausea. biological therapy also can cause more serious side effects, such as changes in blood pressure and breathing problems. biological therapy is usually given at the doctor ' s office, clinic, or hospital. stem cell transplantation transplantation of blood - forming stem cells enables patients to receive high doses of chemotherapy, radiation, or both.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5113850465788259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed27cf1d-1a75-4bed-8735-bdb1d45a70bf>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.915115"}
{"text": "in blood pressure and breathing problems. biological therapy is usually given at the doctor ' s office, clinic, or hospital. stem cell transplantation transplantation of blood - forming stem cells enables patients to receive high doses of chemotherapy, radiation, or both. the high doses destroy both cancer cells and normal blood cells in the bone marrow. after the treatment, the patient receives healthy, blood - forming stem cells through a flexible tube placed in a large vein. new blood cells develop from the transplanted stem cells. stem cells may be taken from the patient before the high - dose treatment, or they may come from another person. patients stay in the hospital for this treatment. the side effects of high - dose therapy and stem cell transplantation include infection and bleeding. in addition, graft - versus - host disease ( gvhd ) may occur in people who receive stem cells from a donor. in gvhd, the donated stem cells attack the patient ' s tissues. most often, gvhd affects the liver, skin, or digestive tract. gvhd can be severe or even fatal. it can occur any time after the transplant, even years later. drugs may help prevent, treat, or control gvhd. the nci offers a fact sheet called \" bone marrow transplantation and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4794236533984546, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed27cf1d-1a75-4bed-8735-bdb1d45a70bf>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.915636"}
{"text": "what is a soap nut? soap nuts are known world - wide by many names such as soapnuts, soapberries, washing nuts, soap nut shells, wash shells, soapberry nut husks and many more. soap nuts are simply the dried shells ( or husks ) from the soapberry ( or soap berry nut ). these berries are the fruit from a unique tree species. the shells contain a substance called saponin that produces a soaping effect. saponin is a 100 % natural alternative to chemical laundry detergents and cleansers. it can replace many chemical detergents such as those containing sodium laureth sulphate ( sls ) that are becoming well known by consumers for being a skin irritant and health hazard. soap nuts have been used for centuries throughout the world as a laundry detergent, as soap for personal hygiene, and as a cleanser with many other uses. it is most commonly used in india, china, parts of europe and numerous countries in the eastern hemisphere. there is even a species, quillaja saponaria ( called a soap bark tree ) that grows in south america. only in recent years has the soap nut and its many benefits made its way to the united states. the trees and the soapberry nuts : sapindus ( the botanical name ) is a sustainable agriculture and forest product. in many ways it is similar to an olive tree. there are several common varieties of the soapberry tree. sapindus mukorossi and sapindus trifoliatus are the primary sources for the soapberry that has become know as the soap nut. they are both of the family sapindaceae, and the genus sapindus. the botanical name is derived from the latin words, sapo ( soap ) and indicus ( indian ). based upon it ' s high amount of ' soap ' content and consistency, the highest quality soap nut is sapindus mukorossi, which grows primarily in northern india and nepal. it grows uncultivated in poor quality ground and helps fights erosion, particularly in the himalayan foothills. it also provides needed income to the local population. it ' s a relatively hardy tree as it is resistant to diseas and insects. the trees grow 30 to 60 feet in height and begin flowering and bearing fruit after about 9 years. it blooms with small, white grouped flowers in spring and early summer and is harvested once a year during the fall season. the soapberry fruits ( the soap nut ) are round", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44737660296572684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.936246"}
{"text": "60 feet in height and begin flowering and bearing fruit after about 9 years. it blooms with small, white grouped flowers in spring and early summer and is harvested once a year during the fall season. the soapberry fruits ( the soap nut ) are round, yellow berries that become gummy, reddish tan and wrinkled as they ripen. it ' s appearance is somewhat like that of a date. the tree synthesizes its own natural saponins, ( soap ) which coat the shell of the fruit. soap nut trees will produce fruit ( soap nuts ) for about 90 years. local farmers and families harvest the prized soapberry fruit after it falls from the trees. the seed is removed from the shell ( or husk ), and the shells are dried in the sun using absolutely no chemical processing. no commercial manufacturing processes are required in any way for the soap nut to become effective. the soap nut shell is not altered in any way. hence, soap nuts are absolutely 100 % natural, un - modified dried fruit shells. note : the actual nut ( or better yet, seed ) does not release saponin, so it has no cleaning properties. it is removed and used for planting new trees, and is sometimes used to make necklaces or other jewelry. how do soap nuts work? the name \" soap nut \" is misleading because it is actually the shell that works. the soap nut shell contains and releases the saponins ( soap ) when it comes in contact with warm or hot water. ( see directions for use in cold water. ) agitation further releases these saponins. the saponins then circulate as a natural surfactant ( surface active ingredient ). they break down the surface tension between water and oil in the wash water reducing the surface tension of the water aiding it in freeing dirt, grime and oils from clothes. this is essentially the exact same fundamental principle that applies to how most detergents and soaps work. it ' s simply not achieved by the use of synthetic chemicals. the name saponin is derived from the latin word ' sapo ' which means soap. there are many plants around the world that are saponaceous ( meaning that they contain saponins ) but only a few, are known to produce appreciable amounts. this is why soap nuts are so very special in their ability to be an effective cleanser - directly from the tree. sapindus mukorossi trees have been found to produce the highest and most consistent quality soap nuts. ready for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46690389626441375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.937307"}
{"text": "amounts. this is why soap nuts are so very special in their ability to be an effective cleanser - directly from the tree. sapindus mukorossi trees have been found to produce the highest and most consistent quality soap nuts. ready for use directly from harvest, extraction of the saponin from the soap nuts requires nothing more than putting them directly in the washing machine in warm water. drawstring bags are used to contain the soap nut shells, and the shells can be reused until their saponin content has been depleted. because that the saponins are naturally a low - sudsing detergent, they are ideal for high efficiency ( he ) washers and even carpet cleaners. not all soap nuts are alike : if you are like us... you are probably a little confused about what to expect from using soap nuts. discovery is part of the experience and the joy. finding your own personal ' best method ' is part of the journey into changing from chemical to natural products. when we first started looking into soap nuts we had lots of questions.... how many loads will five soap nuts yield? what color of soap nuts is best? is a large soap nut better than a small one? are whole nuts better than pieces? are sticky soap nuts better? how long will they last? how long do i boil them when making liquid? and on, and on, and on... not one of these questions has a single definitive answer. you may have an answer that is specific to the soap nuts you are using and your specific washing conditions, but your answer will be only that - your answer. even our answers are only guidelines and recommendations. they will not be the exact answer for everybody, but they will provide a place to start. we carry only high quality soap nuts of the mukorossi variety that grow primarily in the northern region of india and nepal. we do this for only one reason. the mukorossi tree tends to produce fruits of consistently high saponin content. that is what is most important. however, as with any crop of nature, growing seasons can vary each year based on climate and specific weather conditions. in addition, the fruit is harvested after falling from the tree. the seeds are removed by hand. they are sun dried in the open air. there will be various sizes, colors and conditions of the shells harvested from the exact same tree and harvest. just as not all apples, oranges, grapes, etc. from the same harvest have the exact same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41890594119147073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.938324"}
{"text": "are sun dried in the open air. there will be various sizes, colors and conditions of the shells harvested from the exact same tree and harvest. just as not all apples, oranges, grapes, etc. from the same harvest have the exact same color, size and taste, not all soap nuts from the same growing area will look and feel exactly the same. soap nuts are a 100 % natural resource and there are different species. not all apples are the same... soap nuts are no different. they are a fruit, hence there are many factors ( aside from species ) that affect its appearance, condition, effectiveness, and how it works for individual users. consumers also vary greatly in their washing conditions and habits. hard water, soft water, water temperature, large loads, small loads, amount of water used, efficiency, type and age of washer, packed loads, loose loads... the list goes on and all are user variables. we provide basic guidelines for use, but when used in their traditional and most common shell form, there will be an element of experimentation. we do greatly reduce the inherent variables of soap nuts via strict importation criteria, species selection, and hand sorting procedures so you are assured of consistency in quality. we are sure you will find that soap nuts work - and work very well. use our basic guidelines, have fun and enjoy the learning experience. you will quickly realize just how simple they are to use. you will also find what methods are best for you and your home. soap nuts make for another very simple transition to a healthier way of life. using soap nuts washing laundry with soap nuts : it doesn ' t get much more simple - doing laundry can even be fun! most laundry detergents on the shelves of our supermarkets contain numerous chemical substances, synthetic dyes, fragrances and fillers. these chemical substances are effective in deeply penetrating our clothes - cleaning, sanitizing and scenting them. however, these same chemicals build up in our clothes and linens and transfer to our skin, leading to short term and / or long term skin troubles for some individuals. they break down fabric fibers and fade colors and they are harmful to our environment. soap nuts are simply a natural solution. the following list is simply very basic directions. only your imagination will limit what soap nuts can be used for. it is note - worthy to mention that for centuries many eastern cultures have earned a reputation for producing some of the finest of fabrics and jewelry known to the world. saponins ( soap nuts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48635625975782004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.940374"}
{"text": "your imagination will limit what soap nuts can be used for. it is note - worthy to mention that for centuries many eastern cultures have earned a reputation for producing some of the finest of fabrics and jewelry known to the world. saponins ( soap nuts ) played a role in the care of these ultra - fine creations. we encourage you to write us with your own ' recipes ', and we will gladly share them. basic laundry directions : the most simple and common / traditional method of washing laundry with soap nuts is by using the raw nuts in a drawstring bag, and simply tossing the bag in with your laundry. the soap nuts can also be used to make a ' tea ', a fine soap nut powder or concentrated solution. all forms and methods work great. soap nut shells ( whole and pieces ) : warm or hot water wash : put 4 or 5 soap nut shells or equivalent pieces, about a half - ounce, in cotton or muslin drawstring bag and tie bag securely. ( we us a double knot ) toss in washing machine before you add your clothes. remove from washer at end of the wash to dry ( leave soap nuts in bag ). re - use 3 to 7 times. ( you will get more uses from warm - water wash, and less uses with hot - water wash, as soap nuts release more saponin the hotter the water that you use. ) the soap nuts are no longer effective when they become thin, mushy and very light tan or gray. if you are in doubt, simply run the bag under some warm / hot tap water to moisten the nuts. squeeze the bag with your hand several times, and you will see a light sudsing. cold water wash : simply make a cup of soap nut ' tea ' by soaking 4 or 5 bagged soap nuts in a cup of very hot water for approximately 3 minutes. pour both the soap nuts liquid and bag in wash. remove from washer at end of the wash to dry ( leave soap nuts in bag ). re - use 3 to 7 times. ( again, you will get more uses from warm - water wash, and less uses with hot - water wash, as soap nuts release more saponin the hotter the water that you use. ) again, the soap nuts are no longer effective when they become thin, turn soft, mushy and very light tan or gray. add about 2 tablespoons of soap nuts liquid ( below ) to wash water and stir, or make a tea with your soap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4498937363269251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.941802"}
{"text": "soap nuts are no longer effective when they become thin, turn soft, mushy and very light tan or gray. add about 2 tablespoons of soap nuts liquid ( below ) to wash water and stir, or make a tea with your soap nut muslin bag. hand wash as usual. powdered : put 2 - 3 tsp soap nuts powder in wash water. wash as usual. important points about soap nuts : - effectively clean laundry - leaving it softer and fresher that you may have ever experienced - anti - microbial properties. removes microbes from laundry - natural anti - fungal properties - hypoallergenic. most allergic reactions to detergents are due to the chemicals and fragrances in them. - soap nuts are great for removing odors! - mild and gentle on fabric structure and colors - low sudsing : good for all washers. excellent for high efficiency ( he ) washers - eliminates the need for fabric softeners - 100 % biodegradable - no animal testing - requires no manufacturing processes. no chemicals or fossil fuels needed to produce soap nuts - a primary product from a sustainable source - does not pollute our water systems - good for septic and grey water systems - environmentally safe - natural product with basically an endless shelf life - since soap nuts are primarily a resource from only emerging nations, increased demand will provide an additional needed economic stimulus, plus it will encourage increased planting, growth and farming. - virtually un - tapped potential for eliminating most harmful chemicals from the market and from our homes! making soap nuts into powder or liquid : not only are powdered and liquid forms nice for laundry, but the list of other chemical products that can be replaced by soap nuts is long and getting longer every day. powder : place soap nuts in a blender or coffee grinder. grind to a very fine powder for laundry. ( coffee grinders tend to grind the finest powder - this may require a couple grindings, removing the un - ground pieces and grinding again ) you may also want to make a courser, more abrasive grind for scouring and scrubbing needs. store in an airtight container. shelf life is indefinite as long as the soap nut powder is stored in a cool dry place. liquid : place 12 to 15 soapnuts ( about 1. 5 ounces ) in about 6 cups of water. for best results, bring to a boil and simmer for about an hour. you will know that you have fully extracted from the soap nuts when they turn very light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4553427652422389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.943489"}
{"text": "in a less than full load. ( though we tend to load our machine! ) - there will be very little suds. no suds actually means no commercial foaming agents or chemicals. - soap nuts are wonderful for washing cloth diapers. unlike chemical detergents, they will not clog the fabric causing the diaper to loose its absorbency and they will not cause diaper rash. in addition, soap nuts will clean and remove detergent residue from diapers. soap nuts chemical - free cleaning solutions rid your home and life of toxins! many common household cleaners can be replaced entirely with the use of soap nuts. saponin ' s inherent effective cleaning power, anti - microbial and anti - fungal properties, odor - reducing capability, and natural gentleness combine to provide an amazingly safe yet effective cleanser for a multitude of everyday uses. incredibly, the vast majority of highly toxic synthetic chemicals in our homes can be thrown away forever. certainly we ' ve all heard the alarms of ' bio - hazard ' in our head when we reached in to pull out our arsenal of cleaning solutions. interestingly, it is quite difficult to find an image of cleaning products without rubber gloves in the picture. that is certainly a good thing. if it were not for gloves our hands would be a scary site! household chemical cleaners can be both horribly damaging to our skin and highly toxic to our body. soap nuts offer a chemical free cleaning solution. the following is only a very short list of some alternate cleaning solutions that soap nuts will work great for. you will even notice hair care. if you can boil water, the basics of chemical free cleaning can be in your hands and at use in your home today! for household cleaning : pour soap nuts liquid ( above ) into a spray bottle. use full strength or dilute as desired. use for sinks, counters, floors, etc. for windows and glass : fill a spray bottle with about 8 oz of water. add a half - ounce of soap nuts liquid ( above ) and a half - ounce of vinegar. spray and then wipe clean with a dry cloth. fill the dishwasher soap dispenser with soap nuts liquid ( above ). wash as usual. tip : for extra sparkle, add a half - ounce of vinegar to the rinse dispenser or during the rinse cycle. for hand wash : add about 2 tbs of soap nuts liquid ( above ) to wash water and stir, or make a tea with your soap nuts muslin bag. simply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.455753750329893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.946114"}
{"text": "vinegar to the rinse dispenser or during the rinse cycle. for hand wash : add about 2 tbs of soap nuts liquid ( above ) to wash water and stir, or make a tea with your soap nuts muslin bag. simply hand wash as usual. for steam cleaning carpets : soap nuts work exceptionally well in carpet cleaners because they are so low sudsing and odor reducing. add about a quarter cup of soap nut liquid to hot water in the portable cleaner. great for urine stains! same as above. superb for pets! your little loved ones will never feel and smell this fresh again! they ' ll appreciate it, too! use soap nuts liquid to shampoo hair. leave in for about 5 minutes. rinse as usual with warm water. if you prefer more suds, add a little of your favorite shampoo. ( we know it ' s hard not to want more suds! isn ' t it interesting that the chemical industry has taught us if it doesn ' t make bubbles, it ' s not clean?! ) soap nuts faq ' show many loads of laundry can i do with 5 soap berries? ( soap nuts ) depending on the temperature of the water in which you wash your clothes, you can get anywhere from 3 - 7 loads out of 1 / 2 oz ( about 5 soap nuts / berries ). you will get more uses from cold or warm - water wash, and less uses with hot - water wash, as soap nuts release more saponin the hotter the water that you use. the soap nuts ( soap berries ) are no longer effective when they become thin, turn soft, mushy and very light tan or gray. how long do soap nuts last? the dried soap nuts wil last until you use them all. they have an indefinite shelf life since they are simply the dried shell of a fruit. the 18x concentrated formula has a 2 year shelf life. can soap nuts be used in my high efficiency ( he ) or front load washer? yes. because they are low sudsing they work very well in these washers. you may use 4 or 5 soap nuts in the wash bag or you can use 3 or 4 tablespoons of home - made soap nuts liquid in the detergent drawer. we also offer extreme 18x, which is a highly - concentrated soap nuts solution. you will only need 1 / 2 teaspoon of this concentrate per load of laundry. what happens if someone drinks the soapnut liquid or swallows a soap berry? don ' t worry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4604222657157821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.947227"}
{"text": "18x, which is a highly - concentrated soap nuts solution. you will only need 1 / 2 teaspoon of this concentrate per load of laundry. what happens if someone drinks the soapnut liquid or swallows a soap berry? don ' t worry. soap nuts are non - toxic unless you are a fish. saponin has been used in highly - concentrated doses to kill fish. the saponin flows through the gills of the fish and enter directly into the blood stream. the only problem you may encounter is a possible stomach ache - your insides will receive a slight cleansing! are soap nuts safe for those with sensitive skin? absolutely! soap nuts are highly recommended for those with allergies or sensitive skin. they are 100 % natural, free of synthetic chemicals and are hypoallergenic. soap nuts are wonderful for use by those who are sensitive to the dyes, perfumes and chemicals used in most commercial detergents and cleansers. most people who are irritated by such commercial products find soap nuts to be their ideal solution. what other uses are there for soap nuts? soap nuts are superb for not only laundry, but can replace many cleaning products in the average home. from dishes to fine silks, soap nuts provide a natural effective solution. saponin, the active ingredient in soap nuts, is a highly effective alternative to many common yet toxic cleaning chemicals. this includes cleansers for household and personal hygiene. the known cleaning properties are wide and diverse. being so gentle, saponins are even excellent for shampoos and many other personal care products. finally there is a good cleanser that will not leave your hands rough, dry and scaly! are soap nuts good for pets? yes! many people use soap nuts liquids for bathing their pets. the odor reducing properties of the soap nuts make for a remarkably effective pet shampoo. are soap nuts good for washing cloth diapers? absolutely! commercial detergents and soaps contain chemicals that build up in cloth diapers. not only do these chemicals break down the fibers of the material causing it to loose absorbency, but can also be irritating to your baby ' s skin. in addition, soap nuts are very effective at removing odors! i see very little suds when washing with soap nuts, are they cleaning my clothes? yes. suds should not be equated to cleaning power. we have been brainwashed to think this way through decades of marketing. the foaming you see with most detergents is because of the chemicals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4419637709266325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.948470"}
{"text": ", are they cleaning my clothes? yes. suds should not be equated to cleaning power. we have been brainwashed to think this way through decades of marketing. the foaming you see with most detergents is because of the chemicals and fillers used. soap nuts produce very little suds, but they are still working very effectively. your clothes will come out of the wash clean and fresh. does it matter that some of the soap nuts are pieces instead of whole? no. in order to properly inspect and sort to ensure the quality of your soap nuts, all very small pieces are removed. the select grade of soap nuts we offer is composed of whole nut shells and large pieces. since agitation is a catalyst in releasing the saponin, small pieces will work fine and possibly even release the saponin faster. do not hesitate to break up the soap nuts into smaller pieces if desired, or be concerned if they are broken up while handling. soap nuts can be even ground into fine powder. soap nuts have a vinegar - like scent. will my laundry have this scent? amazingly, the scent of the soap nuts does not transfer to your clothing! clothes come out of the wash smelling totally fresh and clean. there is not even a trace scent of the soap nut itself. a pure soap nuts liquid will also have an unpleasant scent but it will not transfer to your laundry either. nor will it leave a scent after other cleaning uses. if you prefer a scent, you can simply add a few drops of an essential oil of your choice to a damp wash cloth and drop it in the dryer. the scent of the oil will remain. i use bleach in my whites. are soap nuts a substitute for bleach? no. if you desire to bleach your whites, adding your bleach of choice will not affect the cleaning power of the soap nuts. if you are used to using bleach, you may want to try a load without it just to see if you will still need it. we sometimes use bleach, but many times we do not. if the soap nuts stay in the wash through the rinse cycle, don ' t they keep releasing soap? no, not as long as you are using cold water in the rinse cycle. soap nuts release very little saponin during the rinse cycle. this is why it is best to pre - soften soap nuts in warm water, use a cup of soap nuts liquid, or soap nuts powder if you want to wash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46722711156729807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.949393"}
{"text": "cycle. soap nuts release very little saponin during the rinse cycle. this is why it is best to pre - soften soap nuts in warm water, use a cup of soap nuts liquid, or soap nuts powder if you want to wash in cold water. can you dry the soap nuts with the clothes? yes you can. throwing in the wash bag with the soapberries in it will not harm the clothes at all. sometimes we can ' t find the bag in the clothes when we are putting them in the dryer so it will end up in with the clothes on accident. this does not hurt the soap nuts at all. do i use soap nuts in addition to my regular detergent? no, soap nuts do a great job of cleaning your laundry by themselves. they are a natural laundry detergent and alternative to detergents containing chemicals. use of them with a chemical detergent would be negating their primary purpose and benefit. should i use a fabric softener or dryer sheets anymore? normally there is no need, hence only if or when you feel the need. soap nuts naturally soften your laundry and reduce static. we highly recommend using no additives at all. due to certain combinations of fabrics and environmental conditions, sometimes additives may be desired, but the need will be dramatically reduced. i ' m allergic to nuts. can i use soap nuts? yes! soap nuts are actually a dried fruit ( not a nut ) related to the lychee. do not let nut allergies keep you from using soap nuts, soap nut powder, or soap nut liquid. is there anything that i should concern myself with in using soap nuts? as with a chemical cleanser, the only thing that we highly recommend is that soap nuts ( in all forms ) should be kept out of reach of children and pets. soap nuts are not consumable and can be harmful if ingested. given their date - like appearance in raw shell form, a bag of soap nuts could look like food to a child or pet. given their absolutely horrible taste, it is quite unlikely that any child or even a pet would not literally gag at the taste, but we simply recommend using good judgment and common sense in the storage of them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4234722933583135, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92d1cd6d-c41d-4f7e-8132-252e3830d8d7>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.953323"}
{"text": "measuring and reporting carbon the carbon disclosure project the carbon disclosure project is an independent, non - profit organization holding the largest database of primary corporate climate change information in the world. the global reporting initiative ( gri ) the global reporting initiative ( gri ) is a network - based organization that has pioneered the development of the world \u2019 s most widely used sustainability reporting framework. sustainability reports based on the gri framework can be used to benchmark organizational performance with respect to laws, norms, codes, performance standards and voluntary initiatives ; demonstrate organizational commitment to sustainable development ; and compare organizational performance over time. grenelle de l \u2019 environnement france \u2019 s grenelle de l \u2019 environnement, or environmental roundtable, is an open multi - party debate that reunites government and organizations ( industry, labor, professional associations, non - governmental organizations ) in order to define new actions for sustainable development, including the grenelle 2 eco - display bill that will roll out in 2012. as part of the grenelle 2 legislation, consumer goods companies will be displaying product - level environmental impacts. the carbon reduction commitment ( crc ) the carbon reduction commitment ( recently renamed the crc energy efficiency scheme ) is the uk \u2019 s first mandatory carbon trading scheme. the aim of the crc is to reduce the level of carbon emissions currently produced by the larger \u2018 low energy - intensive \u2019 organizations by approximately 1. 2 million tones of co2 per year by 2020. the carbon reduction commitment covers both public and private sector organizations and is expected to affect approximately 5, 000 organizations in the uk. the scheme works in tandem with the existing european union emissions trading scheme and climate change agreements. the european ecolabel the european ecolabel is a voluntary scheme to encourage businesses to market products and services that are kinder to the environment. the eu ecolabel is part of a broader action plan on sustainable consumption and production and sustainable industrial policy adopted by the commission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48120590452785, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6850a5f-87fc-4c82-9461-6efeddc7c9a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.956395"}
{"text": "undoubtedly the most familiar carnivorous plant is the venus flytrap, dionaea muscipula. although the majority of its prey in the wilds of the south east usa are flies, it will consume anything that is alive and fits in the trap. drosera whittakeri is a sundew from australia that over - summers in an tuber underground. it can get quite slimy. drosera madagascariensis is a sundew found in africa. like most sundews it is a small plant and not one you can grow in your garden unless your garden is a sphagnum bog or fen. flowers or leaves? good question. these are the traps of sarracenia leucophylla. many a moth thought these were flowers too and ended up as dinner. all carnivorous plant traps are constructed from leaves. aldrovanda vesiculosa is an aquatic carnivore very closely related to the venus flytrap. the traps of this plant are full of planktonic crustaceans. the mexican pinguicula gigantea makes a great window sill plant. it is slimy to the touch but won ' t hurt you. gnats might think otherwise. cephalotus follicularis is a pitcher plant found on the south west coast of australia. it has no close relatives we know of. what is so special about carnivorous plants that a society with over a thousand members exists to share information about them? carnivorous plants are predatory flowering plants that kill animals in order to derive nutrition from their bodies. they share three attributes that operate together and separate them from other plants. - capture and kill prey - have a mechanism to facilitate digestion of the prey - derive a significant benefit from nutrients assimilated from the prey to put it in more human terms, carnivorous plants eat things like insects, spiders, crustaceans and other small soil and water - living invertebrates and protozoans, lizards, mice, rats, and other small vertebrates. carnivorous plants pull off this trick using specialized leaves that act as traps. many traps lure prey with bright colors, extra floral nectaries, guide hairs, and / or leaf extensions. once caught and killed, the prey is digested by the plant and / or partner organisms. the plant then absorbs the nutrients made available from the corpse. most carnivorous plants will grow without consuming prey but they grow much faster and reproduce much better with nutrients derived from their prey. we do not call these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4037938684244644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c325a79-6803-4030-abb4-6ec84d8f06c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.963212"}
{"text": "plant and / or partner organisms. the plant then absorbs the nutrients made available from the corpse. most carnivorous plants will grow without consuming prey but they grow much faster and reproduce much better with nutrients derived from their prey. we do not call these plants \" insectivorous plants \" because no self respecting carnivore is going to check the id of a potential prey to make sure it is an insect. some carnivorous plants do specialize in capturing insects but they will consume whatever they can. not all plants that trap or kill animals are considered carnivorous. some aroid and aristolochia species capture insects in their flowers to facilitate pollination. they don ' t kill the pollinators and if some of the pollinators do die in the flower it is not to the advantage of the plant. carnivorous plants never use their flowers as traps and tend not to kill their pollinators either but it does happen. because this is nature, there are a lot of cases where it is unclear to us whether a plant is a true carnivore or just has some of the features of a carnivore. until recently it was thought the three species of devil ' s claw in the family martyniaceae are carnivorous. ibicella lutea, proboscidea louisianica, and p. parviflora are large plants that typically catch some small flies. maybe their ancestors were carnivorous. now they are not. they do not derive much if any nutrition from the prey. they probably maintain their carnivorous - like leaves as a predator defense. there are many other types of plants with some features of carnivorous plants where it is even more difficult to argue they are true carnivores. if these plants kill non - plants in an obvious, body present, way but do not derive significant nutrition from the victim, they are considered murderous plants. another plant that has generated a lot discussion about what it takes to be a carnivore is roridula. roridula rely on assassin bugs to perform the digestion of prey. the plant captures the prey. the bugs suck out the juicy insides of the prey and defecate on the leaves. the plant absorbs the nutrients in the poop. if the assassin bugs are not present there is a fall - back for the plant but it is unclear how much this fall - back is used in the wild. bacteria in the gut and on the prey can digest the dead prey and roridula leaves will absorb the nutrients released", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4420222595336076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c325a79-6803-4030-abb4-6ec84d8f06c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.965490"}
{"text": "not present there is a fall - back for the plant but it is unclear how much this fall - back is used in the wild. bacteria in the gut and on the prey can digest the dead prey and roridula leaves will absorb the nutrients released quite efficiently. darlingtonia and some nepenthes species have also lost the ability to digest prey themselves. these species rely on bacteria and other organisms to make the nutrients in the prey available to themselves. to put it unscientifically, why should a plant go through all the bother of digesting the prey itself when other organisms will do it for them? or scientifically, if there is no selective advantage to expending the energy for digestion, mutations will accumulate eliminating digestion. it should be obvious here we have carefully crafted our definition of carnivory to include these plants as carnivores and to exclude purely murderous plants. if the plants or their story is sufficiently bizarre and their very closest relatives are definite carnivores, we may bend the \" rules \" a bit to allow them into the club. no one has claimed the toilet bowl nepenthes species are not carnivorous. the toilet bowl nepenthes primarily use their traps to attract animals and collect their excrement as they feed on nectar produced by the plant. carnivorous plant enthusiasts go nuts over these plants and could not care less about definitions. carnivorous plant genera arranged by plant order : aldrovanda ( 1 species ) dionaea ( 1 species ) drosera ( 193 + species ) drosophyllum ( 1 species ) nepenthes ( 131 + species ) triphyophyllum ( 1 species ) darlingtonia ( 1 species ) heliamphora ( 23 + species ) roridula ( 2 species ) sarracenia ( 11 species ) byblis ( 7 + species ) genlisea ( 26 + species ) philcoxia ( 3 species ) pinguicula ( 99 + species ) utricularia ( 233 + species ) cephalotus ( 1 species ) brocchinia ( 2 species ) catopsis ( 1 species ) - - john brittnacher for a more detailed discussion please see the following books and web pages. slack, a. ( 1979 ) carnivorous plants. mit press, cambridge, ma, usa. ( the first comprehensive popular book on carnivorous plants. ) d ' amato, p. ( 1998 ) the savage garden. ten speed press, berkeley, ca, usa. ( the most important book popularizing the growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46767111391247285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c325a79-6803-4030-abb4-6ec84d8f06c9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.967065"}
{"text": ", ma, usa. ( the first comprehensive popular book on carnivorous plants. ) d ' amato, p. ( 1998 ) the savage garden. ten speed press, berkeley, ca, usa. ( the most important book popularizing the growing of carnivorous plants as a hobby. ) rice, b. ( 2006 ) growing carnivorous plants. timber press, portland, or, usa. ( a comprehensive book about carnivorous plants including how to grow them. ) mcpherson, s. ; edited by a. fleischmann and a. robinson. ( 2010 ) carnivorous plants and their habitats : volume 1 and volume 2. redfern natural history productions ltd., poole, gb. ( this is basically one 3. 6 kg, 1442 page book published in two volumes. from the review by bob ziemer in cpn 40 ( 1 ) 35 : carnivorous plants and their habitats is an outstanding encyclopedic work that covers the ecology, diversity, and natural history of each carnivorous plant genus in great detail. each genus chapter is a self - contained treatise with the headings : distribution, botanical history, plant structure, habits and ecology, traditional uses, associated life, cultivation requirements, conservation status. ) barry rice ' s faq wikipedia cp page next page : cp trapping mechanisms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3947513662230957, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c325a79-6803-4030-abb4-6ec84d8f06c9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.968105"}
{"text": "contact : public information office ( 301 ) 763 - 3030 ( phone ) ( 301 ) 763 - 3762 ( fax ) ( 301 ) 457 - 1037 ( tdd ) rhode island, which is holding its presidential primaries on march 4, had a 2007 population of 1. 1 million. the state has a higher percentage of people with a bachelor ' s degree or more and a higher median household income than the nation as a whole. about 64 percent of rhode island ' s voting - age citizens cast a ballot in the 2004 general election, not statistically different from the national rate. these and other statistics about rhode island ' s population on topics ranging from language spoken to commute times can be found in the american factfinder section of the census bureau web site < http : / / factfinder. census. gov / >. more information about the nation ' s voting record can be found in voting and registration in the election of november 2004 at < http : / / www. census. gov / hhes / www / socdemo / voting / >. highlights include the following : | selected characteristics | | rhode island | | u. s. | | white alone, not hispanic or latino | | 79. 6 % | | 66. 4 % | | hispanic or latino | | 11. 0 % | | 14. 8 % | | median household income | | $ 51, 814 | | $ 48, 451 | | persons below poverty | | 11. 1 % | | 13. 3 % | | bachelor ' s degree or higher ( age 25 + ) | | 29. 6 % | | 27. 0 % | | median home value | | $ 295, 700 | | $ 185, 200 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4059695543219547, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e45e765a-ca4f-404e-bfe2-18916c8a8059>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.970007"}
{"text": "this two - part story by john villasenor looks at how continued advances in unmanned aerial vehicle technology have profound implications on modern warfare. the year is 2020. two air force officers sit in a darkened control center at an air force base in nevada, carefully watching a bank of computer screens. one of the officers gently pushes a joystick to the right, and half a world away a swarm of a dozen small drones, none weighing more than a few hundred grams, banks to the right and continues to skim almost silently across the ground at about 65 kilometers per hour toward a small settlement that has been identified as a source of possible terrorist activity. a large monitor in the front of the control center displays the live view from a night - vision camera in the lead drone. about 300 meters ahead, the first buildings pull into view. the second officer enters a series of touch - screen commands, and three of the drones break away from the formation and begin to circle the perimeter of the settlement, acquiring video that will later be used to build a high - resolution three - dimensional model of the terrain, streets and buildings. the other nine drones fly just above the settlement, break formation and embark on a series of specialized tasks. two drones sniff for minute quantities of chemicals associated with explosives, then combine the resulting measurements with on - site wind measurements to identify a building likely being used to store explosives. another group of three drones with high - resolution cameras converges on the suspect building to collect imagery of the walls, roof and perimeter, including brief stops to hover outside the windows and take pictures into the interior. the final four drones each hold a payload package slightly larger than a grain of rice containing a miniature video camera, microphone and radio transmitter. each drone drops its surveillance payload at one of four carefully chosen sites, then retreats to a gentle landing a hundred meters outside the settlement. there it will stay hidden in the scrub to serve as a radio repeater for the signal from the tiny bug left inside.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4676412113324441, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51469124-0886-4636-9d4a-5bec6a4bf25b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.973087"}
{"text": "when you think about it for a minute, the fact that most of our food requires us spending 10 fossil - fuel calories for every 1 food calorie, it doesn \u2019 t make much sense. we don \u2019 t have an inexhaustible supply of fossil fuels, and unless the agricultural system is forced to reform, we \u2019 re going to be, to put it plainly, totally screwed. so, what to do? step 1 : remember \u2014 locavorism begins at home. ( \u2026 and ends at home. that \u2019 s the point. ) you might think it was the business of agriculture to capture the energy of the sun for our nourishment. if you are thinking about the \u201c food \u201d that comes to reside on most americans \u2019 tables at mealtime, you would be very wrong. sunshine has little to do with it. instead, what you would find would mostly be a product of fossil fuels. there \u2019 s the oil and natural gas for the manufacture of fertilizer ( 31 percent ), for the operation of the machinery ( 19 percent ), for the product \u2019 s transportation ( 16 percent ), irrigation ( 13 percent ), pesticides ( 5 percent ), and other miscellaneous squanderings ( 16 percent ). 1 and this doesn \u2019 t even count the fossil fuels burned for the packaging, refrigeration, and transportation of that sunlight - deficient product from the retail outlet to the home. in sum, on average an american consumes 12 barrels of oil equivalents ( 504 gallons ) for energy used in the home, 10 barrels ( 420 gallons ) for food production and distribution, and another 9 barrels ( 378 gallons ) for transportation. 2 the 420 gallons of oil equivalents used to produce the average 2, 175 pounds of food a year the average american eats ( compared to the world average of 1, 630 pounds ) boils down to spending 10 fossil - fuel calories for each one food calorie. it doesn \u2019 t sound like a good idea, nor does it sound efficient, but that \u2019 s what most of us depend on to stay alive every daya\u20ac \u201d fossil calories. how did things get to such a sorry state? as with many things, our move toward convenience has come at the cost of our independence. where at one time many families grew some of their own food and knew the grower of any other food they consumed, now the grower of our food is on average 1, 500 miles away, and oftentimes much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5128603590841629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0857ea2a-bc1b-43e0-bf4e-bb875cb8a617>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.980004"}
{"text": "cost of our independence. where at one time many families grew some of their own food and knew the grower of any other food they consumed, now the grower of our food is on average 1, 500 miles away, and oftentimes much farther. we had the misfortune of buying some garlic grown in china recently. growing this staple 8, 000 miles away seems like a bad idea to us, but most americans don \u2019 t realize nor do they care where the garlic they buy comes from. in 2005, garlic imports rose to 100 million pounds, while being almost nonexistent five years earlier. 3 if this is what the wisdom of the marketplace dictates, then we suggest that the market is not very bright. the very large distances we are making our food travel has another downside. this is the removal of nutrients from where they are needed : where the food is being grown. exporting produce thousands of miles away ensures that the nutrients locked in that food cannot ever be returned to the soil from which they came to cycle through again. this deficiency ensures the missing nutrients must be replaced by fossil fuels or other fossil accumulations that are being rapidly depleted, such as phosphorus. when we consider these facts in the context of peak fossil energy and global climate disruption, then it \u2019 s not surprising if our first reaction is some good oldfashioned fear and loathing. not only is our food system consuming unsustainable amounts of energy ( a 10 - to - 1 ratio of calories in to calories out ), it \u2019 s also overconsuming our water and topsoil resources at a prodigious rate. can there be any hope of rectifying a situation that has gone so awry? the first thing to note is that, generally speaking, we in the united states could use a little less food, anyway, especially with obesity rates at all - time highs. so the fact that food prices might rise at first as we have less fossil energy available is, for most of us, not such a dire situation. moving our diet from lots of higher - energyinput foods like meat and cheese to more vegetables, beans, and grains will not only be cheaper and use much less energy for the same amount of food calories, but the net result will be a healthier population. heavily processed junk and fast food should also increase in price relative to healthier unprocessed items, since the processing requires large energy inputs. unfortunately, the price of this type of food has never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47116664558768473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0857ea2a-bc1b-43e0-bf4e-bb875cb8a617>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.980964"}
{"text": "the net result will be a healthier population. heavily processed junk and fast food should also increase in price relative to healthier unprocessed items, since the processing requires large energy inputs. unfortunately, the price of this type of food has never reflected its true cost in terms of pollution, animal welfare, fossil energy depletion, and adverse health effects, the latter afflicting poorer folks disproportionately due to its subsidized cheapness and availability. fortunately, the same path that brought us down into this fossilized abyss is the same one we can take back out. by gradually relocalizing our food production we can return to an agricultural system that is much less energy intensive. if there \u2019 s one good thing about a system being so grossly inefficient and out of whack ( producing so little food calories for the energy calories that went in ), it \u2019 s that dramatic improvements can be made very quickly once we realize the need to turn around. the myriad problems that seem overwhelming all stem from a common disease : the fact that we \u2019 ve let our food production and distribution get out of our hands and into the paws of profit - grubbing corporations. if instead of buying nonorganic ( and, hence, heavily pesticide - and fertilizer - dependent ) canned goods at some big - box grocer that we have to drive to, we grow some veggies in our own yard and get the balance from a local farmer, we \u2019 ve eliminated the vast majority of tomato - miles it takes to keep our tummies full. spending a fall afternoon planting a few blueberry bushes will result in tens of pounds of blueberries in just a few years. thinking about how many clear plastic half - pint blueberry containers this will save from being brought into existence almost blows the mind ( not even to mention how many dollars will remain in your wallet! ). aiming for total food self - sufficiency will quickly lead to burnout, as the labor demands of such an endeavor quickly become overwhelming. instead of trying to leap to the finish line, consider your goal of fossil - fuel - free food to be a meander through a beautiful park. each year, plant a few more edible perennials, grow some hardy low - maintenance veggies ( see what \u2019 s doing well in your neighbors \u2019 gardens ), and maybe experiment with mushroom cultivation. make sure to patronize local farmers \u2019 markets, food stands, and community - supported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4905660998559803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0857ea2a-bc1b-43e0-bf4e-bb875cb8a617>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.981901"}
{"text": "lots of girls and guys worry about when their bodies will develop. guys wonder when their voices will get deeper, when they ' ll need to shave, or when their penises will grow. girls want to know when their breasts will develop or when they ' ll get their first period. if a friend or a younger brother or sister develops first, they may worry that there ' s something wrong with them. different variations of normal the fact is that physical development starts at different times and progresses at different rates in different people. so, the beginning of the development that comes with puberty varies from person to person \u2014 and that ' s completely normal. the earliest physical change of puberty for girls is usually breast development, which most often begins around 10 or 11 years. but it ' s perfectly normal for breast development to start anytime between the ages of 8 and 13. a girl ' s first menstrual period usually occurs about 2 to 21 / 2 years after breast development begins. boys begin their development on average around age 11 or 12, but it ' s also normal to begin anytime between the ages of 9 and 15. girls and guys who start developing earlier or later than these ranges can still be normal, but they should be checked by their doctor just to be sure. for both boys and girls, it usually takes several years after the first changes of puberty begin before they ' re all complete \u2014 and there ' s a lot of variation from person to person. so, two normally developing guys or girls who are the same age can appear quite different from each other. one can look older and more physically mature than the other. but the one who started later will catch up in time. can i do anything to speed up development? you can ' t do anything to make your body develop faster. of course, you should eat a nutritious diet, exercise, and get enough sleep. but special diets, dietary supplements, or creams won ' t do anything to make normal puberty happen quicker. if you ' re a girl who ' s 13 or older or a boy who ' s 15 or older and you haven ' t shown any signs of puberty ( or if you ' re younger but are still worried ), talk with your doctor. reviewed by : mary l. gavin, md date reviewed : november 2009 | | note : all information is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - 2010 the nemours foundation / kidshealth. all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4194632079712183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5fb5f5d-a85f-4c18-8ac6-38150655ee24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.985556"}
{"text": "barun brahma, m. d., tobey macdonald, m. d., and ravi bellamkonda, ph. d. ( georgia tech ) collaborate on research using nanomedicine to trap the migrating cells in brain tumors. the eureka grant was awarded to the georgia institue of technology to enable the design of a treatment for brain tumors that would direct moving tumor cells through a scaffold to a sink, located on the brain \u2019 s surface beneath the dura, which would contain a drug to kill the cells. - peds winter 2010 issue features the article \" brain exvaders, \" which discusses the novel bioengineering solution aimed at pediatric brain tumors. - reporter newspapers interview children ' s neurosurgeon, dr. brahma, about the exciting new research to remove brain tumors involving teams from children ' s, georgia tech and emory university school of medicine. tracy - ann read, ph. d., research scientist, is studying medulloblastoma and cancer stem cells in the central nervous system, in conjunction with emory department of neurosurgery. barun brahma, m. d., pediatric neurosurgeon, and ravi bellamkonda, ph. d. ( georgia tech ) are conducting a donor funded research study to use nano - technology to better assist surgeons in distinguishing brain tumors form healthy brain tissue. tobey macdonald, m. d., director, neuro - oncology program, is leading a study to develop a drug therapy to stop the spread of medulloblastoma as an alternative to radiation therapy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5426659105925797, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4196586-30c8-4cb4-b43b-462f267849aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.987075"}
{"text": "03. how much and how often? myth : \" exercising three times a week is enough. \" there \u2019 s a lot of conflicting advice about the amount of exercise you need to do to get results, ranging from \u2018 anything is better than nothing \u2019 to \u2018 over an hour a day, every day \u2019. there \u2019 s a bit of truth in both extremes, and everything in between, though it also depends on what you mean by \u2018 get results \u2019. for example : - if you go for a 30 to 40 - minute brisk walk, you can temporarily reduce blood sugar, triglycerides and blood pressure levels. so in that sense, just one session can have a benefit. - people who \u2019 ve lost a great deal of weight ( 20kg or more ) seem to require one hour to 90 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise every day to maintain that weight loss. the current federal government national physical activity guidelines for australians recommend that, for good health, adults exercise for a total of 30 minutes or more on most, preferably all days. the 30 minutes can comprise several sessions of at least 10 minutes each. the activity should be strenuous enough to raise your heart rate and rate of breathing. you should be able to talk, but not sing. for greater health and fitness benefits, the guidelines recommend three or four sessions of vigorous exercise each week, for at least 30 minutes each time, in addition to the moderate exercise listed above. exercise should be continuous, and hard enough to make you puff \u2014 where it \u2019 s difficult to talk in full sentences without taking a breath. your heart rate should be about 70 \u2013 85 % of its maximum ( which is 220 beats per minute, minus your age ). finally, for good all - round physical health, you might consider including two or three resistance or strength training ( weightlifting ) sessions per week, as well as a flexibility and balance program ( such as yoga or pilates, or even just some gentle stretching ), in your exercise routine. anything is better than nothing, but for good health, do moderate exercise totalling at least 30 minutes a day, on five or more days a week. myth : \" i just ate a 300 calorie chocolate bar. walking burns 300 calories per hour, so if i walk for about an hour, i \u2019 ll burn off the chocolate. \" if you look up most exercise and calorie tables, they \u2019 ll tell you that a 68kg person walking for one hour at a moderate speed of 5 to 6km / h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45086633522539993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d6ee0af-fe53-4738-8401-f986506a45a4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.994105"}
{"text": "an hour, i \u2019 ll burn off the chocolate. \" if you look up most exercise and calorie tables, they \u2019 ll tell you that a 68kg person walking for one hour at a moderate speed of 5 to 6km / h burns between 250 and 300 calories. they don \u2019 t usually remind you that by sitting around doing nothing or pottering about, you \u2019 d also burn some calories \u2014 maybe up to 140. in other words, they give \u2018 gross \u2019 calorie expenditure per unit of time, not \u2018 net \u2019 calories ( the amount above and beyond what you \u2019 d normally expend ). now assuming the chocolate is surplus to your daily energy needs, and you want to burn off an extra 300 calories, you \u2019 ll need to do 300 \u2018 net \u2019 calories of exercise. researchers have worked out that the net calories burned walking in this situation would be about 180 calories per hour. this means more than 1. 5 hours of walking to burn off the chocolate. and eating it took you \u2026 how long? calculating energy expenditure based on gross, rather than net calorie burn overestimates the contribution of exercise to total daily expenditure. myth : \" i \u2019 m slim and healthy, i don \u2019 t need to exercise. \" even if you \u2019 re slim and seem to be healthy, you \u2019 re probably not as healthy as you could be if you are inactive. furthermore, studies have found that people who are \u2018 fat and fit \u2019 \u2014 that is, who are overweight but do regular exercise \u2014 are healthier than people who don \u2019 t exercise, and therefore likely to live longer. meeting the minimum exercise recommendations can go a long way to achieving good health. benefits include : - normal blood pressure. - healthy cholesterol levels. - lower levels of anxiety and depression. - stronger bones and better balance ( particularly important for older people otherwise at risk of osteoporosis ). - weight management. - good cardio - respiratory fitness, muscular strength and flexibility. - general self - esteem and psychological wellbeing. exercise contributes to good overall physical and mental health \u2014 it \u2019 s not just about body weight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44498633554736644, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d6ee0af-fe53-4738-8401-f986506a45a4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:23.996148"}
{"text": "scotland is pushing to become the first u. k. nation to introduce legislature approving same - sex marriage, though their plans are being opposed both by the catholic church and the church of scotland. currently, scotland allows for same - sex civil partnerships, but an entire \" rainbow coalition \" of organizations, which includes the equality network, amnesty international, unison and the humanist society of scotland, wants fully recognized marriage for gay couples, bbc reported. the u. k. government is, in the meantime, considering whole - scale changes to the definition of marriage and is proposing to legalize gay marriage by 2015. much like the u. k. government proposals, the scottish bill is supposed to provide a provision for religious institutions opposed to same - sex marriage, allowing them to refuse to perform such ceremonies. but the mainstream scottish christian communities are concerned that changing the traditional definition of marriage to include same - sex couples will force churches to accept something that goes against their beliefs nonetheless. cardinal keith o ' brien, the most senior catholic cleric, has even called the plan a \" grotesque subversion of a universally accepted human right, \" and has called for more discussion to be held on the issue. the cardinal has also pushed for the scotland for marriage campaign in opposition to same - sex marriage \" the church of scotland cannot agree that the law in scotland should be changed to allow same - sex marriage. the government ' s proposal fundamentally changes marriage as it is understood in our country and our culture \u2013 that it is a relationship between one man and one woman. in common with the historic position of the christian church, the church of scotland has always viewed marriage as being between one man and one woman, \" a previous statement issued by the church body read. \" scriptural references to marriage, whether literal or metaphorical, all operate under this understanding. to redefine marriage to include same - sex marriage may have significant and, as yet, inadequately considered repercussions for our country, for the well - being of families, communities and individuals, \" the body added. the general assembly of the church of scotland in may 2011 affirmed that while it supports the traditional definition of marriage, it still views homophobia as sinful and urges ministries to defend all members of the church, regardless of their sexual orientation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45471029788039086, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c16324-c1e4-443b-81a8-d0dbcdde9ecb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.003924"}
{"text": "ron coleman is a canadian currently an assistant professor at california state university, sacramento. he is interested in cichlids both as a scientist and as a hobbyist. as a scientist, he tries to understand how and why parent fish take care of their kids. this has led him to a great interest in egg size and he is founder of the cichlid egg project. he works both in the lab and in costa rica and writes for the scientific literature as well as various hobbyist publications, including cichlid news. his favorite fish is tomocichla tuba. ron also maintains the great cichlid research home page. ron puts his interest in cichlids as follows ; i am interested in cichlids from two angles, both as a scientist and as a hobbyist. on the hobbyist side, it is hard to beat cichlids as entertaining an just plain interesting animals to have around. they are intelligent and curious creatures that come in so many shapes, sizes and colors that i find it hard to believe that anyone could not be fascinated by them. many of these same qualities of cichlids make them fascinating to me as a scientist. the sheer diversity of the family offers countless opportunities to evolutionary biologists like myself. the goal of my research is to understand the key processes that shape the characteristics of organisms. those characteristics might be solid physical things, like the size of the body, or more intangible things like behavior. the approach i use is called life history theory which in a nutshell argues that most every aspect of an organism is the product of tradeoffs. this means that there are costs and benefits to every aspect of organismal design. for example, why is the giraffe ' s neck so long? the giraffe gains many benefits from its long neck : the ability to forage on vegetation far above the ground, the ability to see potential predators at great distances, etc. but, balanced against these benefits are an equal number of costs : giraffes have great difficulty drinking, they aren ' t very well balanced, can ' t jump hardly at all, and are pretty easy to spot at great distances as well. as i see it, the goal of modern biology is to understand the costs and benefits of the characteristics of organisms we see around us. in this way, we can hope to understand what is \" driving \" nature and this will allow us to make intelligent choices on this ever - more - crowded planet. cichlids, are nature ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5055049906481661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a50d5274-e0de-499f-8179-913eb8e6fd6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.010805"}
{"text": "teachers need the commitment of the senior leadership team and support of members of the languages department in order to successfully introduce an applied gcse french course as there are some important aspects to consider : planning the course - timetabling and it is essential that the staff selected to teach the applied french course fully embrace the fact that the course is work - related and that this will need a change of approach if the course is to be successful. staff need to understand that the french needs to be taught in the chosen specialist context ( business, media and communication or leisure and time will need to be allocated to plan detailed schemes of work to ensure that there is full coverage of the generic topic areas within the chosen specialist context. language staff need to be trained in how to deliver and assess the applied french course so it is important to consider funding for inset in the summer term prior to the introduction of the course. edexcel offers training courses at different locations around the country and can also organise bespoke training for individual schools or groups of schools wishing to begin the course. ongoing training will be necessary to ensure that staff are familiar with the assessment requirements especially for the oral and written components which are teacher - assessed and externally ict staff will need to be familiarised with the requirements for the on - screen tests. it is important to do this at a early stage to ensure that that the computer system is appropriate to cope with the demands of the test and that there are sufficient computers to enable the students to sit the examinations. timetable allocation for the applied gcse french is the same as for the conventional gcse course. it is desirable for some lessons to be timetabled in a computer room if possible in order to give students practice for the on - screen tests. however most lessons should not need ict access. a typical model might be one lesson in every four or five taking place in a computer suite or a short block of lessons ( eg four or five ) to complete a particular project which might be internet based. visits, links with companies / tourist attractions and trips abroad should be planned in order to set the course in an authentic work - related context. contacting the local education business partnership may help with this. if you are unsure of local contacts, consult the national education business partnership network. be sure to obtain all available support materials including the kit ( rtf 1. 82 mb ) to facilitate delivery of the course. the on - screen tests before beginning the course it is important to consult with ict staff to familiarise them with the technical requirements ( pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.393623327530201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dccae538-e5c9-446c-80dc-2b11b7184a33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.021107"}
{"text": "obtain all available support materials including the kit ( rtf 1. 82 mb ) to facilitate delivery of the course. the on - screen tests before beginning the course it is important to consult with ict staff to familiarise them with the technical requirements ( pdf 76 kb ) to ensure that everything is in place. the ict staff should contact edexcel and may receive specific training and instructions to suit individual circumstances. the majority of schools have appropriate equipment to be able to conduct the tests. passwords need to be obtained from edexcel and it is the responsibility of ict staff to understand how to do this in good time. it is essential to conduct practice tests before undertaking the real on - screen examination. this will enable any possible technical problems to be sorted out in advance and should mean that the real exam will run smoothly. ict staff should ensure that they provide full support for the duration of the exam in case of schools have devised different methods of ensuring individual privacy in the on - screen tests. some have invested in individual booths so that candidates cannot see other screens. others seat pupils well apart to prevent pupils being able to see neighbouring screens. some schools seat a pupil entering the listening examination next to a pupil entering the reading examination and then let them sit the next examination ( either reading or listening ) immediately afterwards. students will need to have headphones for the listening examination. if large numbers of pupils are involved in the on - screen tests, it may be necessary to hold some pupils in a waiting area if there are insufficient computers available. as the tests each last only 40 minutes, this should not cause a problem. key points about conduct of the spoken - samples are supplied by awarding body for all three specialist contexts - business ( doc, 632kb ), leisure and tourism ( doc, 2. 11mb ), media and communication ( doc, 370kb ) - schools may create their own or adapt the sample interactions provided by the awarding body - stimulus material for the interaction may be in english or french with visuals, symbols, photographs etc ( if the stimulus is in french, students cannot be rewarded for language lifted from the - students have three days in which to prepare for the spoken - three spoken interactions must be recorded for each student. the final one of these must be recorded in a window of time specified by the awarding body. it is recommended that five are conducted and the best three are selected from these. planning will need to be made in advance as to how these recordings are going to be achieved at suitable points throughout the course. the support of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43541628694409196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dccae538-e5c9-446c-80dc-2b11b7184a33>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.022421"}
{"text": "specified by the awarding body. it is recommended that five are conducted and the best three are selected from these. planning will need to be made in advance as to how these recordings are going to be achieved at suitable points throughout the course. the support of senior management is essential for this process to be successful as time will need to be allocated. - all three interactions must be marked by the teacher in line with the assessment criteria. teachers should fully familiarise themselves with the assessment criteria well in advance and if possible attend training on the conduct and marking of the speaking - the marks for all candidates for their three best interactions must be submitted to the awarding body - recordings of candidates selected by the awarding body must be sent to the moderator along with the stimulus material used for the recording the presentation in the formally assessed presentation conducted in the assessment window, students will not be allowed access to a script although they will be able to refer to a printout of key bullet points or a ' spider diagram ' ( no larger than an a5 piece of paper and containing no more than 30 words ). it is important to note that the content of the presentation should be different to any written coursework. most schools record the presentation on the same occasion as the spoken interaction. it will be necessary to plan appropriate oral examination time slots to enable the students to carry out the prepared spoken interaction and the presentation. the presentation should last 1 - 2 minutes with 1 - 2 minutes of follow - up questions. therefore the slot required for each candidate including conduct of the spoken interaction would be around 10 minutes. the applied gcse french microsite examinations officer will know how to gain access to the applied french gcse microsite and on this site you will be able to obtain valuable information on the conduct of the examination and how to enter marks online. document for exams officers on secure online content ( pdf 45 kb ) document for teachers on secure online content ( pdf 44 kb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4627063321071436, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dccae538-e5c9-446c-80dc-2b11b7184a33>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.023378"}
{"text": "ww2 women \u2019 s voluntary service ( wvs ) collected garden vegetables for the men in minesweepers fresh vegetables were collected from gardens all around the coast for the men serving in minesweepers and small naval crafts. thousands upon thousands of vegetables were given out \u201c another women \u2019 s voluntary service ( wvs ) activity was centred on our shores. men in minesweepers and small naval craft were often unable to spend long enough on shore to get fresh vegetables. in east anglia, wvs members approached people who have been evacuated from their homes for permission to collect the vegetables from their gardens and take them to the docks. all around the coast and in northern ireland the scheme caught on. thousands upon thousands of vegetables were given out. in winter cakes and mince pies were added to the hampers. \u201d excerpt about the wvs from wikipedia : by the time of the blitz, women in the wvs were adept at providing food and drink around the clock. while arp wardens and firemen fought the fires, women in the wvs set up mobile canteens to keep them refreshed, thus placing themselves in serious physical danger with collapsing buildings a constant threat. when the raids ended, the wvs also played a part in looking after those who were injured and had lost their homes. records indicate that the wvs dealt with and helped over 10, 000 people every night of the blitz. as the blitz lasted for 57 nights, the wvs helped in total a vast number of people who went to their rest centres. some people stayed just for a night \u2013 many stayed for much longer and stretched the resources of the wvs to the limit. in barnes, one wvs member fed 1, 200 bomb victims in just one day, cooking in her own kitchen. it would be difficult to overstate the importance of the work done by the wvs during the blitz : the rest centres provided a roof, food and, importantly, sanitation. but working so near to the centre of the bombing inevitably led to casualties. 241 members of the wvs were killed during the blitz and many more were wounded. 25 wvs offices were destroyed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4080907522925206, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4e5f4e6-f8ec-44a6-b17b-d05a562d1c40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.025957"}
{"text": "course pages 2011 \u2013 12 no. of lectures : 7 ( continued into easter term ) companion courses : object - oriented programming, programming in java this course is a prerequisite for the group project ( part ib ). the aim of this course is to present a range of effective methods for the design and implementation of software, especially where that software must meet professional quality standards. this will include a brief introduction to current commercial methods, but the main motivation is to understand the reasons why such methods have developed, how they differ from the concerns of academic computer science, and what are the technical foundations of good software engineering. - introduction. dealing with uncertainty in design, and the need for a knowledge - based modeling process. overview of the design process, with reference to the terminology of the uml rational unified process ( inception phase, elaboration phase, construction phase, transition phase ). - inception phase. structured description of system usage and function, requirements capture techniques, identification of scenarios and uml use case diagrams. description of scenario elements in terms of crc models - classes, responsibilities and collaborators. - elaboration phase. systematic definition of classes, data and system structure. abstraction, modularisation and uml class diagrams. combining top - down refinement with bottom - up construction. - construction phase ( 1 ). object interaction, behaviour and state. different varieties of uml interaction diagram. recognising coupling between modules and responsibility - driven design. structuring source code as a design model. recognition of variable roles. - construction phase ( 2 ). data lifecycles and constraints, expressed using uml statecharts and z notation. defensive programming methods including recognition of pre - and post - conditions, invariants, composition and assertions. library components and documentation. - transition phase. rapid and agile prototyping strategies and iteration. quality, testing and evaluation strategies, optimisation and debugging techniques. at the end of the course, students should be able to undertake system design in a methodical manner, starting from a statement of system requirements, developing a modular design model, refining it into an implementation that clearly identifies and minimises risk, coding in a manner that can be integrated with the work of a team, and using appropriate methods to identify and prevent faults. mcconnell, s. ( 2004 ). code complete : a practical handbook of software construction. microsoft press ( 2nd ed. ). fowler, m. ( 2003 ). uml distilled. addison - wesley ( 3rd ed. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5494123383913022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a04f5591-6d4b-434e-9392-6f7b285f2284>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.029897"}
{"text": "faults. mcconnell, s. ( 2004 ). code complete : a practical handbook of software construction. microsoft press ( 2nd ed. ). fowler, m. ( 2003 ). uml distilled. addison - wesley ( 3rd ed. ). revision and reinforcement of object - oriented concepts for those needing this : barnes, d. j. & kolling, m. ( 2006 ). objects first with java : a practical introduction using bluej. pearson education ( 3rd ed. ). broy, m. & denert, e. ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). software pioneers : contributions to software engineering. springer - verlag. collins, h. & pinch, t. ( 1998 ). the golem at large : what you should know about technology. cambridge university press. petroski, h. ( 1985 ). to engineer is human : the role of failure in successful design. macmillan. vincenti, w. g. ( 1990 ). what engineers know and how they know it : analytical studies from aeronautical history. johns hopkins university press. simon, h. a. ( 1996 ). the sciences of the artificial. mit press. schon, d. a. ( 1990 ). educating the reflective practitioner. jossey - bass. pressman, r. s. ( 2010 ). software engineering. mcgraw - hill ( 7th international ed. ). isbn 9780073375977", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5401642272648297, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a04f5591-6d4b-434e-9392-6f7b285f2284>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.030450"}
{"text": "| castle wall offsets ben e. 30 viii 06 this article will outline various techniques of creating offsets from castle walls. offsets help us create the architectural details that give character to castles. first it is important to understand the units that each brick can be divided into. the brick below has the height to width ratio of 6 to 5. one plate is two units high. jumper tiles : the jumper tile is the most common method of creating an offset. this 1x2 tile has a stud centered on it ' s width. it allows offsets of 2. 5 units, or half of a stud. this can be used effectively to create details such as window and door surrounds, stairs, buttresses, and parapets. check out the window surround instructions below. technic and tiles : you may want even smaller offsets on your walls. using tiles rotated 90 degrees is very effective. tiles are 2 units thick. they can be attached to headlight bricks or technic bricks with half pins. steve decraemer effectively used this technique at brickfest 2005 and 2006 in his stone castles, one of which is pictured below. the only disadvantage of this technique is that all offsets are 5 units tall instead of 2 units found in plates. panels : i discovered the latest offset technique by accident this year by noticing the units of a common 1x2 panel. the back of each panel is a 1 / 5 of a stud wide. this allows us to offset details by one unit. instructions of my white tower corbel ' s below show how panels can be stacked and locked into place by other bricks. it creates small but very stable projections for the tower parapet. discussion of the tower and technique can be found in this the final result is a creation with more depth and detail than using traditional brick methods. home | archives | city | events | sets | how - to | creations | stories | links | contact \u00a9 2006 classic - castle. com. site design \u00a9 anthony sava and benjamin ellermann. all rights reserved. this is an unofficial fan created lego website, and is not sponsored, authorized or endorsed by the lego group. visit the official lego website : www. lego. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4642356061883346, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83d50631-a02a-4218-bd6b-37d071d6ada0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.036350"}
{"text": "shale gas boom now visible from space oil companies at the heart of the us shale oil boom are burning off enough gas to power all the homes in chicago and washington combined in a practice causing growing concern about the waste of resources and damage to the environment. the volume of unwanted gas being flared off in north dakota, the state leading the shale revolution transforming the outlook for us energy, rose about 50 per cent last year. the surge at the state ' s bakken formation is being replicated in other shale regions with the texas state regulator issuing 1, 963 permits to flare in 2012, more than six times the number of 306 in 2010. the rapid increase has made the us one of the world ' s worst countries for gas flaring. the volume of gas flared in the us has tripled in just five years, according to world bank estimates and is now fifth highest in the world, behind russia, nigeria, iran and iraq. the flaring is a result, in large part, of the low price of natural gas in north america, which can make it uneconomic to build pipelines and tanks to handle the gas released by oil production. flaring is often the safest way to dispose of it. the lights of the flares burning in the bakken and texas ' eagle ford shale fields can clearly be seen in night - time satellite photography. flaring has been attracting attention from investors and environmental campaigners because of the waste of gas and its consequences for greenhouse gas emissions, local air pollution and disturbance to nearby communities. flaring in north dakota increases by about 20 per cent the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the state ' s oil production, refining and transport, compared with the us average, according to financial times analysis of official data. investors managing a total of $ 500bn last year wrote to oil companies including exxonmobil, chevron, statoil and us independents urging them to do more to cut their flaring. they warned that \" excessive flaring, because of its impact on air quality and climate change, poses significant risks for the companies involved. \" since then, flaring in the us and concerns over it have only increased. mercy investment services, which manages the investments of the sisters of mercy order of nuns, filed a shareholder resolution this month calling on continental resources, the leading oil producer in the bakken, to adopt clear goals for cutting or eliminating flaring. continental said it already flared proportionately less gas than the industry average, was making progress on more reductions and agreed to report on its progress in 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41025066270372545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6150c2d-eb8f-4cf1-9a86-259fe67d33f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.042027"}
{"text": "the meteor that slammed into russia in february injured about 1, 000 people and freaked out many more. recent months have highlighted the danger of larger space objects that could bring doomsday if they collide with our planet. aside from death and taxes, there ' s another thing certain in life : meteors. to get a historical perspective on just how many dazzling space rocks have fallen through our skies in recent times, peep at carlo zapponi ' s visual graph called bolides, which puts meteor strikes in a chronological view. inspired by the greek word bolis ( missile ), bolides features data from a range of historical meteor records, ranging from metbase to london ' s natural history museum catalog of meteorites, and displays the data in a way that makes you want to click around and explore. \u2026 read more shortly after a large meteor hit russia in february, injuring about 1, 000 people, president obama ' s administration announced that the u. s. would work on asteroid tracking technology to avoid potentially more severe earth collisions. on monday, top nasa administrator charles bolden reiterated this pledge. bolden spoke at the human to mars summit in washington, d. c. on monday and said that a robotic spacecraft mission currently being planned will \" prepare efforts to prevent an asteroid from colliding with devastating force into our planet, \" according to u. s. news & world report. the government ' s plan is \u2026 read more the meteor shower created by the debris trail of halley ' s comet will peak sunday evening, and nasa is providing a live view of the celestial fireworks show. prime viewing of the annual eta aquarid meteor shower should be around 9 p. m. et, providing stargazers with 30 to 40 meteors an hour, according to nasa. a camera at nasa ' s marshall space flight center in hunstsville, ala., will provide live video of the event from 8 p. m. et to 3 a. m. et monday ( see below ). the lyrid meteor shower is peaking right now, and nasa wants to make sure you don ' t miss this once - a - year space fireworks show. mindful that some stargazers may not have optimum viewing conditions because of local weather conditions or the moon ' s glow, nasa has set up a camera at the marshall space flight center in huntsville, ala., to broadcast live images of the meteor shower. \" if you ' d like to catch a last look at 2013 lyrid meteror shower, this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45093768153670544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83832394-1775-42ae-9db8-8eac0782a93f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.047375"}
{"text": "glow, nasa has set up a camera at the marshall space flight center in huntsville, ala., to broadcast live images of the meteor shower. \" if you ' d like to catch a last look at 2013 lyrid meteror shower, this is your chance! \" nasa said in a statement. \" although a bright moon may interfere with viewing, \u2026 read more apparently the bright object that people reported seeing shooting over the east coast of the united states last night - - and that left a glittery trail across twitter - - may well have been a meteor. bill cooke of nasa ' s meteoroid environmental office told the associated press that, \" going on visual reports, \" the flash was \" a single meteor event. \" \" the thing is probably a yard across. we basically have ( had ) a boulder enter the atmosphere over the northeast, \" he added. the object lit up twitter last night at about 8 p. m. east coast \u2026 read more at a house committee hearing today, nasa administrator charles bolden jr. was asked what america would do if a meteor similar to the one that hit in russia on february 15 was found to be on a path toward new york, with impact three weeks away. his response? \" pray. \" at the moment, we might be lucky to get even three weeks ' warning. the united states and the rest of the world simply do not have the ability to detect many \" small \" meteors like the one that exploded over russia, which has been estimated at roughly 55 \u2026 read more capitalism is certainly alive and well in today ' s russia, as demonstrated by the growing number of attempts to cash in on the recent and much - recorded ( thanks to the help of ubiquitous russian dashboard cams ) meteor strike in siberia. the meteor that broke up over the city of chelyabinsk while also producing a window - shattering sonic boom and momentarily outshining the sun has become a cash cow for many opportunistic folks now offering up purported fragments of the space stone on ebay and elsewhere online. \u2026 read more subscribe to crave : this week on crave, william shatner has some choice words for j. j. abrams, and we toss one back in the greatest drinking game ever invented. cheers! plus, we dodge a bullet the size of a football field as an asteroid nearly collides with earth. phew. \u2026 read more leaked from today ' s 404 episode : - fiery meteor explodes over russia ' s ural mountains ; 1, 100 injured as shock wave breaks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44993758557613434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83832394-1775-42ae-9db8-8eac0782a93f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.048623"}
{"text": "and well - being of children and youth the canadian paediatric society gives permission to print single copies of this document from our website. for permission to reprint or reproduce multiple copies, please see our copyright policy. objective : to assist physicians in providing guidance to parents regarding neonatal circumcision. options : whether to recommend the routine circumcision of newborn male infants. outcomes : costs and complications of neonatal circumcision, the incidence of urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases and cancer of the penis in circumcised and uncircumcised males, and of cervical cancer in their partners, and the costs of treating these diseases. evidence : the literature on circumcision was reviewed by the fetus and newborn committee of the canadian paediatric society. during extensive discussion at meetings of the committee over a 24 - month period, the strength of the evidence was carefully weighed and the perspective of the committee developed. values : the literature was assessed to determine whether neonatal circumcision improves the health of boys and men and is a cost - effective approach to preventing penile problems and associated urinary tract conditions. religious and personal values were not included in the assessment. benefits, harms and costs : the effect of neonatal circumcision on the incidence of urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted diseases, cancer of the penis, cervical cancer and penile problems the complications of circumcision ; and estimates of the costs of neonatal circumcision and of the treatment of later penile conditions, urinary tract infections and complications of circumcision. recommendation : circumcision of newborns should not be routinely performed. validation : this recommendation is in keeping with previous statements on neonatal circumcision by the canadian paediatric society and the american academy of pediatrics. the statement was reviewed by the infectious disease committee of the canadian paediatric society. the board of directors of the canadian paediatric society has reviewed its content and approved it for publication. sponsor : this is an official statement of the canadian paediatric society. no external financial support has been received by the canadian paediatric society, or its members, for any portion of the statement ' s preparation. circumcision is one of the procedures performed most often on males. it was estimated in 1970 that 69 % to 97 % of all boys and men in the united states had been circumcised, in comparison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46442923847098694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.085790"}
{"text": "statement ' s preparation. circumcision is one of the procedures performed most often on males. it was estimated in 1970 that 69 % to 97 % of all boys and men in the united states had been circumcised, in comparison with 70 % of those in australia, 48 % of those in canada and 24 % of those in the united kingdom. the procedure is uncommon in northern european countries, central and south america and asia. in 1971 and 1975 the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) took a stand against the routine circumcision of newborns on the basis that there are no valid medical indications for circumcision in the neonatal period. in 1975 the fetus and newborn committee of the canadian paediatric society ( cps ) reviewed the literature available at that time and reached the same conclusion. in 1983 this position was reiterated by the aap and the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists in their joint publication guidelines for perinatal care. the cps fetus and newborn committee re - examined the issue in 1982, in response to an article on the benefits and risks of circumcision, and saw no reason to modify its 1975 statement. in 1989 a multidisciplinary task force on circumcision established by the aap summarized the evidence for and against the routine circumcision of newborns but did not make a specific recommendation. the evidence the task force reviewed on the status of circumcision of newborns and the question of routine neonatal circumcision was subsequently discussed in commentaries by the chairman of the task force and by one of its members. considerable discussion followed in the letters to the editor of the two journals in which these appeared -. there have continued to be articles published presenting arguments supporting and opposing routine neonatal circumcision -. detailed estimates of the financial and medical advantages and disadvantages have been made. groups opposed to neonatal circumcision have been formed and have become visible lobbyists ( for example, the national organization to halt the abuse and routine mutilation of males, san francisco, and the national organization of circumcision information resource centers based in san anselmo, calif., with branches across the united states and in canada and other countries ). it therefore seemed appropriate for the fetus and newborn committee of the cps to revisit the subject. articles on circumcision published between 1982 and 1992 were identified from index medicus, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47924827258228003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.087281"}
{"text": "states and in canada and other countries ). it therefore seemed appropriate for the fetus and newborn committee of the cps to revisit the subject. articles on circumcision published between 1982 and 1992 were identified from index medicus, and articles published from 1988 to 1994 were found through medline searches. relevant articles were also identified from the bibliographies of the aap task force statement, the subsequent commentaries and other review articles. the reference lists of identified articles were searched for additional publications. a total of 671 published articles on circumcision were identified. case reports, case - control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and two meta - analyses were identified and included. no randomized controlled trials of circumcision per se were identified ; the only randomized controlled trials found involved the use of analgesia or anesthetic agents during circumcision. of the articles identified, 61 concerned urinary tract infections ( utis ) and circumcision, 23 involved the relation between male circumcision and hiv status and 25 discussed the pain caused by circumcision and the use of analgesia. articles reviewed were restricted to those in english, except for one article in spanish. we asked the following questions. what is the effect of routine circumcision of newborn male infants on the rate of uti, sexually transmitted diseases, cancer of the penis, cervical carcinoma and penile problems? what is its effect on health care costs? is the balance of evidence sufficient to warrant a change in the position taken by the cps in 1982? the prepuce is described anatomically as a simple fold of skin. its function has been assumed to be protection of the glans. there are unwritten assumptions in the literature discussing circumcision. however, a recent report has described numerous oval, rounded or elongated nerve corpuscles in the inner mucosal surface of the prepuce. these are similar to nerve endings seen, although less frequently, in the glans and the frenulum. their function is unknown. the author of the report speculated that this specialized sensory tissue may perform different functions at different times of life and may be involved in sexual responses in adults. the presence of these nerve endings also emphasizes the need for pain control when circumcision is performed. an association between an increased incidence of uti and uncircumcised status has been reported. in 1982 ginsburg and mccracken reported a case series of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595674177589879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.088383"}
{"text": "endings also emphasizes the need for pain control when circumcision is performed. an association between an increased incidence of uti and uncircumcised status has been reported. in 1982 ginsburg and mccracken reported a case series of 109 infants in whom uti developed between 5 days and 8 months of age. male infants predominated in their series ; of these, 95 % were uncircumcised. in 1985 wiswell, smith and bass reviewed a cohort of 5261 infants born at an army hospital and found a higher incidence rate of uti among the uncircumcised male infants ( 4. 12 % ) than among those who were circumcised ( 0. 21 % ). a subsequent review of the records of 427 698 infants ( 219 755 of whom were boys ) born in us armed forces hospitals from 1975 to 1979 supported these findings, showing a 10 - fold higher incidence rate of uti among uncircumcised boys ( 1. 03 % ) than among circumcised boys ( 0. 10 % ). by comparison, the incidence rate among the female infants was 0. 52 %. in addition, the investigators reported a temporal association between a decrease in the circumcision rate and an increase in the uti rate among boys in the early 1980s. there was no concurrent change in the incidence among girls, and the ratio of the incidence of uti among boys to that among girls during early infancy shifted toward a predominance among boys. a later review of uti among 209 399 infants born between 1985 and 1990 in us army hospitals worldwide found that 1046 infants, of which 496 were boys, had been admitted to hospital for uti in the first year of life. there was a 10 - fold greater incidence of infection among the uncircumcised than among the circumcised boys. among the uncircumcised boys younger than 3 months of age, the incidence rate of concomitant bacteremia caused by the same organism that caused the uti was 23 %. the diagnosis of uti in all of these studies was made on the basis of culture of urine samples obtained by bladder tap or by catheter. these studies are retrospective, and therefore some caution must be exercised in their interpretation. a potential bias in these studies is that patients were admitted to hospital because of the infections ; since infections not requiring hospital treatment were excluded, the true incidence may have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4731902437194365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.089416"}
{"text": "cells. this ability has been shown to be associated with the presence on the bacteria of proteinaceous, filamentous organelles called fimbria, which appear to recognize and bind to specific receptors on the epithelial cells. kallenius and associates reported that 94 % of the cases of infantile pyelonephritis they reviewed were due specifically to p - fimbriated e. coli. on the basis of these observations, winberg and collaborators suggested two alternative preventive strategies : deliberate colonization with nonpathogenic bacterial flora during the newborn period or the promotion of rooming - in to facilitate close contact between newborns and their mothers. the first strategy is analogous to the active colonization of the umbilicus and nasal mucosa undertaken in the past to arrest epidemics of infection with staphylococcus aureus. these two strategies need to be evaluated further. one would expect both to have a low risk of complications. the second is in keeping with recent trends in maternal and infant care and could also have a low cost. if either strategy is successful, it may prove to be a more cost - effective way to prevent uti among male infants than circumcision. such an approach could also be applied to the prevention of uti in female infants, since adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells also plays a role in the development of uti in girls. there has been one report of a case - control study of breast - feeding and uti among infants. in the study, 47 % of 62 infants presenting with a uti had been breast - fed, whereas 82 % of 62 control infants seen at a well - baby clinic and 87 % of 62 control infants admitted to hospital because of fever had been breast - fed, and none of the control infants had a uti ( p < 0. 001 ). no information was given about alterations in the bacterial flora of the infants in the study. a meta - analysis has been made of six articles containing original patient data on circumcision and uti. in a sample of 221 799 patients the odds ratio ( or ) of uti among uncircumcised male infants compared with circumcised male infants was 13. 1 ( 95 % confidence interval [ ci ] 10. 9 to 15. 7 ). a second meta - analysis of nine studies of the circumcision status of boys with uti, which included the six articles covered by the first meta - analysis, reported an or of 12. 0 ( 95", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5151640503525478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.091491"}
{"text": "9 to 15. 7 ). a second meta - analysis of nine studies of the circumcision status of boys with uti, which included the six articles covered by the first meta - analysis, reported an or of 12. 0 ( 95 % ci 10. 6 to 13. 6 ). however, the risk of uti among the uncircumcised boys during the first year of life was low enough that the first set of authors felt that routine neonatal circumcision was not justified. the authors of the second analysis emphasized the importance of discussing the association between uti and uncircumcised status while counselling parents about neonatal circumcision to obtain their informed consent. an epidemiological study of uti during the first year of life involving 169 children born in israel found that 48 % ( 27 / 56 ) of the male infants presented with uti within 12 days after ritual circumcision. the incidence of uti among male infants was significantly higher just after circumcision ( from 9 to 20 days of life ) than during the rest of the first month of life and significantly higher in the first month of life than during the rest of the year. after the immediate postcircumcision period, the incidence rate of uti dropped to a level comparable to that reported among circumcised male infants in the united states. among the 113 female infants, the episodes of infection were evenly distributed throughout the first year of life, except that the incidence was lower during the first month. this study suggests that the method and the timing of circumcision also may be important factors to consider. in a retrospective case - control study, 26 men with symptomatic uti confirmed by microbiological analysis were compared with 52 men who had urinary symptoms but negative results of cultures from urine specimens. the groups were similar with respect to age, race and sexual activity. of the men with a uti, 31 % ( 8 / 26 ) were uncircumcised, whereas 12 % ( 6 / 52 ) of the men without a uti were uncircumcised ( p = 0. 037, or 5. 6, 95 % ci 1. 6 to 19. 4 ). in the case - control study by herzog, in 8 of the 31 patients who underwent radiographic investigation, abnormalities were found. four of the patients had grade ii reflux, two had grade iv reflux, one had posterior ureth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4625704345693837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.092432"}
{"text": "). in the case - control study by herzog, in 8 of the 31 patients who underwent radiographic investigation, abnormalities were found. four of the patients had grade ii reflux, two had grade iv reflux, one had posterior urethral valves with hydronephrosis, and one had ureteropelvic junction obstruction with hydronephrosis. amir, varsano and mimouni found anomalies of the urinary tracts of three out of eight patients who had a uti after ritual circumcision. it has been suggested that not circumcising male infants is, therefore, advantageous because it allows early identification of infants who have structural abnormalities that require surgical intervention or close medical follow - up. whether the reflux found in the patients in the case - control study was acquired or was a result of a congenital lesion, as suggested by rockney and caldamone, is unknown. a higher risk of nongonococcal urethritis among circumcised men than among uncircumcised men has been described. a recent cross - sectional study of 300 consecutive heterosexual male patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases ( std ) clinic showed that circumcision had no significant effect on the incidence of common stds. however, a significantly greater incidence of stds \u2014 including genital herpes, candidiasis, gonorrhea and syphilis \u2014 among men who were not circumcised than among those who were circumcised has been previously reported. uncircumcised status and diseases causing genital ulceration have been reported to be risk factors in the transmission of hiv to heterosexual men. a recent review of the literature on the association between circumcision status and the risk of hiv infection included 30 epidemiological studies, of which 15 were published articles and 15 were abstracts presented at conferences. twenty - six of these studies were cross - sectional, two were prospective and two ecological in design. one of the latter estimated the seroprevalence of hiv in the general population of 37 african capital cities and correlated these data with the estimated national proportions of uncircumcised males. the other related data on hiv seroprevalence from 140 discrete geographic locations in africa to the usual male circumcision practices in those areas. both showed positive associations. eighteen of the cross - sectional studies reported a statistically significant association, determined through univariate or multivariate analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4473149387702282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.093386"}
{"text": "study involved 110 men with penile cancer who were available and consented to participate, from a total of 219 men diagnosed with this condition, and 355 controls who were successfully interviewed, from a total of 481 eligible men. the controls were matched with the case subjects in a 2 : 1 ratio by 5 - year age groups and the year of diagnosis. the authors found that the rr of penile cancer was 3. 2 for uncircumcised men compared with circumcised men ( 95 % ci 1. 8 to 5. 7 ). however, other factors were also found to be associated with an increased risk of penile cancer. the rr was 2. 8 ( 95 % ci 1. 4 to 5. 5 ) among men who currently smoked compared with men who had never smoked. in addition, the rrs associated with a history of genital warts, penile rash or penile tear were 5. 9 ( 95 % ci 2. 1 to 17. 6 ), 9. 4 ( 95 % ci 3. 8 to 23. 9 ) and 3. 9 ( 95 % ci 1. 9 to 7. 7 ), respectively. furthermore, the men with penile cancer reported more sexual partners than those without cancer, and the men with tumours associated with hpv also reported more sexual partners than those whose tumours had a negative result of a test for hpv. in a case - control study conducted in hunan province in china, where a high rate of death from penile cancer has been documented and early circumcision is not practised, the rr of penile cancer was 32. 9 ( 95 % ci 4. 3 to 253. 8 ) among subjects who had been circumcised compared with those who had not. an elevated risk persisted when the analysis was restricted to men who were circumcised more than 5 years before penile cancer was diagnosed ( rr 14. 9, 95 % ci 1. 8 to 121 ). among those who had never been circumcised, those who failed to retract their foreskin while bathing were at elevated risk ( rr 1. 49 ), although this risk was not statistically significant ( 95 % ci 0. 8 to 2. 8 ). smoking was not identified as a risk factor. more case than control subjects reported previous stds. reported premarital or extramarital affairs were associated with an elevated risk. although the number of subjects was small, making it difficult to ascer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46321840588799573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.095304"}
{"text": ". smoking was not identified as a risk factor. more case than control subjects reported previous stds. reported premarital or extramarital affairs were associated with an elevated risk. although the number of subjects was small, making it difficult to ascertain the significance of this finding, the investigators found a greater number of genital warts, many in the same area as the tumours, during physical examination of the case subjects. the researchers did not test the subjects for hpv. although circumcision was not routinely practised in hunan, among the men who had been circumcised the most common reason for circumcision was the presence of a redundant prepuce or phimosis ; both of these conditions were also identified as risk factors for penile cancer. these studies support the need for further evaluation of the causal role of hygiene and stds in penile cancer. hpv types 16 and 18 are the viruses most commonly associated with cancer of the cervix -. herpes simplex virus type 2 has also been shown to be a causal agent in cervical cancer. a higher - than - average risk of cervical cancer has been reported among the wives of men who had been previously married to women with cervical cancer. as well, epidemiological studies have shown that starting sexual activity at an early age and having multiple sexual partners predispose women to cervical cancer. overall, no specific cause - and - effect relation between exposure to uncircumcised sexual partners and cervical cancer has been established. circumcision may lead to complications, which range from minor to severe. they include easily controllable bleeding, amputation of the glans -, acute renal failure, life - threatening sepsis and, rarely, death. the evidence of postoperative complications is unknown. the rates of complications reported in several large case series are low, from 0. 2 % to 0. 6 %. however, published rates range as widely as 0. 06 % to 55 %. williams and kapila have suggested that a realistic rate is between 2 % and 10 %. wiswell and geschke, in a survey of 136 086 boys, reported a rate of complications of circumcision and other genitourinary problems of 0. 19 % among circumcised infants during the first month of life and a rate of genitourinary problems of 0. 24 % among uncircumcised boys. among the circumcised boys, hem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46396428464774014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.097416"}
{"text": "0. 19 % among circumcised infants during the first month of life and a rate of genitourinary problems of 0. 24 % among uncircumcised boys. among the circumcised boys, hemorrhage, local infection, surgical trauma, uti and bacteremia were identified. among those not circumcised, the problems were all related to utis. three of these children also had meningitis, two had renal failure, and two died. the incidence of urinary - tract abnormalities was not reported. the incidence of uti and bacteremia was lower among the circumcised boys, at a statistically significant level, although the overall rates of complications and other problems between the two groups were not significantly different. therefore, the incidence of complications of circumcision, according to some reports, approaches or exceeds the incidence of uti among uncircumcised male infants. although some of the complications are less severe than a uti, the incidence and cost of complications need to be included in any assessment of the cost - effectiveness of routine circumcision. the incidence of bleeding, erosion of the glans and stenosis of the ureteral meatus has been reported to be higher in male infants who have been circumcised than in those who have not been circumcised. meatitis and meatal ulcers occur almost exclusively in circumcised boys. however, a retrospective survey of boys 4 months to 12 years of age showed a significantly greater frequency of penile problems ( 14 % v. 6 %, p = 0. 001 ) and of medical visits for penile problems ( 10 % v. 5 %, p = 0. 05 ) among uncircumcised boys than among those circumcised. most of the problems were minor. another study of boys in their first 8 years of life reported that the relation between the risk of penile problems and circumcision status varied with the child ' s age. during infancy, the circumcised children had a statistically significantly higher risk of problems than the uncircumcised boys, but among the older children the uncircumcised boys had a significantly higher rate of penile problems, which included penile inflammation and phimosis. these studies did not assess the possible effect of the forcible retraction of the prepuce, before it had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46016822607673735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.098349"}
{"text": ". newborn infants exhibit physiological, autonomic and behavioural responses to noxious stimuli. these responses suggest that they experience pain, and there is evidence that preventing pain in newborns can be important. newborns who undergo circumcision without an anesthetic have greater increases in heart rate, cry longer and have greater decreases in transcutaneous oxygen tension than those who undergo the procedure after administration of a dorsal penile nerve block with lidocaine. behavioural differences have also been reported. infants circumcised without an anesthetic were reported to show decreases in responsiveness and in optimal motor performance in comparison with those who received a dorsal penile nerve block. these differences were still evident a day after the procedure. furthermore, a recent report has described significantly longer crying bouts and pain scores among circumcised boys than among uncircumcised boys during routine vaccination at 4 to 6 months of age. dorsal penile nerve block has been shown to reduce the behavioural and physiological changes during circumcision but may have serious consequences, including skin sloughs. topical anesthetic agents show promise - but do not take effect until 45 to 60 minutes after application. furthermore, these agents may produce methemoglobinemia. a prospective, randomized, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial involving 47 patients showed that acetaminophen did not alleviate the intraoperative or the immediate postoperative physiological and behavioural changes indicating pain. however, it may have provided some benefit after the immediate postcircumcision period. the use of sucrose for pain relief has also been tested. in a controlled trial, 30 normal term infants undergoing circumcision were randomly assigned to receive no intervention, a nipple dipped in water or a nipple dipped in a solution of 24 % sucrose. the bottles of sterile water and of sucrose solution were prepared and marked so as to ensure that neither the investigator nor the physician knew their contents. the use of a pacifier dipped in sterile water reduced the percentage of time spent crying after circumcision from 67 % to 49 % ( p < 0. 01 ), and the use of sucrose on the pacifier further reduced the percentage of time spent crying to a mean of 31 % ( p < 0. 05 ). the evidence of the need for pain control is strong, and there is evidence of the increasing use of agents to achieve this. however, the most effective and least risky type of an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4565758951472034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.102483"}
{"text": "to a mean of 31 % ( p < 0. 05 ). the evidence of the need for pain control is strong, and there is evidence of the increasing use of agents to achieve this. however, the most effective and least risky type of anesthesia or analgesia remains to be determined. further studies are required to determine the most appropriate agents and the timing of their use. chessare developed a model for decisions concerning circumcision of newborn male infants to prevent utis. in the model, the probability of having a uti in the first year of life was considered to be 4. 1 % for an uncircumcised boy and 0. 2 % for a circumcised boy, and the likelihood of renal scarring as a result of a uti was considered to be 7. 5 %. the probability of minor complications was set at 21. 8 %, which is a much higher incidence rate than the rate of 0. 19 % reported by wiswell and geschke or of 2 % to 10 % estimated by the authors of a recent review. chessare stated that the rate of minor complications has no effect on the preferred choice. major complications were not included because they are relatively rare. all possible outcomes were ranked from worst ( e. g., circumcision followed by renal disease ) to best ( e. g., no circumcision and no later uti ) on a scale of 0 to 1. for the set of values assigned to the possible outcomes, the highest expected benefit was obtained from the choice not to circumcise. the choice would remain not to circumcise even if none of the infants circumcised had complications as a result of the procedure and would change only if the probability of a uti in the first year of life was 29 % or greater. the possible reductions in the risk of penile carcinoma and of hiv infection were not considered in this model. thompson interpreted the published data by considering a hypothetical cohort of 2000 newborn male infants, half of whom were circumcised and half of whom were not. given an incidence of uti of 0. 1 % in the circumcised boys and of 1. 0 % in the uncircumcised ones during the first year of life, he calculated that there would be nine more utis for every 1000 newborns who were not circumcised. thus, 99. 9 % of the circumcised infants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4943076792972383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.103613"}
{"text": "all factors concerning neonatal circumcision were considered, and the restriction of the analysis to purely economic factors is a significant limitation. lawler, bisonni and holtgrave used a decision tree to illustrate the consequences of the choice to circumcise or not to circumcise male infants. with the use of the markov process, they simulated the natural history of uncircumcised patients in whom penile cancer develops later in life. they assumed there was no risk of penile cancer after circumcision. they included in the analysis the risks of death from the surgical procedure, of surgical complications, of uti, of death from uti and of penile problems. for the uncircumcised patients, the analysis included the risks of penile problems ( e. g., balanitis, phimosis and paraphimosis ), of death from the surgical procedure when performed at a later age, of surgical complications, of uti, of death from uti and of penile cancer. the incidence of these events was taken from the literature. however, this incidence information varies widely, and reliable data on the incidence of phimosis and the need for circumcision later in life are lacking as a result of differences in diagnostic criteria. given an 85 - year life expectancy, these investigators calculated that the expected lifetime cost of routine neonatal circumcision was $ 164. 61 per patient, and the quality - adjusted survival was 84. 999 years. for those not circumcised, the expected mean lifetime cost was $ 139. 26 per patient and the quality - adjusted survival was 84. 71 years. the investigators therefore concluded there was no medical indication for circumcision or contraindication against it. according to their sensitivity analyses, if the rate of surgical complications of neonatal circumcision fell below the threshold value of 0. 6 %, then circumcision would be preferred, both in terms of its cost and its favourable effect on lifespan. similarly, if the risk of penile problems among uncircumcised males rose to 17 % from the baseline value of 14 %, then circumcision would be preferred from a cost perspective. the authors recognized and emphasized the need for epidemiologically sound data on the surgical complications of circumcision and on the incidence and outcome of therapy for balanitis, phimosis and other penile problems, in order to better assess the risks and benefits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48080820148049186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.106714"}
{"text": "the need for epidemiologically sound data on the surgical complications of circumcision and on the incidence and outcome of therapy for balanitis, phimosis and other penile problems, in order to better assess the risks and benefits. ganiats and coworkers performed a cost - utility analysis of two hypothetical groups of 1000 neonates, one circumcised and the other uncircumcised. their analysis included the reported differences in incidence of utis and of penile cancer, the estimated costs of treating these diseases, the incidence and cost of later therapeutic circumcision and the costs of neonatal circumcision and its complications. the net discounted lifetime cost of routine circumcision was $ 102 per man, and the net discounted lifetime cost to health of no circumcision was 14 hours per man. the results suggested that the financial and medical advantages and disadvantages of routine neonatal circumcision cancel each other out, and that personal cultural or religious views, rather than cost or health outcomes, should be the basis for decision making. poland commented that relatively few medical procedures are routinely recommended for the care of infants and children, and that a good general principle is to withhold the routine application of procedures to large groups unless the benefits clearly far outweigh the risks and costs. our review of the literature leads us to conclude that, for routine neonatal circumcision, the benefits have not been shown to clearly outweigh the risks and costs. when information on the medical advantages and disadvantages of neonatal circumcision is presented to parents before they make a decision concerning neonatal circumcision, it results in little change in their decisions. there is evidence that parents ' decision making is based mainly on social, rather than medical, concerns. the strongest factor associated with the decision about whether to circumcise a male infant is whether his father was circumcised, and concerns about the attitude of peers and the boy ' s self - concept are also prominent influencing factors. these concerns also need to be discussed during physician counselling of parents. further information that addresses these concerns is required. we undertook this literature review to consider whether the cps should change its position on routine neonatal circumcision from that stated in 1982. the review led us to conclude the following. members : wayne andrews md ; douglas mcmillan md ( chair ) ; arne ohlsson md ; therese perreault md ; michael vincer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4730103489176416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.107810"}
{"text": "neonatal circumcision from that stated in 1982. the review led us to conclude the following. members : wayne andrews md ; douglas mcmillan md ( chair ) ; arne ohlsson md ; therese perreault md ; michael vincer md ; c robin walker md ; john watts md consultants : alexander allen md ( former chair ) ; eugene outerbridge md ; saroj saigal md liaisons : debbie fraser askin, neonatal nursing consultant ; robert liston md, maternal - fetal medicine committee, society of obstetricians and gynaecologists of canada ; gerald merenstein md, committee on fetus and newborn, american academy of pediatrics ; renato natale md, maternal - fetal medicine committee, society of obstetricians and gynaecologists of canada ( chairman ) ; william oh md, committee on fetus and newborn, american academy of pediatrics ; apostolos papageorgiou md, neonatal - perinatal medicine section, canadian paediatric society ; janet pinelli, neonatal nursing consultant principal author : eugene outerbridge md disclaimer : the recommendations in this position statement do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or procedure to be followed. variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. internet addresses are current at time of publication.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4265872411695891, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0412f1ec-6485-47e0-8fd7-0993ca8097ff>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.108426"}
{"text": "consumers and companies today rely on the internet to perform all manner of tasks, from conducting business, to buying and selling personal items to managing their lives, friendships and family interactions. however, working and living online exposes everyone to successive waves of hacks, scams, and other digital exploits \u2013 threats unimagined only a few years ago. enterprise it and corporate management are spending increasing time, energy, and funds on securing digital and physical assets with technology of growing complexity. strong encryption, multifactor biometrics, intrusion detection, anti - malware software and other advanced security measures provide necessary protection against a range of threats, but a simple truth remains : verification before a transaction ( or a security breach ) occurs is always cheaper and more effective than attempting to remedy the consequences of failing to do so. internet security today is built on a fragile combination of robust transport authentication mechanisms like ssl and ssh, strong public and private key encryption, and password and captcha regimes. unfortunately, encryption and transport security do little to address vulnerabilities at the endpoints \u2014 servers and the personal devices used to access them. and, authentication solutions such as passwords, captcha and tokens have been shown to be vulnerable to attack. intelligent authentication via the phone mobile phones are today the most ubiquitous devices on earth. in 2011, the united nations estimates that more than five billion people worldwide own mobile phones and subscribe to voice and messaging plans and other services. complement that number with 1. 2 billion landlines and a growing number of internet ( voip ) phones for majority coverage of today \u2019 s global population of nearly 7 billion people. mobile phones and landlines present key advantages for verification and authentication regimes : phoneid provides detailed information about phone type and registration location information globally. scammers and fraudsters often rely on untraceable pre - paid phones or voip numbers that they can acquire in bulk to spam and scam online users. phoneid helps companies identify such anonymous, location - independent telephone numbers, and block or flag these users and their associated transactions. telephone verification entails using a supplied telephone number for one - time authentication of online user identity. it calls or sends a text to the user supplied phone number with a pin that gives users the opportunity to verify their identity in establishing an account or even for each login to the account. combined with phoneid, telephone verification forms a robust out - of - band authentication method. for example, name. com, an accredited domain registrar and web hosting company, has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5996471256502176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc883572-5551-4b63-8f27-2acd31463a7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.114291"}
{"text": "identity in establishing an account or even for each login to the account. combined with phoneid, telephone verification forms a robust out - of - band authentication method. for example, name. com, an accredited domain registrar and web hosting company, has a multi - layered fraud defense strategy, using telephone verification together with other fraud prevention products to eliminate more than $ 1. 5 million in annual online fraud. domain registrars are frequently targeted by fraudsters, as compromised domain names are easy gateways for scamming customers of banks, cloud services companies, e - commerce and other websites. by stealing and redirecting domain names, fraudsters can intercept traffic and spoof websites to \u201c phish \u201d for credentials, compromise user accounts, and siphon off funds and personal data. in recent years, name. com experienced 10 to 12 percent annual fraud rates. by employing fraud prevention solutions to flag suspicious orders and create audit trails with intelligent authentication, name. com reduced the time and manpower needed to identify fraudulent orders and cut illegal domain purchases by 97 percent. phone verification / identification is fast becoming a core security solution for online companies. it \u2019 s used by organizations of all sizes including some of the world \u2019 s largest and most prominent web businesses. it \u2019 s also in use by in multiple industries such as social media, lead generation, classifieds, financial services, healthcare, ecommerce and cloud - based services. verification is not merely a piece of larger security routines. verification lets users, employers, and vendors build and leverage online reputation for applications that include : in short, verification is key to securing online activities where knowing who is attempting to access digital assets is as important as what that person is doing. benefits for solutions providers by offering telephone verification along with other complementary security products, solutions providers can reap many benefits. they include : - protecting the business from cloud application security risks - the massive saas opportunities for vars - a reseller ' s guide : recipe for channel partnership success - cloud connection : seven steps to effective public cloud services - from capex to opex : channel strategy in the federal push to the cloud - a reseller ' s guide : coming out on top in the face of channel conflict - how to create a case for disaster recovery plan - how to offset your customers ' byod risks - how to ease client anxiety about private cloud deployments - how an smb cloud provider can create ' swagger ' in a competitive market - a reseller ' s guide : creating a successful solution provider event - how to prepare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5275023181820119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc883572-5551-4b63-8f27-2acd31463a7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.116177"}
{"text": "lecture 9 : understanding run - time environment representation and control in algol - like languages like pascal, algol w, and c / c + +, all of the environments that exist at any point during a computation can be collectively represented using a stack. this representation for environments is particularly advantageous because the environment stack can be implemented as an elaboration of the control stack included in the architecture of a modern computer to support procedure calls. algol - like languages are almost always compiled to machine code instead of interpreted like lc and jam. nevertheless, during program execution, the compiled machine code must perform all of the same operations on program data structures as interpreted code. the major difference between the two approaches is that a compiler typically has the opportunity to perform far more program analysis enabling it to precompute quantities that are computed by an interpreter during program execution. almost all modern machines provide a control stack to store the return addresses of procedure calls. in addition, other context information ( such as the contents of registers that must be restored by the called procedure ) is typically saved with the return address in a frame on the control stack. to return, the called procedure pops the current ( \" top \" ) frame off the stack, restores the saved context information ( typically the contents of registers that by convention must be preserved across procedure calls ) and jumps to the specified return address. the popping of the \" top \" stack frame off the stack restores the stack to the form it had before the call ( although some of the bindings for local variables stored in the stack may have changed ). some machines also pass argument values to procedures in the stack. the argument values are pushed on the stack along with the return address and the saved context information. another common convention is to pass arguments ( assuming the number is small ) in registers. the result returned by a procedure is typically returned in a register because the stack frame associated with the call is deallocated on return. ( another possible convention is to store the return value in a designated location in the calling stack frame. ) now let us relate the stack representation of environments to our understanding of the evaluation of programming languages with lexical scoping, i. e., the ( recursive ) let and lambda constructs. we have discussed lexical scope in the context of mostly functional languages based on the lambda - calculus, but exactly the same lexical constructs are present in algol - like languages. in algol - like language, a rec - let is called a block and a lambda ( which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5644819973903581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.130095"}
{"text": "the context of mostly functional languages based on the lambda - calculus, but exactly the same lexical constructs are present in algol - like languages. in algol - like language, a rec - let is called a block and a lambda ( which must occur as a rhs of a definition introduced in a block [ rec - let definition ] ) is called a procedure declaration. in a stack - based implementation of a lexically - scoped language, a new environment is constructed ( the extend - env process in our lc interpreter ) to evaluate the body of a let or a lambda application by allocating a new frame called an activation record on the control stack. the activation record contains : in this representation, an environment consists of a linked list of activation records ; the link field connecting this list static link in each record. the first record in the sequence gives the local bindings ( static distance 0 ), the second record gives the bindings at static distance 1, and so forth. the length of this list is simply the lexical nesting level of the body of the let form or lambda application being evaluated. for let invocations ( regardless of whether let is recursive ) ( let ( [ x1 e1 ]... [ xn en ] ) e ) and raw lambda applications ( ( lambda ( x1... xn ) e ) e1... en ), the static link and dynamic link in the new activation record both point to the same place, namely the preceding activation record on the stack ( the activation record for the enclosing let form or lambda application. for a function application ( f e1... en ) the static link in the new activation points to the activation record in the static chain corresponding the static distance between the application site and the definition of f. for a simple recursive function call ( e. g., the recursive call in the usual definition of factorial ), this static link is identical to the static link in the calling activation record ( the preceding activation record on the stack ). in algol - like languages, the only closures are functions that are passed as arguments to other functions. these closures are represented by a pair of pointers. one pointer points to a representation of the the function consisting of a record with the code for the function ( or a pointer it ) and a template describing the format of its activation record. the other pointer is the static link to be stored in the activation record for the closure when it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5712242857568224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.131121"}
{"text": "of the the function consisting of a record with the code for the function ( or a pointer it ) and a template describing the format of its activation record. the other pointer is the static link to be stored in the activation record for the closure when it is invoked ( the saved environment for the closure ). in algol - like languages, closures can only be passed as function arguments. as a result, the activation record identified by the static link stored in the closure is always available on the stack when the closure in invoked. when that activation is finally freed, the corresponding closure is guaranteed to be inaccessible. ( since c / c + + has no nested blocks or procedure definitions, closures degenerate to function pointers. ) the stack representation of environments breaks if a closure can be invoked after the activation record to which it points ( through its static link ) is deallocated ( \" popped \" ). the activation record no longer exists and the storage it occupied may have been reused. if the closure code tries to refer to a variable in the deallocated record, it retrieves corrupt data. algol - like languages restrict the usage of closures to prevent this problem from occurring. ( in c / c + + the same problem can arise if a data structure points to an object on the stack. unfortunately, c / c + + does nothing to prevent the catastrophe that occurs if the activation record containing the object is deallocated while the reference still exists. ) in the absence of tail - call optimization which converts procedure calls to jumps, every procedure call allocates a new stack frame. hence, a recursive procedure may allocate a large number of stack frames. the standard definition of the factorial function, for example, allocates 1001 frames to evaluate 1000! in this case, all of the activation records for invocations of factorial have the same static link. programs written in \" advanced \" languages like scheme, ml, jam, and lc can obviously be restricted to accommodate the stack representation of environments by prohibiting closures from being returned as values or stored in data structures. but this restriction reduces these advanced language to algol with a garbage - collected heap. to accommodate general closures, two implementation strategies are widely used. the first strategy is to abandon the stack discipline for managing activation records by allocating activation records in the heap and relying on garbage collection to reclaim the storage occupied by activation records. this approach does not use the control stack mechanism provided by the underlying computer architecture. the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5387683135264197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.132131"}
{"text": "is to abandon the stack discipline for managing activation records by allocating activation records in the heap and relying on garbage collection to reclaim the storage occupied by activation records. this approach does not use the control stack mechanism provided by the underlying computer architecture. the second strategy uses a hybrid representation scheme for environments that supplements the stack representation with information stored in the heap. the critical flaw in the stack implementation is that it destroys variables when the evaluation of the corresponding lambda returns. if such variables are stored in the heap and the closure knows how to find them, then the static link stored in the closure representation is unnecessary : all lookups that would have followed the static chain simply access the appropriate variables in the heap. such an implementation must identify the set of variables that occur free in each lambda - expression and force them to be allocated on the heap ( adding a level of indirection to the access protocol ). the activation records that would have contained these variables now contain pointers to them ( located in the heap ) instead. fortunately, the \" closure analysis \" required to determine which variables must be heap allocated is easy for a compiler to do. in the hybrid strategy for supporting closures, the activation record template used to represent a closure must include a pointer field for each free variable in the closure. when a lambda - expression is evaluated, an activation record template is allocated and the values of the pointers to free variables are copied from the relevant activation records on stack. it is possible to build a good language implementation using either strategy. the hybrid scheme adds a level of indirection to some variable accesses ( ordinary lookups of heap allocated variables ) but reduces it in others ( free variable lookups from within closure bodies ). overall, the hybrid scheme has a modest advantage because it manages memory allocation for activation records more efficiently ( through memory reuse and less fragmentation ). in addition, the hybrid scheme tends to recover more free memory during garbage collection because it only retains the variable bindings that actually appear in closure bodies, while the brute force heap allocation scheme retains all bindings in the activation records accessible to closures. in the course of an computation, an exceptional condition may be encountered that requires abandoning a subcomputation. if that subcomputation has a large number of associated stack frames, the \" bubbling \" action require to pass a special value back up the call chain is time - consuming and awkward to program. what we want is a construct that lets us label a selected stack frame as a recovery point and return a value directly to that frame ( just as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5263982020518101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.133251"}
{"text": "action require to pass a special value back up the call chain is time - consuming and awkward to program. what we want is a construct that lets us label a selected stack frame as a recovery point and return a value directly to that frame ( just as if the next stack frame had returned normally ). the \" direct return \" operation deallocates all of the stack frames from the current frame back to the recovery frame ; this can be done simply by changing the contents of the register serving as the stack pointer. in addition, it places the return value in the standard place ( usually a register ) in determined by the procedure calling conventions. in the simple stack representation of environments described above, the only two control operations are function invocation / block entry and function return / block exit. what if want to return a value directly to an activation record many layers above the activation record identified by the dynamic link? in a vanilla algol - like language, we cannot do this. we must ` ` bubble ' ' the value up through intervening stack frames ( via return operations in each context ) until we get to the target context. we need a more general control construct than function return to jump back through multiple stack frames as a single operation. an exception facility like catch / throw in java is such a construct. throwing an exception unwinds the stack ( following the dynamic chain ) until a matching catch operation is found. the matching catch can then extract a value embedded in the exception object. a naive implementation of the throw operation literally follows the dynamic chain and performs the requisite tests. a more sophisticated implemented includes a catch link in each frame pointing the nearest frame on the dynamic chain with an attached catch handler. then only catch links need to be followed. an even more sophisticated implementation ( which works for a simple exception system ) maintains a global table of the matching activation record address for each possible exception. ( in java, the appropriate design for this table is an interesting problem because exception matching is hierarchical, catch construction may include finally clauses that must be executed regardless of whether any of the catch clauses match, and programs can be dynamically extended during execution! ) standard scheme does not include an exception facility because it includes a significantly more powerful control operator called letcc. ( r4rs scheme uses a syntactic variant of letcc called call / cc. ) here are some examples of the behavior of ( letcc xit ( + ( xit 15 ) 5 ) ) = 15 ( letcc xit ( lambda ( x ) ( + ( xit (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47515467972259473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.135122"}
{"text": "of letcc called call / cc. ) here are some examples of the behavior of ( letcc xit ( + ( xit 15 ) 5 ) ) = 15 ( letcc xit ( lambda ( x ) ( + ( xit ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) x ) ) ) cannot be evaluated any further ; ( lambda... ) is a value, and xitoccurs free in it ( ( letcc xit ( lambda ( x ) ( + ( xit ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) x ) ) ) 25 ) = ( letcc xit2 ( [ lambda ( x ) ( + ( ( lambda ( v ) ( xit2 [ v 25 ] ) ) ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) x ) ] 25 ) ) = ( letcc xit2 ( + ( ( lambda ( v ) ( xit2 [ v 25 ] ) ) ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) ) 25 ) = ( letcc xit2 ( + ( xit2 [ ( lambda ( x ) 5 ) 25 ] ) 25 ) = ( letcc xit2 ( + ( xit2 5 ) 25 ) in general, when a letcc expression is evaluated, it turns its current context ( as in, ` ` complete textual context ' ' ) into a procedural object. this procedural object is also known as a continuation object. when a continuation object is applied, it forces the evaluator to remove the current evaluation context and to re - create the context of the original letcc expression, filled with the value of its argument. like procedures, continuation objects are first - class values, which means they can be stored in data structures or tested by predicates. in essence, letcc takes the current activation record and program counter at the point of invoking letcc and encapsulates them as a procedure waiting for a value to be returned. the body of the letcc is evaluated in the current environment extended by the binding of the letcc continuation name to the encapsulated procedure - - just as the body of a conventional let would be evaluated in an environment extending by the bindings specified in the definitions at the head of the let. now we understand the semantics of letcc, but how do we use it to write programs? we need to also understand its pragmatics. for instance, letcc can be used for exception handling. let us write a procedure, lod : : = null | ( cons [ 0 - 9 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5108886945723097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.136116"}
{"text": "use it to write programs? we need to also understand its pragmatics. for instance, letcc can be used for exception handling. let us write a procedure, lod : : = null | ( cons [ 0 - 9 ] lod ) our procedure might look like this : ( define pihelp ( lambda ( l ) ( cond ( ( null? l ) 1 ) ( else ( * ( car l ) ( pihelp ( cdr l ) ) ) ) ) ) ) however, suppose it is possible that we can get an invalid digit ( in the range ( ( bad? ( car l ) ) ( xit # f ) ) we use the following recipe for constructing such programs : if we pass this new procedure exceptional data, we get ( pi ' ( 1 2 b ) ) = = > ( letcc abort ( pihelp ' ( 1 2 b ) xxx ) ) = = > ( letcc abort ( * 1 ( * 2 ( pihelp # f ) ) ) ) = = > # f there are numerous control constructs that we can add to lc. some of these are : ( raise m ) stops computation and returns the value of ( raise m ) corresponds to an exceptional datum condition for the meta - evaluator. hence, it can be added to the evaluator by following the steps above. raiseby delimiting the extent to which it can escape. such a construct is called an abort delimiter, and is sometimes written as ( lambda ( f g ) ( open - file f ) ( g f ) ( close - file f ) ) raisestatement, then the file will never be closed. this might be undesirable. to prevent this, we can instead write ( lambda ( f g ) ( open - file f ) ( # ( g f ) ) ( close - file f ) ) # can be added to the evaluator with the following code : ( ( #? m ) ( letcc newxit ( meval ( # - body m ) env newxit ) ) ) ( # m h ) where his invoked only if maborts. ( the code in hmight typically be used to perform some clean - up action. ) additional extensions are possible : we could have labeled exceptions, and we could also have restartable exceptions ( where raisereturns a value and the continuation active at the time it was invoked ). here is the core of an interpreter that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4769206571329446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.137097"}
{"text": "action. ) additional extensions are possible : we could have labeled exceptions, and we could also have restartable exceptions ( where raisereturns a value and the continuation active at the time it was invoked ). here is the core of an interpreter that implements this version of # takes a body and a handler, as outlined above. the handler takes one argument, which is the value ` ` thrown ' ' by ( define meval / ec ( lambda ( m env exit ) ( cond... ( ( raise? m ) ( exit ( meval / ec ( raise - expr m ) env exit ) ) ) ( ( #? m ) ( ( letcc new - exit ( lambda ( ) ( meval / ec ( # - body m ) env ( lambda ( raised - value ) ( new - exit ( lambda ( ) ( mapply / ec ( meval / ec ( # - handler m ) env exit ) raised - value exit ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( note that all calls to the former meval will now have to call instead, passing on the exit handler unchanged ; only installs new handlers. mapply / ec is similarly modified. ) at this point, we will conclude our study of meta - interpreters. we have thus far covered the following : it would be worthwhile to note in passing some of the topics that we did not cover but which could be studied with the same methodology :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5288937272204078, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:300e8cb1-2f85-4e7a-9f72-9628af51c9f1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.137629"}
{"text": "( washington ) - united states helsinki commissioners remembered the romani holocaust today and called on governments to address the human rights violations against roma. \u201c the single most defining experience for roma in the 20th century was the holocaust, known in romani as the porrajmos, the devouring. during the war itself, roma were targeted for death by the nazis based on their ethnicity. at least 23, 000 roma were brought to auschwitz, \u201d said helsinki commission chairman senator ben nighthorse campbell ( r - co ). \u201c almost all of them perished in the gas chambers or from starvation, exhaustion, or disease. \u201d on the night of august 2 - 3, 1944, the order was given to liquidate the romani camp at auschwitz - birkenau. during the course of that night, 2, 897 romani men, women and children were killed in the gas chambers. roma around the globe have come to remember their holocaust experiences on these days. \u201c in the coming days, roma will gather - from temple emanu - el in new york to london, from thessalonika to hamburg, \u201d said commission co - chairmen rep. christopher h. smith ( r - nj ). \u201c not surprisingly, some of these events, such as those scheduled for london, will also protest the continuing human rights violations of roma. unfortunately, there are too many incidents happening today that illustrate how vulnerable roma continue to be. \u201d since late april 2001, there have been four violent attacks on roma in the czech republic ; the attack in svitavy on july 21 resulted in the death of one romani man. in hungary, a molotov cocktail was thrown into a romani house in jaszladany on june 5 and, on june 18, two romani children were burned when a molotov cocktail was thrown into their home in hencida. in slovakia, a romani man died in police custody on july 5 after reportedly being chained to a radiator and beaten over the course of 12 hours. \u201c it is shocking, \u201d said ranking member rep. steny h. hoyer ( d - md ), \u201c that belgian authorities would use ink to mark numbers on the forearms of roma to identify them as they were being deported back to slovakia. it is shocking that a hungarian mayor who says \u2018 every gypsy should be shot with a single bullet \u2019 can get re - elected to one term after another. i commend osce chairman - in - office mircea geoana for scheduling a meeting on romani human rights issues in bucharest in september, and hope that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4046529739557504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f2ba0a5-9df2-48a5-9621-0cc61eb7a55c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.141808"}
{"text": "be shot with a single bullet \u2019 can get re - elected to one term after another. i commend osce chairman - in - office mircea geoana for scheduling a meeting on romani human rights issues in bucharest in september, and hope that meeting will serve as a forum to promote greater government action to address these human rights violations. \u201d information on the osce meeting can be found at : www. osce. org / odihr / cprsi. background : although roma were among those targeted for complete annihilation by the nazis, their suffering before and during world war ii is not well known. during the 1920s and 1930s, institutionalized racism against roma took on an increasingly virulent form, and policies similar to those instituted against germany \u2019 s jews were also implemented against roma : race - based denial of the right to vote, selection for forced sterilization, loss of citizenship, incarceration in work or concentration camps, and, ultimately, deportation to, and annihilation at death camps. during the war itself, at least 23, 000 roma were brought to auschwitz, and almost all of them perished in the gas chambers or from starvation, exhaustion, or disease. some roma also died at the hands of sadistic ss doctors, like joseph mengele. elsewhere in german - occupied territory, roma were frequently killed by special ss squads or even regular army units or police, often simply shot at the village \u2019 s edge and dumped into mass graves. approximately 25, 000 roma from romania were deported en masse to transnistria in 1942 ; some 19, 000 of them perished there. although it has been very difficult to estimate both the size of the pre - war european romani population and war - time losses, some scholars put the size of the romani population in germany and german - occupied territories at 942, 000 and the number of roma killed during the holocaust at half a million. after world war ii, the post - nazi german government strongly resisted redressing past wrongs committed against roma, seeking to limit its accountability. in addition, roma have been discriminated against in court proceedings and their testimony has often been viewed as, a priori, unreliable. the first german trial decision to recognize that roma as well as jews were the victims of genocide during the third reich was not held until 1991. understanding of the nature and extent of romani losses continues to expand, as new archival material becomes available and as a new generation of researchers begins to examine this part of the holocaust. additional information on romani holocaust experiences can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42032160266420576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f2ba0a5-9df2-48a5-9621-0cc61eb7a55c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.142814"}
{"text": "enhancing learning by enhancing assessment assessment is a central element in the overall quality of teaching and learning in higher education. well designed assessment sets clear expectations, establishes a reasonable workload ( one that does not push students into rote reproductive approaches to study ), and provides opportunities for students to self - monitor, rehearse, practise and receive feedback. assessment is an integral component of a coherent educational experience. the ideas and strategies in the assessing student learning resources support three interrelated objectives for quality in student assessment in higher education. objectives for higher education assessment - assessment that guides and encourages effective approaches - assessment that validly and reliably measures expected learning outcomes, in particular the higher - order learning that characterises higher education ; and - assessment and grading that defines and protects academic the relationship between assessment practices and the overall quality of teaching and learning is often underestimated, yet assessment requirements and the clarity of assessment criteria and standards significantly influence the effectiveness of student learning. carefully designed assessment contributes directly to the way students approach their study and therefore contributes indirectly, but powerfully, to the quality of their learning. for most students, assessment requirements literally define the curriculum. assessment is therefore a potent strategic tool for educators with which to spell out the learning that will be rewarded and to guide students into effective approaches to study. equally, however, poorly designed assessment has the potential to hinder learning or stifle curriculum innovation. 16 indicators of effective assessment in higher education a checklist for quality in student assessment assessment is treated by staff and students as an integral and prominent component of the entire teaching and learning process rather than a final adjunct to it. the multiple roles of assessment are recognised. the powerful motivating effect of assessment requirements on students is understood and assessment tasks are designed to foster valued study habits. there is a faculty / departmental policy that guides individuals \u2019 assessment practices. subject assessment is integrated into an overall plan for course assessment. there is a clear alignment between expected learning outcomes, what is taught and learnt, and the knowledge and skills assessed \u2014 there is a closed and coherent \u2018 curriculum assessment tasks assess the capacity to analyse and synthesis new information and concepts rather than simply recall information previously presented. a variety of assessment methods is employed so that the limitations of particular methods are minimised. assessment tasks are designed to assess relevant generic skills as well as subject - specific knowledge and skills. there is a steady progression in the complexity and demands of assessment requirements in the later years of there is provision for student choice in assessment tasks and weighting at certain times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47943190797876867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8438335-a2ad-488b-8123-cd5b47abc589>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.148968"}
{"text": "designed to assess relevant generic skills as well as subject - specific knowledge and skills. there is a steady progression in the complexity and demands of assessment requirements in the later years of there is provision for student choice in assessment tasks and weighting at certain times. student and staff workloads are considered in the scheduling and design of assessment tasks. excessive assessment is avoided. assessment tasks are designed to sample student learning. assessment tasks are weighted to balance the developmental ( \u2018 formative \u2019 ) and judgemental ( \u2018 summative \u2019 ) roles of assessment. early low - stakes, low - weight assessment is used to provide students with feedback. grades are calculated and reported on the basis of clearly articulated learning outcomes and criteria for levels students receive explanatory and diagnostic feedback as well as grades. assessment tasks are checked to ensure there are no inherent biases that may disadvantage particular student plagiarism is minimised through careful task design, explicit education and appropriate monitoring of academic what students value in assessment unambiguous expectations students study more effectively when they know what they are working towards. students value, and expect, transparency in the way their knowledge will be assessed : they wish to see a clear relationship between lectures, tutorials, practical classes and subject resources, and what they are expected to demonstrate they know and can do. they are also wish to understand how grades are determined and they expect timely feedback that 1 ) explains the grade they have received, 2 ) rewards their achievement, as appropriate, and 3 ) offers suggestions for how they can improve. \u2018 authentic \u2019 tasks students value assessment tasks they perceive to be \u2018 real \u2019 : assessment tasks that present challenges to be taken seriously, not only for the grades at stake, but also for the nature of the knowledge and skills they are expected to demonstrate. students value assessment tasks they believe mirror the skills needed in the workplace. students are anxious to test themselves and to compare their performance against others. assessment tasks that students perceive to be trivial or superficial are less likely to evoke a strong commitment to study. choice and flexibility many students express a strong preference for choices in the nature, weighting and timing of assessment tasks. this preference for \u2018 negotiated \u2019 assessment is a logical extension of the trend towards offering students more flexible ways of studying and more choice in study options. students who seek \u2018 more say \u2019 in assessment often say they prefer to be assessed in ways that show their particular skills in the best light. they also argue they will study more effectively if they can arrange their timetables for submitting assessable work to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45310896172111637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8438335-a2ad-488b-8123-cd5b47abc589>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.150555"}
{"text": "students who seek \u2018 more say \u2019 in assessment often say they prefer to be assessed in ways that show their particular skills in the best light. they also argue they will study more effectively if they can arrange their timetables for submitting assessable work to suit their overall workload. providing higher education students with options in assessment \u2014 in a carefully structured way \u2014 is worth considering in many higher education courses though it is not a common practice. encouraging students to engage with the curriculum expectations in this way should assist them in becoming more autonomous and independent learners. re - positioning the role of assessment capturing the full educational benefits of well - designed assessment requires many of the conventional assumptions about assessment in higher education to be reconsidered. for academic staff, assessment is often a final consideration in their planning of the curriculum. this is not to imply staff underestimate or undervalue the role or importance of assessment, but assessment is often considered once other curriculum decisions have been made. the primary concerns of academic staff are often with designing learning outcomes and planning teaching and learning activities that will produce these outcomes. in contrast, students often work \u2018 backwards \u2019 through the curriculum, focusing first and foremost on how they will be assessed and what they will be required to demonstrate they have learned. academic staff view teaching and learning students view teaching and learning course content should be taught? what should students learn? what ways am i going to be assessed? what do i need to know? teaching and learning methods are appropriate? student assessment as a strategic tool for enhancing teaching then are the learning objectives? what approaches to study should i adopt? can student learning be assessed? can be the final consideration for staff in the design of the teaching and learning process is usually at the forefront of students \u2019 perception of the teaching and learning process for teaching staff, recognising the potent effects of assessment requirements on student study habits and capitalising on the capacity of assessment for creating preferred patterns of study is a powerful means of reconceptualising the use of assessment. but designing assessment to influence students \u2019 patterns of study in positive ways can present significant challenges. assessment in higher education must serve a number of purposes. the overall cycle of student assessment ( from the design and declaration of assessment tasks, to the evaluation and reporting of student achievement ) must not only guide student approaches to study and provide students with feedback on their progress, but also must determine their readiness to proceed to the next level of study, judge their \u2018 fitness to practice \u2019 and ultimately protect and guarantee academic standards. these purposes are often loosely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4370450207239779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8438335-a2ad-488b-8123-cd5b47abc589>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.151866"}
{"text": "mlk memorial : from china, with love? mlk memorial plans have been dogged by controversy over links to china. the mlk memorial was built by a chinese sculptor from chinese granite. but backers are pleased with the result. the stern, bulky visage of martin luther king jr. now gracing the national mall has brought forth tears of joy and redemption from onlookers. but for some americans, the massive monument will forever be marred by where it was made : china. skip to next paragraph in pictures martin luther king, jr. memorial subscribe today to the monitor the mlk memorial was created by chinese master sculptor lei yixin and the dingli stone carving co. out of 159 pieces of pink chinese granite, and, its defenders say, is intended to embrace dr. king ' s legacy as a global icon. \" martin luther king is not only a hero of americans, he also is a hero of the world, and he pursued the universal dream of the people of the world, \" mr. lei said through a translator in august, before hurricane irene pushed back the dedication of the memorial to oct. 16. to be sure, the ultimate arbiters will be onlookers, and so far those closest to king have been pleased. \" this particular artist, he has done a good job, \" martin luther king iii, king ' s son, told usa today. but as america prepares to dedicate its first national mall monument to an african - american, the process continues to dog the product. at issue are two philosophical ideas : one is that a sculptor ' s job is to simply put into stone the vision of a patron, and the other is that art is the reflection of its creator. it ' s not the first time such questions have dogged us monument patrons. the decision to use a french sculptor to carve the likeness of robert e. lee for a late 19th century monument in richmond, va., was met with \u201c a lot of rumbling and grumbling \u201d from confederate veterans, who argued that only a virginian could sculpt an appropriate likeness of lee, says kirk savage, a university of pittsburgh art historian. mr. savage, the author of this year ' s \" monument wars, \" a book about the transformation of the national mall, sees an equivalent in the debate over a chinese sculptor carving king. \u201c the idea is that a portrait likeness is supposed to be more than the features of a person, should convey the character or soul of that person, and that a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3922235905106044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b1a9967-1a50-47e6-aaad-24adcf58086b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.154691"}
{"text": "a pap smear should be a routine part of a woman ' s yearly gynecological examination. the primary purpose of a pap smear is to detect changes in the cells of the cervix which may lead to cervical cancer, while they ' re still in the early or pre - cancerous stages. during the examination, a sample of cells will be removed from your cervix with a small plastic or wooden spatula, or a cotton swab and brush. the cells are put on a slide and sent to the laboratory. there, the specimen will be examined under a microscope, and the results sent back to your doctor. a negative result means that no cancerous cells were found, and a positive test indicates that abnormalities may exist. oftentimes abnormalities do not mean that a cancer exists, but that these changes may eventually become a cancer if they are not appropriately treated. an abnormal result is usually followed by further diagnostic tests. the american cancer society recommends that women have a pap smear by age 18, or earlier if they ' re sexually active. after three consecutive normal tests, your doctor will let you know how frequently testing is needed. because cervical cancer seldom causes symptoms, many doctors recommend that a pelvic exam, including a pap smear, be performed each year. this is especially true in those who have risk factors such as becoming sexually active at a young age, multiple sexual partners, history of a sexually transmitted disease, or previously abnormal pap smears. for more information on pap smears, contact a health care professional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43581146593700226, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cad6f48-451d-4187-a1a4-47f67b379981>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.156270"}
{"text": "| deep submicron technology enabled the design of the industry ' s first very large chips. the magnitude of the design effort involved in creating these chips led to the adoption of reuse methodologies and system - on - chip ( soc ) design, in which various intellectual property ( ip ) components were created and reused to produce even larger, more complex chips. this led to the emergence of design flows and methods for handling ip protection and hierarchy, and ultimately soc test. | to enable soc test, two technologies emerged : as the industry matures in the usage of these technologies, hierarchical soc test flows have begun to emerge, and the benefits of having an soc test methodology are being recognized. - wrapper technology, in which a wrapper isolates the core from the embedded environment during test, such that the core can be tested independently from the logic in which it is embedded. - core test language ( ctl ), which communicates test information for the core and allows for the successful creation of a complete soc test set. socs can incorporate ip from one or more companies, and the benefit of testing the soc hierarchically - - offering the capability to isolate each section of a design for debug - - is proving highly advantageous. by isolating the ip test, each test issue also becomes isolated to a specific block of the design. scan insertion completed on a flat rather than per - core basis makes the soc design difficult to debug. if a test failure occurs, there is no way to figure out what portion of the design is failing without deeper diagnostics ( it is usually difficult to tell by the pattern name ). figure 1 illustrates how scan chains may be inserted in an soc that is tested flat. the scan chains connect to multiple cores, or to a core plus its user - defined logic ( udl ). the patterns created will test the entire design, but if a scan chain failure occurs, it is not obvious which block of logic caused that failure. figure 1 - - soc scan inserted flat figure 2 shows another way of inserting scan chains in an soc to allow for isolation of test. in this example, there are separate scan chains for each core. these scan chains are connected to the top - level ports. this allows a pattern set to test a specific portion of the soc. if that pattern set fails, it is obvious which block of the design caused the failure, making it easier to track yield issues during manufacturing test. this approach offers additional test time and cost reduction advantages, due to the use of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5457414835598478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d408f24-565b-460f-9093-acabe26d49dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.163868"}
{"text": "of the soc. if that pattern set fails, it is obvious which block of the design caused the failure, making it easier to track yield issues during manufacturing test. this approach offers additional test time and cost reduction advantages, due to the use of the much shorter scan chains resulting in fewer test vectors. figure 2 - - soc scan inserted hierarchically to maintain high coverage of a core in the hierarchically scan inserted soc, a mechanism is needed to control logic going into the core and to observe logic coming out of the core. this mechanism is needed because most functional ports of a core are not accessible from the top level of the soc. a wrapper boundary register ( wbr ), as shown in figure 3, isolates a core by bounding that core with a chain of registers, allowing for testing of the internal logic of that core without access to the functional ports. figure 3 - - core with isolation wrapper boundary register a wbr comprises a register for each functional input and output. flip - flops that are part of the function of the design at the input or output can be reused as a wbr cell. when no reusable flip - flop exists, a dedicated wbr cell must be placed on the functional input or output as shown in figure 4. the dedicated input wbr cell, rather than the input port, has the capability of driving the internal logic with the register during internal test ( intest ) mode. if the input port were used instead of the wbr cell, it would generate an x in this scenario, as there is no access to logic external to the core during the intest mode. this would cause a decrease in test coverage of the core. during intest mode, a dedicated output wbr cell captures responses from the functional logic into the wbr cell. the wbr added to a core can also be used to test the user - defined logic surrounding a core. figure 4 - - dedicated wbr cell examples test isolation can be leveraged to test each core with a different methodology, such as flip - flop or latch - based scan, or bist. this allows the best test methodology to be applied to each core, and eliminates the requirement that the entire soc have a matched test method. test isolation also allows for each core to be tested at different frequencies, which is often a requirement in soc design. when an soc is created, it can be a massive effort to create the test patterns for screening the device, and this effort cannot be begun until very late in the design flow. with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5286653232038928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d408f24-565b-460f-9093-acabe26d49dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.164932"}
{"text": "at different frequencies, which is often a requirement in soc design. when an soc is created, it can be a massive effort to create the test patterns for screening the device, and this effort cannot be begun until very late in the design flow. with an soc that is composed of wrapped cores, this effort can be divided in many ways. each core ' s test can be created whenever the core is completed, and much earlier in the soc design cycle to absolutely minimize schedule impacts. also, different resources ( people, cpus, tools ) can be used at different times to allow for a more serial flow and a reduction of cost. once a pattern set is created for an isolated core, this pattern set can be reused every time the core is reused. if hierarchical isolation is not used, the test patterns must be created each time the core is instantiated. if the environment allows, all of the cores can be tested in parallel. number of pins, tester memory and power are considerations that must be taken into account for this decision. if any of the environment will not allow for all of the cores and udl to be tested in parallel, hierarchical testing allows for other options. one core at a time can be tested, two cores at a time can be tested, or any other combination of cores and udl can be tested in parallel. the capability of hierarchical testing has the flexibility to test the soc in a way that best fits the environment. in the case of an soc flat test, the choices are much more limited. another advantage of testing hierarchically is that if there are unexpected problems during test, such as excess power dissipation or ir drop, they may be able to be circumvented. an example of this is if three cores are being tested in parallel and the ir drop during the test is high enough to cause data inversion or insufficient frequency measurements, then the testing order can be changed to accommodate these issues. test isolation also provides the ability to use the cores as a guideline to divide the power domains. the current / voltage measurements can be taken for each design entity. the separation of the power information is extremely important in an soc environment. a number of benefits of soc test methodologies have been identified. these benefits are significant enough for designs to be processed in an soc flow by partitioning the design hierarchically without the traditional ip reuse aspects of socs. teresa mclaurin is a consulting member of the technical staff at the arm design center in austin, tx. she manages and leads the dft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5241999040083604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d408f24-565b-460f-9093-acabe26d49dc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.165899"}
{"text": "using electrical signals alone to transfer data has become too slow for the high - speed transfers becoming routine in datacenters and supercomputers. in datacenters, 10gbit / s is now common in high - end servers and routers. although fiber optics has replaced copper wires for communications connections outside the system, the time has come to move those speed advantages inside to board and chip data interconnects. the search for materials that can meet the myriad challenges of board - to - board and chip - to - chip optical interconnects has been ongoing for several years. a new optical silicone - based material developed by dow corning and ibm promises to overcome most of those challenges to enable flexible, stable, and easily processable board - level polymer waveguides. the two companies debuted the material earlier this month in a presentation at the photonics west 2013 conference in san francisco. a new silicone - based material developed by dow corning and ibm promises to enable flexible, stable, and easily processable board - level optical waveguides, like the prototype shown here, for high - speed data transfer. ( source : ibm research ) \" as you continue to scale silicon by adding more transistors per given area, clock rates aren ' t going up accordingly, \" simon jones, business builder for dow corning electronics, told design news. \" as we try to increase the rate of data moving down copper wires, the power needed and the cost go up exponentially. chip - to - chip and chip - to - board interconnects are becoming the rate - limiting issue. \" the point at which optical fiber becomes more efficient than copper is occurring in shorter and shorter links. although there ' s been limited adoption of optical fiber - based connections at the board level, optical fiber is not scalable like transistors. so the volume of fiber that would be needed for increasing links between chips is too high, jones told us. optical links must be integrated into the board in the form of a waveguide. so far, waveguide materials investigated have included glass, silicon, and various types of polymers. materials must have the right performance characteristics, including mechanical and optical properties such as low loss and mechanical flexibility, while also being durable and stable enough to withstand high operating heat and humidity. to keep it cost - effective, the material must also be compatible with standard pc board processing equipment, and have a short processing time. dow corning has been conducting research into polymer waveguide silicones for the last 10 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5427153434045507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84faf4bb-326b-4985-b988-9d47a6776a38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.170562"}
{"text": "the buddha points to two mental qualities as the underlying safeguards of morality, thus as the protectors of both the individual and society as a whole. these two qualities are called in pali hiri and ottappa. hiri is an innate sense of shame over moral transgression ; ottappa is moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing. the buddha calls these two states the bright guardians of the world ( sukka lokapala ). he gives them this designation because as long as these two states prevail in people ' s hearts the moral standards of the world remain intact, while when their influence wanes the human world falls into unabashed promiscuity and violence, becoming almost indistinguishable from the animal realm ( itiv. 42 ) ( http : / / www. accesstoinsight. org / lib / auth... ay _ 23. html ). reverend thanissaro wrote : you have to make a distinction between feeling ashamed about yourself and ashamed about particular actions. remember rahula was a member of the noble warrior caste. if anybody had a sense of pride it would be that caste. and they also had the strongest sense of shame, that certain acts were not up to their standards. and so you ' re not dumping on yourself because you ' re a bad person but saying \" i made a mistake. that is not up to my standards. \" so it that case the shame is not debilitating. it actually helps you to reflect on what you did wrong. however, the affective experience is not rooted in aversion or some other gross mind state, but equanimity and insight. users browsing this forum : no registered users and 4 guests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5341175180977773, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40b0633c-d70e-4959-8d41-982ff97741f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.172229"}
{"text": "| home > facts > hypertriglyceridemia | highlight any text in the article to look up more information! hypertriglyceridemia is an elevation of triglyceride levels in the bloodstream. hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by elevated triglyceride levels. triglycerides are the chemical form in which more than 90 % of dietary fat and body fat exist. there are two sources of triglycerides : they are either obtained from the diet ( dietary triglycerides ) or manufactured by the body itself in the liver. they circulate constantly with all the lipoprotein carriers of the blood. the most important lipoproteins are : a blood cholesterol test usually reports on both cholesterol and triglyceride levels. the american heart association endorses the national cholesterol education program ( ncep ), a division of the national institutes of health ( nih ), and its guidelines ( illustration by ggs information services / thomson gale. ). for the detection of high cholesterol. the following are considered normal results : hypertriglyceridemia is a common disorder in the united states. it is made worse by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, obesity, cirrhosis of the liver and sedentary habits, all of which are more common in industrialized countries than in developing nations. the condition generally occurs in people who have low protein and high carbohydrate diets, but also has genetic causes, not very well - defined. one inherited form is \u201c familial hypertriglyceridemia \u201d, affecting about 1 out of 300 individuals in the united states. hypertriglyceridemia can also result from a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism ( dyslipidemia ). triglyceride levels increase gradually in men until about age 50 years and then decline slightly. in women they continue to increase with age. in 2001, the national cholesterol education program ( ncep ) released recommendations on triglyceride levels that should determine whether hypertriglyceridemia treatment is required or not : in the fredrickson classification of hyperlipide - mias, the general term for elevated lipids in the blood, hypertriglyceridemia is classified as four different types : when levels exceed 150 mg > dl, health care practitioners will recommend a diet aimed at lowering levels. most foods contain several different types of fats and some kinds are better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46703311287354865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1c55b7-7d51-434f-90cf-1ea79ea36ff4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.178513"}
{"text": "the blood, hypertriglyceridemia is classified as four different types : when levels exceed 150 mg > dl, health care practitioners will recommend a diet aimed at lowering levels. most foods contain several different types of fats and some kinds are better, not only to reduce fat during a hypertriglyceridemia diet, but for improving overall health. the four main types of fats are : unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are considered better than others to lower your risk of heart disease since they lower the total and ldl cholesterol levels. omega - 3 fatty acids may be especially beneficial to the heart. they appear to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease and may also protect against irregular heartbeats and help lower blood pressure levels. saturated and trans fats are considered less healthy because they can increase the risk of heart disease by increasing total and ldl cholesterol levels. tips to limit fat in the diet are accordingly focused on reducing foods high in saturated and trans fats. for example, the mayo clinic offers the following : the function of a hypertriglyceridemia diet is to bring triglyceride levels back to normal recommended levels ( less than 150 mg / dl ). the benefits of normal triglyceride levels are numerous. triglycerides carry fat - soluble vitamins a, d, e and k to where they are required, they help the synthesis of some hormones and protect cell membranes. the fat tissues in which they are stored also cushion and protect organs such as the kidneys and provide thermal insulation. the national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ), through its national cholesterol education program ( ncep ), recommends that the triglycerides of diabetic individuals should be checked regularly. diabetes can increase triglycerides significantly, especially when blood sugar is out of control. healthy adults over 40 should get their triglycerides tested at least once a year, and more often if levels are high until they reach the desirable level. fat restriction should be carefully evaluated. when reducing fat intake results in a required weight loss, triglyceride levels usually improve. when they are severely elevated ( > 1000 mg / dl ), a low - fat diet will decrease chylomicron and vldl. however, when triglycerides are only moderately elevated, a low - fat diet will increase them and may also decrease hdl levels. triglycerides do not cause complications until elevations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4269032103139467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1c55b7-7d51-434f-90cf-1ea79ea36ff4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.179587"}
{"text": "diet will decrease chylomicron and vldl. however, when triglycerides are only moderately elevated, a low - fat diet will increase them and may also decrease hdl levels. triglycerides do not cause complications until elevations of 1000 mg / dl or more are reached. there is a risk of chylomicronemia syndrome when levels are 800 mg / dl or higher. the syndrome causes recurrent episodes of abdominal pain that may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. extreme elevations of triglycerides, usually greater than 1000 mg / dl, may cause an inflammation of the pancreas ( pancreatitis ). the pancreas is the organ that makes insulin and substances to help digest food and pancreatitis is accordingly a serious disorder. people with hypertriglyceridemia are also at risk for fatty liver, the accumulation of fat in liver cells. triglyceride levels of 4000 mg / dl or higher, may cause a condition known as lipemia retinalis, in which eye examination reveals retinal blood vessels that have a pale pink, milky appearance. women with elevated triglycerides before conception may develop severe hypertriglyceridemia with levels well above 1000 mg / dl, and the associated risk of pancreatitis. these women require counseling for diet, exercise, and weight management before becoming pregnant and should be monitored closely during their pregnancies. the ncep triglyceride recommendation of less than 150 mg / dl per day has recently been challenged. cardiologists at the university of maryland medical center have presented evidence that the recommended level may still represent a significant risk for heart disease. their study suggests that less than 100 mg / dl would be more appropriate. american heart association. american heart association low - fat, low - cholesterol cookbook, 3rd edition : delicious recipes to help lower your cholesterol. new york, ny : clarkson potter, 2005. freeman, m. w., junge, c. e. harvard medical school guide to lowering your cholesterol. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill, 2005. kowalski, r. e. the new 8 - week cholesterol cure : the ultimate program for preventing heart disease. new york, ny : collins, 2002. larson duyff, r. ada complete food and nutrition guide, 3rded. chicago, il : american dietetic association, 2006. mcgowan, m. p. 50 ways to lower cholesterol. new york,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3975787929933899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1c55b7-7d51-434f-90cf-1ea79ea36ff4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.180456"}
{"text": ", 2002. larson duyff, r. ada complete food and nutrition guide, 3rded. chicago, il : american dietetic association, 2006. mcgowan, m. p. 50 ways to lower cholesterol. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill, 2002. mierzejewski, a. bring your triglycerides down naturally : a drug - free solution to high blood lipids. peterborough, on : full of health inc., 2006. american heart association ( aha ). 7272 greenville avenue, dallas, tx 75231. 1 - 800 - 242 - 8721. < www. americanheart. org >. center for disease control ( cdc ). division for heart disease and stroke prevention, 4770 buford hwy ne, atlanta, ga 30341 - 3717. 770 - 488 - 2424. < www. cdc. gov / cholesterol / faqs. htm >. national heart lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ). p. o. box 30105, bethesda, md 20824 - 0105. 301 - 592 - 8573. < www. nhlbi. nih. gov >. nutrition. gov. usda national agricultural library, food and nutrition information center, nutrition. gov staff, 10301 baltimore avenue, beltsville, md 20705 - 2351. < www. nutrition. gov >. monique laberge, ph. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41537825848139737, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1c55b7-7d51-434f-90cf-1ea79ea36ff4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.181081"}
{"text": "fireworks safety drill all accidents due to fireworks occur as a result of carelessness, negligence and ignorance. but these can certainly be avoided by observing some very simple precautions. all of us enjoy the pleasure of light and sound but when disaster strikes the injured has to bear the cross. if you ' re going to set off fireworks at home this year, please take a few minutes to read through the guidelines. store your fireworks safely : in a closed box, somewhere cool and dry, out of reach of children and animals and away from all sources of heat, until the time they ' re needed. locked away is best. don ' t keep the box under the stairs or in a passageway. pets hate bangs and flashes : pets get very frightened on fireworks night, so keep all your pets indoor and close all the curtains to make things calmer. remember it ' s not just your own fireworks that cause distress, so you may have to have your pets indoors on several nights when other displays are taking place. think ahead and be prepared : before you start, make sure you ' ll be giving yourself enough room in a safe place to get to and from your box of fireworks while the display is going on. have a full bucket of water handy for any emergency, and for putting used sparklers into. if you have the chance to get together with some other families, try to go to the home with the biggest open space and safest surroundings. never try to re - ignite the fireworks that don ' t light in the first instance. never give any firework item to small children. never throw fireworks at another person. never carry fireworks in your pocket. never shoot fireworks from metal or glass containers. never experiment, modify, or attempt to make your own fireworks. watch what you wear : loose clothing can very easily catch fire, and should not be worn near any fire or fireworks. long dangly scarves can be risky too. if anyone ' s clothing does catch fire, follow the rule : stop - don ' t run. drop to the ground. roll to put out the flames. one at a time please : you ( or another adult that you choose ) must be the only person letting off fireworks. don ' t allow anyone else - especially children - to do so while your display is going on. let the fireworks off one at a time ( not lots at once ) and don ' t rush. light the tip of each firework at arm ' s length, using fireworks lighter or fuse wick. stand well back immediately. if one doesn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44093853281809137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0643ead-342d-4ddb-aa8e-c77af0e7d9a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.186688"}
{"text": ". let the fireworks off one at a time ( not lots at once ) and don ' t rush. light the tip of each firework at arm ' s length, using fireworks lighter or fuse wick. stand well back immediately. if one doesn ' t go off, don ' t go back to it - it could still be live, and could go off unexpectedly on your face. right at the end of your fireworks night, douse the ' duds ' with lots of water, keep it soaking in a bucket of water. never throw left over fireworks onto a bonfire. different fireworks mean different hazards : read the instructions on each one carefully ( by flashlight, never an open flame ) and follow them properly. rockets, for instance, should be launched from a rocket launcher, not from a bottle. sparklers need careful handling - light them one at a time at arm ' s length ; don ' t give one to any child under 5 years of age ; make sure that anyone holding a sparkler wears gloves ; and put each spent one into a bucket of water as soon as it ' s gone out. putting fireworks in your pocket is stupid and dangerous. throwing fireworks at people is stupid and dangerous and illegal ; it ' s a criminal offense to do so. fireworks and booze don ' t mix : drinking alcohol presents an added danger when there are fireworks and bonfires around. so don ' t drink during your fireworks display. watch that person : keep children well away from fireworks, and never let a child handle or light one. even sparklers can be dangerous if unsupervised! do not give sparklers to a child under five. make sure that children are aware of the dangers. don ' t light flying fireworks if there is a heavy wind. never take unnecessary risks while lighting fireworks, just to show off. pool your pocket money and have a professional perform pyrotechnics for the benefit of many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4379872763149172, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0643ead-342d-4ddb-aa8e-c77af0e7d9a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.187540"}
{"text": "illini state park is the type of park you think of when you think of big picnics and family gatherings. with its rustic civilian conservation corps buildings and riverside picnic areas, illini state park offers beautiful views and a sense of history not found in many other parks. named for the native americans who once inhabited the area, illini state park is located south of the illinois river between marseilles and u. s. route 6. the northern edge of the 510 - acre park is bordered by the great falls of the illinois river. in just 2 miles, the river drops 3 feet, creating beautiful, roaring rapids. the east end of the park is the former site of the prestigious marsatawa country reminders of america ' s industrial age can be seen at illini state park. the area is part of an old glacial feature called the marseilles moraine and is underlaid by 100 feet of coal. a large coal mine 1 mile south of the park supplied coal to marseilles industries until world war ii. the illinois traction system, an interurban electric transit system that ran from chicago to princeton, was one of those industries. the marseilles powerhouse for the its can still be seen on the north bank of the river. less than 1 mile north of the park is the historic illinois - michigan canal, completed in 1848 when the section from marseilles to morris opened. the i & m canal carried the area ' s commerce until the railroads became the transportation giants. although the illinois river rapids are wonderful to watch, they made barge traffic difficult. in the mid - 1920s, the u. s. army corps of engineers built a barge canal to bypass the rapids. the canal borders the park on the north, and visitors can watch as large barges pass and through the marseilles locks. the prestigious marsatawa country club once graced the east end of the park. organized by ottawa resident w. d. boyce, who also founded the boy scouts of america, the club boasted one of the premier golf courses of its day. in the 1930s, two companies of the civilian conservation corps converted the golf course to a park and constructed buildings still in use today. the former country club building was moved into marseilles and serves as the american legion hall. the ccc camp at the west end of the park was converted into a semi - correctional boys ' camp that provided maintenance in the park until it was closed in the late 1960s. illini entered the state park system in 1934 and was dedicated in 1935. hickory, ash, walnut, elm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3838075356025511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaa07d5d-6f6c-4d45-9819-3abcfd15174b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.191663"}
{"text": "of the park was converted into a semi - correctional boys ' camp that provided maintenance in the park until it was closed in the late 1960s. illini entered the state park system in 1934 and was dedicated in 1935. hickory, ash, walnut, elm, cottonwood, oak and maple trees provide shady coolness in the summer and beautiful colors in the fall. spring is highlighted by blooming wildflowers, white - tailed deer, squirrels, opossums, beavers, raccoon, groundhogs and a variety of waterfowl and songbirds can be seen throughout the year. scattered throughout the park are picnic areas and shelters with tables, outdoor grills, drinking water, toilets and playgrounds. several of the shelters also have working fireplaces. there is something for every type of camper at illini state park. both tent and trailer sites, including electric and sanitation service, are offered and some of the sites offer breathtaking views of the river. a youth area is available for youth groups and should be reserved in advance through the site office. all campers should obtain permits from the site staff or campground host upon arrival. reservations anglers will find ample supplies of crappie, bass, bluegill, catfish, carp, bullheads and many other species in the illinois river. a boat ramp is available for visitors ' boats. although there is no motor limit on the illinois river, boaters should be aware of the danger of barge traffic and the close proximity of the marseilles lock and dam. state park is the perfect place for winter fun. an ice skating pool and hills ideal for sledding provide hardy outdoor enjoyment. a shelter offers a comfortable setting for warming fingers and toes after a winter workout. hikers will enjoy exploring the park and its many scenic and historic offerings. open fields, a baseball diamond and numerous horseshoe pits provide additional recreational opportunities. a concession stand has food and drink in the warmer months. - while groups of 25 or more are welcome and encouraged to use the park ' s facilities, they are required to register in advance with the site office to avoid crowding or scheduling conflicts. - at least one responsible adult must accompany each group of 15 minors. - pets must be kept on leashes at all times. - actions by nature can result in closed roads and other facilities. please call ahead to the park office before you make your trip. - we hope you enjoy your stay. remember, take only memories, leave only footprints. - for more information on tourism in illinois, call the illinois department of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3934437234697855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaa07d5d-6f6c-4d45-9819-3abcfd15174b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.192679"}
{"text": "the four - winged dinosaur in 2002, the discovery of a beautiful and bizarre fossil astonished scientists and reignited the debate over the origin of flight. with four wings and superbly preserved feathers, the creature 130 million years, was like nothing paleontologists had seen before. in this program, nova travels to china stone quarry where the fossil discovered ( a famous fossil treasure ) and joins leading figures in the world of paleontology, biomechanics, aerodynamics, animation and scientific reconstruction carry out a rather unorthodox experiment : a wind tunnel test flight of a replica of ancient scientists rarity. dubbed microraptor, the crow - sized fossil is one of the smallest dinosaurs ever found and one of the most controversial, challenging conventional theories and assumptions about the evolution of flight. but how microraptor use their wings? is it extends its arm and leg - mounted wings in the style of an early 20 - century biplane to produce lift at low speed? he used it to create a single lifting surface efficient, fast, slip? do you use some combination of these two methods? or were the extra wings useless for flight and is likely to have been for other purposes such as attracting a mate? to answer these questions, nova interviews chinese paleontologist xu xing, who first recognized the importance of microraptor and gave it its name, paleontologist mark norell and artist mick ellison of the american museum of natural history paleontologist larry martin of the university of kansas ; anatomist farish jenkins of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard university, and aerodynamics kenny breuer of brown university. in addition, nova commissions a \u201c flight - ready \u201d wind tunnel model of microraptor complete with feathers and articulating joints. artists have historically played an important role in paleontology, helping to reconstruct the appearance and behavior of ancient animals. in the case of microraptor, two completely different reconstructions were made, one at the american museum of natural history, and the other at the university of kansas, based on different samples and different techniques. the two very different reconstructions play into a long - standing scientific controversy about the origin of bird flight. for years the debate has been a confrontation between two camps : those who believe dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds, and those who do not. the four - winged dinosaur,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5116877365445653, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b54a994-1354-4303-890c-bfd53dc8f4eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.195274"}
{"text": "bluebirds make the most delightful backyard tenants due to their gentle nature, beautiful coloring, sweet song, and insect - controlling eating habits. if you live within their range, and wish to have them nest in your yard, there are some things you should know about their food and housing needs. in the wild, bluebirds forage small insects and fruit, so they are not often seen visiting traditional feeders that offer seed. they can, however, learn to eat from a feeder, and they will quickly learn to use one in order to spend their energies on caring for their young instead of foraging for food. their feeder favorites are mealworms and small pieces of fruit or berries, including raisins. when insects and other natural food supplies are scarce, they will also eat small peanut and sunflower kernels, as well as suet. bluebird feeder types range from dish - style to the predator - resistant, house - style. mealworms are available live, roasted or canned. live mealworms are obviously the closest match to a bluebird ' s native diet, while roasted mealworms have a longer shelf life and do not require refrigeration. canned mealworms are processed in a way that locks in their nutrients and juices. if you choose to offer fruit, you can cut fresh fruits, or offer a number of varieties of dried fruit such as blueberries, cranberries, raisins and cherries. some owners use a seed blend with fruit in hopes of attracting bluebirds to feed at their traditional feeders. the population decline of eastern bluebirds in the early 20th century was due to loss of habitat and competition for nesting sites from the aggressive house sparrow, a european species introduced to north america in the mid 1800s. this decline encouraged an interest in offering bluebird houses to help increase their populations. since bluebirds compete with house sparrows and european starlings for nesting spots, there are a couple of things you ' ll need to keep in mind in order to offer a nest box that will deter these competitors. first of all, the nest box should be constructed of wood with 1 - 1 / 2 \" entrance hole and no perch. this opening size should exclude starlings. house sparrows, however, will still be able to access through a 1 - 1 / 2 \" entrance hole. to deter them, you will need to restrict the internal dimensions. most pundits would agree that a nest box with cozy 4 \" x 4 \" inside floor dimensions is adequate for eastern bluebirds ( 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40123170800970465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbcb8603-6a0f-431d-a2b8-3e218e87fbd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.199224"}
{"text": "1 - 1 / 2 \" entrance hole. to deter them, you will need to restrict the internal dimensions. most pundits would agree that a nest box with cozy 4 \" x 4 \" inside floor dimensions is adequate for eastern bluebirds ( 5 \" x 5 \" for mountain and western bluebirds ), while effectively deterring house sparrows. bluebird nest box heights generally range from 8 - 12 \" high. make sure the house has drain holes. clean the box at the beginning of the season and preferably after babies fledge to encourage multiple broods. place your bluebird house 5 to 6 feet off the ground. ideally, it should be located on open land, not in a wooded area, although a few nearby trees are okay. some landlords believe the nest box should be located within 50 feet of a tree, with door facing the tree, so fledglings will have a place to fly to and perch after their first flight attempts. this will help them avoid falling to the ground and becoming prey to predators. another thing you need to know about attracting bluebirds to nest is that there is a difference between nest spacing and nest pairing. bluebirds are competitive with each other, so they require nest spacing of at least 100 yards from each other. however, bluebirds have been known to nest adjacent to swallows, so you can pair nest boxes 10 - 25 feet apart to allow a bluebird family and a swallow family to live in close proximity of each other. other ways to attract bluebirds birds need a source of fresh water for drinking and bathing. add a birdbath to your landscape so they ' ll have a spot to splash about, clean their feathers, and drink water. they prefer running water to standing water, so many people add a dripper to their birdbaths. you will also want to plant native species that produce berries bluebirds eat. bluebirds are known to consume the fruits of plants such as flowering dogwood, eastern red cedar, holly, american elderberry, and pokeweed. these plants will also attract other species that are interesting to watch, so they are well worth the effort.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42485591974967274, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbcb8603-6a0f-431d-a2b8-3e218e87fbd4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.200586"}
{"text": "magnesium for heart health among the top nutrients for heart health, magnesium really stands out. it \u2019 s used in scores of enzymatic reactions, and it \u2019 s necessary for normal muscle function. unfortunately for many people, they \u2019 re seriously low on this mineral. a shortage can cause or worsen congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, chest pain ( coronary vasopasm ), high blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, heart muscle disease ( cardiomyopathy ), heart attack, and even sudden cardiac death. your cells need a steady supply of magnesium to maintain proper smooth muscle function in your blood vessels. in addition, magnesium helps shuttle potassium and sodium, two other essential electrolytes, into and out of cells, maintaining proper balance ( homeostasis ). magnesium deficiencies can lead to muscle weakness and tremors ( spasm ) and a host of cardiovascular problems ranging from high blood pressure to arrhythmias. so what \u2019 s going on to cause such a depletion of this crucial mineral? stress depletes magnesium your body responds to various types of stressors by releasing the \u201c fight or flight \u201d hormones adrenalin and cortisol. these hormones are fine, perhaps even life - saving, when you are trying to outrun a predator or meet a deadline, but they are only meant to kick in during times of need. if the stress level in your life is high, especially if you don \u2019 t get enough exercise, your bloodstream may be flooded with these hormones on a regular basis, causing magnesium to be released from cells and lost in the urine. drugs deplete magnesium if you have a history of heart attack, congestive heart failure or high blood pressure, you may be on diuretics, which can cause magnesium depletion. in a landmark study reported in the early 80s, men with high blood pressure on diuretic therapy had a higher death rate than those whose high blood pressure was left untreated. it was suggested that many of these men suffered sudden cardiac death from heart rhythm disturbances resulting from a deficiency of magnesium and / or potassium. the study created chaos in the medical establishment, since treating hypertension was thought to reduce cardiovascular complications, including sudden cardiac death. as a result of this study, many physicians now prescribe magnesium and potassium to their patients who must take diuretics. hydrochlorothiazide is the diuretic most likely to deplete magnesium and potassium levels ; newer - generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4538856906790522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6efd00b-4346-4445-bcf1-48fa4da7ae9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.208783"}
{"text": "a result of this study, many physicians now prescribe magnesium and potassium to their patients who must take diuretics. hydrochlorothiazide is the diuretic most likely to deplete magnesium and potassium levels ; newer - generation drugs such as indapamide cause fewer problems. diet depletes magnesium most people ( including physicians ) are not aware that the typical american diet is frequently short on magnesium. a century ago, magnesium and other minerals were widespread in the american diet. but current farming technology employs large amounts of inorganic fertilizers that are often low in magnesium. overuse of phosphates, nitrates, and ammonia drains much - needed magnesium from the soil. this combination of low - magnesium soil concentrations and the damaging impact of modern food processing results in decreased environmental availability of magnesium. consider, too, the age of chemicals in which we live. our bodies are insulted by multiple chemical pollutants, such as aluminum, lead, and iron, that interact with magnesium. by binding to and \u201c using up \u201d the body \u2019 s magnesium stores, these elements further increase our magnesium requirements. magnesium loss is also linked to a host of medical conditions, including alcohol abuse, prolonged use of antibiotics, anorexia nervosa ( or any state of starvation or malnourishment ), and excessive use of h - 2 receptor antagonists such as tagamet or zantac. calcium depletes magnesium taking more than 2, 000 mg calcium per day can cause your kidneys to excrete excess magnesium. the highest levels recommended for prevention of osteoporosis are 1, 500 mg per day for women not on estrogen replacement therapy, so stick with recommended guidelines. better yet, take a calcium / magnesium combination supplement to ensure proper absorption. a ratio near 2 : 1 \u2014 such as 1, 000 mg calcium and 400 mg magnesium \u2014 is fine. does your body have enough magnesium? this can be difficult to answer. although most hospitals and laboratories can measure serum levels of magnesium quite readily, the serum magnesium level has a very weak correlation with the level of magnesium in heart cells. however, if your serum magnesium is low, then it \u2019 s highly likely that the magnesium level in your heart is low as well. likewise, if your serum magnesium level is high, there is a reasonable chance that the magnesium level in your heart is probably adequate. a more insidious problem occurs when the serum level falls within the normal range. you ( and your doctor ) might think all is well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45445849030896807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6efd00b-4346-4445-bcf1-48fa4da7ae9c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.209728"}
{"text": "serum magnesium level is high, there is a reasonable chance that the magnesium level in your heart is probably adequate. a more insidious problem occurs when the serum level falls within the normal range. you ( and your doctor ) might think all is well, but a normal serum magnesium does not necessarily indicate that the heart has a normal magnesium level in the cells. modern technology has yet to develop an ideal system for measuring magnesium. although some tests include measuring levels in blood cells and skeletal muscle, these tests are technically difficult and very expensive. because of these pitfalls, i do not routinely order serum magnesium tests on my patients. i believe that since magnesium is safe, inexpensive and easy to use, it should be considered a mineral that deserves more use for chronic and acute cardiological problems. here \u2019 s when to use magnesium i believe that magnesium is so important for heart health that i made it part of my awesome foursome. if you \u2019 re in any of these situations, supplemental magnesium is an absolute must. - you have suffered a heart attack or are at risk for heart attack ; - you are prone to ventricular arrhythmia ; - you have had or are planning open - heart surgery or a heart transplant ; - you have congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy ; - you have high blood pressure ; - you are taking diuretics long - term. there is a great deal of evidence that magnesium, when administered according to specific protocols in appropriate dosages, can reduce the risk of death in patients who have suffered a heart attack. for example, when a person comes in with a heart attack, we give two grams ( 2, 000 mg ) intravenously over an hour. in addition, magnesium can prevent or reduce the severity of life - threatening ventricular arrhythmias that often occur after heart surgery, chiefly through its membrane - stabilizing effect and ability to maintain intracellular potassium, another crucial mineral for the heart. some enlightened cardiac surgeons administer magnesium intravenously prior to bypass surgery. other research shows that a magnesium / selenium combination can also be useful in treating ventricular arrhythmias. magnesium is also effective in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy. patients with very diseased hearts, especially those undergoing cardiac transplantation, typically have low levels of magnesium and coenzyme q10 in their myocardial cells. perhaps the best indication for magnesium, with huge implications for large numbers of people, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4507513946782667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6efd00b-4346-4445-bcf1-48fa4da7ae9c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.210675"}
{"text": "patients with very diseased hearts, especially those undergoing cardiac transplantation, typically have low levels of magnesium and coenzyme q10 in their myocardial cells. perhaps the best indication for magnesium, with huge implications for large numbers of people, is in the treatment of high blood pressure. there is a direct relationship between low magnesium and high blood pressure. in addition, magnesium deficits are found in insulin - resistant individuals and particularly type 2 diabetics. many diabetics are hypertensive as well. magnesium is endothelial - cell friendly, helping the lining of your arteries stay smooth and elastic. over time, low magnesium levels may predispose the interior of your vessels to contract ( go into spasm ) ; eventually, high blood pressure can result. magnesium can come to the rescue of contracted blood vessels and even reverse some of the damage. foods rich in magnesium include whole grains, fish and seafood, leafy green vegetables, soy products, brown rice, bananas, apricots, seeds and nuts. the foods highest in magnesium include kelp, tofu, figs and pumpkin seeds. i also recommend that you take a magnesium supplement, particularly if you are on diuretics or have any of the cardiovascular conditions mentioned in this newsletter. if such is the case, take 400 \u2013 800 mg of magnesium each day as a supplement. look for easily absorbable forms of magnesium such as magnesium orotate or magnesium citrate. note : excessive magnesium levels can be dangerous in patients with renal failure. if you have renal insufficiency or kidney failure, do not take supplemental magnesium unless prescribed and monitored by your physician. if you are healthy, without heart, kidney or high blood pressure problems, you can get sufficient \u201c insurance \u201d levels of magnesium in a high - quality multivitamin / mineral supplement. remember, magnesium works in concert with other nutrients, particularly b vitamins, coq10, and vitamin e. all in all, a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables enhanced with targeted nutritional supplementation is your best bet to maintain optimum magnesium stores in the body and thus, protect you from a host of cardiac conditions. enjoy what you ' ve just read? get it delivered to your inbox! signup for e - news and you ' ll get great content like you ' ve just read along with other great tips and guides for dr. sinatra! meet dr. sinatra dr. stephen sinatra is a highly respected and sought - after cardiologist and nutritionist with more than 30 years of clinical practice,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4816043416458243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6efd00b-4346-4445-bcf1-48fa4da7ae9c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.211705"}
{"text": "the four horsemen of the apocalypse an apocalypse ( greek : apokalypsis ; \u201c lifting of the veil \u201d or \u201c revelation \u201d ) is a disclosure of something hidden from the majority of mankind in an era dominated by falsehood and misconception, i. e. the veil to be lifted. the term also can refer to the eschatological final battle, the armageddon, and the idea of an end of the world. these perceptions may better be related to the phrase \u201c apokalypsis eschaton \u201d, literally \u201c revelation at ( or of ) the end of the eon, or age \u201d. in christianity the apocalypse of john is the book of revelation, the last book of the christian bible. the four horsemen of the apocalypse \u2013 war, famine, pestilence, and death \u2013 are described in the last book of the new testament of the bible, called the book of revelation of saint john the evangelist at 6 : 1 - 8. the chapter tells of a scroll in god \u2019 s right hand that is sealed with seven seals. jesus christ opens the first four of the seven seals, which summons forth the four beasts that ride on white, red, black, and pale horses which each symbolize war, famine, conquest ( or pestilence ) and death, respectively. the christian apocalyptic vision is that the four horsemen are to set a divine apocalypse upon the world as harbingers of the last judgment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155123461995033, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:370dc0bd-7bbe-48c0-8f88-93c7fb1fb6c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.213131"}
{"text": "noise in an image is described as random granulation that is particularly visible in uniform areas. noise in an image can stem from several different factors : noise itself is characterized by several values, among which are standard deviation and signal - to - noise ratio ( snr ). other measures are derived from these, such as dynamic range and tonal range. ( other aspects of interest include color sensitivity, and noise granulation and coloration, which will be discussed separately on this site. ) where is the mean gray level measured in the patch. snr is independent of any gain applied to the signal since signal and noise are equally amplified. dynamic range is defined as the ratio between the highest and lowest gray luminance a sensor can capture. however, the lowest gray luminance makes sense only if it is not drowned by noise, thus this lower boundary is defined as the gray luminance for which the snr is larger than 1. the dynamic range is a ratio of gray luminance ; it has no defined unit per se, but it can be expressed in ev, or f - stops. tonal range is the effective number of gray levels the system can produce. this measure has to take noise into account ( indeed, a very thin gray - level quantization is irrelevant if the quantization step is much smaller than noise ). the standard deviation of noise can be viewed as the smallest difference between two distinguishable gray levels. the expression of the tonal range is since tonal range is a number with no unit, one can consider instead, which represents the number of bits necessary to encode all distinguishable gray levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6144084123638356, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98c4f0ff-121f-44ab-9923-0247bcad8d59>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.216478"}
{"text": "media art installations can exist in a multiplicity of forms, from a two - channel video projection to a large - scale environment that incorporates digital media, sculptural objects, interactive computer devices, and ephemeral materials. these variable and complex conditions can pose challenges even for the most seasoned exhibitor. evolving technologies and the range of artistic practices incorporated in media installations require exhibitors to look at each work ' s requirements on a case - by - case basis. however, certain questions specific to the conditions and attributes of media - based installations are useful to clarify. what is a multi - channel installation? what is a synchronizer? what equipment is provided with an installation? the following questions provide a starting point for understanding the basics of exhibiting media art installations. the single - channel video and computer - based art sections of this guide also feature information relevant to exhibiting media art installations. what is a media art installation? media installations are works of art that situate moving - image media within specific scenarios, built structures, sites, or viewing environments. since the 1960s, artists have been integrating media such as film, video, and slides with objects and sculptural elements. more recent installations incorporate digital moving images and computer - based interactive devices. what is a multi - channel video installation? a multi - channel video installation consists of two or more display devices, such as monitors or projectors, used in the same work of art, in the same viewing space. the viewing space may be expanded to multiple monitors throughout an entire museum, or two projections situated side - by - side or overlapping. multi - channel works range from classic early video pieces, such as vito acconci \u2019 s remote control ( 1971 ), which includes two monitors and two video sources, to more recent works, such as christian marclay ' s video quartet ( 2002 ), a four - channel video projection. what is a synchronizer or control system? it is typical for installations with two or more devices to be linked with a synchronizer, which ensures that all the programs begin, end, and repeat at appropriate intervals, prescribed by the artist. synchronizers can also be incorporated into control systems, which are either stand - alone devices or computers that send the same pre - programmed commands a synchronizer can send, but can also be used to control lights, motorized screens, and other electronic elements depending on the installation. it is possible with some installations to have all of the video programs stored on a hard disc or computer -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5551859556082993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd9abe27-4349-49ce-ac74-3e281be705c7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.224512"}
{"text": "a synchronizer can send, but can also be used to control lights, motorized screens, and other electronic elements depending on the installation. it is possible with some installations to have all of the video programs stored on a hard disc or computer - based device that also acts as the synchronizer. audio for multi - channel installations ranges from mono, stereo, or multi - channel to 5. 1 surround sound or a combination of configurations. what equipment is provided with an installation? what additional equipment will i need to acquire? when exhibiting a media installation, it is important to obtain an equipment list that outlines what devices, if any, are supplied as part of the work. display and / or playback devices may not be included. the specific playback and display equipment will depend on the media format provided with the installation. equipment choices have an impact beyond the purely technical and should agree with the artists ' intentions, as they impact the meaning and perception of the work. it is important to obtain equipment recommendations from the artist, gallery, or artist \u2019 s representative in as much detail as possible in order to understand the equipment ' s function and how it applies to the installation. proper selection, installation, and maintenance of video and audio equipment are critical, and exhibitors should consult qualified technicians where possible. visit equipment & technical issues for more information how much space is needed for an installation? it is important to determine what the minimum space requirements are and the specifications with regard to viewing conditions. confirm that the space in which you plan to present the work is large enough for the intended scale, and that lighting conditions, walls, floors, ceilings, and other environmental factors are discussed with the artist prior to the acquisition and installation. ambient light typically washes out projected images, and is usually of greatest concern at the entrance of the space. light lock entrances or other solutions may be necessary. painting, carpeting, and building - out of spaces may be necessary depending on the work. the lighting, carpet, paint and other elements are considered elements of the installation, and should be considered carefully and meet the specifications outlined by the artist or artist \u2019 s representative. does the installation have sound? if so, what are the specifications? sound, while extremely important, is often the forgotten variable of media - based work. when exhibiting a media installation with a sound component, be sure to ask detailed questions regarding the presentation of the sound element. ( how loud it is expected to be? what kind of equipment is required? ) it is also important to consider how the sound will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.528008876417702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd9abe27-4349-49ce-ac74-3e281be705c7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.225610"}
{"text": "exhibiting a media installation with a sound component, be sure to ask detailed questions regarding the presentation of the sound element. ( how loud it is expected to be? what kind of equipment is required? ) it is also important to consider how the sound will affect other works in the exhibition space, how it might distract from viewing other work, and how two or more works containing sound will interact with one another. when installing, sound absorption materials and carpeting might be necessary. careful execution when building presentation spaces can help to create a well separated space. headphones are not a common practice in media installation designs, but might be suitable in some instances. how do i delineate between media - based installation and the other categories of single - channel video and computer - based arts? the lines between these categories are becoming increasingly blurred. single - channel video is more and more often being presented in installation environments and recent computer - based installations echo many characteristics of video installation. while these categories have some specificity, it is advisable to visit the single - channel video and computer - based arts sections of this guide as each contains relevant information to the other. what are the recommended media formats for exhibiting multi - channel works? the media format one chooses for presenting multi - channel video works depends on a range of variables, including viewing context, exhibition environment, and the work itself. for example, a well - authored dvd is suitable for exhibition in a gallery or museum, primarily because of its ability to loop ( that is, to continuously repeat content ). dvds should be made from source material on archival formats or uncompressed video files and authored by a knowledgeable professional. please visit \" equipment & technical issues \" for more detailed information. what is a \" loan agreement \" and when does it apply? typically, exhibitors must enter into specific agreements or licenses that outline the terms, conditions and rights that are being extended for the use of a media art installation in an exhibition. such agreements vary depending on the source of the installation ( gallery or artist ) and a range of factors such as venue, duration of exhibition, and whether the exhibition will tour to additional venues. visit \" agreements and contracts \" for samples of these documents. can i tour my exhibition? if you wish to tour your exhibition, you must negotiate a specific advance agreement with the artist or gallery, which outlines the terms and conditions of the tour. visit \" agreements and contracts \" for samples of these documents.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4896812460801476, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd9abe27-4349-49ce-ac74-3e281be705c7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.226572"}
{"text": "the future of war gardening the fruits of peace to spring from the seeds of victory coming events, we are told, cast their shadows before. among the prophetic shadows now hovering over us is a finger of cloud which points to vital changes in the business of feeding the world. indeed, these changes are already taking place. in part they have taken place, but many of us, being of those who have eyes yet do not see, are still unaware that the old order has changed and that the new order of things has come to pass. no other single occupation born of the war has affected a greater number of people than has gardening. starting from a mere nothing before the united states entered the war, this form of service grew in less than two years into a new occupation, which numbered its followers by the millions and, in the number of people employed, exceeded any other branch of gainful occupation with the single exception of actual farming. the fact that such a vast number of american citizens took up this work shows that they appreciated the merit of it, and this is one of the reasons for the confident prediction that war gardening has come to stay. it is something that the world will not willingly let die. home food production will continue because it has been found worth while ; and, like other things which this war has demonstrated to be of value and benefit to mankind, it will last. war gardening will permanently establish itself because its peace - time value will fully equal its war - time worth. this will be true at all times, but more particularly during the first five or ten years of the great reconstruction period. during that period the matter of food production will be of the most pressing importance. it will be on a par with many of the other enormous reconstruction problems which face the world. it will require the continued application of broad thought and effort. there will be no decrease in the demand for food ; in fact that demand will really be greater, much greater, than it was during the days of actual conflict. this will be true because the coming of peace means the restoration of the freedom of the seas, and freedom of the seas means a restored commerce. german savagery and the frightfulness of unrestrained submarine warfare have largely driven the world ' s ordinary commerce from the seas ; and much of that commerce was traffic in foodstuffs. for decades, even centuries, europe has been dependent upon the remainder of the world for food to eke out its own inadequate supplies. before the war, for example, england, according to the united states food administration,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4480055933409164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.241462"}
{"text": "traffic in foodstuffs. for decades, even centuries, europe has been dependent upon the remainder of the world for food to eke out its own inadequate supplies. before the war, for example, england, according to the united states food administration, produced but one - fifth of her own foodstuffs, while france raised one - half of hers, and italy produced perhaps two - thirds of what she consumed. what was true of these nations was true of the remainder of europe. unless food could be obtained from foreign sources, hunger was sure to visit practically every european nation. the shutting off of commerce by german piracy has meant starvation, literal starvation, to multitudes of innocent persons. canning team in iowa under the supervision of skilled home demonstration agents of the united states department of agriculture, and other teachers, many groups of girls throughout the country have made excellent records in conserving garden products. here are shown miss julia e. brekke, home demonstration agent, and the canning team which won first prize at the clinton county fair at de witt, iowa. the restoration of commerce means that all these starving nations will send their ships to america for food, food, and still more food. the number of these innocent neutral victims of german savagery is put by the united states food administration at 180, 000, 000 persons! russia, too, is disorganized and starving, and her population numbers 160, 000, 000! if figures never lie, the burden we must carry in time of peace, as indicated by statistics, is truly appalling. when war began we were feeding our own 100, 000, 000 people and sending abroad a relatively small and constantly decreasing surplus. to our 100, 000, 000 we had to add the 120, 000, 000 people of the entente allied nations. speedily we found that our claim that america was \" the granary of the world \" was an empty boast. merely to provide food sufficient to enable our allies to eke out their own stores taxed us to the utmost. only through decreased consumption, by having recourse to wheatless and meatless days, by lessening our use of butter, milk, sugar, and other exportable food could we send enough to keep our allies from actual starvation. during the three years preceding the war, our exports of meat were just short of an average of 500, 000, 000 pounds a year. in 1917 we shipped abroad 2, 000, 000, 000 pounds an increase of 400 per cent. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4780422423193314, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.242546"}
{"text": "the three years preceding the war, our exports of meat were just short of an average of 500, 000, 000 pounds a year. in 1917 we shipped abroad 2, 000, 000, 000 pounds an increase of 400 per cent. in the same way our exports of butter in 1913 totaled slightly more than 3, 500, 000 pounds. in 1917 we exported, in round numbers, 26, 750, 000 pounds. before the war our shipments of cheese averaged 2, 500, 000 pounds. in 1917 they exceeded 66, 000, 000 pounds. our exportation of condensed milk jumped from 16, 500, 000 pounds to if the feeding of our 120, 000, 000 allies made such a drain on our resources, what will happen now that 180, 000, 000 starving neutrals also come to us for food ; when russia ' s helpless 160, 000, 000 thrust their hands across the sea to us, even as the sinking peter appealed to christ, saying, \" save me or i perish \"? now that peace has come ; now that germany and austria are again to be admitted to the society of nations, as eventually they must be, how can we prevent their hungry multitudes another 100, 000, 000 souls from also entering our markets and bidding for our food supplies? already our former foes are begging piteously for food, and president wilson has assured them that their appeals will be heeded. now that these things have come to pass, we must feed or help to feed, not 220, 000, 000 people as during the war, but an additional 440, 000, 000. in short, now that the war is ended and commerce restored, we must help to feed two - thirds of a billion of people! question is, does it \" jell \"? mrs. grace l. ackley ( second from left ) is shown explaining the art of jelly - making to a group of other women of hinsdale, illinois. the women ' s association of the union church found so much food - saving work to do that it appointed a chairman for every day in the week. food administrator hoover recognized this condition as inevitable, and when the armistice was signed he was prepared to reckon with it. with the cessation of hostilities he marshalled the food forces of america and proceeded at once to europe to join hands with the food forces of england and the continent to the end that starvation might be prevented. as one of his initial steps, before sailing, he asked that the war gardens of american be maintained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4586181081785476, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.243592"}
{"text": "forces of america and proceeded at once to europe to join hands with the food forces of england and the continent to the end that starvation might be prevented. as one of his initial steps, before sailing, he asked that the war gardens of american be maintained and expanded. to the victory gardeners, he gave the impetus of his urgent plea for continued effort in the cause of food production. the signing of the armistice caused complete and peremptory revision of the figures dealing with america ' s obligations toward meeting the world ' s demand for food. during the war we had to furnish food for france and belgium, but they were a france and belgium greatly reduced in area because of german invasion. much of their territory and millions of their people were held by the enemy, shut off from their own countries and therefore compelled to depend in part on the invaders for subsistence. to - day these people are repatriated. their restoration to citizenship has brought the obligation to feed while the direct burden falls on france and belgium, these countries must look to america for ways and means. by all the ties of international friendship, by a sense of gratitude for the part these countries played n winning the war, by geographical location and by inherent capacity to provide food, america is the one country able to meet the call. we must also provide for the smaller allied nations which have been under german oppression serbia, rumania, greece, the czechs, the jugoslavs, the starving population of northern russia and the people of other countries in europe. the revision of figures necessitated by the armistice gave new meaning to america ' s responsibility. the original pledge made by the united states was 17, 500, 000 tons of food to be shipped overseas during the year. this amount of food was 50 per cent. greater than that which was sent the year before. with belgium and france liberated and millions in south central europe clamoring for food, the united states undertook to increase its exports from 17, 500, 000 to 20, 000, 000 tons. to meet the demands for food america has two sources of supply. food can be raised only on the farms, by those who make a business of production, and on the lands of our cities, towns and villages. no other sources exist. the 40, 000, 000 acres of farm land under cultivation have already probably reached their maximum of possible production for the immediate present. it is obvious, therefore, that if we are to give the world more food the new supply which will make this possible must come from the only remaining source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46450035245554144, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.244744"}
{"text": "farm land under cultivation have already probably reached their maximum of possible production for the immediate present. it is obvious, therefore, that if we are to give the world more food the new supply which will make this possible must come from the only remaining source the small gardens in our urban and suburban communities. the changed conditions brought into being by the signing of the armistice caused the national war garden commission to continue its work with increased earnestness in 1919. the armistice caused hostilities to be suspended but it did not increase the food supply nor feed the hungry. the world ' s new demand for food made it imperative that the victory gardens meet and surpass the record of the war gardens. to do its share toward bringing this about, to meet the urgent appeal of mr. hoover and to help feed a starving continent, the commission realized that no relaxation was to be considered and its campaign for 1919 as on a broader and more vigorous scaled than during the certificate number one mrs. frank p. brown, of cincinnati, captured first honors with her war - garden display of canned vegetables at several exhibits where she was an entrant. she was awarded the first national capitol prize certificate offered by the national war garden commission in 1918, to blue - ribbon winners in this class at fairs and exhibits all over the country. this terrific demand for food will be not a matter of one season only. for years and years we must continue to supply unheard - of amounts of food. indeed it would have been almost as easy to put humpty dumpty together again as it will be to restore europe ' s agriculture. the soil of thousands of acres has literally been blown away by high explosives. practically all the lands in the embattled nations have decreased in producing power through poor handling, neglect, and lack of fertilizers during the war. and of the host of farmers that toiled to feed europe before the war, millions now lie beneath the soil they tilled, and other millions, maimed and crippled, can never again turn a furrow or harness a horse. as long ago as 1916 the shortage of cattle, hogs, and sheep in europe totaled 115, 000, 000 head ; and without livestock to produce manures years must elapse before europe ' s production is restored to normal. since american farmers cannot produce all the food needed, american gardeners must continue and extend their merciful work of helping to supply the food needs of the world. instead of lessening their efforts, they will be called upon to add as much as possible to their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44492675677733484, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.245844"}
{"text": "farmers cannot produce all the food needed, american gardeners must continue and extend their merciful work of helping to supply the food needs of the world. instead of lessening their efforts, they will be called upon to add as much as possible to their productive capacity because of the additional mouths to be fed. they are offered a new opportunity to help. there is no question that the cultivators of our war gardens, now become victory gardens, will continue their labors. for a decade or two before the war, there was deep study and much discussion of the problem as to how to check the exodus from the farm to the city ; but argument and discussion availed nothing, and the exodus continued. in the \" city farmer \" has been found a partial answer to the stay - on - the - farm idea. ambitious young men and women will not remain in the country where comforts are denied and where advantages of education and social life are few ; but they will be glad to farm i the city. the victory garden has opened the way. by this means almost every one becomes a food producer. furthermore, increasing prices will make it desirable to the individual, and the growing demand for food will make it desirable from the country ' s point of view, that every one help to feed himself. the readjustment which must come out of the war calls for pwoers as herculean as those it has been necessary to put forth during the terrible struggle against \" kultur. \" this reconstruction work calls for every bit of man - power that can be found. it is a question not of months but of years before this up - building is completed. in france, belgium, poland, italy, russia, and other european countries, the rebuilding of cities and churches, railroads and bridges, docks and roads, houses and barns, the remaking of trench - scarred and shell - torn farms, and many other big works, must be performed. so we can look for no huge immigration after the war to solve our labor problem, and that problem is acute. there are no ruined cities to be rebuilt, or devastated farms to be restored in the united states, but there are innumerable construction tasks to be done that have been put aside during the war. of a bank, not a fine grocery this is a view of the war - garden exhibit, a sort of \" count fair, \" which was held by the paterson savings institution of paterson, new jersey, and which aroused a very lively and friendly competition among the city farmers of that place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46427436422128393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.247020"}
{"text": "grocery this is a view of the war - garden exhibit, a sort of \" count fair, \" which was held by the paterson savings institution of paterson, new jersey, and which aroused a very lively and friendly competition among the city farmers of that place. the blue ribbon for the best canned products, and the national capitol prize certificate, went to mrs. f. h. thoms. thousands of miles or road to mention a single task will have to be completely rebuilt. the day of the heavy motor - truck as a means of transportation between city and city has come to stay, and for its accommodation there must be a strengthening of roads. this is one of the great tasks awaiting the army of men returning from the battle - fields. the construction of new buildings in our cities, checked by war - time need of material and men, must be resumed and lost time must be made up. cities will need many improvements which will keep the workers of the world busy. in these and a hundred other ways there will be steady call for the men released from strictly war work. all of these facts point to the increasing value of the victory garden. it will be just as important a factor in the life of the nation and the community after the war as was the war garden during the conflict. the need for gardens will last for many years ; and during that time, the value of gardening will have become so apparent that the movement will continue indefinitely. it will have become a habit fixed and firmly implanted in the hearts and lives of the people of the country. in addition to all this, gardening has been found to be a health measure. it has been used in the rehabilitation of convalescent soldiers. around the hospitals in europe, almost since the beginning of the war, vegetable plots have furnished the means for providing easy and pleasant outdoor work for convalescents, which acted as a tonic to their shattered nerves and bodies. similarly, at the hospitals and army camps in the united states this form of activity was employed to help in the rebuilding of disabled and convalescing soldiers. around the hospitals in europe, almost since the beginning of the war, vegetable plots have furnished the means for providing easy and pleasant outdoor work for convalescents, which acted as a tonic to their shattered nerves and bodies. similarly, at the hospitals and army camps in the united states this form of activity was employed to help in the rebuilding of disabled and in the great reconstruction work at the walter reed hospital, which lies in the outskirts of the nation ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44427347792856997, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.248158"}
{"text": "and bodies. similarly, at the hospitals and army camps in the united states this form of activity was employed to help in the rebuilding of disabled and in the great reconstruction work at the walter reed hospital, which lies in the outskirts of the nation ' s capital, a fifteen - acre war garden proved of much therapeutic value in the treatment of men suffering from various diseases. in addition to helping them regain their health and strength, gardening trained these men for the future and equipped them to make their own living and become valuable citizens of any community when they should leave active service. part of the large war garden at camp dix, new jersey, adjoined the base hospital ; and potatoes and other vegetables were growing during the season of 1918 up to the very porches on which some of the invalids had to sit in their wheel - chairs. the winter supply ready under the direction of mrs. grace l. ackley, the demonstration canning kitchen established in hinsdale, illinois, was a great success. some women went for instruction, others took war - garden crops to have them canned there, while still others took their maids so that they might learn how to save food. sailors as well as soldiers need fresh vegetables to eat, but they cannot grown vegetables at sea. to overcome this handicap a movement was started throughout the united kingdom to give naval men a supply of fresh vegetables whenever they got to port. navy vegetable rations formerly consisted of potatoes only, and a few dried or canned products which could be kept a long time and stored in small space. the new british organization soon had eight hundred branches and collecting depots throughout the united kingdom. headquarters were established in london, with admiral lord beresford as president. the patrons included many prominent people, but its members ranged from the owners of large estates, contributing regular supplies weekly, to the small schoolboy with only a ten - foot plot to cultivate. not long after the work got under way, 300, 000 pounds of fresh vegetables and fruits were being furnished weekly to the british nave. in speaking of this work and its value, rear admiral lionel halsey, third lord of the admiralty, said : those associated with the vegetable products committee can happily feel that this work is of priceless value, for without a vegetable food the men of the fleet could not have so thoroughly performed their work in the past ; nor will they be able to do so in the future without a continuance of this splendid work as efficiently and as generously as in the past. its value may be realized when it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525845727078306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.249302"}
{"text": "not have so thoroughly performed their work in the past ; nor will they be able to do so in the future without a continuance of this splendid work as efficiently and as generously as in the past. its value may be realized when it is stated that these supplies are an invaluable factor in keeping the men in good health and fitness. what is true in the case of the stalwart men of the british navy, is true of all other members of society, of high and low degree. there is need for vegetable food. the body is kep0t in better condition if it does not depend too largely on a meat diet. victory gardening will add greatly to the proportion of greens which will enter into the diet of the american the future of gardening, therefore, is assured. it is such an important economic gain, and its benefits in other ways are so numerous, that the army of home food producers themselves will be its strongest and most ardent champions. both by practice and by precept they will continue to spread the gospel of \" food f. o. b. the kitchen door. \" just as the army which has fought for justice, decency, and civilization will see to it that these principles are maintained in every part of the world, so the soldiers of the soil in city, town, and village, millions of whom have tested the worth of gardening, will be its future champions and defenders. it is in these ways that the seeds of victory will insure the fruits of peace.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788509491885127, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638e6f08-5914-4093-a5e7-6a8f20a15479>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.249985"}
{"text": "we hope your flock aren ' t feeling itchy... sheep scab, caused by a skin mite, is an endemic, notifiable, disease that can cause great distress, and death, and although has obvious mature symptoms in the early stages, scab infections are not obvious and animals can spread the disease undetected, jeopardising control and possible eradication. the sac are now developing a blood test to test for ( sheep ) scab, as the standard skin scrape test is not always conclusive. it takes only a few moving scab mites to make a whole sheep itchy and those few mites may not be found before they lay eggs... checking for scab and lice currently costs \u00a315 for each scrape. when investigating possible scab infestation 4 \u2013 8 scrapes are normally taken. however, these laboratory fees will be waived if we ' re allowed to take a blood sample of all scrape tested animals and a few of non - affected animals. this offer from sac stands until the end of june, so if you have a suspicious itching check it out! click here to go to the sac website where you can view the updated technical notes : tn636 control of sheep scab and other ectoparasites of sheep.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42530011156503456, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20dcf405-58b8-413b-88e7-7728f9e9f8f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.252147"}
{"text": "eden hot pepper sesame oil is a delightful combination of the nutty flavor of toasted sesame seeds and hot spicy flavor of chili peppers. whole sesame seeds are cleaned, slowly roasted in a rotary kiln to unlock their flavor and aroma, and placed in a screw press called an ' expeller ' to extract the oil. the oil is gently filtered then infused with red hot chili peppers that soak in the oil for 24 hours. the peppers are then removed. most of the fat in eden hot pepper sesame oil is monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. sesamol and sesamin, naturally occurring antioxidants found in sesame seeds and sesame oil, make unrefined sesame oil especially nourishing, and they act as a natural preservative in the oil. one of the most shelf stable unrefined vegetable oils. in the tropical and semitropical areas of asia where spices and peppers are frequently used, it was discovered that hot chili peppers could be infused into sesame oil to create a delightfully hot and spicy oil. spices cause capillaries at the surface of the body to dilate, releasing internal heat and inducing perspiration so they have a cooling effect on the body and make it easier to adapt to hot climates. japanese often use red pepper as a condiment for this purpose, especially during the hot summer months. sesame sesamum indicum is a treasured herb native to indonesia and africa. it has been widely grown in tropical and subtropical asia and in the mediterranean region for thousands of years. the first known cultivation of sesame occurred around 3000 b. c. in the middle east and 1600 b. c. in egypt. the egyptians are credited with being the inventors of sesame oil. sesame seeds were introduced to japan around 645 to 793 a. d. by buddhist priests from korea and china. sesame oil production in japan was recorded during the heian period ( 794 to 1191 a. d. ). sesame plants grow about two to five feet and produce pretty purple cone shaped flowers. there are several varieties of the sesame plant that produce creamy white, brown, black, and red seeds. when ready for harvest the seeds are encased in a protective hard shell that rattles with its precious contents. the entire plant is cut off at the base of the stem and stacked in an upright position against racks and allowed to dry. while drying the capsules that hold the seed split open. the plant is turned upside down, shaken and the seeds drop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45053358663131365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1a6a269-ea21-4dac-8f7e-f664673baa78>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.256071"}
{"text": "chapter 19 : energy - introduction the activities related to energy use may be analysed in three stages ; the production of primary energy, its conversion to derived energy, and the sector in which fuels are finally consumed, or end use ( see box 19a for energy related definitions ). primary energy resources are unevenly distributed across the countries of europe and this leads to different levels of production activity. the main factors which determine the quantity of energy consumed in any particular country include the number of people, their income level, the level and structure of production in the economy, the technology in place, energy efficiency, and energy prices. high levels of energy consumption are particularly associated with the countries of central and eastern europe where energy prices have been very low in the past ( see box 19b for an explanation of data sources and country groupings used in this chapter ). big gains in energy efficiency since the early 1970s have resulted in a weakening of the links between growth in population, gdp and energy consumption. this demonstrates that, through greater energy efficiency, it is possible to obtain the same amount of energy services ( that is, the practical end use to which energy is put ) using less energy input. improvements in energy efficiency can reduce all the main environmental impacts from energy use, and are especially important for reducing carbon dioxide emissions ( for which no cost - effective control technologies are currently available ). this can be economically profitable at the same time by avoiding the investment in new capacity ( eg, building new power stations and energy distribution systems ). improvements in efficiency of a few per cent per year can go a considerable way towards reducing the demand for energy when an economy is growing at, say, 2 to 3 per cent per year. further improvements in energy efficiency are possible for existing generating installations in europe, and also for specific end - use sectors, for instance, tighter control over heating levels and / or improved insulation in european homes. the mix of fuels consumed ( ie, energy derived from solid fuels, gas, oil, nuclear, renewables and derived energy sources such as electricity ) is subject to many influences, including energy and environmental regulation and policy, prices of various fuels ( influenced either by the market or government intervention ), technological developments, and the need for security of supply. depending on the relative influence of these factors in the various parts of europe, some quite different patterns of fuel mix have emerged, which in turn lead to varying contributions to environmental impacts from the generation of energy from different sources. in 1990, the world gross energy consumption was about 8250 million tonnes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5597427789112853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36147fae-1c2f-4da0-96ad-a1e3eebc1328>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.260841"}
{"text": "in the various parts of europe, some quite different patterns of fuel mix have emerged, which in turn lead to varying contributions to environmental impacts from the generation of energy from different sources. in 1990, the world gross energy consumption was about 8250 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( mtoe ), an increase of 2. 2 per cent per year since 1985, of which the eu accounted for some 15 per cent, central europe approximately 4 per cent, the former ussr around 16. 5 per cent and efta countries 1. 8 per cent ( cec, 1993b ). each region in europe consumes a mix of primary energy containing all three fossil fuels : oil, gas and solid fuels ( coal, lignite ), in different proportions. in the eu oil is the main fuel consumed, in central europe it is solid fuels, while in the former ussr gas and oil are the most important. in efta the main fuel is also oil, but significant proportions of hydropower and biomass are used ( cec, 1993b ). in all country groups gas is likely to take an increasing share of energy consumption in the future, because of both increased availability and lower environmental impact relative to other fossil fuels. download complete chapter in. zip /. htm format : chap19. zip approx. 500 kb 19. 1 - introduction 19. 2 - environmental impacts 19. 2. 1 - impacts from fossil fuels 19. 2. 2 - nuclear power 19. 2. 3 - renewable energies 19. 3 - trends in energy production and consumption 19. 3. 1 - production trends 126. 96. 36. 199 - primary energy 188. 8. 131. 52 - derived fuels : electricity and heat 184. 108. 40. 206 - renewable sources 19. 3. 2 - consumption trends - by fuel type and by end - use sectors 19. 4 - future energy use : underlying driving forces 19. 4. 1 - resources and technological developments 19. 4. 2 - policy 19. 4. 3 - prices, demand and energy efficiency 19. 5 - summary and conclusions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5162226900009603, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36147fae-1c2f-4da0-96ad-a1e3eebc1328>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.261628"}
{"text": "designing a metering system from electrical installation guide this article intends to describe a method to design the energy measurement system of a commercial building. the scope of this article covers all wages consumptions in \u201c non critical \u201d buildings. critical buildings such as hospitals, data centers have specific requirements regarding power quality that are not covered here. the method involves 2 steps : the step project definition shall be realized with the future users of the system and lead to define what are the performance metrics that will be part of the users dashboards. step 2 : design of the different components of the measurement system the purpose of the measurement system design is to ensure that the data collected will correspond to the desired analysis and results. this will allow the operation managers to monitor & control the building according to their objectives. this will help to avoid : - insufficient data to enable building consumptions analysis - too much measured and collected data that are never used. however the investment cost to collect these data and the data storage cost is not negligible and could have been used for other energy efficiency actions. this step is split in 2 parts : - define the points of measurement some examples of usual point of measurements for : - select the meters - select the electrical meters - select the gas meters - select the water meters - select the heat and cold meters - select the temperature sensors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5584545656808189, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a1a7a38-c42a-4852-af1b-6c0d994178c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.263391"}
{"text": "updated 04 : 40 pm edt, fri june 6, 2008 ibm shows water cooled cpu ibm on thursday announced plans to use water to cool its next - generation of computer chips internally, allowing it to develop faster multi - layer processors that don ' t require additional external cooling. to this end, the company showed off a prototype 3d chip with thousands of tiny water passages in between the chip ' s layers. the company says interlayer cooling was necessary, as traditional heat sinks weren ' t efficient enough to cool today ' s densely packaged processors. the water - carrying tubes are just 50 microns in diameter, and integrating them into the chip necessitated the development of a new thin - film soldering technique by ibm engineers. to prevent electrical shorts, the passageways were hermetically sealed using a silicon wall and silicon oxide around each interconnect. at 10 microns, these seals required a fabrication accuracy that is 10 times more precise than for current chip interconnects. the final chip sits in a silicon cooling container, with water pumped in through one side and out the other. while water - cooling computers is not a new concept, this is the first time it would be accomplished on such a miniature and large scale. according to ibm, the technology could find its way into consumer - level products within five years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5709467200957361, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c196fd0f-b1b3-4734-bce1-128be0f62622>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.265881"}
{"text": "animal and human bites ( cont. ) in this article check your symptoms minor animal and human bites usually can be treated at home. if you do not have an increased chance of getting an infection, do not have other injuries, and do not need evaluation by a doctor or a tetanus shot, you can clean and bandage a bite at home. home treatment can prevent infection and promote healing. to stop heavy bleeding, try firm, direct pressure on the wound. for more information, see how to stop bleeding. after the bleeding has been stopped, check your symptoms to determine if and when you need to see your doctor. clean the wound clean the animal or human bite as soon as possible to reduce the chance of infection and scarring. some bites cause only bruising ( contusions ) at the bite site but do not break the skin. these bites usually do not become infected. stitches, staples, or skin adhesives ( also called liquid skin ) determine whether your bite needs to be treated by a doctor. bites may need to be closed with sutures, staples, or skin adhesives so that they won ' t leave a large scar. bites to the hand are not usually closed because closing the bite wound may increase your chance of having an infection. cat bites are rarely closed because they are usually no larger than a puncture. for more information, see are stitches, staples, or skin adhesives necessary? your doctor will tell you how to take care of your stitches or staples and when to return to have them removed. skin adhesives usually do not need to be removed, but your doctor may wish to see you to check on the wound. be sure to carefully follow your doctor ' s instructions. if you are unsure of how to care for your wound or have questions, call your doctor for instructions. consider applying a bandage most bites heal well and may not need a bandage. you may need to protect the bite from dirt and irritation. be sure to clean the bite thoroughly before bandaging it to reduce the risk of infection occurring under the bandage. an ice or cold pack may help reduce swelling and bruising. never apply ice directly to a wound or the skin. this could cause tissue damage. after the bite many states require that animal control authorities be notified of animal bites. even if your state law does not require you to report animal bites, you may wish to call animal control to report the bite. they can help you determine whether the animal that bit you : if you are unable to find a phone number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39657043144059334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9247163-8c05-422d-9fd1-78f2f1710c82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.269822"}
{"text": "australia state of the environment report 2001 ( theme report ) prepared by : ann hamblin, bureau of rural sciences, authors published by csiro on behalf of the department of the environment and heritage, 2001 isbn 0 643 06748 5 accelerated erosion and loss of surface soil ( continued ) grazing animal density in the extensive land - use zone [ l indicators 1. 2a and 1. 2b ] the arid and semi - arid regions that make up what is often described as the extensive land - use zone ( elz ) ( graetz et al. 1996 ) occupy nearly 6 million km2, of which nearly two - thirds carries domestic stock for commercial grazing. animal densities are very low throughout, but range from extremely low ( 0. 5 cattle units / km2 ) in the less fertile western half of the continent, to low ( 1 - 2 cattle units / km2 ) in the more fertile eastern rangelands. domestic grazing animal numbers in this vast region account for less than 13 % of total sheep and 25 % of total cattle numbers in australia ( figure 10 ). these differences in density are associated with broad differences in productive capacity. in the western spinifex sandplains and chenopod shrublands of the west and south it takes 10 - 20 hectares to support one sheep ( 1 cattle unit or 8 - 10 dse per km2 ), compared with the savanna woodlands and mitchell grass plains of the north - east where the safe stocking rate is 4 - 6 cattle unit per km2. as a general rule, sheep predominate in the southern parts of the rangelands and cattle in the north. however, there are significant areas of overlap in the channel country, and in the mulga lands of north - western new south wales and south - western queensland. figure 10 : domestic stock densities in 1997. source : nlwra 2001 in the period 1990 - 1998 the total number of sheep declined steadily from 173 million to 121 million, whereas the number of cattle fluctuated only 1 - 2 million around the average of 23 million. the steady decline in sheep numbers during this period can be safely attributed to the continuing low wool prices and unprofitability of sheep - based enterprises over much of the decade ( ha and chapman 2000 ). live cattle exports to south east asia and fattening enterprises directing stock into high - value markets in japan and north america have influenced the higher numbers of cattle in the tropical, northern parts of the rangelands ( abare 1999 ). there is considerable evidence that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46931121009287685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.291150"}
{"text": "to south east asia and fattening enterprises directing stock into high - value markets in japan and north america have influenced the higher numbers of cattle in the tropical, northern parts of the rangelands ( abare 1999 ). there is considerable evidence that the worst pressure on much of the pastoral rangelands in recent decades occurred in the 1970s, when stock numbers were about twice the numbers in the 1990s, and before the landcare movement was established in 1989. in many areas these pressures and earlier periods of overgrazing led to massive vegetation loss and accelerated erosion that have left landscapes permanently degraded. there has also been more intensive action to control feral cattle through the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication programs in northern australia. feral pigs, goats, donkeys, horses, and buffalo have all been subjected to control programs coordinated through national strategies, and the rabbit calicivirus disease ( rcd ) has had its greatest effect in reducing rabbit populations in the more arid regions. all told it is estimated that these may have reduced grazing pressure to between 10 and 90 % of the levels experienced in the 1980s. the national land and water resources audit ( nlwra ) rangelands theme recently estimated the long - term changes in stocking numbers ( and other vertebrate herbivore numbers ) in the extensive land - use zone ( elz ). the project will later relate these to modelled biomass production based on climate statistics and the ' aussie - grass ' pasture growth model ( mckeon et al. 1990 ). figure 11 shows the changes in stocking density for two selected years : 1996 and 1999. some regions have experienced very large changes over the period. figure 11 : reductions and increases in stocking densities ( dse / km2 ) in the extensive land - use zone, 1996 and 1999. sources : hall et al. ( 2001 ), nlwra. in 1993 a very thorough review was undertaken to assess the economic viability and ecological sustainability of the rangelands ( wilcox and cunningham 1994 ), following a comprehensive survey of the record the condition, productivity and sustainability of pasture lands of northern australia by tothill and gillies ( 1992 ). both reports identified widespread vegetational degradation and other ecological changes, such as extensive weed invasion, rill and gully features, soil salinisation, and bare scald extension linked to overgrazing. part of the degradation in the northern territory and western australia, such as that in victoria river district and ord river catchments, is largely the result of earlier periods of mismanagement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4570020832410705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.292725"}
{"text": ", and bare scald extension linked to overgrazing. part of the degradation in the northern territory and western australia, such as that in victoria river district and ord river catchments, is largely the result of earlier periods of mismanagement. eradication campaigns against bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in the 1980s and 1990s have controlled animal numbers, and reduced feral animal populations. unfortunately, recent surveys ( e. g. abare 1999 ) suggest that the higher - productivity regions of the central and eastern rangelands are still being used unsustainably, with consequent continuation of vegetation and land degradation. this is occurring particularly where the more productive regions are fragmented topographically within larger areas of low productivity. before the national land and water resources audit, the principal aim of land condition surveys was to assess rangelands from the perspective of grazing industry utilisation, rather than ecosystem integrity. nevertheless these surveys show clearly that land, where there are the signature indicators of severe soil erosion, such as gullying, bare salt scalds, complete loss of topsoil ( ' class 3 ' land ) and large tracts of land where there is often massive weed invasion largely through overgrazing of more palatable herb and grasses ( ' class 2 ' land ) cannot support continuing ' business - as - usual ' pastoralism, from an economic as well as ecological perspective ( tothill and gillies, 1992, johnston et al. 1996, water and rivers commission 1997 ). table 5 compares some of the features from the combined tothill and gillies ( 1992 ) and wilcox and cunningham ( 1994 ) studies with those undertaken for the national land and water resources audit and other recent studies. | region | | major vegetation types | | 1993 a estimated area of land degraded | | 1993 b stock animal numbers | | change in stock animal numbers 1996 - 1999 c | | 1997 - 1999 estimated area of land degraded | | kimberleypilbara | | eucalypt woodland, various grasslands, sorghum australiense, spinifex with bare ground | | 1 6 % severe gully / sheet erosion, 20 % degraded vegetation | | 643, 000 cattle, some sheep in central - south, ( wa bushlands ) | | cattle densities unchanged between 0. 4 - 5. 4 / 100 ha. sheep few, densities have declined to 0. 5 / 100 ha | | 20 - 25 % overgrazed in timor sea drainage division : 50 % overgrazed in indian ocean division d | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44503707206902193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.293701"}
{"text": "4 - 5. 4 / 100 ha. sheep few, densities have declined to 0. 5 / 100 ha | | 20 - 25 % overgrazed in timor sea drainage division : 50 % overgrazed in indian ocean division d | | darwin - gulf | | kangaroo - grass, perennial sorghum grass, spinifex, some mitchell grass patches | | < 1 % soil or vegetation degraded, but poor productivity | | 232, 000 cattle | | cattle no change ( 0. 4 - 3 / 100 ha ). sheep declined from 5 - 0. 5 / 100 ha | | no more recent information available | | victoria river and barkly tableland | | mitchell grass and bluebush, soft spinifex | | 2. 5 - 5 % severely affected. lack of data elsewhere | | 384 000 cattle ( victoria river ) 457 000 cattle ( barkly tableland ) | | cattle increase from about 5 - 10 / 100 ha. sheep down to < 1 / 100 ha | | death of some mitchell grass due to drought in nw f | | alice springs | | spinifex predominates ; some mulga with annual grasses | | severe bare areas in todd river plains ; eragrostis degraded | | 297 000 cattle | | no change in cattle densities ( 0. 4 - 1. 5 / 100 ha ). sheep static or less | | no more recent information available | | cape and gulf | | low eucalypt woodland with various grass types | | declining grassland condition, cover and type | | 586 000 cattle | | cattle no change ( average 3 / 100 ha ). sheep decreased from 5 - 0. 5 / 100 ha | | no more recent information available | | north east uplands, queensland | | eucalypt woodland, brigalow, bluegrass treeless plains. black speargrass, aristida spp., some mitchell and soft spinifex | | 8 out of 10 grass types more degraded over 1980 - 1990s | | 1. 2 million cattle and 2. 2 million sheep | | cattle some increase ( 6 - 10 / 100 ha ) big range in sheep but increasing, from 6 - 34, to 10 - 50 / 100 ha | | aristida sp. communities declined 1992 - 1997 ; prickly acacia ( a. nilotica ) now covers 28 % of mitchell grass shires f | | western plains queensland | | extensive grasslands, mulga, gidgee, other acacia woodlands, spinifex | | 18 pasture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4314485554710311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.294540"}
{"text": "1997 ; prickly acacia ( a. nilotica ) now covers 28 % of mitchell grass shires f | | western plains queensland | | extensive grasslands, mulga, gidgee, other acacia woodlands, spinifex | | 18 pasture types, with 6 degraded, 5 - 50 % degraded by erosion, parthenium and prickly acacia weeds | | 2 million cattle and 8 million sheep | cattle no change ( 1. 5 - 3 ), sheep decreasing, from 2 - 10 / 100 ha to 0. 5 - 6 / 100 ha | | no more recent information available | | western division nsw ( far western plains ) | | mulga woodland, box and cypress pine, mallee woodlands, floodplain grasses, saltbush and bluebush | | 11 systems, all showing soil erosion, weed invasion, rabbit warrens and vegetation depletion d | | 137 000 cattle and 5 million sheep | cattle have doubled in number, sheep down by 25 % e | | kangaroos more than monitored. g50 000 ha woody weed cleared ( 20 000 per year ) i, 202 000 ha cleared of warrens. eless than 5 % vegetation types in reserves i | wa bushlands ( south and east of pilbara to nullarbor ) | | nw - se tussock grasses and acacias, mulga, mallee eucalypts, chenopod shrubs | | < 1 % severe erosion, 30 % degraded vegetation, 33 % fair condition, rest not grazed | | 2. 5 million sheep, | low densities and few cattle, sheep no change ( 0. 5 - 3. 5 / 100 ha ) | | < 10 - 15 % of western plateau division in poor - fair vegetation condition. 70 % not grazed and undisturbedd | | northern south australia | | low shrublands and mulga to north, saltbush, bluebush, grasses and acacias to south | | up to 30 % of historically degraded vegetation, but most regions better in 1990 than in 1970 from controls | | 137 000 cattle north of dog fence, 1. 3 million sheep south of dog fence | | cattle increase ( 0. 4 - 1. 4 / 100 ha ), sheep increase, from 0. 5 - 2. 1 to 2. 1 - 4 / 100 ha | | 20 - 30 % still degraded from past effects. only slow recovery despite destocking because poor seasons h | a wilcox and cunningham ( 1994 ). b tothill and gillies ( 1992 ). c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44952122420791213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.295396"}
{"text": "1 - 4 / 100 ha | | 20 - 30 % still degraded from past effects. only slow recovery despite destocking because poor seasons h | a wilcox and cunningham ( 1994 ). b tothill and gillies ( 1992 ). c hall et al. ( 2001 ), nlwra rangeland grazing pressures project ( unpublished ). d waters and rivers commission ( 1997 ). e kerin and hyder consulting ( 2000 ). f state of queensland ( 1999 ). g pople and grigg ( 1999 ). h sa department of environment, heritage and aboriginal affairs ( 1998 ). i epa nsw ( 2001 ). cattle and sheep densities show the general trend of increased cattle densities in the northern, more fertile regions, but decreasing sheep densities in most areas. low - productivity regions such as the western australian bushlands and northern south australia have maintained low or declining densities. more recent information on the condition of rangelands in the north and eastern parts of the rangelands will be welcome when the nlwra rangeland project on historical trends in grazing density and pressure is completed, as little additional information has been forthcoming from state of the environment reports for queensland ( state of queensland 1999 ) or new south wales ( epa nsw 2001 ). the effect of rcd has been very great in the southern half of the rangelands where rabbits have been reduced to less than 10 % of their former numbers. the challenge now is to sustain this improvement and to extend the effect into the higher rainfall regions. the issue of how vegetation type affects the susceptibility to degradation and erosion pressure has been the focus of concern in the animal grazing industries and among conservation ecologists, particularly in north - eastern australia, where woody weeds are a serious concern to pastoralists ( see introduction of novel biota into native habitats and communities ). many grazing properties in this area have experienced a large increase in woody weeds over the past two to three decades ; 50 % of cattle properties in queensland have an average of 2000 hectares of woody regrowth ( abare 1999 ). on these properties more than 90 % of the land grazed is woodland of some type or other and is described either as forest or woodland by the national forest inventory ( see agricultural best practice ). pastoralists consider it essential to clear some timbered land to maintain grazing productivity, and 63 % considered their productivity has declined as a result of woody regrowth in abare ' s ( 1999 ) survey. nevertheless, woody regrowth in many cases takes place as the result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45726359391554183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.296354"}
{"text": "clear some timbered land to maintain grazing productivity, and 63 % considered their productivity has declined as a result of woody regrowth in abare ' s ( 1999 ) survey. nevertheless, woody regrowth in many cases takes place as the result of current or past grazing practices, and occurs predominantly in native woodlands that are grazed. whether such regrowth is regarded in a negative or positive light is a matter of value judgement, reflecting the diversity of opinion that exists on this matter. regeneration of trees is restricted where animals graze in woodlands, as seedlings are grazed out. a reduction in grazing pressure has been associated with rapid regrowth of shrubs and trees when sheep have been removed ( cooney 1995 ). the regional forest agreement process is redefining grazing lease areas in some areas as old growth forests in nsw and queensland, leading to strong adverse reaction from graziers ( the land 2000 ). this provides a telling example of the tensions that arise from different views about how these forests and woodlands should be used. vegetation and land cover increase when total grazing pressure is reduced by a combination of low commodity prices, vertebrate pest control and good seasons. the increase in cropping area during the 1990s was less than many believe, and there has been some substitution of cattle for sheep in some regions. on the whole, adjustments have affected the degree to which more marginal land within each sla or farm is used or not, rather than reducing grazing pressure equally everywhere. one of the main reasons that we cannot assess the impact of grazing animals adequately is the uncertainty of abs statistical data on pastures. grazing management represents the single biggest, and least costly method of managing vegetation cover. it is probably the most important management tool in combating most land degradation problems. well - controlled grazing greatly assists in increasing tree and shrub regeneration, maintaining a balanced assemblage of grasses and herbs in the understorey, and controlling weeds. unfortunately, the level of animal control needed ( particularly through fencing off remnant vegetation, watercourses and overgrazed areas ) is frequently not available. the current debate about grazing and land management hinges on whether total grazing pressure is a useful management tool when compared to concepts of safe thresholds for specific ecosystems ( mcleod 1997 ). in rangeland ecology around the world, the concept of carrying capacity is often disputed, because it leads to a more static management approach than is required in regions of highly erratic rainfall and patchiness of vegetation. the ' state - transition ' see - saw is regarded as a more representative analogy of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4612412420324108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.297394"}
{"text": "concept of carrying capacity is often disputed, because it leads to a more static management approach than is required in regions of highly erratic rainfall and patchiness of vegetation. the ' state - transition ' see - saw is regarded as a more representative analogy of the way in which rangelands operate. this concept has led to the development of an ' adaptive management ' approach of action - learning and partnership between pastoralists and scientists that is proving very successful. nevertheless, in recent government inquiries into rangeland condition, both pastoralists and scientists have continued to use ' safe carrying capacity ' to evaluate whether stocking densities are leading to land degradation or loss of productive capacity ( johnston et al. 1996 ). in more reliable rainfall regions, pasture management includes inputs such as fertiliser, herbicide control of weeds, sowing of exotic species of high palatability and nutritional value, and use of animal grazing to control pasture composition. in the mixed farming regions, pastures are rotated with crops to maintain soil fertility and break cycles of disease. in high rainfall districts, pastures are permanent and inputs vary according to the roughness of terrain, value of land and animals, and proportion of off - farm income. in all these environments, the stocking rate is highly dependent on the level of inputs and sophistication of the grazing management ( sustainable grazing systems 1998 ). queensland and northern territory specialist cattle properties have performed more profitably than other specialist cattle producers in mixed farming or high rainfall regions in recent years ( abare 1999 ). this has occurred because of their geographical advantage in the live cattle export trade to indonesia and singapore, which survived the vicissitudes of the asian economic crisis. however, apart from the large corporate farms, average farm business profits have been negative in all areas through much of the decade ( abare 1999 ). in the most difficult cases, where pastoralists have been unprofitable for over a decade, structural adjustments have been proposed in which leaseholders would become environmental stewards, with a shift in emphasis to enterprises such as ecotourism and conservation. consultations with pastoralists have demonstrated their interest in these proposals, but land title acts are often restrictive and new legislation may be required to alter the primary activities on many rangeland leases. large amounts of money and volunteer effort have gone into land restoration using labour - intensive tree and shrub planting schemes, contouring, and weed control. but until recently very little has been done to destock, fence out and encourage vegetation regeneration through reduction in grazing pressure. some catchment management authorities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49625307547023756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.298647"}
{"text": "gone into land restoration using labour - intensive tree and shrub planting schemes, contouring, and weed control. but until recently very little has been done to destock, fence out and encourage vegetation regeneration through reduction in grazing pressure. some catchment management authorities in victoria are now discussing the possibility using a variety of market - based mechanisms to encourage landholders to manage land for environmental outcomes, such as trading salinity credits for destocking ( dnre victoria, pers comm. ). as yet there are few other regions where this option is being taken seriously. nationally, the impact of grazing pressure continues unabated except on lands that have been converted either to conservation reserves, or to more intensive uses not involving stock, such as viticulture and horticulture. while there have been some recent proposals to destock vast tracks of the rangelands ( archer et al. 1997 ), the feasibility of this is questioned. in western australia the department of conservation and land management has fenced off the peron peninsula across its 3 km width and systematically cleared it of nearly all foxes and most cats with a four - year control program. now the reintroduction of native fauna is possible. similar exercises have been undertaken over small areas in south australia, new south wales and queensland. however, the cost of such an exercise makes it prohibitive for large areas. it is widely accepted in all pest, weed and disease management strategies that total eradication is an almost impossible and highly expensive operation that cannot be undertaken other than in the most threatening situations. what we must consider is where the most damage is occurring, both from a land degradation point of view and a biodiversity point of view. this issue is discussed in more detail in the biodiversity theme report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47928620211580464, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d396675b-218c-4b58-b83e-ae630b5bb24d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.299379"}
{"text": "oh, those ears - - the way they flit back and forth! and that swishing tail! a horse can speak volumes using body language. but what exactly does all that mean? and how important is it that we know? understanding equine body language is critical to successful horse - human interactions. just ask dr. camie heleski, coordinator of the michigan state university horse management program and lead instructor for my horse university ' s online horse behavior and welfare course, which is based out of michigan state university. \" many horse accidents are a result of not reading the horse ' s body language, \" she explains. \" we are working with a very large animal that still thinks primarily like a creature of prey, hence, being observant to their body language is possibly more important than when working with any other animal. \" equines actually communicate using all five senses : sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste. \" horses have evolved to live in cohesive groups ( herds or bands ) and their ability to interpret the postures and movements of their group members is important for their survival, \" explains professor natalie waran, senior vice president of the international society for equitation science council and head of the school of natural sciences at unitec new zealand. \" body language in humans may not be that sophisticated due to the fact that we tend to use sounds to communicate ; but horses appear to rely a great deal on using their tail, ears, mouths [ and ] postures, and these may or may not be linked with specific sounds or calls. \" ears, eyes & face the first thing you ' re likely to notice about a horse ' s expression is the position or movement of its ears. regardless of their shape or size, they are almost always in motion and work independently, functioning much like equine radar. ears positioned forward generally indicate that the horse is relaxed, but if sharply pricked forward, take note! your horse is alert and tuning into something that ' s either interesting or frightening. as most horse owners know, there ' s a difference between ears that are positioned towards the rear and those that are sharply pinned backwards. in the former case, the horse is likely either relaxed or listening to something behind him. in the latter case, it ' s a sign of aggression that could be followed by a lunge, bite or kick. watch out! when trying to comprehend equine body language, one must also consider the eyes, nostrils, mouth, facial tension and attitude of the head and neck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4793769755445158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2db42f6b-ab08-45a6-84a4-65039abd519f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.305644"}
{"text": "a sign of aggression that could be followed by a lunge, bite or kick. watch out! when trying to comprehend equine body language, one must also consider the eyes, nostrils, mouth, facial tension and attitude of the head and neck. these components often work together and are best interpreted in context, a talent one usually acquires with experience around horses in general and around your individual horse in particular. \" the horse has large eyes and is supersensitive to movement, as you would expect of a prey animal, \" waran says. \" this is put to good use in observing body language, and humans are less aware of this non - verbal communication, due to being more vocal! \" there is one group of signals that is universal and easily recognized : the pricked ears, flared nostrils, wide eyes ( often showing white ) and elevated head and neck of a horse who is alert and ready to flee. other signals, like \" snapping, \" may be less familiar to the average horse owner. \" ' snapping ' is the behavior in which the immature horse opens and closes its mouth in a frightening circumstance, \" explains dr. katherine houpt, director of the animal behavior clinic at cornell university college of veterinary medicine. \" for example, colts will do it when they approach the stallion. mares in heat sometimes exhibit the same movement. all donkey mares do and it is called ' yawing ' in that species. snapping is an appeasement gesture : ' please don ' t hurt me ; i am just a baby horse. ' \" head, neck & tail speaking of head and neck position, remember that whatever artificial carriages performance classes may call for, a higher head and neck position in a horse generally indicates a state of arousal, while a lower position generally reflects a more relaxed state of mind. at the opposite end of a horse ' s body is another communication tool that is sometimes overlooked. yes, equines use their tails to brush away pesky flies, but did you know that these handy body parts transmit language, too? mind you, a horse ' s natural tail carriage may vary by breed - - the classic example being the high - tailed arabian. however, there are some tail signals that are common to all breeds, and which a horse owner would be wise to heed. for example, have you ever heard the expression \" tail clamped between the legs \"? if a horse has its tail pressed tightly against his buttocks, chances are it is nervous or fearful. by contrast, a tail that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085481301409663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2db42f6b-ab08-45a6-84a4-65039abd519f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.306591"}
{"text": "esa ' s smos water mission goes live esa ' s smos satellite completed its six - month commissioning this week and formally began operational life. this milestone means the mission is now set to provide much - needed global images of soil moisture and ocean salinity to improve our understanding of the water cycle. the soil moisture and ocean salinity ( smos ) satellite was launched on 2 november last year, and has since undergone an intense programme of calibration and commissioning in preparation for its life in service. at a three - day review this week in avila, spain, all the elements of the mission were found to be in excellent shape. the meeting concluded with the formal end of commissioning. responsibility for the mission has now been transferred from esa ' s project manager, achim hahne, who held the reins since the mission was selected in 2001 for development, to susanne mecklenburg, esa ' s smos mission manager, who is responsible for the data and its delivery to the scientific community. achim hahne said, \" i would like to thank all my colleagues in esa, cnes and industry for their excellent work in taking this mission off the drawing board and into orbit. \" it ' s been a privilege to have worked on this novel mission, which not only provides essential information to help further our understanding of the earth system, but also demonstrates the excellence of european technology. \" from now on, our baby will be the in capable hands of susanne and we look forward to seeing how smos ' s eagerly awaited data will contribute to earth science and be used in practical applications. \" smos employs a novel interferometric radiometer that operates in the l - band microwave range to capture \u2018 brightness temperature \u2019 images. these images are used to produce global maps of soil moisture every three days and maps of ocean salinity averaged over 30 days. by consistently mapping these two variables, smos will advance our knowledge of the exchange processes between earth \u2019 s surface and atmosphere and also help to improve weather and climate models. in addition, the data will also be used for practical applications in areas such as agriculture and water resource management. susanne mecklenburg said, ' ' so far, the mission has been progressing really well and we have been very happy to see what the scientific community has already been able to achieve with the data. brightness temperature data will be released in june and soil moisture and ocean salinity data will be available in september after further validation. \" esa has placed three of its earth explorer satellites in orbit within a little over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45478738550700065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7057edd-192d-45b8-9623-61a06c15c100>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.309307"}
{"text": "the means by which most deadly malaria parasites are detected and killed by the mosquitoes that carry them is revealed for the first time in research published today ( 5 march ) in science express. the discovery could help researchers find a way to block transmission of the disease from mosquitoes to humans. mosquitoes become infected with malaria when they feed on the blood of an infected person. young malaria parasites then grow and develop inside the mosquito for two weeks. new human infections occur when these parasites are ' injected ' with the insect ' s saliva during the mosquito ' s next blood meal. however, most of the malaria parasites are killed by the mosquito ' s immune system as soon as they enter the insect ' s bloodstream, with only one or two slipping through the net and going on to divide, multiply, and infect people. the new study shows exactly how the mosquito ' s immune system kicks in to kill 80 - 90 percent of the parasites. the researchers discovered that the parasites are detected by a pair of proteins called lrim1 and apl1c which belong to the mosquito ' s infection surveillance system. these two ' intruder detection ' proteins then activate a third protein in the mosquito ' s blood called tep1, which seeks out the parasitic invader, binds to its surface and orchestrates its destruction by punching holes in its cell membrane. the imperial college london team behind the new discovery say this knowledge could be used to develop new genetic or chemical techniques to improve on the mosquito ' s natural detection success rate, so that 100 percent of the parasites can be killed inside the mosquito, preventing transmission of the disease from insects to people. dr george christophides from imperial ' s department of life sciences comments : \" mosquitoes are known as the ' bad guys ' that spread malaria, but these insects are unwilling carriers of the disease, whose immune systems try to fight it, just like ours do. now that we know exactly how their immune system attacks malaria parasites, we need to work out how a small number of parasites manage to evade detection by this system. only a few manage to get past the mosquito ' s defences, but that ' s all that ' s needed for the disease to be transmitted to humans. \" if we can figure out how some parasites manage to sneak through undetected, hopefully we can find a way to bolster the mosquito ' s defences to catch them all. \" the research, which was funded by the wellcome trust, the biotechnology and biological sciences research council ( bbsrc ), and the national institute of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4879826683493227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b20b79e2-7534-421d-81f8-11e91e2b38a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.312796"}
{"text": "can find a way to bolster the mosquito ' s defences to catch them all. \" the research, which was funded by the wellcome trust, the biotechnology and biological sciences research council ( bbsrc ), and the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases of the u. s. national institutes of health, was carried out in the laboratory using a model parasite which causes malaria in rodents. half the global population are at risk of contracting malaria and up to half a billion new infections are recorded every year. between one and three million people die from malaria every year - the majority of fatalities are children living in sub - saharan africa. apart from malaria, mosquitoes also spread other serious infectious diseases such as dengue and yellow fever, filariasis and various encephalitides. dr christophides and his colleagues at imperial also discovered that lrim1 and apl1c belong to a family of infection detection proteins that appear to be specific to mosquitoes. the researchers believe that proteins in this family may play a role in defence against these other infections too, and are currently investigating how these proteins function during mosquito infection with dangerous human pathogens. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4782800575144346, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b20b79e2-7534-421d-81f8-11e91e2b38a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.313504"}
{"text": "a bomb threat is a form of terrorism - - a threat to detonate an explosive. often, such a threat is made via a telephone call. although 98 % of all bomb threats turn out to be false, and are considered crank calls, they should be treated as real until proven otherwise. all bomb threats should be reported to the police. this should preferably be done by another person while the caller is kept busy on the line. the following information should be obtained from the caller, if possible - where is the bomb located? get precise description if possible. - when will the bomb go off? - what does the bomb look like? - who is calling? caller ' s name, address, current location, telephone number. - what telephone number have they called from? check caller id or ask caller. - will caller report the bomb threat to the police? - will caller hold the line? the authorities must decide whether or not to evacuate depending on the perceived seriousness of the threat. if evacuation is ordered, the bomb squad must be called out to search for the presumed explosive building evacuations due to a bomb threat often need to be accomplished by word of mouth rather than by sounding the fire alarm. external windows should be left open to provide presure relief in the event of an explosion. this action will reduce the distance that broken glass will fly. mobile phones should be turned off until clear of the evacuation area as they can trigger explosive detonators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5141092013961175, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e3ae95d-4860-4cb0-8a05-5b426a6d6561>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.315863"}
{"text": "capuchin ( kap\u02c8yochin ) [ key ], name for new world monkeys of the genus cebus, widely distributed in tropical forests of central and south america. medium - sized monkeys, they have a body length of 14 to 24 in. ( 36 \u2013 61 cm ), with a tail up to 20 in. ( 50 cm ) long, and weigh 2 to 4 lb ( 0. 9 \u2013 1. 8 kg ). the coat is black or brown, with lighter markings on the chest in some species. the flattened face is naked and pink. members of some species have manes resembling the cowls of capuchin monks. the tail is partially prehensile, that is, it can be used for grasping but not with the dexterity displayed by most new world monkeys. it is usually carried with the end curled in a spiral, hence the alternate name, ringtail monkey. capuchins travel in groups through the trees, making loud sounds, and rarely descend to the ground. they feed on leaves, fruit, insects, small animals, and bird eggs. they are easily trained and are well known from circuses and as the classic organ - grinder ' s monkey. in the wild they use simple tools, such as rocks, for such tasks as cracking the hard shells of fruits. they are classified in the phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata, class mammalia, order primates, family cebidae. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on capuchin from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : vertebrate zoology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42468562319517156, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00427f6d-ebfc-4a92-996d-00ef1ddc5e7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.321331"}
{"text": "students as researchers over 20 years ago i started working with students as evaluators. kids worked with me to design and carry out evaluations of specific programs in which they were involved. while i provided technical assistance ; these were their evaluations. the students determined the questions to be asked and how they would get the answers. they collected and analyzed the data and presented their data - based conclusions and recommendations to the program directors. this was real - - we only worked with program people made a commitment either to implement the students ' recommendations or to explain why they wouldn ' t or couldn ' t do so. the work was good and the experience useful to all in great part because the work was real and the students were in charge. i always thought if it worked in evaluation, it would work in research. it turns out i was right. blackawton bees is an article published in biology letters by 25 8 to 10 year olds and a couple of grown ups. we discovered that bumble - bees can use a combination of colour and spatial relationships in deciding which colour of flower to forage from. we also discovered that science is cool and fun because you get to do stuff that no one has ever done before. a companion paper explained : the research was conceived, carried out, summarized and written up by a class of 8 to 10 years olds in devon, england under the light supervision of a teacher and a research scientist. the result is a significant piece of research giving a novel insight in the colour and pattern vision of the bee. using well - established experimental procedures that were invented by john lubbock for the study of colour vision in bees and later implemented by a nobel prize winner, the results provide convincing evidence that bees can transpose between learned colour, pattern and spatial cues when encountering changes in a coloured scene. students as researchers, now that ' s a concept!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397357602608364, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a40c572e-801a-402c-b4f7-86eaeddae9dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.323971"}
{"text": "australiaedit this page from familysearch wiki the first europeans began exploration of the australian continent in the 17th century. dutch explorer willem janszoom landed in the gulf of carpentaria in 1606 and mapped some of the coastline. later on abel tasman in 1642 reached van diemen ' s land ( now tasmania ) and in 1644 with three ships ( limmen, zeemeeuw & braek ) he mapped the north coast of australia. no formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when capt. james cook took possession in the name of great britain. australia was first settled by europeans in january 1788 with the arrival ( at botany bay on the south - east coast ) of eleven english ships with more than 1000 convicts and military personnel, known today as the ' first fleeters. the site was found to be unsuitable so a few days later the ships moved to port jackson at sydney cove. the second fleet arrived in 1790 and saved the colony from starvation. the third fleet arrived in 1791 and included the first irish transportees. the first free settler immigrants arrived in 1793. the expanding colony became known as new south wales. six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries ; they federated and became the commonwealth of australia in 1901. the new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the british effort in world wars i and ii. in recent decades, australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. getting started with australia research to get started with australian research, it is helpful to know where one ' s family or ancestors lived in australia and to know when they died. australian states ' civil death certificates give a great deal of valuable information which will help you in your research. click on a state name or on the map below to learn about research in an australian state or territory. the states and territories of australia include : wiki articles describing these collections are found at : in order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! many tasks need to be done. you can help by : did you know ( all text below this is included in a column on the left side of the screen. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37386743608121964, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4df6a3d2-c49b-4202-a28c-0ffbb92e6692>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.326345"}
{"text": "by : shelagh mcnally for fibroids1 women suffering from cervical cancer or hpv will be remembering june 8, 2006 as the day the fda approved the history - making vaccine, gardisil. this vaccine neutralizes two strains of the human papilloma virus ( hpv ) responsible for cervical cancer. | preventing and screening for hpv | according to the american cancer society : delaying having sexual intercourse if you are young can help you avoid hpv. limiting your number of sexual partners and avoiding sex with people who have had many other sexual partners lower your risk of exposure to hpv. remember that condoms do not completely protect from hpv because hpv can be passed through skin to skin contact with any hpv infected area. however condoms do provide some protection against hpv and also protect against hiv / aids and other sexually transmitted diseases passed through fluid exchange. getting a yearly pap smear can detect hpv and other precancerous conditions allowing doctors to treat these conditions before they fully develop into cancer. hpv belongs to a group of viruses that include 100 different strains with more than 30 strains being sexually transmitted. sometimes visible as herpes or genital warts, hpv usually affects the vagina, cervix, vulva and rectum. often without symptoms, most infected people have no idea they have the virus and unwittingly pass it on to their partners. hpv has become the most common sexually - transmitted disease in the united states, and according to the national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, there are approximately 20 million people in the united states infected. each year there are another 6. 2 million infections so that by the age of 50 at least 80 percent of women who will be infected are infected. most of the time infections caused by the virus clear up on their own but with the risk of persistent infection, hpv is responsible for at least 70 percent of all cervical cancers. cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide ; there are nearly a half million diagnoses and 240, 000 deaths each year. small wonder that gardisil is one of the most anticipated vaccines in recent years. it was 15 years ago that local researchers at the university of rochester medical center discovered the antibody produced by the immune system neutralizing the human papilloma virus. merck pharmaceuticals took over from there and began developing the gardisil vaccine. \u201c when we first started looking for hpv in the 80s, half of the women at the student health center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4304653134360128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d1cc2cd-4565-4029-afe3-86aa08e459e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.330451"}
{"text": "immune system neutralizing the human papilloma virus. merck pharmaceuticals took over from there and began developing the gardisil vaccine. \u201c when we first started looking for hpv in the 80s, half of the women at the student health center had hpv, \u201d said dr. cosette m. wheeler, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the university of new mexico health sciences center and one of the lead investigators in the vaccine trials. \u201c now we can say that the vaccine is 100 percent effective against hpv types 16 and 18, which are responsible for the majority of the cancers, \u201d dr. wheeler said. the vaccine is also effective against the hpv strains that develop into genital warts. | facts on gardisil | licensure announced on june 8, 2006. gardisil is the first vaccine ever for the prevention of cervical cancer. gardisil is a recombinant vaccine effective against hpv types 6, 11, 16 and types 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 percent of genital warts. gardisil is approved for use in females ages 9 - 26 years. gardisil does not protect against hpv types not in the vaccine so a yearly pap smear is still required. find out more about the hpv virus and gardisil at www. cdc. gov / std / hpv / default. htm hailed as a major breakthrough, gardisil is also at the center of a growing controversy. since the vaccine is most effective if administered before a young girl becomes sexually active, conservative groups are worried that gardisil will promote promiscuity. at the same the american academy of immunology practices is lobbying for the vaccine to become part of the routine inoculations even suggesting it be mandatory for school entry. while this debate continues, it \u2019 s more likely that budgetary and distribution issues will determine gardisil \u2019 s future. gardisil is one of the most expensive vaccines on the market : a three - course shot, given over six months, costs between $ 300 and $ 500. getting teens to show for appointments is also going to be a challenge and there is also plenty of discussion around who exactly should receive the shot \u2013 the recommended age is between 11 and 12. on june 29, a panel of vaccine experts brought together by the centers for disease control and prevention will give their recommendations over who should receive the vaccine. it could be in doctors \u2019 offices as early as this summer. in the meantime mer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43531948575440765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d1cc2cd-4565-4029-afe3-86aa08e459e0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.331594"}
{"text": "one of the great bits of repartee in the king \u2019 s speech comes as the maverick australian speech therapist, lionel logue, is just getting to know his royal highness prince albert, the stammering duke of york : logue : \u201c surely a prince \u2019 s brain knows what his mouth \u2019 s doing? \u201d bertie : \u201c you \u2019 re obviously not well acquainted with many royal princes. \u201d no one could have imagined any such dialogue involving archduke otto von habsburg, who died on july 4 \u2014 not because the archduke was a fearsome personality, but because he was a pre - eminently intelligent and decent man. the full name he was given at his baptism in 1912 \u2014 franz josef otto robert maria anton karl max heinrich sixtus xavier felix renatus ludwig gaetan pius ignatius \u2014 speaks volumes about the history of his family, whose rule over central europe extended back some seven centuries. otto might have been thought an anachronism after his father, emperor karl, was driven from the throne of the dual monarchy of austria - hungary in the waning days of world war i. yet the son declined to disappear from the scene and played roles both dramatic and useful over the eight decades of his maturity. he worried hitler, who saw him as a potential threat to the anschluss uniting austria with germany. so the nazi fuhrer twice tried to meet the young austrian nobleman when archduke otto was studying in berlin in 1931 - 32. otto von habsburg not only rebuffed hitler on both occasions, thus putting himself firmly on the gestapo \u2019 s list of enemies ; in 1938, as the nazi vice was closing on an independent austria, the archduke, at obvious risk to his life, volunteered to return to austria as the head of government, to provide a national rallying point against nazi paganism. in june 1940, the luftwaffe bombed the belgian castle in which otto von habsburg and his family were living, just hours after the family had fled south ahead of the wehrmacht \u2019 s drive west. hounded by the gestapo in neutral lisbon, archduke otto and his family came to the united states at the invitation of president franklin roosevelt and spent the second world war years in america. otto von habsburg returned to europe after the nazi defeat, married princess regina of sachsen - meiningen, who was working as a nurse at a munich refuge camp the archduke visited ( and whose father, duke george iii, had died in the soviet gulag ) ; the couple had seven children, and lived a model christian family life. elected to the european parliament in 1979,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4306202114732425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b10dbb94-fad8-468b-aff7-b26cb6722a09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.336950"}
{"text": "a nurse at a munich refuge camp the archduke visited ( and whose father, duke george iii, had died in the soviet gulag ) ; the couple had seven children, and lived a model christian family life. elected to the european parliament in 1979, otto von habsburg spent 20 years as perhaps that body \u2019 s most respected member : an adroit debater in seven languages, he kept alive the vision of a post - cold war europe reunited as a single civilizational enterprise, built on the sturdy foundations of biblical religion, faith in reason, and commitment to the rule of law. in that sense, otto von habsburg was arguably the first modern \u201c european. \u201d he may also have been the last. for the european union, as it has evolved in the early 21st century, has been built around a naked public square in which biblical religion plays no role ; faith in reason is faltering under the assault of post - modernism and political correctness ; and the rule of law is jeopardized by what another great son of mitteleuropa, joseph ratzinger, has called the \u201c dictatorship of relativism. \u201d in 2006, i spent a memorable evening discussing this unhappy situation with the archduke otto, at an acton institute dinner in rome at which we were seated across the table from one another. he was not bitter, for he was a man of deep catholic faith, and thus a man of hope. but he was concerned about europe \u2019 s future, and his concerns have turned out to be entirely prescient. otto von habsburg \u2019 s father, emperor karl, was beatified by john paul ii in 2004. the late pope once greeted archduke otto \u2019 s mother, empress zita, by saying that he was \u201c happy to receive the widow of my father \u2019 s last sovereign. \u201d it is entirely safe to say that we shall not see their likes again. may they rest in peace. george weigel is distinguished senior fellow of the ethics and public policy center in washington, d. c. become a fan of first things on facebook, subscribe to first things via rss, and follow first things on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.453149939618133, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b10dbb94-fad8-468b-aff7-b26cb6722a09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.337784"}
{"text": "actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) > perciformes ( perch - likes ) > pomacentridae ( damselfishes ) > pomacentrinae etymology : stegastes : greek, stegastos, - e, - on = covered ( ref. 45335 ). environment / climate / range marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 2 - 10 m ( ref. 9710 ). tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s size / weight / age maturity : lm? range? -? cm max length : 12. 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref. 7247 ) soft rays : 12 - 14. body and median fins generally brown to nearly black ; body paler ventrally ; fins grading to smoky gray distally. margin of scales on sides with blackish streak, appearing as series of transverse bands ; few small blue spots scattered on head and sides. pelvic and anal fins bright blue anteriorly. morphologically similar with s. fasciolatus but s. obreptus has well - developed serrae on the suborbital and preopercle margins, posterior outline of soft dorsal more pointed and angular, and it differs in habitat. lips dusky brown. indo - pacific : ryukyu islands, encompassing the indo - malayan archipelago, western australia north of abrolhos islands ; reaching eastward along the northern margin of the tropical indian ocean to sri lanka and india. adults occur close to shore in rocky or dead reef areas where visibility is often reduced due to silting and wave action. territorial, they maintain and ' weed ' filamentous algae patches growing on dead coral ( ref. 9710 ). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding ( ref. 205 ). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref. 205 ). males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref. 205 ). allen, g. r. and a. r. emery, 1985. a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific, with descriptions of two new species. indo - pac. fish. ( 3 ) : 31. iucn red list status ( ref. 90363 ) threat to humans referencesaquacultureaquaculture profilestrainsgeneticsallele frequenciesheritabilitydiseasesprocessingmass conversion estimates of some properties based on empirical models phylogenetic diversity index ( ref. 82805", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4114098511006199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa2437c0-7e40-466b-9c0d-876be96bb303>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.340914"}
{"text": "the upanishads are early philosophical texts of the hindu religion. the upanishads represent the loftiest heights of ancient indo - aryan thought and culture and are regarded as direct revelations of god. because these teachings were usually given in the stillness of some distant retreat, where the noises of the world could not disturb the tranquillity of the contemplative life, they are known also as aranyakas, forest books. this version is a translation of swami paramananda. paramananda was an important swami, mystic, poet, and an innovator in spiritual community living. wilder publications is a green publisher. all of our books are printed to order. this reduces waste and helps us keep prices low while greatly reducing our impact on the environment. upanishads is a beautiful text to read, and i recommend that everyone should read it. many of the western philosophers and thinkers have showered their praises on this beautiful text, for instance emerson, thoreau, and, schopenhauer. this edition is not complete upanishads in case you want to have the complete text. you can earn a 5 % commission by selling the upanishads paperback book / softback on your website. it ' s easy to get started - we will give you example code. after you ' re set - up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! are you the author / publisher? improve sales by submitting additional information on this title. this item ships from and is sold by fishpond world ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5407589836664773, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3704bd4e-68aa-40d9-88ea-0f60aa7407bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.342590"}
{"text": "protein is essential for many bodily processes, including building and repairing tissue. protein is essential for many bodily processes, including building and repairing tissue. you use protein to make enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals. plus, your hair and nails are mostly made up of protein. it is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. protein is made of smaller components called amino acids, 12 of which are manufactured by the human body. another 9, called essential amino acids, must be obtained from food. a complete protein or whole protein is a protein that contains all of the essential amino acids. all animal proteins are complete, including red meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and dairy. vegetarians will be happy to know that complete proteins can also be obtained through certain plants, such as soy, spirulina, hemp seed, amaranth, buckwheat, and my fave quinoa. foods can be combined to make complete proteins like pairing beans with rice or corn. there are other combinations as well. beans and seeds, beans and nuts, and beans and grains will form a complete protein. when you eat hummus and pita bread, nut butter on whole grain bread, pasta with beans, veggie burgers on bread, split pea soup with whole grain bread, and tortillas with refried beans, you are eating complete proteins. fit ' s tips : recent studies show that the beans and the grains don ' t even need to be eaten at the same meal, so if you eat beans for lunch and rice with dinner, you ' ve got yourself a complete protein. you may spread your food combination over a 2 - day period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352105641019111, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:615923f5-3363-4ea2-a6e9-eb9a90b47911>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.344279"}
{"text": "the assassination of president abraham lincoln john wilkes booth plotted and carried out the assassination of president lincoln. originally, the plan was to abduct president lincoln and take him to virginia, but when general lee surrendered, booth and his comrades were forced to change their plans. fatefully, on april 15, 1865, booth shot and killed president lincoln. through his actions, booth hoped to reinvigorate the confederacy, but the assassination only strengthened the union ' s cause and destroyed any hope of a confederate photos ( 94 ) add images places mentioned on this page connected pages add page links add link about this page anyone can contribute to this page. please sign in or sign up \u2014 it ' s free. the hanging of conspirators in the lincoln assassination : david herold, lewis powell, mary surratt, and george atzerodt july 7, 1865 while many might know that john wilkes booth assassinated president abraham lincoln on april 14, 1865, many do not know the nine others who were connected in some way to the conspiracy. out of those nine, lewis powell, mary surratt, david herold, and george atzerodt died by hanging on july 7, 1865, around 1 : 15 pm after being convicted of conspiring to kill the president. one of those four, lewis powell ( alias : lewis paine ), also hanged for his crime of the attempted murder of the secretary of state william seward. until the last moment, family members pleaded for the lives of these four legendary criminals, and legal support, especially for mary, sought all avenues of appeal for their release. these documents display the written conviction of the four sentenced to death, and the chicago tribune \u2019 s account of the event up to and during the executions. this brief, yet haunting, account of their executions displays their dedication to the confederate cause. history shows that had the confederacy won, these four would have found fame and not nooses around their necks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3535079479160692, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13202692-ef53-47f9-a8c0-9bee2ec62e3b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.346157"}
{"text": "webmd health news brenda goodman, ma laura j. martin, md jan. 27, 2011 - - an international team of researchers has identified four genetic variants common to celiac disease and crohn? s disease. the research may help to explain why people who have celiac disease appear to have a higher rate of crohn? s disease than the general population. it may one day lead to new treatments that address the underlying inflammation involved in both conditions. the new study made use of a new way to analyze hundreds of thousands of genetic variations, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or snps, that may be involved in any one disease, called a genome - wide association study, or gwas.? it? s completely changed the way we can identify genetic risk factors,? says study co - author john d. rioux, phd, an associate professor of medicine at the university of montreal, in quebec, canada.? there are sequence differences at the genetic level that get translated down to the protein levels,? rioux says.? and these differences may really nudge a person toward inflammation and we? re just in the beginning, but we hope they may elucidate a common pathway and one day help us discover treatments that correct the underlying genetic changes.? for the study, which is published in the jan. 27 issue of plos genetics, researchers compared 471, 504 snps, representing the genomes of about 10, 000 people, some of whom had crohn? s disease, some who had celiac disease, and some healthy people. they found four genes that appeared to contribute to the risk for both diseases. two of these genes, il18rap and ptpn2, had previously been reported to be associated with each disease. another, called tagap, had previously been identified as an area of risk in celiac disease but was new to crohn? s disease risk. the fourth, pus10, had been previously been tied to crohn? s disease, celiac disease, and ulcerative colitis. three of the four appear to be involved in controlling how the immune system responds to perceived threats.? the first three we can say are involved in t - lymphocyte function,? rioux says.? they seem to have a role to play in how these cells respond to a given stimulus.? rioux says that having your immune system respond to incoming threats is a good thing, but sometimes the body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49406559923078397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff01b06d-5bb8-42d0-bd85-b4176ef4bdde>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.350315"}
{"text": "##ocyte function,? rioux says.? they seem to have a role to play in how these cells respond to a given stimulus.? rioux says that having your immune system respond to incoming threats is a good thing, but sometimes the body goes overboard, attacking itself instead of a foreign invader, and that overstimulation can contribute to host of diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and many others. celiac disease ( also called celiac sprue ) is an autoimmune disease where the lining of the intestine becomes damaged by a reaction from eating gluten, a protein that? s found in wheat and other grains like rye and barley. the damage prevents the intestine from absorbing nutrients in food, which can cause problems ranging from anemia to osteoporosis to lactose intolerance. celiac disease has been linked to a higher risk for intestinal cancers. in crohn? s disease, inflammation of the digestive tract can cause the bowel to empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea. some research has shown that people with one condition are more prone to the other. one study, for example, found that more than 18. 5 % of patients with crohn? s disease also have celiac disease. sources : festen, e. plos one genetics, jan. 27, 2010. john d. riox, phd, associate professor of medicine, university of montreal. lucia shindorff, phd, epidemiologist, national human genetics research institute. tursi, a. inflammatory bowel diseases, 2005. news release, plos one genetics. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of fox16 - breaking news and weather to plan your day for little rock and central arkansas the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4604960208060071, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff01b06d-5bb8-42d0-bd85-b4176ef4bdde>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.351960"}
{"text": "bahrain : the tear gas regime bahrain finds an off - label use for tear gas as chemical warfare. cross - posted from scramble for africa. physicians for human rights just released a report on the bahraini government \u2019 s pervasive use of tear gas to repress its restive civilian population. bahrain has raised the global bar on the usage of tear gas to unprecedented heights. it has become the tear gas regime. consider this excerpt from the phr report : \u201c phr investigators visited one home in which residents provided \u201c guest gas masks \u201d to visitors exposed to toxic chemical agents in and around the home. \u201c we \u2019 ve been exposed to tear gases almost every day, \u201d said one resident of a shi \u2019 a neighborhood. \u201c we \u2019 ve had canisters shot in the house, on the doorstep, and on the roof. we \u2019 ve had so many attacks, i can \u2019 t count the number of times. you don \u2019 t need to go outside to smell the \u2018 tear gas. \u2019 \u201d the report continues : \u201c preliminary analysis of data suggests that the majority of shi \u2019 a neighborhoods ( comprising 80 % of all neighborhoods in bahrain ) have been exposed to toxic chemical agent attacks at least once per week since february 2011. \u201d that is a remarkable record of sustained gassing. what does this mean for the neighborhoods and villages affected? as phr details : \u201c symptoms of cs [ the most commonly used chemical agent in contemporary \u2018 tear gas \u2019 worldwide ] exposure include severe tearing, burning in the nose and throat, eye spasms, chest tightness, coughing, and wheezing among other signs of oral and respiratory distress. \u201d imagine encountering that on a daily or weekly basis as many shia neighborhoods in bahrain now are. there is plenty of reason to question the legitimacy of tear gas usage in virtually any context. phr medical investigators noted in a report published the ama \u2019 s journal in 1989 that : \u201c [ t ] he evidence already assembled regarding the pattern of use of tear gas, as well as its toxicology, raises the question of whether its further use can be condoned under any circumstances \u2026 [ t ] here is an important role for the independent [ health ] professional : to study, document, analyze, and report on such hazards and to advise government on what does and does not carry an acceptable risk. if a weapon is found to present too serious a risk, it is then the responsibility of those in charge of public safety to decide on alternatives. \u201d note the \u2018 pattern of use \u2019 analysis from even the late \u2018 80s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.493269575966062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f97fd60-a67c-49aa-b6a0-8b1740eeefc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.360042"}
{"text": "carry an acceptable risk. if a weapon is found to present too serious a risk, it is then the responsibility of those in charge of public safety to decide on alternatives. \u201d note the \u2018 pattern of use \u2019 analysis from even the late \u2018 80s. when is \u2018 tear gas \u2019 used in an appropriate and proportionate manner? can a protestor or bystander among us think of an instance? international law permits its use under the category of \u2018 riot control \u2019. thus, it is properly deployed to disperse \u2018 riots \u2019, not nonviolent gatherings, and not some scattered projectile throwing and minor property destruction. the very label \u2018 tear gas \u2019 is a euphemism which obscures that its use on humans : \u201c poses serious health risks and even causes death. \u201d the proper term for \u2018 tear gas \u2019 is \u2018 toxic chemical agent \u2019 as phr employs. as phr notes, \u201c \u201c tear gas, \u201d implying that these chemical agents merely cause tearing, is a misnomer. \u201c perhaps the roots of the crowd control method should give us pause. the origin of tear gas derives from chemical weapons that became so infamous in ww1. lest anyone continue to regard \u2018 tear gas \u2019 as a mere inconvenience, it has also been implicated as a carcinogen, and may even damage dna, thus impacting one \u2019 s future children and family lineage. phr describes the effects of the toxic gas : \u201c in addition to wounds due to the impact of toxic chemical agent canisters, phr investigators also documented severe tearing, burning eyes, throat irritation, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and vomiting in individuals exposed to toxic chemical agents. because chemicals in toxic lachrymatory agents can destroy membranes of the throat, esophagus, and mouth, such vomiting can become dangerous. even if an exposed person quickly leaves the chemical - saturated area, symptoms of exposure can last hours. \u2026. sustained exposure to toxic chemical agents can also burn skin and the cornea of the eye. a physiotherapist reported that she developed shortness of breath, wheezing and severe coughing, turned red, and felt hot after being exposed to tear gas that was yellow in color. a doctor at private hospital treated her with atrovent and symbicort, but she reported having continued difficulty breathing at night and difficulty speaking for approximately two weeks. \u201d in the u. s. water hosing crowds fell out of favor due to the illegitimacy it acquired after becoming ind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742981145645964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f97fd60-a67c-49aa-b6a0-8b1740eeefc0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.361007"}
{"text": "symbicort, but she reported having continued difficulty breathing at night and difficulty speaking for approximately two weeks. \u201d in the u. s. water hosing crowds fell out of favor due to the illegitimacy it acquired after becoming indelibly associated with the repression of the black civil rights movement. by almost any measure, tear gas is far worse. note that outside the u. s. high pressure water is still utilized. israel retains the water cannons technique in their crowd control repertoire but has added an extra fillip - - lacing the water with sewage - scented malodorous elements. historically, tear gas usage has been associated with less than reputable purposes. the south korean dictatorship ( washington backed by the way ) employed it against the democracy movement. phr : \u201c twenty - five years ago, phr documented the deleterious and long - term health effects of tear gas used indiscriminately in south korea against civilian protesters, including toxic pulmonary damage and death, as well as possible miscarriages. as physicians we were then compelled to question whether the further use of these toxic chemical agents could be condoned under any circumstances. the extensive and persistent use of this so - called nonlethal chemical agent now in bahrain \u2014 unprecedented in the 100 - year history of tear gas use against civilians throughout the world \u2014 compels phr once again to call the world \u2019 s attention to the known and still unknown serious health consequences of tear gas, including death. \u201d bahrain is also joined in its distinguished company by the khartoum regime which along with more lethal means, has employed tear gas in darfur to quell a recent upsurge in nationwide protests seeking to join their international brethren in the arab spring. israel has also made a habit of using tear gas, not uncommonly in particularly dangerous or lethal manners by directly firing the canisters at people and vulnerable points, virtually ensuring serious injury or death. in the u. s., victims of police \u2018 riot control \u2019 include scott olsen, who was hit by a \u2018 bean bag round \u2019, though the consequences of a tear gas canister no doubt would have been similar. the phr report clearly establishes that bahrain is violating international law in its usage of toxic chemical agents : \u201c while current international law allows governments to use some chemical agents for crowd control purposes, bahraini law enforcement officials routinely violate every u. n. principle of their use. specifically, phr documents in this report that bahraini authorities : ( 1 ) fail to exercise restraint before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4947062022020619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f97fd60-a67c-49aa-b6a0-8b1740eeefc0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.362053"}
{"text": "allows governments to use some chemical agents for crowd control purposes, bahraini law enforcement officials routinely violate every u. n. principle of their use. specifically, phr documents in this report that bahraini authorities : ( 1 ) fail to exercise restraint before resorting to force ; ( 2 ) use disproportionate force when responding to protesters ; and ( 3 ) fail to minimize damage and injury to demonstrators. \u201d we might ask why international law permits chemical weapons in civilian use but not military. phr ventures that internal use against civilian populations was not a primary concern of conference that drafted the international law guiding the use of chemical weapons and that a lack of consensus ( surprise, surprise ) among the delegates may have been a factor. while few governments can be properly said to abide by international law on crowd control procedures listed, bahrain has gone well beyond the normal abuses. the u. s. of course is deeply complicit in the repression in bahrain. though it is not currently supplying the regime with tear gas, the phr report identifies two of the four main toxic chemical manufacturers that produced the weapons that have been deployed against bahrain \u2019 s citizens are u. s. - based : nonlethal technologies, inc. ( based outside of pittsburgh, pa in homer city ; nicholas kristof ( to his credit ) reported late last year that nonlethal technologies tear gas shells were \u201c being swept off the street each morning \u201d in bahrain. ) and federal laboratories / defense technology in casper, wy. beyond bahrain, \u201c us - based company combined systems inc., which exports riot - control equipment to armies around the world. the company has yet to address allegations that it has been a primary riot control agent ( rca ) supplier to mena governments embroiled in the arab spring. \u201d csi is located not far from nonlethal technologies, in jamestown, pa. western pennsylvania seems on its way to cornering the global market on the production of toxic chemical agents designed for use against civilian demonstrators. on august 1st the tom lantos human rights commission on capitol hill held a hearing on bahrain \u2019 s record. to his credit senator ron wyden ( d - or ) testified to oppose washington \u2019 s alliance. by contrast, michael h. posner, assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, and labor ( ha! ) testified : \u201c king hamad deserves great credit for initiating this commission and for allowing an independent body to take a critical look at bahrain \u2019 s human rights record and to report so extensively on its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4599270918583272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f97fd60-a67c-49aa-b6a0-8b1740eeefc0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.363177"}
{"text": "for democracy, human rights, and labor ( ha! ) testified : \u201c king hamad deserves great credit for initiating this commission and for allowing an independent body to take a critical look at bahrain \u2019 s human rights record and to report so extensively on its findings. we also commend the king for accepting and committing to implement the recommendations of the bici report. and after a worrying period of rising violence in the streets by both demonstrators and police, violence has subsided this summer. \u201d he of course also added some anodyne criticism to ensure a modicum of credibility for his words. the u. s. fifth fleet gives bahrain no small strategic significance to the u. s. democracy would endanger the fleet - - the people might want to evict the fleet, but we can surely count on the ruling regime. tellingly, the fifth fleet \u2019 s home base was take over from the british in 1971 as they relinquished their colonial possessions. you can learn a lot about nations as well as people from observing who its friends are. though the u. s. has frozen sales of tear gas to bahrain ( which it appears the regime is having no trouble obtaining elsewhere ), washington nonetheless proceeded in may with an arms deal to the country following a week - long visit to the u. s. by crown prince salman bin hamad al khalifa. a bahraini dissident noted that by doing so the u. s. sending \u201c a direct message that we support the authorities and we don ' t support democracy in bahrain, we don ' t support protesters in bahrain. \u201d along with kevin funk, steven fake is the author of \" scramble for africa : darfur \u2013 intervention and the usa \" ( black rose books ). they maintain a website with their commentary at scrambleforafrica. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43723929858350347, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f97fd60-a67c-49aa-b6a0-8b1740eeefc0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.363996"}
{"text": "hand contusion overview what is a hand contusion? a person with a hand contusion has a bruise to the soft tissues of the hand. a bruise is a collection of blood beneath the skin, caused by blood vessels that have broken at the time of an injury. a contusion may be caused by a blow to the hand, a sprain or a fracture. what are the symptoms of a hand contusion? symptoms of a hand contusion include hand pain, hand swelling, hand tenderness, and hand bruising. how does the doctor treat a hand contusion? treatment of a hand contusion includes rest, elevation, cold compresses, and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medications for pain. see hand injury treatment for more information. continue to hand contusion symptoms - campbell da, kay sp. the hand injury severity scoring system. j hand surg [ br ]. 1996 jun ; 21 ( 3 ) : 295 - 8. - chan j, spencer j. adaptation to hand injury : an evolving experience. am j occup ther. 2004 mar - apr ; 58 ( 2 ) : 128 - 39. - gustafsson m, ahlstrom g. problems experienced during the first year of an acute traumatic hand injury - a prospective study. j clin nurs. 2004 nov ; 13 ( 8 ) : 986 - 95.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45990257593708866, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246515ce-ff7e-4e7d-9b0e-887a6006f7af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.365324"}
{"text": "14 snails not warranted for esa listing the west coast mollusks not believed to be at serious risk of extinction september 17, 2012 sacramento, ca : robert moler, 916 / 414 - 6606, firstname. lastname @ example. org klamath falls, or : matt baun, 530 / 842 - 5763, email @ example. com portland, or : joan jewett, 503 / 231 - 6211, firstname. lastname @ example. org lacey, wa : doug zimmer, 360 / 753 - 4370, email @ example. com sacramento - the u. s. fish and wildlife service announced today that 14 aquatic mollusks do not warrant listing under the endangered species act ( esa ). the service found that eight of the 14 mollusks were not listable entities under the definition of the esa. the other six mollusks were found to not be warranted for listing because a review of the best available scientific and commercial information does not indicate downward population trends or that threats are negatively impacting known occurrences of these species. known as a 12 - month finding, today \u2019 s announcement addresses 14 aquatic mollusks of the 29 total mollusks that the service was petitioned to list in 2008. the fish and wildlife offices in california, oregon and washington with local knowledge of the 14 species are listed below : - sacramento, ca : canary duskysnail, cinnamon juga snail, goose valley pebblesnail, hat creek pebblesnail, knobby rams - horn snail, nugget pebblesnail, potem creek pebblesnail, shasta pebblesnail - klamath falls, or : klamath rim pebblesnail ( formerly diminutive pebblesnail ), fredenburg pebblesnail ( formerly nerite pebblesnail ), tall pebblesnail - portland, or : basalt juga snail, columbia duskysnail - lacey, wa : masked duskysnail eight of the petitioned aquatic mollusks have not been formally described as species or subspecies in a peer - reviewed journal, or in any other source commonly accepted by the scientific community, although they were informally identified as potential species in the early 1990s, based primarily on differences in shell morphology. since then, genetic testing has shown that differences in shell morphology are not reliable in species identification. additionally, the informal descriptions lack genetic data, data regarding microscopic anatomical features such as radula ( tongue ), and photographs or drawings of anatomical features other than the shell. such data are often highly distinctive, and are of key importance in formal descriptions of mollusk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44829993905565124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9ec4927-0d7d-4628-ac56-a869f683d739>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.369262"}
{"text": "national wildlife refuges may receive help from congress in battle against invasive species for immediate release october 11, 2002 serena rinker, 561 / 732 - 3684, ext. 109 bert byers, cell : 772 / 321 - 5960 congressmen, u. s. department of interior officials, and refuge partners will announce proposed legislation to provide funds to combat invasive species on national wildlife refuges. this event is one of several across the u. s. to celebrate national wildlife refuge week and kick - off the centennial of the refuge fran mainella, director, national park service / dept. of interior, congressman mark foley, 16th district ( tentative ) congressman clay shaw, 22nd district evan hirsche, president, national wildlife refuge association, washington, phil mccullem, president, loxahatchee natural history association mark musaus, manager, a. r. m. loxahatchee national wildlife refuge lou hinds, florida supervisor, u. s. fish and wildlife service a. r. m. loxahatchee national wildlife refuge, 10216 lee road, boynton beach ( see http : / / loxahatchee. fws. gov \u201c visitor information \u201d for detailed directions to the north / headquarters entrance ; refuge is. 3 miles west of u. s. 441 ). meet at boat ramp, at the end of lee road, \u00bc mile past administration saturday, october 19, 2002 ; noon \u2013 1 : 00 press availability, featuring photo and interview opportunities. boy scout troop number 325 will join officials and volunteers to remove invasive species by pulling and chopping at plants. - legislation being considered in congress will provide an additional $ 2 million to national wildlife refuges to train and mobilize refuge volunteer friends groups in early identification and control of invasive - invasive species control is one of the biggest challenges facing our nation \u2019 s wildlife refuges, affecting approximately eight million acres of refuge lands. at loxahatchee nwr, melaluca, old world climbing fern ( lygodium ), and brazilian pepper consume more than 25 acres per day, making these lands unsuitable for wildlife. - the public can help prevent the spread of invasive species by planting only native species in their backyards. - october 13 - 19 is national wildlife refuge week. the u. s. fish and wildlife service manages the nearly 95 - million - acre refuge system, the only system of public lands where wildlife comes first. there are 540 national wildlife refuges across the country, with at least one in each state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4001276110901859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d743df2-ad0d-46d9-a625-bec5ed77ae91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.372849"}
{"text": "the u. s. fish and wildlife service manages the nearly 95 - million - acre refuge system, the only system of public lands where wildlife comes first. there are 540 national wildlife refuges across the country, with at least one in each state. - in march 2003, the national wildlife refuge system will celebrate its 100th anniversary. the refuge system was established by president theodore roosevelt in 1903 when he set aside pelican island, florida as a federal bird reserve. - as the refuge system \u2019 s 100th anniversary approaches, secretary of interior gale norton and president bush recognize that national wildlife refuges are an american treasure. the president \u2019 s 2003 budget requests an increase of $ 56 million - - the largest budget increase ever pepper fact sheet for more information of the u. s. fish & wildlife service and national wildlife refuges, go to http : / / southeast. fws. gov /. note : you can view our releases or subscribe to receive them - - via e - mail - - at the service ' s southeast regional home page at http : / / southeast. fws. gov. our national home page is at : http : / / news. fws. gov / newsreleases /. atlanta, ga 30345 phone : 404 / 679 - 7289 fax : 404 / 679 - 7286", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44153209542722904, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d743df2-ad0d-46d9-a625-bec5ed77ae91>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.373346"}
{"text": "while people on earth were looking up to see the moon pass in front of the sun during last weekend \u2019 s spectacular annular eclipse, astronauts and satellites were looking down. what they saw was decidedly less dramatic than a fiery ring around the black disk of the moon, but no less awe - inspiring. instead, they saw the shadow our lunar neighbor cast. the image above was taken from nasa \u2019 s terra satellite with its moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer. the center of the shadow, conveniently labeled in the image above, shows the area on earth where the eclipse was most complete. of course, during an annular eclipse the moon only partially blocks out the sun \u2014 in this case, leaving about 6 % of our star visible. another view of the eclipse was captured by astronaut and noted shutterbug don pettit aboard the international space station. while the shadow is a little harder to discern in his picture, the brighter colors and sense of scale more than make up for it. here \u2019 s a fun little existential mind blower : eclipses have been going on for as long as the moon and earth have existed, and have been a part of human culture for as long as we \u2019 ve been around. but it \u2019 s only been within the last 50 odd years that a view like this has been posible. - great shots of the annular eclipse from around the world - check out this red moon - get ready for the next celestial event : the transit of venus!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4713435556912834, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc5324a2-4bd3-4e36-9b81-d47fe00b804e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.374868"}
{"text": "enter your email address to receivea daily dose ofthe genealogue ogden driggs had a very eventful trip to europe when he was a boy. why did his family have to leave continental europe in a hurry, and what famous person came home to america on the same ship? the driggs family had to leave paris because the germans had invaded france. they spent six months in england before returning to the us on feb. 23, 1915 on the s. s. st paul. robert frost and family were also on the ship. ogden driggs was aboard the st. paul when it returned to nyc 13 feb. 1915. poet robert frost and his family were also aboard. i ' m guessing the quick return was due to the outbreak of wwi. correction : arrival date was the 23rd of feb. ogden driggs traveled on the uss st. paul from liverpool, leaving great britain on 13 feb 1915, along with poet robert frost & family. just 3 days before, germany had declared all waters surrounding great britain as a war zone. interesting enough, driggs also traveled as a boy from the phillipines, via havana, in 1913 during the height of the moro rebellion. on that return voyage he traveled with chess master frank j. marshall. the driggs family left continental europe in february 1915 most likely due to the danger during world war i, and on their ship ( the st. paul ) was robert frost. you ' re all correct! by his own account, ogden and his family were evacuated to england aboard the u. s. destroyer tennessee in 1914, and spent six months in england before heading home. he was only nine, so he probably didn ' t remember seeing robert frost aboard ship. frost was then an up - and - coming poet, having published his first two collections while living in england. thanks to kac for pointing out ogden ' s earlier brush with war and celebrity. his folks sure knew how to pick vacation spots! post a comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4287307481685108, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ce0b911-b166-4c5f-a640-9fc80e573655>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.376808"}
{"text": "about james sthreshley jackson james streshly jackson ( september 27, 1823 \u2013 october 8, 1862 ) was a u. s. representative from kentucky and a brigadier general in the union army during the american civil war. born in fayette county, kentucky, jackson pursued classical studies at centre college, danville, kentucky. he was graduated from jefferson college, canonsburg, pennsylvania, in 1844, and from the law department of transylvania university, lexington, kentucky, in 1845. that same year he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law in greenupsburg, kentucky. during the mexican - american war, jackson enlisted as a private in the 1st kentucky cavalry, june 9, 1846 ; he was commissioned third lieutenant on july 9, 1846. jackson participated in a duel with captain thomas francis marshall, but fearing a court martial, he resigned october 10, 1846. jackson moved to hopkinsville in 1859. he was elected as a unionist to the thirty - seventh congress and served from march 4 to december 13, 1861, when he resigned to enter the union army. jackson raised a troop of cavalrymen and was commissioned colonel of the 3rd kentucky cavalry on december 13, 1861. he became a brigadier general of volunteers on july 16, 1862. jackson commanded the 10th division in the army of the ohio and was killed at the battle of perryville on october 8, 1862. he was first buried in louisville ' s cave hill cemetery and reinterred march 24, 1863 in riverside cemetery in hopkinsville.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35157055887875643, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c126d4c2-1a0b-4ec5-9dbd-dd696fe0bf95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.378230"}
{"text": "the georgia conservancy is a statewide environmental organization working to ensure that present and future generations of georgians have healthy air, clean water, unspoiled wild places, and community greenspace. the conservancy ' s tools include advocacy and education the georgia conservancy was founded in 1967 after a former u. s. congressman from decatur, james mackay, convened a group of concerned citizens to discuss georgia ' s vanishing resources. the earliest work of the organization focused on protecting threatened places. working in partnership with other organizations, the conservancy won some early victories when sweetwater creek and panola mountain in metro atlanta became state parks, cumberland island became a national seashore, and the okefenokee swamp was designated as wilderness. the georgia conservancy focuses on more than environmentally sensitive places. early on, the group expanded its efforts to include advocacy for clean water and clean air. it worked in the georgia general assembly to pass the metropolitan river protection act, which was aimed at increasing protections for the chattahoochee river, and successfully opposed the construction of a dam on the flint river at sprewell bluff near thomaston. as early as 1971 the conservancy ' s executive committee called for investment in rapid transit in metro atlanta because of the link between automobile emissions and air pollution. because of the connections among land use, quality of life, and environmental protection, by the mid - 1990s the georgia conservancy began to emerge as a leader in the \" smart growth \" movement. the conservancy ' s blueprints for successful communities program has gained a national reputation for bringing diverse constituencies together to develop and implement thoughtful solutions to combat sprawl. to date, more than twelve communities in metro atlanta and around georgia have developed plans for a more sustainable future through the expertise of the georgia conservancy. currently the program is focusing on the implementation of watershed - based plans along the middle chattahoochee near columbus, the revitalization of the ocmulgee river corridor in downtown macon, and the continued survival of the unique coastal community of sandfly near savannah. the georgia conservancy continues to work for sustainable policies for air, water, and natural areas. the organization supported the creation of the georgia community greenspace program and is currently calling for a statewide vision for protecting natural areas in the state. the group works with transportation planners and state air - quality officials to restore and maintain air quality and thus protect public health and the natural environment throughout the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44617549737162804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f842b06-acda-4915-bf3c-06ec110812ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.382524"}
{"text": "georgia community greenspace program and is currently calling for a statewide vision for protecting natural areas in the state. the group works with transportation planners and state air - quality officials to restore and maintain air quality and thus protect public health and the natural environment throughout the state. it is represented on the board of the georgia regional transportation authority ( grta ) and works cooperatively with grta and other groups to propose alternatives and to comment on proposed regulatory strategies as an advocate for air quality and public health concerns. the conservancy has urged state and local leaders to take steps to conserve water and has opposed efforts to build reservoirs until the state better understands their full impact. as part of the georgia water coalition, the conservancy is working to ensure that water continues to be a public resource, managed by the state for the good of all. the georgia conservancy also offers a variety of environmental education programs. annually it holds the youth environmental symposium to honor middle and high school environmental projects. \" native seasons, \" developed by the conservancy, is the only environmental education curriculum offered in georgia that is specific to the state. it focuses on how plants and animals adapt to the changes of season. educators who participate in conservancy workshops receive the curriculum and tips on how to use it with their students. children ' s programs are also available. georgia conservancy members take part in educational programs, conferences, and symposia and enjoy travel to some of georgia ' s most interesting places. they receive a bimonthly newsletter and have opportunities to participate in the conservancy ' s advocacy work. fred brown and nell jones, georgia conservancy ' s guide to the north georgia mountains ( atlanta : longstreet press, 1996 ). chuck leavell, forever green : the history and hope of the american forest ( atlanta : longstreet press, 2001 ). richard j. lenz, longstreet highroad guide to the georgia coast and okefenokee ( atlanta : longstreet, 1999 ). grace trimble, atlanta regional commission a project of the georgia humanities council, in partnership with the university of georgia press, the university system of georgia / galileo, and the office of the governor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4733713173485634, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f842b06-acda-4915-bf3c-06ec110812ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.383489"}
{"text": "why should your kids read graphic novels? we live in an increasingly visual culture. teens are bombarded with images from computers, tvs, cell phones and even mp3 players. it ' s no wonder that so many teens are reluctant readers. graphic novels are a great way to encourage reading to visually oriented teens because 2 / 3 of the story is conveyed through images. they provide a reading experience that embraces the multimedia nature of today \u2019 s culture. as many as 6. 3 million secondary school students are reading below grade level. locally, 30 % of adults operate at or below minimal literacy. graphic novels attract both advanced and reluctant readers because the pictures draw them in and the unique stories keep them reading. many graphic novels cover everyday issues such as friendship, relationships, identity, family, and school, as well as more serious topics like aids, abuse, and coping with death. graphic novels are a great path to open discussion with teens on difficult topics without being too heavy - handed. it is a common misconception that graphic novels are \" dumbed - down \" books. graphic novels can be as simple or as complex as any other literature, it is simply a different format. many graphic novels offer complex themes, plots, and structures, as well as challenging vocabulary and can make complex concepts more accessible than text alone. graphic novels can serve as a bridge to other types of literature. above and beyond all, they are astoundingly popular with teens! new nyla powerpoint presentations graphic novel classroom kits teachers / librarians : to find out how to borrow graphic novels to use with your students, click here. i kill giants joe kelly ( author ), j. m. ken niimura ( illustrator ) barbara is an angry elementary - school girl who is known as a freak and claims to be a killer of giants. she faces bullies and storms with no fear, but cannot face what she hides from at home. the story is heart wrenching and wonderful at the same time. this work is an example of why comic books are not only art, but a necessary medium to tell a full story. the art blends so well with the writing you will find yourself thinking \u201c did i just read a comic or a small beautiful novel? \u201d truly an example of why comic books / graphic novels are great.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4162846565685379, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709f53af-c11e-491e-998c-f8c66d1c062d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.386077"}
{"text": "the story of passover during this time exodus 12 : 1 - 13 is read with brief comments and with the elements held up at the appropriate moment. the lamb bone : the lamb was killed, its blood spread on the doorposts and lintel of the house to protect the home from the tenth plague, the slaying of the firstborn. god said he would pass over the house when he saw the blood. jesus, god \u2019 s first born, the lamb of god, shed his blood for us so that death would pass us over. the unleavened bread : dough was not given time to rise since the hebrews had to be ready to leave quickly. no one knows the day or the hour jesus will return. we must be ready to go when he comes. the second cup : cup of plagues \u201c god poured our 10 plagues on egypt, the last of which, the slaying of the first born, convinced pharaoh to let the people of israel leave the land. \u201d as christian, let us recall the lives jesus had delivered us from. after this explanation the father invites he participants to recount these plagues. he reads each passage aloud ; they repeat it and then dip a finger into the grape juice, letting a drop fall onto the place symbolizing the plagues. \u201c now let us lift our cups and drink, thanking god that he not only delivered the nation of israel from the plagues, but that through jesus, he delivered us from the plague of sin which brings death that we all deserve. \u201d here is a good place for everyone to go around the table and confess their sins to one another. the bitter herbs each person places horseradish on a matzo and eats it, \u201c this symbolizes the bitterness of israel \u2019 s slavery and our slavery to sin. \u201d eating of caroseth each person places charoseth on a matzo and eats it, \u201c this symbolizes the mortar that was used to make bricks by the israelites. \u201d eating the egg the father presents the roasted egg. this \u201d is a reminder of the temple \u2019 s destruction in a. d. 70. \u201d the egg is dipped in saltwater, the symbol of tears, and then eaten. eating of the meal at this point, the jewish family eats a full meal. eating of afikomen this greek word loosely translated means, after dinner. after dinner, the children hunt for the hidden matzo. whoever finds the piece gets a token reward, maybe a coin or candy. when found,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352938404573752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8f7c93d-cb8a-425c-b47a-decefb674cdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.389869"}
{"text": "eats a full meal. eating of afikomen this greek word loosely translated means, after dinner. after dinner, the children hunt for the hidden matzo. whoever finds the piece gets a token reward, maybe a coin or candy. when found, the afikomen is broken and shared. likely it was at this point that jesus said, \u201c this is my body given for you. \u201d read luke 22 : 19 and share communion : \u201c during jesus \u2019 last supper, he took the bread and broke it saying this is my body, do this in remembrance of me. \u201d the third cup \u201c exodus 6 : 6 says, \u2018 i will redeem you. \u2019 redemption means to buy out of slavery. the lamb sacrificed and offered on passover was the price to deliver the nation of israel from their sin. this third cup is what jesus drank with his disciples as a symbol of his blood. he was saying i will redeem you. \u201d read matthew 26 : 27 - 32 and take communion searching for elijah \u201c the jewish people believe, according to malachi 3 : 1 and 4 : 5 - 6 that elijah will prepare the way for the messiah. they are looking for the messiah year after year, not recognizing that jesus, the messiah, has already come. pray for the jews and everyone else who does not recognize jesus as the messiah. here the children search for jesus, and peeks out the door. father : is he here? child : no, he is not here. father : maybe next year jesus will come. maybe tomorrow. for no one knows the day or the hour he will come, so we should be ready for him always. the fourth cup of praise as everyone lifts this cup, the father quotes exodus 6 : 7 \u201c i will take you for my people. the jewish nation looks forward to a golden age where everyone will be at peace. we, as believers in the lord jesus, eagerly wait for his return when he ill take us to heaven. \u201d so with the passover ceremony finished, everyone drinks the fourth cup proclaiming \u201c \u201d even so lord, com quickly lord jesus. \u201d here are some fun ideas you might want to try with your family : * when the plagues are read, pass our sunglasses for darkness, round band - aids painted green for boils, toy frogs and locusts, etc. they kids might not be the only ones to get a kick out of this part of the seder. * during the eating of the egg, you can play the \u201c egg game. \u201d prepare an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4794606325509294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8f7c93d-cb8a-425c-b47a-decefb674cdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.390795"}
{"text": "page 446 : earth ' s biomes a biome is a region on earth that has a certain set of characteristics. some examples of biomes are desert, grassland, and tundra. learn more about each of the biomes on earth by investigating this site. which biome has the most area on earth? the world \u2019 s biomes this page groups biomes into five categories. select a biome. what are the characteristics of that biome? biome \u2019 s of the world click on the rainforest biome icon to view more information about rainforests. what two groups are rainforests divided into? page 450 : the size of the human population u. s. bureau of the census according to current information from the u. s. census bureau, the world ' s population increases by about 250 people every minute. find out how fast the world ' s population is growing by investigating this site. how large is the human population expected to be in 10 years? census bureau - popclocks record the date and time. what are the current u. s. and world population estimates? visit this site again in a few days. how much has the u. s. and world population grown in that period of time? page 463 : career connection : veterinary medicine the princeton review what are some things that typically happen during a day in the life of a veterinarian? what is a veterinarian? there are several different specialties in veterinary medicine. click on the different areas to learn more about them. page 536 : field guide - insects enchanted learning - insects this \" insect printouts \" page lets you choose an insect to view, read about, and print out. how many body parts do insects have? follow the instructions at this web site to learn more about insects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5220292237074546, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f61ff307-efa2-449e-bb20-1e8d8a06ce6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.392479"}
{"text": "seasonal fruit desserts : from orchard, farm, and market by deborah madison, includes excerpts and recipes like lychees ; late summer rhubarb and blackberry compote ; individual rhubarb tarts in a corn flour crust ; and native wild rice pudding with maple syrup and wine soaked cherries. by deborah madison those who have rhubarb in their gardens no doubt find its appearance a welcome if somewhat startling sign of spring. it emerges as a fistlike ball pushing through the earth, and you can ' t imagine that leaves will eventually unfold from such knotty material, but they do. they start out yellow and become greener and larger as the stalks lengthen. and, although we think of rhubarb as red, in fact it can be either red or green. victoria, for example, is an heirloom that produces mostly green stalks and only the occasional red one. cooked, the green stalks break down into a subtle pea - green puree but taste just like the red varieties. technically, rhubarb is a vegetable, even though we habitually refer to it as a fruit. at one point, the u. s. customs court arrogantly ruled that rhubarb was a fruit, as if government can overrule the laws of botany! and that ' s pretty much how we think about rhubarb, as long as there ' s plenty of sugar. without a sweetener, rhubarb is sour. add to that the fact that the leaves are poisonous, and you might wonder how humans came to even consider eating such a plant. but after a long winter diet of meat and starch, you might be able to imagine that rhubarb would be welcome \u2014 not as pie but as a tonic to get one ' s sluggish system going again. before sugar was plentiful and cheap, rhubarb was cooked in soups and sauces, especially in the chilly northern parts of the world. when it comes to dessert, however, rhubarb figures well in compotes and fools, tarts, crisps, and compotes. regardless of how it ' s cooked, rhubarb nearly always falls apart into a puree, with the exception of the baked rhubarb on page 80 of the book. rhubarb is flattered by a constellation of other fruits and flavors. orange is a constant whether it ' s the fruit, zest, orange - flower water,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43424693374889833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6fd03aa-8df7-4ba3-b203-f1184edebd18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.396917"}
{"text": "exception of the baked rhubarb on page 80 of the book. rhubarb is flattered by a constellation of other fruits and flavors. orange is a constant whether it ' s the fruit, zest, orange - flower water, or liqueur. blood oranges are even better, given their crimson color and more complex flavor, but grapefruit and meyer lemon are interesting as well. i always like clove with rhubarb as well as the orange, and i turn to that duo over and over. but spices like cinnamon, cardamom, nutmeg, vanilla, and ginger flatter as well. maple syrup and maple sugar are good alternatives to white sugar, having more depth of flavor. strawberries are endlessly paired with rhubarb, but that ' s mostly because we think of them as seasonally compatible \u2014 the first fruits. and they do make a great pair. but since rhubarb thrives where weather is cool and can therefore persist well into summer, there are other options. one july i bought long, handsome stalks of rhubarb from a farm in washington just when the blackberries were in season, and the two made a stellar compote. blackberries are just as appealing as strawberries with rhubarb, if not more so, and certainly far more dramatic looking. but since strawberries are often around then, too, why not have some of both here? use the poaching liquid to make rhubarb syrup : pour the juice off the cooked fruit and boil it until thick and syrupy, a matter of 15 minutes or fewer. add a teaspoon or two of orange - flower water or orange liqueur to taste. cool, then refrigerate. use this syrup to embellish a rhubarb fool ( page 209 of the book ) or the individual rhubarb tarts. 1. rinse the rhubarb, trim the stalks, then cut them into pieces 1 inch long. measure the orange juice and add enough water to make 2 cups. put it in a wide pan with the orange zest, sugar, and vanilla bean. bring to a boil, stir to dissolve the sugar, then reduce the heat to a quiet simmer. add the rhubarb and cook carefully, turning the pieces so that they cook evenly. often a piece that is cooked on one side is still a bit firm on the other side. it takes only about 10 minutes for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3766579386621915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6fd03aa-8df7-4ba3-b203-f1184edebd18>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.397921"}
{"text": "connect to share and comment ovarian cancer screenings have more risks than benefits, the us preventive services task force has decided. a federal government task force said monday that women should not get routinely screened for ovarian cancer. the cancer has a higher mortality rate than all other gynecological cancers, the washington post reported. it is the fifth - leading cause of cancer death for women. nonetheless, the us preventive services task force found that women who get screened for the cancer do not have a lower risk of dying from the disease. however, the panel ' s recommendations come with a major caveat : the advice only applies to women with an \" average risk \" of ovarian cancer. it does not apply to women who are dealing with suspicious symptoms or who have a family history of the disease, the new york times reported. more from globalpost : when the brics crumble the task force made its decision by reviewing studies that other people conducted. the task force examined an old review of studies from 2008, as well as new research from 2011. the task force concluded that for women with no symptoms or no increased risk, the screenings do more harm than good because of false positives. the issue seems to be not that screening in itself is bad, but just that the screening methods available don ' t work so well. the tests seem to only detect ovarian cancer when it is at an advanced stage, at which point it is too late. \u201c there is no existing method of screening for ovarian cancer that is effective in reducing deaths, \u201d dr. virginia a. moyer, the chairwoman of the expert panel, told the times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41410881197755556, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d86b22d-53be-4ea9-989b-2d5758ca4b74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.399625"}
{"text": "configure is designed so that it appears to do everything itself, but there is actually a hidden slave : config. status. configure is in charge of examining your system, but it is config. status that actually takes the proper actions based on the results of configure. the most typical task of config. status is to instantiate files. this section describes the common behavior of the four standard ac _ config _ links. they all have this prototype : ac _ config _ items ( tag..., [ commands ], [ init - cmds ] ) where the arguments are : you are encouraged to use literals as tags. in particular, you should avoid... & & my _ foos = \" $ my _ foos fooo \"... & & my _ foos = \" $ my _ foos foooo \" ac _ config _ items ( [ $ my _ foos ] ) and use this instead :... & & ac _ config _ items ( [ fooo ] )... & & ac _ config _ items ( [ foooo ] ) special tag values : they may have the form \u2018 output \u2019 or \u2018 output : inputs \u2019. the file output is instantiated from its templates, inputs ( defaulting to \u2018 output. in \u2019 ). \u2018 ac _ config _ files ( [ makefile : boiler / top. mk : boiler / bot. mk ] ) \u2019, for example, asks for the creation of the file makefile that contains the expansion of the output variables in the concatenation of boiler / top. mk and boiler / bot. mk. the special value \u2018 - \u2019 might be used to denote the standard output when used in output, or the standard input when used in the inputs. you most probably don ' t need to use this in configure. ac, but it is convenient when using the command line interface of. / config. status, see config. status invocation, for more details. the inputs may be absolute or relative file names. in the latter case they are first looked for in the build tree, and then in the source tree. input files should be text files, and a line length below 2000 bytes should be safe. the variables set during the execution of configure are not available here : you first need to set them via the init - cm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4611947451145314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c39b6e3-b7ea-4c82-b264-eeab08d8dadc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.403517"}
{"text": "the source tree. input files should be text files, and a line length below 2000 bytes should be safe. the variables set during the execution of configure are not available here : you first need to set them via the init - cmds. nonetheless the following variables are precomputed : the current directory refers to the directory ( or pseudo - directory ) containing the input part of tags. for instance, running ac _ config _ commands ( [ deep / dir / out : in / in. in ], [... ], [... ] ) with - - srcdir =.. / package produces the following values : # argument of - - srcdir srcdir = '.. / package ' # reversing deep / dir ac _ top _ build _ prefix = '.. /.. / ' # concatenation of $ ac _ top _ build _ prefix and srcdir ac _ top _ srcdir = '.. /.. /.. / package ' # concatenation of $ ac _ top _ srcdir and deep / dir ac _ srcdir = '.. /.. /.. / package / deep / dir ' independently of \u2018 in / in. in \u2019. var. init - cmds is typically used by configure to give config. status some variables it needs to run the commands. you should be extremely cautious in your variable names : all the init - cmds share the same name space and may overwrite each other in unpredictable ways. sorry... all these macros can be called multiple times, with different tag values, of course!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4335325803553689, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c39b6e3-b7ea-4c82-b264-eeab08d8dadc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.404150"}
{"text": "the following procedures raise, handle and wait for signals. scheme code signal handlers are run via a system async ( see system asyncs ), so they \u2019 re called in the handler \u2019 s thread at the next safe opportunity. generally this is after any currently executing primitive procedure finishes ( which could be a long time for primitives that wait for an external event ). sends a signal to the specified process or group of processes. pid specifies the processes to which the signal is sent : the process whose identifier is pid. all processes in the current process group. the process group whose identifier is - pid if the process is privileged, all processes except for some special system processes. otherwise, all processes with the current effective user id. sig should be specified using a variable corresponding to the unix symbolic name, e. g., a full list of signals on the gnu system may be found in standard signals in the gnu c library reference manual. sends a specified signal sig to the current process, where sig is as described for the install or report the signal handler for a specified signal. signum is the signal number, which can be specified using the value of variables such as if handler is omitted, sigaction returns a pair : the car is the current signal hander, which will be either an integer with the value sig _ dfl ( default action ) or sig _ ign ( ignore ), or the scheme procedure which handles the # f if a non - scheme procedure handles the signal. the cdr contains the current sigaction flags for the if handler is provided, it is installed as the new handler for signum. handler can be a scheme procedure taking one argument, or the value of sig _ dfl ( default action ) or sig _ ign ( ignore ), or # f to restore whatever signal handler was installed before sigaction was first used. when a scheme procedure has been specified, that procedure will run in the given thread. when no thread has been given, the thread that made this sigaction is used. flags is a logior ( see bitwise operations ) of the following ( where provided by the system ), or 0 for none. sigchld is signalled when a child process stops sigstop ), and when a child process terminates. sigchld is only signalled for termination, not stopping. sa _ nocldstop has no effect on signals other than if a signal occurs while in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4731999109926584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7170610-df81-4a15-a7a0-8613d9334e2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.408531"}
{"text": "a child process stops sigstop ), and when a child process terminates. sigchld is only signalled for termination, not stopping. sa _ nocldstop has no effect on signals other than if a signal occurs while in a system call, deliver the signal then restart the system call ( as opposed to returning an from that call ). the return value is a pair with information about the old handler as described above. this interface does not provide access to the \u201c signal blocking \u201d facility. maybe this is not needed, since the thread support may provide solutions to the problem of consistent access to data structures. return all signal handlers to the values they had before any call to sigaction was made. the return value is unspecified. set a timer to raise a sigalrm signal after the specified number of seconds ( an integer ). it \u2019 s advisable to install a signal sigalrm beforehand, since the default action is to terminate the return value indicates the time remaining for the previous alarm, if any. the new value replaces the previous alarm. if there was no previous alarm, the return value is zero. pause the current process ( thread? ) until a signal arrives whose action is to either terminate the current process or invoke a handler procedure. the return value is unspecified. wait the given period secs seconds or usecs microseconds ( both integers ). if a signal arrives the wait stops and the return value is the time remaining, in seconds or microseconds respectively. if the period elapses with no signal the return is zero. on most systems the process scheduler is not microsecond accurate and the actual period slept by usleep might be rounded to a system clock tick boundary, which might be 10 milliseconds for instance. scm _ std _ usleep for equivalents at the c level ( see blocking ). get or set the periods programmed in certain system timers. these timers have a current interval value which counts down and on reaching zero raises a signal. an optional periodic value can be set to restart from there each time, for periodic operation. which _ timer is one of the following values a real - time timer, counting down elapsed real time. at zero it raises sigalrm. this is like alarm above, but with a higher a virtual - time timer, counting down while the current process is actually using cpu. at zero it raises a profiling timer, counting down while the process is running (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786940540050052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7170610-df81-4a15-a7a0-8613d9334e2e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.409530"}
{"text": "it raises sigalrm. this is like alarm above, but with a higher a virtual - time timer, counting down while the current process is actually using cpu. at zero it raises a profiling timer, counting down while the process is running ( like itimer _ virtual ) and also while system calls are running on the process \u2019 s behalf. at zero it raises a this timer is intended for profiling where a program is spending its time ( by looking where it is when the timer goes off ). getitimer returns the current timer value and its programmed restart value, as a list containing two pairs. each pair is a time in seconds and microseconds :. interval _ usecs ) ( periodic _ secs setitimer sets the timer values similarly, in seconds and microseconds ( which must be integers ). the periodic value can be zero to have the timer run down just once. the return value is the timer \u2019 s previous setting, in the same form as ( setitimer itimer _ real 5 500000 ; ; first sigalrm in 5. 5 seconds time 2 0 ) ; ; then repeat every 2 seconds although the timers are programmed in microseconds, the actual accuracy might not be that high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4863590463787155, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7170610-df81-4a15-a7a0-8613d9334e2e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.410058"}
{"text": "the bible indicates that adam and eve ' s first son, cain, slew his younger brother abel because of jealousy over the acceptance of his brother ' s offering over his own. immediately after being banished to the east in the land of nod, cain found a wife and raised a family and founded a \" city \" called enoch. if cain was the firstborn of adam and abel the second, then how could cain have found a wife and built a city? creation of humanity the bible describes the creation of humanity in genesis, the first book. according to the chapter one account, god created male and female human beings in his image. 1 chapter two of genesis goes into more detail about the creation of mankind. according to the narrative, god created adam, the first man, 2 then, some time later, created eve. 3 adam and eve sinned and were banished from eden. 4 they produced two sons, cain and abel. 5 both cain and abel presented sacrifices to god, but cain ' s was rejected, 6 because he expended a half - hearted effort. 7 so, cain became angry and murdered his brother in a fit of jealousy. 8 cain is exiled god confronted cain about the murder of abel and banished him to the east of eden. the problem arises in the next verse, where suddenly cain is married and builds a city : - then cain went out from the presence of the lord, and settled in the land of nod, east of eden. ( genesis 4 : 16 ) - cain had relations with his wife and she conceived, and gave birth to enoch ; and he built a city, and called the name of the city enoch, after the name of his son. ( genesis 4 : 17 ) the assumption seems to be that cain and abel were the first two children of adam and eve. although cain does seem to be the firstborn, the text is not clear that abel was the second born, but only that he was the second son. 5 later, the narrative indicates that adam and eve produced \" other sons and daughters. \" 9 so, it is possible that adam and eve produced daughters between the births of cain and abel. it is also likely that others sons and daughters were produced after the birth of abel. we don ' t know how old cain and abel were when cain murdered his brother, but they seem to be at least young adults, since they are both engage in a trade for their living. 5 the second thing one notices is cain ' s seeming paranoia about being found and revenge being taken against his for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39192288959652677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.423135"}
{"text": "when cain murdered his brother, but they seem to be at least young adults, since they are both engage in a trade for their living. 5 the second thing one notices is cain ' s seeming paranoia about being found and revenge being taken against his for killing abel. 10 the only way this makes sense is if the brothers and sisters of abel were upset that cain had killed their brother. although the period of time between the birth of cain and the death of abel is not given in the bible, it would seem that this period was probably over 100 years, since the birth of adam ' s next son, seth is said to have occurred when adam was 130 years old. 11 adam and eve could have produced many daughters during that period of time. cain builds a \" city \" so, the genesis narrative suggests that cain had other brothers and sisters when he was exiled by god. one of those sisters married cain ( or more likely had already been married to cain when he killed his brother ), became pregnant and gave birth to enoch somewhere east of eden. the next problem that arises is the claim that cain \" built a city. \" to us, in the 21st century, this evokes images of skyscrapers and high density housing. however, the original hebrew word, translated \" city, \" merely had the meaning of a place that was guarded by a watch or with a wall. 12 at its minimum, the hebrew root referred to an encampment or post. so, it is entirely possible that cain could have built such a \" city. \" skeptics have pointed out that the only viable solution to the problem of cain ' s wife ( cain marrying his sister ) suffers from theological problems, since close relations were not allowed to marry according to jewish law. 13 however, all of these events happened before the law was given. according to the apostle paul, when there is no law, there can be no violation of the law or sin. 14 so, since the law against incest was not given until thousands of years later, there was no theological problem with cain marrying his sister. many skeptics object to the idea that cain married his sister from a scientific viewpoint, since inbreeding leads to the expression of detrimental recessive mutations. this is why punctuated equilibrium does not represent a viable evolutionary mechanism, since species sorting does not really lead to the formation of new species, but to the extinction of the current species. 15 however, scientists have developed completely inbred strains of mice whose individuals are all genetically identical. the process involves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506840291676831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.424254"}
{"text": "viable evolutionary mechanism, since species sorting does not really lead to the formation of new species, but to the extinction of the current species. 15 however, scientists have developed completely inbred strains of mice whose individuals are all genetically identical. the process involves selecting out the defects. the resulting strains of mice are regularly interbred and do not suffer from any defects ( although scientists also raise strains of inbred mice that possess a single genetic defect, for study ). in the same way, i believe that the first two humans were created without genetic defects. inbreeding among their offspring did not lead to defects until many generations later as spontaneous mutations accumulated. at that point, god instituted laws against incest to minimize the expression of genetic mutations that had developed within our species. is has been shown that the bible ' s claim that cain, the first offspring of adam and eve, could have found a wife is found to be plausible if he had chosen among one of his sisters ( and he probably had already done so before he murdered abel ). since there seems to have been at least 100 years between the birth of cain and the death of abel, adam and eve would have had plenty of time to produce daughters for cain to choose from. brothers and sisters marrying seems to be a theological problem, since the bible is quite clear that one should not marry a close relative. however, the jewish laws were not instituted until thousands of years later, so there would have been no prohibition against such marriages at that time. skeptics also say that such interbreeding would have produced a genetically crippled population. however, if god had created human beings, as the bible says, then it would be expected that they would have been created without genetic defects. the accumulation of detrimental mutations would taken many generations, at which time god instituted the laws against incest to protect against the majority of these defects. - doesn ' t genesis one contradict genesis two? - answers to biblical \" contradictions \" - eye for an eye or love thy neighbor? are the messages of the old and new testaments different? - the biblical design for human sexuality - general rebuttal to the theory of evolution - then god said, \" let us make man in our image, according to our likeness ; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. \" god created man in his own image, in the image of god he created him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196843680900352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.425364"}
{"text": "fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. \" god created man in his own image, in the image of god he created him ; male and female he created them. god blessed them ; and god said to them, \" be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it ; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth. \" ( genesis 1 : 26 - 28 ) - then the lord god formed man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living being. the lord god planted a garden toward the east, in eden ; and there he placed the man whom he had formed. ( genesis 2 : 7 - 8 ) - then the lord god said, \" it is not good for the man to be alone ; i will make him a helper suitable for him. \" out of the ground the lord god formed every beast of the field and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them ; and whatever the man called a living creature, that was its name. the man gave names to all the cattle, and to the birds of the sky, and to every beast of the field, but for adam there was not found a helper suitable for him. so the lord god caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept ; then he took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh at that place. the lord god fashioned into a woman the rib which he had taken from the man, and brought her to the man. ( genesis 2 : 18 - 22 ) - then the lord god said, \" behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil ; and now, he might stretch out his hand, and take also from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever \" - - therefore the lord god sent him out from the garden of eden, to cultivate the ground from which he was taken. so he drove the man out ; and at the east of the garden of eden he stationed the cherubim and the flaming sword which turned every direction to guard the way to the tree of life. ( genesis 3 : 22 - 24 ) - now the man had relations with his wife eve, and she conceived and gave birth to cain, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4595015951313697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.426323"}
{"text": "cherubim and the flaming sword which turned every direction to guard the way to the tree of life. ( genesis 3 : 22 - 24 ) - now the man had relations with his wife eve, and she conceived and gave birth to cain, and she said, \" i have gotten a manchild with the help of the lord. \" again, she gave birth to his brother abel. and abel was a keeper of flocks, but cain was a tiller of the ground. ( genesis 4 : 1 - 2 ) - so it came about in the course of time that cain brought an offering to the lord of the fruit of the ground. abel, on his part also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of their fat portions. and the lord had regard for abel and for his offering ; but for cain and for his offering he had no regard. so cain became very angry and his countenance fell. ( genesis 4 : 3 - 5 ) by faith abel offered to god a better sacrifice than cain, through which he obtained the testimony that he was righteous, god testifying about his gifts, and through faith, though he is dead, he still speaks. ( hebrews 11 : 4 ) for this is the message which you have heard from the beginning, that we should love one another ; not as cain, who was of the evil one and slew his brother. and for what reason did he slay him? because his deeds were evil, and his brother ' s were righteous. ( 1 john 3 : 11 - 12 ) - then the lord said to cain, \" why are you angry? and why has your countenance fallen? if you do well, will not your countenance be lifted up? and if you do not do well, sin is crouching at the door ; and its desire is for you, but you must master it. \" ( genesis 4 : 6 - 7 ) - cain called abel his brother. and it came about when they were in the field, that cain rose up against abel his brother and killed him. ( genesis 4 : 8 ) - then the days of adam after he became the father of seth were eight hundred years, and he had other sons and daughters. ( genesis 5 : 4 ) - \" behold, you have driven me this day from the face of the ground ; and from your face i will be hidden, and i will be a vagrant and a wanderer on the earth, and whoever finds me will kill me. \" ( genesis 4 : 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43464609212447586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.427258"}
{"text": "have driven me this day from the face of the ground ; and from your face i will be hidden, and i will be a vagrant and a wanderer on the earth, and whoever finds me will kill me. \" ( genesis 4 : 14 ) - when adam had lived one hundred and thirty years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, according to his image, and named him seth. ( genesis 5 : 3 ) - brown - driver - briggs ' hebrew definitions : \u0131yr / ar / ayar \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8 / \u05e2\u05e8 / \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8 ( strong ' s h5892 ) - excitement, anguish - of terror - city, town ( a place of waking, guarded ) - city, town a related word by bdb / strong \u2019 s number : from h5782 a city ( a place guarded by waking or a watch ) in the widest sense ( even of a mere encampment or post ) same word by twot number : 1587a, 1615 - excitement, anguish - incest ( sexual relations with close family members, including your mother, sister, niece, aunt, daughter - in - law, and sister - in - law ) is prohibited : - \" ' no one is to approach any close relative to have sexual relations. i am the lord. do not dishonor your father by having sexual relations with your mother. she is your mother ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s wife ; that would dishonor your father. do not have sexual relations with your sister, either your father ' s daughter or your mother ' s daughter, whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere. do not have sexual relations with your son ' s daughter or your daughter ' s daughter ; that would dishonor you. do not have sexual relations with the daughter of your father ' s wife, born to your father ; she is your sister. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s sister ; she is your father ' s close relative. do not have sexual relations with your mother ' s sister, because she is your mother ' s close relative. do not dishonor your father ' s brother by approaching his wife to have sexual relations ; she is your aunt. do not have sexual relations with your daughter - in - law. she is your son ' s wife ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your brother ' s wife ; that would dish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.537151998350478, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.428228"}
{"text": "relations ; she is your aunt. do not have sexual relations with your daughter - in - law. she is your son ' s wife ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your brother ' s wife ; that would dishonor your brother. do not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter. do not have sexual relations with either her son ' s daughter or her daughter ' s daughter ; they are her close relatives. that is wickedness. do not take your wife ' s sister as a rival wife and have sexual relations with her while your wife is living. ' \" \" cursed is the man who sleeps with his sister, the daughter of his father or the daughter of his mother. \" then all the people shall say, \" amen! \" cursed is the man who sleeps with his mother - in - law. \" then all the people shall say, \" amen! \" ( deuteronomy 27 : 22 - 23 ) - \" ' no one is to approach any close relative to have sexual relations. i am the lord. do not dishonor your father by having sexual relations with your mother. she is your mother ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s wife ; that would dishonor your father. do not have sexual relations with your sister, either your father ' s daughter or your mother ' s daughter, whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere. do not have sexual relations with your son ' s daughter or your daughter ' s daughter ; that would dishonor you. do not have sexual relations with the daughter of your father ' s wife, born to your father ; she is your sister. do not have sexual relations with your father ' s sister ; she is your father ' s close relative. do not have sexual relations with your mother ' s sister, because she is your mother ' s close relative. do not dishonor your father ' s brother by approaching his wife to have sexual relations ; she is your aunt. do not have sexual relations with your daughter - in - law. she is your son ' s wife ; do not have relations with her. do not have sexual relations with your brother ' s wife ; that would dishonor your brother. do not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter. do not have sexual relations with either her son ' s daughter or her daughter ' s daughter ; they are her close relatives. that is wickedness. do not take your wife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47001920795704816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293a3e1f-d954-4283-ade2-6966acd0a60b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.429344"}
{"text": "improving the performance of platinum electrocatalysts in fuel cells 12 january 2007 the journal science and its online companion science express this week provide two reports from different research teams on efforts to improve the stability and performance of platinum electrocatalysts in pem fuel cells. scientists at the us department of energy \u2019 s ( doe ) brookhaven national laboratory have discovered that the addition of gold clusters to platinum electrocatalysts stabilizes them for use in fuel cells. a pem fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into water and, as part of the process, produces electricity. hydrogen is oxidized when electrons are released and hydrogen ions are formed ; the released electrons supply current for an electric motor. oxygen is reduced by gaining electrons, and in reaction with hydrogen ions, water, the only byproduct of a fuel cell reaction, is produced. platinum electrocatalysts speed up these oxidation and reduction reactions ( orr ). in reactions during the stop - and - go driving of an electric car, however, the platinum dissolves, which reduces its efficiency as a catalyst \u2014 a major impediment for vehicle - application of fuel cells. under lab conditions that imitate the environment of a fuel cell, the brookhaven researchers added gold clusters to the platinum electrocatalyst, which kept it intact during an accelerated stability test. this test is conducted under conditions similar to those encountered in stop - and - go driving in an electric car. the research is reported in the 12 january 2007 edition of the journal science. fuel cells are expected to become a major source of clean energy, with particularly important applications in transportation. despite many advances, however, existing fuel - cell technology still has drawbacks, including loss of platinum cathode electrocatalysts, which can be as much as 45 percent over five days, as shown in our accelerated stability test under potential cycling conditions. using a new technique that we developed to deposit gold atoms on platinum, our team was able to show promise in helping to resolve this problem. the next step is to duplicate results in real fuel cells. \u2014 radoslav adzic, co - author in the unique method developed at brookhaven, the researchers displaced a single layer of copper with gold on carbon - supported platinum nanoparticles. after being subjected to several sweeps of 1. 2 volts, the gold monolayer transformed into three - dimensional clusters. using x - rays as probes at brookhaven \u2019 s national synchrotron light source, a scanning transmission microscope at brookhaven \u2019 s center for functional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5520884501252171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10eb12ab-073b-481f-a025-a15ecd75f5d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.435474"}
{"text": "of 1. 2 volts, the gold monolayer transformed into three - dimensional clusters. using x - rays as probes at brookhaven \u2019 s national synchrotron light source, a scanning transmission microscope at brookhaven \u2019 s center for functional nanomaterials, and electrochemical techniques in the laboratory, the scientists were able to verify the reduced oxidation of platinum and to determine the structure of the resulting platinum electrocatalyst with gold clusters, which helped them to gain an understanding of the effects of the gold clusters. in the brookhaven experiment, the platinum electrocatalyst remained stable with potential cycling between 0. 6 and 1. 1 volts in more than 30, 000 oxidation - reduction cycles, imitating the conditions of stop - and - go driving. the gold clusters protected the platinum from being oxidized. our team \u2019 s research raises promising possibilities for synthesizing improved platinum - based catalysts and for stabilizing platinum and platinum - group metals under cycling oxidation / reduction conditions. \u2014 radoslav adzic this research is funded through the us department of energy \u2019 s hydrogen program. in a separate study published online in science express, researchers enhanced the performance of platinum electrocatalysts in fuel cells. the slow rate of the oxygen reduction reaction ( orr ) in pem fuel cell is a major limiter for automotive applications. the team from argonne national laboratory, the university of liverpool, lawrence berkeley national laboratory and the university of south carolina developed a pt3ni ( 111 ) catalyst that is 10 - fold more active for the oxygen reduction reaction than the corresponding pt ( 111 ) surface, and 90 - fold more active than current state - of - the - art pt / c catalysts. the pt3ni ( 111 ) surface has an unusual electronic structure ( d - band center position ) and arrangement of surface atoms in the near - surface region. under operating conditions relevant to fuel cells, its near - surface layer exhibits a highly structured compositional oscillation in the outermost and third layers are pt rich and the second atomic layer is ni rich. the weak interaction between the pt surface atoms and non - reactive oxygenated species increases the number of active sites for o2 adsorption. \u201c stabilization of platinum oxygen - reduction electrocatalysts using gold clusters \u201d ; j. zhang, k. sasaki, e. sutter, r. r. adzic ; science 12 january 2007 : vol. 315. no. 5809, pp. 220 - 222 doi : 10. 1126", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5534508968642875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10eb12ab-073b-481f-a025-a15ecd75f5d4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.436616"}
{"text": "in 2008, the grocery manufacturers association ( gma ) \u2013 representing the world \u2019 s largest grocery makers \u2013 launched a smear campaign against the ethanol industry in an attempt to blame the rising cost of food on american ethanol producers. since then, countless academic, economic and government studies have disproven the food vs. fuel myth, concluding that wall street speculators, high oil prices and the high costs of manufacturing, packaging and transporting all have far more impact than ethanol on the grocery prices that everyday americans pay. despite the facts, proven over and over again, that there is no substantial link between ethanol production and grocery prices, there are those who are still actively trying to stoke illegitimate fears that demand for corn ethanol will somehow drive up food prices. even the world bank \u2014 who published a research paper several years ago claiming biofuels were to blame for rising food prices \u2014 reversed its position recently with a new study entitled \" placing the 2006 / 08 commodity price boom into perspective. \" the study ' s authors found that \" the effect of biofuels on food prices has not been as large as originally thought, but that the use of commodities by financial investors ( the so - called ' financialization of commodities ' ) may have been partly responsible for the 2007 / 08 spike. \" read this report \u2014 and others like it \u2014 in our research & reports center. speculators are driving up prices \u2013 not ethanol. data collected by the u. s. commodity futures trading commission shows that hedge - fund managers and other large speculators increased their net - long positions to a record in chicago corn futures in the week ending september 7. usda \u2019 s quarterly grain stock report, issued on sept. 30, found that supplies of corn held in commercial storage and on farms as of sept. 1 rose above 1. 7 billion bushels - - up from a year ago and well above many analysts ' expectations. international food policy research institute economists conducted several statistical tests providing support that speculative activity affected market prices. even the world bank \u2013 which early on took the position that biofuels were to blame for high crop prices \u2013 reversed itself after conducting a more thorough study and is arguing that the effect of biofuels on food prices has not been as large as originally thought. the same world bank studies argued that investors speculating in commodities were responsible for the last food spikes. a recent bloomberg report quoted joel karlin, the commodity sales coordinator for western milling, llc, as stating that speculative buying of corn increased september 19 after goldman sachs group, inc.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41185933088281923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76e9d920-58d0-4a68-acc0-264c6bf4b6d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.440343"}
{"text": "investors speculating in commodities were responsible for the last food spikes. a recent bloomberg report quoted joel karlin, the commodity sales coordinator for western milling, llc, as stating that speculative buying of corn increased september 19 after goldman sachs group, inc., forecast further tightening of supply as demand increased for animal feed and ethanol. in a june 2010 story in harpers \u2019 magazine, it was reported that goldman sachs created a commodity index fund where fund managers would hold long positions on a range of commodity futures \u2013 and then transfer their long position to the next long position, thereby creating speculative bubbles. corn is only a fraction of overall food and grain costs. for every one dollar spent in a grocery store, approximately 3 cents goes to corn - related costs at the farm - - admitted as much when general mills cfo, don mulligan, was quoted in the st. paul pioneer press saying that grain was only 5 to 10 percent of the company \u2019 s total costs. usda found that biofuels like ethanol were only responsible for. 2 percent of the 4. 8 percent increase in grocery bills during the first four months of 2008. food processing is energy intensive and packaging frequently uses petroleum - based raw materials. transporting food around the world also requires large amounts of oil. the cost of oil has much more to do with the cost of food to consumers than does the increase in demand for ethanol. - food vs. fuel fallacy fact sheet : read some of the untruths that are commonly misrepresented as fact. - mythbusters : the truth about ethanol brochure. - ethanol creates both fuel and feed. read our one pager : ethanol : a major producer of animal feed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46674235419869664, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76e9d920-58d0-4a68-acc0-264c6bf4b6d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.441034"}
{"text": "greenspace scotland is a charitable body that works to improve the quality of urban living in scotland by promoting the value of greenspaces. a key question for them is to identify where the greenspaces are, what condition they are in, and who manages and owns them. with this in mind, in 2007, the organisation embarked on an exercise to map them and yesterday published what they claim to be a world first - the first country in the world to map all of its its greenspace. the results can be viewed here and below, if you scroll down the embedded site. the interactive map is impressive and allows users to look closely at greenspace of all types across scotland. however, the real power of such information lies in the ability to interrogate, analyse and combine this data with other data. i happen to be interested in who owns all this greenspace and how much of it is common land and so i asked for a copy of the raw gis data. at this point it became clear why greenspace scotland claim that \" no other country has mapped its greenspace in this way \" ( my emphasis ). i was refused on the grounds that only those who have an ordnance survey mastermap licence are allowed to get hold of this data. the restriction is due to os licensing conditions on the open distribution of what they term \" derived data \" - data that is derived from the os base maps. unfortunately, the licence costs around \u00a3160, 000 per year. now i have been here before with the whoownsscotland project and bear the scars from the encounter. but it is remarkable that a project that is funded by public funds, that produces a valuable dataset on the environment should, in effect be restricted to elites from the public sector and corporate world. julie proctor, the chief executive of greenspace scotland agrees that the situation is not ideal. \" we know the public are interested in scotland ' s greenspace and the interactive map provides a public viewing facility. we are disappointed not to be able to make the full data publicly available at this time. we are, however, working with the scottish government and the os to find a way forward. \" but how long will this take? it is instructive to note how other countries take a much more liberal approach to data availability. the city of boulder, colorado, for example. allows you to view an online map with information on planning, greenspace, flooding, transportation, landownership and lots more. ( click on emaplink here. alternatively, i can download", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.484459412154401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcd19654-76d1-4859-b8b2-accb49f723b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.443977"}
{"text": "warnings that an ecological disaster is imminent in the area around the mountain have largely been ignored amid years of turmoil in nepal. but conservationists think that growing political stability in the himalayan kingdom means that the time has come and that the damage caused every year by thousands of climbers and tourists can no longer be ignored. maoist rebels declared a ceasefire with nepal ' s government in april after a decade - long insurgency and are negotiating to join an interim government with the country ' s mainstream political parties. the kathmandu environmental education project ( keep ) said that the relative calm has removed an obstacle in its efforts to persuade the authorities that a temporary closure of the mountain is the only solution to help it repair itself. pt sherpa, a spokesman for keep, said : ' the maoist insurgency presented conservation organisations in nepal with serious challenges - constraining programmes, damaging infrastructure and threatening the security of staff. now we are hoping for more open dialogue on conservation with the government, and resting mount everest for a number of years is at the top of our list. ' campaigners warn that the price of tourism is discarded rubbish and medical waste and the colonisation of the area by restaurants and internet cafes. sherpa spelled out the strain being placed on the indigenous population. ' providing enough electricity and water for the small communities surrounding everest and the other himalayan mountains becomes very challenging when there are tens of thousands of additional tourists and climbers in the region competing for these same resources, ' he said. ' nepal is ravaged by water and air pollution caused by industrialisation and increased tourism. water supplies for local villages, delivered through irrigation systems in the mountains, are being critically depleted and urgent action needs to be taken. ' this year a geological team, sponsored by the united nations environment programme ( unep ), found signs that the landscape of mount everest has changed significantly since sir edmund hillary and tenzing norgay first conquered the peak in 1953. a primary cause is the warming global climate, but the research party concluded that the growing effect of tourism was also critically taxing the region surrounding the planet ' s tallest mountain. according to the survey, the glacier that once came close to hillary and norgay ' s first base camp has retreated three miles in the past two decades. hillary himself has become outspoken on a situation he believes is turning into an ecological scandal. ' i have suggested to the nepal government that they should stop giving permission and give the mountain a rest for a few years, ' he has said. elizabeth hawley, a kathmandu - based patron of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4061872537972147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d6a4e0-767d-4837-a462-7bdebf6944e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.451634"}
{"text": "he believes is turning into an ecological scandal. ' i have suggested to the nepal government that they should stop giving permission and give the mountain a rest for a few years, ' he has said. elizabeth hawley, a kathmandu - based patron of the himalaya trust, an environmental charity founded and still run by hillary, said yesterday that the pioneer remained utterly ' appalled ' at the levels and standards of tourism around everest and the khumba valley. ' when sir edmund has said he wanted the mountain closed or visits limited, the last thing he wants is for the sherpas to lose their livelihoods, but we in the trust strongly believe that not just everest but the whole of the khumba valley needs a sustained rest. these villages have become enormously wealthy by local standards, but along the trail towards everest there are now restaurants and cyber cafes and bars, and this just doesn ' t seem right. ' she added : ' climate change and the receding glacial waters are global issues and not within localised control, but we are particularly worried about deforestation of the area, much of it to sustain tourism, and our campaigning has helped improve the situation, but it still isn ' t enough. we feel that we have to start from the beginning in order for the region to recuperate and recycle itself. ' others have proposed limiting the number of professional expeditions and banning all commercial trips to base camp. junko tabei, 66, of japan, the first woman to reach the summit, said : ' everest has become too crowded. it needs a rest. only two or three teams should be allowed in a season to climb everest, and tourist trips to base camp should be banned altogether. along the trail to the mount everest base camp in nepal, deforestation is getting worse as locals cut down trees to heat meals and to provide hot showers for foreign eco - trekkers. the local environment is in danger and the dignity of the mountain is being undermined. ' there are also fears that even ' eco - tourism ' is doing more harm than good. the wwf estimates that ' only 20 pence of every \u00a32 spent by an average trekker each day reaches village economies '. prakash sharma, director of friends of the earth nepal, believes that, while many of the western charity groups who trek to the foot of the mountain may be doing so for honourable causes, they are not considering the environmental consequences. ' the exponential increase in pollution and other negative environmental situations on mount everest is a direct result of the massive increase in visitors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3907970779915313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d6a4e0-767d-4837-a462-7bdebf6944e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.452818"}
{"text": "charity groups who trek to the foot of the mountain may be doing so for honourable causes, they are not considering the environmental consequences. ' the exponential increase in pollution and other negative environmental situations on mount everest is a direct result of the massive increase in visitors to the region, ' he said. ' the khumbu region and the city of kathmandu can comfortably hold about 40, 000 people. in the coming months, during peak tourist season in the lower valley, there will be as many as 700, 000. ' twenty to forty thousand of these people attempt, at some altitude, to ascend the mountains of the himalayas, including thousands who will at least trek to the foot of everest. there is no infrastructure in this region to cope with the pollution this many people generate, and as a result the nepali himalayas have become the highest junkyard in the world. ' sharma claims that the tonnes of rubbish on everest include climbing equipment, foods, plastics, tins, aluminium cans, glass, clothes, papers, tents and even discarded electronic equipment such as satellite dishes. some climbers have reported finding bloody syringes and vials of unlabelled medications. other campaigners claim the dead body count on the mountain, 188 according to varying estimates, is enough reason to temporarily close it. but the sherpas who earn their living from the perilous work of guiding adventurers to the summit vociferously oppose any reduction in climbing permits. ang dawa, a sherpa guide in kathmandu, said : ' for us it is simple. there are tens of thousands of people in the region who solely depend on the trekkers and mountaineers for their income. if they don ' t come, these people and their families will starve. a sherpa who summits on everest is looking at making a minimum of \u00a31, 600 for 60 days ' work. that ' s a lot of money in nepal - it can support an entire village. ' nepalese officials claim, despite the un report and environmentalist warnings, that they have no immediate plans to close down the mountain. ' all climbers are welcome as long as long as they are willing to pay, ' a government spokesman said. critics say it is no surprise that the nepali authorities have no plans to scale back tourism in the region. to even set foot on the slopes of everest, each team of seven climbers must pay a royalty of \u00a350, 000 to the nepalese government. mountains under threat mt blanc, france ten million tourists visit the alps every year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.382251950184493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d6a4e0-767d-4837-a462-7bdebf6944e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.453914"}
{"text": "the region. to even set foot on the slopes of everest, each team of seven climbers must pay a royalty of \u00a350, 000 to the nepalese government. mountains under threat mt blanc, france ten million tourists visit the alps every year. slopes and skies are exposed to hundreds of flights, freight and holiday traffic. new ski lifts replace old ones, leaving them abandoned and obsolete : cables, pylons and deserted construction sites litter the mountains while the human traffic destroys vegetation. the region is a water reservoir for both the po ( italy ) and the rhone ( france and switzerland ). rising temperatures are melting glaciers, reducing snow cover and crumbling rocks. china yesterday closed melting glaciers in its north - west tianshan mountain range to tourists who littered, polluted and even drove across ice. the mountains supply 2. 3 million people in urumqi with water and are crucial to hydro - electric schemes but are shrinking by eight metres a year as a result of global warming and increased tourism. china is battling to clean up its heavily polluted waterways and stave off water shortages across the arid northern regions that have been exacerbated by waste and mismanagement. a popular site for ' charity treks ', africa ' s most famous mountain is showing signs of wear and tear. the glaciers that have covered its top for 11, 700 years have shrunk by more than 80 per cent and are predicted to disappear by 2010. locals depend on water from the mountain in dry seasons. but man - made forest clearances around kilimanjaro for agriculture also have an effect on the climate ; reducing foliage causes less moisture in the atmosphere, with less cloud cover and rain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4060535663916818, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09d6a4e0-767d-4837-a462-7bdebf6944e2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.454627"}
{"text": "new market, va. - rain - deprived homeowners in the nation ' s southeast are exploring every option available for saving their lawns during one of the worst droughts on record - including using recycled waste water for the garden. there ' s just one problem with that act of conservation : it ' s restricted or outlawed in many areas. ' we ' re using our bathwater and shower water to flush toilets. we were using it to water our trees but we stopped doing that because we learned it was basically against the law, ' said stacy murphy of durham, n. c. ' the trees have gone dormant, anyway. ' ' gray water ' is the discharge from a kitchen sink, laundry, dishwasher, bathtub or shower stall. it ' s not clean enough to drink, but it contains less nitrogen and fewer pathogens than ' black water ' or toilet waste. still, it is capable of carrying enough bacteria to trigger typhoid fever, dysentery, hepatitis and other gastrointestinal or viral problems. laura leonard, a spokeswoman for the north carolina division of environmental health, said gray water can have about the same amount of fecal coliform bacteria as whole wastewater. gray water is often banned for irrigation for public health reasons. but some have questioned the ban on plant watering for ornamental gardens. ' when the laws were drawn up some decades ago, it was more out of public health concerns. but cholera epidemics are almost a thing of the past, ' says murphy, who has already cut corners as much as possible. she and her husband don ' t wash their cars and have cut back on washing their bed linens. and now they ' ve stopped watering their plants. gray water does little harm if it isn ' t sprayed directly on edible plants and foliage, said kim coder, an extension forester with the university of georgia. ' it ' s hard to find a down side at all when you spray it on ornamental trees and shrubs - especially if you know what went into it, ' he said. ' if you ' re simply washing your hands or using dishwasher detergent, the impurities become pretty diluted by the time they flow from the house. ' coder participated in a pre - thanksgiving day meeting called to determine if georgia ' s gray water policies should be relaxed in the midst of a lingering drought. while public safety trumps conservation, he said officials should find ways to reduce risk and still conserve. ' if it ' s a matter of losing a few", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41999838706909404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77fd1585-f152-4018-9cff-fe32427f381a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.459565"}
{"text": "determine if georgia ' s gray water policies should be relaxed in the midst of a lingering drought. while public safety trumps conservation, he said officials should find ways to reduce risk and still conserve. ' if it ' s a matter of losing a few begonias by not watering, that ' s not a big deal. you can always replace them, ' he said. ' but if you lose a sizable tree from your front yard, it will be three generations before you see its like again. ' that kind of thing might make it worth taking another look at our half - century - old regulations to see if gray water can be used ( for irrigation ). ' check your local ordinances to see if gray water can be used in your area. the city of gilroy, calif., has published these safety guidelines for gray water use during prolonged dry periods : do not connect your gray water drainage pipes to any part of your interior or exterior plumbing system. this could result in dangerous gray water backflow into your drinking water supply. gray water should not be used on root crops and such low - growing food crops as carrots, radishes, onions, lettuce and strawberries. gray water may safely be used for taller non - root crops including beans, corn and tomatoes if edible portions of the plant aren ' t targeted. gray water also may be used for turf grass, tree and shrub irrigation. ensure that any gray water used for irrigation soaks quickly into the ground. avoid creating ponds or generating runoff. do not irrigate with gray water if it was used for laundering diapers or clothing and bedding coming from someone who was ill. sidebar : even rainwater comes with some cautions by dean fosdick for the associated press new market, va. - there is nothing better than rainwater when watering plants. that ' s assuming, of course, you don ' t live in an area besieged by drought. rainwater is soft water, without the salts, minerals and chlorine carried by water from residential wells or municipal systems. with the proper permitting, it can be used indoors for pets, flushing toilets and soaking plants. outdoors, it can be used for irrigating lawns and gardens. rainwater also isn ' t as cold as water taken from the tap or a hose, so its spray won ' t shock plants and vegetables. and then there ' s the clincher : the price is certainly right. ' aside from installing rain gutters and adding containers, rainwater is free,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44369051312272656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77fd1585-f152-4018-9cff-fe32427f381a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.460546"}
{"text": "taken from the tap or a hose, so its spray won ' t shock plants and vegetables. and then there ' s the clincher : the price is certainly right. ' aside from installing rain gutters and adding containers, rainwater is free, ' said reagan waskom, director of the colorado water resources research institute. just be sure to test acidity and purity levels if you plan to drink it. rain in industrialized areas begins collecting impurities in the atmosphere. but pollutants really begin to accumulate once rain strikes the ground or roof. rain gathers up deposits of nitrogen and mercury, street oils, pesticides, animal wastes and commercial fertilizer as it flows from yard to storm sewer or cistern. ' the best strategy is to filter and screen out contaminants before they enter the storage container, ' waskom said. ' dirty containers may become a health hazard or a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other pests. ' here are some additional tips from the santa monica ( calif. ) green building program : avoid using rainwater on food - producing gardens that has been collected from asphalt roofing, redwood, cedar or treated wood shingles and shakes. those surfaces may contaminate water and soil by leaching toxic materials when wet. ensure that roofs have sufficient slope to drain completely, without any long - term ponding. rain barrels should incorporate a ' roof washer ' or ' first flush ' device to screen debris and avoid water contaminated by bird droppings and dust. containers also should be equipped with an inlet screen and overflow outlet that drains at least six feet from the building ' s foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4310797057777817, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77fd1585-f152-4018-9cff-fe32427f381a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.461401"}
{"text": "reviewed by douglas w. cupples ( memphis state university ) published on h - civwar ( december, 1995 ) the end of hostilities between confederate and union armies in 1865 marked the beginning of a new struggle for many southerners. returning from military defeat on the battlefield most confederate soldiers found financial poverty, devastated homelands, and political disenfranchisement waiting for them. for many the future was bleak, at best, and emigration offered the most practicable opportunity for restoring their shattered lives. as many as three million left for the american west and north, and a lesser number to other countries. a significant amount, perhaps as many as twenty thousand, chose to begin their lives anew in brazil. the south ' s defeat in war had been followed by the policy of congressional radicals labeled reconstruction. military occupation coupled with social upheaval and political restructuring acted as a catalyst for many confederates ' desire to escape their devastated region. for most, however, the option of emigrating was not practicable, and many leaders such as general robert e. lee actively opposed these ventures. although brazil still recognized slavery, the imminent elimination of this institution was decidedly forecast by the end of the american civil war, and desires to continue its perpetuation probably held little appeal for the defeated southerners. on the other hand, the south american country was appealing for a variety of other reasons. the climate was similar to the emigres ' native south, labor was cheap, and brazil practiced a high degree of religious and political tolerance. although the former confederates began several colonies, many failed to make it past the 1870s. nonetheless, a village in sao paulo located near the railroad, and called villa americana by the natives, was destined to prosper and survive into the twentieth century. in 1918 an american geographical society expedition visited the colony and reported their findings in the april 1928 issue of the geographical review. their report chauvinisticly reported that the confederados were unhappy, living in squalor, and worse off than they would have been living under federal control in the defeated south. contrary to the geographical review ' s report, most confederados had adapted well to their new country and had prospered. considering the conditions that existed in the 1865 south, anything would have been an improvement. brazil offered the opportunity to prosper and, despite the return of a few disenchanted colonists, the majority made the most of their new lives and eventually merged into brazilian society. the lost colony of the confederacy was written by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4626997608980009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:652c9122-c97c-4d6c-8977-306edde23591>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.465173"}
{"text": "been an improvement. brazil offered the opportunity to prosper and, despite the return of a few disenchanted colonists, the majority made the most of their new lives and eventually merged into brazilian society. the lost colony of the confederacy was written by a descendant of the confederate immigrants. eugene harter returned to the united states in 1935, where he completed his education and embarked upon a career in journalism. in 1971 he returned to brazil as the united states consul. while renewing acquaintances harter realized that not a single book had been devoted to this aspect of the war between the states. harter has provided a valuable addition to the historiography of the postwar era. mostly ignored by historians and maligned by the northern press, the confederados made an important statement about the war and reconstruction not previously available to students of nineteenth - century america. harter has corrected this oversight. to understand how deeply southerners embraced their independence and separation from their northern cousins one must understand how deeply they resented reunification. for a large number reunification was less desirable than a completely new start in a new country. if there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at : http : / / h - net. msu. edu / cgi - bin / logbrowse. pl. douglas w. cupples. review of harter, eugene c., the lost colony of the confederacy. h - civwar, h - net reviews. copyright \u00a9 1995 by h - net, all rights reserved. h - net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and h - net : humanities & social sciences online. for any other proposed use, contact the reviews editorial staff at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4335192865611717, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:652c9122-c97c-4d6c-8977-306edde23591>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.465963"}
{"text": "back to health library dating violence in teen years can have lasting impact monday, dec. 10 ( healthday news ) - - teenagers who experience dating violence could be more likely to get involved in violent relationships and have health problems as young adults, a new study suggests. researchers analyzed surveys of nearly 6, 000 teens across the united states that were taken when the teens were between the ages of 12 and 18, and again five years later. the surveys asked about physical and psychological violence in romantic relationships, and also about feeling depressed, having suicidal thoughts, drinking and doing drugs. \" what stood out was, across both genders and types of victimization, teens who experienced teen dating violence were two to three times more likely to be re - victimized by a partner in young adulthood, \" said study author deinera exner - cortens, a graduate student in the department of human development at cornell university in ithaca, n. y. exner - cortens and her colleagues also found that teens who were victims of dating violence faced higher rates of depression, suicidal thoughts and heavy drinking, which varied by gender. the findings were published online dec. 10 and in the january 2013 print issue of the journal pediatrics. \" romantic relationships are really important developmental experiences, where [ teens ] develop their identity, \" exner - cortens said. \" if these relationships aren ' t going very well, it somehow skews their view of what a healthy relationship is and their healthy development. \" previous research from nationwide surveys has found that about 20 percent of teens said they have experienced psychological violence in their relationship, such as being insulted or threatened. approximately 9 percent of teens reported that they experienced physical dating violence, such as being slapped, according to the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. in the current study, exner - cortens and her colleagues looked at data that had been collected on nearly 5, 700 heterosexual adolescents who had been in a dating or sexual relationship in the past year. the surveys, which were part of the national longitudinal study of adolescent health, included 52 middle schools and 80 high schools across the united states representing both urban and rural areas. in the first round of surveys, interviewers asked the teens about psychological and physical violence. interviewers also assessed whether the participants had depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, low self - esteem or antisocial behavior ; had engaged in risky sexual behavior such as not using a condom ; tried to control their weight through means such as vomiting or diet pills ; or engaged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45073382968836806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e96a6a64-c4aa-4a04-82e7-3ee59af4f4a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.471639"}
{"text": "whether the participants had depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, low self - esteem or antisocial behavior ; had engaged in risky sexual behavior such as not using a condom ; tried to control their weight through means such as vomiting or diet pills ; or engaged in heavy drinking, cigarette smoking or illegal drug use. five years later, interviewers asked participants the same questions, when they were between the ages of 18 and 25, but instead of asking about both psychological and physical violence, they inquired about adult intimate partner violence, which is based only on physical violence. exner - cortens and her colleagues found that psychological violence on its own could increase the likelihood of several unhealthy behaviors for girls and boys. girls were 44 percent more likely to drink heavily and 87 percent more likely to have partner violence as young adults, whereas boys were more likely to have antisocial behavior, 90 percent more likely to have suicidal thoughts, 34 percent more likely to use marijuana and more than twice as likely to experience partner violence as young adults. the researchers found, however, that psychological and physical violence together seemed to have more long - term effects on girls than boys. although girls who were victims of this type of teen dating violence were more likely to have symptoms of depression, twice as likely to have suicidal thoughts, 50 percent more likely to smoke and about three times as likely to have partner violence, the only association among boys was that they were three and a half times more likely to have partner violence. this gender difference in long - term health outcomes of physical violence could be because girls experience physical violence differently than boys, exner - cortens said. \" males are more likely to laugh off physical violence, whereas girls feel it as a more fearful [ experience ], \" she explained. although the findings do not prove that teen dating violence causes adult intimate partner violence or other health effects, it does suggest it is a risk factor, exner - cortens said. pamela orpinas, professor of health promotion and behavior at the university of georgia, was not surprised by the findings. previous research has shown that teen dating violence is associated with a number of other health risk behaviors, she said. \" what is unclear is whether young people who have teen dating violence already have some other health - related problems, \" orpinas said. the findings underscore the need to screen teens for dating violence and intervene, the study authors said. \" parents, schools and health care providers all have important roles to play, \" exner - cortens said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4807429882360039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e96a6a64-c4aa-4a04-82e7-3ee59af4f4a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.472670"}
{"text": "\" orpinas said. the findings underscore the need to screen teens for dating violence and intervene, the study authors said. \" parents, schools and health care providers all have important roles to play, \" exner - cortens said. adults who are close to the teens can play a big part in intervention, orpinas said. parents can talk to their teens about their relationships in a positive and caring way, and make sure they know what is appropriate behavior in a relationship, orpinas said. if parents feel that their child is having dating problems, they can try to get help from a school counselor or therapist, she added. \" we ' ve done a lot of focus groups with adolescents on this topic, and consistently they say they would like to be able to talk with teachers and counselors and social workers about relationship issues, \" orpinas said. for more information and support on teen dating violence, visit the american academy of pediatrics connected kids program. sources : deinera exner - cortens, m. p. h., graduate student, department of human development, cornell university, ithaca, n. y. ; pamela orpinas, ph. d., professor, health promotion and behavior, university of georgia, athens ; january 2013 pediatrics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40657845231180784, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e96a6a64-c4aa-4a04-82e7-3ee59af4f4a3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.473250"}
{"text": "| risk factors genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection. it causes small, painful, fluid - filled blisters. these blisters break open and leave an indented sore or ulcer. the blisters can be found on the genitals, buttocks, or thighs. however, they can also spread to other parts of the body ( such as, the mouth, face, or eyes ). copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. about 16 % of people aged 14 - 49 years have herpes simplex type 2 genital infection. genital herpes is usually caused by the herpes simplex 2 virus. the herpes simplex 1 virus causes most often, but it can also cause genital herpes. the virus enters the body through genital areas, the mouth, or a break in the skin. after the first outbreak, the virus moves to nerve endings at the base of the spine. it will remain there until the next outbreak. the virus can be spread with : - direct contact with an infected person \u2014 such as having contact with the vagina, penis, anus, or mouth ( can include sexual or non - sexual contact ) - fluid from herpes blisters that gets on other parts of the body - pregnancy or childbirth \u2014 an infection can pass from mother to her child the virus is most easily spread when there are blisters. however, the virus may still spread to others when there are no visible skin sores. the strongest risk factor for genital herpes is having unprotected sex with an infected partner. other risk factors include : - high number of sexual partners - history of sexually transmitted infections - starting to have sex at an early age certain factors can trigger an outbreak of blisters. these factors include : - illness or infection the exact cause of an outbreak is rarely known. symptoms depend on whether or not this is your first episode. the virus remains quiet between outbreaks. during this time, you may not have visible symptoms, but the virus may still be shedding. this means the virus can be spread during sex. the number of outbreaks varies. they may decrease over time. primary infection is when you are first exposed to the virus. you may not have any symptoms or you may feel like you have the flu. this can include fever, muscle aches, and swollen glands. blisters may appear in the genital area or other areas. it may take about 2 - 6 weeks for the primary infection to resolve. a rec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4348206900486988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:852a1f8e-df6b-4816-b568-df62bf9b641d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.478855"}
{"text": "like you have the flu. this can include fever, muscle aches, and swollen glands. blisters may appear in the genital area or other areas. it may take about 2 - 6 weeks for the primary infection to resolve. a recurrent infection happens when the virus is reactivated in your body. the severity of the outbreak, how long it lasts, and how much is shed all vary. in most cases, recurrent infections are shorter and less severe. they will also tend to produce smaller and fewer ulcers. the blister or ulcer area may have pain, tingling, burning, or itching. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history and perform a physical exam. if you have visible blisters and ulcers, the doctor will examine these. to help with the diagnosis, your doctor may : - open a blister to take a - have blood tests done \u2014 your doctor will do tests to find out if you have herpes simplex type 1 virus or herpes simplex type 2 virus. lesions inside the urinary tract, vagina, or cervix may not be easily seen. your doctor may do additional tests to examine these areas. if you are diagnosed with genital herpes, you may be tested for other sexually transmitted infections, including getting treatment as soon as possible is important. early treatment decreases the chance that you will infect others. it will also help you recover faster from an outbreak. however, it is important to keep in mind that the virus remains in your body. there are no treatments that will rid your body of the virus. there are medicines to decrease the chance that you will have an outbreak. antiviral medicines are used to treat genital herpes. examples of these medicines include : these medicines are used to treat a primary infection or a recurrent infection. if you have a recurrent infection, the medicine is most effective when it is taken as soon as possible. the medication is best when taken as soon as you notice symptoms. if you have recurrent infections, your doctor may have you take antiviral medicine every day to prevent an outbreak. this is called suppressive therapy. it is important to learn about genital herpes and how to avoid spreading it to sex partners. your doctor will provide you with information about the virus. to manage discomfort, your doctor may recommend that you : - take over - the - counter pain medicine - take lukewarm baths it is important that your sexual partner be tested for genital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4430101927596761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:852a1f8e-df6b-4816-b568-df62bf9b641d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.479865"}
{"text": ". your doctor will provide you with information about the virus. to manage discomfort, your doctor may recommend that you : - take over - the - counter pain medicine - take lukewarm baths it is important that your sexual partner be tested for genital herpes and receive counseling. if your partner does have an active infection, he or she should also receive treatment. prevention strategies include : - avoid oral, anal, or genital sex if your partner has herpes blisters - avoid touching blisters to prevent spreading to other parts of the body if you are pregnant and have herpes, tell your doctor. steps can be taken to help prevent your newborn from getting the infection. the merck manual of medical information. new york, ny : pocket ; 2000. centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. centers for disease control and prevention seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons aged 14 - 49 years - - united states, 2005 - 2008. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. genital herpes : lifestyle tips. national women ' s health resource center, inc. ( nwhrc ) website. available at : http : / / www. healthywomen. org / condition / genital - herpes. updated october 20, 2010. accessed october 7, 2012. genital herpes. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases website. available at : http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / genitalherpes / understanding / pages / transmission. aspx. updated january 26, 2011. accessed october 7, 2012. corey l, bodsworth n, et al. an update on short - course episodic and prevention therapies for herpes genitalis. herpes. 2007 ; 14 : suppl 1 : 5a - 11a. herpes genitalis. ebsco dynamed website. available at : https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated june 2008. accessed october 7, 2012. herpes simplex. american academy of dermatology website. available at : http : / / www. aad. org / skin - conditions / dermatology - a - to - z / herpes - simplex / who - gets - causes / herpes - simplex - who - gets - and - causes. accessed october 7, 2012. 6 / 14 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40224935885621815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:852a1f8e-df6b-4816-b568-df62bf9b641d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.480907"}
{"text": "the witch of wall streetthe witch of wall streethttp : / / www. haverford. edu / calendar / details / 217271magill quaker collection2013 - 04 - 05t15 : 00 : 002013 - 04 - 05t15 : 30 : 00 april 5, 3 : 00pm magill quaker collection dig into the archives series event, a different topic every month when : friday - april 5, 2013 at 3 : 00 p. m. where : special collections reading room in magill hetty howland robinson green ( 1834 - 1916 ), america \u2019 s first great female financier, is a largely forgotten figure in the annals of enterprise. born into a wealthy quaker family, green inherited one million dollars from the deaths of her father and aunt, yet carried a grudge for both her entire lifetime. setting out to prove her financial acumen, green, through sound investing and pathological thrift, parlayed her inheritance into $ 100 million ( over $ 2 billion in today ' s dollars ), becoming the richest woman in america. while accumulating her vast fortune during the gilded age and into the twentieth century, green exhibited numerous eccentricities, sensationalized by the media of the day and further embellished by posthumous biographies of her. this dig into the archives will peel away the myth to reveal an underappreciated, yet deeply troubled woman, whose financial genius and misunderstood character earned her the title of the witch of wall street. for more info", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4462532504661045, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a231da60-d1a4-402b-b854-6c44e439b69c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.482490"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s said that perception is 90 percent of reality. unfortunately, not all perception is truth when it comes to your ear health. since healthy hearing is committed to being the leading online resource for hearing health and may celebrates better hearing and speech month, we felt it was our responsibility to debunk these five common ear health myths. myth # 1 : q - tips are a great way to clean my ears. nothing could be farther from the truth. in fact, q - tips, as well as other items such as hairpins, keys or paper clips, actually impact the wax and drive it deeper into your ear. over time, this impacted wax can harden and create a multitude of health problems. since the ear drum is easily reached with a q - tip, you also run the risk of accidentally puncturing your ear drum while trying to clean it. so what \u2019 s the solution? as a general rule, your ears are self cleaning. ear wax only collects in the outer 1 / 3 of the ear canal and is typically washed away as the dead skin naturally sloughs from your ear and daily shower water enters the canal. if you suspect your ears need more cleaning than what your soap and washcloth can provide, consult your doctor. myth # 2 : supplements won \u2019 t improve my hearing. actually, studies show vitamins, minerals and other dietary nutrients are effective in combating hearing loss. vitamins a, b complex, c and e provide antioxidant benefits, increase blood circulation, bolster your immune system and fight infection. minerals such as magnesium, potassium and zinc protect inner ear hair cells and support nerve transmission. other nutrients such as coenzyme q10, an antioxidant, support your immune system and enhance circulation. fish oil and folic acid \u2013 those found in leafy green vegetables - - are also effective in preventing or delaying hearing loss. of course, before you decide to take any dietary supplement, it \u2019 s wise to consult your physician. he can determine the cause of your hearing loss and tell you whether any of these supplements will interfere with medications you \u2019 re already taking or cause unwanted side - effects. in the meantime, eat a well - balanced diet. the results will be beneficial to more than just your ear health. myth # 3 : hearing aids won \u2019 t help nerve deafness. this is a double - edged myth as it contains two misleading perceptions. first of all, sensorineural hearing loss is a much more accurate term to use than \u201c nerve deafness. \u201d this type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5054032673384925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58ce093b-2ec6-4b6c-88be-d98e41d11a17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.487024"}
{"text": "hearing aids won \u2019 t help nerve deafness. this is a double - edged myth as it contains two misleading perceptions. first of all, sensorineural hearing loss is a much more accurate term to use than \u201c nerve deafness. \u201d this type of impairment deals with problems in the inner ear \u2013 or more specifically, the cochlea ( sensory ) and the hearing nerve ( neural ). not only is it the most common type of hearing loss, hearing aids are recommended to treat sensorineural hearing loss in almost 90 % of cases. myth # 4 : hearing aids make me look old. if you still believe this myth, it \u2019 s time to consult your local hearing center to see the new variety of wireless, virtually invisible, hearing aids on the market today. while not everyone is a candidate to wear the undetectable models, many others are small, flesh - colored and fit unobtrusively behind your ear. those with a sense of whimsy may opt for the brightly - colored models some hearing aid manufacturers are producing. communicating effectively is a large part of enjoying a healthy life \u2013 and much more youthful than not being able to hear at all. myth # 5 : hearing aids will restore my hearing back to normal. hearing aids work with the hair cells in your inner ear to amplify sound. although they have come a long way in the past 20 years, they won \u2019 t completely restore your hearing and you may hear sound differently than before. many variables determine how well hearing aids will improve your ability to hear, including the type of hearing loss you \u2019 re experiencing as well as the severity. once you \u2019 ve had a hearing evaluation to determine what is causing your hearing loss, an audiologist will help you choose the best hearing aid to improve your hearing impairment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4528817887665912, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58ce093b-2ec6-4b6c-88be-d98e41d11a17>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.487784"}
{"text": "with increasing consumption of limited fossil reserves, there is a need to use abundant and renewable resources as fuel. what can be more wonderful if that resource is water? yes, today this is possible as long as gas with the car runs on water. with the latest conversion kits, your old car can be converted into a water fueled one. so that you can save lots of money and avoid polluting the planet. car runs on water water is a chemical compound composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. it is very stable compound at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. to use it as source of energy and see that your car runs on water, it has to be converted in some other form. one way is to obtain hydrogen from it, which can be used as fuel but this is not feasible inside a car. you have to fill the fuel tank with liquid hydrogen, which is used by fuel cell or combustion engine. other way is convert it into hho or also known as browna\u20ac\u2122s gas, which can be achieved of the help of the car battery charger. the use of this hho gas is the basis of water fueled cars and if you implement this correctly youa\u20ac\u2122ll see that your car runs on water endlessly. the water is charged with the electricity from your cara\u20ac\u2122s battery and it undergoes electrolysis to form hho. the obtained gas is used to fuel the cara\u20ac\u2122s engine. the end product is that you can admire your car runs on water, and after burning the gas, the water vapors release into the atmosphere are not going to harm anything. hybrid cars state it is real some people claim that this technique of a car runs on water is a gag as the energy required to create hho is very large. others say that oil companies are trying to suppress this new hho thing. whatever you believe is up to you, but you can definitely see that your car runs on water by using the hho gas conversion kits. some major car manufacturing companies are also creating hybrid cars which can use both gasoline and water. so undoubtedly this is a real thing and it is going to become more popular very soon since it is way cheaper as well. the advantages of using such hho gas conversion kits are many, and the best one is that youa\u20ac\u2122ll actually see that your car runs on water. you can save lots of money as the amount of gas required will be very low. but hho has other benefits as well such as low pollution, that ita", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.513781649683343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f787669-a5d9-4444-a334-a24b131dec78>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.490845"}
{"text": "\" the church jesus built \" the organization of the churchintroduction 1. in suggesting how to identify \" the church jesus built \", the previous a. the importance of distinguishing between the church \" universal \" and the church \" local \" 1 ) the very nature of the church \" universal \" makes it difficult to identify it as such 2 ) with the aid of the new testament, however, we can identify b. that the new testament provides a \" pattern \" by which we can identify local churches of christ which are true to the bible 1 ) the church at jerusalem \" continued steadfastly in the apostles ' doctrine \" - ac 2 : 42 2 ) the apostles taught their doctrine in \" every church \" - e. g., 1 co 4 : 17 - - thus we should expect that the churches were similar in doctrine and practice 2. the pattern we find for local churches includes such elements as : a. the organization of the church b. the worship of the church c. the work of the church [ in this lesson, we will examine what pattern emerges from the new testament regarding the organization of the lord ' s church in the local sense. but one might ask... ] i. why be concerned about \" church organization \"? a. organization reveals purpose... 1. when god creates something... a. he has a purpose in mind b. he designs his creation with the organization to accomplish 2. this is true in the physical realm a. certain animals were created as beasts of prey b. simply by looking at the animal ' s features ( i. e., its organization ), we can glean what its purpose is 3. this is true with the local church as well... a. seeing its organization will help us learn of the lord ' s purpose for the church b. this will be especially helpful later, when we examine the work of the church b. apostasy often begins with changes in organization... 1. one of the earliest departures from the new testament was in 2. modern - day apostasies often start this way as well - - and usually when people seek to change the purpose or work of [ the organization of the church as revealed in the new testament should not be taken lightly. the lord had a purpose in mind, and organized the church to meet that purpose. with that said, let ' s now consider... ] ii. church organization in the new testamenta. elders to oversee the local congregation... 1. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5024873331487827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454b1210-8a3a-4efc-a271-c33092aa8d2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.498532"}
{"text": "had a purpose in mind, and organized the church to meet that purpose. with that said, let ' s now consider... ] ii. church organization in the new testamenta. elders to oversee the local congregation... 1. a congregation, once fully developed, would have elders - cf. ac 14 : 23 ; ti 1 : 5 2. these elders were also called bishops and pastors a. \" elders \" ( grk., \" presbuteros \", presbyter ) for they were b. \" bishops \" ( grk. \" episkopos \", overseer ) for their task was to oversee the congregation - cf. ac 20 : 17, 28 ; 1 pe 5 : 1 - 2 c. \" pastors \" ( grk. \" poimen \", shepherd ) for their task was to shepherd and feed the flock of god - cf. ac 20 : 17, 28 ; 1 pe - - not three distinct offices, but different ways to describe the men and their work ( cf. easton ' s bible dictionary, moody handbook of theology ) 3. elders were appointed only after meeting stringent a. the qualifications are listed in 1 ti 3 : 1 - 7 ; ti 1 : 5 - 9 b. note that they \" must be... \" ( no exceptions ), e. g.... 1 ) husband of one wife 2 ) with faithful children - - such qualifications prepared them for their role - cf. 1 ti 4. in every congregation with elders, there was always a plurality ( never just one ) 5. the authority of the elders to oversee was limited... a. they were to take heed to the flock of god \" among which the holy spirit has made you overseers \" - ac 20 : 28 b. they were to \" shepherd the flock of god which is amongyou \" - 1 pe 5 : 2 - - no elder ( bishop, pastor ) or group of elders had any authority beyond their local congregation! b. deacons to serve the elders and the congregation... 1. these were \" servants \" ( grk., \" diakonos \", servant, minister ) who assisted the elders in the work of the church 2. their qualifications are found in 1 ti 3 : 8 - 13 3. the work they do is a very noble one - 1 ti 3 : 13c. the members of the congregation itself... 1. commonly called \" saints \" ( grk., \" hagios", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46562582988763784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454b1210-8a3a-4efc-a271-c33092aa8d2f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.499430"}
{"text": "ti 3 : 8 - 13 3. the work they do is a very noble one - 1 ti 3 : 13c. the members of the congregation itself... 1. commonly called \" saints \" ( grk., \" hagios \", holy one ) in the new testament - cf. 1 co 1 : 2 ; ph 1 : 1 2. also called disciples, christians, believers, etc. 3. among such members there may have been \" evangelists \" and \" teachers \" - ep 4 : 11 a. the \" evangelists \" would take the gospel to the lost b. \" teachers \" instructed and edified the members c. note : those commonly referred to as \" preachers \" or 1 ) may do the work of both evangelist and teacher - e. g., 2 ti 4 : 5 ; 2 : 2 2 ) but whether they serve as evangelist, teacher, preacher, or minister, within the local church they likewise submit to the oversight of the elders [ in ph 1 : 1, we find the organization of the local church alluded to in paul ' s address : \" to all the saints in christ jesus who are in philippi, with the bishops and deacons \". other than the members ( saints ), what organization existed was a two - tier system ( bishops and deacons ). but it wasn ' t long before changes in organization it occurred, so perhaps a word or two should be said about... ] iii. changes in the organization of the churcha. ancient changes... 1. in the new testament, churches that had elders ( bishops ) never had just one... a. there was always a plurality - cf. ph 1 : 1 ; ac 20 : 17 b. this certainly prevented a one - man rule over a church 2. but things soon changed ; as noted by the holman bible a. during the second century a. d. churches came to have a single bishop, and then that bishop came to exercise oversight over nearby rural churches as well as the city church so that his ecclesiastical territory became known as a \" diocese \" or \" see \" ( \" eparchy \" in the east ). b. bishops of churches that had been founded by apostles were said to be in succession to the apostles, and hence their teaching was held to be authentic and their authority c. by 400 a. d. in the west, the bishop of rome began to assume extraordinary authority above other bishops 3. according to a. t. robinson ' s word pictures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4677926835405613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454b1210-8a3a-4efc-a271-c33092aa8d2f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.500418"}
{"text": ", and hence their teaching was held to be authentic and their authority c. by 400 a. d. in the west, the bishop of rome began to assume extraordinary authority above other bishops 3. according to a. t. robinson ' s word pictures : \" ignatius shows that in the early second century the office of bishop over the elders had developed, but lightfoot has shown that it was not so in the first century. \" b. modern changes... 1. many denominations have simply adopted the later changes in a. some go back to 400 a. d., and emulate an organization similar to roman catholicism b. others go back to the second century a. d... 1 ) and have a three tier system of bishop ( pastor ), elders, deacons within a congregation 2 ) or where a bishop or group of bishops ( presbyters ) oversee a number of churches 2. some who have sought to restore new testament christianity have adopted changes that are not much different than what occurred in the past a. the international church of christ has developed a hierarchy of control over churches that emulates the structure found in catholicism and other churches b. the sponsoring - church concept adopted by many churches of christ has the same effect as changes which occurred in the second century ( elders in one area overseeing other churches or areas ) c. the import of such changes... 1. one might wonder whether such changes have any importance 2. my response is yes, for several reasons... a. first, it reflects an attitude toward the scriptures and 1 ) that we are free to change whatever we desire 2 ) that we can come up with a more efficient plan than the b. second, organization ( design ) reflects purpose ; change the organization and you change the purpose 1 ) e. g., in the new testament organization of the local church, the purpose of the elders is to watch and feed the flock over which the spirit has appointed them 2 ) but when elders become overseers of other churches or works in other areas... a ) they are no longer shepherds, but administrators b ) they presume authority in areas they have not been c ) they take on works they really can ' t oversee ( at - - their purpose as god ' s shepherds has changed c. third, changes in organization upset the \" balance of power \" 1 ) other than the authority given the inspired apostles, no man or group of men were given more authority than the elders of a particular church a ) even their authority was limited to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4537498880903682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454b1210-8a3a-4efc-a271-c33092aa8d2f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.501527"}
{"text": "c. third, changes in organization upset the \" balance of power \" 1 ) other than the authority given the inspired apostles, no man or group of men were given more authority than the elders of a particular church a ) even their authority was limited to the church were b ) a plurality of elders in one congregation also kept them in check 2 ) but when changes in church organization occurred... a ) it became possible for one man to control one or more b ) it became possible for a group of men to control a group of churches - - thus authority over churches which ought to rest in christ and his apostles now becomes vested in uninspired d. finally, the divine wisdom to slow the development of error 1 ) some changes in church organization were an attempt to 2 ) but whenever you have an organizational structure above the local church, the potential for error ' s spread a ) if error creeps in a local church, it is less likely to spread if each congregation is independent and b ) but if error creeps into a hierarchy like those developed in the second century and later, it can quickly spread to churches expected to submit to such 1. a study of church history should illustrate the danger of making changes in the organization of the church 2. when jesus said, \" i will build my church... \", i believe he knew the best way to do it! a. the new testament reveals how he did it through his apostles b. a clear pattern concerning the organization of churches in the new testament reveals its simplicity and evidence of divine if we are content to \" continue steadfastly in the apostles ' doctrine \" ( ac 2 : 42 ), then we will make sure that we follow their ways in christ pertaining to the local church! ad sponsors keep higher praise on the web", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4708317533031856, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:454b1210-8a3a-4efc-a271-c33092aa8d2f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.502228"}
{"text": "some quick facts about tirupati laddu - around 150, 000 laddus are made daily. - one laddu is given free to each devotee ; the number of daily devotees that visit the temple is around 50, 000. - a devotee can buy extra two laddus \u2013 a small laddu costs 25 rupees and big laddu costs 100 rupees. - the revenue from the sale of laddu annually is more than 11 million rupees. - each laddu weighs around 100gms and is huge when compared with the normal laddu found in shops. - there is a super huge tirupati laddu known as kalyana laddu and it weighs around 500gms \u2013 \u00bd a kilogram. - single largest laddu made is said to have weighed 32 kg. - the tradition of tirupati laddu is nearly 300 years old. - it is prepared by special hereditary priests known as archakas in special temple kitchen known as \u2018 potu \u2019. - ingredients used in tirupati laddu are besan flour ( kadalai mavu ), sugar, cashew nuts, cardamom, ghee, oil, sugar candy, raisins and almonds. on a day around 5000 kg of besan flour is used. sugar around 10000 kg. cashew nuts around 600 kg. cardamom 150 kg ghee 300 liters sugar candy 400 kg raisins 540 kg - the ingredients are bought at the auction at the commodities and spices exchange in tirumala tirupati devasthanams ( ttds ) the administrating body of the temple is planning to patent the tirupati laddu to stop counterfeits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36205497333260067, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dd0370c-81c2-4128-bbf9-f4852fa8f47f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.503808"}
{"text": "in the controversy surrounding the \" fiscal cliff \" issue, it ' s easy to forget that the origin of the entire debate was a professed desire to reduce swollen federal deficits. whether the target was $ 4 trillion over 10 years, as proposed by the bowles - simpson deficit reduction commission, or in the $ 2 trillion range, as tossed around by house of representatives speaker john boehner and president barack obama, the idea was to rein in total debt that now tops $ 16 trillion. by those standards, the bill passed by the us senate early on new year ' s day to avoid the cliff ' s automatic steep tax hikes and across - the - board spending cuts, looks paltry indeed. the legislation, which as of tuesday evening had yet to be passed by the house, would add nearly $ 4 trillion to federal deficits over a decade compared to the debt reduction envisioned in the extreme scenario of the cliff, according to the non - partisan congressional budget office. this is largely because it extends low income tax rates for nearly every american except the relative handful above the $ 400, 000 threshold. it ' s also because it put off for at least two months the automatic budget cuts that were part of the cliff and would have saved about $ 109 billion in federal spending on defense and non - defense programs alike. the senate bill, which ultimately came down to a fight about tax equity rather than federal spending, did to deficit reduction what obama and congressional leaders always promise to resist : it \" kicked the can down the road \" to a later date. in explaining the measure to the news media, the white house, which helped broker it, gave no particular figure for how much it would bring down the deficit, stating only that, somehow, \" with a strengthening economy, \" it would. whether it ultimately succeeds will depend in part on what happens to the now - delayed \" automatic \" spending cuts, including whether obama follows through on reductions in outlays. the senate bill also sets up what is likely to be an even more heated fight in late february when the treasury department must come to congress to seek an increase in the government ' s borrowing limit. that will bring everything full circle to where the cliff originated during a struggle between obama and republicans over raising the federal debt ceiling above $ 14. 5 trillion. that struggle ended in august, 2011 with a bipartisan deal designed to scare congress into legislating significant long - term cuts in federal spending. the idea was that by setting a strict deadline of january 2, 2013 and dire consequences in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42715936319565206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45e278c0-91c2-414a-99a8-e58b0d85b137>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.507307"}
{"text": "trillion. that struggle ended in august, 2011 with a bipartisan deal designed to scare congress into legislating significant long - term cuts in federal spending. the idea was that by setting a strict deadline of january 2, 2013 and dire consequences in the form of draconian spending cuts for failing to meet it, the white house and congress would be forced into action. republican representative paul ryan, a self - described deficit hawk who served as the republican vice - presidential candidate, declared the moment a \" huge cultural change. \" coincidentally, low tax rates that originated during the administration of president george w. bush were also set to expire on december 31, making the prospect of inaction so threatening that the congressional budget office determined that failure to intervene could cause a new recession. but the controversy over taxes, coming on the heels of a presidential campaign built around obama ' s demand for middle - class tax justice, ultimately consumed the argument over the cliff, leaving deficit reduction as the forgotten issue. among those disappointed by the process was alice rivlin, a brookings institution scholar, former us budget director and co - author of another widely discussed deficit reduction plan named for herself and former us senator pete domenici, a republican from new mexico. \" i ' d been optimistic, \" rivlin said in an interview with reuters. \" i thought that we might get might get it done \" and that boehner and obama \" might get to a grand bargain. \" maya macguineas, a budget hawk who has led a group of corporate chieftains in a group called \" fix the debt, \" was also unenthusiastic about the bill. \" this is one of the lowest common denominator deals, \" macguineas s aid. \" i wish i had something nice to say, but not so much. \" \u00a9 copyright \u00a9 2013 ht media limited. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42206717567464713, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45e278c0-91c2-414a-99a8-e58b0d85b137>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.508036"}
{"text": "so what has hiphop done that is new and innovative when it comes to vocabulary? plenty! in hiphop, words can become symbols that communicate multiple meanings. in order to determine what a word really means we must have local and background knowledge. the knowledge needed to interpret and use hiphop words correctly includes the following. hiphop writing can reflect how a word sounds when it is spoken. english spelling and writing does not always reflect one sound for one letter. hiphop can illustrate this fact. sometimes hiphop simplifies the writing system and sometimes it makes it more complicated. this is a choice. it is not a hard and fast rule. for example : new spellings often accompany a change in word meaning and reflect african american english ( aae ) and hiphop pronunciation, knowledge general english ( ge ) spelling rules and alphabet symbol ideology. for instance, when writing about america \u2019 s negative treatment of urban youth, it is common to find it spelled amerikkka, using the initials for the white supremacist group the ku klux klan ( kkk ). new spellings also focus on english irregular spelling rules. so to give a compliment about an activity or object one might say that it is phat ( pronounced fat ). a consonant cluster is two or more consonants together : eg sch in the word \u201c school \u201d is a consonant cluster. clusters are often simplified to focus on letters that reflect actual pronunciation. ( eg. school = skool ). virtually every word that exceeds two syllables and ends with the er suffix is vocalized and spelled - a, uh or - ah is in brothah, ( brother ) sucka ( sucker ). similarly, words ending in ing are written as in / un as in sumthin for something and thumpun for thumping. spelling also reflects syllable reduction and vowel assimilation with rhotics and semi - vowels. thus all right is spelled aight. we always look for examples of usage to confirm what we say a word means. examples are very important because they can be tested. accuracy of definition is very important because word meaning can change in hiphop. for example, the definitions of ill have developed over time. we research the origin or etymology of a word. in hiphop this can be very complicated for many reasons. first, a spelling change may suggest that it is from a word that is not related to the meaning. secondly, the hiphop usage may be associated with more than one word. in that case we examine the possibility of whether it is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5379228414745713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f82d0c9-967f-46e8-b34d-1d7cc07dc16f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.511076"}
{"text": "reasons. first, a spelling change may suggest that it is from a word that is not related to the meaning. secondly, the hiphop usage may be associated with more than one word. in that case we examine the possibility of whether it is one origin or multiple origins. clark, rickie. 1997. the street language dictionary : featuring hip hop & gang terms. indianapolis : p. a. clark & sons. kearse, randy. 2007. street talk : da official guide to hip - hop & urban slanguage. fort lee, new jersey : barricade books. major, clarence. 1970. dictionary of afro - american slang. new york : international publishers. major, clarence. 1994. juba to jive : a dictionary of african - american slang. new york : penguin books. mitchell, kevin. 2003. hip - hop rhyming dictionary. van nuys, ca : alfred publishing company. rza. 2005. smitherman, geneva. 2000. black talk : words and phrases from the hood to the amen corner. new york : mariner books. the national rap dictionary. new york : marvel enterprises. westbrook, alonzo. 2002. hip hoptionary : the dictionary of hip hop terminology. new york : harlem moon., pp. 224", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5088444535728949, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f82d0c9-967f-46e8-b34d-1d7cc07dc16f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.511528"}
{"text": "shall i build a house after the war? how many houses will we need? many houses will america need after the war? the answer to that question isn \u2019 t easy since it depends on many factors, some of which must be guessed at. let \u2019 s try to estimate the size of the housing market when building materials become available after the war. the 1940 \u2019 s began with a great backlog of demand for better housing, despite the fact that there were about 1, 400, 000 vacant nonfarm dwelling units in the united states. during the depression and the immediate prewar years, not enough new houses were built to take care of the demands. the number of nonfarm homes built in 1925 reached a peak of nearly a million. in 1933 there were less than one hundred thousand. a gradual recovery started after that, however. in 1941, about three - quarters of a million dwelling units were constructed, but the war put a stop to the building boom. owing to the shortage of housing, we can assume that in most war centers nearly all houses in livable condition, including those that were vacant in 1940, are now being occupied. thus, we will probably start the postwar era with almost all our present supply of houses in use. there probably won \u2019 t be many vacancies. a large number of additional houses will be needed to shelter the new families that are started each year when couples get married. also, many thousands of dwellings will be required to take care of families migrating from one part of the country to another - for example, war workers moving back to their. home towns and war veterans seeking opportunities to make a living in new localities. finally, it will be necessary to build houses to take the place of those that have simply worn out \u2014 become absolutely unlivable - since taking all these things together, and studying the building and replacement rates of the past, it looks as though we probably will need over a million nonfarm dwelling units a year, including apartments - for at least 10 years after the war. also, there should be a heavy demand for new farm dwellings and for repairs and alterations. what will be spent on housing?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4227878621767799, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c642b74-80d3-4c1c-bdef-916ab0f9b751>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.513965"}
{"text": "having hurried ahead of the main body of the expedition, meriwether lewis and four men arrive at the great falls of the missouri river, confirming that the explorers are headed in the right direction. meriwether lewis and william clark had set out on their expedition to the pacific the previous year. they spent the winter of 1804 with the mandan indians in present - day north dakota. the hidatsa indians, who lived nearby, had traveled far to the west, and they proved an important source of information for lewis and clark. the hidatsa told lewis and clark they would come to a large impassable waterfall in the missouri when they neared the rocky mountains, but they assured the captains that portage around the falls was less than half a mile. armed with this valuable information, lewis and clark resumed their journey up the missouri accompanied by a party of 33 in april. the expedition made good time, and by early june, the explorers were nearing the rocky mountains. on june 3, however, they came to a fork at which two equally large rivers converged. \" which of these rivers was the missouri? \" lewis asked in his journal. since the river coming in from the north most resembled the missouri in its muddy turbulence, most of the men believed it must be the missouri. lewis, however, reasoned that the water from the missouri would have traveled only a short distance from the mountains and, therefore, would be clear and fast - running like the south fork. the decision was critical. if the explorers chose the wrong river, they would not be able to find the shoshone indians from whom they planned to obtain horses for the portage over the rockies. although all of their men disagreed, lewis and clark concluded they should proceed up the south fork. to err on the side of caution, however, the captains decided that lewis and a party of four would speed ahead on foot. if lewis did not soon encounter the big waterfall the hidatsa had told them of, the party would return and the expedition would backtrack to the other river. on this day in 1805, four days after forging ahead of the main body of the expedition, lewis was overjoyed to hear \" the agreeable sound of a fall of water. \" soon after he \" saw the spray arise above the plain like a column of smoke.... [ it ] began to make a roaring too tremendous to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the missouri. \" by noon, lewis had reached the falls, where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42334548449594667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ee166c5-f8d4-440b-aaf3-e12a4060e876>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.517306"}
{"text": "spray arise above the plain like a column of smoke.... [ it ] began to make a roaring too tremendous to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the missouri. \" by noon, lewis had reached the falls, where he stared in awe at \" a sublimely grand specticle [ sic ]... the grandest sight i had ever held. \" lewis and clark had been correct \u2014 the south fork was the missouri river. the mysterious northern fork was actually the marias river. had the explorers folloowed the marias, they would have traveled up into the northern rockies where a convenient pass led across the mountains into the columbia river drainage. however, lewis and clark would not have found the shoshone indians nor obtained the horses. without horses, the crossing might well have failed. three days after finding the falls, lewis rejoined clark and told him the good news. however, the captains ' elation did not last long. they soon discovered that the portage around the great falls was not the easy half - mile jaunt reported by the hidatsa, but rather a punishing 18 - mile trek over rough terrain covered with spiky cactus. the great portage, as it was later called, would take the men nearly a month to complete. by mid - july, however, the expedition was again moving ahead. a month later, lewis and clark found the shoshone indians, who handed over the horses that were so critical to the subsequent success of their mission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4230118482450189, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ee166c5-f8d4-440b-aaf3-e12a4060e876>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.518578"}
{"text": "< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > naval air station whidbey island is formally commissioned on september 21, 1942. historylink. org essay 8228 : printer - friendly format on september 21, 1942, the u. s. navy formally commissions naval air station whidbey island. the airfield, located near oak harbor and soon to be named ault field, serves as a base to train fighter and patrol bomber crews. the operation also includes a seaplane base on forbes ( maylor ' s ) point on crescent bay where catalina flying boats defending puget sound refuel and rearm. nas whidbey will become navy ' s principal air facility north of san francisco and west of chicago. a place for flying boats in january 1941, the u. s. navy began searching for a base to rearm and refuel catalina flying boats - - the navy ' s principal anti - submarine and reconnaissance plane - - from sand point naval air station to help defend puget sound. within 10 days, navy officers examined indian island, lake ozette on the olympic peninsula, and keystone harbor and penn cove on whidbey island, but found the locations lacking because of mountains, sea bluffs, no beaches, and prevailing winds. seaplanes and flying boats landed on water and taxied to docks or onto the shore. the officers did find forbes point on crescent harbor and saratoga passage on the west side of whidbey island to be suitable. the navy needed a spot where pilots could land relying on flight instruments, but for the most part, weather there was good and seldom foggy. the government purchased the land from the descendants of the samuel maylor, an early oak harbor settler. part of the construction involved removal of indian graves from crooked spit in order to make way for an auxiliary air field, which, however, was never built. within months, little oak harbor was flooded with construction workers building roads, laying utility lines, and pouring concrete. in november 1941, the navy decided it wanted an airport on whidbey island as well and on december 8, 1941, the day after japan attacked u. s. forces in hawaii and the philippines, three surveyors began marking out a 4, 325 - acre reservation northwest of town. clover valley was ideal for an airfield. it was flat and airplanes could approach from almost any direction. it was also distant enough from populated areas for practice bombing. twenty farmers sold their farms to the government. construction started on march 1, 1942, and more construction workers and then sailors inunda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3795155616167927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80167b36-e4e5-49ff-b126-6cd5145d285d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.522805"}
{"text": "it was flat and airplanes could approach from almost any direction. it was also distant enough from populated areas for practice bombing. twenty farmers sold their farms to the government. construction started on march 1, 1942, and more construction workers and then sailors inundated oak harbor. japanese seizure of two aleutian islands, the shelling of a fort in oregon, and the torpedoing of ships off the washington coast underlined the urgent need for the base. on september 21, 1942, captain cyril thomas simard stood on the steps of the brand - new building 12 and read orders officially commissioning naval air station whidbey island and, in navy parlance, \" the watch was set \" ( nas whidbey website ). a year later, the airport was named ault field in memory of commander william b. ault, missing in action at the battle of the coral sea in 1942. the seaplane base saw its first catalina in december 1942 and ault field became a training base for crews of wildcat and hellcat fighters, ventura patrol bombers, and dauntless dive bombers. catalina and mariner flying boats flew out of the seaplane base. the seaplane base closed in the late 1960s and became navy family housing. historylink. org the online encyclopedia of washington state history, \u201c island county \u2013 thumbnail history \u201d ( by daryl mcclary ) ; dorothy neil and lee brainard, by canoe and sailing ship they came : a history of whidbey \u2019 s island ( oak harbor, wa : spindrift publishing co., 1989 ), 185 - 190 ; \" from pistons to prowlers, \" naval air station whidbey island website accessed july 11, 2007 ( http : / / naswi. ahf. nmci. navy. mil ). travel through time ( chronological order ) : < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > war & peace | licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3742710810924552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80167b36-e4e5-49ff-b126-6cd5145d285d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.523721"}
{"text": "a closer look at geothermal heat pumps henry gifford is a man who designs mechanical systems for very energy efficient, comfortable, and affordable apartment buildings in new york city, along with his partner, architect chris benedict. in a recent article in fine homebuilding, henry explained how geothermal heat pumps work in a way that i will always remember. i paraphrase : dig a hole in the ground. put some buckets of water in the hole. if you are deep enough below ground, the temperature of the water in the buckets, after a while, will be about 550f. take the bucket into your house and put it in your refrigerator. the fridge will cool the water down to say 500f, and the heat produced in the coils behind the refrigerator will add some heat to your house. voila! you \u2019 ve created a geothermal heat pump. notice that the heat produced is not free. it takes electricity to run the refrigerator. and if you don \u2019 t want to spend your days hauling water in buckets from the hole in the ground to your refrigerator, you \u2019 ll want to install a water pump, which uses more electricity. the very best residential geothermal heat pump system, according to henry, has a coefficient of performance ( cop ) of about 3. this means that for every 2 watts of energy the system pulls from the ground, you have to provide only 1 watt of electricity. you get 3 watts out for 1 watt in. but a typical system has a cop of about 2. given that electricity is produced at power plants that use fossil fuels, and depending on the mix of fuels your utility uses to produce electricity, you will probably burn more fossil fuels using a geothermal heat pump with a cop of 2 than you would using an efficient gas - or oil - fired furnace. and geothermal heat pumps are much more expensive to install than traditional furnaces. at home energy magazine, where i work, we always tell people that if you have your house air sealed, insulated, and provided with the right amount of ventilation to keep you healthy, you can do better with a medium - efficiency furnace than you would with a high - end system \u2014 ike a high efficiency gas furnace \u2014 and a leaky house. for most of us, that \u2019 s the best choice of all, for heating and for cooling. enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all blog entries and comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5149955369317406, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6564e4a-8f7a-4fb5-b272-04b6fcce8041>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.526089"}
{"text": "an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 origins available : german, italian where did the italian albini family come from? what is the italian albini family crest and coat of arms? when did the albini family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the albini family history? the surname albini is an italian patronymic surname ; that is, it was a name created from the first name of the father. albini is derived from a \" pale \" or \" pure \" person, and is a variant of the latin personal name albinus which was originally derived from the latin albus, which means white. italian surnames come in far more variations than the names of most other nationalities. regional traditions and dialects are a decisive factor in this characteristic. for example, northern names tend to end in \" o \", while southern in \" i \". also important, but not unique to italy, was the fact that before dictionaries and the printing press most scribes simply spelled words according to their sounds. the predictable result was an enormous number of spelling variations. the recorded spellings of albini include albigni, albini, albindo, albinati, albinelli, albinetti, albino, albinoni, albinotti and many more. first found in the tiny town of sestola, just south of bologna. in 1629 the albinelli family was registered here. this same year the family moved to modena and were immediately made nobility. they were also made citizens of the city of ferrara, nearby. also in this year, giambattista albinelli was made a cappuccinian monk in modena. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our albini research. more information is included under the topic early albini history in all our pdf extended history products. another 99 words ( 7 lines of text ) are included under the topic early albini notables in all our pdf extended history products. amongst the settlers in north america with this distinguished name albini were albini settlers in the united states in the 19th century albini settlers in the united states in the 20th century the albini family crest was acquired from the houseofnames. com archives. the albini family crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. we generally include the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4244501232950531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b516196d-c0ec-4aff-a537-1a5783b9f10f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.529989"}
{"text": "april 27, 2010 feral cats : frequently asked questions here are the answers to some commonly asked questions about feral cats a stray cat is a pet cat who is lost or abandoned. feral cats are the offspring of lost or abandoned pet cats or other feral cats who are not spayed or neutered. stray cats are accustomed to contact with people and are tame, but feral cats are not accustomed to contact with people and are typically too fearful and wild to be handled. wheras stray cats may be reunited with their families or adopted into new homes, feral cats do not easily adapt or may never adapt to living as pets in close contact with people. however, there are many things you can do to help improve the health and quality of life of feral cats. feral cats are the offspring of lost or abandoned pet cats or other feral cats who are not spayed or neutered. females can reproduce two to three times a year, and their kittens, if they survive, will become feral without early contact with people. cats can become pregnant as early as 5 months of age, and the number of cats rapidly increases without intervention by caring people. feral cats typically live in a colony \u2014 a group of related cats. the colony occupies and defends a specific territory where food ( a restaurant dumpster, a person who feeds them ) and shelter ( beneath a porch, in an abandoned building ) are available. since feral cats typically fear strangers, it is likely that people may not realize that feral cats are living nearby because the cats are rarely seen. many don ' t survive. if they do survive, their lives aren ' t easy without human caretakers. females may become pregnant as young as 5 months of age and may have two to three litters a year. being pregnant so young and so often, and having and nursing kittens, is even more stressful on female cats who are struggling to survive. more than half of the kittens are likely to die without human intervention. males who roam and fight to find mates and defend their territories may be injured and transmit diseases to one another through bite wounds. feral cats may find food in a restaurant dumpster or someone may feed them. they may find shelter from the elements beneath a porch or in an abandoned building. but often they are without ta reliable source of food and adequate shelter. trap - neuter - return is a non - lethal strategy to reduce the number of feral cats and improve the quality of life for cats, birds, wildlife, and people. trap - neuter - return ( tn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42826291501317637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47efab8-c4a9-4343-b0d8-ed2856044f48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.542207"}
{"text": "source of food and adequate shelter. trap - neuter - return is a non - lethal strategy to reduce the number of feral cats and improve the quality of life for cats, birds, wildlife, and people. trap - neuter - return ( tnr ) is a strategy for improving the lives of feral cats and reducing their numbers. at a minimum, feral cats who are tnred are spayed or neutered so they can no longer reproduce, vaccinated against rabies, and surgically ear - tipped on one ear ( ear - tipping is the universally - recognized sign of a cat who has been tnred ). dedicated caretakers feed and provide shelter for tnred cats, monitor the tnred cats for sickness and remove new cats for tnr if feral or possible adoption if tame. many people see a roaming cat and start feeding the cat even though many communities have feeding bans meant to discourage feeding. ideally, the person quickly does more to help the cat : - if the cat is tame, the person should take steps to find the cat ' s owner. if unsuccessful, the person should take steps to find a permanent home for the cat. - if the cat is feral, unapproachable and wary after several days of feeding, the person should find out if there are any groups in their community that are currently doing tnr and consult one of the many resources to learn about trap - neuter - return ( tnr ). once a cat or colony of cats has been tnred, a dedicated caretaker provides food, water and shelter, monitors the cats for sickness and removes new feral cats for tnr or new tame cats for possible adoption. tnr is a strategy that many dedicated caretakers pay for out of their own pockets to help improve the lives of feral cats and reduce their numbers. without tnr and a dedicated caretaker, the population of the colony would continue to increase. animal shelters already care for and try to find homes for thousands of lost, injured, abandoned and relinquished pet cats. whether the shelter is an independent non - profit organization or is an animal care and control agency funded by the municipality, many do not have the resources to do tnr. animal shelters that receive complaint calls or calls of concern from the public may attempt to humanely trap and remove feral cats. or, they may provide information and loan traps to citizens interested in humanely trapping feral cats. if there is a local group helping feral cats, the shelter may refer callers to that group. feral cats brought to the shelter,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46009506000068706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47efab8-c4a9-4343-b0d8-ed2856044f48>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.543481"}
{"text": "remove feral cats. or, they may provide information and loan traps to citizens interested in humanely trapping feral cats. if there is a local group helping feral cats, the shelter may refer callers to that group. feral cats brought to the shelter, especially those who cannot be identified as members of a known tnred colony, are likely to be put down right away or after a mandatory holding period. it is difficult to accurately identify a feral cat without a holding period, yet safely caring for a feral cat in a typical shelter cage, is very stressful for a feral cat. in addition, if space is limited at the shelter, an adoptable cat may be put down to make room to hold a feral cat. some people feel sorry for feral cats because of their difficult and dangerous life. others are annoyed by the cats ' behaviors and want the cats removed. but many people don ' t feel that the cats should be euthanized. even if there were enough people and money to remove and euthanize feral cats, other feral cats would move into the vacant territory to take advantage of the food source and shelter now made available. it ' s an endless cycle. the alternative is trap - neuter - return. when feral cats are tnred, their health improves because they no longer have kittens and fight over mates, and nuisance behaviors are greatly reduced or eliminated. the colony ' s dedicated caretaker provides food, water and shelter, watches over the health of the cats and removes any newcomers for tnr ( if feral ) or adoption ( if tame ). tnr improves the quality of life for existing colonies, prevents the birth of more cats, and reduces the number of cats over time. additionally, many groups that provide resources for tnr have calculated that the costs associated with tnr are considerably less than those associated with removal, shelter care, and euthanasia of feral cats. a colony of unneutered / unspayed feral cats can produce a number of problems, including : - a growing population of cats - frequent and loud noise from fighting and mating behavior - strong foul odors from unneutered male cats spraying to mark their territory - flea infestations - visible suffering from dying kittens and injured adults. in addition, the shelters in a community with a large, unneutered feral cat population may experience : - higher intake rates of cats into shelters due to the rescue of feral kittens and the capture of feral adults - higher euthanasia rates for all cats due to the unadopta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43687483279786693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47efab8-c4a9-4343-b0d8-ed2856044f48>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.544761"}
{"text": "a large, unneutered feral cat population may experience : - higher intake rates of cats into shelters due to the rescue of feral kittens and the capture of feral adults - higher euthanasia rates for all cats due to the unadoptability of feral adults and the necessity to euthanize adoptable animals due to limited cage space - higher animal control costs due to trapping efforts and / or costs associated with caring for and euthanizing feral cats - a constant rate of nuisance complaints about feral cats. why doesn ' t simply removing feral cats from an area work to reduce their numbers and nuisance behavior? there are many reasons why feral cat problems are rarely solved by efforts to trap and remove them. feral cats live at a certain location because it offers food and shelter. if a colony is removed, some feral cats from surrounding colonies may move in to take advantage of the newly available resources. the cycle of reproduction and nuisance behavior begins all over again. if all the cats in a colony are not trapped, then the ones left behind tend to have more kittens. in addition, more kittens will survive because there are fewer cats competing for the available food. the population will continue to increase until the level that can be supported by the available food and shelter is reached. other factors which usually make removing feral cats ineffective include : - the lack of cooperation of the cats ' caretakers \u2014 the only people who really know the cats ' numbers and patterns and who can control whether or not they ' re hungry enough to enter a baited trap - the unwillingness of volunteers to trap cats who face an uncertain fate upon capture - the lack of animal control resources available to accomplish this task - the difficulty of catching all the cats in a colony the ongoing abandonment of unaltered pet cats who can also repopulate a vacated territory trap and remove will only result in a temporary reduction in the numbers of feral cats in a given area. the logic behind bans against feeding feral cats is that if there is no food available, the cats will go away. this is not true. feral cats are territorial animals who can survive for weeks without food and will not easily or quickly leave their territory to search for new food sources. instead, they tend to move closer into human habitations as they grow hungrier and more desperate. their malnourished condition will make them more susceptible to parasitic infestations, such as fleas, which they will spread into work places, garages, homes, etc., within their territory. the cats will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3994521643627187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47efab8-c4a9-4343-b0d8-ed2856044f48>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.546365"}
{"text": "##rier and more desperate. their malnourished condition will make them more susceptible to parasitic infestations, such as fleas, which they will spread into work places, garages, homes, etc., within their territory. the cats will also continue to reproduce despite the effort to \" starve them out, \" resulting in the visible deaths of many kittens. as a result, feeding bans, if enforced, tend to make the situation much worse instead of improving it. a second reason why feeding bans are rarely effective is that they are nearly impossible to enforce. repeated experience has shown that people who care about the cats ' welfare will go to great lengths, risking their homes, jobs and even their liberty, to feed starving animals. someone determined to feed the cats will usually succeed without being detected, no matter the threatened penalties. in addition, there may be more than one feeder and other sources of food, including dumpsters, garbage cans, and other animals. - when feral cats are trapped, neutered and returned to their territory, they no longer reproduce - the cessation of sexual activity eliminates the noise associated with mating behavior and dramatically reduces fighting and the noise it causes - neutered feral cats also roam much less and become less visible and less prone to injury from cars - foul odors are greatly reduced as well because neutered male cats no longer produce testosterone which, when they are unaltered, mixes with their urine and causes the strong, pungent smell of their spraying - when the colony is then monitored by a caretaker who removes and / or tnrs any newly arrived cats, the population stabilizes and gradually declines over time. helping feral cats can be very rewarding. there are many options for you to be involved ; please see our website for more information. first, you may want to look for an existing feral cat group or individuals who are practicing tnr in your area to help you learn the ropes. if there one or more feral cats in your area that does not have a caretaker, you can become their caretaker. feral cat caretakers practice trap - neuter - return, feed, provide shelter, monitor the cats for any problems, trap new cats who arrive. if the new cats are feral, they are tnred ; if they are kittens young enough to be socialized or tame lost or abandoned pet cats, they are evaluated for adoption.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3878449625323121, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d47efab8-c4a9-4343-b0d8-ed2856044f48>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.547347"}
{"text": "fact sheet : cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults541 cyclic vomiting syndrome ( cvs ) is a disorder with recurrent episodes of severe nausea and vomiting interspersed with symptom free periods. while cvs has been studied in pediatric populations, its occurrence in adults has been underappreciated. it is now thought that this crippling syndrome can occur in a range of age groups from children to adults. recognizing and treating the condition are discussed. des is a rare disorder. usual symptoms are chest pain and trouble swallowing. the chest pain can feel like a heart attack. tests are needed to diagnose des. des does not lead to other serious illnesses. most patients can be treated successfully. a review. chronic intestinal pseudo - obstruction ( cip ) is the name given to a number of rare disorders that cause impaired gastrointestinal motility ( movement in the digestive tract ). a diagnosis of cip is based on symptoms that occur when the intestine is blocked and on clinical findings. in pseudo - obstruction, the symptoms are caused not by a surgically correctable tumor, twist, or ulcer in the bowel, but by a problem having to do with the strength or coordination of the contractions that move along the contents of the bowel. fact sheet : antroduodenal manometry : questions and answers811 your child is scheduled for a specialized test called antroduodenal manometry. this information will help to prepare you and your child so the experience is as successful as it can be. fact sheet : colon manometry : questions and answers812 your child is scheduled for a specialized test called colon manometry that will check the motility of the colon. this guide will help to prepare you and your child so that the experience is as successful as it can be. topics : anal, rectal disorders, colonic inertia, pseudo - obstruction, hirschsprung ' s disease, motility, tests, lower gi tract fact sheet : cyclic vomiting syndrome817 cyclic vomiting syndrome ( cvs ) was first described about 120 years ago by dr. samuel gee, the erudite british physician. interest in the syndrome was revived when kathleen adams, a parent of an affected child founded the cyclic vomiting syndrome association in 1993. she enlisted the support of pediatric gastroenterologists, drs. david fleisher and b. u. k. li, who recognized that better treatment of the disorder would only occur if the syndrome could be scientifically defined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45588476047893534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a3ec3c2-7fa1-40da-b479-ae99ef23fe79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.552686"}
{"text": "association in 1993. she enlisted the support of pediatric gastroenterologists, drs. david fleisher and b. u. k. li, who recognized that better treatment of the disorder would only occur if the syndrome could be scientifically defined for medical researchers. this article describes cvs and approaches to treatment. topics : cvs, motility, nausea, vomiting, nausea, vomiting, other disorders / symptoms, other disorders / symptoms, stomach disorders, stomach disorders over 1, 000 new cases of hirschsprung ' s disease are diagnosed in the usa every year. more than half the children treated appropriately with surgery for hirschsprung ' s disease suffer from chronic problems with constipation, incontinence, and / or abdominal pain. even as adults, over half will experience occasional episodes of incontinence, and 10 % will endure constipation unresponsive to medical management. nonetheless, adjustment for teenagers and young adults with hirschsprung ' s disease is not different than for healthy children ; successful adjustment depends largely on family support. revised and updated 2009. topics : anal, rectal disorders, constipation, difficult to pass stools, constipation, difficult to pass stools, fecal soiling, incontinence, hirschsprung ' s disease, incontinence, motility fact sheet : hirschsprung \u2019 s disease in children and adults839 hirschsprung \u2019 s disease is an illness that people are born with ( congenital ), in which there is a lack of nerve cells ( ganglion cells ) in the segments of the intestinal tract located in the colon or rectum. since the first operative curative technique for hirschsprung \u2019 s disease was described in 1948, progress in diagnostic methods and surgical techniques have allowed the survival and successful treatment of most children with hirschsprung \u2019 s disease. in spite of these advances, postoperative problems continue to occur. recently, research has produced a better understanding of the disease, knowledge that will undoubtedly lead to further refinements of the surgical techniques and better treatment of these patients. hirschsprung \u2019 s disease is a rare illness that people are born with ( congenital ). it occurs annually in about 1 in 5, 000 live births. in hirschsprung \u2019 s disease there is a lack of nerve cells ( ganglion cells ) in segments of the intestinal tract located in the colon and / or rectum. the treatment is surgery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4634978182841188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a3ec3c2-7fa1-40da-b479-ae99ef23fe79>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.553618"}
{"text": "fast little loans rome - for centuries, the life of giotto, considered the father of european painting, has been wrapped in mystery. his exact birth date was not known, his remains were never found. now, an italian anthropology expert claims that he has identified a skeleton unearthed 30 years ago beneath florence ' s duomo cathedral as giotto ' s. a chalk reconstruction based on analyses of the skull shows a strong resemblance to a presumed self - portrait of the master in giotto ' s famous cycle of frescoes in padua ' s scrovegni chapel, francesco mallegni told the associated press in a telephone interview on thursday. some italian scholars expressed scepticism. mallegni said he plans to make dna tests on the skeleton ' s teeth to back up his claim. an anthropology and paleontology professor at the universities of pisa and palermo, mallegni said that he studied the bones for three months. results of the analyses portray a short, squarely built man, with a huge head and a hooked nose, mallegni said. the bones show signs of osteoporosis, corroborating the theory that giotto died quite old, perhaps at the age of 70, in 1337. also found on the skeleton were high levels of aluminum, arsenic, zinc, lead and other chemical elements used in paints in the 14th century materials that giotto ' s body probably would have absorbed during his lifetime. \" all the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle fit, \" mallegni said. bones of the neck show a contraction, suggesting that the man spent a lot of time looking upward, perhaps at frescoes, the professor said. analyses of the teeth suggest that the man may have held a paintbrush in his mouth, he said. the research also indicates that he ate a lot of meat, a sign that he was well off. considered the father of european painting, giotto achieved great personal fame in his lifetime. his works point to the innovations of the renaissance style that developed a century later. the scrovegni chapel ' s frescoes are considered his masterpiece. three years before he died, he started working on florence ' s bell tower which bears his name. mallegni said that the skeleton was not very well preserved. it was found, along with 14th - century coins, in a grave of the church of santa reparata, which was later replaced by the duomo cathedral. when giotto died, santa reparata was still in use while the cathedral was being built around it. the skeleton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41045050354159746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f81da8c4-7562-43ae-9f86-14807e0d3494>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.556317"}
{"text": "01 january 2005 lightning strikes : protection concepts by peter a. carpenter the risks from lightning are real, and traditional lightning protection devices do not adequately cover all risks. over the last 30 years, significant technology improvements have given us a proactive approach in lightning protection, including the integration of charge transfer technology, strategic surge protection, and a unified grounding system. when eliminating the strike to the protected zone and the associated structure, you can reduce or eliminate the secondary effects of lightning. if a lightning strike could put a facility out of business, or even out of action for a few hours, consider whether the cost of preventing all future lightning risks would not easily offset the cost of installing a charge transfer system ( cts ) lightning elimination system. it is inexpensive insurance. a large thunderstorm can produce over 100 lightning flashes a minute, and even a modest storm cloud can generate the energy of a small nuclear power plant ( a few hundred megawatts ). a drilling rig can shut down for hours or days due to equipment damage, or a chemical plant can potentially catch fire due to lightning. none of the traditional systems are 100 % effective. new technologies have demonstrated it is possible to eliminate the strike altogether. the cts has proven its effectiveness as a system to prevent lightning from striking the protected area - such as chemical plants, nuclear power plants, oil and petroleum facilities, and off - shore drilling rigs. the direct effects of a lightning strike are physical destruction and subsequent fires. when a direct strike hits a facility that contains flammable materials, the flammables can be vulnerable to the bolt, the stroke channel, or the heating effect of the strike. the petroleum industry ' s history provides ample evidence of the destructive nature of lightning. lightning - related phenomena destroy millions of dollars of petrochemical products and lives in many parts of the world. the secondary effects of a direct or nearby strike include the bound charge, electromagnetic pulse, electrostatic pulse, and earth currents. the bound charge ( and subsequent secondary arc ) is the most common. statistics indicate the secondary effects cause most of the petroleum - related fires. these fires often self - extinguish after the free or isolated vapors burn. the electrostatic and electromagnetic pulses induce high - voltage transients onto any conductors within their sphere of influence. these transients will cause arcing between wires, pipes, and earth. the cause or mechanism of secondary effects are not always easy to identify. conventional protection will not influence any of these secondary effects other than to increase the risk of an event.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5481898028797512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da785b5f-223c-4162-85d6-adace21b92a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.560111"}
{"text": ". these transients will cause arcing between wires, pipes, and earth. the cause or mechanism of secondary effects are not always easy to identify. conventional protection will not influence any of these secondary effects other than to increase the risk of an event. air terminals collect strikes and encourage a stroke termination close to flammable materials. the trend toward micro - miniaturization in electronic systems development brings an increasing sensitivity to transient phenomena. prevention system options in most cases, you can adapt one or more products to solve any lightning protection problem. lightning is the process of neutralizing the potential between the cloud base and earth. any strike prevention system must facilitate this process slowly and continuously. the dissipation array system is one of the most common configurations of a cts and can prevent a strike to the protected area and the array itself. to prevent a lightning strike to a given area, a system must be able to reduce the potential between the site and the storm cloud cell, so the potential is not high enough for a stroke to terminate within the area. that is, the protective system must release the charge induced in the area of concern to a level where a strike is impractical. ( charge induction comes about because of the strong electric field created by the storm and the insulating quality of the intervening air space. ) atmospheric scientists have found that much of the storm ' s energy dissipates through what is called natural dissipation, which is ionization produced by trees, grass, fences, and other similar natural or man - made pointed objects that are earthbound and exposed to the electrostatic field a storm cell creates. a storm cell over the ocean will produce more lightning than the same cell over land because the natural dissipation of the land will reduce the storm ' s energy. consequently, a multipoint ionizer is simply a more effective dissipation device, duplicating nature more efficiently. behind the byline peter a. carpenter is with lightning eliminators & consultants, inc. in boulder, colo. return to previous page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079760203605991, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da785b5f-223c-4162-85d6-adace21b92a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.560948"}
{"text": "what do they do? volunteering and employment other sources of information and data - in 2008 / 09 41 % of adults volunteered formally ( giving unpaid help through a group, club or organisation ) and 62 % volunteered informally ( giving unpaid help as an individual to someone who is not a relative ) ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - in 2007 / 08 formal volunteers contributed an estimated \u00a322. 7 billion to the uk economy ( uk civil society almanac ). - the average number of hours spent volunteering per volunteer declined by 30 % between 1997 and 2007 ( helping out, 2007 ). evidence also suggests that there is a trend towards more episodic volunteering ( the uk civil society almanac 2009 ). - in 2008 / 09 42 % of females formally volunteered compared to 38 % of males ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ) - in 2008 / 09 42 % of white adults formally volunteered compared to 34 % of minority ethnic group adults. however, although different ethnic groups show different rates of formal volunteering deeper exploration shows that this is due to factors other than ethnicity such as socio - economic classification, age, geography and income etc ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - in 2008 / 09 35 to 49 year olds were by far the most likely age group to formally volunteer at 47 %. younger volunteers were relatively more likely to volunteer informally than formally ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - in 2008 / 09 32 % of those with a long - term limiting illness or disability formally volunteered compared with 43 % of those with no long - term limiting illness or disability ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - rates of formal volunteering vary greatly by socio - economic classification. in 2007 / 08 those in higher / lower managerial and professions were the most likely to formally volunteer ( 55 % ), with intermediate occupations / small employers ( 43 % ), lower supervisory and technical / semi - routine ( 36 % ), routine occupations ( 28 % ), never worked / long - term unemployed ( 30 % ) and full time students ( 47 % ) ( 2007 / 08 dclg citizenship survey ). what do they do? - volunteers are involved in a range of sectors. in 2008 / 09 the most popular sectors for formal volunteers were : sport / exercise ( 53 % ), hobbies, recreation / arts / social clubs ( 42 % ). religion ( 36 % ), children \u2019 s education / schools ( 34 % ), youth children \u2019 s activities ( outside school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4475546185493863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad724e3-6cac-4292-b42d-ee5cd00eef86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.566449"}
{"text": "volunteers were : sport / exercise ( 53 % ), hobbies, recreation / arts / social clubs ( 42 % ). religion ( 36 % ), children \u2019 s education / schools ( 34 % ), youth children \u2019 s activities ( outside school ) ( 32 % ), health, disability and social welfare ( 25 % ), local community or neighbourhood groups ( 24 % ), the environment, animals ( 20 % ) ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - volunteers carryout a range of activities in their roles. in 2008 / 09 the most popular activities for formal volunteers were : organising or helping to run an event ( 55 % ), raising or handling money / taking part in sponsored events ( 52 % ), leading the group / member of committee ( 37 % ), providing transport / driving ( 26 % ), giving information / advice / counselling ( 24 % ), visiting people ( 24 % ), secretarial, clerical or admin work ( 23 % ), befriending or mentoring people ( 21 % ) ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). volunteering and employment - 87 % of employers think that volunteering can have a generally positive effect on career progression for people aged 16 - 25. however, nearly 30 % felt that volunteering was irrelevant when considering a particular job application. a further 30 % felt that volunteering was only relevant if linked directly to the field of work ( youth volunteering : attitudes and perceptions, 2008, v ). - in 2007 / 08 over 2 million people in england volunteered through an employer supported volunteering scheme. a quarter ( 25 % ) of employees are offered a scheme by their employer, with 43 % of those offered a scheme taking part at least once in the last year ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - the vast majority of volunteers are happy with the advice and support they receive from the organisation that they volunteer with. of those who want advice and support 94 % say it is adequate or better ( helping out, 2007 ). - one in five organisations feel that difficulties in the recruitment or retention of volunteers will hold them back over the next three years ( the uk civil society almanac, 2009 ). - the top five benefits from volunteering given by volunteers are : \u2018 a sense of satisfaction from seeing the results \u2019 ( 97 % ), \u2018 i really enjoy it \u2019 ( 96 % ), \u2018 it gives me a sense of personal achievement \u2019 ( 88 % ), \u2018 meet people and make friends \u2019 ( 86 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4283251415220726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad724e3-6cac-4292-b42d-ee5cd00eef86>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.570202"}
{"text": "ikriti ( ), shemariah b. elijah of negropont : italian philosopher and biblical exegete ; contemporary of dante and immanuel ; born probably at rome about 1275, the descendant of a long line of roman jews. his father, in his youth, went as rabbi to crete, whence his surname, \" ha - yewani \" ( = \" the greek \" ), or \" ha - ikritti \" ( = \" the cretan \" ). shemariah had a critical mind, and knew italian, latin, and greek. up to 1305 he studied the bible exclusively ; then he took up talmudic haggadah and philosophy. his reputation was such that he was called to the court of king robert of naples, where he devoted himself chiefly to biblical studies and wrote commentaries on scripture. by 1328 he had completed philosophic commentaries on the pentateuch ( especially the story of the creation ), the book of job, and canticles. he aimed at bringing about a union between karaites and rabbinites ; the karaites, in fact, recognized and honored him. the death of a son ( 1330 ) interrupted his work for a time, but he soon took it up again. in 1346 he wrote his \" sefer ha - mora, \" a refutation of the philosophical views on the creation. believing that he had placed rabbinism on a sure foundation, shemariah undertook, in 1352, a journey to castile and andalusia, in order to convert the karaites. he is said to have pretended to be the messiah, and was reviled to such an extent that the government arrested him. he died in prison. like most of his contemporaries, he was scientifically an epigone of the great philosophers and exegetes. he also wrote \" elef ha - magen \" ( a commentary on the haggadah in the treatise megillah ), some piyyutim, and poems. - zunz, literaturgesch. p. 367 ; - gratz, gesch. vii. 277 et seq. ; - geiger, in he - haluz, ii. ; - luzzatto, in ozar nehmad, ii. ; - vogelstein and rieger, gesch. der juden in rom, i. 446 - 450.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44232397146989266, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f37b2530-bbe5-475a-8bca-2632ae263008>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.573311"}
{"text": "halting cultural evolution in late june this dusty small town, an oasis in the gobi desert that sprang up hundreds of years ago as a stop on the silk road, drew more than 200 art conservation experts from around the world. they came to advance the cause of preserving and managing the mogao grottoes, 492 cave temples carved into a cliff face about 15 miles outside dunhuang between the 4th and 14th centuries and covered with elaborate buddhist wall paintings portraying visions of heaven and earth in ancient china. with china ' s economy expanding and tourism growing even faster, insiders and outsiders worry that china will not take the time and trouble, or have the resources and expertise, to preserve its rich cultural heritage. much has already been lost. but success in dunhuang would help lead the way for other chinese sites. ' ' the tension between economic development and conservation is everywhere, and it ' s very serious, ' ' said huang kezhong, former deputy director of the china national institute for cultural property. fan jinshi, director of the dunhuang academy, the guardian of mogao, added, ' ' most frequently, it ' s the cultural site that loses the battle. ' ' for ms. fan, a petite, feisty archaeologist said to rule the academy with an iron hand, the challenges come as much from the biting winds, sand, salt and water as from the growing ranks of tourists and the rapid development of this remote outpost. still, with its comprehensive approach to managing the site - - including conservation labs, scientific and environmental research arms, fine arts and archaeology institutes, publications and exhibitions units - - ' ' it ' s a model for the whole of china, ' ' said li yang, deputy governor of gansu province. the caves - - stretching in tiers for about a mile across the light gold face of singing sand mountain - - had long been abandoned and were largely unknown until about 1900, when a daoist monk discovered a huge trove of manuscripts in what is today known as the library cave. locals paid little attention. once word about the honeycomb of caves filtered back to europe, however, archaeologists and adventurers began to arrive. the caves were damaged ; some had collapsed, in whole or in part. but inside, the explorers found a hidden world of buddhist art : sculptures of buddha, bodhisattvas and warriors as well as detailed murals depicting paradise and of daily life in rich shades of blue, green, brown, red and black. soon ' ' foreign devils '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45315810149285873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0c2612c-b589-4ca7-87b2-d1937e7b0235>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.580038"}
{"text": "found a hidden world of buddhist art : sculptures of buddha, bodhisattvas and warriors as well as detailed murals depicting paradise and of daily life in rich shades of blue, green, brown, red and black. soon ' ' foreign devils ' ' were paying a pittance to haul away poems, prayer sheets, commercial records and even the wall paintings. ( most now reside in museums in london ; paris ; st. petersburg, russia ; new delhi ; and at harvard in cambridge, mass. repatriation is part of the dunhuang academy ' s long - term goal. ) by 1944 officials had recognized the caves ' importance, establishing the academy. during the cultural revolution, mogao was protected by no less than zhou enlai, said richard a. englehardt, regional adviser for culture in asia and the pacific for unesco, which made it a world heritage site in 1987. after china opened its doors to foreigners in 1978, conservation experts arrived from japan, britain, australia, italy and the united states. the getty conservation institute, an arm of the getty trust in los angeles that was a co - sponsor of the recent conference with the dunhuang academy, started working here in 1988. the task was huge. the getty ' s work alone has several aspects. to stall sand erosion, it installed a mesh fence that reduces wind speed by 50 percent and helped arrange the planting of grids of straw and branches in the desert dunes. then the getty adopted cave no. 85, where it has done extensive work analyzing water and salt damage to the murals. to save the wall paintings, the getty has developed a process that removes some salt from the cave walls and readheres the mural plaster. even after years of work, only about 40 caves are accessible, on a rotating basis of 10 to 12 a day, to tourists whose numbers have grown to more than 300, 000 a year from about 50, 000 in 1980, the year after mogao opened to the public. most visitors crowd into the caves during summer, quickly increasing the temperature and humidity and adding to the mural damage. ' ' the scale of the site is so vast that there is conservation work for generations to come, ' ' said neville agnew, the getty ' s top mogao project specialist. nevertheless, the dunhuang academy ' s achievements have made its reputation around china. ' ' there is a tremendous demand on the dunhuang academy to help other areas on cultural protection, ' ' mr. huang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4583391762920094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0c2612c-b589-4ca7-87b2-d1937e7b0235>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.581221"}
{"text": "top mogao project specialist. nevertheless, the dunhuang academy ' s achievements have made its reputation around china. ' ' there is a tremendous demand on the dunhuang academy to help other areas on cultural protection, ' ' mr. huang said. kuqa and kizil, two cave sites on the silk road in xinjiang province, have asked for help, he said, as have three sites in tibet that need expertise with the preservation of cave paintings and the shaolin monastery in henan province. the dunhuang academy has also set up an educational training course for northwest china. ' ' there is almost an endless line at their door asking for help, ' ' mr. huang said. preservation experts are hopeful about dunhuang as a model for another reason too. it is one of the first two sites in china - - the other being cheng de, the qing dynasty summer resort north of beijing - - to follow what are known as the china principles. these heritage preservation guidelines were drawn up by china ' s state administration for cultural heritage, along with the getty conservation institute and the australian heritage commission, and adopted in 2000. the china principles, which generally update existing international conventions, enshrine conservation principles and mandate an interdisciplinary management process. they require a master plan that, for example, researches and sets visitor capacity limits. these guidelines have now largely been disseminated to the provinces, which are responsible for most heritage sites. but several experts at the conference said that many local officials appeared to be ignorant of them. china has ' ' made great progress in training conservationists and establishing many legal systems in heritage conservation at different levels, ' ' said tong mingkang, a deputy director of the state administration for cultural heritage. ' ' we now have a full, complete set of legal principles. the government has spent lots of money at different levels, and these achievements make us very proud. ' ' but he conceded, ' ' we need to adopt various measures to implement the china principles. ' ' there is no enforcement mechanism for the standards. zhang webin, a former director of china ' s heritage administration, was even harsher. ' ' we still lack a strategic plan, ' ' he said. ' ' some don ' t understand the depth of conservation. we need to train professionals, particularly professionals with foreign experience. we need to have a complete law system. ' ' in the meantime experts are looking to the dunhuang academy, an appropriate view for perhaps more than one reason. dunhuang means ' '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47762680888026776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0c2612c-b589-4ca7-87b2-d1937e7b0235>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.582321"}
{"text": "tue may 15, 2012 aletta becomes western hemisphere ' s first tropical storm of 2012 aletta \u2014 a modest tropical storm spinning of the western coast of mexico with 40 mph winds \u2014 is already special because of two reasons : it the first tropical storm in the western hemisphere and it has now broken a 41 - day streak in which earth did not see a cyclone. jeff masters at weather underground provides a little more detail : - - second : \" the formation of aletta ends a 41 - day streak without a tropical storm anywhere in the world. according to the uk met office, the 41 - day period storm - less period is the longest span earth has gone without a tropical storm in at least 70 years. \" aletta, by the way, is not expected to bother anyone. that ' s why the washington post jumps ahead and asks : does this early storm \u2014 the atlantic hurricane season doesn ' t start until june 1 \u2014 mean we ' re in for an early start? \" the birth of aletta in the eastern pacific signals activity is picking up in tropical regions around the world, \" the capital weather gang reports. \" the agitated appearance of the cloud field in the eastern pacific suggests there may be more development there in during the next few days. \" back in april, william gray, the legendary meteorologist, released his forecast ( pdf ) for the hurricane season. he said he expected a season with \" reduced activity. \" \" we anticipate a below - average probability for major hurricanes making landfall along the united states coastline and in the caribbean, \" gray wrote.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4181145337855501, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81fb2b76-f043-447b-afb3-6a95560d40a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.587903"}
{"text": "likewise, the human foot ' s structure has evolved in a way that also causes problems. there are 26 bones in the foot, and as a whole it ' s not designed to shield us from pain. in fact, there ' s ancient evidence of ankle sprains, osteoarthritis and fractured ankles, back to the origins of upright walking, desilva said. the arch is an area of the foot that particularly causes a lot of problems - - so why do we have them? there are two leading theories, desilva said. one is that the arch acts as a shock absorber, taking up many of the forces within the foot during walking to prevent them from reaching the joints. the other idea is being developed by scientists such as daniel lieberman ' s group at harvard ; they look at how the arch is made of ligaments that can stretch and recoil in relation to the mechanics of running. and how about the chronic pain from wisdom teeth? although these \" third molars \" may not make you smarter, they are actually connected to the evolution of the human brain, said alan mann, anthropologist at princeton university. the size of our brains is more than three times that of our ancient ancestors, mann said. the architecture of the brain case had to change to accommodate that, and so did the way that the facial skeleton fit with the cranial skeleton. thousands of years ago, a gene mutation appeared that ' s associated with an absence of wisdom teeth. this is especially pronounced in some groups ; about 45 percent of inuits are missing third molars, mann said. neanderthal adults, on the other hand, appear to have consistently had wisdom teeth. walking upright on two feet also makes childbirth tricky, said karen rosenberg of the university of delaware. our species has come up with a cultural solution : have someone there to help, be it a midwife or an obstetrician, to mitigate the risks that come with the birth process. \" evolution has been functional in ourselves, yet we are suffering these problems, \" mann said. \" and many of those problems are going to remain as part of our biology. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4326129564355315, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6666822-75c3-489b-b4f5-26e44cc29a73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.591101"}
{"text": "dental disease primer caries or tooth decay can start at any age. the required elements for decay are susceptible teeth, bacteria in the mouth, and certain foods which contain sugar. the tooth decay process begins with a soft, sticky layer of bacteria called plaque. within the plaque matrix are particular bacteria that metabolize the sugar and starches in the foods we eat to produce acids. the plaque holds this acid against the teeth. each time this acid is produced it attacks the tooth enamel for about 20 - 30 minutes. these chronic repeated attacks begin to break down the enamel to create a cavity. once this occurs, the cavity spreads inward to the center of the tooth called the pulp. at this point an abscess can form at the end of the root that causes severe pain. treatment is needed to prevent further decay or this destructive process will result in tooth loss. warning signs of tooth decay are : \u2022 a tooth sensitive to heat, cold or sweets \u2022 pain during chewing \u2022 swelling or drainage at or below the gum line \u2022 a white spot on a tooth \u2022 a dark spot on a tooth \u2022 persistent discomfort in the mouth or sinus early childhood caries ( ecc ) \u2022 a severe rapidly developing form of tooth decay in infants and young children \u2022 can effect all teeth however classically found in the front incisors which erupt first, at about 6 months, and are least protected by saliva \u2022 baby bottle tooth decay \u2022 nursing caries severe ecc may lead to... \u2022 extreme pain \u2022 spread of infection \u2022 difficulty chewing, poor nutrition, below average weight \u2022 extensive and costly dental treatment \u2022 high risk of dental decay and crooked bite in adult teeth \u2022 poor self - esteem, behavioral and social interaction problems \u2022 speech development problems \u2022 lost school days and difficulty learning how teeth develop decay \u2022 dental decay is the most common chronic disease of childhood : 6 % of 1 year old 22 % of 2 year old 35 % of 3 year old 48 % of 4 year old periodontal disease or gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in the adult population. although most tooth loss from periodontal disease occurs in adulthood, early signs of the disease may be witnessed in adolescents. periodontal disease attacks the gums, bone, and other structures that hold the teeth in the jaws. the toxins produced by bacteria in plaque inflame the gums, making them swollen and tender. prone to bleeding, the tissues worsen as the accumulating plaque colonizes on the teeth and hardens into calculus ( tartar ) that collects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4792079841529271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8767d6f-bb13-476c-a66b-ebf7dff5f9dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.596434"}
{"text": "toxins produced by bacteria in plaque inflame the gums, making them swollen and tender. prone to bleeding, the tissues worsen as the accumulating plaque colonizes on the teeth and hardens into calculus ( tartar ) that collects under the gum line. calculus cannot be removed by brushing and flossing. only scaling by the hygienist or dentist can remove calculus. as plaque and calculus continue to form, the gums become red, swollen, tender, and prone to bleeding. this condition known as gingivitis can be reversed by thorough plaque removal and regular periodontal maintenance by the hygienist. in many cases untreated gingivitis can lead to a more severe condition called periodontitis. although gingivitis may progress to periodontitis it is not clearly proven that periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis. in the most common form of destructive periodontal disease the gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets between the teeth and gums. these crevices fill with bacteria, and become deeper. the gums, bone, and other structures supporting the teeth are seriously compromised and the teeth may pathologically drift and loosen. surgery may be needed to save the teeth or they may have to be extracted. current research demonstrates that periodontal disease is a widespread disease that may not necessarily progress slowly and can eventually result in tooth loss. dental researchers now believe the content rather than the amount of plaque may play a more important role in the development of the disease process. it has only been in the past few years that researchers have been able to identify the specific microorganisms in plaque associated with various forms of periodontal disease. other changes in thinking are that the disease is not generalized or slowly progressive. a patient may have one or more active sites, with the rest of the mouth showing no signs of periodontal disease. the disease may also move in bursts of activity rather than progress at a continuous pace. these new findings are challenging the profession to find new ways to diagnose and treat periodontal disease. other factors that may contribute to the progression of periodontal disease include smoking or chewing tobacco, metabolic diseases like diabetes, hormonal changes ranging from puberty to pregnancy, harmful habits presenting as clenching, mouth breathing and grinding, and finally growth and development processes such as misaligned teeth and a bad bite. warning signs of gum disease include : \u2022 gums that bleed on brushing and flossing \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46808006911848904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8767d6f-bb13-476c-a66b-ebf7dff5f9dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.597332"}
{"text": "to pregnancy, harmful habits presenting as clenching, mouth breathing and grinding, and finally growth and development processes such as misaligned teeth and a bad bite. warning signs of gum disease include : \u2022 gums that bleed on brushing and flossing \u2022 red, swollen or tender gums \u2022 gums that have receded from the tooth structure \u2022 suppurative exudate ( pus ) discharging from the gums \u2022 teeth that are loose or drifting \u2022 changes in the fit of the bite \u2022 persistent bad breath or a sour taste juvenile periodontitis is a rare form of periodontal disease that affects adolescents and young adults. here the mouth appears healthy with little inflammation or discomfort. loose teeth are the first sign of trouble. x - rays will reveal that the vital bone around molar teeth and upper incisors has been destroyed. treatment may include surgery and antibiotic therapy by the periodontist team member at kids dental. malocclusion refers to the irregular way teeth or jaws fit together. the causes of malocclusion can be inherited or acquired. tooth size, jaw size, cleft palate, congenitally missing teeth, and other abnormalities are examples of inherited causes. acquired causes include premature loss of teeth, mouth breathing and other harmful habits such as tongue thrusting and thumb sucking. if left untreated, malocclusion may cause abnormal pressure on the teeth, resulting in uneven wear and / or periodontal disease. effective plaque removal is difficult to practice when the teeth are not in proper alignment. malocclusion can also lead to digestive disorders caused by improper chewing. speech, social and emotional problems may result if the malocclusion is not corrected. the treatment of malocclusion is provided by the orthodontist team member at kids dental, a dentist who has additional training in this area of dentistry. the most common sites of oral cancer are the tongue, floor of the mouth, lips, soft palate and tonsillar area. since oral cancers vary widely in appearance, they are often difficult to recognize. this is why it is important to have regular check - ups and perform monthly self exams. the warning signs of oral cancerous lesions are : \u2022 any swelling, lump or growth located in the head or neck area. \u2022 a sore that does not heal after two weeks \u2022 white or red patches in the mouth or on the lips \u2022 repeated bleeding from the mouth or throat \u2022 difficulty in swallowing or persistent hoarseness \u2022 in leukemia the symptoms are red swollen gums", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4653246869014899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8767d6f-bb13-476c-a66b-ebf7dff5f9dd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.598227"}
{"text": "rusty steel wool experiment children love to learn and experiment with new things. try this easy science experiment that is fun to do and will teach your kids about chemical reactions. what you need : - 5 small jars with lids - wire wool - boiled water - bicarbonate of soda line up the small glass jars and place a small piece of wire wool in each jar. label the jars as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 so that you can record what you have placed in each container. pour water into your first container labelled ' 1 ' and put the lid on it. pour boiled water into the second container labelled ' 2 ' and put the lid on it. leave the third container labelled ' 3 ' open and exposed to the air ( air contains water vapour ). mix some salt with tap water and pour this into the fouth jar labelled ' 4 ' and place the lid on it. add a pinch of bicarbonate of soda to the fith container labelled ' 5 ' and place the lid on it. leave the jars for one day. check the jars the next day and write down your observations. - rust is a very common chemical reaction which happens to iron and the metals containing iron. rust is caused by a combination of water and air and is exalerated up by adding salt to the equation. - the jar to show rust first should be number ' 4 ' as it has salt added to the water. - containers ' 1 ' and ' 3 ' will begin to rust more slowly. - containers ' 2 ' and ' 5 ' will only start to show rust if there is air and water vapours trapped under the lid in each jar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5294252107034966, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4269d5ef-238e-42fb-9406-ed84c8ae2f9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.599797"}
{"text": "anzac day is one of australia ' s most important national holidays. april 25th is the anniversary of the first major battle fought by australia and new zealand during world war i. they celebrate it just like we celebrate veterans and remembrance day. a brief history anzac stands for australian and new zealand army corps. the soldiers who fought for these countries were known as anzacs. a year after world war i broke out, the anzacs set out to capture the gallipoli peninsula in turkey so allied navies could get to the black sea. when they landed at gallipoli on april 25th, the allies couldn ' t defeat the turkish who were defending the area. for eight months the two groups battled it out. by the end of 1915, both sides in the war had suffered thousands of casualties and the allies withdrew from gallipoli. how it ' s observed services are held at dawn, which is the same time the anzacs landed in turkey. later in the day, men and women who served in different wars march throughout cities and towns and ceremonies are held at war memorials around the two countries. did u know? - what some people don ' t know is that all the men who fought during the eight - month battle at gallipoli, including the 8, 000 who died, were all volunteers. in other countries, soldiers were drafted ( there was a mandatory sign - up ) to fight in the war. - anzac day is also observed in the cook islands, samoa and tonga. - there is a city called gallipoli within the gallipoli peninsula but visitors to the area often stay in other towns close by like the ancient city of troy. - the last - known australian surivor of the battle of gallipoli, alec campbell, died in may 2002.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3962527728963368, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57b6814a-60fa-4f80-9a89-8b26ddf467b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.603116"}
{"text": "wendy c. fries brunilda nazario, md smile and say cheese! february is children ' s dental health month, time to make sure tots, tweens, and teens are getting the tooth care they need. even tiny tots need regular checkups, just like mom and dad. the american dental association recommends kids start getting checkups at about age 1, or when their first tooth appears. yet even before then it ' s important to care for your child ' s teeth and gums. though they ' ll eventually lose them, baby teeth help a child speak and chew well, and also create a path for the permanent teeth that follow. to care for baby and toddler dental health : though your preteen and teenager will still receive care from their pediatric dentist, essentially their basic dental health needs are similar to adults. they ( and you! ) should : and be sure your kids know that if those pearly whites are to last a lifetime they ' re not to be used as ice crushers, fork tine straighteners, and potato chip bag openers. now, smile and say cheese! sources : american dental association : \" teens : diet and oral health, \" \" baby ' s first teeth, \" \" tooth eruption : the primary teeth. \" webmd feature : \" helpful hints for healthy teeth. \" webmd medical reference provided in collaboration with cleveland clinic : \" dental health : nutrition and your child ' s teeth, \" dental health : caring for your baby ' s teeth. \" american academy of family physicians : \" dental hygiene : how to care for your child ' s teeth. \" american academy of pediatric dentistry : \" dental care for your baby. \" here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of newssource 16 the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38875141762592247, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c693be0-76ac-43fd-a60d-d5755f99dfed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.606111"}
{"text": "argentina ' s president thinks eating pig meat is really sexy. a new warning may have consumers thinking twice before eating pork chops. a sample of raw pork products from supermarkets around the united states found a dangerous bacteria present in the meats that put children most at risk. yersinia enterocolitica, a lesser - known food - borne pathogen, was present in 69 percent of the pork products tested, according to a study released today by consumer reports. more than 100, 000 americans are affected by the bacteria a year, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. for every case that is confirmed with a laboratory test, about 120 more cases escape diagnosis. the bacteria can hit hard. symptoms can include fever, cramps and bloody diarrhea. in the consumer reports study, ground pork turned out to be riskier than pork chops. in the samples taken, 69 percent tested positive for yersenia and 11 percent for enterococcus, which can indicate fecal contamination. \u201c the results were concerning, \u201d urvashi rangan, one of the authors of the report, told abcnews. com. \u201c it \u2019 s hard to say that there was no problem. it shows that there needs to be better hygiene at animal plants. yersinia wasn \u2019 t even being monitored for. \u201d in response, the pork producer ' s council argued the methods used by consumer reports did not provide an adequate estimate of the bacteria from the samples. despite the findings, cooking the pork properly and thoroughly can kill the bacteria. pork cuts should be cooked to 145 degrees, while ground pork needs to reach a temperature of 160 degrees to kill the bacteria. however, it can easily spread to various kitchen surfaces. \u201c anything that touches raw meat should go into the dishwasher before touching anything else, \u201d rangan said. \u201d juices from raw meat that touch the counter should be washed with hot soapy water. \u201d the u. s. department of agriculture said the findings \u201c affirm that companies are meeting the established guidelines for protecting the public \u2019 s health. in a statement, the department says : \u201c usda will remain vigilant against emerging and evolving threats to the safety of america \u2019 s supply of meat, poultry and processed egg products, and we will continue to work with the industry to ensure companies are following food safety procedures in addition to looking for new ways to strengthen the protection of public health. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4029021061126531, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c9db35e-938e-4445-8374-5600e6971d03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.608679"}
{"text": "wed december 19, 2012 peak farmland? some researchers say it ' s here originally published on wed december 19, 2012 1 : 34 pm if you ' re looking for a dash of optimism about the future \u2014 and who isn ' t, these days? \u2014 you can find it in a rosy new prediction about the planet ' s ability to produce food for the next half - century. it comes to us from a trio of researchers at rockefeller university. their bottom line : we have more than enough land to grow all the food that the world ' s increasing population will desire. in fact, farmers ' ability to grow more food on less land will even outrun demand for that food, and farmers will abandon land once used to grow crops. as the researchers put it, \" we are confident that we stand on the peak of cropland use, gazing at a wide expanse of land that will be spared for nature. \" globally, they predict that farmers will release an area bigger than egypt, or the equivalent of ten iowas. now, before you go and cross off \" food supply \" from your list of things to worry about, i must tell you that some other crystal balls show a darker vision of the future. the united nations ' food and agriculture organization, for instance, thinks that feeding humanity in 2050 will require farmers to grow crops on an additional quarter of a million square miles, or five iowas. there are even scenarios that show agriculture gobbling up natural ecosystems equal in size to the entire u. s. what produces such wildly different visions of the future? basically, it comes down to a few key assumptions about supply and demand for food. the rockefeller group, for instance, says that demand for meat, and in particular, beef, is not increasing as quickly as some have predicted. chinese are eating more meat as they get richer, but they are not duplicating the meat - heavy diets of many other countries. the single most important assumption, however, concerns farmers ' ability to increase the amount of food they can grow from each acre of land. the rockefeller university group assumes that farmers will continue to increase their crop yields at roughly the same pace as they have since 1961 \u2014 some 1. 7 percent per year. others, like the fao and the international food policy research institute, don ' t believe that ' s likely. yield increases have been much lower \u2014 about 1. 2 percent per year \u2014 over the past 20 years. and that ' s before one even considers the impact of the climate change, which could be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47023815374847777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f6a7fee-9c05-46da-beb4-b88a66733c7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.612331"}
{"text": "the trojan asteroids lie in jupiter ' s orbit equidistant from jupiter and the sun. they are an example of what is known as the restricted three - body problem : the motion of a small body, an asteroid, under the influence of two massive bodies whose motion is not affected by the presence of the asteroid. the gravitational forces exerted by the sun and jupiter combine to give the asteroid a stable orbit with jupiter ' s period of rotation. ( some trigonometry is needed to show that the trojan site forms an equilateral triangle with the sun and jupiter ). in the applet, the massive bodies executing circular orbits about their common centre of mass can have mass ratios ranging from 9 up to the value for sun - earth system. it is convenient to view the motion of the asteroid in a frame rotating with the massive bodies. this is a non - inertial frame, and both centrifugal ( - m w x ( w x r ) ) and coriolis ( - 2 m w x v ) forces appear in newton ' s law. viewed in the rotating frame, the asteroid in a stable orbit remains at rest at the point where the net gravitational attraction balances the repulsive centrifugal force. points with this property show up clearly on a color plot of the effective potential in the rotating frame. this potential is the sum of three negative terms : a centrifugal potential that varies as the square of the distance from the centre of mass ( much like an \" upside down \" harmonic potential ), and two gravitational wells centered on the massive bodies. points where the effective potential falls within a specified range share a common color, and the scale factor is adjusted to place the trojan site near a color boundary. such plots usually use linear or logarithmic scales, but here an inverse scale is used to give suitable numbers and widths of the color bands ( this produces color bands of constant width near a massive body ). the plot is centred on the centre of mass of the system, with the more massive body ( m ) on the left and the less massive body ( m ) a distance d to its right. choose a mass ratio, and press either \" tro \" for an orbit starting near a trojan site or \" sad \" for an orbit starting near a saddle point ( a point of equilibrium on the centreline ). the most prominent features of the potential plots are the red regions surrounding the trojan sites. as the red regions are the crests of hills, it is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5541018544094933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f3ce9dc-a162-41b8-a378-42a369a5def2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.618938"}
{"text": "for an orbit starting near a saddle point ( a point of equilibrium on the centreline ). the most prominent features of the potential plots are the red regions surrounding the trojan sites. as the red regions are the crests of hills, it is not obvious that a trojan orbit can be stable. as the mass ratio changes, the shape of a crest changes, but it remains a crest. it can be shown analytically that orbits for m / m greater than 25 are stable, but the calculation requires more than the trigonometry needed to find the equilateral triangle. the numerical study of stability, on the other hand, requires only the feynman algorithm for velocity - dependent forces ( such as the coriolis force ). each plot shows the path taken by the asteroid when it is released from rest ( in the rotating frame ) with a y - displacement of d / 400 ( about 1 / 3 of a pixel ) from the equilibrium site. for a trojan site, the displacement puts the asteroid on the far side of the hill from the centre of mass, and initially it moves outward as we would expect. as soon as it acquires a significant velocity, the coriolis force deflects it to the right ( in a frame rotating counterclockwise ). what happens then depends on the mass ratio. for low mass ratios it spirals outward. for intermediate mass ratios it traces out loops close to the trojan site. at higher mass ratios the potential crest becomes an elongated ridge, and the orbit bumps its way around it. on 9 nov 02 my car radio informed me that an asteroid the size of a football field had recently been found to share the earth ' s orbit. in a frame rotating with the earth, it was said to have a horseshoe - shaped orbit. as i drove along, i visualized the crest i had already plotted for jupiter turning into a ridge that circles the sun, and the asteroid bouncing along the crest in a horseshoe orbit until it turns at a low point near the earth. that evening i extended the trojan applet to include the sun / earth mass ratio, and found the horseshoe orbit plotted here. it has a period of 160 years. if you select the \" sad \" option, the program finds the three equilibrium points that lie on the m / m axis, one outside each mass, and one between them. they are all saddle points : the region they are in is bounded by different colors in the x and y directions. the axis and the force are shown in white on the plot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522323199658411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f3ce9dc-a162-41b8-a378-42a369a5def2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.620915"}
{"text": "m / m axis, one outside each mass, and one between them. they are all saddle points : the region they are in is bounded by different colors in the x and y directions. the axis and the force are shown in white on the plot, and a bisection algorithm is used to locate the equilibrium points. if a trojan hill can produce a stable orbit there is no reason to assume that a saddle point cannot. the program tests stability using the same y - displacement used at a trojan site. the saddle points on either side of m are unstable for all mass ratios, but the one to the left of m generates a horseshoe orbit for the sun / jupiter and sun / earth systems. ( note that the other two saddle points are not plotted for these systems, and that the postscript program does not deal with any of the saddle points ). the trojan and horseshoe orbits are closely - related examples of stable orbits : closed curves that rotate about the centre of mass in sync with m. horseshoe orbits can be generated for both the sun / jupiter and sun / earth systems with a d / 400 y - displacement from the left saddle point. a trojan orbit can be generated for the sun / earth system with a d / 1600 y - displacement from the trojan site. a horseshoe orbit can be generated for the sun / jupiter system with a d / 70 ( 2 pixel ) y - displacement from the trojan site. ( the size of the displacement needed can be seen on the horseshoe orbit generated from the saddle point ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337571535836598, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f3ce9dc-a162-41b8-a378-42a369a5def2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.621747"}
{"text": "the axle on your vehicle is the structural component that connects two wheels together on opposite sites. it ' s a load - bearing assembly that acts like a central shaft, maintaining the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. the construction of your axle is designed according to what your vehicle is built for ; trucks and off - road vehicles are equipped with axles that keep the wheel positions steady under heavy stress ( ideal for supporting heavy loads ), while conventional axles are constructed for the needs of the general consumer. but no matter what you drive, remember that your vehicle ' s axle must bear the weight of your vehicle ( plus any cargo ) and the acceleration forces between you and the ground. so when it comes to axle inspection, we are your source for professional, knowledgeable service \u2014 essential for the equipment that carries you and your family to wherever you need to go. here is a brief description of the most common axle design : simply put, a drive axle is one that is driven by the engine. typically found in modern front wheel drive vehicles, a drive axle is split between two half axles, with differential and universal joints between them. each half axle is connected to the wheel by a third joint \u2014 the constant velocity ( cv ) joint \u2014 that allows the wheels to move freely. this joint allows the shaft to rotate, transmitting power at a constant speed without a significant increase in friction and heat. cv joints are usually dependable, but, as is the case for all of your vehicle ' s moving equipment, they do require regular inspection. an easy way for you to tell if you need to see us for axle repair is to go out to a large space ( such as a parking lot ), and slowly drive in tight circles. if you hear a clicking or cracking noise, you have a worn joint, and it must be repaired immediately. we will have you back on the road, \" click - free \" in no time!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49281623441440897, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f03a3351-b592-4372-bb0e-93a4de949749>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.623774"}
{"text": "avantouinti is the finnish word for \" winter swimming \". it may sound to many like masochism taken to ridiculous lengths, but it is becoming increasingly popular in finland where 10 % of the population have tried it and there are more than 80, 000 regular winter swimmers who tout the therapeutic benefits of winter swimming. the typical swimmer is not some grizzled macho - type, but a middle - aged woman with a clerical job. q : what is avantouinti? q : what happens when you jump into cold water? sudden immersion in ice cold water can result in an involuntary gasp followed by 1 - 3 minutes of involuntary hyperventilation. specific data are : 2. 0 liter gasp in 82o water and 3. 0 liter gasp in 50o water ( i. e. nearly your entire lung volume ), and in 50o water a 600 - 1, 000 percent increase in ventilation ( air in and out ) in the first minute. this hyperventilation results in a profound lowering of blood carbon dioxide levels and a raising of blood ph levels. the strain placed on the heart are not likely to be a problem for a healthy, fit person but may be dangerous for those with underlying heart disease or hypertension. professor william r. keating from the university of london indicates that there is little health risk in cold - water swimming unless a person starts suddenly at an old age. q : what is cold water shockrapid cooling of the skin triggers various heart and breathing responses. the heart rate can increase by 50 % and blood pressure increase can increase to 175 / 93. although a substantial strain on the heart, these changes are not likely to be a problem for a healthy, fit person but may be dangerous for those with underlying heart disease or hypertension. q : why is cold water swimming becoming a fitness fad? the number of people who swear by the therapeutic qualities of outdoor winter swimming have increased dramatically of late. clubs have sprung up across the country for the reason that it the ideal form of gentle health care. the benefits can be very great, it can stimulate mental processes, produce hormones which make the body able to cope with physical stresses and can increase the level of mental awareness and a feeling of well - being. it can also release stress, remove aches and pains, increase vitality and keep skin looking younger. apparently the frost is a great preserver! many even treat their asthma or arthritis with cold water swimming. q : can these events be successful fundraisers? take a look at these successful fundraisers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5364991087463973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821a3877-4e15-4e5b-a3cc-3876b0770439>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.630667"}
{"text": "pains, increase vitality and keep skin looking younger. apparently the frost is a great preserver! many even treat their asthma or arthritis with cold water swimming. q : can these events be successful fundraisers? take a look at these successful fundraisers : police plunge for pledges the third annual law enforcement polar bear plunge, with participants diving into frigid lake michigan, was held at sunrise beach march 10th in far north suburban lake bluff. police organizations from throughout the area participate in the chilly event to raise money for the special olympics. the polar bear plunge is held all over the country and this event raised more than $ 75, 000 for the charity. plunge benefits scholorship fund in memory of teen most were there, if not for the heart - stopping shock or the vicarious thrill of watching, to support the justin mello scholarship fund, which is to provide scholarships for students at anchor bay high school and leader dogs for the blind. perhaps the most startling sight was the hoochie - coochie mamas, a self - styled, self - described group of five new baltimore grandmas decked in black - and - white 1880s - era swimsuits, tumbling down the ramp arm - and - arm. \" it was cold, \" said charlene mceachin, 67, the lead grandma, expressing the day ' s most often - said sentiment. \" but it was great. \" in all, six groups entered the water. the oldest participant was 79. the youngest was 10. in the middle were vietnam veterans, county prosecutors, tanning salon employees, restaurateurs. donna hinde, spokeswoman for the new baltimore lions club, which organized the event, got on stage and announced that more than $ 21, 000 had been raised. on march 2, 2002, the law enforcement torch run held four polar bear plunges around the state to raise money for special olympics illinois about $ 80, 000 was raised as 200 people took a flying leap into lake michigan in the 4th annual polar bear plunge in lake bluff. at lake of the woods in mahomet, 35 plungers raised $ 8, 400 for eastern prairie / area 8 during its 3rd plunge. the 2nd annual rend lake plunge drew 57 plungers to marcum beach and raised $ 16, 115 to benefit southwestern / area 12, southeastern / area 14 and southern / area 15. and in its first year, the lake decatur plunge had 28 plungers and raised $ 14, 870 for central / area 10. delaware special olympics jumping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4701495788053226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821a3877-4e15-4e5b-a3cc-3876b0770439>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.631793"}
{"text": "16, 115 to benefit southwestern / area 12, southeastern / area 14 and southern / area 15. and in its first year, the lake decatur plunge had 28 plungers and raised $ 14, 870 for central / area 10. delaware special olympics jumping into the atlantic ocean in the middle of winter may seem bizarre to many but what were actually doing is helping raise funds for a very worthwhile cause \". last year, the polar bear plunge raised more than $ 100, 000 for delaware special olympics, the states largest year - round organization devoted to sport training and athletic competition for children and adults with mental retardation. q : what are the rules? can i wear protective clothing? polar bear participants must submerge their entire body, including the head, into the water. no wetsuits, drysuits or other protective clothing are allowed although footwear is legal and recommended due to safety concerns and the fact that numb feet may not feel objects in the water. costumes are a fun way to celebrate the event and are encouraged. q : i want to participate in the page - lake powell polar bear plunge. what do i do? first of all, congratulations on your decision to be a participant! print out the entry and waiver form. entry form and waiver be sure that you understand the inherent risks of cold water swimming. q : what are the benefits of becoming a polar bear member 1 ) shocking the circulatory system can produce a warm afterglow and a transcendental state that one literally needs to experience to fully understand. 2 ) it is a spiritually uplifting ritual which can surpass any normal level of comprehension. 3 ) it can reduce wrinkles. drastic temperature changes and shivering skin actually exercise shallow sub - cutaneous muscles that firm the skin. 4 ) you become part of history rooted in the european tradition of saunas and cold - water swimming. 5 ) jumping in near - freezing water wearing little more than a pair of shorts takes a brave soul. 6 ) participants build a sense of camaraderie and valued friendships that can last a lifetime. 7 ) it helps mentally by shortening the winter season and lifts bouts of depression. 8 ) it ' s a heck of lot cheaper and safer than walking on coals. q : i am 61 years old and very active - - i ' m a long distance runner. i would like to try the coney island polar bear club. will getting into that cold water for about two minutes affect my health? if it doesn ' t kill you,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44257546400631054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821a3877-4e15-4e5b-a3cc-3876b0770439>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.632900"}
{"text": "years old and very active - - i ' m a long distance runner. i would like to try the coney island polar bear club. will getting into that cold water for about two minutes affect my health? if it doesn ' t kill you, you ' ll be just fine. i ' ve known many cold - water swimmers, including members of my own family, but it ' s not for me. i don ' t mind frigid skiing, or even frostbit jogging, but icy swimming gives me the shivers just thinking about it. for me, one of the most graphic images about this comes from darwin ' s recounting of the indians of tierra del fuego bobbing up and down in the iceberg - laden waters of the magellan passage, and then sleeping bare on sleet - driven shores. i get goosebumps writing this. the point is that they got used to it, just as caravaners did crossing the sahara in the heat of the day, when you and i would burn to a crisp. the human body ' s capacity for adaptation is amazing. so clearly, the best advice for you is to train for it. maybe cold showers would help acclimatize your reflexes. i certainly don ' t think it would be wise to take even a two - minute plunge, if you ' ll excuse the expression, \" cold turkey. \" in medicine, there ' s something called the \" cold pressor test \" in which a person places his or her hand in a bucket of ice water. certain people with sensitized nervous systems react to this test with a rapid rise in blood pressure as the body tries to re - establish its equilibrium. it might be a good idea for you to have someone take your blood pressure after one of your training cool - downs to be sure you ' re not one of those hot reactors whose blood pressure soars in reaction to a cold stimulus. long - distance runners commonly have low blood pressure, but i mention this merely as a precaution. good - brrrr - luck! walter m. bortz, md, is 70 years old and believes we can plan to live to 100. he is a specialist in internal medicine at the palo alto medical clinic in california and a clinical associate professor of medicine at stanford university school of medicine. anyone with heart problems - just watch! do not drink - alcohol does not warm you up - it accelerates hypothermia. do not stay in the water longer than 15 minutes. body heat is lost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48899234001882663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:821a3877-4e15-4e5b-a3cc-3876b0770439>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.634013"}
{"text": "pananalig at pananampalataya faith and belief systems \u201c our first task in approaching another people, another culture, religion is to take off our shoes, for the place we are approaching is holy, else we may find ourselves treading on man \u2019 s dream. more seriously still, we may forget that god was there before our arrival. \u201d from cultural workers from mindanao ( pambid, 60 ) faith. \u201c faith can move mountains. \u201d this is a western aphorism. in filipino, the word is pananalig at pananampalataya, faith and belief. \u201c manalig ka sa diyos, at lakasan mo ang loob mo, may awa siya, \u201d ( \u201c have faith in god and have courage. he is merciful \u201d ) is what elders would usually say in the face of a crisis and challenging situations such as a life threatening surgery. another expression of faith that speaks to the optimism of the filipino that things would work out well in the end is \u201c bahala na, \u201d ( \u201c it is up to god \u201d ). in the face of uncertainty, leave it to god. western observers may construe this as fatalism and passivity. \u201c faith healing \u201d and \u201c faith healers \u201d abound in the philippines. faith, in majority of the poor people in the philippines, is equated with fanaticism, amulets or anting - anting, and superstitions. yet, in its true sense, it was this faith that was instrumental in the overthrow of a dictator during the 1986 people power revolution in the philippines. this faith was also the moving force that mightily resisted the onset of colonialism ; the same faith that kept the filipino people united under the domination of spain for more than 350 years. faith, a very important filipino cultural domain, permeates through the whole being of a person and the core from which one \u2019 s actions originate. ( tita pambid )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49105223630496, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40befeac-0ee4-4f3e-bc46-d1d96df03b18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.636719"}
{"text": "in general, the toc is determined by oxidizing a water sample. the produced co2 is detected and defined quantitatively. however, not all methods succeed in the complete oxidation of a sample. often enough this may result only in soc ( some organic carbon ) instead of the toc. with this oxidation method the sample will be combusted in a reactor. usually, a maximum temperature of about 1000\u00b0c will be reached, which however does not allow the complete oxidation of all carbon compounds. therefore, a catalyst, such as copper oxide or platinum, must be used at this temperatures. normally, the catalytic combustion method can handle a toc concentration of up to 4, 000 mg / l. to reach higher ranges the sample usually needs to be diluted with demin water. lar ag offers a unique and patented high temperature ( ht ) method at 1200\u00b0c. this temperature enables the complete oxidation of all carbon compounds without any catalysts. it measures toc concentrations up to 50, 000 mg / l without dilution. in a special heat resistant ceramic reactor the water sample is evaporated and all carbons are completely oxidized to co2 gas. afterwards, the co2 concentration will be analysed with a non - dispersive infrared ( ndir ) detector. thus, the tc, toc and tic can be determined within only 3 minutes. this ht method is used for both, the most challenging and highly contaminated waters ( quicktocultra, quicktocairport ) and waters relativily free of solid maters ( quicktoceffluent ). lar uses the batch injection method with the advantage that the analysers can easily handle sticky, oily and hard to oxidise dissolved and suspended organics resulting in a fast, reliable and accurate analysis. even with rapidly fluctuating toc levels the correct toc concentration will be measured, whereby peaks throughout the course of the day are determined without any memory or adsorption effects. for applications with purified water, this lar method allows the patented * simplified, ready - at - any - time calibration and validation method ( quicktoccondensate, quicktocpurity, quicktocpharma ). photochemical oxidation ( uv - persulphate method ) here the toc is oxidized by means of uv light and a digesting reagent, sodium persulphate, and the produced co2 is measured with a ndir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47016026670415945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02ba6c77-3758-4f96-a3c5-57e73541cecc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.639750"}
{"text": ". photochemical oxidation ( uv - persulphate method ) here the toc is oxidized by means of uv light and a digesting reagent, sodium persulphate, and the produced co2 is measured with a ndir detector. this method suits the determination of toc in clean water ( drinking water, condensate, boiler feed water ), since particles are hard to oxidize completely. the quicktocuv combines this technique with the direct toc method or non - purgable organic carbon ( npoc ) method, whereby the continuously provided water samples will be treated in a multi stage process. wet chemical oxidation with this method the water sample is oxidized by means of strong chemicals as oxidants such as ozone, which are slightly dangerous to health and environment. the ozone oxidation acids and bases are used to adjust the ph value of the sample along the ph scale. however, the oxidation potential of such methods is relative, since particles and more complex carbon compounds can only be partially digested or not at all. with regards to the latest standards of occupational safety and environmental protection these methods are not recommended. * pat. 10 / 583, 932 ; 2347221 ; 04803562. 0 - 2204 ; 200480038582. 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5084054290723824, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02ba6c77-3758-4f96-a3c5-57e73541cecc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.640223"}
{"text": "understanding hidden threats : botnets you ' ve most likely heard of botnets. still, even with all of the references to them in the news these days, it ' s not easy to gain a clear understanding of what they are, and how they might be affecting you. we ' ve taken a few of the most common questions sent in by lavasoft news readers, and answered them in plain and simple terms. keep reading to set the facts on botnets straight. what is a botnet? a botnet is a network of compromised, or infected, computers that hackers have commandeered. pcs that are part of a botnet are often referred to simply as \" bots \". botnets are part of the multilayered and profitable crimeware industry, where the initial step is to infect and take control of a targeted computer. pcs in a botnet are under the remote command and control of hackers. as part of that, hackers can take advantage of all of the resources on a machine ( from personal information to bandwidth ), and use it to perform malicious tasks under remote direction - all to carry out their criminal intentions. what is a zombie computer? a zombie computer is a system that has been infected and taken over remotely by cyber criminals. a collection of zombie computers makes up a botnet. what are botnets used for? botnets are controlled remotely by hackers to distribute spam, viruses, and theft schemes - and to hijack additional computers. the main motivation behind botnets, in recent years, is for monetary gain by cyber criminals. once compromised, cyber criminals have complete access to the infected machine ; they are able to load software onto it, or pull information off of it. bot herders, the hackers who control botnets, can instruct thousands of computers to follow their orders, whether it ' s to propagate spam messages, launch fraud schemes or to issue denial of service attacks, targeting certain, often high - profile, websites in order to make them unavailable to users. once bot herders compile a group of compromised machines, they can sell it to fraudsters who are then capable of using the exploited machines for identity and data theft. how do i know if my computer is part of a botnet? most owners of compromised pc are unwitting victims, never realizing that they have allowed unauthorized access to their computers. machines are infected without the knowledge of the computer user ; usually access to the system is gained through a virus, worm, or trojan. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5521403110837839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4db068cc-0215-443a-981c-55283405c019>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.644140"}
{"text": "owners of compromised pc are unwitting victims, never realizing that they have allowed unauthorized access to their computers. machines are infected without the knowledge of the computer user ; usually access to the system is gained through a virus, worm, or trojan. the symptoms of infection are generally very subtle and are not immediately apparent to the average computer user without using special tools. still, there are telltale signs and symptoms which may indicate a problem. - a slow computer the most apparent sign, according to the analysts as lavasoft malware labs, is \" slow computer \" syndrome : your internet connection becomes strangely sluggish, or your pc gets slower as you run a few programs on it simultaneously. ( however, users should note that this can also be caused by other types of malware, as well as other pc problems. ) - accused of sending spam being accused of sending spam is a sign that your system is infected and is part of a spam bot. - detecting malware responsible for bots by running an anti - spyware and anti - virus program, the security software will be able to root out an infection and classify it as a bot. - an unknown or suspicious process is running in the background on your pc if you use a firewall to monitor network traffic, the program will allow you to spot suspicious traffic on your pc. for more technically - oriented computer users, bot activity can be discovered through packet sniffer tools and knowledge about different protocols, ports, windows registry, processes and tcp / ip. this includes : - large amounts of network traffic bots often connect to remove servers ; they may use a questionable amount of bandwidth and cause network traffic even if you are not online. - irc traffic internet relay chat ( irc ) is a type of real - time internet messaging, designed mainly for group discussion forums. irc bots connect to irc as a client, performing automated functions but appearing to be another irc user. - smtp traffic simple mail transfer protocol ( smtp ) is an internet standard for e - mail across ip networks. bots may use a built - in smtp - engine to send spam to other users. - open ports open ports allows applications to multitask and use different protocols at the same time. all computer devices on a network need a channel to allow them to communicate with each other. bots may search for open ports to be able to start a synchronization or communication. to learn more about the specific steps you should be taking to prevent your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5251750468797163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4db068cc-0215-443a-981c-55283405c019>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.645247"}
{"text": "products liability law : an overview products liability refers to the liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product. this includes the manufacturer of component parts ( at the top of the chain ), an assembling manufacturer, the wholesaler, and the retail store owner ( at the bottom of the chain ). products containing inherent defects that cause harm to a consumer of the product, or someone to whom the product was loaned, given, etc., are the subjects of products liability suits. while products are generally thought of as tangible personal property, products liability has stretched that definition to include intangibles ( gas ), naturals ( pets ), real estate ( house ), and writings ( navigational charts ). products liability claims can be based on negligence, strict liability, or breach of warranty of fitness depending on the jurisdiction within which the claim is based. many states have enacted comprehensive products liability statutes. these statutory provisions can be very diverse such that the the united states department of commerce has promulgated a model uniform products liability act ( mupla ) for voluntary use by the states. there is no federal products liability law. in any jurisdiction one must prove that the product is defective. there are three types of product defects that incur liability in manufacturers and suppliers : design defects, manufacturing defects, and defects in marketing. design defects are inherent ; they exist before the product is manufactured. while the item might serve its purpose well, it can be unreasonably dangerous to use due to a design flaw. on the other hand, manufacturing defects occur during the construction or production of the item. only a few out of many products of the same type are flawed in this case. defects in marketing deal with improper instructions and failures to warn consumers of latent dangers in the product. products liability is generally considered a strict liability offense. strict liability wrongs do not depend on the degree of carefulness by the defendant. translated to products liability terms, a defendant is liable when it is shown that the product is defective. it is irrelevant whether the manufacturer or supplier exercised great care ; if there is a defect in the product that causes harm, he or she will be liable for it. the law of products liability is found mainly in common law ( state judge - made law ) and in the uniform commercial code. article 2 of the ucc deals with the sales of goods and it has been adopted by most states. in it, the most important products liability sections are the implied and express warrant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5277328305102231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:920b98c8-bf46-47c2-87d4-90eea199f714>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.648291"}
{"text": "chapter 5 - iii of the olympic charter, which is \" the codification of the fundamental principles of olympism, rules and bye - laws adopted by the international olympic committee ( ' ioc ' ) [ which ] governs the organisation, action and operation of the olympic movement \", splits the ' olympic programme ' into ( rule 45. 2 ) : \u2022 sports \u2013 those sports governed by international federations ( ' ifs ' ) ; \u2022 disciplines \u2013 a branch of sport comprising one or several events ; and \u2022 events \u2013 are competitions in a sport or one of its disciplines, that result in a ranking and giving rise to the award of medals and diplomas. so far so good. bye - law 2 to rule 45 ( blr 45. 2 ) says that the programme consists of a sports core and additional sports ( blr 126. 96. 36. 199 ). the core includes 25 sports from those governed by a designated list of ifs ( blr 188. 8. 131. 52 ). not all ifs are on this list. for example the world squash federation or the federation internationale de l ' automobile ( ' fia ' ) for motorsports. as to the latter, the ioc does not usually consider sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, although the fia has since january this year temporary recognition by the ioc. the amount of sports in total is capped at 28 ( blr 184. 108. 40. 206 ). however many people say that, of the current sports, football and tennis should not be in the olympics as winning a gold medal is not the pinnacle, rather the world cup and the grand slams are. some sports have special criteria for olympic participation, like boxing where they have to be amateurs, and football has the same in that the players have to be under 23 ( except for the 3 players allowed in the squad over the age limit. ) however, international footballers under 23 are often already competing in the world cup. this begs the question : what is the criteria for a sport to be considered for inclusion in the olympics? on the ioc website under ' how does a sport become olympic? ' it says the following, \" to make it onto the olympic programme, a sport first has to be recognised : it must be administered by an if which ensures that the sport ' s activities follow the olympic charter. if it is widely practised around the world and meets a number of criteria established by the ioc session, a recognised sport may be added to the olympic programme on the recommendation of the ioc ' s olympic programme commission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4795206348681304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2811518f-5a8d-4965-8144-6217f5c793a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.653464"}
{"text": "' s activities follow the olympic charter. if it is widely practised around the world and meets a number of criteria established by the ioc session, a recognised sport may be added to the olympic programme on the recommendation of the ioc ' s olympic programme commission. \" there criteria are to be found in the ioc document ' evaluation criteria for sports and disciplines - 2012 '. there are 8 themes ( general, governance, history and tradition, universality, popularity, athletes, development of the if / sport and finance ) under which sits 39 criteria and 74 items. an analysis of this document may well be the subject of a further blog at a later date but all that there is to say presently is that it is a comprehensive set of criteria for the ioc session to consider. the last group of sports to attempt to be included for the games was for 2016 in rio de janeiro : golf, squash, rugby sevens, baseball, softball, roller sports, ruby sevens and karate. in october 2009 at the olympic congress in copenhagen the members of the ioc voted for golf and rugby sevens to be included. rugby sevens cruised through with 81 votes to eight, whilst golf ' s election by 63 votes to 27 came after a tough final 72 hours of campaigning. the international golf federation had to overcome complaints about the voting process and the fact that some high profile clubs exclude women members ( e. g. augusta national, home of the masters, and st andrews, the base for the royal & ancient golf ' s governing body ). in my opinion the purpose of the olympic games is to provide a platform to showcase sports, and their competitors, that have little or no exposure in the intervening four years between olympiad, which makes winning medals the pinnacle of that sport. this should be the principal criteria for inclusion above any other and is why i watch the olympics. those sports selected should be aligned as closely as possible to amateur values and the corinthian spirit. for this reason tennis, as mentioned above, and indeed golf due to the four majors, should not be in the olympics. if golf wants to be included the field should be exclusively amateurs like boxing. indeed there are already strong amateur championships and team competitions. on the other hand i applaud the introduction of rugby sevens. winning a gold medal would be the pinnacle for those that play, as they are not often professionals in the 15 - a - side format of the game. also it is a fun game to watch, with a large potential for growth around the world, especially outside the established territories of the uk, france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4932244971380373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2811518f-5a8d-4965-8144-6217f5c793a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.654530"}
{"text": "in order that a clearer idea may be had of the possible proceedings of a deliberative assembly, the motions will be set forth together, properly divided and the order prescribed. 196. first \u2014 the main question. \u2014 the main question is the subject of deliberation, which may be introduced by a member, or by the report of a committee, or may come from another branch of the legislature or convocation, or from another branch of the government. 197. second \u2014 subsidiary motions. \u2014 subsidiary motions are those which directly concern the main question, and relate to the progress of that particular piece of business. they are of different rank, by which it is meant that some have precedence over the others. in the enumerations which follow they are stated in order of precedence. those of superior rank precede those of inferior rank ; those of the same rank have no precedence over each other. first rank. \u2014 question of consideration ; not amendable and not debatable ; applicable only to the main question. second rank. \u2014 motion to lay on the table ; not amendable and not debatable. third rank. \u2014 motion to postpone to a day certain ; amendable and debatable. motion for the previous question ; not amendable and not debatable. motion for indefinite postponement ; not amendable ; not only debatable as to itself, but opens up the debate on the main question. motion to commit ; debatable and amendable. all motions of the third rank are of equal right, and when one is pending it must be disposed of before another can be moved. fourth rank. \u2014 motion to amend ; amendable and debatable. 198. privileged questions. \u2014 privileged questions are those which arise out of the needs of the assembly as a deliberative body. they have precedence over the main question, and over all subsidiary questions, because they concern the whole body and are essential to its needs. first, to adjourn. second, to fix the time to which to adjourn. ( see secs. 171 - 174 as to precedence. ) third, to take a recess. fourth, a question of privilege concerning the assembly. fifth, a question of privilege concerning the individual members. in a general way, it may be said that these questions have rank in the order named ; that is, each is entitled to be put before the other in the above order. but this statement is subject to exceptions, which have been already explained. ( see secs. 168", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244404635935895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e35b23f-99d7-43d1-a26a-5e126f1839a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.660055"}
{"text": "may be said that these questions have rank in the order named ; that is, each is entitled to be put before the other in the above order. but this statement is subject to exceptions, which have been already explained. ( see secs. 168 - 171. ) 199. incidental questions. \u2014 incidental questions are those which arise out of the needs of the orderly conduct of such business as comes before the assembly, whether it relates to the main question or to the privileged questions. they are : first, questions of order. second, reading of papers. third, withdrawal of a motion. fourth, suspension of a rule. fifth, division of the question. sixth, motions as to method of consideration. a question of order has precedence over all the others, provided it is made at once, but has no standing if the business has been entered upon, or in the case of unparliamentary language the offending member has been allowed to proceed. a point of order must be made at once or is deemed to be waived. if there be confusion, rising and endeavoring to make the point saves all rights. the other incidental motions have no precedence over each other, and each must be decided before another can be put, and before any action on the question which was pending when the incidental motion was entertained. 200. practical illustration of order of motions. \u2014 to illustrate the order of motions, we can imagine a very long series pending at the same time, as, for example : first, main question. third, amendment to the amendment. fourth, motion for previous question. fifth, point of order, as to the previous question. sixth, question of privilege. seventh, motion to adjourn. here are seven questions pending, and the question of privilege may raise many more. many more also may come up as each question is passed upon by the assembly. these motions are all to be put in the reverse order. first, the motion to adjourn ; if negatived, then, second, question of privilege ( see sec. 178 ) ; third, point of order, to be decided by the chair subject to appeal ; fourth, previous question ; fifth, amendment to amendment ; sixth, amendment ; seventh, main question. this is the order if nothing interferes ; but, to illustrate the possibility of the situation, let us add some of the things likely to happen. after the motion to adjourn is negatived the question of privilege ( 2d ) may of itself develop into a main question with all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471596839057962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e35b23f-99d7-43d1-a26a-5e126f1839a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.661144"}
{"text": "torn pages are very common in well - used books such as these textbooks and sunday school books. if a small tear is left unmended, it can easily become a larger tear or even a loss ( when a piece of the page goes missing ). paper repair for special collections materials is done with very thin japanese paper and wheat starch paste. paste is the preferred adhesive because it is water soluble. if the repair should ever have to be undone, it can easily be removed in water. when completed, the repair should be almost invisible. this page was extremely fragile and there were large voids. these were filled with a thin japanese paper to support what was left of the original. knowles, james d. ( james davis ), 1798 - 1838 life of mrs. ann h. judson, late missionary to burmah ; with an account of the american baptist mission to that empire. philadelphia, american sunday school union, 1830 description : 266 p., front. ( port. ) plates 15 cm. many of the pages in this book were stained with an oil - like substance. in the worst affected areas, the paper has actually been eaten away. removing the stains may be impossible, but the paper can be washed and then reinforced with japanese paper to stop further damage. prescott, a. b. ( albert benjamin ), 1832 - 1905 first book in qualitative chemistry new york : d. van nostrand, 1892. edition 7th ed., rev. qd83. p74 1892 description : 162, p. ; 19 cm. white, emerson e. ( emerson elbridge ), 1829 - 1902 a new complete arithmetic : uniting oral and written exercises new york : american book co., c1883. qa103. w63 1883b description : 362 p. : ill. ; 19 cm. when the pages of a book look like this, there is bound to be some damage to the textblock. in this case, the book needs extensive paper repair and to be resewn. many of the pages had been torn from the textblock. after the book is disbound, the pages will be repaired so they can be sewn again. the last several pages of the book were extensively damaged and missing large sections. many of these school books have scribbles and doodles from their original owners. while surface dirt is removed from soiled pages, such marking are not removed since they are part of the provenance of the volume. when the original", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4349952745080897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38820553-7653-491d-9afb-8ddb78ba7725>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.665856"}
{"text": "the life 2. 0 project aims at generating innovative services to support elderly people \u2019 s independent living. the services will use location technologies and social networking to enhance elderly peolocalple \u2019 s access to information about what happens in their neighborhood. the project will be based on the hypothesis that technological infrastructure, such as web applications ( e. g. google maps, social networks ) internet based communication tools ( e. g. skype or twitter ), and geographicalpositioning tols ( e. g. gps devices ) can be integrated in meaningful applications that allow elderly people to \u201c extend \u201d their social life beyond the walls of their home, to increase the possibility to create \u201c intersections \u201d between their life and the life of other people ( elderly or younger ) around them and to create an \u201c augmented neighborhood \u201d, in which individual capabilities are exchanged and social interaction is enhanced. such applications can provide elderly people with a constantly updated map of friends, relatives, helpers and services available in the area. having a chance to know who is around would make it easier to find someone to spend some time together, to join for a walk or for lunch, to ask for a favor or for help. the challenges and the innovation content the challenges of this project, and consequently the area were this project is expected to produce innovative knowledge, can be exemplified in the following questions : - to what extent can the use of those application support social and healthcare services in local context? can those applications really support the activation of elderly people and reduce the costs of healthcare services? what technologies can be used to support people working in those services? how can those technologies be integrated in those people \u2019 s everyday life? - can new forms of social / support service emerge from the use of those technologies? can elderly people become providers of some of those services, beside being the target for traditional health services? - social networks have been developed for youngsters or relatively young adults, can they be used by the elderly, too? what kind of change would motivate elderly people to use those technologies? - elderly people have always been unfamiliar with computers, however the coming generation of elderly people will have spent a good part of their professional work using computers. to what extent will this facilitate the creation of social networks for the elderly? 5. social networks are substantially indifferent to geographical location : facebook or skype can be used in the same way by people working in the same building or people communicating across the planet. yet some applications, such as google maps, are giving more relevance to geographical locations ; but can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5174339088365864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10be7c39-4d15-4174-a738-b61a6972fa02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.670806"}
{"text": "what is a medical oncologist? a medical oncologist is a physician specializing in nonsurgical cancer treatment. they focus on hormone and drug treatments, such as chemotherapy. many cancer patients visit a medical oncologist periodically throughout treatment : this specialist diagnoses the disease and prescribes cancer treatment options. medical oncologists may also be involved in ongoing cancer - fighting research and may refer patients to participate in clinical trials. what is cancer? cancer is mutated cells that affect an area or areas of the human body. some cancerous cells manifest in the form of tumors while others appear as abnormalities in blood cell types. cancer can form in any area of the internal or external body, including bone, blood, organs and tissue. if left untreated or not treated in time, certain cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other areas of the body. the severity of cancer is described as stage 0, stage i, stage ii, stage iii, or stage iv, but exact staging varies by type of cancer. according to the national cancer institute, an estimated one in two women will be diagnosed with a form of cancer in her lifetime. how does medical oncology differ from radiation oncology? medical oncology uses drugs or hormone treatments to treat cancer, unlike radiation therapy which uses high - energy x - rays or other radioactive cancer fighting particles. radiation may complement another cancer treatment or be used on its own to treat various cancers. in certain patients, radiation therapy may be used as a palliative measure in an attempt to relieve symptoms and make the patient more comfortable. according to the american society of clinical oncology, more than half of all people with cancer receive some type of radiation therapy. the side effects of radiation treatment vary, from no side effects, to damage to tissues surrounding the treated area, fatigue, skin reactions, upset stomach and loose stool. more serious effects include secondary cancers from the radiation, impotence and infertility. what is chemotherapy? chemotherapy is the use of oral or intravenous drugs in an attempt to kill cancerous cells in the body. chemotherapy, commonly referred to as \u201c chemo, \u201d can be prescribed by your medical oncologist at any time during the treatment course in an attempt to destroy cancer cells. it may also be used to shrink a tumor before surgery or destroy any cancerous cells remaining after surgery. a chemo cycle typically takes 3 - 4 weeks of regular treatments. several of these cycles complete a course, which may last three months or longer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46625217808048386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7fd581a-bf69-4c6b-9f73-3de8f47fd281>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.673721"}
{"text": "astigmatism is one of the most common vision problems, but most people don ' t know what it is. many people are relieved to learn that astigmatism is not an eye disease. like nearsightedness and farsightedness, astigmatism is a type of refractive error \u2013 a condition related to the shape and size of the eye that causes blurred vision. in addition to blurred vision, uncorrected astigmatism can cause headaches, eyestrain and make objects at all distances appear distorted. astigmatism signs and symptoms if you have only a small amount of astigmatism, you may not notice it at all, or you may have only mildly blurred or distorted vision. but even small amounts of uncorrected astigmatism can cause headaches, fatigue and eyestrain over time. astigmatism usually develops in childhood. a study at the ohio state university school of optometry found that more than 28 % of schoolchildren have astigmatism. children may be even more unaware of the condition than adults, and they may also be less likely to complain of blurred or distorted vision. but astigmatism can cause problems that interfere with learning, so it ' s important to have your child \u2019 s eyes examined at regular intervals during their school years. what causes astigmatism? usually, astigmatism is caused by an irregular - shaped cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. in astigmatism, the cornea isn \u2019 t perfectly round, but instead is more football - or egg - shaped. in some cases, astigmatism may be caused by an irregular - shaped lens inside the eye. in most astigmatic eyes, the irregular shape of the cornea or lens causes light rays to form two distorted images in the back of the eye, rather than a single clear one. this is because, like a football, an astigmatic eye has a steeper curve and a flatter one. how is astigmatism treated? in most cases, astigmatism can be fully corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses. rigid gas permeable ( rgp or gp ) contact lenses often provide the best correction for astigmatism. but special soft contact lenses for astigmatism, called toric soft lenses, are also available. hybrid contact lenses are another option.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381986458867201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ab3f1ed-891f-4f4c-985f-4b2a75fd555b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.676302"}
{"text": "in part two of this book excerpt series on the. net framework class library from o ' reilly ' s vb. net core classes in a nutshell, get an introduction to the. net framework class library ( fcl ). the. net framework includes the. net framework class library ( fcl ), a vast collection of thousands of types ( that is, of classes, interfaces, structures, delegates, and enumerations ) that aim at encapsulating the functionality of core system and application services in order to make application programming easier and faster. there are classes that you can use to manipulate the file system, access databases, serialize objects, and launch and synchronize multiple threads of execution, to name just a few. to make working with these classes easy, classes with similar functionality are grouped together in namespaces. therefore, there is a namespace containing types for drawing, a number of namespaces for. net remoting, etc. in fact, the \" intrinsic \" functions of the visual basic language ( such as instr, len, and ubound ) are implemented as class methods in the microsoft. visualbasic namespace. in total, the. net fcl places more than 80 namespaces at your disposal. the. net fcl includes classes with the following functionality : some members of the system namespace, such as the object, string, int32, and single classes, form the data types used by visual basic. net ( as well as by other. net languages that rely on the. net common type system ). when an exception is generated, the clr provides exception information to the exception class ( in the system namespace ) or to one of the derived classes found throughout the. net fcl. the signature of event handlers is represented by the eventhandler delegate ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived delegates. the event information passed to an event handler is represented by the eventargs class ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived classes. attributes allow custom items of information about a program element to be stored with an assembly ' s metadata. since this information becomes a permanent part of the program element ' s description, it is always available and can be used to modify the design time, compile time, or runtime behavior of a program element. attributes are classes derived from the attribute class ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived classes found throughout the. net fcl. the. net fc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4936520834527891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6d127ed-c522-4560-8aad-70771c371362>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.681827"}
{"text": "the design time, compile time, or runtime behavior of a program element. attributes are classes derived from the attribute class ( in the system namespace ) or one of its derived classes found throughout the. net fcl. the. net fcl features a number of general - purpose and more specialized collection classes. the general - purpose classes include the array class ( in the system namespace ) and the arraylist and collectionbase classes ( in the system. collection namespace ). specialized classes include the stack class, a last - in, first - out structure, the queue class, a first - in, first - out structure, in the system. collection namespace, and the listdictionary class, a linked list dictionary class, in the system. collection. specialized namespace. the. net fcl provides full support for custom windows and web controls that integrate with design - time environments like visual studio through a number of classes, including the container class in the system. componentmodel namespace or the collectioneditor class in the system. componentmodel. design namespace. using the. net fcl, you have easy access to application configuration information from configuration files using classes such as appsettingsreader and dictionarysectionhandler in the system. configuration namespace. you can also access registry data using the registry, registryhive, and registrykey classes in the microsoft. win32 namespace. finally, you can access activedirectory information using the members of the system. directoryservices namespace. the. net fcl makes a large number of debugging, diagnostic, and informational classes available that can help in locating and fixing bugs, as well as in improving overall performance. these include the debug, debugger, eventlog, and performancecounter classes in the system. diagnostics namespace. the fcl provides a full set of graphics objects, such as the color structure, the brush class, the font class, and the graphics class in the system. drawing namespace. the fcl allows you to read the standard input, standard output, and standard error streams, as well as to access the file system, through classes like file, fileinfo, streamreader, and streamwriter in the system. io namespace. through the type class in the system namespace and classes like assembly, module, eventinfo, methodinfo, and parameterinfo in the system. reflection namespace, the. net fcl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5454812140624323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6d127ed-c522-4560-8aad-70771c371362>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.682768"}
{"text": "space ring could shade earth and stop global warming a wild idea to combat global warming suggests creating an artificial ring of small particles or spacecrafts around earth to shade the tropics and moderate climate extremes. there would be side effects, proponents admit. an effective sunlight - scattering particle ring would illuminate our night sky as much as the full moon, for example. and the price tag would knock the socks off even a big - budget agency like nasa : $ 6 trillion to $ 200 trillion for the particle approach. deploying tiny spacecraft would come at a relative bargain : a mere $ 500 billion tops. but the idea, detailed today in the online version of the journal acta astronautica, illustrates that climate change can be battled with new technologies, according to one scientist not involved in the new work. mimic a volcano all scientists agree that earth gets warmer and colder across the eons. a delicate and ever - changing balance between solar radiation, cloud cover, and heat - trapping greenhouse gases controls long - term swings from ice ages to warmer conditions like today. those who are often called experts admit to glaring gaps in their knowledge of how all this works. a study last month revealed that scientists can ' t pin down one of the most critical keys : how much sunlight our planet absorbs versus how much is reflected back into space. nonetheless, most scientists think our climate has warmed significantly over the past century and will grow warmer over the next hundred years. various studies claim the planet is destined to warm by anywhere from 1 to 20 degrees fahrenheit over the next few centuries. seas will rise dramatically, the scenario goes, inundating coastal cities. but another group of scientists argue that the temperature data supporting a warming planet is not firm and that projections, based on computer modeling, might be wildly off the mark. either way, perhaps our fate is more in our hands than we might have imagined. \" reducing solar insolation by 1. 6 percent should overcome a 1. 75 k [ 3 degrees fahrenheit ] temperature rise, \" contends a group led by jerome pearson, president of star technology and research, inc. \" this might be accomplished by a variety of terrestrial or space systems. \" the power of scattering sunlight has been illustrated naturally, the scientists note. volcanic eruptions, such as that of mt. pinatubo in 1991, pumped aerosols into the atmosphere and cooled the global climate by about a degree. other researchers have suggested such schemes as adding metallic dust to smoke stacks, to flood the atmosphere and reflect more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4834903863978893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43d496e6-d8e0-4d17-8c9a-8bfc2f973e84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.689512"}
{"text": "as that of mt. pinatubo in 1991, pumped aerosols into the atmosphere and cooled the global climate by about a degree. other researchers have suggested such schemes as adding metallic dust to smoke stacks, to flood the atmosphere and reflect more sunlight back into space. in the newly outlined approach, reflective particles might come from the mining of earth, the moon or asteroids. they ' d be put into orbit around the equator. alternately, tiny micro - spacecraft could be deployed with reflective umbrellas. a ring created by a batch of either \" shades the tropics primarily, providing maximum effectiveness in cooling the warmest parts of our planet, \" the scientists write. an early version of their idea was presented but not widely noticed in 2002. eccentric but reassuring those researchers who don ' t buy the argument that global warming is occurring at any significant rate nor that humans are largely to blame may warm up quickly to the new idea. benny peiser, a social anthropologist at liverpool john moores university in the uk, tracks climate research and the resulting media coverage. he ' s among the small but vocal group that goes against mainstream thought on the topic of global warming. \" i don ' t think that the modest warming trend we are currently experiencing poses any significant or long - term threat, \" peiser told livescience. \" nevertheless, what the paper does show quite impressively is that our hyper - complex civilization is theoretically and technologically capable of dealing with any significant climate change we may potentially face in the future. \" peiser also notes that the kyoto protocol, a global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is estimated to cost the world economy some $ 150 billion a year. he also sees a broader rationale for supporting the seemingly bizarre manner of managing earth ' s temperature budget. \" i believe that this mindset, despite its apparent eccentricity, is actually rather reassuring, \" peiser said. \" it provides concerned people with ample evidence of the extraordinary human ingenuity that, as so often in the past, has helped to overcome many predicaments that were regarded as impenetrable in previous times. \" he also sees an ultimate big - picture reasoning to look favorably on the notion of controlling earth ' s climate. \" whatever the cost and regardless of whether there is any major risk due to global warming, \" peiser said, \" it would appear to me that such a space - based infrastructure will evolve sooner or later, thus forming additional stepping stones of our emerging migration towards outer space. \" more from livescience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5263942996663666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43d496e6-d8e0-4d17-8c9a-8bfc2f973e84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.691401"}
{"text": "1 ) the cubists were concerned with how _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a given subject from different points of view simultaneously. 2 ) sometimes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to place physics and chemistry into separate categories. 3 ) martha graham, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, has run her own dance company for half a century. 4 ) long before children are able to speak or understand a language, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 5 ) the seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections 6 ) the worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of dollars and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ few results. 7 ) experiments in the photography of moving objects _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in both the united states and europe well before 1900. 8 ) the university of georgia, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in 1785, was the first state supported university in the united states. 9 ) thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cacti and sagebrush could live. 10 ). _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, in the late 1800 \u2019 s, some libraries had to keep as many as twenty to thirty copies of each of mary jane holmes \u2019 s books on hand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.562178835799096, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5992b4b0-641f-430e-9974-62e46e11bd63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.693018"}
{"text": "rubella ( german measles ) what is rubella ( german measles )? rubella is a viral illness that results in a viral exanthem. exanthem is another name for a rash or skin eruption. it is spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. pregnant women who have been exposed to rubella need to seek medical attention immediately. what causes rubella? rubella is caused by a virus, called a rubivirus. it can be spread from a pregnant mother to the unborn child, or from secretions from another infected person. it is most prevalent in late winter and early spring. rubella is preventable by proper immunization with the rubella vaccine. what are the symptoms of rubella? the disease itself does not have any long - term consequences. the biggest concern is to prevent an affected child from infecting a pregnant woman. it may take between 14 to 21 days for a child to develop signs of rubella after coming in contact with the disease. it is important to know that a child is most contagious when the rash is erupting. however, the child may be contagious beginning 7 days before the onset of the rash and 5 to 7 days after the rash has appeared. therefore, children may be contagious before they even know they have the disease. the following are the most common symptoms of rubella. however, each child may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - childhood rubella - rubella may begin with a period of not feeling well, a low - grade fever, and diarrhea. this may last one to five days. - the rash then appears as a pink rash with areas of small, raised lesions. - the rash begins on the face and then spreads down to the trunk, arms, and legs. - the rash on the face usually improves as the rash spreads to the arms and legs. - the rash usually fades by the third to fifth day. - lymph nodes in the neck may also become enlarged. - older children and adolescents may develop some soreness and inflammation in their joints. - congenital rubella syndrome ( rubella that is present at birth ; the child contracted it from his / her mother while in utero ) can result in many problems, including the following : - cataracts in the eyes - heart problems - mental retardation - growth retardation - enlarged liver and spleen - skin lesions - bleeding problems how is rubella diagnosed?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49287130758634545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93feb0ff-e04c-4c3b-90a9-d37cebdb428f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.697007"}
{"text": "over the past 30 years, public education in america has experienced a barrage of criticism, prompting various and sundry reforms designed to make government - funded schools more effective. despite the best efforts of the reformers, however, public confidence in public schools is lower today than it was three decades ago. all of the time, effort, and money spent on the current system have not led to significant and widespread improvement. after a generation of futile tinkering it is time to stop, take a step back, and ask ourselves a few basic questions about how education is delivered in this country. what does the public want? parents want a great many things from their schools, but their aspirations can be distilled down to four general goals. first and foremost among these goals is that schools provide their students with the academic basics : public consensus on the importance of basic academic and job training is high both nationally and internationally. beyond the basics, however, parental priorities begin to diverge. questions such as the role of religion in education elicit many different - and conflicting - views. so the second goal is for schools to cater to each family ' s particular needs in these areas withoutcausing social tensions or conflicts within the community. to be effective, schools must be flexible and responsive to a diverse population. the third goal is that children at all income levels have access to quality educational services. in fact, education is widely seen as the most promising way to lift families out of poverty. fourth and finally, people want their schools to foster responsible citizenship, democratic ideals, and a healthy economy. what kind of schools can meet these goals? there are five interrelated traits that have consistently characterized the world ' s most effective and successful school systems : choice and financial responsibility for parents and freedom, competition, and the profit motive for schools - - in essence, a free market in education. market education where it has been tried has best met the four goals most desired by parents. despite this fact, however, virtually every country today has a government - run school system in place. this is because many people are simply not comfortable with the idea of profit - making schools or the elimination of government oversight from education. and there ' s the rub : the way to reach the educational goals most desired by the public is to cultivate a free market in education, which is at odds with america ' s current approach to schooling and most people ' s dearly held beliefs about how schools should work. how would free - market education work? people must first recognize that ideas should not be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4846059145521832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:117c03c0-a476-4930-a966-0275e074b15b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.708369"}
{"text": "a free market in education, which is at odds with america ' s current approach to schooling and most people ' s dearly held beliefs about how schools should work. how would free - market education work? people must first recognize that ideas should not be rejected just because they are perceived as \" radical. \" the american revolution was radical - treasonous in the eyes of the british monarchy - but it was based on sound principles that led to the establishment of a great nation. einstein ' s relativistic model of the universe was equally revolutionary, causing scientists to discard the well - established rules of newtonian mechanics. in both cases, change came about because people recognized that the change was necessary for the achievement of a desired end : liberty in the former case and scientific accuracy in the latter. the reintroduction of educational freedom in america is crucial to the achievement of academic excellence on a long - term, widespread basis. the following paragraphs explain how and why this is so. parental choice in education is not distributed to any and all who ask for it. like all other human freedoms, choice must be fought for and defended. parents, when free from the \" choices \" imposed on them by government - appointed experts, have over the centuries done remarkably well for their children in the educational marketplace. parents in general avoid pedagogical fads and focus instead on ensuring that their children learn useful skills. the societies and economies that have grown up around parental and educational choice have been among the most productive and cohesive in history. when families can get what they want for their children, without forcing their views on their neighbors, community tensions are kept to a minimum. parental financial responsibility public schools - which usually do not charge tuition - often do not take the needs of families as their guiding principle. many even ignore those needs completely, preferring to deliver the sort of education favored by whomever is footing the bill. all too often, parents who attempt to take an active role in schools for which they are not paying tuition are rebuffed as nuisances since they have no direct power over the institution and frequently have few alternatives. worse yet, \" free \" government schools tend eventually to be taken for granted by parents who have many other important concerns to which they must attend. government schooling encourages parents to drop little johnny off in the morning and forget about him while they tend to other matters until it ' s time to pick him up in the late afternoon. burdened by so many other responsibilities, these parents often wake up one day to find themselves disen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.547436909543714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:117c03c0-a476-4930-a966-0275e074b15b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.709466"}
{"text": "little johnny off in the morning and forget about him while they tend to other matters until it ' s time to pick him up in the late afternoon. burdened by so many other responsibilities, these parents often wake up one day to find themselves disenfranchised spectators in their own children ' s education. government school teachers cite the lack of participation by parents as one of their most pressing problems, but government schooling itself is one of the key causes of that problem. by contrast, private school teachers report parental apathy to be far less common. the responsibility of directly paying all or part of their children ' s tuition forces parents to take a more active role, and gives them considerably more power over the content and direction of the instruction their children receive. poor families will of course face financial difficulties, which i will address in a moment. competition and freedom for schools just as parents must be free to choose their children ' s schools, schools must be free to innovate. they must be able to cater to specific audiences, leverage the particular talents of their staffs, and follow the goals and philosophies of their principals. the absence of these freedoms has led to frustration and low morale among teachers, institutional inefficiencies, and pedagogical stagnation. to be effective institutions of learning, schools must be unburdened from the paralyzing and mindless bureaucracy so prevalent in classrooms today. the freedom of schools, however, should be balanced with accountability to prevent abuses. schools that are not directly answerable to families can and do go off on their own educational tangents that diverge wildly from the goals of students and parents. the way to ensure that schools are free to do whatever they want so long as they are effectively serving their customers is to force them to compete with one another to attract and keep those customers. the profit motive for schools by themselves, the four factors thus far described choice and responsibility for parents, and freedom and competition for schools are enough to prevent the worst educational abuses, but they are not enough to promote educational excellence. for that, it is necessary to introduce the incentive of profit making. many of us have powerful computers on our desks, a situation that would have been unthinkable only 20 years ago. but computer manufacturers have not been regularly improving performance and cutting costs out of the goodness of their hearts : they have done it because they profit from doing it. the absence of the profit motive in any business leads to stagnation, and the nonprofit private school industry is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47740006999057016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:117c03c0-a476-4930-a966-0275e074b15b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.710707"}
{"text": "have not been regularly improving performance and cutting costs out of the goodness of their hearts : they have done it because they profit from doing it. the absence of the profit motive in any business leads to stagnation, and the nonprofit private school industry is a case in point. the virtual absence of significant progress in pedagogy and educational technology over the past one hundred years is absolutely unprecedented in other fields. every other area of human endeavor from agriculture to the service sector to athletics has registered significant gains during the 20th century, gains that have been conspicuously absent from both public and nonprofit private schools. the only proven way of spurring that same tremendous progress in education is by encouraging innovation through the lure of potential profits. this does not mean that there is no role for nonprofit schools. on the contrary, schools associated with religious organizations will undoubtedly continue to operate effectively as nonprofits. these schools are not likely to be the originators of dramatic educational innovations, but they will continue to offer a much - sought - after moral and religious educational environment. scholarships for low - income families but what kind of service would low - income families receive in a free educational marketplace? the short answer is much better service than they currently receive. in early 19th - century england, families from the lowest economic classes felt that their own private educational arrangements were superior to government - subsidized schools, and the evidence backs them up. markets, moreover, are normally complemented by some mechanism for subsidizing the education of poor families. private scholarship programs, which are cropping up around america today, promise to be the most effective such mechanism ever conceived. educational tax credit programs such as the mackinac center for public policy ' s universal tuition tax credit would allow for rapid growth in the number of private scholarships available, giving low - income families unprecedented power in the educational marketplace. an overwhelming body of evidence points to the fact that poor parents base their educational decisions on the same criteria as wealthier ones, and giving them the financial clout to choose their schools will transform the educational landscape. decaying buildings, low standards, and defective curricula will soon be replaced by the sorts of things that all parents expect : a clean and safe classroom environment, high academics tandards, and pedagogical methods and materials based on sound research rather than the latest fads. a choice of futures in 1841, state - funded school promoters such as horace mann promised a millennial transformation of society if only their proposals were passed into law. mann argued that \" nine tenths", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5111064351730908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:117c03c0-a476-4930-a966-0275e074b15b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.711795"}
{"text": "articlesclose the door on intimate partner violence recognizing domestic violence newsabused black girls more likely to develop asthma : study abused children at risk for obesity as adults : study domestic violence is a term used to describe violence and abuse by family members or intimate partners such as a spouse, former spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, ex - boyfriend or ex - girlfriend, or date. other terms used for domestic violence include the following : intimate partner abuse domestic violence can take many forms, but involves using intimidation and threats or violent behaviors to gain power and control over another person. usually, the abusive person is a male, and women are often the victims ; however, domestic violence occurs against males. child abuse, elder abuse, and sibling abuse are also considered domestic violence. the cdc lists the following facts about domestic violence and women : about 4. 8 million women are victimized by intimate partners annually. increased frequency of violence toward a spouse is associated with increased risk of the violent spouse also being abusive to the child. there is a strong association between stalking and other forms of violence : 81 percent of women who were stalked by a current or former husband or partner were also physically assaulted by that partner, and 31 percent were also sexually assaulted. psychological consequences for victims of intimate partner violence can include depression, suicidal thoughts and attempts, lowered self - esteem, alcohol and other drug abuse, and post - traumatic stress disorder. according to the national coalition against domestic violence, abuse often begins with verbal behaviors such as name - calling, threats, and hitting or throwing objects. it can become worse, including pushing, slapping, and holding against the victim ' s will. further battering may include punching, hitting, and kicking and may escalate to life - threatening behaviors such as choking, breaking of bones, or use of weapons. the following are forms of domestic violence and battering : physical. this refers to battering or hitting causing physical injury that may include bruising, broken bones, internal bleeding, and death. often the abuse begins with minor contact and escalates over time into more violent actions. sexual. this often accompanies or follows physical battering, and results in rape or other forced sexual activity. psychological or emotional. an abuser often mentally or emotionally abuses with words, threats, harassment, extreme possessiveness, forced isolation, and destruction of belongings. isolation often occurs when the abuser tries to control a victim ' s time, activities, and contact with others. abusers may accomplish this through interfering with supportive relationships, creating barriers to normal activities, such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4966619243520487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10d49d11-c6aa-4f68-ab0e-32b457cba85b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.715635"}
{"text": ", forced isolation, and destruction of belongings. isolation often occurs when the abuser tries to control a victim ' s time, activities, and contact with others. abusers may accomplish this through interfering with supportive relationships, creating barriers to normal activities, such as taking away the car keys or locking the victim in the home, and lying or distorting what is real to gain psychological control. stalking. repeated harassing or threatening behavior that often leads to physical or sexual abuse. economic. this is when the abuser controls access to the all of the victim ' s resources, such as time, transportation, food, clothing, shelter, insurance, and money. for example, he may interfere with her ability to become self - sufficient, and insist that he control all of the finances. when the victim leaves the violent relationship, the perpetrator may use economics as a way to maintain control or force her to return. first, you must recognize that battering or abuse is occurring. because verbal and emotional abuse often precede physical violence, you should be aware of warning signs that include extreme jealousy, possessiveness, a bad temper, unpredictability, cruelty to animals, and verbal abusiveness. contact your local battered women ' s shelter or the national domestic violence hotline at 800 - 799 - safe. they can provide you with helpful information and advice. the national coalition against domestic violence urges women in abusive relationships to create a safety plan. the following plan may help you in difficult situations : find a safe place to go in your home if an argument begins. avoid rooms without an exit and rooms with potential dangers, such as a kitchen. know who to contact in a crisis and establish a code word or sign among trusted family or friends to let them know you need help. memorize all important phone numbers. always keep money and change with you. keep important papers and documents in a place you can easily access if necessary, including : social security cards, birth certificates, marriage license, checkbook, charge cards, bank statements, health insurance cards, and any records of past abuse including photographs and police reports. remember that help is available and that you have the right to live without fear and violence. without help, abuse will continue and place you at risk for serious harm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4912034612024256, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10d49d11-c6aa-4f68-ab0e-32b457cba85b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.717165"}
{"text": "date uploaded : november 6, 2011, 10 : 07 pm last edited : august 7, 2012, 5 : 52 pm article tagsbasic techniques, patterns print this article article \u00a9 mail user : mithrilweaver pirsig ' s bridge is not a weave in itself. it links existing round, tube, cylindrical and pillar style weaves. if it were a weave in itself it would be called \u201c tri cable \u201d or the existing \u201c hex cable \u201d weave. it forms by having 2 in 1 or 2 in 2 chains connected with a center ring. the 2 in 1 or 2 in 2 chains form the outside geometrical shape of the tube. so, where \u201c roundmaille \u201d has 3 rings at the end that form a triange, pirsig ' s bridge forms 3 - 2 in 1 chains and connects them with 1 or 2 center rings as shown here : pirsig ' s bridge really is a conceptual idea rather than an actual recipe or formula of exact ring combinations. as shown in the picture below, there are many possibilities for pirsig ' s bridge. this picture shows a stainless steel 6awg with 1 \u201d id ring being held captive by it. pirsig ' s bridge can link different tube shaped weaves as shown here : pirsig ' s bridge can make a great ending for clasping a tube, round, cylindrical, or pillar shaped pattern also. using \u201c orbital \u201d and \u201c orbit \u201d weaves pictured below, it is possible to use the orbiting ring as the center ring in pirsig ' s bridge. the rings running inside the orbital ring then connect to the clasp or other pattern. this allows the ending to be balanced and symmetrical. the chain running inside the orbiting ring can be held without distorting the pattern. if the pattern has a captive ring already embedded in the pattern it is possible to close off the pattern, skip a portion of pirsig ' s bridge, and run an orbiting pattern inside the captive ring as shown below : ( the rings closing off this captive inverted round must have very small aspect ratio to hold the captive ring in place, otherwise the orbiting ring will fall out with its chain. ) the aspect ratio is very important in pirsig ' s bridge, but it is impossible to give a formula that will work in every case. the combining aspect ratios are different for every weave and sometimes it is possible to have 2 or more combinations of rings with different aspect ratios. it usually requires some trial and error to see what works best in each unique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5176377950920845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a726c3a2-588b-4c89-bf49-fca1fe07e255>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.720910"}
{"text": "formula that will work in every case. the combining aspect ratios are different for every weave and sometimes it is possible to have 2 or more combinations of rings with different aspect ratios. it usually requires some trial and error to see what works best in each unique pattern. pirsig ' s bridge works best in patterns that have orbiting rings because the bridge wants to be held spread open. if the bridge is not held spread open, the rings will gather on one side and distort the pattern. a minimum of 3 rings ( triangle ) shaping the outside need to be used in pirsig ' s bridge. there is a balance that needs to be achieved when clasping using the bridge. 3 rings shaping the bridge work best in terms of the clasp because the chain running inside the orbiting center ring does not want to be crowded. 6 rings ( hexagon ) shaping the bridge works best for keeping the center ring balance on the pattern. it is difficult to find a 2 in 1 chain that will fit inside an orbiting center ring with 6 rings attached to it though. * thanks go out to everyone that contributes on this site and others. this \u201c open \u201d reference source has been invaluable to me and my artwork. i divulge what i have created with gratitude in this same spirit. feel free to contact me with any questions. original url : http : / / www. mailleartisans. org / articles / articledisplay. php? key = 613", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048660040271455, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a726c3a2-588b-4c89-bf49-fca1fe07e255>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.721501"}
{"text": "150 years later, remembering john brown ' s raid download mp3 ( right - click or option - click the link. ) welcome to american mosaic in voa special english. i ' m doug johnson. this week on our program : - a competition to find a spokesmodel for mother earth \u2026 - and a question from russia about kurt cobain and the band that he led, nirvana. - but first, a report on a town marking the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of an anti - slavery rebellion. harpers ferry is a small town in west virginia. it is in a beautiful area of the blue ridge mountains where the potomac and shenandoah rivers come together. also, the states of west virginia, virginia and maryland meet in the area. the appalachian trail runs through harpers ferry. the town has shops, restaurants and a national historical park. many people visit harpers ferry to see a town that looks the same as it did more than one hundred fifty years ago. this year it is celebrating the anniversary of an important historical event. mario ritter has more. voa reporter susan logue visited harpers ferry recently. she spoke to park ranger david fox. he says the town was very different in eighteen fifty - nine. he says harpers ferry was a noisy, dirty, polluted industrial city in what was then virginia, the largest slave state in america. it was also home to the united states armory and arsenal, one of only two in the country. weapons for the army were made and stored there. john brown was an important person in the history of harpers ferry. he was an abolitionist. he wanted to end slavery in the united states. on october sixteenth, eighteen fifty - nine, john brown led an armed group of twenty - one men into harpers ferry. their goal was to seize the federal arsenal and use the weapons to arm an anti - slavery rebellion. they wanted to set up a government for the united states where slavery would be banned. john brown and his men seized the arsenal and its one hundred thousand weapons. they also seized the nearby arms factory and a railroad bridge. a battle followed, first involving local armed groups and then the united states marines. eighteen people were killed. after thirty - six hours, brown was captured in the building that served as the fire engine and guard house. it is the only armory building still standing. it is now known as john brown ' s fort. park ranger david fox says this building has different meanings to different people. david fox : \" to some people this building is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4625957718133585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1be9ea2-a3cb-4ffd-b35c-2ce15f8f244c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.728743"}
{"text": "fire engine and guard house. it is the only armory building still standing. it is now known as john brown ' s fort. park ranger david fox says this building has different meanings to different people. david fox : \" to some people this building is the scene of a crime, where a murderer and a traitor was captured and brought to justice. to others, this monument is nothing less than a monument to freedom on a battlefield. \" john brown was tried in nearby charles town and found guilty of treason and murder. he was executed on december second, eighteen fifty - nine. last month, the harpers ferry national historical park and other partners held many programs observing the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of john brown ' s raid. there were talks, living history re - enactments, special tours, and musical and dramatic events. visitors to harpers ferry can learn about america ' s history as it brings the past to life. the united states has many famous and beautiful women who model clothing and represent companies or causes. this weekend, project green search will announce its selection of a new model for the environmental \" green revolution. \" barbara klein has more. this modeling competition is about much more than beauty. project green search is looking for young women who are also concerned about the environment, animal welfare, fair trade and human rights. the judges have chosen ten finalists. we would like to tell you about three of them. leilani munter is a professional race car driver and an environmental activist. she is using her fame as a race car driver to bring environmental issues to the attention of millions of racing fans. she says small changes multiplied by millions can make a huge difference. ms. munter purchases half a hectare of rainforest for every race she drives. she demands that her racing sponsors be eco - friendly and she is pushing her sport to become more eco - friendly too. zion francis was a civil engineer and is now a model and actress. she studied sustainable engineering methods in france. she has been working to support the green revolution in the united states. ms. francis has volunteered for social and environmental organizations. they include engineers for a sustainable world, the sustainable food center in austin, texas, and the forest service in california. zion francis says green living is honoring your position as a human, a citizen and a consumer. vanessa meier is interested in the animal food production industry. she says that raising animals for food is responsible for the release of more greenhouse gases than all forms of transportation combined. ms. meier is working to change this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5060234408132237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1be9ea2-a3cb-4ffd-b35c-2ce15f8f244c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.729938"}
{"text": "a citizen and a consumer. vanessa meier is interested in the animal food production industry. she says that raising animals for food is responsible for the release of more greenhouse gases than all forms of transportation combined. ms. meier is working to change this. she does not eat animals or animal products. she says any discussion about improving the environment must include a discussion about changing the animal food production industry and changing people ' s diets. our listener question this week comes from russia. alex shestakov wants to know about kurt cobain and his band, nirvana. kurt cobain was the lead singer, songwriter and guitarist for the group. nirvana began in nineteen eighty - seven in the northwestern state of washington. the band defined the kind of rock and roll known as \" grunge. \" it mixes the sounds of hard punk and heavy metal rock and roll. grunge songs often express feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and dark humor. the song \" lithium \" is a good example. it is from the album that brought nirvana huge fame, \" nevermind. \" many critics would say kurt cobain was one of the greatest rock and roll artists of his time. but his personal story was tragic. cobain had a serious case of scoliosis, or curvature of the spine, as a child. he also suffered from severe stomach pain his whole life. and he struggled with depression. cobain became dependent on the powerful drug heroin. he also abused other pain - killing drugs and alcohol. cobain reportedly was always insecure, questioning his worth as a person. he once wrote : \" i hate myself and i want to die. \" in nineteen ninety - two kurt cobain married musician courtney love and the couple had a baby girl. cobain appeared much happier than he had ever been. the next year nirvana released its final studio album. \" in utero \" entered billboard magazine ' s top two hundred albums chart in the number one position. \" heart - shaped box \" was one of the album ' s hit singles. sadly, kurt cobain could not break his heroin addiction or win his battle with depression. in april of nineteen ninety - four the musician shot and killed himself at his home in seattle, washington. he was only twenty - seven. thousands of fans attended his memorial service. we leave you with kurt cobain singing \" all apologies \" from the nirvana album, \" in utero. \" i ' m doug johnson. our program was written by june simms, shelley gollust and caty weaver who was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5112400151034986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1be9ea2-a3cb-4ffd-b35c-2ce15f8f244c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.731031"}
{"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month evaluation of cultural, social and technological diffusion in the modern world the first 200 words of this essay... an evaluation of cultural, social and technological diffusion in the modern world when two different cultures come together, their better ideas, innovations and ideals tend to mesh into one another. it pertains mostly to technological advances that one people have on meeting another group, that this second group then learns of and takes advantage of. this happens invariably whenever two cultural groups interact for a sustained time ; it is particularly acute when developed culture collides with a less developed one. diffusion is the process of cultural integration by the mixing of ideas and objects. to some critics, this process is a destruction of smaller ethnic cultures and a loss of diversity, driving them to term it ' cultural contamination. the following are several specific cases in which such ' contamination ' or diffusion has occurred, and an appraisal of its effect on the world. the great cities in africa are prime examples of diffusion. the cultural and ethnic diversity there spans a broad range. while the common people may still wash their clothing and get their drinking at a village or personal well, they can also be found talking on cell phones, which have become found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more anthropology ( view all ) - chinese architecture. this essay shortly describes the ancie... - to what extent do individuals script their own lives and to... - a demographic, socioeconomic and socio - political evaluation... - anthropology : study notes ( trobrianders ) - in search of respect chapter 3 handout \" \" yvette agars. senior history teacher. saint john ' s college. whyalla s. a. \" \" asmaa, uae. gcse student. biology, physics, chemistry, maths and english.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.540558217243214, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf54cb09-0682-47e5-967f-c9771f6b0df5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.733266"}
{"text": "last week \u2019 s definitive guide to fats gave us a chance to unpack the essential fatty acids. but we thought they deserved a closer look still. just to review, omega - 3 and omega - 6 are known as \u201c essential \u201d fatty acids because the body can \u2019 t produce them itself. so, it \u2019 s up to us to incorporate them into our diet. the typical western diet is rich in omega - 6. ( think corn, soy, peanut, safflower, and other oils. ) as for the prevalence of omega - 3? not so much. ( think fish, flax, algae, walnuts, and animal products from grass fed livestock. ) we talked about the importance of ratio last time. experts estimate that the typical american diet has as much as 30 parts omega - 6 to 1 part omega - 3 ( 30 : 1 ). uff da. as we said last time, there \u2019 s some squabbling to be certain about the proper ratio. some nutritionists go as high as 4 : 1. others suggest 2 : 1. but since we \u2019 re all about the primal here, we \u2019 re taken in by the ratio most experts agree characterized hunter gatherer diets. and that would be an elegant 1 : 1 ratio. you gotta love simple. so, what \u2019 s with the bickering about ratios anyway? the fact is, omega - 3 keeps omega - 6 in check. omega - 6, when left to its own devices, wreaks havoc, inciting and oxidizing ldl in the body ( a real cholesterol threat ). lower ratios have been associated with higher bone density and decreased risk for diabetes, arrhythmia and heart disease. among other cultures, the ratio is much more favorable, and death from heart disease is much lower. greenland eskimos, because of high fish consumption, are estimated to have a 1 : 1 ratio. according to one study, their rate of death due to heart disease is approximately 15 % of what it is for those in the u. s. and europe who eat a typical western diet. furthermore, the traditional diets of the mediterranean and okinawa, japan, are characterized by high levels of omega - 3 fatty acids and a low 6 to 3 ratio of 4 : 1 or less. ratios have also been assessed in the context of particular diseases and physiological conditions. a 2 : 1 ratio was found to reduce inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis, while even a 5 : 1 ratio relieved symptoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4681837166978877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0e4271a-44ef-4977-92d3-f9533ad3a5ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.737938"}
{"text": "of 4 : 1 or less. ratios have also been assessed in the context of particular diseases and physiological conditions. a 2 : 1 ratio was found to reduce inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis, while even a 5 : 1 ratio relieved symptoms in those with asthma. with all the fervor over omega - 3 fatty acids, there \u2019 s a lot of questions out there regarding recommended amounts. the world health organization recommends two servings of fish ( particularly fatty fish like salmon, herring, sardines and mackerel ) as well as the use of oils containing omega - 3. other experts recommend three to four servings of low toxin fish each week. and how much is too much, especially if you choose to take an omega - 3 supplement? or is there such a thing? although there isn \u2019 t an official rda for omega - 3 fatty acids, you can consider anywhere between 1 - 3 grams daily to be optimal. there is some concern about the fatty acid \u2019 s ability to thin the blood too much with higher doses. we \u2019 d advise talking with your doctor about beginning a supplement. if you \u2019 re taking a blood thinner or a daily aspirin regimen, that conversation and perhaps some monitoring will be essential. there has been some indication that larger doses of omega - 3 fatty acids can be ( in very rare cases ) associated with an increased risk of stroke. many doctors will also suggest that you stop taking the supplement within a week or more of surgery. with all that said, supplementing your diet with a high - quality omega - 3 fatty acid supplement is, in our estimation, one of the best things you can do for your body. thoughts? comments? further questions? shoot us a line. subscribe to mark \u2019 s daily apple feeds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43889165808559977, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0e4271a-44ef-4977-92d3-f9533ad3a5ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.738598"}
{"text": "counting calories, tallying nutrients, avoiding junk food - - they ' re smart dietary practices for anyone, but they ' re even more essential for pregnant women. in fact, new research suggests that the foods you eat can play a role in how your baby ' s genes are expressed, affecting factors such as weight and intelligence. dr. oz, host of \" the dr. oz show, \" and dr. michael roizen share healthy eating tips for pregnant women from their new book, \" you : having a baby. \" eating for two? try 1. 1 one of the most widely held myths about pregnancy is that expectant mothers should eat for two. actually, research suggests that women should increase their caloric intake by 10 percent - - you ' re really eating for 1. 1. during the first trimester, you should shoot for an increase of about 100 calories per day more than a typically healthy intake of calories, the equivalent of an extra glass of skim milk. during the second trimester, you ' ll want to increase to an extra 250 calories per day, and for the third, about an extra 300 calories. don ' t forget fat - - healthy fat there are certain fats that our bodies need but cannot make, and dha ( docosahexaenoic acid ) is a prime example. dha is an omega - 3 fatty acid found in fish oil. it ' s essential for the development of a baby ' s brain, nervous system, and vision, both in the womb and as a newborn. in addition to products with added dha, such as eggs and milk, try these naturally dha - rich foods : - light canned tuna go nuts for nuts when cravings hit and you ' re tempted to reach for unhealthy junk food, try healthy nuts instead. almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts are all great choices for that midday snack. not only will the extra dose of magnesium give you a great energy boost, but the healthy unsaturated fats, fiber, and vitamin e they contain will keep you looking healthy and radiant from the inside out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4196994270120727, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9867b71e-7c19-4a4d-b4b1-209c5c2daf2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.740727"}
{"text": "maryland \u2019 s 7 best practices, aligned! this page contains links to maryland \u2019 s updated 7 best practices, which have been aligned to fit with the national youth leadership council \u2019 s ( nylc ) k - 12 service - learning standards for quality practice. in 2008, nylc put out eight nationally recognized standards that were supported by credible research. by tweaking the language in maryland \u2019 s 7 best practices to align with nylc \u2019 s standards, we can now use the same research to support what we \u2019 ve known and practiced all along \u2013 effective and meaningful service - learning projects as a viable instructional strategy. this page contains links to basic introductions to service - learning. these resources are great for professional development sessions and basic information that everyone should know about service - learning. from fact sheets to training guides, this is the perfect place to start educating yourself or your staff about service - learning. resources specifically meant for administrators, these links include information about school improvement and strategies to improve the implementation of service - learning in your building. how effectively are you implementing service - learning in your classroom? your school? your district? use these rubrics to help you determine what you are doing well and what can be improved. character education and service - learning these links will all pertain to effectively implementing character education and service - learning in your school. 21st century community learning centers and service - learning these links will all pertain to effectively implementing service - learning in 21st century schools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4279649523900635, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a2c70ed-1420-4844-b1c1-e9b1d1b4c029>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.742216"}
{"text": "there are essentially two classes of delegation. it is defined as follows : if an authentication mechanism provides an effective identity different from the validated identity of the user then it is called identity delegation at the authentication level, provided the owner of the effective identity has previously authorized the owner of the validated identity to use his identity. the existing techniques of identity delegation using sudo or su commands of unix are very popular. to use sudo command, a person first has to start his session with his own original identity. it requires the delegated account password or explicit authorizations granted by the system administrator. the user login delegation described in the patent of mercredi and frey is also an identity delegation. the most common way of ensuring computer security is access control mechanisms provided by operating systems such as unix, linux, windows, mac os, etc. if the delegation is fine grained, like role - based access control ( rbac ) delegation, then there is always a risk of under - delegation, i. e., the delegator does not delegate all the necessary permissions to perform a delegated job. this may cause the denial of service, which is very undesirable in some environments, such as in safety critical systems or in health care. in rbac based delegation, one option to achieve delegation is by reassigning a set of permissions to the role of a delegatee, however, finding the relevant permissions for a particular job is not an easy task for large and complex systems. moreover, by assigning these permissions to a delegatee role, all other users who are associated with that particular role get the delegated rights. if the delegation is achieved by assigning the roles of a delegator to a delegatee then it would not only be a case of over - delegation but also the problem that the delegator has to figure out what roles, in the complex hierarchy of rbac, are necessary to perform a particular job. these types of problems are not present in identity delegation mechanism and normally the user interface is simpler. more details can be found in the literature of rbac.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5257291990515603, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8872a2f5-6eb9-4a61-acdd-54409971b5dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.744246"}
{"text": "your doctor will talk with you about your medical history and symptoms. he or she will also perform a pelvic exam and may order lab tests. specialists at mayo clinic use high - resolution imaging studies to diagnose adnexal tumors. in tests that involve radiation, specialists carefully monitor doses to avoid the risk of radiation overexposure. tests may include x - rays or some of these imaging techniques : - ultrasound. ultrasound is a painless procedure in which a technician moves a wand - like device ( transducer ) over the surface of your body while monitoring the image on a screen. transabdominal ( through the abdomen ) and transvaginal ( through the vagina ) doppler ultrasound technology is available at mayo clinic. - computerized tomography ( ct ) scan. ct scans generate 2 - d cross - sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis that show whether cancer has spread to other tissues or organs in your body. technology at mayo clinic allows for 3 - d reconstruction of the ct images. - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan. mri technology uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of your pelvis and abdomen. this highly sensitive technology can identify small abnormalities in your body. - positron emission tomography ( pet ). to perform a pet scan, doctors inject sugar ( glucose ) and a very small amount of radiation into your bloodstream. the scan helps show if a tumor has spread, because tumors typically pick up the sugar and appear on the image as \" hot spots. \" to see if an adnexal tumor contains cancerous cells, a doctor may remove a small piece of the suspected tumor ( biopsy ), usually during surgery. a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope. read more about ultrasound, ct scan, mri, pet scan and biopsy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46895765926029215, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fbbce69-a4b5-4976-96b9-12b35a5af3e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.747298"}
{"text": "raleigh \u2014 even hippos and whales, it turns out, can get fat. but how can you tell, let alone slim one down? obesity among zoo animals is such a complex problem that zoo nutritionists, scientists and others, from as far away as england, gathered at north carolina state university for a two - day symposium on such weighty matters as how to tell when an oyster ' s weight is about right. \" it ' s actually a huge problem, and a multifaceted one, \" said michael stoskopf, a professor at the college. \" you have to look at not only diets themselves and the amount of calories delivered, but also things like exercise. \" the basic cause of chubbiness is no different for moray eels and wildebeests than for humans : \" if the energy going in exceeds the energy going out, you ' re going to get fat, \" said karen lisi, a nutritionist at the smithsonian national zoological park. \" we don ' t like to hear that, but that ' s pretty much how it is for us, too. \" with so much variation among creatures, though, nutritionists have to treat the diet of each species almost like an individual scientific study, determining what it eats in the wild and how best to approximate it in captivity, said richard bergl, curator of conservation and research at the n. c. zoological park in asheboro. read the full story at newsobserver. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4454209604425291, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bcdada48-9793-4789-9c5c-ff8067630397>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.748797"}
{"text": "[ note : this essay, written in october 1996, remains one of my most requested web documents, downloaded 2349 times during a week in september 2002. though the web has changed a great deal since 1996, the font element is still around, and still exhibits all the harmful effects described below, even in modern browsers. fortunately, style sheets are much more widespread than they were, and these can avoid most of the harmful effects of the font element. ] when netscape introduced its font element, with its size = and color = attributes, many web authors welcomed the promise of control over the presentation of their documents ; the same authors felt a twinge of anticipation when microsoft introduced an additional face = attribute. many of these authors did not realize that their documents would become invisible, illegible, or inaccessible to many viewers. yet this is exactly what has happened, due to mistaken expectations and faulty implementation in popular browsers. extensions to html are said to \" degrade gracefully \" if they do not interfere with basic legibility in browsers that do not support these extensions. for character - mode browsers such as lynx, or other browsers that do not support font sizes, colors, and styles, the effects of the font element are relatively benign. if the author tries to emphasize specific text by its size or color, the user of the text - mode browser will see the text, but will not see the emphasis. if the author uses font settings instead of html headings, the same user will not see headings, and neither will the search engine or indexer looking for keywords in high - level headings to display prominently in the search results. but at least, the lynx user will be able to see the text. the truly insidious effects of the font element are reserved for users of popular graphic browsers like netscape and internet explorer. the font tag is a hindrance to communication over the world wide web because it makes too many assumptions about the user ' s system, browser, and configuration. cascading style sheets, on the other hand, negotiate between author and viewer to create a carefully - designed appearance that is accessible to all. people create web documents for many reasons. if you have something to say, information to provide, a message to preach, feelings to express, a product to sell, then it ' s in your interest to make your work accessible. smart web authors, who want to get their message across, stay far away from the font element. is the font element ever appropriate? not the color", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45931660819784287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2f7778c-13cd-48ff-9be6-e80f653f4edb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.754160"}
{"text": "after the agents for viral hepatitis a and b were identified in the 60s and 70s it was evident that there was a group of hepatitides caused by some other virus which would infect by blood and would be ultrafiltrable. this elusive virus was called \" non - a, non - b \". it took 20 years to demonstrate its existence by nucleic acid analysis and still in 1996 we cannot see it with electron microscopy the reason is that its concentration in the blood is very low, probably 1 - 10 virions per ml. it took 5 - 6 years of work to extract it from infected patients by a group of investigators in california ( usa ), ( choo et al, science 244 : 359 - 361, 1989 ). the serum was concentrated into a pellet. rna was extracted from this pellet and its complimentary dna ( cdna ) placed into the genome of e. coli. numerous clones of this organism were tested by enzymatic immuno assay technique ( eia ) against the serum of patients convalescent of non - a non - b hepatitis until one clone was found producing a small protein that reacted with igg from the serum of these patients.. the reacting antigen was called c - 100 and the infective agent, hepatitis c virus ( hcv ). the virus contains a single - stranded genome of rna with approximately 10, 000 nucleotides, a capsid, a matrix and an envelope. it encodes a single polyprotein precursor which is fragmented in 3 structural ( c, e1, e2 ) and in 4 - 6 non structural proteins ( ns1, ns2, ns3, ns4, ns5 ) forming the following antigens : c100, c22, c33, c300, 5 - 1 - 1 other components are proteases, rna polymerase and transcriptases, not reverse transcriptase. we don ' t know the structure of the hcv because the virus has not been seen yet with the electron microscope due to the very scarce concentration of viral particles in the blood and tissues. probably only 1 - 10 virions per ml are present in the blood. hcv appears to be similar to flaviviruses which produce only acute illnesses especially in animals, the prototype being yellow fever virus. hcv does not integrate into host dna like hepatitis b virus. hcv has very high mutation rate producing many similar species. this variation accounts for resistance to antibodies. the transmission is by contaminated blood and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5266658055364115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddd75a9c-d881-47e3-9ada-ab987ab1a6ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.763500"}
{"text": "in animals, the prototype being yellow fever virus. hcv does not integrate into host dna like hepatitis b virus. hcv has very high mutation rate producing many similar species. this variation accounts for resistance to antibodies. the transmission is by contaminated blood and blood products. before screening was available, 90 % of post - transfusion hepatitis was due to hepatitis c, now only 5 %. practically all hemophiliacs were infected. it is rarely or not at all sexually transmitted especially among monogamous partners. hepatitis c carriers should not donate blood, organs or semen. maternal - infant transmission is low. incubation period is 2 - 26 ( mean. 7. 8 ) weeks, most infected patients, 80 - 85 %, are asymptomatic. circa 25 % of post blood transfusion patients are symptomatic and develop jaundice and alt to high levels. 40 % of all infected patients develop a chronic course. almost all chronic hepatitis c infections do not improve spontaneously. the infection persists mostly in a mild chronic form and only a minority of cases develop cirrhosis and / or hepatocellular carcinoma. the complications are greatly influenced by alcohol. in mild chronic cases the disease does not deteriorate in about 2 / 3 of the cases. it progresses to moderate or severe chronic active forms in about 1 / 3 and ends in cirrhosis in fewer than 10 %. in moderate cases, 50 % will progress to more severe chronic forms. in all severe cases usually the disease progress to cirrhosis. progressive cases should be identified and should receive interferon treatment. histology is a valuable predictor of progression. these evolutionary changes develop slowly, in an average of 15 years. in summary, viral hepatitis c has a long natural history with mostly benign course, therefore, the frequency of death from all causes in long - standing hepatitis c patients and in controls is identical. 1 - - cirrhosis may take 10 - 20 years or more to appear and will have a long indolent course. in exceptional cases ( hypogammaglobulinemia, hiv ) cirrhosis may have a rapid 5 year course. 2 - - hepatocellular carcinoma develops in the presence or absence of cirrhosis. ( de mitri, j hepathology 21 ( suppl 1 ) : s17, 1994 ). it may take 30 - 60 years to appear. hcv rna can be demonstrated in the tumor as well as in surrounding liver tissue although hc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5024540856398967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddd75a9c-d881-47e3-9ada-ab987ab1a6ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.764753"}
{"text": "de mitri, j hepathology 21 ( suppl 1 ) : s17, 1994 ). it may take 30 - 60 years to appear. hcv rna can be demonstrated in the tumor as well as in surrounding liver tissue although hcv rna cannot be integrated in the hepatocytic dna. 3 - - essential cryoglobulinemia - which produce purpura, arthralgia and weakness. relationship between hcv and cryoglobulin in not clear. 4 - - porphyria cutanea tarda due to decrease of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase consists of cutaneous vesicles in exposed areas. 5 - - lichen planus. it can be exacerbated by alpha - interferon treatment. 6 - - mooren ' s corneal ulcers. they improve with alpha - interferon. infection in special subjects | the course is similar to that in adults. there is no growth retardation. children don ' t die of hepatitis c because in this disease cirrhosis takes 10 - 20 years to develop and cause death. treatment with alpha - interferon has produced same results as in adults. no problems in the development of the fetus. perinatal transmission is less than 5 %. perinatal gamma globulin administration has no benefit. prenatal screening of pregnant women for hepatitis c is not recommended. hcv is not detected in milk. the incidence of patients on dialysis affected by membranous glomerulopathy and positive for hcv is high but they may acquire hcv infection through blood transfusions, infected organs and instrumentation. hcv does not appear to be directly nephrotropic besides being hepatotropic. infected patients on dialysis should, therefore, be isolated from non - infected patients both by dialysis machine and by area. hcv infection does not influence the outcome of renal transplants. viral hepatitis c infection induces the general changes of hepatitis, namely, necroinflammation and fibrosis. these two parameters are morphologically estimated according to the scoring system presented in the discussion of viral hepatitis b. ( see contents, li - 5 - 3 ). as in hepatitis b, the damage of hepatocytes is considered to be immunomediated, ( acadia, intervirology 37 ( 2 ) : 126 - 132, 1994 ), although direct viral cytopathogenicity is also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4492232036093096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddd75a9c-d881-47e3-9ada-ab987ab1a6ed>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.765829"}
{"text": "in hepatitis b, the damage of hepatocytes is considered to be immunomediated, ( acadia, intervirology 37 ( 2 ) : 126 - 132, 1994 ), although direct viral cytopathogenicity is also probable. a few quantitative differences of pathological changes appear to be associated more with hepatitis c : 1 - - a mild but constant necroinflammation in the parenchyma. ( gerber, ver. deu.. ges. path. 79 : 162 - 70, 1995 ). ( lobular hepatitis ). 2 - - more common lymphocytosis in sinusoids. 3 - - a strong lymphocytic infiltration of portal fields. 4 - - epithelial damage of portal bile ducts. 5 - - macro and microvesicular steatosis. 6 - - mallory body - like material. ( lefkowitch, gastroenterology 104 : 595 - 603, 1993 ). 7 - - hemosiderin granules in endothelium of portal and septal venules. ( kaji, human path. 26 ( 10 ) : 1080 - 5, 1995 ). 8 - - perivenular fibrosis similar to alcohol. ( uchimura, liver 15 ( 6 ) : 300 - 6, 1995 ) hcv antigens can be detected in the cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes with antibodies especially in frozen tissue with immunohistochemistry. hcv rna can be detected in fixed liver tissue by in situ hybridization. this test is more sensitive than immunohistochemistry. | fig. 115 - lobular | fig. 116 - sinusoidal | fig. 117 - steatosis | fig. 118 - mallory - like | fig. 119 - portal | fig. 120 - bile duct | fig. 121 - fibrosis | fig. 122 - hcvag 1 - serological tests for hcv specific antibodies. a ) ( eia ). enzyme immuno assay. hcv has multiple antigen proteins. serological testing for these proteins forms the basis for demonstrating the infection. the first test consisted of enzyme immunoassaying for one protein, c100 - 3 ( eia - 1 ). assaying for multiple antigen by same enzymatic method improved sensitivity to 94 - 100 % and specificity to 97 %. false negative results were seen in : - - patients tested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45311453588219086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddd75a9c-d881-47e3-9ada-ab987ab1a6ed>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.767324"}
{"text": "protein, c100 - 3 ( eia - 1 ). assaying for multiple antigen by same enzymatic method improved sensitivity to 94 - 100 % and specificity to 97 %. false negative results were seen in : - - patients tested before seroconversion ( before developing antibodies to hcv antigens ) - - immunosuppressed patients ( hiv, organ transplants ). - - viral heterogeneity ( viral mutant different than usa predominant virus ( type 1a ). false positive results were seen in : - - connective tissue disorders. b ) ( riba ). recombinant immuno blot assay. it is performed on a cellulose strip. four hcv antigens are blotted and reacted with patient ' s sera. reactivity in at least 2 bands ( riba - 2 ) indicate positive results which are obtained in 85 % of patient infected with hcv. 2 - direct demonstration of hcv rna by pcr. the viral rna from whole blood, serum, plasma, fixed tissues, is converted to complimentary dna ( cdna ) by reverse transcriptase and then amplified by pcr. this is a highly sensitive and highly specific confirmatory test. there are, however false negative but not false positive results. the test is especially useful to monitor the effectiveness of the interferon treatment. for this purpose : 3 - quantification of hcf rna has been developed. the test results could separate responders from non - responders to treatment. 4 - determination of hcv genotypes will also help in the determination of aggressivnes, possible outcome and management of the infection. there are conflicting reports as to which genotype is more aggressive and which is more benign. it seems that type 1b is more aggressive responding less to interferon therapy and requiring more liver transplants, type 2 seems to be more benign and responds better to interferon treatment. this test with serology and morphology will have a determining place in the management of hepatitis c. there are two conditions that can be confused with hepatitis c : 1 - - autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. 2 - - alcoholic liver disease. instances have been reported of patients who were treated with alpha - interferon for hepatitis c without any result and responded dramatically to cortisone therapy indicating presence of an autoimmune hepatitis. according to a most recent report from germany \" distinction between autoimmune liver disease and viral hepatitis c could be made reliably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46519179652508635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddd75a9c-d881-47e3-9ada-ab987ab1a6ed>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.768466"}
{"text": "c without any result and responded dramatically to cortisone therapy indicating presence of an autoimmune hepatitis. according to a most recent report from germany \" distinction between autoimmune liver disease and viral hepatitis c could be made reliably on clinical and laboratory grounds and - - - - a link between hepatitis a, b, or c virus infection and autoimmune liver diseases is high unlikely \". ( lohse et al, zeitschrift fur gastr. 33 ( 9 ) : 527 - 33, 1995 ). in case of doubt it is better to try first treatment with cortisone than with alpha - interferon. alcohol seem to aggravate hepatitis c, actually \" patients with hepatitis c who develop cirrhosis under age 50 are those who consume alcohol daily \". ( bader, viral hepatitis, page 141, h & h publishers, 1994 ). thus, patients with alcoholic liver disease should be tested for hepatitis c especially if rapid deterioration of the \" alcoholic \" cirrhosis is observed. the existing treatment is, so far ( 1996 ) alpha - 2b interferon, which is of long duration, with serious side effects and expensive. it produces temporary results in about 40 % and permanent results in only 20 % of the patients. the best responders are those cases without cirrhosis, without severe inflammation, with low serum ferritin, low serum ggt ( gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase ), low body weight, low viremia hcv. in a series of patients who remained viremic after a sustained biochemical response to interferon therapy 53 % of the cases positive for hcv rna relapsed in a 4 year time. test for hcv rna 1 year after a sustained biochemical response to interferon therapy should be done to determine whether the response is complete and permanent. ( chemello ann. int. med. 124 ( 12 ) : 1058 - 60, 1996 ). positivity for hcv rna was encountered in patients who were older, had received smaller doses of interferon and were infected more frequently with hcv genotype 2. it appears that reinfection of transplanted liver in pre - transplant recipients positive for hcv rna is universal. its course also appears to be not as indolent as it was thought. in the following report ( greenson, am. j. surg. path. 20 ( 6 ) : 731 - 8, 1996 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41571389966212285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddd75a9c-d881-47e3-9ada-ab987ab1a6ed>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.769434"}
{"text": "a saliva gland test may be enough to diagnose parkinson ' s disease, a new study suggests. the study, which will be presented at the american academy of neurology ' s 65th annual meeting in san diego in march, found that testing a portion of a saliva gland might be a way to determine whether a person has parkinson ' s. \" there is currently no diagnostic test for parkinson ' s disease, \" study author dr. charles adler, with the mayo clinic arizona and a fellow of the american academy of neurology, said in a statement. \" we have previously shown in autopsies of parkinson ' s patients that the abnormal proteins associated with parkinson ' s are consistently found in the submandibular salivary glands, under the lower jaw, and this is the first study demonstrating the value of testing a portion of the saliva gland to diagnose a living person for parkinson ' s disease, \" adler said. \" making a diagnosis in living patients is a big step forward in our effort to understand and better treat patients, \" he added. adler and his team studied 15 people with an average age of 68 who had parkinson ' s disease for an average of 12 years. researchers said that the patients had responded to parkinson ' s medication and did not have known salivary gland disorders. researchers took biopsies from two different salivary glands in each of the participants. the two glands examined in the study included the gland just beneath the lower jaw and the minor salivary gland in the lower lip. researchers then stained the biopsied tissue samples and looked to see whether there was any evidence of the abnormal parkinson ' s protein. researchers noted that there was not enough sample tissue in four of the initial lower jaw biopsies to complete the tests. however, the abnormal parkinson ' s protein was detected in nine of the 11, or 82 percent, of the patients with enough tissue to study. \" while still under analysis, the rate of positive findings in the biopsies of the lower lip glands appears to be much lower than for the lower jaw gland, \" adler said. researchers said that the latest findings provide the first \" direct evidence \" to support the use of lower jaw gland biopsies as a diagnostic test for patients with parkinson ' s disease. \" this finding may be of great use when needing tissue proof of parkinson ' s disease, especially when considering performing invasive procedures such as deep brain stimulation surgery or gene therapy, \" he concluded. published by medicaldaily. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4677817370999569, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8732d491-591a-448b-8086-39ab59bbc00b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.772011"}
{"text": "the standard ecg provides 12 different vector views of the heart ' s electrical activity as reflected by electrical potential differences between positive and negative electrodes placed on the limbs and chest wall. six of these views are vertical ( using frontal leads i, ii, and iii and limb leads avr, avl, and avf ), and 6 are horizontal ( using precordial leads v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, and v6 ). the 12 - lead ecg is crucial for establishing many cardiac diagnoses, especially arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia ( see table 4 : cardiovascular tests and procedures : interpretation of abnormal ecgs ). it can also identify atrial enlargement, ventricular hypertrophy ( see table 5 : cardiovascular tests and procedures : criteria for ecg diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy ), and conditions that predispose to syncope or sudden death ( eg, wolff - parkinson - white syndrome, long qt syndrome, brugada syndrome ). a useful ecg tutorial is available from the university of utah. standard ecg components by convention, the ecg tracing is divided into the p wave, pr interval, qrs complex, qt interval, st segment, t wave, and u wave ( see fig. 2 : cardiovascular tests and procedures : ecg waves. ). the p wave represents atrial depolarization. it is upright in most leads except avr. it may be biphasic in leads ii and v1 ; the initial component represents right atrial activity, and the 2nd component represents left atrial activity. an increase in amplitude of either or both components occurs with atrial enlargement. right atrial enlargement produces a p wave > 2 mm in leads ii, iii, and avf ( p pulmonale ) ; left atrial enlargement produces a p wave that is broad and double - peaked in lead ii ( p mitrale ). normally, the p axis is between 0\u00b0 and 75\u00b0. the pr interval is the time between onset of atrial depolarization and onset of ventricular depolarization. normally, it is 0. 10 to 0. 20 sec ; prolongation defines 1st - degree atrioventricular block. the qrs complex represents ventricular depolarization. the q wave is the initial downward deflection ; normal q waves last < 0. 05 sec in all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52177387794562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8f3a06d-1b4a-4148-8a1d-0d58c7a12ab3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.780377"}
{"text": "; prolongation defines 1st - degree atrioventricular block. the qrs complex represents ventricular depolarization. the q wave is the initial downward deflection ; normal q waves last < 0. 05 sec in all leads except v1 - 3, in which any q wave is considered abnormal, indicating past or current infarction. the r wave is the first upward deflection ; criteria for normal height or size are not absolute, but taller r waves may be caused by ventricular hypertrophy. a 2nd upward deflection in a qrs complex is designated r \u2032. the s wave is the 2nd downward deflection if there is a q wave and the first downward deflection if not. the qrs complex may be r alone, qs ( no r ), qr ( no s ), rs ( no q ), or rsr \u2032, depending on the ecg lead, vector, and presence of heart disorders. normally, the qrs interval is 0. 07 to 0. 10 sec. an interval of 0. 10 to 0. 11 sec is considered incomplete bundle branch block or a nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay, depending on qrs morphology ; \u2265 0. 12 sec is considered complete bundle branch block or an intraventricular conduction delay. normally, the qrs axis is 90\u00b0 to \u221230\u00b0. an axis of \u221230\u00b0 to \u221290\u00b0 is considered left axis deviation and occurs in left anterior fascicular block ( \u221260\u00b0 ) and inferior mi. an axis of 90\u00b0 to 180\u00b0 is considered right axis deviation ; it occurs in any condition that increases pulmonary pressures and causes right ventricular hypertrophy ( cor pulmonale, acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension ), and it sometimes occurs in right bundle branch block or left posterior fascicular block. the qt interval is the time between onset of ventricular depolarization and end of ventricular repolarization. the qt interval must be corrected for heart rate using the formula : where qtc is the corrected qt interval ; r - r interval is the time between 2 qrs complexes. all intervals are recorded in seconds. qtc prolongation is strongly implicated in development of torsades de pointe ventricular tachycardia ( see arrhythmias and conduction disorders : long qt syndrome and torsades de pointes ventricular tachycard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5519937991496228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8f3a06d-1b4a-4148-8a1d-0d58c7a12ab3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.781405"}
{"text": "prolongation is strongly implicated in development of torsades de pointe ventricular tachycardia ( see arrhythmias and conduction disorders : long qt syndrome and torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia ). qtc is often difficult to calculate because the end of the t wave is often unclear or followed by a u wave with which it merges. numerous drugs are implicated in prolonging the qt interval ( see qtdrugs. org ). the st segment represents completed ventricular myocardial depolarization. normally, it is horizontal along the baseline of the pr ( or tp ) intervals or slightly off baseline. st segment elevation can be caused by st segment depression can be caused by the t wave reflects ventricular repolarization. it usually takes the same direction as the qrs complex ( concordance ) ; opposite polarity ( discordance ) may indicate past or current infarction. the t wave is usually smooth and rounded but may be of low amplitude in hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia and may be tall and peaked in hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy. the u wave appears commonly in patients who have hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or ischemia. it is often present in healthy people. specialized ecg tests a standard 12 - lead ecg represents only a single brief period of cardiac activity ; enhanced techniques can provide additional information. additional precordial leads : additional precordial leads are used to help diagnose right ventricular and posterior wall mi. right - sided leads are placed across the right side of the chest to mirror standard left - sided leads. they are labeled v1r to v6r ; sometimes only v4r is used, because it is the most sensitive for right ventricular mi. additional left - sided leads can be placed in the 5th intercostal space, with v7 at the posterior axillary line, v8 at the midscapular line, and v9 at the left border of the spine. these leads are rarely used but may help diagnose a true posterior mi. an esophageal lead is much closer to the atria than surface leads ; it is an option when the presence of p waves on a standard recording is uncertain and when detecting atrial electrical activity is important, as when atrial or ventricular origin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5263947959678612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8f3a06d-1b4a-4148-8a1d-0d58c7a12ab3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.782371"}
{"text": "repolarization heterogeneity. increased dispersion suggests electrically heterogeneous myocardium caused by ischemia or fibrosis, with increased risk of reentrant arrhythmias and sudden death. qt dispersion predicts mortality risk but is not widely measured because measurement error is common, values in patients with and without disease overlap substantially, there is no reference standard, and other validated risk predictors are available. heart rate variability : this measurement reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic ( vagal ) input to the heart. decreased variability suggests decreased vagal input and increased sympathetic input, which predict increased risk of arrhythmias and mortality. the most common measure of variability is the mean of the standard deviations of all normal r - r intervals in a 24 - h ecg recording. heart rate variability is used primarily in research, but evidence suggests that it provides useful information about left ventricular dysfunction after mi, heart failure, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. most holter monitors have software that measures and analyzes heart rate variability. holter monitoring is continuous monitoring and recording of the ecg, bp, or both for 24 or 48 h. it is useful for evaluating intermittent arrhythmias and, secondarily, for detecting hypertension. the holter monitor is portable, enabling patients to participate in normal daily activities ; it may also be used for sedentary hospitalized patients if automated monitoring is unavailable. patients are asked to record symptoms and activities so that they may be correlated with events on the monitor. the holter monitor does not automatically analyze the ecg data ; a physician does so at a later date. event recorders are worn for up to 30 days and can detect infrequent rhythm disturbances that 24 - h holter monitoring may miss. the recorder may operate continuously and also be activated by the patient when symptoms occur. a memory loop enables information to be stored for seconds or minutes before and after activation. the patient can transmit ecg data by telephone or satellite to be read by a physician. if patients have serious events ( eg, syncope ) at intervals of > 30 days, an event recorder may be placed subcutaneously ( implantable loop recorder ) ; it can be activated by a small magnet. battery life for subcutaneous recorders is 24 mo. last full review / revision december 2012 by michael j. shea, md content last modified january 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5443327768575016, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8f3a06d-1b4a-4148-8a1d-0d58c7a12ab3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.785315"}
{"text": "youth members with special needs advancement for youth members with special needs ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 39 ) the following are the guidelines for membership and advancement in scouting for persons having disabilities or other special needs. the american with disabilities act of 1990 ( ada ) provides the following definition of an individual with a disability : \" an individual is considered to have a ' disability ' if s / he has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities ( e. g.,... seeing hearing, speaking, walking, breathing, performing manual tasks, learning, caring for oneself, and working ), has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment. \" an individual with epilepsy, paralysis, hiv infection, aids, a substantial hearing or visual impairment, mental retardation, or a specific learning disability, is covered, but an individual with a minor, nonchronic condition of short duration, such as a sprain, broken limb, or the flu would not be covered by the ada. \" the ada definition protects individuals with a record of a disability and would cover, for example, a person who has recovered from cancer or mental illness. \" and the ada protects individuals who are regarded as having a substantially limiting impairment, even though they may not have such an impairment. for example... a qualified individual with a severe facial disfigurement is protected from being denied employment because an employer feared the ' negative reactions ' of customers or coworkers. \" the department of education identifies a severely handicapped child as one who, because of the intensity of his physical, mental, or emotional problems, or a combination of such problems, needs education, social, psychological, and medical services beyond those that have been offered by traditional regular and special educational programs, in order to maximize his full potential for useful and meaningful participation in society and for self - fulfillment. such children include those classified as seriously emotionally disturbed or profoundly and severely mentally retarded, and those with two or more serious handicapping conditions, such as the mentally retarded blind, and the cerebral - palsied deaf. ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 40 ) the chartered organizations using scouting determine, with approval from appropriate medical authorities, whether a youth member is qualified to register ( based on the above definitions ) beyond the normal registration age. the cubmaster ' s signature on the cub scout application, the scoutmaster ' s signature on the boy scout application, the varsity scout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49656671727632196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c427820-7e5c-41f5-93ca-2d71d7b32b83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.795946"}
{"text": "authorities, whether a youth member is qualified to register ( based on the above definitions ) beyond the normal registration age. the cubmaster ' s signature on the cub scout application, the scoutmaster ' s signature on the boy scout application, the varsity scout coach ' s signature on the varsity scout application, the advisor ' s or skipper ' s signature on the venturing application, or on the unit ' s charter renewal application certify the approval of the chartered organization for the person to register. the local council must approve these registrations on an individual basis. the medical condition of all candidates for membership beyond the normal registration age must be certified by a physician licensed to practice medicine, or an evaluation statement must be certified by an educational administrator. use the personal health and medical record form. any corrective measures, restrictions, limitations, or abnormalities must be noted. in the case of mentally retarded or emotionally disturbed candidates for membership, their condition must be certified by a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist. current health, medical, or certification records of all youth members beyond the normal registration age who have disabilities are to be retained in the unit file at the council service center. advancement for boy scout with disabilities ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 40 ) all current requirements for an advancement award ( ranks, merit badges, or eagle palms ) must be actually met by the candidate. there are no substitutions or alternatives permitted except those which are specifically stated in the requirements as set forth in the current official literature of the boy scouts of america. requests can be made for alternate rank requirements for tenderfoot, second class, and first class using the information outlined in this chapter. no council, district, unit, or individual has the authority to add to, or to subtract from, any advancement requirements. the scout is expected to meet the requirements as stated - - no more and no less. furthermore, he is to do exactly what is stated. if it says, \" show or demonstrate, \" that is what he must do. just telling about it isn ' t enough. the same thing holds true for such words as \" make, \" \" list, \" \" in the field, \" and \" collect, identify, and label. \" alternate requirements for tenderfoot, second class, and first class ranks ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 42 ) a scout who has a permanent physical or mental disability and is unable to complete all of the requirements for tenderfoot, second class, or first class rank may submit a request to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065356904229392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c427820-7e5c-41f5-93ca-2d71d7b32b83>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.797060"}
{"text": "ranks ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 42 ) a scout who has a permanent physical or mental disability and is unable to complete all of the requirements for tenderfoot, second class, or first class rank may submit a request to the council advancement committee to complete alternate requirements. below are the procedures for applying for alternate requirements. to keep scouts with disabilities as much in the advancement mainstream as possible, some advancement accommodations may be required. thus, a scout in a wheelchair can meet the requirements for hiking by making a trip to a place of interest in his community. giving more time and permitting the use of special aids are other ways leaders can help scouts with disabilities in their efforts to advance. the substitute should provide a similar learning experience. bear in mind the outcome of the scouting experience should be one of fun and learning, and not completing requirements for rank advancements, which might place unrealistic expectations on the special - needs scout. step 1 - do as many standard requirements as possible. before applying for alternate requirements, the scout must complete as many of the standard requirements as his ability permits. he must do his very best to develop himself to the limit of his abilities and resources. step 2 - secure a medical statement. a clear and concise medical statement concerning the scout ' s disabilities must be submitted by a licensed health - care provider it must state that the disability is permanent and outline what physical activities the scout may not be capable of completing. in the case of a mental disability, an evaluation statement should be submitted by a certified educational administrator relating the ability level of the scout. step 3 - prepare a request for alternate requirements. a written request must be submitted to the council advancement committee for the scout to work on alternate requirements for tenderfoot, second class, and first class ranks. the request should include the standard requirements the scout has completed and the suggested alternate requirements for those requirements the scout cannot complete. this request should be detailed enough to give the advancement committee enough information to make a decision. the request should be prepared by the scout, his parents, and his scoutmaster. a copy of the medical statement in step 2 should be included. step 4 - the advancement committee reviews the request. the council advancement committee should review the request, utilizing the expertise of professional persons involved in scouts with disabilities. the advancement committee may want to interview the scout, the parents, and the leader to fully understand the request and to make a fair determination. the decision of the advancement committee should be recorded and delivered to the scout and the scoutmaster. the council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4601207784152196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c427820-7e5c-41f5-93ca-2d71d7b32b83>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.798198"}
{"text": ". the advancement committee may want to interview the scout, the parents, and the leader to fully understand the request and to make a fair determination. the decision of the advancement committee should be recorded and delivered to the scout and the scoutmaster. the council advancement committee must then secure approval of the council executive board. the scout executive must attach a letter to the application indicating that the executive board has approved the application. when applicable, the candidate ' s application for his award must be made on the eagle scout rank application or quartermaster award application and also recorded on the advancement report form. in the application of these policies for scouts with special needs, reasonable accommodation in the performance of requirements for advancement may be made. these may include such things as the extension of time, adaptation of facilities, or the use of equipment or necessary devices consistent with the known physical or mental limitations of the handicapped individual it is urged that common sense be employed. ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 42 ) certification must be given by the appropriate local council committee responsible for advancement that each eagle scout candidate over the age of 18 and venturing award candidate over the age of 21 has met the requirements as stated in the current official literature of the boy scouts of america. ( a representative of the council advancement committee must be a member of the eagle board of review. ) the council committee responsible for advancement must then secure approval of the council executive board. the scout executive must attach a letter to the application indicating that the executive board has approved the application. the candidate ' s application for the award must be made on the eagle scout rank application or quartermaster award application and recorded on the advancement report form. in the application of these policies for scouts with special needs, reasonable accommodation in the performance of requirements may be made. these may include things such as the extension of time, adaptation of facilities, or the use of equipment or necessary devices consistent with the known physical or mental limitations of the handicapped individual. it is urged that common sense be employed. alternate merit badges for the eagle scout rank ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 43 ) - 1. the eagle scout rank may be achieved by a boy scout, varsity scout, or qualified venturer who has a physical or mental disability by qualifying for alternate merit badges. this does not apply to individual requirements for merit badges. merit badges are awarded only when all requirements are met as stated. - 2. the physical or mental disability must be of a permanent rather than a temporary nature. - 3. a clear and concise medical statement concerning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47596800650523047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c427820-7e5c-41f5-93ca-2d71d7b32b83>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.799643"}
{"text": "to individual requirements for merit badges. merit badges are awarded only when all requirements are met as stated. - 2. the physical or mental disability must be of a permanent rather than a temporary nature. - 3. a clear and concise medical statement concerning the scout ' s disabilities must be made by a physician licensed to practice medicine, or an evaluation statement must be certified by an educational administrator. - 4. the candidate must earn as many of the required merit badges as his ability permits before applying for an alternate eagle scout rank merit badge. - 5. the candidate must complete as many of the requirements of the required merit badges as his ability permits. - 6. the application for alternate eagle scout award merit badges must be completed prior to qualifying for alternate merit badges. - 7. the alternate merit badges chosen must be of such a nature that they are as demanding of effort as the required merit badges. - 8. when alternates chosen involve physical activity, they must be approved by the physician. - 9. the unit leader and the board of review must explain that to attain the eagle scout rank, a candidate is expected to do his best in developing himself to the limit of his resources. - 10. the application must be approved by the council committee responsible for advancement, utilizing the expertise of professional persons involved in scouting for people with special needs. - 11. the candidate ' s application for eagle must be made on the eagle scout rank application, with the application for alternate eagle scout award merit badges attached. woods services award ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 43 ) this annual award was established to recognize volunteers who have performed exceptional service and leadership in the field of scouts with disabilities. nomination forms are sent annually to councils every september with a december 31 deadline. one person is selected each spring for national recognition. torch of gold certificate ( quoted from : # 33088, p. 43 ) this is for local council use in recognizing adults for outstanding service to youth with disabilities. order no. 33733. official sources for related information http : / / www. scouting. org / factsheets / 02 - 508. html - scouts with disabilities and special needs - boy scouts of america unofficial sources for related information http : / / www. wwswd. org / - working with scouts with disabilities http : / / www. rfbd. org / - recordings for the blind and dyslexic ( enter scout in the search form ) http : / / www. aph. org / louis. htm - american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4479399681545254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c427820-7e5c-41f5-93ca-2d71d7b32b83>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.801895"}
{"text": "any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mulberry, huckleberry, etc. a small fruit that is pulpy or succulent throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp, as the currant, grape, blueberry. a juicy fruit with seeds immersed in pulp a fleshy fruit containing 1 to many seeds a fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit with the seed ( s ) embedded in the fleshy tissue of the pericarp. cf. drupe, pyrene. a fleshy fruit ( remaining closed when mature ) with the seed or seeds surrounded by pulp. a fleshy or pulpy fruit from a single ovary with one to many embedded seeds, such as tomato and grape. a pulpy, indehiscent fruit with several carpels, each with one or more seeds. a small fruit with pulpy flesh enclosing one or more seeds or an assembly of small sacs of juice each encloses one seed within it or on its surface. a fleshy indehiscent pulpy multi - seeded fruit resulting from a single pistil. a fruit with pericarp wholly pulpy. indehiscent, fleshy fruit with ( one or ) a few to many seeds ; the flesh may be more or less homogeneous, or the outer part of the fruit may be firm, hard, or leathery. a small, fleshy fruit or dry seed or kernel of various plants. a fleshy fruit that contains small seeds n. ( as. berie, berry ) any fleshy simple fruit with one or more seeds and a skin, as a tomato, cranberry, banana, grape, etc. ; a several - sided indehiscent fruit with a fleshy pericarp and without a stony layer surrounding the seeds. all fruits with fleshy walls and multiple seeds. any of numerous small and pulpy edible fruits ; used as desserts or in making jams and jellies and preserves a small fruit having any of various structures, e. g., simple ( grape or blueberry ) or aggregate ( blackberry or raspberry ) a fleshy fruit that carries no stony layer in the any fruit, but also contains one to many seeds a kind of fruit a simple fruit having a skin surrounding one or more seeds in a fleshy pulp a small juicy fruit without a stone a fleshy fruit with 1 or more seeds a fleshy indehisent pulpy, succulent fruit with immersed seeds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.525315862552243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf42c7ca-8563-424b-abe8-a7fb315f857f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.805951"}
{"text": "fruit a simple fruit having a skin surrounding one or more seeds in a fleshy pulp a small juicy fruit without a stone a fleshy fruit with 1 or more seeds a fleshy indehisent pulpy, succulent fruit with immersed seeds. a pulpy or freshy fruit with pericarp containing one or more hard - coated seeds. the fleshy fruit containing the seeds ; the ovary after fertilization. a many - seeded, succulent fruit. an outer skin encloses a thick fleshy interior, with an inner thin layer. a fruit that is fleshy throughout. fleshy fruit with one or more seeds in the pulp, not enclosed in hard shell ( grape ) fleshy fruit, containing several or many seeds ; any pulpy or juicy fruit a pulpy indehiscent fruit with one to many seeds ; such as the grape, cranberry, blueberry or tomato. a fruit with the seeds surrounded only by fleshy material. a pulpy, indehiscent fruit with few to many seeds. a type of fruit with seeds contained in or about the pulp or flesh a fleshy, several - seeded fruit with fleshy inner and outer walls a stoneless, pulpy fruit containing one or more embedded seeds ( e. g., grape ). fleshy fruit of a plant with a pulpy interior, containing seeds. fleshy fruit with ( 1 - ) several seeds immersed in soft flesh, but seeds without a stony outer layer, e. g. tomato ( see drupe ). parent term : indehiscent plural : berries difficulty level a simple fleshy fruit, with seeds embedded in the pulpy mass a type of simple fruit having a fleshy exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. example : tomato. fleshy fruit, with succulent pericarp, as in vitis. fleshy fruit with relatively thin skin and containing several seeds, usually round or nearly so a fleshy fruit developed from a single pistil, fleshy throughout. a berry is a small, juicy, fleshy, stoneless fruit that contains one or many seeds. this simple fruit has a pulpy pericarp surrounding the seed. some berries include the gooseberry, tomato, currant, and grape. the term berry, in common parlance and in cuisine, refers generically to any small, edible fruit with multiple seeds ; in this sense, the tomato is a berry and the strawberry is not. aggregate fruits such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.546809361195102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf42c7ca-8563-424b-abe8-a7fb315f857f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.806865"}
{"text": "cut the paper towel tube to the desired length and glue on feathers according to the type of bird being depicted. twist and mold the chenille stems so that they resemble the head, beak and feet of the assigned bird. leave ends of the stems free so that they can be attached to the tube. teachers, using a sharpened pencil or other pointed object, poke small holes in the tube where the chenille stems will be attached. poke the ends of the molded stems ( head, beak and feet ) through the holes. if possible, twist to secure. if not, use a dab of glue. allow to dry, then bend the chenille stems so that the bird can balance on its legs and so its head is in the correct position. using the last chenille stems, bend them in a webbed foot shape and twist the rest up the legs for stability. adult supervision is required at all times. save cardboard paper towel tubes. birds are more mobile than other animals because they can fly. define migratory and non - migratory birds, explaining that many birds migrate when the seasons change. each bird species prefers certain climates and needs certain temperatures, water and food to survive. help the students to make a list of the birds in their communities. are these birds around all year? when do some birds arrive or leave their communities? where do they migrate to? to complete this unit of study, have the students choose their favorite bird and create a 3 - d model of their bird.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48215680968228064, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5107888-c80a-4fdd-a6d6-1733b1a1e1d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.808274"}
{"text": "wilhelm von humboldt [ new individualist review, 1961 ] when oswald spengler in one of his minor books scornfully characterized german classical liberalism as \" a bit of the spirit of england on german soil, \" he was merely displaying the willful blindness of the school of militaristic statist german historians, who refused to acknowledge as a true compatriot any thinker who did not form part of the \" intellectual bodyguard of the house of hohenzollern. \" spengler had apparently forgotten that germany had had its enlightenment, and the ideals of freedom which were conceived and propagated in england, scotland, and france towards the end of the 18th century, had found an echo and a support in the works of writers such as kant, schiller, and even the young fichte. although by 1899 william graham sumner could write that, \" there is today scarcely an institution in germany except the army, \" it is nevertheless true that there existed a native german tradition of distinguished, libertarian thought, which had, in the course of the 19th century, to some degree at least been translated into action. of the thinkers who contributed to this tradition, wilhelm von humboldt was unquestionably one of the greatest. born in 1767, humboldt was descended from a junker family which had faithfully served the rulers of prussia for generations \u2014 a fact which was later to cause surprise to some of those who heard young humboldt in conversation passionately defend personal liberty. he was educated at frankfurt - am - oder, and later at gottingen, at that time one of the centers of liberal ideas in germany. in the summer of 1789, humboldt undertook a trip to paris, in the company of his former tutor, campe, who was a devotee of the philosophes, and now eager to see with his own eyes \" the funeral rites of french despotism. \" his pupil did not share his enthusiasm for the revolution, however, for from what humboldt had witnessed at paris and from conversations with friedrich gentz ( at that time a supporter of the french revolution ) there issued a brief article, \" ideas on the constitutions of states, occasioned by the new french constitution. \" this little essay, orginally intended as a letter to a friend, is noteworthy for a number of reasons. in the first place, humboldt appears to have arrived at some of the major conclusions of burke, without at that time being familiar with the briton ' s work. he states, for instance, that \" reason is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4820977869092644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.825271"}
{"text": "noteworthy for a number of reasons. in the first place, humboldt appears to have arrived at some of the major conclusions of burke, without at that time being familiar with the briton ' s work. he states, for instance, that \" reason is capable to be sure of giving form to material already present, but it has no power to create new material. \u2026 constitutions cannot be grafted upon men as sprigs upon trees. \" for a new political order to be successful, it is necessary for \" time and nature \" to have prepared the ground. since this has not been the case in france, historical analogy compels us to answer no to the question whether this new constitution will succeed. in addition, this essay is interesting because it anticipates an idea which was central to the thesis of humboldt ' s most important work on political theory, and which was never far from his mind whenever he deliberated on the nature of man \u2014 the notion that \" whatever is to flourish in a man must spring from within him, and not be given him from without. \" nevertheless, humboldt does not, in this essay, display the hostility towards the french people that was characteristic of burke. he realizes that if the french had given themselves over to ill - considered schemes for remolding their society according to a preconceived plan, it was a reaction which might have been expected, given the provocations of the old regime. \" mankind had suffered at the hands of one extreme ; it understandably sought its salvation at the other. \" on his return to berlin, humboldt had been given a minor post at the law court. but the relative freedom of thought that had been enjoyed in prussia under frederick the great was at this time being replaced by persecutions of the press and religious intolerance, and humboldt did not find the atmosphere of public life congenial. added to this was the disinclination that he felt to interfere in the lives of others ( a nicety of feeling almost grotesquely out of place in a \" public servant \" ). most important of all, perhaps, was the new conception that he was beginning to formulate of the legitimate functions of government, a conception that virtually compelled him to look on the states of his time as engines of injustice. in the spring of 1791, humboldt resigned his position. the genesis of his major work on political theory, and the one of most interest to individualists, is also to be found in discussions with a friend \u2014 karl von dalberg, who was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5392497593665879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.826306"}
{"text": ". in the spring of 1791, humboldt resigned his position. the genesis of his major work on political theory, and the one of most interest to individualists, is also to be found in discussions with a friend \u2014 karl von dalberg, who was a proponent of the \" enlightened \" state paternalism then prevalent in germany. he pressed humboldt for a written exposition of his views on the subject, and humboldt responded, in 1792, by composing his classic, the sphere and duties of government. this little book was later to have a good deal of influence. it was of importance in shaping some of john stuart mill ' s ideas in this field, and may even have provided the immediate occasion for his on liberty. in france, laboulaye, the late - 19th - century individualist, owed much to this work of humboldt ' s, and in germany it exercised an influence even over such a basically unsympathetic mind as von treitschke ' s. but it is also a book that has an inherent value, because in it are set forth \u2014 in some cases, i believe, for the first time \u2014 some of the major arguments for freedom. humboldt begins his work by remarking that previous writers on political philosophy have concerned themselves almost exclusively with investigating the divisions of governmental power and what part the nation, or certain sectors of it, ought to have in the exercise of this power. these writers have neglected the more fundamental question, \" to what end ought the whole apparatus of the state to aim, and what limits ought to be set to its activity? \" it is this question that humboldt intends to answer. \" the true end of man \u2014 not that which capricious inclination prescribes for him, but that which is prescribed by eternally immutable reason \u2014 is the highest and most harmonious cultivation of his faculties into one whole. for this cultivation, freedom is the first and indispensible condition. \" humboldt thus begins by placing his argument within the framework of a particular conception of man ' s nature, but it ought to be noted that the validity of his argument does not depend upon the correctness of his view of \" the true end of man. \" of primary importance are his ideas in regard to the mechanism of individual and social progress, and here even such a socially minded utilitarian as john stuart mill could find instruction and inspiration. for the full flourishing of the individual, humboldt asserts, there is requisite, besides freedom, a \" manifoldness of situations, \" which, while logical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164831485095256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.827404"}
{"text": "here even such a socially minded utilitarian as john stuart mill could find instruction and inspiration. for the full flourishing of the individual, humboldt asserts, there is requisite, besides freedom, a \" manifoldness of situations, \" which, while logically distinct from freedom, has always followed upon it. it is only when men are placed in a great variety of circumstances that those experiments in living can take place that expand the range of values with which the human race is familiar, and it is through expanding this range that increasingly better answers can be found to the question, \" in exactly what ways are men to arrange their lives? \" a free nation, according to humboldt, would be one in which \" the continuing necessity of association with others would urgently impel each gradually to modify himself \" in the light of his appreciation of the value of the life patterns others have accepted. in such a society, \" no power and no hand would be lost for the elevation and enjoyment of human existence. \" each man, in applying his reason to his own life and circumstances, would contribute to the education of other men, and would, in turn, learn from their experience. this is humboldt ' s view of the mechanism of human progress. it should be clear, however, that this progressive refinement of the individual personality can only take place under a regime of freedom, since \" what is not chosen by the individual himself, that in which he is only restricted and led, does not enter into his being. it remains foreign to him, and he does not really accomplish it with human energy, but with mechanical address. \" this is one of the central ideas of the book, and merits some discussion. it is an idea that no one will dispute when it is a question of scientific progress. no one expects worthwhile scientific thought to take place where the scientist is compelled or restricted in some important facet of his work. he must be free to develop his ideas, in accordance with the self - imposed standards of his profession, out of his own orginality. but scientific knowledge is only one type of knowledge ; there are other types, some at least as socially useful. there is the knowledge that consists in skills and techniques of production, and the type that, as we have seen, is embedded in values and ways of life : besides the sort of knowledge which is acquired through abstract thought, there is the sort acquired through practical thought and through action. the argument for freedom in the elaboration of scientific knowledge, therefore, is simply a special instance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5778470408304291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.828437"}
{"text": "and ways of life : besides the sort of knowledge which is acquired through abstract thought, there is the sort acquired through practical thought and through action. the argument for freedom in the elaboration of scientific knowledge, therefore, is simply a special instance of the argument for freedom in general. professor michael polanyi has described the benefits of \" individualism in the cultivation of science \" : the pursuit of science can be organized \u2026 in no other manner than by granting complete independence to all mature scientists. they will then distribute themselves over the whole field of possible discoveries, each applying his own special ability to the task that appears most profitable to him. thus as many trails as possible will be covered, and science will penetrate most rapidly in every direction towards that kind of hidden knowledge which is unsuspected by all but its discoverer, the kind of new knowledge on which the progress of science truly depends. few will doubt that scientific progress would have been appallingly retarded if, for instance, einstein had been compelled to obtain permission from a board in charge of \" planning science \" before he could undertake his researches ( or if a government commission had been empowered to pass on galileo ' s intended work! ). but if men like henry ford had not been free to put their ideas into operation, industrial progress would have been no less stanched. we may freely concede that the abstract scientific thought of an einstein is a loftier thing, representing a greater achievement of the human mind. but this has no bearing on the argument. we believe that individual scientists should be unhindered in the pursuit of their aims, because those who would be in charge of the central direction of scientific research, or those who had power to restrict scientists in essential ways, would not know as well as the scientists themselves \u2014 each of whom has an immediate knowledge of the relevant factors in his particular situation \u2014 which are the most promising lines to be explored. in addition, a self - chosen activity, or one that may be freely followed up in all of its ramifications, will summon forth energy that will not be available in cases where a task is imposed from without, or where the researcher meets up against countless frustrations in the pursuit of his goal \u2014 the free activity, in other words, will command greater incentive. but both of these propositions are equally true of activities involving practical knowledge, or knowledge in action, of which techniques of production are an example. the socialist who believes in central direction of economic activity ought, consistently, to believe also in the central planning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.58118981502375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.829592"}
{"text": "but both of these propositions are equally true of activities involving practical knowledge, or knowledge in action, of which techniques of production are an example. the socialist who believes in central direction of economic activity ought, consistently, to believe also in the central planning of science, and those who favor widespread government control of economic life, because the state \" knows better, \" should, if they were consistent, favor a return to the system that shackled the scientific enterprise as well. it was partly because force necessarily interferes with individual self - development and the proliferation of new ideas, by erecting a barrier between the individual ' s perception of a situation and the solution he thinks it best to attempt, that humboldt wanted to limit the activities of the state as severely as possible. another argument in favor of this conclusion is that a government wishing to supervise to even a modest degree such a complex phenomenon as society simply cannot fit its regulations to the peculiarities of various concatenations of circumstances. but measures that ignore such peculiarities will tend to produce uniformity, and contract the \" manifoldness of situations \" which is the spur to all progress. but what is the indispensible minimum of government activity? humboldt finds that the one good that society cannot provide for itself is security against those who aggress against the person and property of others. his answer to the question that he posed at the beginning of his work, \" what limits ought to be set to the activity of the state, \" is \" that the provision of security, against both external enemies and internal dissensions must constitute the purpose of the state, and occupy the circle of its activity. \" as for the services that it is commonly held must fall within the scope of government action, as, for instance, charity, humboldt believes that they need not be provided by political institutions, but can safely be entrusted to social ones. \" it is only requisite that freedom of association be given to individual parts of the nation or to the nation itself \" in order for charitable ends to be satisfactorily fulfilled. in this, as indeed throughout his whole book, humboldt shows himself to be a thoughtful but passionate believer in the efficacy of truly social forces, in the possibility of great social ends being achieved without any necessity for direction on the part of the state. humboldt thus allies himself with the thinkers who rejected the state in order to affirm society. parts of humboldt ' s book appeared in two german periodicals in 1792, but difficulties with the prussian censorship, and a certain apparently innate lack of confidence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5076936161273984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.830983"}
{"text": "the state. humboldt thus allies himself with the thinkers who rejected the state in order to affirm society. parts of humboldt ' s book appeared in two german periodicals in 1792, but difficulties with the prussian censorship, and a certain apparently innate lack of confidence in his own works, caused him to put off publication of the work until it could be revised. the day for revision never came, however, and it was only sixteen years after the author ' s death that the sphere and duties of government was published in its entirety. for ten years after the completion of this book, humboldt devoted himself to traveling and private studies, principally in aesthetics and the classics, linguistics, and comparative anthropology. from 1802 to 1808 he served as prussian minister to rome, a post that involved a minimum of official business, and that he accepted chiefly out of his love for the city. humboldt ' s real \" return to the state \" occurred in 1809, when he became director of the section for public worship and education, in the ministry of interior. in this capacity, he directed the reorganization of the prussian public education system, and, in particular, founded the university of berlin. that so unquestionably sincere a man as humboldt could have acted in such disharmony with the principles set forth in his only book on political philosophy ( among them, that the state should have no connection with education ) requires some explanation. the reason is to be sought in his patriotism, which had been aroused by the utter defeat suffered by prussia at the hands of napoleon. humboldt wished to contribute to the regeneration of his country that was being undertaken by men such as stein and hardenberg, and the reform of the educational system fitted his abilities and inclinations. this task completed, humboldt served in various diplomatic posts for a number of years, including that of prussian minister to the congress of vienna, and, after peace had been established, as a member of the council of state. but the spirit that now predominated in berlin, as well as throughout europe, was the spirit of metternich, who, always able accurately to identify the enemies of his system, had already in 1814 termed humboldt a \" jacobin. \" humboldt ' s opposition to the reactionary policies of his government gained for him as much ill will at court as it did popularity among the people. he was hated and intrigued against by the reactionaries at court ; they went so far as to open his mail, as if he had in actuality been a jacobin. when, in 1819, metternich induced prussia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49147132191434306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.832013"}
{"text": "popularity among the people. he was hated and intrigued against by the reactionaries at court ; they went so far as to open his mail, as if he had in actuality been a jacobin. when, in 1819, metternich induced prussia to agree to the karlsbad decrees, which attempted to establish a rigid censorship for all of germany, humboldt termed the regulations \" shameful, unnational and provoking to a great people, \" and demanded the impeachment of bernstorff, the prussian minister who had signed them. it was clear that a man like humboldt was an anomaly in a government that treacherously refused to fulfill its wartime promises of a constitution, and whose domestic policies were largely dictated by metternich. in december 1819, humboldt was dismissed. he refused the pension offered him by the king. the rest of his life he devoted to his studies, of which the researches into linguistics were the most important and gained for him the reputation of a pioneer in the field. he died in 1835. if we ask what are the primary contributions of humboldt to libertarian thought, we will find the answer in his ideas on the value of the free, self - sustaining activity of the individual, and of the importance of the unhindered collaboration \u2014 often unconscious \u2014 of the members of society. the first is a conception which is finding remarkable support and application in the work of the client - centered, or nondirective school, of psychotherapists, while the second has been explored in the recent books of writers such as f. a. hayek and michael polanyi. that ideas that were set forth by humboldt should be proving so relevant to contemporary research into man and society is a sign of the clearly discernible trend towards individualism in present - day thought at the highest levels. \" ideen uber staatsverfassung, durch die neue franzosische constitution veranlasst, \" in humboldt ' s gesammelte schriften, vol. i. ( berlin, 1903 ), pp. 77 \u2013 85. it was under this title that humboldt ' s book appeared in english, in 1854. the german title is, ideen zu einem versuch, die grenzen der wirksamkeft des staats zu bestimmen ; in humboldt op., cit. vol. i, pp. 97 \u2013 254. [ libertyfund has the text here. \u2013 ed. ] michael polanyi, the logic of liberty,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48894846948761406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb8bf538-7e95-45a7-ad88-14f70d8e71c4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.832978"}
{"text": "ludwig von mises the task and scope of the science of human action i. the nature and development of the social sciences 6. the logical character of the universally valid science of human action the science of human action that strives for universally valid knowledge is the theoretical system whose hitherto best elaborated branch is economics, in all of its branches this science is a priori, not empirical. like logic and mathematics, it is not derived from experience ; it is prior to experience. it is, as it were, the logic of action and deed. human thought serves human life and action. it is not absolute thought, but the forethought directed toward projected acts and the afterthought that reflects upon acts done. hence, in the last analysis, logic and the universally valid science of human action are one and the same. if we separate them, so as to contrast logic and practice, we must show at what point their paths diverge and where the special province of the science of action is to be found. one of the tasks with which thought must cope in order to fulfill its function is that of comprehending the conditions under which human action takes place. to treat these in their concrete detail is the work of the natural sciences and, in a certain sense, also of history and the other historical sciences. our science, on the other hand, disregarding the accidental, considers only the essential. its goal is the comprehension of the universal, and its procedure is formal and axiomatic. it views action and the conditions under which action takes place not in their concrete form, as we encounter them in everyday life, nor in their actual setting, as we view them in each of the sciences of nature and of history, but as formal constructions that enable us to grasp the patterns of human action in their purity. only experience makes it possible for us to know the particular conditions of action in their concrete form. only experience can teach us that there are lions and microbes and that their existence can present definite problems to acting man ; and it would be absurd, without experience, to indulge in speculations about the existence or nonexistence of some legendary beast. the existence of the external world is given through experience ; and if we pursue definite plans, only experience can teach us how we must act vis -? - vis the external world in concrete situations. however, what we know about our action under given conditions is derived not from experience, but from reason. what we know about the fundamental categories of action? action, econo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5564022545829728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05f91e7d-a1ea-4985-8bd2-bc3d5b0e8810>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.842226"}
{"text": "we must act vis -? - vis the external world in concrete situations. however, what we know about our action under given conditions is derived not from experience, but from reason. what we know about the fundamental categories of action? action, economizing, preferring, the relationship of means and ends, and everything else that, together with these, constitutes the system of human action? is not derived from experience. we conceive all this from within, just as we conceive logical and mathematical truths, a priori, without reference to any experience. nor could experience ever lead anyone to the knowledge of these things if he did not comprehend them from within himself. as an a priori category the principle of action is on a par with the principle of causality. it is present in all knowledge of any conduct that goes beyond an unconscious reaction. \" in the beginning was the deed. \" in our view the concept of man is, above all else, also the concept of the being who acts. our consciousness is that of an ego which is capable of acting and does act. the fact that our deeds are intentional makes them actions. our thinking about men and their conduct, and our conduct toward men and toward our surroundings in general, presuppose the category of action. nevertheless, we are quite incapable of thinking of this fundamental category and the system deduced from it without also thinking, at the same time, of the universal prerequisites of human action. for example, we are unable to grasp the concept of economic action and of economy without implying in our thought the concept of economic quantity relations and the concept of an economic good. only experience can teach us whether or not these concepts are applicable to anything in the conditions under which our life must actually be lived. only experience tells us that not all things in the external world are free goods. however, it is not experience, but reason, which is prior to experience, that tells us what is a free and what is an economic good. consequently, it would be possible to construct, by the use of the axiomatic method, a universal praxeology so general that its system would embrace not only all the patterns of action in the world that we actually encounter, but also patterns of action in worlds whose conditions are purely imaginary and do not correspond to any experience. a theory of money would still be meaningful even if throughout history there had never been any indirect exchange. that such a theory would have no practical importance in a world that did not use money would in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5787604776947304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05f91e7d-a1ea-4985-8bd2-bc3d5b0e8810>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.843203"}
{"text": "are purely imaginary and do not correspond to any experience. a theory of money would still be meaningful even if throughout history there had never been any indirect exchange. that such a theory would have no practical importance in a world that did not use money would in no way detract from the truth of its statements. because we study science for the sake of real life? and, it should be remembered, the desire for pure knowledge for its own sake is also a part of life? and not as a form of mental gymnastics, we generally do not mind forgoing the gratification that could be offered by a perfect, comprehensive system of the axioms of human action, a system so universal that it would comprise all thinkable categories of the conditions of action. instead, we are satisfied with the less universal system that refers to the conditions given in the world of experience. nevertheless, this reference to experience in no way changes the aprioristic character of our knowledge. in this connection, experience is of absolutely no concern to our thinking. all that we owe to experience is the demarcation of those problems that we consider with interest from problems that we wish to leave aside because they are uninteresting from the point of view of our desire for knowledge. hence, experience by no means always refers to the existence or nonexistence of the conditions of action, but often only to the presence of an interest in the treatment of a problem. in experience there is no socialist community ; nevertheless, the investigation of the economy of such a community is a problem that in our age arouses the greatest of interest. a theory of action could conceivably be constructed on the assumption that men lacked the possibility of understanding one another by means of symbols, or on the assumption that men? immortal and eternally young? were indifferent in every respect to the passage of time and therefore did not consider it in their action. the axioms of the theory could conceivably be framed in such universal terms as to embrace these and all other possibilities ; and it would be conceivable to draw up a formal praxeological system patterned after the science of logic or the science built upon the axioms of, for example, hilbertian geometry. we forgo these possibilities because conditions that do not correspond to those we encounter in our action interest us only in so far as thinking through their implications in imaginary constructions enables us to further our knowledge of action under given conditions. the method actually employed by economists in the treatment of their problems can be seen with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6074539596037924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05f91e7d-a1ea-4985-8bd2-bc3d5b0e8810>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.844201"}
{"text": "correspond to those we encounter in our action interest us only in so far as thinking through their implications in imaginary constructions enables us to further our knowledge of action under given conditions. the method actually employed by economists in the treatment of their problems can be seen with particular clarity in the case of the problem of imputation. conceivably it would be possible to formulate the theory of the appraisement and pricing of the factors of production ( goods of higher order, producers ' goods ) in the broadest generality so that, for one thing, we would work only with an unqualified concept, viz., means of production. we could then elaborate the theory in such a way that the three factors of production that are enumerated in the customary presentation would appear as special cases. but we proceed differently. we do not bother to furnish a universal imputation theory of the means of production as such, but proceed immediately to the treatment of the three categories of means of production : land, labor, and capital. this practice is altogether warranted by the object of our investigation, of which we must never lose sight. however, the renunciation of axiomatic universality and precision also conceals many dangers, and it has not always been possible to avoid them. it is not only the marxist theory of classes that has failed to grasp the categorial character of each of these specific groups of factors of production. to be sure, it was noted that the peculiarity of land as a factor of production lies in the difference in the usefulness of individual pieces of land from the point of view of the goals of action ; the theory of ground rent never lost sight of the fact that land is appraised differently according to its quality and location. however, the theory of wages did overlook the fact that labor too is of different quality and intensity and that on the market there is never a supply of or a demand for \" labor \" as such, but only a supply of and a demand for labor of a definite kind. even after this fact was recognized, an attempt was made to evade its consequences by assuming that what forms the bulk of the supply and is chiefly in demand is unskilled labor and that it is permissible to ignore, as quantitatively negligible, skilled, \" higher \" labor. the theory of wages would have been spared many errors had it been kept in mind what function the special treatment of labor in the theory of distribution is called upon to fulfill and at what point it becomes necessary to speak no longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554411876945547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05f91e7d-a1ea-4985-8bd2-bc3d5b0e8810>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.845238"}
{"text": ", \" higher \" labor. the theory of wages would have been spared many errors had it been kept in mind what function the special treatment of labor in the theory of distribution is called upon to fulfill and at what point it becomes necessary to speak no longer simply of labor, but of labor of a definite quality that is offered or sought at a given time in a given place. it was still more difficult for the theory of capital to free itself of the idea of abstract capital, where the categorial difference between land, labor, and capital is no longer in question, but where the appraisement of definite capital goods, supplied or demanded in a definite place at a definite time, is to be considered. likewise in the theory of distribution and in the theory of imputation, it was not easy to shake off the influence of the universalist view. our science deals with the forms and patterns of action under the various categories of its conditions. in pointing this out we are not drafting a plan for a future science. we do not maintain that the science of human action should be made aprioristic, but that it is so already. we do not want to discover a new method, but only to characterize correctly the method that is actually used. the theorems of economics are derived not from the observation of facts, but through deduction from the fundamental category of action, which has been expressed sometimes as the economic principle ( i. e., the necessity to economize ), sometimes as the value principle or as the cost principle. they are of aprioristic derivation and therefore lay claim to the apodictic certainty that belongs to basic principles so derived. several great economists were at the same time great logicians : hume, whately, john stuart mill, and stanley jevons. cf. slutsky, \" ein beitrag zur formal - praxeologischen grundlegung der? konomik, \" annales de la classe des sciences sociales -? conomiques ( kiev : acad? mie oukra? enne des sciences, 1926 ), vol. iv. on this point cf. my socialism, trans. by j. kahane ( new ed. ; new haven, 1951 ), pp. 331 f. on the universalist view cf. below pp. 153 f. for a special application of the reasoning outlined in the text to the theory of capital, cf. below pp. 217 ff.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5750704050917769, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05f91e7d-a1ea-4985-8bd2-bc3d5b0e8810>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.846204"}
{"text": "the mises institute monthly, free with membership volume 13, number 12 don ' t recycle : throw it away! roy e. cordato recycling has a high moral status, mostly because kids come home with bad information schools and, in turn, use it to intimidate their parents. one poll revealed that 63 % of kids have told mom or dad to recycle. parents, be ashamed no more! throw that trash away. there ' s no virtue in recycling trash that market won ' t pay you for. what our kids are learning is grounded in left - wing ideology, not fact one argument for recycling is that we are running out of landfill space. a \" public service \" advertisement on nickelodeon shows images of a city being buried in its own trash. this is typical of what passes for environmental education. just as hysterical are american education publishing ' s \" comprehensive curriculum \" series and 50 simple things kids can do to in fact, there is no landfill shortage. if all the solid waste for the next thousand years were put into a single space, it would take up 44 miles of landfill, a mere. 01 % of the u. s. landspace. how about the claim that recycling paper saves trees? every school kid knows it does. paper made from trees. why not make new paper from old paper and save more trees from being cut actually, that doesn ' t work. supply meets demand. if tomorrow we suddenly stopped making bread from wheat, there would be less wheat in the world one year from now. the supply would have fallen drastically. if everyone stopped eating chicken, the chicken population would not grow but fall. the same logic applies to the relationship between paper and trees. if we stopped using there would be fewer trees planted. in the paper industry, 87 % of the trees used are planted to produce paper. for every 13 trees \" saved \" by recycling, 87 will never get planted. it is because of the demand for paper that the number of trees has been increasing in this country for the last fifty years. the lesson is this : if your goal is to maximize the number of trees, don ' t recycle. others assertions made by recycling advocates are equally problematic. recycling doesn ' t resources. in general, recycling is more expensive than landfilling, with the only exception being aluminum. as former epa official j. winston porter admitted, \" trash management is becoming much more costly due to... the generally high cost of recycling. \" children are also told that recycling will reduce pollution. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4729550898935714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:183f23b3-6cfe-49ae-96a2-76c7715f5b82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.850346"}
{"text": ", with the only exception being aluminum. as former epa official j. winston porter admitted, \" trash management is becoming much more costly due to... the generally high cost of recycling. \" children are also told that recycling will reduce pollution. they are not told that the process itself generates a great deal of pollution. recycling newspapers requires old ink to be bleached from the pages. this is a chemically intensive process that generates large amounts of toxic waste, as opposed to the benign waste that would result from simply throwing the papers also, curbside recycling programs require more trash pickups per week. this means more on the road generating more air pollution. due to mandatory recycling, new york city had to add two additional pickups per week and los angeles has had to double its fleet of trash trucks. the recyclers have a much more ambitious agenda than they admit to children in public in waste management : towards a sustainable society, o. p. kharband and e. a. even complain that builders throw away bent nails and that hospitals use disposable syringes. \" the so - called ' standard of living, ' \" they conclude \" has to be reduced. \" here we have the real goal of the recycling elite. and tragically this reduction in living has been achieved in the many cities that bought monstrously expensive recycling plants leading to fantastic waste, high taxes, and financially crippled local governments. recyclers are not better citizens. they are just ill - informed. save the earth, save the trees, pollution, and this holiday season, unwrap those presents, stuff the paper in a big plastic bag, and throw it all away. roy e. cordato teaches economics at campbell university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45339248558639944, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:183f23b3-6cfe-49ae-96a2-76c7715f5b82>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.851977"}
{"text": "structural geology of new caledonia and the sw pacific ( source : atlas de la nouvelle - caledonie. orstom, paris ). the evolution of new caledonia ' s flora and vegetation has been strongly influenced by its geological and tectonic history ( guillon, 1974 ; lapouille, 1981 ; lillie and brothers, 1970 ; paris, 1981a, b ). new caledonia separated from australia about 65 million years ago, and drifted to the northeast, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago ( coleman, 1980 ; raven, 1980 ). during the tertiary large parts of new caledonia underwent a series of submersions, and by the late eocene nearly all of the island was covered with up to 2, 000 meters of peridotites, a type of igneous rock formed from ocean crust that was slowly over - thrust during the preceding tectonic movement ( guillon, 1975 ; moores, 1973 ; paris et al., 1979 ). geologists claim that during at least some of this period all of the new caledonia must have been below the ocean surface. inference from the modern flora, however, indicates that at least some land must have remained exposed, serving as a refugium. many attributes of new caledonia ' s flora, such as its high generic and familial diversity, and the presence of numerous primitive groups, would be very difficult to explain otherwise ( e. g., by long - distance dispersal ). a substantial component of today ' s flora is thus thought to comprise the descendants of pre - eocene australasian groups that were able to survive on new caledonia as it separated and drifted away from australia. the extensive ultramafic substrates ( peridotites and serpentinites ) that once covered nearly all of grande terre and its associated islands have been reduced by erosion ( guillon, 1969, 1975 ; guillon and routhier, 1971 ; trescases, 1969, 1975 ), but today still cover about 5, 500 km\u00b2, or about one third of the total land area ( jaffre et al., 1987 ). these have given rise to new caledonia ' s characteristic ultrabasic soils ( latham, 1975a, b, c, 1981, 1986 ; latham et al., 1978 ), which have exceptionally high levels of fe, mg, and of several heavy metals such as ni, cr, co, and mn, elements that are generally toxic to plants, along with very low levels of n, p, k, ca, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4755557426062187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:034d3e59-8447-49bc-990b-bc7f708bd816>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.854961"}
{"text": "bisphenol - a ( bpa ) is a chemical compound that is a key ingredient in the creation of polycarbonate plastic, a hard, clear plastic used widely in consumer products, including baby bottles and food containers. invented in the 19th century, bpa has been heavily used in the commercial production of polycarbonates and some pvcs for over 50 years. a growing body of scientific research suggests that the chemical may leach out of polycarbonate feeding bottles and containers, especially when the contents are acidic, high in fat, or heated. research also suggests that bpa may act as an endocrine disruptor, a substance which mimics natural human hormones and could cause developmental and neurological problems in children such as early puberty, and attention disorder syndromes. further studies have shown an association between bpa and heart disease, diabetes and high levels of liver enzymes, while the u. s. national institutes of health in september 2008 determined there was some concern about bpa ` s effects on fetal and infant brain development. in october 2008 the canadian federal government declared bpa a hazardous substance and placed it on the list of toxic substances. at the same time large retail chains throughout canada began voluntarily to remove polycarbonate products from their shelves. in the u. s., the food and drug administration ( fda ) has been lately been encouraged to re - examine its stance on bpa by the union of concerned scientists. bpa free. i have used bornfree products for my kids when they were babies and i have continued to use the toddler products as well. i also recommend bornfree products to my friends and bornfree is also a product of baby products that i love to give to friends as gifts who have little ones!!! so when you are out shopping for your babies or for a gift for a little one, then head over to babies r us and check out the huge selection of bornfree products that they carry both in store and online. i was given a very nice selection of bornfree products to sample and review, courtesy of bornfree! i was given bornfree stage 2 pacifier set, a bornfree twist ' n pop straw cup, a bornfree teether, and a bornfree 9oz training cup, oh and dont let me forget that all of these items i received are of course bpa free!! these are great items for toddlers and those babies that are right between the baby stage and toddler stage! all of these items in this set make a great gift for baby showers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018176435280461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a0f7d43-0019-41f9-a2c9-49354efa7519>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.857694"}
{"text": "study wrongly implies led to blame for van gogh masterpiece damage 16 january 2013 09. 30 gmt ( netherlands ) - scientists use old led data to highlight why some yellow colours in vincent van gogh \u2019 s paintings are turning brown due to lighting exposure. findings sensationalised by mainstream press. it has been known for some time that the light yellow tones in vincent van gogh ' s paintings are particularly prone to darkening, but now an international team of scientists have produced a report which suggests that the blue bandwidth in lighting could be to blame. the experiments were apparently carried out using a xenon lamp high in uv - a, uv - b, and uv - c wavelengths. unfortunately the research group, which included scientists from the van gogh museum in amsterdam amongst others, chose to highlight the danger of led lighting by publishing a spectral distribution chart from a six year old led system with a particularly high blue bandwidth. the chart is labelled \u2018 emission spectrum of a typical \" white \" led, containing a substantial portion of harmful blue light \u2019. even more unfortunately, the report was jumped on by media all over the world printing misleading headlines that leds were harmful to van gogh paintings. articles quickly appeared in the daily mail and the independent in the uk and the huffington post in the usa. in the report they suggest that all leds have a high amount of blue. however, recent developments in museum grade warm white leds with high cri have greatly reduced the amount of blue wavelength present meaning that the bandwidth is now much closer to the black body curve locus. the paint changes have been blamed on a chemical reduction of chromium, the principle element found in the chrome yellow paint favoured by van gogh to depict sunshine. however scientists ' were left baffled as to the cause of the changes and as to why the darkening was more apparent on some canvases rather than others. using synchrotron x - rays to better understand the problem, deutsches elektronen - synchrotron ( desy ) in germany and the european synchrotron radiation facility ( esrf ) in france examined an extensive series of van gogh paintings belonging to three museums in the netherlands ( including the van gogh museum ) and france. speck - sized paint fragments taken from the masterworks were examined at the two synchrotron facilities and two heritage labs in italy and holland. it was concluded that the artist did not always use the same type of chrome yellow paint in his work. van gogh liked to use a standard lead chromate paint named \u2018 middle yellow \u2019 but also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5154296925007064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b5a99fc-e22e-4573-8cba-27a16c00101d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.861632"}
{"text": "facilities and two heritage labs in italy and holland. it was concluded that the artist did not always use the same type of chrome yellow paint in his work. van gogh liked to use a standard lead chromate paint named \u2018 middle yellow \u2019 but also, due to his poverty, utilised a cheaper \u2018 lemon yellow \u2019 and \u2018 primrose yellow \u2019 from time to time. it was these non regular types of paint that were found to be reactive to light in the lab. the paints affected, which have been found in van gogh ' s famous \u2018 vase with sunflowers \u2019 and the \u2018 portrait of gauguin \u2019, tended to have a higher sulfate content, with the paint becoming unstable the higher the sulphate levels rose. when exposed to green - blue light those paints containing unstable levels of sulfate turned a brownish / yellow, while \u2018 middle yellow \u2019 remained unaffected. claus habfast of the european synchrotron radiation facility in france, told the independent newspaper in london : \u201c led lights appear to have many advantages but museums should carefully consider that paintings from the van gogh era could be affected by them. \u201d ella hendriks, head of conservation at the van gogh museum in amsterdam also commented : \u201c studies like these are very important to make museum curators aware that, even under ambient light conditions, the degradation of some sensitive materials proceeds continuously. musea should carefully consider the potential impact of, for example, the new, led - based, lighting systems that are now being installed in collections. \u201d however, rogier van der heide of philips lighting, who acts as a lighting consultant at the van gogh museum and rijksmuseum in amsterdam, states : \u201c the use of led in museums is safe. it is regrettable that the research was published in such a way. the research was correct but the interpretation was wrong. \u201d martin krautter of erco, who also manufacture led lighting for museums, commented : \u201c paintings using very unstable pigments have to be treated with extreme caution. but to believe that there is a \u2018 less dangerous \u2019 light source available for these paintings than modern warm white led is quite ridiculous. if you want to stop degrading, put the paintings away into the dark! \u201d there is no evidence that led light damages artwork across the board. museums that hold works by van gogh and paul cezanne, who are known to have used the paint in question, are being asked to consider their use of lighting systems with high blue bandwidths when lighting works by cezanne or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.529940010620976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b5a99fc-e22e-4573-8cba-27a16c00101d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.862784"}
{"text": "| multicare orthopedics & sports medicine | shoulderthe shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in your body : it allows your arm to rotate in a full circle. we can activate the shoulder quickly when we throw a ball or put tremendous, slow strain on it when we lift something heavy over our heads. the shoulder is made up of three bones : the clavicle ( collarbone ), the scapula ( shoulder blades ) and the humerus, which is the upper arm bone. because it \u2019 s responsible for such a wide range of motion, injury or pain in the shoulder is common. common problems with the shoulder the shoulder can be unstable because the ball of the humerus is larger than the socket that holds it. to be stable, a series of tendons, muscles and ligaments must anchor it. injury and aging are responsible for the most common problems with the shoulder. - torn rotator cuffs - torn ligaments and tendons - labrum tears diagnosis at multicare your initial appointment with a multicare orthopedic physician will include a full evaluation of your symptoms and recent activities. establishing the source of the problem is the first step and will help determine your course of care. we may require x - rays, an mri or a ct scan. treatment at multicare multicare physicians are experienced in a wide range of treatment options for shoulder pain, injury and aging, which might include :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4795443962087633, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f25d6de8-5955-40d5-ab5c-48e1054ff018>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.864203"}
{"text": "review college algebra & trigonometry ( aka \" prepare for calculus i \" ) all printable files posted on this site are formated in pdf form. hopefully, these files will automatically open in your browser window, but if they don ' t you might need adobe acrobat reader 8 to view them. click here if you need to download acrobat 8 reader. also, if your computer blocks all pop - up windows, you may need to turn that off. these are the skills that you should walk into calculus with. you should know these skills well enough to perform them without needing to refer to any notes. - lines : writing linear equations, graphing linear equations, finding the slope between two points. - factoring : factoring polynomials of all types. - exponent rules : correctly apply exponent rules, be able to rewrite radical expressions with rational exponents, be able to rewrite and evaluate expressions involving negative exponents. - trigonometry : find missing angles or sides on a right triangle. evaluate a trig function of a special angle, like sin ( pi / 6 ). - trig identities : you should know the pythagorean identities, the trig identities for double angles, the definitions of the reciprocal functions, and the odd and even trig identities. - function notation : understand and use function notation, including how to find compositions of functions. - radicals : be able to simplify and / or rationalize a radical term. be able to perform mathematical cacluations involving radical terms. - exponential & logarithms : be able to solve an equation involving exponential or logarithmic terms. be able to evaluate expressions that involve logs or exponential terms or factors. - geometry : be able to find the perimeter, area, volume, or surface area of basic geometric figures. - graphing : you should be able to draw a graph for any of the following functions, labeling important characteristics, like asymptotes, endpoints, vertices, etc. without your calculator. - linear functions - basic quadratic and cubic functions - square root function - absolute value function - exponential functions - logarithmic functions - trigonometric functions ( the six basic trig functions ) - the reciprocal function ( y = 1 / x ) web resources for improving your college algebra & trigonometry skills - west texas a & m university ' s college algebra tutorials - purplemath ' s advanced algebra tutorials. - pauls online math notes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46663947808121636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e13bf2fa-512d-4aa3-9392-64174fd5dd07>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.867706"}
{"text": "students recognize, understand, and address in both writing and discussion the implications of the many developmental phenomena associated with teaching and learning 1. 1k, 1. 2k, 4k students recognize, understand, and address both in writing and discussion the implications of the many cognitive and behavioral phenomena associated with teaching and learning students recognize, understand, and address in writing and discussion, the many aspects of developing a culture for learning and a positive environment of respect and rapport. specifically, candidates will verbally discuss and write about factors affecting children \u2019 s learning, including candidates \u2019 understanding of the school community, students \u2019 developmental level, students \u2019 racial, cultural, and gender diversity, and the needs of special populations. 002, 004, 005 diversity : students will develop a vision of learning that promotes the success of all students based on relevant knowledge and theories, including but not limited to an understanding of the diversity of learners and learners \u2019 needs, and schools as interactive, social, and cultural systems. specifically, candidates will read, discuss, and write about students from diverse social, ethnic, and cultural systems. students recognize, understand, and address in writing and discussion the nature and implications of both student - centered and teacher - centered approaches to teaching and learning. specifically, candidates will analyze instructional techniques that influence student learning. students learn and practice reflective habits while in the classroom. 001, 002, 004 tests : essay test ( 50 points ), mid - term ( 150 pts ) - multiple choice, final ( 200 pts ) \u2013 cumulative and multiple choice projects and papers : student motivation and engagement ( 200 pts ), class lead ( 100 pts ), and observation evaluation ( 200 pts ) participation : participation will mainly focus on class and online discussions and group activities. reading the assigned chapters before class and being prepared supports participation. you will be given three online discussions, which will make up 60 of your 100 participation points. i will also look for active engagement in assigned work and coming to class prepared and on time. 900 \u2013 1000 points 800 \u2013 899 points 700 \u2013 799 points 600 \u2013 699 points below 600 points absences during the term should be minimal. as a beginning professional, you are expected to be present and on time in the classroom, as if you were employed. professional teachers are dependable, reliable, and responsible. therefore, candidates are expected to be on time and in attendance at every class. tardiness, leaving early, and absences are considered evidence of lack of dependability, and are taken seriously. if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5494298339168469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:482d3827-99f3-4b14-ac9e-192880c609d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.870836"}
{"text": "delos island was the most important panhellenic sanctuary, and, according to mythology, the birth - place of apollo and artemis. the first signs of habitation on the island date from the 3rd millenium b. c., and important remains of the mycenaean period have been uncovered in the area of the sanctuary. in the 7th century b. c. delos was already a known ionic centre because of its religious importance as the birth - place of apollo. athenian influence was initiated on the sanctuary with the first purification of delos by peisistratos in 540 b. c. but it gradually developed into a proper domination lasting - with short intervals - until the end of the 4th century b. c., when delos island was finally declared free and independent ( 314 b. c. ). the independence of the delos island lasted until 166 b. c. when the romans gave it over to the athenians. the second athenian domination started with the definite expulsion of the delians to achaia, in the peloponnese. the declaration of delos island as an \" international \" harbour by the romans led to an influx of foreigners who became a significant element of the island ' s population. the absence of taxes resulted to the concentration of trade activity on the island and, subsequently, to its economic prosperity. the close relations of delos with rome, though, was the main reason for its decline. during mithridates ' wars againts the romans, delos suffered severe damage in the raids of 88 b. c. and 69 b. c. since then, the island ' s prosperity gradually came to an end. in the 2nd and 3rd centuries a. d. only a small settlement existed on delos and, as christianity had gradually replaced the ancient religion, the island finally lost its importance. delos island was a sacred place with splendid buildings and sanctuaries and as such, it was never forgotten ; many references are preserved by travellers who visited the island in the last centuries. numerous pieces of sculpture were transferred to museums of greece and abroad, while marbles from the ancient buildings were used as building material by the inhabitants of the excavations on delos island started in 1873 by the french school of archaeology at athens. between 1904 and 1914, under the direction of m. holleaux and thanks to the donation of duke de loubat, the most significant sections of the ancient site were uncovered. intensive excavations were conducted in the years 1958 - 1975. the excavations are still carried out by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41560884702879064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00e8b265-da5a-4669-a316-419b9ca7d3db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.873771"}
{"text": "carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contain vital clues to the evolution of carbon compounds in our solar system preceding the origin of life. adapted from an arizona state university press release scientists have conducted an organic analysis of the tagish lake meteorite, a rare, carbon - rich meteorite classified as a carbonaceous chondrite. the meteorite fell on a frozen canadian lake in january 2000, and is the most pristine carbonaceous chondrite specimen ever studied. the analysis suggests there can be a different outcome for the evolution of organic chemicals in space than from what has been observed in other carbonaceous meteorites. this difference could be due to the possibility that the tagish lake meteorite contains carbon molecules that may have accumulated during the formation and development of the solar system. carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contain vital clues to the evolution of carbon compounds in our solar system. for example, the murchison meteorite, a carbonaceous chondrite found in australia in 1969, contains numerous amino acids and a variety of other organic compounds that are the building blocks for life. many scientists now believe that such meteorites could have seeded the earth with the ingredients necessary for life to arise. a team headed by chemist sandra pizzarello, a research scientist at arizona state university, conducted the organic analysis of the tagish lake meteorite. 4. 5 grams were taken from the sealed interior of the meteorite, and while the organic compounds found in the meteorite have some similarities to other known carbonaceous chondrites, there are also clear differences - most notably the near - absence of amino acids. \" the chemistry here is different from that we have seen in any other meteorite, \" says pizzarello. \" it ' s simple when compared with murchison, and probably represents a separate line of chemical evolution. however, it still includes compounds that are identical to biomolecules. \" in an article published in the august 24 issue of the online journal science express, the team notes that the chemistry of the tagish lake meteorite appears to have preserved organics that accumulated or developed in the early history of the solar system. this includes molecular bubbles of carbon ( fullerenes or \" buckyballs \" ) containing the noble gases helium and argon in a ratio similar to the gas and dust cloud that formed the planets. thus, the meteorite perhaps reflects an early stage of evolution of complex carbon compounds in space. the science paper notes that many of the organic compounds found in the tagish lake sample have also been found in other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4985050668728809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:799b4de9-78b6-443d-93be-2921035b705e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.878210"}
{"text": "and dust cloud that formed the planets. thus, the meteorite perhaps reflects an early stage of evolution of complex carbon compounds in space. the science paper notes that many of the organic compounds found in the tagish lake sample have also been found in other meteorites, but that the distribution of compounds is different, particularly for the amino acids and carboxylic acids. \" we found some compounds identical to some in murchison that show the same - interstellar connection - in their abundance of deuterium ( heavy hydrogen ), while some others differ from murchison in amounts and variety, \" says pizzarello, meaning that for some groups of organic molecules, only the simplest species were found in tagish lake, as opposed to a broader distribution of species found in murchison. \" overall, tagish lake represents a simpler, more unaltered stage than we have seen before. \" other members of the research team include yongsong huang from the department of geological sciences at brown university ; luann becker from the institute for crustal studies at the university of california santa barbara ; robert j. poreda from the department of earth and environmental sciences, university of rochester ; george cooper from the nasa ames research center ; and ronald a. nieman and michael williams, both also from asu. \" some people have been disappointed that we found virtually no amino acids, but scientifically this is very exciting, \" pizzarello said. \" this meteorite shows the complexity of the history of organic compounds in space - it seems to have had a distinct evolution. \" pizzarello notes that while the meteorites like tagish lake may lack amino acids, they still could have contributed the molecular precursors of biomolecules that are necessary for the origin of life. louis allamandola, astrochemist with the nasa ames research center and nai member, says the absence of amino acids and other simple organic molecules could mean the meteorite was exposed to high heat or energy levels during its travels through space. \" the main signature of the meteorite is that of sooty, cross polymerized aromatic material - - probably much like the black soot from a diesel engine or sooty candle flame, \" says allamandola. \" from an organic chemical point of view, this is the kind of material you get when you heat any organic material above about 400 degrees celsius ( 752 degrees fahrenheit ). so, all this means is that this particular rock had a different history from that of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5368386243747147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:799b4de9-78b6-443d-93be-2921035b705e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.879281"}
{"text": ", this is the kind of material you get when you heat any organic material above about 400 degrees celsius ( 752 degrees fahrenheit ). so, all this means is that this particular rock had a different history from that of the murchison meteorite. it had a rougher go on its transit from deep space to earth. \" carbonaceous chondrite meteorites generally show little evidence of being shaped by high temperatures. even entry into our atmosphere does not heat their interiors to any great degree, as their porous texture tends to bleed away heat. but allamandola says it wouldn ' t come as a surprise if the meteorite had been heated or energetically processed before entering the earth ' s atmosphere - the vast reaches of space contain many different levels of radiation, temperatures, densities, and environments. \" there are at least two ways to look at it, \" says allamandola. \" either carbon goes through some sort of process to form amino acids, and this meteorite therefore represents an early window on the evolution of carbonaceous chondrites before the amino acids develop. or, the rock might have been so energetically processed that the amino acids were destroyed. \" \" basically, \" allamandola says, \" this draws attention to the fact that only very few meteorites have been studied in any detail, and that we really don ' t know what most of them contain. it ' s a tough game. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46591720203419806, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:799b4de9-78b6-443d-93be-2921035b705e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.879960"}
{"text": "ecosystem properties for which satellite data are required measurement of canopy height with lidar. others are derived from the statistics of direct measurements, such as estimates of landscape heterogeneity used in conservation biology and ecosystem management and the inference of surface sources and sinks of co2 from space - based measurements of column - integrated atmospheric co2. a third category includes quantities that result from using direct observations as inputs in physical, biological, or statistical models ; an example is the estimation of carbon uptake and release through photosynthesis and respiration in marine or terrestrial systems, which are inferred from space - based estimates of photosynthetic light absorption. a final category includes quantities estimated from time series of measurements, which by their rate of change define some other process ( for example, the integral of photosynthesis over time can define biological productivity ). the currently available long - term record of ecosystem dynamics from a variety of sensors is critical for understanding and managing ecosystems in the coming decades. the panel places high priority on maintaining and enhancing this record. the role of multiyear time series in understanding ecological dynamics has long been recognized. from classic examples like the scientific exploitation of the canadian lynx - hare data set through the establishment of the long term ecological research ( lter ) network and newer classic papers that used decadal eddy covariance record, long time series have shaped the field. understanding of global - scale processes has been substantially advanced through long time series, including the ice - core records, the keeling record of atmospheric co2, the czcs - seawifs - modis records of ocean color, and the avhrr and landsat records of photosynthesis and land - cover change. long - term records of photosynthetic activity have enabled forecasts of impending food shortages, pest outbreaks, and other key ecological linkages with human health. to meet the challenges for understanding and managing ecosystems in the coming decade, the maintenance and extension of long - term ecosystem records are paramount. here, the panel briefly reviews critical applications, problems, requirements, and opportunities. there are three fundamental long - term satellite records of ecosystem dynamics, and each addresses a separate issue. first is ocean color, which began with the coastal zone color scanner and continues with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5493316840061118, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebb8e64b-d7ac-4099-ae55-1611e8a18564>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.882455"}
{"text": "traffic ( aorn 2006 ; bartley 1993 ). if it is necessary to use an operating room for other purposes, it is imperative that the room be returned to an appropriate level of hygiene before its use for major survival surgery. generally, agricultural animals maintained for biomedical research should undergo surgery with techniques and in facilities compatible with the guidelines set forth in this section. however, some minor and emergency procedures commonly performed in clinical veterinary practice and in commercial agricultural settings may take place under field conditions. even when conducted in an agricultural setting, however, these procedures require the use of appropriate aseptic technique, sedatives, analgesics, anesthetics, and conditions commensurate with the risk to the animal \u2019 s health and well - being. surgical procedures are categorized as major or minor and, in the laboratory setting, can be further divided into survival and nonsurvival. as a general guideline, major survival surgery ( e. g., laparotomy, thoracotomy, joint replacement, and limb amputation ) penetrates and exposes a body cavity, produces substantial impairment of physical or physiologic functions, or involves extensive tissue dissection or transection ( brown et al. 1993 ). minor survival surgery does not expose a body cavity and causes little or no physical impairment ; this category includes wound suturing, peripheral vessel cannulation, percutaneous biopsy, routine agricultural animal procedures such as castration, and most procedures routinely done on an \u201c outpatient \u201d basis in veterinary clinical practice. animals recovering from these minor procedures typically do not show significant signs of post - operative pain, have minimal complications, and return to normal function in a relatively short time. when attempting to categorize a particular surgical procedure, the following should be considered : the potential for pain and other postoperative complications ; the nature of the procedure as well as the size and location of the incision ( s ) ; the duration of the procedure ; and the species, health status, and age of the animal. laparoscopic surgeries and some procedures associated with neuroscience research ( e. g., craniotomy, neurectomy ) may be classified as major or minor surgery depending on their impact on the animal ( devitt et al. 2005 ; hancock et al. 2005 ; nrc 2003 ; perret - gentil et al. 1999, 2000 ). for example, laparoscopic techniques with minimal associated trauma and sequelae ( e. g., avian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4999990508685032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:879176c3-6dd1-4f2f-b58f-2fb960fbce4c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.885918"}
{"text": "cambodia - politics, government, and taxation prior to 1991, cambodia had long been dominated by authoritarian regimes. since 1993, however, cambodia has had a multi - party democracy. during its first phase of democracy, cambodia actually had 2 prime ministers, 1 from each of the 2 major political parties, as a kind of political compromise. in 1993, cambodia became a constitutional democracy with the popular norodom sihanouk serving as the king. sihanouk has been an important force in contributing to compromise among competing political factions. the system of having 2 prime ministers, however, became unworkable and was highly inefficient. it also created a particularly complex environment for international investors or others pursuing economic or development activities in cambodia. new national elections in 26 july 1998, resulted in a new government with only 1 prime minister. cambodia has a bicameral legislature, consisting of a popularly elected national assembly ( 122 seats ) and a senate ( 61 seats ). the members of both bodies serve 5 - year terms. the king chooses the prime minister after a vote of confidence by the national assembly. since 1998, the prime minister has been hun sen. there is also a judicial branch led by the supreme court. taxation and the ability to collect revenues by the government remain weak, though government revenues increased 40 percent between 1998 and 1999. such revenues represented only 11 percent of the gdp and direct taxes accounted for only 6 percent of total domestic revenue. corruption and an inability to collect taxes plagued the government throughout the 1990s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4208439216091109, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5448ad39-9a52-47cc-b197-c9667ce20dee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.888443"}
{"text": "many students have already received their back - to - school shots, but not everyone chooses to get them. health experts are recommending you reconsider as some diseases are gearing up to become epidemics. know more about these vaccines. students of all ages are required by colorado law to get a number of different vaccinations, but parents can fill out a simple form to have their children exempt. required or not, though, health officials are urging people to protect themselves and start as early as possible. \" the pertussis, or whooping cough, outbreak that we ' re seeing right now, not only in the state of colorado but nationwide, is a great example of why vaccinations are so important, \" said mesa county health department director of health promotion kristy emerson. whooping cough is making its rounds, including 11 confirmed cases in mesa county as well as a number of pending cases. in colorado, as of august 11, 2012, a total of 715 cases of whooping cough had been confirmed. the state average from 2007 - 2011 for this calendar year is 158 cases. \" whooping cough is sort of resurging. we ' re starting to see a lot of those cases, and it ' s something that can be prevented by receiving a vaccination, \" emerson said. with this epidemic in mind, health officials are continuing to stress the importance of vaccinations, including those for students who are constantly in contact with others. \" some shots are required for attendance in school, and they ' re required by the state department of health, \" school district 51 spokesperson christy mcgee said. \" if [ students ] do vaccinate, we want to make sure we have updated records, and if they don ' t want to, we want to make sure that we have the exemption forms that are required. \" the school district tracks how many of its students receive shots. for instance, as of may, kindergarten through fifth grade had 553 students who hadn ' t turned in updated shot records or exemption forms. \" we don ' t want diseases to spread ; we don ' t want illnesses to spread, \" mcgee said. colorado law does state that students can be suspended if their vaccinations aren ' t up to date, and granted, not all shots are required but are instead recommended like the flu. though it may seem early, health experts highly recommend students and adults alike already look at getting the flu shot. people no longer need to worry about the flu shot not lasting until the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.388442295228326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39c19e37-c3d9-4e2f-a76a-07c956e0a850>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.891456"}
{"text": "> for 125 years, north carolina state university has linked scientific innovation to economic gains within the state and beyond. > the word \u201c bacteria \u201d often conjures up images of germs and infections, but nc state researchers are trying to use beneficial bacteria to stop a deadly infection in its tracks. > the light bulb flashed in dr. michael dickey \u2019 s head within days of his arrival on the nc state campus. the assistant professor in the department of chemical and biomolecular engineering was going through his faculty orientation in august 2008 when he heard a professor in the department of electrical and computer engineering discuss his work on antennas. > plastic is an integral part of the american consumer culture, but dr. heather patisaul worries that its pervasive presence also poses risks. > humans are born with almost every heart muscle cell they will ever have. yet the body doesn \u2019 t have a barrier to protect the heart similar to the one that blocks pathogens from getting to the brain. > oystering has been the livelihood of generations of coastal north carolina residents, but the industry has been in decline for decades. giant steel - claw dredges used to harvest the shellfish around the turn of the 20th century destroyed much of the oyster habitat in the coastal sounds. > fruit flies. mice. butterflies. ongoing research on all three species helped nc state \u2019 s department of genetics land recovery act grants to study drug toxicity and complex traits such as sleep and wake cycles, as well as to purchase tools to decode genetic variations in those and other organisms. > the sea has always been a source of food, travel and trade for humans. now, researchers from nc state are trying to extract energy from the sea as well. > kindergarten students at rachel freeman elementary school in wilmington, like their peers everywhere, are full of energy. staying in line, being quiet and keeping focused are daily struggles. > humans have used plants to feed, clothe, house and warm themselves for millennia. yet, scientists know very little about how plants build the cell walls that have become food, textiles, lumber and fuel for mankind. > dr. sandra yuter got used to the rain while living in the pacific northwest for several years. \u201c it \u2019 s mostly a duration issue. it might rain lightly for 18 hours instead of pouring down for an hour, \u201d she says. > dr. carole saravitz has to step over a puddle to open a plant growth chamber inside the southeastern plant environment laboratory on nc state \u2019 s campus. > as a marathon runner, dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48283809000593025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8eb51a2b-3fed-421f-b698-3f9cb4007467>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.895571"}
{"text": "marion, n. c. ( sept. 6, 2012 ) \u2014 breeding eastern hellbenders in captivity isn \u2019 t for the faint of heart. for one thing, these odd - looking animals, also called \u201c water dogs \u201d or \u201c snot otters, \u201d are notoriously difficult to keep in captivity. for another, they \u2019 re relatively hard to find in the wild, including north carolina where they \u2019 re protected and listed as a species of special concern, so obtaining animals for captive breeding can be quite difficult. but those factors aren \u2019 t deterring biologists with the n. c. wildlife resources commission. working cooperatively with the n. c. zoo, the wildlife commission is trying to raise to sexual maturity 10 juvenile hellbenders that it received from a texas zoo in june, with the ultimate goal of breeding them in captivity to create more hellbenders. biologists are not interested in propagating hellbenders to augment wild populations, but rather to meet the increasing demand for these large, aquatic salamanders as educational and display animals for qualified state agencies, universities and other facilities. \u201c the wildlife commission has no plans or intentions to breed hellbenders for release into the wild, \u201d said lori williams, a mountain wildlife diversity biologist with the commission \u2019 s division of wildlife management. \u201c we are simply trying to eliminate the need for any facility to yank a hellbender from the wild for display purposes. \u201c there is no need for that practice anymore if captive stock is available. \u201d currently, the 10 juvenile hellbenders are sharing two aquariums set upat the commission \u2019 s conservation aquaculture center, which is located at the marion state fish hatchery in mcdowell county. staff with the divisions of wildlife management and inland fisheries are measuring, weighing and photographing the young animals twice a year. in another year or so, they will place the growing hellbenders in a secure, concrete raceway at the hatchery. commission staff began modifying the raceway in july to ensure that conditions will be right for hellbenders to breed and nest when they mature. \u201c some of the modifications include the addition of baffles to break up line of sight, \u201d said peter lamb, the commission \u2019 s technology center biologist. \u201c this will help keep the animals from feeling over crowded. we will also add a substrate similar to what is found in their natural environment with places for the animals to hide and a set of hinged lids to provide shade and protection from predators. \u201d because hellbenders grow more quickly in captivity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43921095059574095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fe10b15-1a3e-467e-a95c-241450992e49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.903739"}
{"text": "over crowded. we will also add a substrate similar to what is found in their natural environment with places for the animals to hide and a set of hinged lids to provide shade and protection from predators. \u201d because hellbenders grow more quickly in captivity than they do in their native mountain waters, williams expects that the young animals will reach sexual maturity by 2015. a lot is riding on the next three years, williams said. she is hopeful, yet realistic, about the captive - breeding program \u2019 s long - term success. \u201c no one has ever successfully bred eastern hellbenders in captivity, although many have tried for many years, \u201d williams said. \u201c it was just last year that a team in the midwest finally got it right with the ozark hellbender, having the first - ever successful captive - breeding event with that species. \u201c we \u2019 re hoping for similar results with the eastern hellbender. \u201d their current location at the marion facility marks a return home of sorts for the young hellbenders, which started out as an egg mass removed from a stream in the french broad river system in north carolina in 2010. the egg mass was taken to the fort worth zoo in texas for a research project looking at the effects of two organic chemicals found in two river systems on growth and reproductive organs. more than 200 baby hellbenders hatched from the clutch, leaving the ft. worth zoo with a large stock of leftover hellbenders that needed a new home, because they couldn \u2019 t be released into the wild. several agencies and other institutions accredited by the association of zoos and aquariums received the leftover hellbenders, with the commission being one of three in north carolina that had the proper permits, expertise and equipment to care for the hellbenders. the wildlife commission is the only north carolina facility attempting a captive - breeding project. the other north carolina facilities receiving hellbenders will use them only as display and educational animals. while the fort worth zoo provided the hellbenders to start the project, the n. c. zoological society was instrumental in the project \u2019 s initial success. john groves, curator of amphibians and reptiles at the n. c. zoo in asheboro, provided commission biologists with technical advice on hellbender reproduction and husbandry \u2014 big challenges when working with captive animals that need very specific parameters of dissolved oxygen, water flow, temperature and nesting habitat. in addition to providing much - needed guidance, the n. c. zoological society paid to renovate the raceways at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4404698892155562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fe10b15-1a3e-467e-a95c-241450992e49>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.904843"}
{"text": "\u2014 big challenges when working with captive animals that need very specific parameters of dissolved oxygen, water flow, temperature and nesting habitat. in addition to providing much - needed guidance, the n. c. zoological society paid to renovate the raceways at the conservation center. \u201c this project is critical since it will provide the opportunity in the future to attempt captive breeding of this important member of the aquatic ecosystem in north carolina, \u201d groves said. \u201c this project will also give us a wonderful opportunity to study this salamander in captivity in a large, naturalistic enclosure where additional aspects of its behavior and ecology can be more fully understood. \u201d the eastern hellbender \u2014 \u201c an indicator of good water quality \u201d as its name indicates, the eastern hellbender is found throughout the eastern part of the united states from new york to mississippi. it is one of north america \u2019 s largest salamanders, generally reaching lengths up to 24 inches. with its wide, flat head, small, beady eyes and broad, flat tail, the hellbender can be a scary sight for those not familiar with this mostly nocturnal animal. however, the hellbender is nonvenomous and completely harmless, spending its entire life in the clean, fast - moving mountain streams and rivers of north carolina where it eats mostly crayfish, small fish and other salamanders. while its preferred food is crayfish, hellbenders are scavengers and will eat just about anything, including bait, or fish on a stringer, which is why anglers can catch them unintentionally. it \u2019 s these unintentional catches that lead many people to think that hellbenders are harmful to fish populations \u2014 a myth that williams is quick to dispel. \u201c hellbenders do not eat enough fish to have a negative impact on fishing, \u201d williams said. \u201c in fact, finding a hellbender in a stream is actually a good thing because hellbenders do well only in clear, clean water. \u201c so, finding one is an excellent indicator of good water quality, which also supports game fish populations, like trout and smallmouth bass. \u201d williams advises anglers who catch a hellbender to cut the line as close as possible to the hook and release theanimal back into the water as quickly and carefully as possible. surveys determine hellbender abundance in five western north carolina river basins until recently, biologists had very little information on hellbender populations in north carolina, although they suspected that hellben", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4337869891611471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fe10b15-1a3e-467e-a95c-241450992e49>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.905853"}
{"text": "##animal back into the water as quickly and carefully as possible. surveys determine hellbender abundance in five western north carolina river basins until recently, biologists had very little information on hellbender populations in north carolina, although they suspected that hellbenders had declined in many streams due to the usualsuspects \u2014 poor water quality from silt, sediment and other pollutants, over - collection, human interactions, habitat disturbance, and dams and impounded waterways. since 2007, the n. c. zoo and the wildlife commission have surveyed more than 50 waterways in five western north carolina river basins that were known to have hellbenders at one time or have never been surveyed before. preliminary survey results revealed a decline in some hellbender populations while other populations have remained stable. as biologists expected, hellbenders \u2019 success is directly correlated to human density : hellbenders tended to do better in areas with fewer people and less human interactions. staff from the n. c. zoo and the commission will continue the surveys for another four or five years. \u201c north carolina has one of the largest populations of hellbenders in the united states, \u201d said groves, who has worked with williams to conduct the surveys. \u201c however, we are finding many populations that are declining or possibly gone. constant monitoring is important, not only to help protect this aquatic salamander, but also to monitor our waterways. \u201d read more about the surveys here. even though surveys are ongoing, biologists still have little data on hellbenders. they are asking the public to report any hellbender sightings to firstname. lastname @ example. org. for more information on hellbenders in north carolina, download an information sheet here. for more information on wildlife conservation in north carolina, visit the conserving page. a high - resolution version of the photographs above are available for download here please credit lori williams for photo of hellbender on a blue bag and tr russ with remaining photos. for additional photos related to this story, as well as a fact sheet suitable for printing, contact jodie owen, email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43960674159407964, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5fe10b15-1a3e-467e-a95c-241450992e49>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.906749"}
{"text": "ramayana - the story ( pg 3 ) training and marriage with his bow and his wife sita. rama ' s mission in life to fight evil begins when the sage and former king viswamithra takes rama and his brother laxman from their home in ayodhya to the sarayu river for a sacrifice ceremony. this place is haunted by asuras ( demons ), but rama kills the main female demon thataka with his bow and arrow and rids the area of other asuras. he is taught by viswamithra how to use the asthras - divine weapons or deities of various weapons. on their travels they survive many adventures, bring back to life a woman cursed into stone ages ago and fight some demons. on arrival in the town of mithila, rama falls in love with a woman he sees on a balcony ( fortunately the love on first sight is reciprocated ). it is the king janaka ' s foster daughter, sita, who because of a pledge is to be married only to somebody who can lift, bend and string the giant bow of shiva, which is held in storage by king janaka. many men tried before, but all failed. the task presents no problems for rama though ; he even snaps the bow. after the wedding of rama and sita plus the three brothers of rama in mithila they all go back to ayodhya, where the king dasaratha ( rama ' s father ) announces his resignation in favour for rama as kaikeyi is dasaratha ' s favourite wife and mother of rama ' s halfbrother bharata. many years before, dasaratha granted kaikeyi two \" blanko \" wishes, which she had never asked to be fulfilled. but now through the interference of kooni, a hunchbacked servant, kaikeyi reminds dasaratha of this ancient promise and demands of him the exile of rama into the forest for 14 years, and to crown her son bharata as the future king instead. promises have to be kept, so even though dasaratha dithers and tries to persuade rama to stay, rama is adamant about accepting the exile since it is the \" duty of a son to fulfill the wish and promises of one ' s father \". bharata is pretty disgusted with the intrigue of his mother and promises to act only as regent until rama ' s return. for the next 14 years bharata refuses to enter ayodhya, where rama ' s sandals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4120148892524944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab042582-75d2-411d-8485-29c15598b123>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.911929"}
{"text": "father \". bharata is pretty disgusted with the intrigue of his mother and promises to act only as regent until rama ' s return. for the next 14 years bharata refuses to enter ayodhya, where rama ' s sandals are kept as a symbol of his kingship, and stays in the nearby village of nandigram instead. soorpanaka, the love - stricken demon rama and sita clothed in tree bark head off into the forest with rama ' s brother laxman, who turns out to be a good engineer and architect, building nice cosy huts for the couple wherever they go. in the forest strange and wonderful creatures and beings live. they meet jatayu, the great eagle, a friend of dasaratha, who in the meantime has died from grief over his expelled son. they meet kamavalli, who appears as a beautiful woman and who falls head over heels in love with rama. kamavalli is in reality the female demon soorpanaka, a sister of ravana ( who is the major \" villain \" in this story ). love stricken and dead jealous of sita, soorpanaka stalks on sita with the aim of removing her forever from rama ' s side. the vigilant laxman though catches her and cuts off her nose, ears and breasts, whereupon soorpanaka obviously swears revenge. she comes back with her huge army of rakshasas ( demons ), only to be defeated miserably by rama ' s bow. mutilated and humiliated soorpanaka flees to lanka to seek help from her brother ravana. the evil ravana evil ravana from lanka. ravana is also called the overlord of the seven worlds ; he has ten heads and twenty arms. when he had still been one of the \" good guys \" he had received lots of powers from the gods. now he employs some of the minor gods for menial tasks as for example the god of wind who has to blow away some of the flowers which are constantly showered onto ravana. one of this demon ' s ( in ) famous deeds was his trying to lift mount kailas with god shiva and goddess parvati on it, so that the mountain shook. as a result, nandi the bull ( shiva ' s vehicle ) cursed him, saying that his end would come through a monkey. he is also known as an accomplished veena ( string instrument ) player. the golden deer soorpanaka describes sita in such graphic detail that ra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47066616627461055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab042582-75d2-411d-8485-29c15598b123>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.912843"}
{"text": "( shiva ' s vehicle ) cursed him, saying that his end would come through a monkey. he is also known as an accomplished veena ( string instrument ) player. the golden deer soorpanaka describes sita in such graphic detail that ravana immediately falls in love with her. he wants her, he is sick with love, he is so miserable without her that he orders weather, sun and moon around senselessly, to the extent that the weather goes completely haywire. eventually he takes some action. he persuades his uncle mareecha to help him. mareecha is also an asura ( demon ), but through meditation in a cave he is trying to become \" good \". he is one of the sons of thataka, who was one of the first victims of rama ' s demon - kills. only under threat does he agree to help ravana with the abduction of sita. disguised as a golden deer studded with gem stones he ambles around the forest so that rama and sita are bound to see him. sita is fascinated by this wonderful deer and hassles rama to catch it. against the advice of the more suspicious laxman rama follows the deer through fields, forests and valleys, till he realises that he has been tricked and shoots it. mareecha in form of the golden deer screams \" help \" in rama ' s voice and dies. on hearing rama ' s apparent cry for help sita persuades laxman to leave her and to go out in order to rescue her husband. laxman, suspecting trickery again, is reluctant to leave sita on her own and only after sita threatens to immolate herself, he leaves the hut they are staying at. shortly afterwards an old sadhu appears and sita lets him into the hut. it is ravana in disguise who due to an ancient curse would die if he touched a woman without her consent. therefore ravana digs a hole under the ground sita stands on, chucks her and the earth into his chariot and flies off. jatayu, the great eagle, sees them and tries to rescue sita. a fight ensues in which ravana eventually kills jatayu with his \" chandrahasa \", an infallible sword, given a long time ago as a gift from god shiva. hanuman from the monkey race | | the monkey rama and laxman are pretty upset to discover sita ' s disappearance and head out to find her. on their travels through the forests they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44558072085030276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab042582-75d2-411d-8485-29c15598b123>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.913794"}
{"text": "is there a dark side to moving in sync? two studies find aligned action does not always lead to the common good source newsroom : university of southern california newswise \u2014 moving in harmony can make people feel more connected to one another and, as a result, lead to positive collective action. think of those feel - good vibes created in a yoga class as students move in unison through their downward - facing dogs. yet given that synchronized physical activities are also a cornerstone of military training and are the highlights of military propaganda reels, could the interconnectedness created by coordinated action be mined to make people behave destructively instead? according to two studies conducted by scott wiltermuth, assistant professor of management and organization at the usc marshall school of business, the cohesiveness synchronized action fosters can, indeed, be manipulated for less than ideal ends. wiltermuth ' s first study, \" synchronous activity boosts compliance with requests to aggress, \" published in the january issue of the journal of experimental social psychology, examined whether aligned action primed participants to act aggressively to others outside their designated teams. in the experiment, 155 participants were divided into teams of three and trained to move plastic cups in a specified sequence to music in either a synchronized or unsynchronized way, while some in a control group merely held their cups above the table. participants had three minutes to memorize a list of cities and were told that those scoring in the top 25 percent would be entered in a lottery to win $ 50, thus creating a competitive environment. after their three minutes elapsed, participants were asked to begin moving their cups in time to instrumental music heard through headphones. they were then informed before they took the memory test that they could chose the sounds the next group of participants would hear during their cup exercise. the choices included a selection called \" noise blast, \" described as an \" aggravating \" choice consisting of \" 90 seconds of static played at a very high volume. \" in about half of the teams, an insider was planted who would try to persuade teammates to select \" noise blast. \" as anticipated, the study showed that those who moved their cups in synchrony felt more connected to those in their group and were more likely to choose the noise blast option at the request of their teammate than participants who performed actions out of sync with one another or as part of the control group. they identified with the interests of their own group over that of the whole. in the complementary study, \" synchrony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353428118664441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:719f9252-b1ac-4dd8-b6b8-aa62a3a77524>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.921190"}
{"text": "option at the request of their teammate than participants who performed actions out of sync with one another or as part of the control group. they identified with the interests of their own group over that of the whole. in the complementary study, \" synchrony and destructive obedience \" slated for an upcoming issue of social influence, wiltermuth examined whether synchronized action could be used as a tool to heighten people ' s obedience to kill insects at the directive of the authority figure. in the study, 70 participants were randomly assigned either to walk in step behind an experimenter, out - of - step with the experimenter or to simply walk with the experimenter in the control condition. as expected, those who were in sync with the recognized authority figure indicated that they made more of an effort to walk in - step and felt closer to him or her than did those in the coordinated but asynchronous or control condition. next, 89 participants repeated the walking experiment before engaging in a second portion in which they were asked to exterminate sow bugs by funneling as many as possible into a device within 30 seconds. ( participants did not actually kill the bugs. ) those participants who walked in step with the same experimenter who later instructed them to kill the bugs put approximately 54 percent more bugs into the device than did those in the control condition. they also put 38 percent more bugs into the funnel than did participants in the coordinated but asynchronous condition and twice as many bugs into the funnel as did participants who walked in synchrony with a different experimenter than the one who instructed them to terminate the insects. wiltermuth, an expert on group dynamics, says the findings are the first to indicate that synchronous activities may be used to influence leader - follower relations and are especially pertinent, as synchronized action like marching and chanting are still used in political and religious rallies to influence people throughout the world. wiltermuth notes, \" the findings suggest that synchrony cannot only be used for good, but also as a tool to promote evil. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5740126114581963, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:719f9252-b1ac-4dd8-b6b8-aa62a3a77524>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.922100"}
{"text": "mary cassatt ( artist ) | american, 1844 - 1926 the letter, 1890 - 1891 drypoint and aquatint on laid paper plate : 34. 6 x 22. 8 cm ( 13 5 / 8 x 9 in. ) sheet : 43. 6 x 30. 3 cm ( 17 3 / 16 x 11 15 / 16 in. ) mathews and shapiro 1989, no. 8, state iv / iv chester dale collection not on view object 5 of 12 in the letter, as in the other prints from this series, mary cassatt explores the private realm of women in the nineteenth century. though such domestic activities may at first glance seem trivial, cassatt consistently endows her subjects with a gravity that underscores the seriousness of their occupations. correspondence often consumed a large part of a woman ' s day ; she not only wrote to friends and acquaintances, but she was also responsible for answering invitations, responding to inquiries, and dealing with the daily domestic cares of the household. for cassatt, who was an american expatriate living in paris, the importance of letter - writing to keep in touch with family and friends must have held a special significance. the dropleaf desk in this composition still belongs to the artist ' s family ; at one time, cassatt herself may have used it to write letters. several aspects of the letter reflect japanese influence. the flattening of space is typical of the japanese woodcuts popular in europe at the time, as is an interior setting. | \u00ab | | back to gallery | | \u00bb | | continue tour |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.424571352696546, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:497ffed2-6be0-4c41-9559-4e09dade1fa9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.923697"}
{"text": "for the discovery of a gene silencing process called rna interference, andrew z. fire, ph. d., of stanford university school of medicine and craig c. mello, ph. d, of the massachusetts medical school have received the 2006 nobel prize in physiology or medicine. the national institute of general medical sciences, a component of the national institutes of health, has supported the prize - winning research with $ 8. 5 million in grants and continues to fund both scientists. fire became an nigms grantee in 1987 and mello, who also receives funding from nih \u2019 s national institute of child health and human development, became an nigms grantee in 1999. rnai is a natural process that cells from a wide range of organisms use to turn down, or silence, specific genes. fire and mello discovered it unexpectedly when they used a molecular tool called antisense rna to block the expression of genes that affect development in the c. elegans roundworm. they realized that it actually was the double - stranded rna molecule produced during the synthesis of antisense rna that muted gene expression. since the initial discovery by fire and mello, scientists in labs worldwide have used rnai to decode the human genome and determine the function of genes. rnai also holds promise as a medical therapy for human diseases such as cancer and viral infections, and is currently being tested in a number of clinical trials. \u201c the unanticipated discovery of a basic biological process that can silence genes took the biomedical research community by storm, \u201d said jeremy m. berg, ph. d., nigms director. \u201c rnai has clearly demonstrated the fundamental role that basic research plays in advancing our understanding of health. \u201d more information about rnai is available on the nigms web site at http : / / www. nigms. nih. gov / news / extras / default. htm # rnai. more information about nigms ' support of nobel prize winners is available at http : / / www. nigms. nih. gov / publications / factsheet _ nigmsnobelists. htm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5377653426793153, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02e94a07-3982-47a8-84ae-ed20b06fa333>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.925744"}
{"text": "a kidney transplant is surgery to place a healthy kidney into a person with kidney failure. kidney transplants are one of the most common transplant operations in the united states. one donated kidney is needed to replace the work previously done by your kidneys. the donated kidney may be from : the healthy kidney is transported in cool salt water ( saline ) that preserves the organ for up to 48 hours. this gives the health care providers time to perform tests that match the donor ' s and recipient ' s blood and tissue before the operation. procedure for a living kidney donor if you are donating a kidney, you will be placed under general anesthesia before surgery. this means you will be asleep and pain - free. usually, surgeons today can use small surgical cuts with laparoscopic techniques. see kidney removal for more information. procedure for the person receiving the kidney ( recipient ) people receiving a kidney transplant are given general anesthesia before surgery. the surgeon makes a cut in the lower belly area. kidney transplant surgery takes about 3 hours. people with diabetes may also have a pancreas transplant done at the same time. this will usually add another 3 hours to the surgery. see also : pancreas transplant your doctor may recommend a kidney transplant if you have end - stage kidney disease. the most common cause of end - stage kidney disease in the u. s. is diabetes. however, there are many other causes. a kidney transplant may not be done if you have : the risks for any anesthesia are : the risks for any surgery are : other risks related to the procedure include : once your doctor refers you to a transplant center, you will be seen and evaluated by the transplant team. they will want to make sure that you are a good candidate for kidney transplant. you will have several visits over the course of several weeks or even months. you will need to have blood drawn and x - rays taken. tests done before the procedure include : you will also want to consider one or more transplant centers to determine which is best for you. if the transplant team believes you are a good candidate for a kidney transplant, you will be put on a national waiting list. most, but not all patients waiting for a kidney transplant are on dialysis. while you are waiting for a kidney, follow these steps : if you received a donated kidney, you will need to stay in the hospital for about 3 - 7 days. afterwards, you will need close follow - up by a doctor and regular blood tests for 1 - 2 months. the recovery period is about 6 months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48887476319433265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe5d19a7-d4e2-4b40-964d-a248a38cd0cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.929685"}
{"text": "you received a donated kidney, you will need to stay in the hospital for about 3 - 7 days. afterwards, you will need close follow - up by a doctor and regular blood tests for 1 - 2 months. the recovery period is about 6 months. often, your transplant team will ask you to stay fairly close to the hospital for the first 3 months. you will need to have regular check - ups with blood tests and x - rays for many years. almost everyone feels that they have a better quality of life after the transplant. those who receive a kidney from a living related donor do better than those who receive a kidney from a donor who has died. ( if you donate a kidney, you can usually live safely without complications with your one remaining kidney. ) people who receive a transplanted kidney may reject the new organ. this means that their immune system sees the new kidney as a foreign substance and tries to destroy it. in order to avoid rejection, almost all kidney transplant recipients must take medicines that suppress their immune response for the rest of their life. this is called immunosuppressive therapy. although the treatment helps prevent organ rejection, it also puts patients at a higher risk for infection and cancer. if you take this medicine, you need to be screened for cancer. the medicines may also cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol and increase the risk for diabetes. a successful kidney transplant requires close follow - up with your doctor and you must always take your medicine as directed. renal transplant ; transplant - kidney barry jm, jordan ml, conlin mj. renal transplantation. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 40. kidney disease : improving global outcomes ( kdigo ) transplant work group. kdigo clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients. am j transplant. 2009 nov ; 9 suppl 3 : s1 - 155. updated by : scott miller, md, urologist in private practice in atlanta, georgia. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40630973695489914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe5d19a7-d4e2-4b40-964d-a248a38cd0cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.930596"}
{"text": "health topics beginning with \" l \" - labyrinthitis - inflammation of the semicircular canals in the inner ear. - laryngitis - a minor inflammation of the larynx ( voice box ) and surrounding tissues, causing temporary hoarseness. - legionnaire ' s disease - a form of lung infection ( bronchopneumonia ) named after an epidemic that affected 182 people attending an american legion convention in 1976. - leukemia - is a cancerous growth of white blood cells. - lupus erythematosus, systemic - an inflammatory disease of connective tissue. - lyme disease - an inflammatory disorder characterized by a skin rash, followed in weeks to months by symptoms in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and joints. - lymphoma - is cancer of the lymphatic system. - lactose intolerance - is more commonly referred to as \" milk intolerance \" in the medical community. intolerance to dairy products caused by a lack of the lactase enzyme, needed to digest lactose. - lead poisoning - ingestion of lead into the body that can cause serious problems in children, including mental retardation, liver or kidney damage and developmental delays. - leukoplakia - a white or gray discoloration in the mouth that is not linked to another condition and most frequently appears on the tongue. it can also appear on the insides of the cheeks, roof of the mouth or gums and rarely progresses to oral cancer. - lice - tiny parasitic insects known as pediculus humanus corporis that spread through close contact with other people. - lichen planus - a skin disease that appears as shiny, reddish - purplish, flat - topped bumps with an angular shape. it appears on the inside of the wrists and ankles, the lower legs, the back and the neck. episodes may last months to years. - lipomas - benign tumor composed of fat. - liver cancer - cancer of the liver, an organ in the abdomen that aids in digestion and regulates levels of vital substances in blood. while the most common cancer to occur worldwide, it is relatively uncommon in the u. s. it may result from hepatitis c infection. - lung cancers are the leading cause of cancer deaths in the united states. - lupus erythematosus - a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation of joints ( arthritis ), blood vessels ( vasculitis ), the lining of organs such as the heart ( per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5184115175344796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:49dd5c28-b675-4953-8de7-a3acf5737fc4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.933600"}
{"text": "new york \u2014 the ancient chinese exercise of tai chi improved balance and lowered the risk of falls in a study of people with parkinson ' s disease. symptoms of the brain disorder include tremors and stiff, jerky movements that can affect walking and other activities. medications and surgery can help, and doctors often recommend exercise or physical therapy. tai chi ( ty - chee ' ), with its slow, graceful movements, has been shown to improve strength and aid stability in older people, and has been studied for a number of ailments. in the latest study, led by fuzhong li of the oregon research institute in eugene, tai chi was tested in 195 people with mild - to - moderate parkinson ' s. the participants attended twice - weekly group classes of either tai chi or two other kinds of exercise \u2014 stretching and resistance training, which included steps and lunges with ankle weights and a weighted vest. the tai chi routine was tailored for the parkinson ' s patients, with a focus on \" swing and sway \" motions and weight - shifting, said li, who practices tai chi and teaches instructors. after six months of classes, the tai chi group did significantly better than the stretching group in tests of balance, control, walking and other measures. compared with resistance training, the tai chi group did better in balance, control and stride, and about the same in other tests. tai chi training was better than stretching in reducing falls, and as effective as resistance training, the researchers reported. the improvements in the tai chi group continued during three months of follow - up. li said the study showed tai chi was safe. it ' s easy to learn, and there ' s no special equipment, he added. \" people are looking for alternative programs, and this could be one of them, \" he said. estimates vary, but at least 500, 000 people in the united states have parkinson ' s. the findings are in thursday ' s new england journal of medicine. the study was paid for by the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke. dr. chenchen wang, who is studying tai chi for arthritis and fibromyalgia, said the results of the parkinson ' s research are \" dramatic and impressive. \" she heads the center for complementary and integrative medicine at tufts medical center in boston. one of the study ' s strengths : researchers could measure the results directly instead of relying on the patients ' own reports, she said. but a placebo effect can ' t be totally discounted, she said, because the participants knew which exercise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46800551737126955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ed06aed-4b27-4d0c-9847-0981d0faf7c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.937585"}
{"text": "< i > wife of two crows < / i >, a hidatsa woman painted by artist george catlin in 1832 smithsonian american art museum the knife river region has been home to people for perhaps 11, 000 years. very few objects remain for us to learn from the cultures who lived here, but early written records and large quantities of cultural material document how the hidatsa lived in earthlodge villages overlooking the knife and missouri rivers for 500 years. they developed a prosperous way of life in harmony with nature and the cycle of the seasons. the mandan and arikara joined the hidatsa in settled villages south along the missouri river. together these three groups pioneered agriculture on the northern plains while still hunting bison and gathering wild edibles. despite their links as earthlodge peoples, conflict and competition were not unknown between these three communities. tribes from across the northern plains journeyed to these permanent villages to trade, socialize, and make war. the sioux, cheyenne, crow, assiniboin, and ojibwe along with white traders, explorers, and artists made the knife river indian villages an exciting and cosmopolitan place. foreign visitors also brought new diseases that dramatically altered communities and cultures and led to the end of the traditional lifestyle in the knife river region. did you know? there were 3000 people living at the knife river villages in 1804? that \u2019 s more people than were living in st. louis, missouri at the same time!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4331510648620178, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6706b44b-4420-42d6-a4ea-17d9137a7cd7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.939164"}
{"text": "view entire collection by clinical topic diabetes \u2013 summer 2012 future of nursing initiative heart failure - fall 2011 influenza - winter 2011 nursing ethics - fall 2011 trauma - fall 2010 traumatic brain injury - fall 2010 fluids & electrolytes wednesday, aug. 29 ( healthday news ) - - water at beaches along lake erie contains a pathogen associated with human fecal contamination, arcobacter species, which are known to cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, and levels correlate with beach advisories, according to a study published in the august issue of applied and environmental microbiology. to investigate whether recreational water is a potential source of arcobacter transmission, cheonghoon lee, ph. d., from the ohio state university in columbus, and colleagues measured arcobacter levels and other fecal genetic markers in water sampled 35 times from four beaches along ohio ' s lake erie coast, which were known to be contaminated with fecal pollution, in the summer of 2010. the researchers found arcobacter at all beaches ( 75. 2 percent of 129 samples ), with occurrence and densities in concordance with the level of fecal contamination. the human - specific fecal marker bacteroides 16s rrna gene showed a significant correlation with arcobacter density. arcobacter levels from the four beaches correlated with beach advisories. most of the arcobacter were closely related to arcobacter cryaerophilus, a species known to cause gastrointestinal disease in humans. \" in summary, our results demonstrate that human - pathogenic arcobacter was prevalent in the water at four lake erie beaches during the 2010 swimming season, \" lee and colleagues conclude. \" since the major contamination sources of arcobacter may originate from human - associated fecal contamination, it is important to identify and manage its sources to minimize public health risks linked to arcobacter exposure in this region. \" full text ( subscription or payment may be required ) find in - depth content on major issues provided by leading companies in partnership with nursingcenter. com bd safety beyond needlestick prevention learning center sponsored by bd medical sign up for our free enewsletters to stay up - to - date in your area of practice - or take a look at an archive of prior issues join our cesaver program to earn up to 100 contact hours for only $ 34. 95 explore a world of online resources back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4696714413961708, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:780bc2e2-7c4e-4584-ad80-6295c6f5db5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.943274"}
{"text": "stories from dep is a collection of feature articles published in dep ' s internal newsletter, weekly pipeline. this article was originally published april 19, 2011. they \u2019 re g - r - r - r - r - ate! catch basin crews storm city \u2019 s drains for most new yorkers, it \u2019 s just another feature of the urban landscape \u2014 barely acknowledged until a ring or an iphone is dropped down the ominous metal grate. while catch basins may not be the most glamorous piece of infrastructure, they perform a critical role in ensuring the health, safety, and economic vitality of new york city. a catch basin is a type of storm drain located adjacent to a curb that collects rainwater from the street and transports it either to one of dep \u2019 s 14 wastewater treatment plants ( for combined sewers ) or directly into a waterbody ( for stormwater sewers ). the catch basin is typically covered by a metal grate, which prevents large objects from falling in. catch basins function primarily as a draining mechanism during heavy storms to prevent flooding and allow rainwater to flow off of the city \u2019 s impermeable streets and sidewalks. with more than 144, 000 catch basins, some of them are bound to get clogged once in a while. to ensure clogged catch basins are a rare occurrence, bwso \u2019 s field operations unit carries out a comprehensive catch basin inspection program which ensures that each of the catch basins is inspected at least once every three years. bwso also responds to 311 complaints regarding clogged catch basins and street flooding, and a special rain patrol is also sent out during heavy storms to focus on clearing debris off the top of catch basins. when a weather event is forecast, crews also preinspect areas prone to flooding to ensure infrastructure is operating properly. during a scheduled inspection, bwso staff examines the surrounding concrete, sidewalk, and the iron grate itself to ensure that there are no structural issues. next, they measure the accumulation of debris in the catch basin to determine if cleaning is required. anytime the level of debris in a catch basin comes within 18 inches of the outlet to the sewer system, a cleaning is required. to clean the catch basin, bwso uses a truck mounted crane, which first lifts the metal grate off of the catch basin and then uses a clamshell bucket to remove the debris. when you inspect so many catch basins each year, you \u2019 re bound to make some unexpected discoveries. according to dennis delaney, chief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4396025506852644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:992df09f-564f-4435-b718-addd4abb805f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.947533"}
{"text": "first lifts the metal grate off of the catch basin and then uses a clamshell bucket to remove the debris. when you inspect so many catch basins each year, you \u2019 re bound to make some unexpected discoveries. according to dennis delaney, chief of maintenance and repairs for the bronx, manhattan, and staten island, his crews have found raccoons, swans, and baby ducks living in catch basins. his crew was even called on recently to rescue a small kitten that had fallen through the metal grate and down into the catch basin. bwso also occasionally receives calls from the nypd to assist in a weapon search when it is believed that a suspect dumped a gun or knife into a catch basin. although sewer maintenance crews are happy to help with the rescue of a kitten or even a lost iphone, their primary responsibility is always to ensure the overall integrity of the sewer system. and catch basin cleaning remains a critical sewer maintenance activity. rick nelson, the acting chief of maintenance and repairs for brooklyn and queens, points out that by reducing the likelihood of flooding, catch basin cleaning \u201c ensures the health, security, and well - being of the general public. \u201d so the next time you \u2019 re walking down the street, take a moment to notice the catch basins beneath your feet and the thousands of miles of connecting sewers that make it possible to live comfortably in new york city.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3655182163833902, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:992df09f-564f-4435-b718-addd4abb805f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.948193"}
{"text": "although international rugby has been played for well over a century, the rugby world cup is a relatively recent phenomenon. the first tournament took place in may and june 1987, with games played in both new zealand and australia. the final was held at eden park, auckland, on 20 june, where the home team beat france to become the inaugural holders of the webb ellis cup. in a country where rugby is often referred to as a religion, hosting and winning the first rugby world cup was certainly a big deal. for much of the 20th century the all blacks had been regarded as one of the best teams in international rugby, but without a world cup such claims were difficult to prove. before 2011 ' s triumph new zealand had not won the four - yearly competition since 1987, a fact that weighed heavy on the hearts and minds of new zealand fans. photographs of captain david kirk holding the webb ellis cup aloft in 1987 became one of our most famous sporting images. until richie mccaw was able to repeat the scene in october 2011 many feared kirk ' s image would remain our only proof of rugby supremacy. in a remarkable case of history repeating itself the 2011 tournament ( once more hosted by new zealand ) saw the same four teams compete in the semi - finals - new zealand, australia, wales and france - and like 1987 the same two - new zealand and france squared off in the final at eden park. this proved to be a much closer game than the 1987 final and indeed closer than most predicted. the all blacks prevailed 8 - 7 in the lowest scoring final in the tournament ' s history. what is less well known is how the first rugby world cup came about. this fascinating story highlights a number of key themes, including the struggle between the amateur ideal and creeping professionalism, tensions between the british home unions and southern hemisphere countries, and international protests over sporting contacts with south africa. the story begins with a look at the 19th - century origins of international rugby. next page : origins of international rugby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44167463966767134, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa7880bc-2ca7-4237-93a8-37a00f916c5a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.951843"}
{"text": "deborah lewinsohn lab the lewinsohn laboratory studies the immunology of childhood tuberculosis. tuberculosis is one of the most important causes of infectious morbidity and mortality worldwide. young children are more likely than older individuals to contract infection with and develop severe disease from the causative agent mycobacterium tuberculosis ( mtb ). these clinical observations likely reflect fundamental differences in the immune systems of young children and adults. essential to effective tb immunity is functional innate immunity, including macrophages, innate t cells, and dendritic cells, and appropriate adaptive immunity including, strong th1 cell immunity, absence of th2 cell immunity, and balanced tregulatory immunity. the laboratory studies : 1 ) innate immunity relevant to pediatric tb ; 2 ) adaptive t cell immunity to tb ; 3 ) mtb - specific t cell immunity in young children following exposure, infection, and / or disease. thus far, we have determined that dc biology and induction of th1 cell immunity and excessive th2 immunity does not limit control of mtb infection in young children. we are currently investigating macrophage and t cell function, as well as the role of innate t cells in effective tb immunity. knowledge gained relevant to tb immunity in children may have important implications for improved vaccines, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of children with tb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49661349173680597, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30a749fd-0766-466c-9d81-ec47cbc168cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.954789"}
{"text": "open - source digital textbooks visualize this : a calculus teacher downloads an open - source digital calculus textbook. she deletes a chapter that isn ' t relevant to her class and replaces it with one from another open digital textbook that she ' s used in the past. she reads through the book, embeds several youtube videos where relevant and an occasional humorous photo to keep students ' interest, adds links to related websites and study aides, and uses a special app to create quizzes within the text that test the students ' knowledge of the course material. once it ' s complete, she makes it available to her students, who download it at no cost. the promise of open - source textbooks for ed - tech neophytes, this may sound like a utopian dream, conceived by a former student whose hefty backpack caused years of exorbitant chiropractor bills and whose interest in math was killed by his stultifying calculus textbook. but for tech - savvy teachers and students, this is the new face of education. jumping on the digital bandwagon for several years, ed - tech advocates in traditional and online schools have heralded digital textbooks as the wave of the future - - and many schools, both k - 12 and post - secondary, have their surfboards ready to ride that wave. in huntsville, alabama, schools are taking steps to become the first in the nation to use only digital textbooks. in florida, recent legislation requires that in 2015, all k - 12 instructional materials must be provided in a digital format. in fact, in february 2012, the obama administration called for all students to use digital textbooks by 2017, in conjunction with the release of its digital learning playbook. but as schools pledge to embrace electronic textbooks to save money and enhance learning, and proponents genuflect to south korea as the leader in both educational technology and outcomes ( textbooks in south korea will be nearly entirely digital by 2015 ), skeptics contend that digital textbooks aren ' t living up to their promise. they point to recent studies, such as one by daytona state college, that found cost savings of only one dollar for students who used electronic textbooks instead of printed material. the devil is in the copyright amidst the clatter of the debate, one group of advocates is making an important distinction : not all digital textbooks are created equally. these are supporters of the open source movement. open - source educational resources - - usually abbreviated as oer - - are distinct from other digital media in their licensing agreements. these books", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4454247673008387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd81fe10-336a-49b2-828e-0cecb60daedb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.960286"}
{"text": "is making an important distinction : not all digital textbooks are created equally. these are supporters of the open source movement. open - source educational resources - - usually abbreviated as oer - - are distinct from other digital media in their licensing agreements. these books have an open copyright license that enables anyone to access the publication, and to alter and distribute it without infringing on any copyright agreement, such as the calculus teacher mentioned above. california leads the charge open - source textbooks sound like a great idea, right? california thinks so. the promise of open - source textbooks led california governor jerry brown to approve two pieces of legislation in september 2012 : the first provides state funding for 50 open - source digital textbooks that will be developed by the state ' s universities. the second establishes an online library to host the books. the legislation is particularly noteworthy because it addresses some of the challenges that have stalled the widespread adoption of open textbooks, namely, quality control and cost. at present, open textbooks are developed by an eclectic mix of non - profit organizations, scholars and a few companies. the quality is often inconsistent, and some teachers complain of having to look hard for a good book. furthermore, because publishers don ' t generate the revenues they get from copyrighted digital books, it ' s not lucrative enough to be enticing to publishers, and the books are costly to publish. to date, funding has come largely through philanthropy. in california, the california open education resources council will be charged with creating and overseeing a book approval process. this will include identifying targeted courses for which the textbooks will be produced. the council will seek bids for producing the textbooks, which will be peer reviewed. momentum behind the movement while california ' s initiative is the most comprehensive to date, other states see the potential. in january 2012, utah ' s state office of education announced it would develop a program to make open source textbooks available to k - 12 students. washington is considering a similar program, and florida ' s k - 12 resources will be produced under an open copyright license. furthermore, many colleges and universities have taken matters into their own hands, such as washington ' s community and technical colleges. they have already created an online library housing open digital textbooks and supplemental materials, such as syllabi and activities. these materials can be used either in online schooling or in traditional classrooms. that ' s money back in the bank according to recent figures from the college board, the average college student spends $ 1, 168 on textbooks each year. a 2010 report from student public interest research groups (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4619516221408698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd81fe10-336a-49b2-828e-0cecb60daedb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.961392"}
{"text": "a dirt - covered beet freshly pulled from the soil does not instinctively rouse the appetite \u2014 unless, of course, you know what \u2019 s beneath that rough exterior. beets have nourished civilizations for many centuries, from the neolithic peoples of the netherlands to the roman empire and 8th - century babylonia. those early wild beets, used as food and medicine, were long and sinewy rather than round. lynn coulter, author of gardening with heirloom seeds, says that spherical beets began to appear during the 15th or 16th century, developed through the slow process of selection. today, this mediterranean native remains a staple of vegetable gardeners around the world, and it \u2019 s not hard to figure out why. its fleshy roots are delectable and good for you. \u201c the roots themselves contain potassium, folic acid, manganese, and lots of fiber ; and edible beet greens offer vitamins a and c, calcium, and iron, \u201d says john jett, ph. d., a former consumer horticulture specialist with the west virginia university extension service. beets, like carrots, turnips, and swiss chard, are biennial, meaning they flower and set seed their second year of growth ( sometimes, though, they bolt prematurely, especially during hot, dry spells ). beets are also very cold - hardy. \u201c i get my seeds in the ground about 4 weeks before our last expected frost in the spring, \u201d says coulter. \u201c then i sow more seeds every 2 weeks, to keep a steady supply of fresh, tender beets. \u201d stop planting when the temperatures hit 75 degrees but then begin sowing seeds again about 8 weeks before the first expected fall frost for a delicious late - season harvest. coulter gardens in georgia, but her planting schedule works in cooler climates, too. though beet seeds can be started indoors under lights, it \u2019 s far simpler to sow them directly in the garden. \u201c beet seeds can be tricky to germinate because of a hard seed covering, \u201d jett says. \u201c soak the seeds in warm water for a few hours before sowing them to increase the chances of germination. \u201d beets grow best in full sun and well - drained soil. \u201c plant them in garden soil that \u2019 s been worked to a depth of 8 to 10 inches and cleared of rocks, \u201d coulter says. \u201c use lots of good organic material to amend your soil. \u201d sow beet seeds to a depth of 1\u20442 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39190391934072916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ac43a6f-3353-4e6a-b0a2-5a7d19db6ab7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.967843"}
{"text": "garden soil that \u2019 s been worked to a depth of 8 to 10 inches and cleared of rocks, \u201d coulter says. \u201c use lots of good organic material to amend your soil. \u201d sow beet seeds to a depth of 1\u20442 to 1 inch and space rows 12 to 18 inches apart. thin the seedlings to leave 2 to 4 inches of space between plants, using the wider spacing if the beets will be harvested at their fully mature size. it \u2019 s important to note that most beet seeds are multigerm ( though a handful of monogerm varieties do exist ), meaning there is not just a single embryo in each seed but rather a cluster of several. this results in multiple plants emerging from each planted seed, making thinning compulsory. jett also reminds gardeners that keeping the soil moist throughout the growing season results in roots of better quality. a layer of organic mulch helps retain soil moisture, stabilize temperature, and suppress weeds. beets require an ample amount of phosphorus to produce large, healthy roots. since this nutrient is not very mobile within the soil, it is most often applied as a sidedressing by distributing it along the length of the rows. soil ph also affects the availability of phosphorus ; the mineral is most accessible to plant roots when the ph is between 6. 0 and 7. 0, which is the favored ph range for beets. if a soil test notes a lack of phosphorus, an early - season, side - dress application of bonemeal or rock phosphate should fill in the gap. a few insect pests occasionally bother beets. to protect beet foliage from leaf miners, flea beetles, leafhoppers, and other potential troublemakers, cover the newly planted rows with floating row cover and leave it in place until harvest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40593525084372917, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ac43a6f-3353-4e6a-b0a2-5a7d19db6ab7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.970059"}
{"text": "the spiritual - cognitive components of anger were long recognized by our church fathers. st. basil recognized the loss of reason in anger. \" it makes a man completely bestial... in fact, it does not even allow him to be a man at all, because he ho longer has the help of his reason. \" an interesting spiritual issue arises in this context. in order for us to perceive ourselves to be \" intruded on \" to the extent that it justifies, anger, vengeance, and retaliation we have to have to see ourselves as ' important. ' st. basil tells us \" anger nurses a grievance. the soul, itching for vengeance, constantly tempts us to repay those who have offended \" ( st basil the great, homily 10 ). i am so important, so above others i have the \" right \" to act uncharitably toward other. what is the root of this reaction? the passion and sin of pride. st mark the acetic ( philokalia v. i ) wrote : \" the passion is strengthened especially by pride. and as long as it is so strengthened it cannot be destroyed.... thus the structure of evil in the soul is impossible to destroy so long as it is rooted firmly in pride. \" from the shepard of hermas ( book ii commandment 5 ) who saw the holy spirit choked by anger : \" for he is choked by the vile spirit, and cannot attend on the lord as he wishes, for anger pollutes him. for the lord dwells in long - suffering, but the devil in anger. \" abba agathon wrote that anger can produce spiritual death : \" an irascible man, even if he is capable of raising the dead, will not be received into the kingdom of heaven. \" another holy desert father abba poimen saw anger as obliterating he who would consider himself a monk : \" a complaining, vindictive monk, prone to anger, cannot exist, \". that is to say that, any who have such faults are not actually monks, even if they wear the schema. \" mankind is created in the image of god and as creatures of god we are called to be \" like \" him. ( gen. 1 : 26 ) the church fathers define the image of god in us as our free will and intelligence. to be like him meant that mankind must choose \" the good. \" for our first parents, choosing good was to obey their creator \u2014 not to make themselves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4659805576427073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.981756"}
{"text": "26 ) the church fathers define the image of god in us as our free will and intelligence. to be like him meant that mankind must choose \" the good. \" for our first parents, choosing good was to obey their creator \u2014 not to make themselves into gods by tasting the fruit of knowledge of good and evil ( gen. 2 : 17 ). noting mankind coveted a spiritual power above it ' s created nature blessed augustine interpreted this passage to mean that adam and eve thought of themselves as having the knowledge of god. when god further revealed his will in the form of the law : the ten commandments ( deut 5 : 6 - 21 ). and other proscriptions listed for his people. when the fullness of time had come and god sent his \" only begotten son \" our lord god and savior jesus christ, he revealed to us the fullness of what it was to be \" like \" him. our lord tells us \" and now i give you a new commandment : love one another. as i have loved you so you must love one another. \" ( john13 : 34, 35 ). what greater love could the father have for us that even though he is god, nevertheless, send his son to take on our nature so we \u2014 all mankind \u2014 can be lifted up to him? \" for god so loved the world that he gave his only begotten son : that whosoever believeth in him may not perish, but may have life everlasting. \" ( john3 : 16 ). let us ponder some of the things our lord has told us about love. \" if you forgive the faults of others your heavenly father will forgive yours. if you do not forgive the faults of others, neither will your heavenly father forgive you. \" ( mt. 6 : 14 - 16 ). \" my son your sins are forgiven. \" ( mk. 2 : 5 ). \" if you want to avoid judgment, stop passing judgment. \" ( mt. 7 : 1 ). how do we achieve this love shown to us by the father and his son, our lord, god and savior jesus christ? st. paul tells us : \" get rid of all bitterness, all passion and anger, harsh words, slander and malice of every kind. in place of these, be kind to one another, compassionate, and mutually forgiving, just as god as forgiven you in christ. \" ( eph. 4 : 31 ). our calling as part of god ' s creation, as a member", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5035365212818511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.982717"}
{"text": "in place of these, be kind to one another, compassionate, and mutually forgiving, just as god as forgiven you in christ. \" ( eph. 4 : 31 ). our calling as part of god ' s creation, as a member of christ ' s body, the church, is to grow and actualize ourselves ; to find those imperfections in us that are barriers preventing us from being \" like god \" ; that prevent us from loving and forgiving. in keeping with st. paul ' s words, our emotions, such as anger, are just such an imperfection or barrier. by making ourselves less angry we can grow in the love of god and our neighbor. current research psychology has helped us understand the cognitive structure supporting and triggering anger. besides aiding in helping us to understanding how anger comes about, this research also helps us to employ psychological techniques that can aid in overcoming and preventing anger. the cognitive - behavioral model of emotional dysfunction ( beck, shaw & emery, 1979 ; ellis, 1962 ) has been shown to be effective in this regard. beck points out the theme of anger is \" significant intrusion. \" we feel some one has intruded on us or on someone or something we love and posses that we consider to be an extension of ourselves. according to this model, emotions such as anger are produced by distorted or irrational beliefs, attitudes and cognitions. situations ( something that someone has said or done or events that have happened ) do not produce or cause our upset. we upset ourselves over people and events, by our \" interpretations \" of them, thereby making ourselves dysfunctionally angry, anxious or depressed or simply functionally annoyed, concerned and disappointed. if our thinking is clear, rational and non - distorted we have normal feelings like : bearable nuisances, caring and livable letdowns. if our \" interpretations \" are irrational or distorted we get enraged, intensely worried and despondent. ellis has long pointed out that emotions such as anger add to our problems like in a ' domino effect. ' originally we have a problem, the \" activating event. \" our angry emotional response is a new problem added to the original, which in turn is linked to other dysfunctional outcomes, etc. this was so clearly perceived by one of our spiritual fathers so early after our lord ' s message, the shepard of hermas said : \" but anger is foolish, and fickle, and senseless. now, of folly is begotten bitterness, and of bitterness anger, and of anger frenzy. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.519447885224594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.984841"}
{"text": "early after our lord ' s message, the shepard of hermas said : \" but anger is foolish, and fickle, and senseless. now, of folly is begotten bitterness, and of bitterness anger, and of anger frenzy. this frenzy, the product of so many evils, ends in great and incurable sin. \" ( book ii, commandment 5 ) cognitive psychological research has found support for seven cognitive distortions relating to anger and the other dysfunctional emotions : - selective abstraction is focusing on one event to the exclusion of others. a mother, for example, pays attention to the \" d \" on her son ' s report card while ignoring the \" a ' s \" and \" b ' s. \" this \" d \" now becomes the focus of anger. - arbitrary inference is drawing a conclusion unwarranted by the facts in an ambiguous situation. for example, a parishioner says \" hello \" to the parish priest in the church hall, the priest doesn ' t reply, the person concludes the priest doesn ' t like him or her and has a right to be angry. - personalization, an event occurs that an individual concludes is directed to them personally. a patron in a busy restaurant perceives the waiter is purposely not waiting on his or her table. the patron never entertains the waiter may be under stress attempting to serve other patron ' s needs. the patron, concludes, they have a ' right ' to be angry. - polarization is the tendency to see things in all or nothing terms. ' cynthia, jack ' s wife misses making dinner one evening, because he ' categorizes ' events into polarities he views her as a \" bad \" wife. all the categories between the absolute categories of good and bad are missed. he has the right to be angry at a \" bad \" wife. - generalization is the tendency to see things in always or never categories. ' jack ' comes home late from work. his wife ' jill ' feels her husband will always be inconsiderate and never change. not only is she angry at his lateness, but his future lateness as well. - demanding expectations, the belief that there are laws or rules that must or have to be obeyed. a mother believes he son should not talk back because she is his \" mother. \" she has the \" right \" to be angry. ( note god gave us free will, he ' asks ' us to obey his commandments. like christ, parents can ' prefer and constructively work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5425513791420661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.986093"}
{"text": "talk back because she is his \" mother. \" she has the \" right \" to be angry. ( note god gave us free will, he ' asks ' us to obey his commandments. like christ, parents can ' prefer and constructively work ' toward obedience from their children, but they have no guarantees their children will respect them. ) of spiritual help here is to reflect on the life of our lord. he was bruised, derided, cursed, defiled, crucified and died for our salvation. he himself told us : no servant is greater than his master ( mat. 10 : 24 ) \u2014 - why would we expect to be treated any differently than our lord. it is a blessing if we are treated and honored, but we have no guarantee ) a program of rewards for appropriate behavior and punishment, without anger, for inappropriate behavior would be constructive. - catastrophizing, the perception that something is more that 100 % bad, terrible or awful in the example above, the mother feels that it is terrible, the end of the world, her son answered back, which of course triggers increasing anger. after recognizing our recognizing and labeling the cognitive distortions, eliciting anger, clinicians aid patients in re - structuring them. there are three questions that lead to restructuring. : 1 ) where is the evidence? 2 ) is there any other way of looking at it?. 3 ) is it as bad as it seems? using the examples above some restructured interpretations might be : ( selective abstraction ) : true, my son got a \" d \", but he also received some a ' s and b ' s ) ; ( arbitrary inference ) : \" father didn ' t say hello, he may not like me, but maybe he has something on his mind and he didn ' t even hear me. \" ( personalization ) : \" the waiter is so busy with other tables, maybe he doesn ' t even see me. \" ( polarization ) : \" my wife, jill missed dinner today, there are many other things that make up our relationship besides one dinner \" ( generalization ) : \" let me talk to jack about his work schedule and at least ask him to call me if he is going to be late \" ( demanding expectations ). \" i prefer that my son not talk back to me, let me praise him when he talks correctly and fine him a nickel whenever he talks back. \" in addition to the above restructuring questions the \" mental ruler technique \" ( burns, 1980 ) is particularly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4797462078753959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.987042"}
{"text": "i prefer that my son not talk back to me, let me praise him when he talks correctly and fine him a nickel whenever he talks back. \" in addition to the above restructuring questions the \" mental ruler technique \" ( burns, 1980 ) is particularly helpful in dealing with catastrophizing. a situation in the example above a child ' talking back ' to his / her parents is evaluated on a 0 to 100 scale, with 0 being the most pleasant thing you could picture happening to you. people infrequently have trouble imaging a very pleasant event ( 0 ). sitting on a sun drenched tropical beach is a typical image. people frequently need help imaging a \" graphic \" worst event ( 100 ). use of an example such as the particularly horrifying death of a medical missionary in southeast asia several years ago can be of help. after starvation failed to kill this individual, his captors placed chopsticks in his ears and hammered then in, a little each day, until the chopsticks penetrated his brain and the missionary died. using the \" mental - ruler technique ' and the restructuring questions, it can be seen that the mother whose son answered back is surely not the same as chopsticks in the ears, in fact, it is probably no more that a 10 or 20 on the mental - ruler scale. thus successful catastrophizing challenging and a more realistic evaluation. instead of viewing this a \" catastrophe \" is now is viewed as a manageable problem to be solved. these psychological techniques have to be applied rigorously and consistently. they should be used whenever we find ourselves starting to become angry. one helpful way is to excuse yourself and leave the room for a few minutes to collect our thoughts, making sure the psychological \" restructuring and reinterpretation is also permeated by our lord ' s teaching and his self - emptying life for us. we can reflect on the words of st. mark the acetic : do you want the tree of disorder \u2014 i mean the passion of bitterness, anger and wrath \u2014 to dry up within you and become barred, so that with the axe of the spirit it may be ' hewn down and cast into the fire ' together with every other vice ( matt. 3 : 10 )... if this is really what you want keep the humility of the lord in your heart and never forget it... call to mind who he is, and what he became for our sakes. reflect first on the divine light of his divinity revealed to the essence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5073716716191818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.987986"}
{"text": "really what you want keep the humility of the lord in your heart and never forget it... call to mind who he is, and what he became for our sakes. reflect first on the divine light of his divinity revealed to the essences above [ the angels ] ( eph 1 : 21 )... then think to what humiliation he descended in his ineffable goodness, becoming in all respects like us who were dwelling in the dwelling of darkness and the shadow of death ( mat 4 : 16 ). \" petition our lord ' s help in this way to help restructure. this \" time - out \" can be accomplished by something as simple as going to the restroom. restructuring should can also be incorporated into evening prayer, especially during the examination of conscience and prayer for forgiveness of sins. this active approach toward our becoming like christ is our vocation as christians. st. james tells us \" so you see, then, it is his actions that a person is put right with god, not by his faith alone \" ( james 2 : 24 ). all the wishing or prayer we do, if it does not lead us to actively make ourselves like christ is empty. \" since you are god ' s dear children you must try to be like him, your life must be controlled by love... \" ( eph. 5 : 1 - 2 ). work, vivified by prayer and the sacraments, is the way to advance in our likeness in christ. only then will we be able to say with christ : \" father forgive them for they know not what they do \" ( lk 23 : 34 ) this is true anger management. beck, a. t., rush, s., shaw, b. & emery, g ( 1979 ). cognitive therapy of depression. ny : guilford press. burns, d. ( 1980 ). feeling good : the new mood therapy. ny : the new american library. ellis, a. ( 1962 ). reason and emotion in psychotherapy. ny : lyle - stuart. palmer, g. e. h., sherrard, p. & ware, k. ( 1979 ). the philokalia 1, london : faber and fager visit fr. morelli ' s facebook page. v. rev. fr. george morelli ph. d. is a licensed clinical psychologist and marriage and family therapist. he is the coordinator of the chaplaincy and pastoral counseling ministry of the antiochian orthodox christian archdiocese and religion coordinator ( and antioch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4446624433795364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f453504-49be-4e11-96a0-6d196bf82a14>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.988870"}
{"text": "bipolar disorder : hypomanic episodes hypomanic episodes can occur in people who have mood disorders. hypomanic episodes are less severe than manic episodes, although a hypomanic episode can still interfere with your ability to function properly. hypomania may be diagnosed if : - a distinct period of elevated or irritable mood occurs in which the mood is clearly different from a regular nondepressed mood. - three or more of the following symptoms last for a significant period of time : - inflated self - esteem or unrealistic feelings of importance - decreased need for sleep ( feels rested after only a few hours of sleep ) - racing thoughts or flight of ideas - being easily distracted - an increase in goal - directed activity ( work or personal ) - irresponsible behaviors that may have serious consequences, such as going on shopping sprees, engaging in increased sexual activity, or making foolish business investments - the mood or behavior change is noticeable to others. - the episode is not severe enough to cause impairment in social or job functioning and does not require hospitalization. - the symptoms are not caused by reference substance abuse opens new window. if you feel that you or someone you care about may be experiencing a hypomanic episode, contact your doctor to discuss the possible causes and the treatment options. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference march 1, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference patrice burgess, md - family medicine reference lisa s. weinstock, md - psychiatry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43100711653454093, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf6b712a-8b66-47e4-a30e-29c063f0b066>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.991116"}
{"text": "searching for the truth written by : dennis balthaser the pyramids and the bible much has been written over the years about the three large pyramids of giza, and the sphinx, and thousands of years later we still don ' t know who built them, how they were built, or for what purpose. egyptologists claim they were completed about 2500 bc making them 4000 years old today, which would possibly predate many of the things mentioned in the old testament of the bible. many of the best - preserved temples in egypt however, were built during the new kingdom, ( 1550 - 1069 bc ), during a period of national wealth and renewed interest in monumental building. we have been given many theories on the actual construction of the great pyramid using various types of ramps to erect the two million, 2 to 70 ton stone blocks from ground level to a staggering 450 feet high. knowing the tools available to the egyptians at the time, and the number of laborers that would have been required, plus the time factor for erecting these gigantic structures, doesn ' t add up logically or mathematically. thus far no records have been discovered to indicate the egyptians actually built them, unlike other records that have been discovered, through hieroglyphics in temples, chambers, and tombs of structures the egyptians did in fact build. why then if the egyptians kept good records for other structures, are there no records of how \u201c they \u201d built the pyramids. another theory that has been presented is the possibility of extraterrestrial involvement, perhaps not in the actual construction, but offering the technology as indicated in stephen mehler ' s book, \u201c the land of osirus \u201d, referring to a civilization that pre - dated the egyptians, known as \u201c khemitians \u201d, who supposedly had contact with star people, and lived in north africa which today is egypt, some 10, 000 years ago. the purpose of the pyramids according to many egyptologists was to bury certain pharaohs in them in preparation for their afterlife journey. why then particularly with the great pyramid, was nothing ever found inside to indicate that kufu ( a 4th dynasty pharaoh ) was buried there? as far back as 890 ad when the arab ' s first entered the great pyramid, nothing was ever found to indicate kufu had been buried there. other purposes of the pyramids, suggested by several researchers, is the explanation that the pyramids were a form of energy machine of some sort. if the three pyramids of giza and the sphinx are older than the egyptian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48930703280837917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abd888a2-8238-492f-a714-b26acb1278f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.997628"}
{"text": "had been buried there. other purposes of the pyramids, suggested by several researchers, is the explanation that the pyramids were a form of energy machine of some sort. if the three pyramids of giza and the sphinx are older than the egyptian civilization as many of us believe they are, why is there no reference to these gigantic structures in the bible? they are in fact the only remaining things of the original 7 wonders of the world. surely they would have stood out during the time of moses, who was raised by an egyptian pharaoh ' s daughter, after she found the infant moses floating in a basket on the river. some believe that the israelites were responsible for building the pyramids during the time they were in egypt, prior to moses leading them out to the promised land during the exodus around 1400 b c. ( exodus 13 : 17 - 18 ). the israelites would not have been involved in building the 3 pyramids of giza, since the pyramid building ended before the israelites came to egypt. concentrating on the possible age of the 3 pyramids of giza and the sphinx raises the question about moisture in egypt over the years. the deterioration on the back of the sphinx indicates that at some point in time there was a tremendous amount of rainfall. even though the nile river flooded annually during the ancient egyptian civilization time, the deterioration on the sphinx indicates a much larger amount of rainfall existed at some point. like other researchers have speculated, could noah and the flood described in the bible have been involved? one researcher claimed that aquatic fossils have been found on the inside walls of the pyramids. were they preserved there by floodwater, or where they already in the stone blocks when they were quarried miles away from the pyramids current location? as i write this many other questions arise. the bible does reference many structures that were erected all over the middle east as far back as 2600 bc. one such structure described in the bible was the \u201c tower of babylon \u201d, or as it is sometimes referred to the tower of babel. ( genesis 11 : 3 - 4 ). descriptions of the height vary by researchers ; however most say it would have been taller than the great pyramid. other large structures, buildings and man - made objects listed in the bible include solomon ' s temple built between 966 and 586 bc. the dimensions and detailed instructions on how to build noah ' s ark are also described in the bible. ( genesis 6 : 14 - 17 ) the unit of measurement most frequently discussed in the bible was the cub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4636835132294167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abd888a2-8238-492f-a714-b26acb1278f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.998711"}
{"text": "built between 966 and 586 bc. the dimensions and detailed instructions on how to build noah ' s ark are also described in the bible. ( genesis 6 : 14 - 17 ) the unit of measurement most frequently discussed in the bible was the cubit. one cubit was equal to 1 foot, 6 inches, ( 18 \u201d ). using a cubit measurement for building the ark, it would have meant it was 450x75x45 feet in size. later the romans used the roman foot for measuring, which was derived from the approximate size of a man ' s foot. one must also consider that those who built all those ancient structures didn ' t have access to the technology we have today, ( or did they? ) regardless of whether you refer to structures mentioned in the bible or other sources we know of, the technology was extremely impressive, and many have withstood the test of time, which we are just today beginning to unearth. regardless of your christian beliefs, archeologists are continually unearthing structures that were in fact present as mentioned in the bible. others have not yet been located such as noah ' s ark, but are being continually searched for. so as stated earlier if the pyramids are as old, ( or older ) than we believe, why is there no mention of them in the bible, since they would have been the most obvious structures in egypt, or the world for that matter, prior to the time the israelites were in captivity in egypt? as a christian myself, who also researchers the ufo phenomena, i find it odd that to my knowledge there is no reference to the pyramids in the old testament of the bible. should anyone reading this have information contrary to what i have presented, i would be pleased to hear his or her views. as i do with my ufo research, i will continue to ponder the question why? dennis g. balthaser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781112688668955, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abd888a2-8238-492f-a714-b26acb1278f9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:24.999442"}
{"text": "my 9 month old is anemic and the pediatrician started him on iron drops. i would like to raise the iron level up without using iron drops. what foods can i feed him that are high in iron and are age appropriate for him to eat? if your son is anemic, it \u2019 s very important for you and your pediatrician to work together to create a treatment plan that you \u2019 re both comfortable with. if you \u2019 re not comfortable giving your son the iron supplement your pediatrician recommended, be sure to let the doctor know. in babies, iron deficiency anemia can cause serious and potentially irreversible health problems if it \u2019 s not properly treated. sometimes, it \u2019 s not possible to quickly reverse an iron deficiency through dietary changes alone, and an iron supplement becomes necessary \u2014 at least temporarily \u2014 to treat iron deficiency anemia. your doctor will likely want to perform another blood test on your son after about a month of treatment to make sure the treatment is working and that your son \u2019 s anemia is resolving. babies between the ages of 9 months and 24 months are at increased risk for iron - deficiency anemia because they \u2019 re growing very rapidly, and it \u2019 s difficult for them to get all the iron their bodies need from their diets alone. full - term babies are born with iron stores in their bodies that they accumulated during the last months spent in their mothers \u2019 wombs. these iron stores can last as long as four to six months after birth. premature and low - birth - weight babies have lower iron stores at birth, typically lasting only about two months or so. the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in babies is a lack of sufficient iron in the diet. but some babies \u2019 digestive tracts aren \u2019 t able to absorb enough iron, even when they \u2019 re eating iron - rich foods. that \u2019 s when iron supplements can be very helpful. the good news is that most babies with anemia don \u2019 t have to take the iron drops forever, just long enough to get their iron stores built back up. from there, an iron - rich diet can help maintain sufficient iron in the blood and body. foods that are good sources of iron include meat, beans, egg yolks, and leafy greens, such as spinach, prepared in a manner that makes them suitable for babies to eat. foods that are iron fortified, such as some infant cereals, are also good sources of the mineral. cow milk, on the other hand, is a poor source of iron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4155481514383732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:539994af-4c58-4804-a0e3-ce80028be72a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.003897"}
{"text": "an operating room registered nurse, also known as a perioperative nurse, cares for patients at all stages of operative care ( before, during, and after surgery ). there are three areas of the operating room in which such a nurse might focus : circulating, scrub nurse, and first assistant. the circulating nurse is concerned with maintaining a sterile environment in an operating room ; this type of nurse opens sterile packages containing items that assist with operating procedures, as well as documents procedures needed to maintain a sterile environment. the scrub nurse, wears gloves and scrubs, and hands the surgeon ( s ) necessary instruments ; he or she also monitors a patient ' s condition during surgery. the first assistant works most closely with the surgeons, doing some hands - on performance on the patient such as cutting into tissue or suturing, and hands the surgeon ( s ) the necessary instruments. operating room nurses work indoors in sterile operating rooms in hospitals and medical facilities. their immediate supervisors are the surgeons with whom they work, in addition to administrative supervisors within the nursing hierarchy. they work not only with surgeons, but with fellow nurses and anesthesiologists. their work schedule might call for them to be on duty any day of the week, at any hour, either by scheduled assignment or on short notice. operating room nurses may be exposed to dangerous substances that are used in sterilization and anesthesiological procedures, and they are also are around sharp objects. a registered nurse must complete of an accredited nursing program to receive certification. being a first assistant also may require a certain number of years in practice as a registered nurse or additional coursework. being an operating room nurse requires critical thinking, the ability to work in a fast - paced environment and be highly adaptive. because these nurses work in situations that potentially involve death, they should be emotionally prepared to handle a variety of outcomes without a drop in performance. registered nurse ( rn ), operating room tasks - supervise surgical technologists and medical assistants during surgeries. - provide education to patients and their families about the recovery process. - monitor patients for signs of complications during and after operating procedures. - track patients ' vital signs during operations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4212484400643499, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f7f90d2-d26d-4deb-a960-7571ed9fd723>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.006378"}
{"text": "archiving early america : a web site devoted to the historical documents of the 18th century. the formation of a national government : chapter 3 in the american revolution - an html project. the constitution continues to serve as the foundation of our government and our society. every group, from the national rifle association to the american association of retired people, have claimed the constitution as the source of their rights and interests. and although over 11, 000 changes to the original document have been proposed, only 28 amendments have ever been ratified. during the week we mark our nation ' s birth, it is important to examine the motivations that drove the continental congress. what were the pressing issues of the day that caused the framers of the constitution to choose the amendments they did? what were their long range intentions? how has a document drafted two centuries ago survived essentially unchanged? have the principles codified in the original constitution lasted? gerard gawalt, early american history expert with the library of congress since 1969, answered your questions about the way the constitution took shape and how the document changed the united states and the rest of the world. a question scott hume of tempe, arizona : while some have advocated changing the constitution to more accurately reflect the myriad of current realities and worldviews in this country, others suggest that the documents intrinsic vagueness is the key element in its continued ' success. ' your comments, sir. gerard gawalt responds : the constitution is subject to constant change through judicial interpretation, legislation, and simply the will to use various parts of the constitution. the founding fathers made it extremely difficult to amend the constitution in fact to avoid the willow tree form of government. the remarkable aspect of the united states constitution is that the fundamental principles of the document have never been challenged in recent years. certainly the civil war was a direct challenge to the federal constitution, and its nature was preserved by military power ( which was ironically what the founding fathers feared the most ). a question from edward sternberg of milwaukee, wi : one of the more frequently revisited issues of constitutional law, as i - - a biologist - - see it, is the question of strict construction. it seems to me that jefferson ' s efforts to justify the louisiana purchase must have been instructive on this issue. i know little about the topic - - please share with me your views. gerard gawalt responds : although jefferson did not help write the constitution, he certainly was concerned with its interpretation. the louisiana purchase was a concern to jefferson. so much so, that he even drafted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4778033606646245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.019103"}
{"text": "topic - - please share with me your views. gerard gawalt responds : although jefferson did not help write the constitution, he certainly was concerned with its interpretation. the louisiana purchase was a concern to jefferson. so much so, that he even drafted an amendment to the constitution to allow for the addition of new territory by treaty and simultaneously to create an indian reservation of much of the land west of the mississippi. jefferson was persuaded by madison, monroe, fallatin, and other national leaders that the broad interpretation of the constitution that he so opposed when the federalists were in power was indeed a valid interpretation when the right party was in power. this action by jefferson virtually assured the acceptance of the broad interpretation of the constitution. strict interpretationists have been on the defensive ever since jefferson ' s action. a question from bill rand of rochester, mn : to me one of the most complicated aspects of the constitution is whether or not we should abide by the original framer ' s intent. i feel that living in strict standards according to what thomas jefferson and his original compatriots meant when they wrote the constitution, is probably wrong. after all times have changed, but then again adapting the constitution constantly to the world around us would destroy any meaning inherent in this noble document. some sort of middle ground must be reached, but is this possible? gerard gawalt responds : we have operated on a middle ground of interpreting the constitution for most of the last 200 years ( with the notable exception of the civil war ). jefferson thought that a republican form of government was worth a revolution every 20 years. fortunately, that has not been necessary. despite jefferson ' s fear of judicial interpretation and the broad interpretation based on the general welfare clause, these have proven to be the keys to the constitution ' s longevity and success. madison and john jay ( more than hamilton ) realized that the balance of powers within the three divisions of the government were critical to providing forums for a large and diverse nation. it has proven to be very difficult for any national section or special interest, be it ethnic or economic, to control all the branches of government. thus there has been room for the various philosophies and the conflicting parties to play out their roles in the public republican forum. a question from michelle miller of shrewsbury, pa : madison is often called the father of the constitution. what was his role? what was his background and how did it affect the document? gerard gawalt responds : james madison was the driving force behind the national movement to call a constitutional convention.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804633428717115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.020172"}
{"text": ": madison is often called the father of the constitution. what was his role? what was his background and how did it affect the document? gerard gawalt responds : james madison was the driving force behind the national movement to call a constitutional convention. he was responsible for drafting the virginia plan of government and preparing a guide for the new form of government. although he spoke often and eloquently in the convention, his most important role was behind the scenes where he motivated and cajoled delegates into compromising and staying at their task until a product was finished. he then took the lead in securing the adoption of the constitution by state assemblies called specifically for that purpose. madison, like most the southern founders of the nation, was a wealthy and large land and slave owner. his wealth and the labor of his slaves allowed him the time and freedom to master the intricacies of political philosophy and practical politics that enabled him to be the father of the constitution. he was one of the coterie of virginians, that the world will probably never see the like of again. a question from mike hadley of richmond, va : other countries alter or scrap their constitutions all the time, but the u. s. has essentially left ours in tact. what is it about our constitution that makes it so enduring? gerard gawalt responds : the success of the constitution has depended on the ability of congress and the federal courts to informally effect constitutional amendments ( interpretations ) by the general welfare clause and judicial interpretation. on the other hand it has been extremely difficult to formally amend the constitution ( only 27 out of 10000 attempts ). the result has been a remarkably flexible but stable document. a question from cindy kinch of boston, ma : what impact did constitution have on political philosophy and other intellectual movements at the time ( i. e. its affect on the french revolution )? gerard gawalt responds : the constitution gave a great impetus to the republican politicial philosophy. not only the french, but the swiss, polish, turkish and several other european countries based new forms of government in the nineteenth century on the american constitution. the american constitution also served as a model for the emerging south american countries in the nineteenth century. some historians say that the british commonwealth of nations and ultimately the united nations were based on the federal form of government. certainly the united states constitution and the success of the united states government proved that a republican form of government could succeed in governing a large and diverse people. charles h. france of phoenix, arizona the constitution gives all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4742895937223577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.021241"}
{"text": "based on the federal form of government. certainly the united states constitution and the success of the united states government proved that a republican form of government could succeed in governing a large and diverse people. charles h. france of phoenix, arizona the constitution gives all the world something to have hope for. this is the reason everybody wants to come here. i don ' t want any changes made to it. this encludes the first and the second amendment. glen self of charlottesville, va the strength of the constitution is in it ' s minimalist approach to defining government. it set the direction and tone without casting minutia in stone. a prime example is the concept of cruel and unusual punishment. at the time of, or shortly prior to, the framing of the constitution, the use of torture to punish or to gain a confession was common. torture iincluded, the rack, whips of chain, being drawn and quartered, keel hauling, branding, blinding etc. to the framers these were cruel and unusual. although i am sure they would stand agast at the idea that not having cable tv or movies is considered cruel they wrote a document that does allow for different interpretations as society changes. it is up to us as citizens to ensure that mores of today are not allowed to overly change the basic intent of the constitution. prohibition was an excellent example of an ill considered amendment to the constitution. like a house built on a firm foundation, to remain strong we should only tinker with the foundation when absolutely necessary. linda springrose of st. louis, mo i have thought a lot about the u. s. constitution, and i have wondered why it is that other countries draft new consti - tutions with some regularity while we have had ours for over 200 years with little change. i think the concepts in it are broad enough to have lasted throughout all these years, and it would be extremely difficult to draft a new constitution. i believe that the basic rights of men protected in the constitution are universal, but i do believe that the forefathers of our country and drafters of the constitution are probably rolling over in their collective graves knowing what is being perpetrated in the name of constitution. that is, the miltia ( covered by the constitution ) arrested in arizona today for intention to blow up government build - ings is definitely at cross purposes with what thomas jefferson and george washington most likely had in mind. i believe the constitution has had a very great impact on the rest of the world, and i believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.510918305731034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.022325"}
{"text": "arizona today for intention to blow up government build - ings is definitely at cross purposes with what thomas jefferson and george washington most likely had in mind. i believe the constitution has had a very great impact on the rest of the world, and i believe that it has been used as the model for the drafting of many other constitutions. it incorporated many of the philosphical ideas of the day ( e. g., rousseau ) that are still seriously studied and referred to today as basic rights of men ( and, today, women ). i think that making a document that would last throughout the ages and would have influence almost the world over was one of the things the founding fathers had in mind, and they certainly did a bang - up job! john bolton of ny, ny the constitution is essential ; especially the bill of rights. it has proven itself to be sturdy and adaptable over the years. any attempt to trivialize or amend it should be viewed with great trepidation and suspicion. bill housley of salt lake city, ut first some background on me... i am a member of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints, also known as \" mormons \". it is our belief that the original church of jesus christ left the earth with the death of the apostles and awaited a time when religious freedom would allow it ' s restoration. among other things, we believe that columbus was inspired of god to sail the ocean and locate the new world. further that the newly independant colonies in 1776 were aided by god in their war to shake off the tyrany of british rule. we further believe that the founding fathers of our nation ' s constitution were rightious, god fearing men who were inspired of god in the writting of the constitution. that it was for the express purpose of the restoration of god ' s work on earth that this nation has prospered under this government. ok... what were the motivations of the men who drafted the constitution? well, they desired to build a system where the governing power filtered up from the peaple, that those who served in government were to be just that, servants. it has lasted as long as it has because god has prospered it for the purpose of perpetuating his work and preparing the world for the second coming of jesus christ. the constitution and this nation have served as role models for other nations, the know that government by the peaple can work and be prosperous. also, certain elements of the way demac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472380795128165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.023416"}
{"text": "work and preparing the world for the second coming of jesus christ. the constitution and this nation have served as role models for other nations, the know that government by the peaple can work and be prosperous. also, certain elements of the way demacracy is implented therein have been duplicated in other nations to give them a template for building there own forms of democracy and spread the freedom and prosparity of democracy and free enterprise around the world. daniel pushor of nashua, nh history is replete with examples of despots bent on world domination, which is the goal of the united nations. the u. s. constitution is the only protection we have from the globalists! john holliday of santa rosa, ca basically, they wanted to get away from the ravages of a non - redeemable paper currency. if you read george washington ' s letters, you ' ll see that the economy was faltering and he had no idea what to do. when the convention was convened, one of the major issues was to stop the paper money inflation and do whatever was necessary to keep it from coming back. they succeeded with article 1, section 10 which keeps a state from making any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. if a state is thus prohibited, the only way to ensure that commerce would continue, was for the states to be the protectors of the money. if you want further proof, read the re - release of \" a caveat against injustice \", originally by roger sherman but with added comments by author f. tupper saussy, spencer judd publishers, 1982. strangely enough, we are facing the same problem today. hmmm! wonder what to do. c. fred mullins of springfield, oh the constituton is still \" vital \" today and, as you have mentioned in your homepage article, cited by nearly everyone to justify their exotic activities. in this smokescreen, nearly a smog, of political activity, perhaps the constitution lacks a cogent defense as a direction giving document. the supreme court is perhaps not nearly active enough in settling the squabbles over what the founders ' words imply for today ' s world situations. it is at least my impression that in many areas that matter to the most generalized individual, personal freedoms have been seriously eroded in favor of the establishment since the late 1960 ' s. i feel that this is due in large measure to the federally un - funded collapse of the educational system in defense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.507722968582109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.024427"}
{"text": "many areas that matter to the most generalized individual, personal freedoms have been seriously eroded in favor of the establishment since the late 1960 ' s. i feel that this is due in large measure to the federally un - funded collapse of the educational system in defense of that establishment. the resultant relatively uneducated populace is much less trouble than my nearly one - minded peers were ( to the larger business / political interests ) but are now a major burden in their massive unproductivity and general inability to contribute constructively. still, this state of affairs challenges those that remain to somehow incorporate and make productive economic use of this massive pool of de - classe resource. not necessarily a constitutional issue in and of itself, but nevertheless rife with constitutional issues in the long run. certainly a lively opportunity for present day social scientists and technologists hand - in - hand with their legal team ( s ). charles j. iseman of columbia, maryland the constitution has proven to be remarkably successful in fashioning a sturdy guidepost for the evolution of our democratic form of government. the ingenious provision for a system of checks and balances among the branches of the federal government and between the federal and state governments has served to protect and gradually to expand the overall quantity and quality of individual liberty. the constitution allows for amendments, but only through a process that ensures that amendments truly reflect a broad consensus of public opinion that endures over a respectable period of time. it is highly unlikely that any attempt to rewrite the constitution afresh would assure the protection of individual freedoms as well as the blessed original. the chances of damaging these liberties and of slanting provisions to favor the special interests of those with greater political power, to the detriment of those less powerful, is simply too great to warrant the risk of undertaking such an attempt. david swindle of mckinney texas i believe that we should for the most part leave the constitution alone. i realize that there are issues we must look at, but we must make it a difficult process to change. i also have problems with the way our federal goverment changes the interpertation of sections of the constitution when it suits them. our goverment seems to be determine to lay waste to 200 years of freedom, by supressing our basic freedoms. their \" drug war \" is a good example. this waste of time effort and people is turning our nation into a nation of criminals, and those of us who could care less about using drugs, pay the price, all in the name of the war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.491439572873562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ecd40b44-11cc-43f5-a901-3c65100bcf68>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.025541"}
{"text": "\u201c and even there \u2014 even in the midst of this inferno, those above us remained our liberators. though it would have been a very tragic fate indeed to have been killed by our liberators! but the bombs couldn \u2019 t distinguish between the persecutors and the persecuted. we were simply lucky. \u201d hitler first came to power in germany when ralph giordano was 10 ; when he was 20, he survived the devastating attack that flattened hamburg. read about some of giordano \u2019 s harrowing experiences as a half - jewish german citizen who survived the bombing of germany and went on to become an accomplished writer and producer. this interview has been translated from its original german. q. so, mr. giordano, first of all i \u2019 d like to ask you to tell us : what was this hamburg of the pre - war period like, where you grew up? what did you like about the city, what kind of a city was it? could you describe it? hamburg was my nest. a wonderful childhood in the first ten years ( i was born in 1923 ) until 1933. [ it was ] home, with a deep feeling of belonging. in this city, [ i had ] a carefree childhood. until 1933, when hitler came to power, and it soon became very clear to me that a new age had dawned. the first difficult, internal injury did not come from the city, although the gestapo was already there in may of 1933. the first difficult, internal injury came from a place where i expected it least : from my playmates with whom i had grown up in hamburg - barmbek. it \u2019 s over 70 years ago now, but it must have been a summer day in the year 1935 : hitler had already been in power two and a half years. my best friend, heinemann, with whom ( as i said ) i had grown up, said to me : \u201c ale ( i was called \u201c ale, \u201d that was my nickname ), ale, we \u2019 re not going to play with you anymore \u2014 you are a jew. \u201d still today, when i relate this story to you, cold shivers run down my back. later i experienced horrible things under arrest by the gestapo. but these words, \u201c ale, we \u2019 re not going to play with you anymore, you are a jew \u201d \u2014 that was a minute, a second even that i will never forget, even if i were to live to be 150 years old. so, by 1945 ( twelve years after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4303291323496566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.062263"}
{"text": "\u2019 re not going to play with you anymore, you are a jew \u201d \u2014 that was a minute, a second even that i will never forget, even if i were to live to be 150 years old. so, by 1945 ( twelve years after that ), every feeling of belonging had died. the isolation began immediately in 1933, with such experiences as the one i just described. q. tell us a little about your family. my father was a musician, and had a sicilian father \u2014 my grandfather, rocko giordano. my mother was a piano teacher. they met each other at the conservatory, and it was, as much as i could tell as a child, a happy marriage. we \u2014 my brother egel and i, and later rocko, who came in 1930. my older brother egel arrived in 1921 and i in 1923. we had a sheltered childhood, and then our life became, when i was 10, my older brother 11, and my younger brother barely 3 \u2026 only then did i become aware that i had a jewish mother. that simply hadn \u2019 t played a role at all before, but it began to shape our lives to an ever - increasing degree. i had a classical high school education. on the first day we were divided between aryans and non - aryans, jews and non - jews. one can see just how much my brother and i were not aware of our standing by the way that we placed ourselves in the larger group of about 30 people, while the non - aryans numbered about 6. in total ignorance of what was going on, we placed ourselves in the larger group. that afternoon, my mother and my father said to us : \u201c you stood with the wrong group : you belong with the smaller one. \u201d i didn \u2019 t sense then, and don \u2019 t have in my memory now, that my parents communicated any cause for anxiety when they told us that we belonged in that group. while i do not want to anticipate later events, it did do something to me. but it certainly was censorship. i was 10 years old and sensed that something was being questioned here : something that had been self - evident before, namely how much we belonged. and that was an experience that impacted me from the outset. and to an ever increasing degree. then, when we were freed by the eighth british army of field marshal montgomery, all ties to germany had died. since 1938 we had accustomed ourselves to speaking of \u201c the germans, \u201d to whom we did not belong. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47518580506020425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.063437"}
{"text": "an ever increasing degree. then, when we were freed by the eighth british army of field marshal montgomery, all ties to germany had died. since 1938 we had accustomed ourselves to speaking of \u201c the germans, \u201d to whom we did not belong. in the war, we felt like part of the allied forces. [ sigh ] q. this hamburg was also a working class city : ernst thalmann and the communists were strong in the 1920 \u2019 s. how did that play itself out for you in the 1930 \u2019 s? was it a totally normal, national socialist city, with a community of people that cheered hitler on? we know of pictures of an open car with admiral horthy in it and that drove through hamburg while the people cheered. how did you experience that? the area of barmbek was primarily populated by workers. it was the largest district in the city. in my memory the number was 300, 000 residents. and i remember the sea of flags before 1933 : red flags, the three arrows of the spd, we the communists too, and then of course the swastika \u2014 at first only marginally, but then after the so - called takeover by hitler the swastika arrived in a torrential flood. and i think hitler was very rapidly successful, as in all parts of germany, at winning over the masses. proletariat masses, too \u2014 indeed, one shouldn \u2019 t give in to illusions. i remember the example of a family with many children that lived above us at hoflerstrasse 113. in 1930, 1931 and 1932 they hung the hammer and sickle and made themselves out to be communists. then suddenly after 1933, the swastika was hanging out in front of their place. i remember in 1934, my mother came into our apartment looking very pale and said the neighbor mr. finger ( that was his name ) had just written to a former comrade : \u201c what! you still stand by the red flag! you are still in the communist party! we \u2019 ll take the [ land ] away from you. \u201d so i think what i \u2019 ve just related here is very symbolic, though for starters the communists sacrificed the most. but the germans at that time succumbed to the siren calls of the nazis very quickly, and it was just as true in hamburg - barmbek where we lived. that means that maybe the resistance in the workers \u2019 district was greater, or the compliance not so extensive. but on the whole i remember that, overall, the germans at that time all fell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4902056949538661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.064571"}
{"text": "as true in hamburg - barmbek where we lived. that means that maybe the resistance in the workers \u2019 district was greater, or the compliance not so extensive. but on the whole i remember that, overall, the germans at that time all fell like dominos. something came out of the depths of german history that obliged them to prepare the way for the leader. i think it \u2019 s the sorest chapter of their history, along with the nazi period. the way the people \u2014 what induced them frenetically to agree to a regime that left not even a shred of doubt as to its violence, frenetically to cheer on such an unappetizing figure as this adolf hitler \u2026 the telltale sights were all there \u2014 in film. q. but what do you think was the reason? the reason is that germans of that time had a long prior history as subjects, as people willing to serve, and so were internally predisposed to these authoritarian tones. the terrible thing that then became evident was that, when the murderer needed them, his henchmen were there. and i think that \u2019 s exactly the most important question to study : how it was that a people like the germans \u2014 to whom i felt i belonged for the first 10 years of my life \u2014 could have such a massive deficit of humane orientation that they were willing, quite literally, to fight for their leader until five minutes after midnight. and just how allied they were with the regime and its ideology is apparent, i think, only after 1945, 1949. what i mean is that 70 years have passed since the fall of the third reich, but we are still grappling with that period. in other words, we \u2019 re experiencing that our grappling with the nazi period is lasting much longer than its actual historical existence. and that \u2019 s frightening. it was \u201c only \u201d 12 years \u2014 12 years too many, of course \u2014 but given this short length, out of proportion with the extremes and counterforces of our current grappling with this period. precisely this long era of examination and dispute shows how deep the readiness for this period was. and as the alert little boy that i was, i experienced the full impact of the fact that an entire people \u2014 no, that \u2019 s not right : not an entire people, but the majority \u2014 succumbed to violent ideas which led to crimes singular in the history of mankind, and that will probably remain singular. in the microcosm of the district where i was born, the preconditions for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4743178883421341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.065880"}
{"text": "not an entire people, but the majority \u2014 succumbed to violent ideas which led to crimes singular in the history of mankind, and that will probably remain singular. in the microcosm of the district where i was born, the preconditions for this monstrous lack of humane orientation showed themselves in manifold ways. in this germany, intoxicated with hitler, a young person of my generation ( born 1923, and so ten years old in 1933 ) had no other choice but to become a nazi. it didn \u2019 t work any other way. there simply wasn \u2019 t an opportunity for internal resistance to the violent agitation and propaganda that was driven into these young people. when no resistance was allowed in your parents \u2019 home \u2014 and that was the case the majority of the time \u2014 then a young person couldn \u2019 t help but become infected with national socialism. and so my criteria for judging other people are based largely on how old one was in 1933. as a result i have a much different sensation towards older people, who as a consequence of their age were responsible for what happened, than i do towards young people. q. how did you experience the militarization of hamburg, of the society? and by that i mean the inner as well as outer militarization. battleships were put to water, blohm and voss, etc. could you describe this a bit from memory? well for starters, i think militarization was apparent to me in other young people, in my playmates. they became members of the german youth, i think until 10 years of age, and then by 14 they were part of the hitler - youth. that was the case for almost all of my friends, though we of course ( my brother and i ) were not a part of that, as children of a jewish mother. no, no, we understood that. one of my good friends who had remained my friend in spite of everything ( and there were such friends ) was first in the german youth and then in the hitler youth. then hitler in hamburg. i remember that at my school we were required to cheer for him. i also remember that there were classmates from my school who defected ( and my brother and i did too of course ). i also see that it must have been battleships from blohn and vloss that were put to water. that hitler came to hamburg i can also remember \u2014 i even saw him in the flesh, so to speak. he was driving in a car at a great distance. i wasn \u2019 t standing in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4814519299454119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.067036"}
{"text": "and vloss that were put to water. that hitler came to hamburg i can also remember \u2014 i even saw him in the flesh, so to speak. he was driving in a car at a great distance. i wasn \u2019 t standing in the front - most row, but i can see the cheering people quite clearly in my mind \u2019 s eye. the alienation from my environment increased with every degree that this system won more followers, and i sensed very clearly that i was being isolated from my childhood. it \u2019 s a very clear feeling that i still have to this very day. i have the awareness of a deep feeling of belonging up until 1933 \u2014 1934, and then the way that this belonging was annihilated and how i became estranged from myself, so to speak. it was a terrible process. and the loss of belonging was an incisive experience in my life. it became possible only after liberation to experience belonging under different circumstances \u2014 under democratic circumstances \u2014 and just how deeply this process of alienation had penetrated became evident in how long it took me to stop speaking of \u201c the germans. \u201d it took until 1987 for me to be able to give my book its name, the second guilt : on the burden of being german \u2014 that is, for this to be a title with moral and intellectual integrity, since i could not have given it that title if i didn \u2019 t feel that it applied to the author. and it did, eventually. but the book came out in 1987, as i said, 40 years after liberation. that \u2019 s how long it took. today i do have a sense of belonging, and since then, over the course of a long process, this feeling of belonging has even grown. but it is not self - evident, as it is for people whose belonging was never questioned ; it isn \u2019 t self - evident today and it never will be. i no longer say \u201c the germans, \u201d no, no ; i feel bound to this home, to this difficult fatherland. but the experience, the pain, the humiliation, the indignity, and of course the physical agonies \u2014 the gestapo treated me \u2014 and mistreated me \u2014 in such a way as i don \u2019 t even want to describe to you, since it would ruin your day. as far as it is and was possible, all of that has been processed and worked through. but the scars remain, and will be there even if i live to be 150 years old. q. you referred to the launch of a battleship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4808193051972727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.069214"}
{"text": "day. as far as it is and was possible, all of that has been processed and worked through. but the scars remain, and will be there even if i live to be 150 years old. q. you referred to the launch of a battleship. were those important events that also made clear to you, as a young person, the militarization of germany, the orientation towards militant action, if you could describe it? was the city in state of emergency? it was all very clear from the outside. the police developed a whole new appearance, the whole way they looked was different. most germans were raised in an authoritarian manner \u2014 not all, of course, but most of them \u2014 and that was true even in the working classes. and this was evident, as i said, in the outer appearance. this characteristic way of being of the military was clearly perceptible, tangible. although always, in my case, with the feeling of standing outside it, because we simply didn \u2019 t belong. in 1938, the list of bans and rules for jews had grown to over 100. among them was the rule, from the reich \u2019 s ministry of the economy, that jews could only buy sewing things worth 20 reichspfennigs every quarter year. you have to imagine that. my mother wasn \u2019 t allowed on the streets past 8 : 00pm, an occupational ban from the reich \u2019 s cultural ministry for her as a piano teacher. that means that what was happening, on the outside, was actually generally and subconsciously trending towards a conflict. whereupon i don \u2019 t mean to say that the germans of that time yearned for war. no, no. for that, 1914 and 1918 were still too fresh. of course the armament and the accumulation of workers from off the street picked up. and, as is man \u2019 s nature, if he sees a stretch of disadvantages before him, then he \u2019 ll seize upon the tangible opportunity. in this manner many people thought : \u201c yes, yes, i \u2019 m building a canon along with them, and tank too, but at least i have work. \u201d it \u2019 s an uncanny mechanism that took place there, and then paved the way for such violent regimes. q. but then it became even worse, since the germans won. in poland, france, the soviet union \u2026 and there was an exalted feeling that hitler was the greatest. i want to tell you something. i never believed in the triumph of hitler \u2019 s germany. not for one second. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47786077723990944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.070194"}
{"text": "won. in poland, france, the soviet union \u2026 and there was an exalted feeling that hitler was the greatest. i want to tell you something. i never believed in the triumph of hitler \u2019 s germany. not for one second. and not even at the times of the highest triumphs. germany conquered one weaker opponent after another : poland was weaker, holland, belgium, denmark, norway \u2014 all of them were weaker. then came the soviet union, the assault on the soviet union on july 22, 1941. and here, near the karlstadt building, there was a large board in the shop window where the eastern front was being traced out. and that was sinister enough for those of us whose life was a race between the \u201c final solution of the jewish question \u201d and the ultimate victory of the allies. we had left the bird to the snake on the eastern front, what were they doing there? and then in 1941 it was \u201c advance, advance, advance. \u201d in 1942 the greatest expansion of power that germany had ever recorded, all the way to the caucasus and grosky ( grosny in the modern tschech republic ) \u2014 that \u2019 s half the distance between the eastern border of germany and the western border of china \u2014 one can well ask what the germans even wanted there, so far away from stalingrad. so. and in front of this map, there were always a lot of people gathered. among them was ralph giordano, who was an apprentice in a railroad factory nearby here, and who numbered among those in the assemblage before this map. quite frequently. and i heard of course the cheers for the victories, all the way to moskow and smolensk. i have such names in memory as shitomer, kiev, viteps. and i still know exactly what i thought. this germany, which was now so powerful as if it would stay that way forever, this germany will go down \u2014 with man and steed and tank, smitten upon crown and limbs, and all of you will no longer understand. these cheering people who grew up with \u201c nobody is stronger than germany, \u201d and of course full of racist disdain for the eastern peoples like the poles and the russians. and i thought : how lucky that you all can \u2019 t read my thoughts, since if you could, you would take me away on the spot. and this confidence that hitler germany would lose the war did not have rational roots at all. the conviction did not come from the fact that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4586542259832166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.071140"}
{"text": "you all can \u2019 t read my thoughts, since if you could, you would take me away on the spot. and this confidence that hitler germany would lose the war did not have rational roots at all. the conviction did not come from the fact that the allies had more tanks, more planes, more gasoline, more armament, more battleships, more boots \u2014 rather, it was something more metaphysical. evil would not win. that \u2019 s what lived in me. i was full of doubt that we would actually experience the downfall of this evil, but completely sure that hitler \u2019 s germany would eventually be destroyed. q. how did you experience the beginning of the war from the air? at first british cities were attacked by the germans, and then the brits attacked berlin in 1940, but that escalated really quite slowly. can you describe it? and did you already have the feeling that, ' hmm, hamburg : its turn will also come? \u2019 one discovered what aerial warfare meant from the newsreel, and in particular aerial warfare carried out against the allies \u2014 against england. that \u2019 s where one saw the smoking rubble and ruins and all the havoc that bombs could wreak. but at first germany remained spared. my memory of the first bomb was ( that must have been autumn of 1940 ) they fell quite close to us. we lived at the time in hamburg - barmbek, in the hoflerstrasse 113, and they fell not even 150 meters right next to a gas station. thank god no fire ever broke out. my brother and i, we lay in bed! my mother always went downstairs into the air - raid shelter. i wonder whether the neighbors had a problem with that or not, since if they had had a problem with it, then my mother and we would not have been allowed into the shelter \u2014 that happened elsewhere, but it did not happen to us. that must be said in favor of our fellow tenants. so we lay in bed, and one can tell from this that we had no idea of what could actually happen here in germany. i only remember that i had gotten up and looked out the window, and then often saw ( not just once ) how a bomb of the royal airforce would be illuminated by the cone of light from the search lamps, and my heart trembled on one side that nothing would happen \u2014 because those above in the planes were our liberators, and they remained our liberators. i won \u2019 t tell you of all the atrocities that i experienced during these air raids. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46405642192610475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.072065"}
{"text": "my heart trembled on one side that nothing would happen \u2014 because those above in the planes were our liberators, and they remained our liberators. i won \u2019 t tell you of all the atrocities that i experienced during these air raids. but those were our liberators and above all i thought, \u201c come down from there, take us with you, free us from this fear of a violent death that was possible at any moment, come down. \u201d q. but you surely didn \u2019 t have any idea of what would happen next. no, we didn \u2019 t. in the year 1941 hamburg was attacked more frequently, but nothing actually happened that was really terrible. that only changed, not with operation gomorrah, but rather one year before. on the 26th to the 27th of july there was an attack that made aerial warfare very clear to us. that was a heavy attack. i remember how the women screamed, even a neighbor woman whom i knew as a strong woman, who said \u201c i can \u2019 t take it anymore! i can \u2019 t take it anymore! \u201d because the bombs fell down without interruption, the light quivered in the air - raid shelter, and because it was clear that aerial warfare had reached germany. that was a deep - rooted experience that reached its high - point one year later [ with operation gemmorah. ] q. did you hear at the time that at the beginning of 1942, lubeck was attacked and the old town burned? did you hear that, and did you also hear that the so - called exile community \u2014 like thomas mann \u2014 welcomed that? you probably also welcomed that, but do you know what there was to discover at this time? well, the uncanny thing is that lubeck had been attacked and that was, of course, mentioned, even in the armed forces \u2019 report, and with all the usual verbiage that above all things like hospitals and schools had been bombed ( while of course this kind of bombing accuracy just didn \u2019 t exist then, as it does today ). but for example we didn \u2019 t hear of the thousand - bomb attack on koln. that must have been 1942, i guess in spring, and today we know what kind of havoc that attack wreaked. but the other germany did not get to receive that information. and lubeck was of course very close to hamburg, although of course there were no pictures of it. so that means \u2014 and i \u2019 ve considered if what i say is true. when it hit hamburg, we were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380356191426905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.072998"}
{"text": "get to receive that information. and lubeck was of course very close to hamburg, although of course there were no pictures of it. so that means \u2014 and i \u2019 ve considered if what i say is true. when it hit hamburg, we were actually unprepared for it, in spite of this heavy attack one year earlier. this means that the nazis masterfully understood that they needed to keep the damage a secret, and prevent people from wondering whether it could hit them too. this is something i \u2019 ve thought about many times : how is it that we didn \u2019 t know what was happening in koln? koln was the city most attacked, 270 attacks, since it simply was the closest metropolis. q. how did the people react? you mention this large attack one year earlier. was the hate tangible, the terror, pilots, and as far as language is concerned, how was that absorbed by the community, so to speak? well i think the overwhelming majority of germans had not conceived \u2014 in contrast to us \u2014 these bombs and these bombers as liberators, which is not so incomprehensible, but hate? i don \u2019 t know whether this definition applies. fear, sure, i think, yes. but hate? that might have changed in the course of all the years of bombing by armadas that flew over germany, and bombed one city out after another, but at the time i sensed nothing of it. q. summer 1943. let me say something about it. one summer evening, the 24th of july, 1943, the day of the first attacks, i was working on my hamburg family novel, the bertinis, that would come out in 1982. i had the idea to use my own life as the raw material for a novel in january of 1942, in other words three years before liberation and of course without knowing whether we would be freed. and i worked in the living room alone on my notes, my manuscript. slightly before 12 : 00 the sirens went off. and we went, as always since the first heavy attack one year before, into the cellar \u2014 and it was clear actually within only a few minutes that something was happening, something that overshadowed everything that had happened before, even the night of the 26th and 27th. it was as if the people were paralyzed. nothing moved and everyone thought that it was \u201c lights out \u201d for him or her in a matter of seconds. the bombs howled down, and there was a gruesome noise. if you heard the noise, then that meant that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4593047419752456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.074046"}
{"text": "people were paralyzed. nothing moved and everyone thought that it was \u201c lights out \u201d for him or her in a matter of seconds. the bombs howled down, and there was a gruesome noise. if you heard the noise, then that meant that the bomb was hitting someone else ; the bombs that hit you were the ones you didn \u2019 t hear ahead of time. it continued without interruption. when at 2 : 00am i climbed out of the basement and into the street, the linden trees that lined the street \u2014 big trees that reached as high as the fourth floor, 17 to 18 meters high \u2014 they were bending towards the south, because the oxygen had been so depleted by the fire. the fire was so strong that these great trees were bending in this direction. innenstadt and st. pauli were hit, barmbek not. i remember that exactly, as well as a rustling in the air, a totally uncanny sound. so. then midday on the 25th of july, the americans came, and pelted the harbor. but above hamburg \u2014 it was july, it was hot \u2014 already after the first attack, one could see the sun only as if it were behind a veil. the second attack, the \u201c night of phosphor \u201d from the 27th to the 28th, was once again a monstrous load of bombs, but above all, phosphor was dropped, which of course we sensed from kilometers away. everyone thought that at any moment it could hit him or herself. but that was not the case. then after the attack i went outside, and the whole horizon was like one glowing ember, and the trees were bent over \u2014 these strong lindens! bent over like this, such that branches broke off, from the oxygen, like this, and then flew around, so that we had to run for cover since we could have gotten hit by the trees. so one really knew that hamburg was the intended target, and that this will not be the last attack. and then came the night from the 29th to the 30th of july, a thursday to a friday, when it was barmbek \u2019 s turn. i have often depicted this, also in my hamburg family novel the bertinis, all from my memory of it. but it strikes me as difficult to speak of it, because i ask myself today in astonishment how it was that we were able to come out of it alive. after two minutes it was clear that barmbek was the intended target. everything was crackling \u2014 the fire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48149401328740243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.074980"}
{"text": "as difficult to speak of it, because i ask myself today in astonishment how it was that we were able to come out of it alive. after two minutes it was clear that barmbek was the intended target. everything was crackling \u2014 the fire crackled \u2014 and we were together, my parents, three brothers, and my grandmother and grandfather on my mother \u2019 s side. within a short time the smell of burning was so strong that one had to leave the basement. to make a long story short : it was burning all around, an inferno like no human imagination could picture, everything was ablaze, and constantly the bombs came down and we had only one idea : to get to the extinguisher tank, the so - called sandbox in which i had played as a child, but it too was burning with phosphor and so we couldn \u2019 t go into it. so we tried instead to reach the edge of the city park. and from our apartment that meant a distance of about one kilometer. the city was starting to wear down, there were lights \u2014 it was an open area, and we tried to escape this inferno. it actually took four hours for us \u2014 crawling across the ground on our bellies \u2014 to get out of this hellish scenario. and i \u2019 ll never forget : there \u2019 s this elevated railway bridge to the forest villages, and in front of it was a bombed - out pit that was filling fast with water, and my grandmother ( who already at that time was an old woman ) fell into it and would have drowned, but my father and i pulled her out. then she lay on the ground, and just at that moment a tongue of fire shot out of the burning street, from the other side, and pushed my grandmother over. her hair was completely gone, though her skin wasn \u2019 t bleeding from the fire \u2014 but all her hair was gone, without the flames having touched her skin [ laughs ], it was really unbelievable. then we reached the edge of the city park as the \u201c all - clear \u201d signal came, and it was obvious to us that we had been bombed out. but we had, unbelievably, survived this third heavy assault of the operation gomorrah. there was then also a fourth at the beginning of august, which was scattered by a thunder storm, and then the loads were dropped once again with appalling consequences all around hamburg. my later wife came from an area that was especially badly hit then. yes, but we had survived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45699427684298044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.076018"}
{"text": "the beginning of august, which was scattered by a thunder storm, and then the loads were dropped once again with appalling consequences all around hamburg. my later wife came from an area that was especially badly hit then. yes, but we had survived. and even there \u2014 even in the midst of this inferno, those above us remained our liberators. though it would have been a very tragic fate indeed to have been killed by our liberators! but the bombs couldn \u2019 t distinguish between the persecutors and the persecuted. we were simply lucky. if the english pilot had, instead of pressing it like this, just pressed it like that, then they would have swept us away, but were alive. in all other ways like so many other people who didn \u2019 t survive, except that we were alive. q. how did the people react to the first attack? how did people find out that altona and st. pauli had been attacked? you \u2019 ve also told a story of a man and a wheelbarrow. could you tell that again? in short, how did people react? i remember around noon on the 25th of july, so after the first attack, many people were moving out of the south of hamburg through barmbek, in order to leave the city. among them was a man with a wheelbarrow, which he wasn \u2019 t using for water. that is how i remember it. and in his wheelbarrow there was something lying there, covered, and i don \u2019 t remember today whether he showed me or told me this, but at any rate \u2014 it was his wife, who was half burned, and who was running out of hamburg. any i myself could not imagine being in this situation, or a similar one \u2014 being bombed out. and that means that one really has to experience an event the hard way in order to be able to imagine it. two days later, i got my chance. q. did the people respond with a lack of comprehension, or with chaos, with panic? how should one imagine that? they weren \u2019 t allowed to leave the city. every notion was invalidated. what had come over hamburg and over many german cities was, in the history of war, something completely singular up until that point. you couldn \u2019 t think it up beforehand, and i think that most people were shocked to the point of being without feeling. how else should one react to this universe of fire that was released there. my father and i \u2014 i still don \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4450111024861961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.076926"}
{"text": "you couldn \u2019 t think it up beforehand, and i think that most people were shocked to the point of being without feeling. how else should one react to this universe of fire that was released there. my father and i \u2014 i still don \u2019 t know why to this day \u2014 we were, one or two days later ( i think it was monday by then, and not already sunday ) in the city, here in gansemarkt, again i don \u2019 t know why, but we learned of what had happened even before it got to barmbek. and it was a feeling as if a movie were showing before my eyes, something that i experience even now as if i were on the outside \u2014 in other words, that one \u2019 s own imaginative world does not suffice to involve oneself in these happenings. and i remember that my father \u2014 when we had arrived at the edge of the city park at the break of dawn on the 30th of july after the third heavy attack \u2014 my father came back with the news : the house at hoflerstra\u00dfe 113, where we had lived for 20 years, is gone, is no longer there, like the entire district. and it didn \u2019 t shock me. it didn \u2019 t shake me at all \u2014 the fact that one had just survived was so unbelievable, that everything else stepped way, way back. no, the people were shocked, they stood under shock in a literal and a figurative sense. it was also something that even the strongest imagination could not paint for oneself. in this situation a person got into an internal emergency situation, in which he first of all tried to shut everything out of his consciousness except for the fact that he had survived. and then, of course, then the fear that the next time, it would get hold of you yourself. after all it had cost 500, 000 lives, and that \u2019 s not even taking into account the maimed and the injured. in other words, the war of bombs against hitler \u2019 s germany had traumatized the entire country. q. if you could try once again to describe this chaos, in which you moved almost like an animal \u2014 in these hours while the dead lay on the street \u2014 how should one imagine this? you \u2019 ve said that you yourself saw the fate of others as if in a movie. but what was your movie, then, so to speak? we ourselves were our own film. one simply didn \u2019 t have the opportunity to care for others. quite literally we made the passage from our house to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4696992897283578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.078334"}
{"text": "others as if in a movie. but what was your movie, then, so to speak? we ourselves were our own film. one simply didn \u2019 t have the opportunity to care for others. quite literally we made the passage from our house to the edge of the city park crawling on our knees or lying on our stomach like a snake \u2014 we couldn \u2019 t stand upright, that wasn \u2019 t possible \u2014 and meanwhile constantly surrounded by a horrible uproar. imagine : bombs that way tons exploding around you, an entire district in flames, that had been unthinkable before. and then, when we came to ourselves around noon, we were standing at the edge of the city part and had only a distant likeness to the other people there, as you can imagine. the first question was : where do we go now? we decided to go to the mother of my father, who lived on romanstra\u00dfe, and had to pass through districts that had been hit but not flattened, not obliterated, like in the southeast of hamburg. and we passed by my school, where i had gone for years, and it was burning. that was in winderhude. we passed by the a large front of row houses, and my mother screamed \u201c it \u2019 s going to collapse! it \u2019 s going to collapse! \u201d and she ran, and then fell down. of course there were people around us with similar fates, but one was completely busy with oneself. next we got to the apartment of my grandmother at romanstra\u00dfe 31, which was undamaged and would have been a good lodging place since we had no other one. but the lodger [ or : tenant ] who lived with my grandmother \u2014 a man with whom we had gotten along well until then \u2014 said, \u201c this is out of the question, you can \u2019 t move in here with five people, \u201d ( admittedly it was a small apartment ) \u201c if you aren \u2019 t gone within a half hour i \u2019 m calling the gestapo. \u201d well, i fell into a hysterical crying fit, and when my mother saw me, she lost her ability to speak and move. we always believed that my mother was the rock of the family ( and we all saw it that way \u2014 my father, my brothers and i ) : my mother was the foundation. but now i realized that my mother relied on me, and if i were weak, so to would she be. in this second, as she lay speechless and unmoving, it was clear to me :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46867457939627327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.079495"}
{"text": ") : my mother was the foundation. but now i realized that my mother relied on me, and if i were weak, so to would she be. in this second, as she lay speechless and unmoving, it was clear to me : \u201c ale, you have the responsibility now. \u201d q. this was already by day \u2014 or was there even a day, a difference between day and night? well the sun was totally clouded over. the sun was like an evil eye. the sky over hamburg was sulphurous, truly like hell. and we set off, then, to the harbor, and on our way on the grindellallee a massive facade was burning, and my mother said again, as she did earlier in front of my school, \u201c come on, let \u2019 s run away fast, fast! it \u2019 s going to collapse! \u201d we did that, and in that moment the wall really did collapse, and my younger borhter rocko ( he was the youngest ) \u2014 covered in dust \u2014 came uninjured from what was like a chamber of haze and dust. countless times i \u2019 ve thought to myself : if we had just lingered for only a few more seconds, because, say, a shoelace had gotten untied and we were bent over with it, and we had stayed standing there for just a little longer, we would have been struck dead. well, that was the beginning of an odyssey that can \u2019 t interest us here. at any rate the aerial war remained an experience that accompanied us until the end of the war. q. did one distinguish between brits and americans at the time? no, at the time one didn \u2019 t know that. you figured that out later. the americans specialized in attacks by day, and the royal air force specialized in attacks by night. that continued to be the case until dresden. dresden was bombed by the royal air force and not by the americans. q. but the people did not distinguish between them. no, no, no. although i think that the german armed forces \u2019 report did distinguish between american organizations and english organizations, it could well be. i don \u2019 t think that this distinction was something that people generally knew about. q. if you could describe this city, this hamburg. we started to talk about it, like the fact that when you were a child, it was home to you. what was left of this home from your childhood? let me tell you what i experienced, immediately after liberation on may 4th, 1945", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47189723909530634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.080622"}
{"text": ". we started to talk about it, like the fact that when you were a child, it was home to you. what was left of this home from your childhood? let me tell you what i experienced, immediately after liberation on may 4th, 1945 by the eighth british army. i thought \u2014 after i had looked around hamburg for myself \u2014 we had gone to the town major, my brother and i, with a report of what we had been through, here at the corner of the neuer jungfernstieg. and i thought to myself : even in a hundred years, this city will look like it does now. nobody will pick up this rubble. which of course was wrong, since within 10 years the rubble had been swept away. and of course enormous repressed and sublimated energies went into that reconstruction. the rapid pace of rebuilding, the economic miracle \u2014 everything was thanks to the fact that the germans of the time totally repressed the period of national socialism, or at least the majority did. but that hamburg looked proportionately different, no, i didn \u2019 t think that. although someone who had an idea of how the city looked before, if he for example came to hamburg via the south over the elbrucken, then \u2014 if he came in the night of the 27th to the 28th of july, 1943 \u2014 the burned out southeast of hamburg still seems like a single large scar to me. because these quarters, these districts \u2014 hammerbrook, rothenburgsort, billstedt \u2014 were literally obliterated. what hitler threatened would happen to english cities and which was realized in part, had also hit germany. and then of course i saw, i experienced, how the city slowly but still in many ways impressively was lifted up again. i can only say this : hamburg is the most beautiful city in the world, which i say not because i was born here, but rather just because it is. as a television man, i \u2019 ve been to 38 countries \u2014 in africa, asia, latin america, and i \u2019 m familiar with all the big cities. but hamburg is something incomparable, even just because of its topography. the lower elbe is four kilometers across \u2014 i \u2019 ve lived for a long time in koln, and in contrast the rhein looks like a trickle! q. would you say it was a legitimate goal to attack hamburg? if we could come to this debate. should one have \u2014 was it justified or not \u2014 to set fire to the working class part of the city. that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4531050027327612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.081846"}
{"text": "like a trickle! q. would you say it was a legitimate goal to attack hamburg? if we could come to this debate. should one have \u2014 was it justified or not \u2014 to set fire to the working class part of the city. that was, after all, not a coincidence, but planned. well the germans are world champions at feeling like victims. they were the ones who caused the greatest numbers of victims to other peoples. in other words, this universe of murder in germany - occupied europe is something that arose out of germany, and it is much discussed whether the aerial warfare was a war crime. i can only say one thing to that : the ones first and foremost responsible for every civilian and military death and injury of the second world war are those who started it in the first place. hitler and the national collective of his hangers - on ( not hitler alone \u2014 he would have been a semicolon in the history books, had it not been for his supporters. ) this aerial warfare \u2014 sure, one can ask whether it could have been carried out somewhere else, that \u2019 s legitimate. but even if i seem cold saying this, the aerial war ( which, by the way, had demanded 500, 000 deaths from the english and americans ) was something that was right, yes it was right that this war was carried out. even if i seem cold \u2026 i saw countless dead, burned people \u2026 people who had been burned and baked together like a piece of bread, so small \u2026 yet it was still right, if only that i am now sitting before you today, that too, thanks to the anglo - american air force. my family won the race between the \u201c final solution of the jewish question \u201d and the final victory of the allies only by the width of a hair. q. when my mother was supposed to be deported, we went underground ( i had prepared everything ), and we held out under dante - esque conditions until may 4th, 1945. the aerial warfare had clearly shortened the war. and our life was a matter of a few days. if the 8th british army had come one week later, we would have died of hunger in our rat - infested, damp cellar, because we had been cut off in the last few weeks from the supply of foodstuffs. i can only be grateful to the men of the american air fleet. just as i am thankful to every allied soldier \u2014 and clearly also to the red army \u2014 and will forever be grateful. they were chosen ( so it seemed to me then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44433395527672787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.082785"}
{"text": "to be spared, forgiven. and why? they unleashed this universe of murder over germany - occupied europe. they helped to commit this breach in civilization. what \u2019 s the difference between a city that is destroyed by air, and a city that is paralyzed by war on the ground, by artillery? during the night in which dresden burned, with 25, 000 to 30, 000 deaths \u2014 terrible, but the same fate met hundreds of other small towns through the war on the ground. what \u2019 s the difference? i mean, if it \u2019 s said that dresden wasn \u2019 t necessary, you can still say, even if dresden did not have strategic meaningfulness, well \u2014 this thesis of debating is characteristic of a certain species of german. these people want to suppress the numbers of the holocaust victims, and raise the numbers of those killed by aerial warfare. it \u2019 s one and the same species of german that wants both of these things. no, i think the air raids had a hand in the fact that i am sitting here before you today, and that many thousands, hundreds of thousands of concentration camp inmates could also be liberated. but in one thing, bomber harris \u2014 and that \u2019 s a curse word in germany \u2014 was wrong. he thought that he could get the germans to turn against hitler, and i do believe that this was a psychological goal of the air warfare. but he was wrong, that bomber harris. hitler could do what he wanted with the germany of that time. even the inferno of the bombings did not persuade the germans to lean harder against their own internal enemy, and to conquer him from the inside out. those who wanted that, as we know today, were a little tiny sheep, and it was characteristic of the men of july 20th, 1944 that they did not know how the majority of germans would behave if the assassination succeeded. q. did you hear that the party was constantly on the go, and that they brought relief packages of provisions that possibly contributed to the fact that the people were able to hold out? without a doubt. i can think of my own example. we came down into a little village in the middle of germany, a village of about 500 people, bosdorf, near ubersfelde \u2014 and it worked. the mayor wasn \u2019 t happy that we had arrived, especially after my father explained to him what demon \u2019 s children we were, and then he gabbed something about the world jewry \u2014 but he liked the groceries, the provisions, and everything worked out. without a doubt that contributed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46997299802664083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.087058"}
{"text": "had arrived, especially after my father explained to him what demon \u2019 s children we were, and then he gabbed something about the world jewry \u2014 but he liked the groceries, the provisions, and everything worked out. without a doubt that contributed to the fact that everything didn \u2019 t get off track. the bureaucracy functioned until the very last minute. and we got money, it was being disbursed to people. the money of course wasn \u2019 t worth anything, but still. with the basic provisions of groceries, one could get along. q. the catastrophe of hamburg actually only spread through rumors in germany. you went somewhere else \u2014 how did people react to the stories, or was there even an exchange of information that the official party press and radio naturally wouldn \u2019 t have given? well, hamburg had passed into a new era of aerial warfare, so that at first the readiness of the people to take in those who had been bombed out into their homes was great \u2014 these people were after all distributed throughout all of germany. at first the readiness to help was large, and we also experienced that in the little village. and i believe it was also that way in other places, or at least at the beginning. whether or not that remained the case at a later point, when those bombed out numbered into the hundreds of thousands, i \u2019 m tempted to say is doubtful. today we also know how these displaced persons were treated by the native population. this is a frequently suppressed chapter. in bavaria, americans forced germans at gunpoint to take on other german lodgers, whereupon one has to say that of course nobody likes it when other people intrude upon one \u2019 s private space. but when conditions are as they were \u2026 i think that there were many tragic cases, and some people asked themselves : \u201c where is this folk community that was talked about to no end? \u201d q. describe sodom and gomorrah. today some people ask, \u201c operation gomorrah, what is that, where did that come from? \u201d educated people have a weak idea of sodom and gomorrah from the bible. now that i \u2019 m asked what i have to say about it, i have to admit \u2014 and not without trepidation and apprehension \u2014 that i don \u2019 t know the bible that well. i only know that the residents, the inhabitants of sodom and gomorrah supposedly sinned, and that \u2019 s where i become skeptical. because it that \u2019 s true, then that means that they were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4341274570775495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.088059"}
{"text": "t know the bible that well. i only know that the residents, the inhabitants of sodom and gomorrah supposedly sinned, and that \u2019 s where i become skeptical. because it that \u2019 s true, then that means that they were justifiably punished. and if one carries the analogy over to the attack on hamburg, well, i wouldn \u2019 t go so far. that this inferno passed over hamburg has other roots than that god is punishing the people because of their sins. i don \u2019 t know whether it was such a happy idea to give this name to the attacks. the reasons that 40, 000 people had to die here are very different. simply put, because many adults among them had become participants in their own fate. one can \u2019 t forget that. and with all sympathy, all the mourning, one must never forget the children. children are always innocent. and the ones responsible for these burned, innocent children are : first of all hitler, but then the collective of his supporters. and let us never forget not to name hitler alone, but rather first of all his following, which made possible everything that came over germany, and over the world. q. when you, with your present 86 years of life, look back at yourself as a 20 - year - old, back then in 1943 in the summer, what do you see? in my memories, the memories of one who came from there, i say : over the course of a long, long life, the ego changes to the point of being unrecognizable to oneself. in other words, people transform, without that meaning that certain segments and elements of the ego can \u2019 t remain the same. i believe \u2014 without wanting to draw the suspicion of immodesty \u2014 that characteristic of me and my life is that, when i see weaker people, then i always stand by their side. maybe that \u2019 s because i was once weak myself, and it was important that somebody stood by me. but when i see that somebody must be helped, then i \u2019 m there, and it doesn \u2019 t matter what risks are associated with that. it just doesn \u2019 t work any other way \u2014 i can \u2019 t do it any other way. and that has remained. otherwise there are of course many things that one smiles about, and things that one did oneself that are abhorrent to remember. but all in all, i can only say that \u2014 at the cost of the fallen and the dead of the second world war \u2014 a life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47650513038022146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.088994"}
{"text": "course many things that one smiles about, and things that one did oneself that are abhorrent to remember. but all in all, i can only say that \u2014 at the cost of the fallen and the dead of the second world war \u2014 a life has been bestowed upon me that in the end i can only be happy about. the creative spinning top that turns in me could only have extended itself under the condition of a democratic republic, a democratic, constitutional state, and with the highest of consequences. i \u2019 ve made 100 movies for television, i \u2019 ve visited 38 countries in africa, latin america, and asia, i \u2019 ve written 19 books \u2014 and i could always say everything and write everything that i wanted. i have never been censored. i \u2019 ve been able to experience the pure joy of my creative powers, and my life has progressed in such a way that i can only say ( in spite of everything that remains scarred, or hasn \u2019 t yet scarred over ) that my story is a success, and that makes me happy. and many people envy me above all \u2014 even when they are 20 years younger \u2014 that the hair on my head stayed, which was obvious to me my whole life, but turns out not to be so obvious when you turn 70, 75, 80, 84. so i \u2019 ve been proven right about this, too. but above all, there \u2019 s one thing i haven \u2019 t lost : i haven \u2019 t lost my humor. once someone has lost that, and the ability to be happy and to smile \u2014 then, in spite of everything that was, one is truly lost. and i never wanted to be that. and i never want to be that, all the way to my \u2014 hopefully still distant \u2014 end. my american experience were you there for the storming of normandy beach? the bombing of germany? the victory in the pacific? or perhaps your friends and relatives have passed on stories of their own world war ii experiences that you would like to share.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4429291181403969, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:071a5c6f-6556-46d6-993e-fa6b34002a8b>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.089760"}
{"text": "for more than a century, railway stations have been an integral part of the canadian landscape. not only do they stand as testimony to canada ' s development, but to many canadian communities they are an important source of pride. that a great many canadians feel an attachment to these railway stations is shown by their enthusiastic efforts to preserve them. until the late 1980 ' s, public efforts to preserve railway stations were hindered by the absence of legislation. as most railway stations are owned or controlled by federally regulated railway companies, they are not subject to the various provincial laws that protect heritage. in 1988 parliament passed a private member ' s bill to protect these railway stations. the heritage railway stations protection act was given royal assent in september 1988. the heritage railway stations protection act requires federally regulated railway companies to obtain authorization from the governor in council before removing, destroying, altering or disposing of a heritage railway station, and before altering any of the heritage features of the station. it also allows for timely public involvement in opposing those interventions that are seen as potentially deleterious to a heritage railway station or its heritage features. the act provides for heavy fines for infractions. the heritage railway stations policy is based on the heritage railway stations protection act. responsibility for the implementation of the act and this policy has been given to the minister of canadian heritage, who is supported by the historic sites and monuments board of canada. the heritage railway stations policy promotes consultation, dialogue and public participation in the pursuit of the shared goal of identifying and conserving the built heritage. the policy establishes processes for identifying and evaluating heritage railway stations ; for specifying, where applicable, the features that give them heritage value ; and for reviewing on a case - by - case basis any intervention that might affect them or their heritage features. the federal government encourages railway companies that own or control these stations to apply cultural resource management methods in their treatment of them, and to set an example in conserving aspects of canada ' s built heritage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47077507328573187, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69f8cf79-b78a-4130-b52f-aeae82b8e708>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.092042"}
{"text": "ibm ' s racetrack memory moves closer to the checkered flag ibm researchers are now a step closer to commercializing an experimental technology that could be used load up a mobile phone with so much storage that it could keep copies of every movie made this year. called \" racetrack memory, \" it ' s a technology that ibm fellow stuart parkin has been tinkering with since 2004. unlike a hard drive, which spins magnetically charged atoms around using a motor, racetrack memory uses electric currents to move collections of electrons, called magnetic domain walls, up and down a very tiny wire. \" it ' s like a kind of magnetic wave that we ' re moving along without having to move the atoms, \" parkin said. by moving these domain walls to a reader, racetrack should be able to read and write data much more quickly, and using far less power than today ' s storage devices. \" it would be a million times faster to access the first bit, and use much less energy, and there would be no problem with crashes, \" parkin said. parkin thinks he can have a big effect on the storage capacity of common electronic devices such as phones. with the right funding, he thinks he ' s two to five years away from building chips filled with minuscule wires were he could push magnetic domains around, storing up to one hundred times as much data as today ' s flash memory chips. using wires a few microns long and about 30 nanometers wide - - one thousandth the thickness of human hair - - the first racetrack chips could store hundreds of gigabytes or even a few terabytes of data, parkin said. parkin ' s team has already developed some early racetrack prototypes - - chips that can read and write simple data sets - - but until now there was a key unanswered question : how exactly do these magnetic domain walls move? \" if we wanted to manipulate and place these domain walls precisely, that was something we needed to know, \" parkin said. before now, there had been two schools of thought on this question. one held that the magnetic waves that parkin talked about had no mass and would move instantly at their set speed as soon as the current was applied ; and they ' d stop instantly too. the other view was that maybe they actually had mass and were subject to the laws of inertia - - taking a bit of time to speed up to speeds of hundreds of miles per hour, and essentially coasting to a stop when the current was turned off. in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.539614766053243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01cd687e-8703-4443-90d3-411cead8225e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.096124"}
{"text": "the assembly for the teaching of english grammar some questions and answers about grammar why is grammar important? this exercise will introduce you to sentence combining - - that is, organizing sets of short, choppy sentences into longer, more effective ones. however, the goal of sentence combining is not to produce longer sentences but rather to develop more effective sentences - - and to help you become a more versatile writer. tips for teaching grammar tips for teaching grammar is a selection of practical and effective strategies for teaching various aspects of grammar to students at different grade levels. it is edited by brock haussamen and pam dykstra, and it draws on the writings, listserv discussions, and workshop presentations of many members of ateg. teaching grammar is far from the most important part of teaching writing. this list of verbs will help you understand verbs a little better. for a more in - depth look at verbs, see the verb page. welcome to hypergrammar electronic grammar course at the university of ottawa ' s writing centre. this course covers approximately the same ground as our english department ' s eng 1320 grammar course. the content of hypergrammar is the result of the collaborative work of the four instructors who were teaching the course in fall 1993 : heather macfadyen, david megginson, frances peck, and dorothy turner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46378488599785955, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3190956c-eb53-4430-8a53-a36f39d22249>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.097486"}
{"text": "harrisburg, pa \u2014 ten months after tropical storm lee led to record flooding that devastated the susquehanna valley, a new pennenvironment research & policy center report confirms that extreme rainstorms and snowstorms are happening 52 percent more frequently in pennsylvania since 1948. \u201c as the old saying goes, when it rains, it pours \u2014 especially in recent years as bigger storms have hit pennsylvania more often, \u201d said adam garber, field director for pennenvironment research & policy center. \u201c we need to heed scientists \u2019 warnings that this dangerous trend is linked to global warming, and do everything we can to cut carbon pollution today. \u201d based on an analysis of state data from the national climatic data center, the new report found that heavy downpours or snowstorms that used to happen once every 12 months on average in the state now happen every 7. 9 months on average. moreover, the biggest storms are getting bigger. the largest annual storms in pennsylvania now produce 23 percent more precipitation, on average, than they did 65 years ago. scientists have concluded that the rise in the frequency and severity of heavy rainstorms and snowstorms is linked to global warming. warming increases evaporation and enables the atmosphere to hold more water, providing more fuel for extreme rainstorms and heavy snowstorms. garber pointed to the rainstorm that hit the susquehanna valley in september of 2011 as an illustration of what more extreme rainstorms and snowstorms could mean for the state. that rainstorm, which led to over 10, 000 residents being evacuated, resulted in record - breaking crests of the susquehanna river. it even required the governor \u2019 s mansion in harrisburg to empty out due to flooding. other recent extreme precipitation events in pennsylvania include : - in august of 2011 hurricane irene dumped 4. 55 inches of rain in only a few hours, led to 400, 000 power outages, 400 downed trees, and 7 collapsed buildings in philadelphia alone. - the snowstorm that hit pittsburgh in february of, which dumped 21 inches on the area as the fourth largest snowstorm in pittsburgh, led to suspended public transportation, closed schools and slippery conditions for commuters. the new pennenvironment research & policy center report, when it rains, it pours : global warming and the increase in extreme precipitation from 1948 to 2011, examines trends in the frequency and the total amount of precipitation of extreme rain and snow storms across the contiguous united states from 1948 to 2011. using data from 3, 700 weather stations and a methodology originally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4039690522913755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61481f35-17d6-4bc3-8560-463cded91086>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.104275"}
{"text": "and the increase in extreme precipitation from 1948 to 2011, examines trends in the frequency and the total amount of precipitation of extreme rain and snow storms across the contiguous united states from 1948 to 2011. using data from 3, 700 weather stations and a methodology originally developed by scientists at the national climatic data center and the illinois state water survey, the report identifies storms with the greatest 24 - hour precipitation totals at each weather station, and analyzes when those storms occurred. the report also examines trends in the amount of precipitation produced by the largest annual storm at each weather station. nationally, the report found that storms with extreme precipitation increased in frequency by 30 percent across the contiguous united states from 1948 to 2011. moreover, the largest annual storms produced 10 percent more precipitation, on average. at the state level, 43 states show a significant trend toward more frequent storms with extreme precipitation, while only one state ( oregon ) shows a significant decline. \u201c the data is clear, \u201d remarked irina marinov from the department of earth and environmental science at the university of pennsylvania. \u201c emissions of co2 and other greenhouse gases are changing the climate and damaging our environment. more extreme weather, to be expected in our warming climate, should be of high concern, not just to specialists in my field, but to every pennsylvania citizen. \u201d key findings for pennsylvania and the mid - atlantic include : - extreme rainstorms and snowstorms are becoming more frequent. pennsylvania experienced a 52 % percent increase in the frequency of extreme rainstorms and snowstorms from 1948 to 2011. in other words, heavy downpours or snowstorms that happened once every 12 months on average in 1948 now happen every 7. 9 months, on average. - storms with extreme precipitation increased in frequency by 55 percent in the mid - atlantic during the period studied. the mid - atlantic region ranks 2nd nationwide for the largest increase in the frequency of storms with heavy precipitation. - the biggest rainstorms and snowstorms are getting bigger. the amount of precipitation released by the largest annual storms in pennsylvania increased by 23 percent from 1948 to 2011. raymond najjar, a climate scientist in penn state \u2019 s department of meteorology, joined pennenvironment in releasing today \u2019 s report. \u201c decades of climate research have led us to the inescapable conclusion that fossil - fuel emissions make the atmosphere warmer, moister, and more prone to producing intense precipitations, \u201d added dr. najjar. \u201c the good news is that we can minimize the most harmful impacts through emissions reductions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4455963592684784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61481f35-17d6-4bc3-8560-463cded91086>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.105332"}
{"text": "##capable conclusion that fossil - fuel emissions make the atmosphere warmer, moister, and more prone to producing intense precipitations, \u201d added dr. najjar. \u201c the good news is that we can minimize the most harmful impacts through emissions reductions, better land - use planning, and improved infrastructure. \u201d garber was careful to note that an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme rainstorms does not mean more water will be available for human use. higher temperatures fuel extreme rainstorms by increasing rates of evaporation. at the same time, however, that evaporation dries soils. moreover, scientists expect that, as global warming intensifies, longer periods with relatively little precipitation will tend to mark the periods between heavy rainstorms. as a result, droughts are likely to become more frequent and severe in some regions of the united states. currently, more than half of the lower united states is suffering through prolonged drought, aggravated by the fact that the last six months have been the hottest january - june period on record. according to the most recent science, the united states must reduce its total global warming emissions by at least 35 percent below 2005 levels by 2020 and by at least 85 percent by 2050 in order to prevent the most devastating consequences of global warming. pennenvironment research & policy center highlighted two proposals from the obama administration \u2014 carbon pollution and fuel efficiency standards for cars and light trucks through model year 2025, and the first ever carbon pollution standards for new power plants \u2014 as critical steps toward meeting these pollution reduction targets. \u201c how serious this problem gets is largely within our control \u2013 but only if we act boldly to reduce the pollution that fuels global warming, \u201d said garber. \u201c we applaud the obama administration for their proposals to cut carbon pollution from vehicles and new power plants, and urge them to move forward with finalizing these critical initiatives this year. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4568843130825013, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61481f35-17d6-4bc3-8560-463cded91086>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.106134"}
{"text": "by kasey catt donato bramante was a famous italian architect and painter who is best known for his work on st. peter \u2019 s basilica. born in 1444 to a farmer \u2019 s family, he began his artistic career under the guidance of the noted renaissance artists of mantegna and piero della francesca. in his early studies he was most interested in the rules of perspective. although his architecture skills eventually surpassed his artistic skills, his early art training can be seen throughout his buildings. barmante moved to the city of milan in approximately 1474 to continue his architectural development. the city of milan was filled with buildings of the gothic style which influenced bramante during the creation of several churches in the city. his works were noticed by the duke ludovico sfora and bramante completed many works for his new patron. in addition to essentially being sfora \u2019 s personal court architect, bramante \u2019 s relation with sfora culminated with the rebuilding of the church of santa maria presso san satiro. bramante also built the structures of santa maria delle grazie, cloisters of sant \u2019 ambrogio, and palazzo caprini among other smaller works in milan. as the french army invaded milan in 1499, barmante \u2019 s patron, sforza, fled and bramante followed suit moving to rome where he spent the rest of his life. once in rome, bramante \u2019 s talents were soon recognized by cardinal della rovere. the cardinal becoming pope julius ii gave bramante a very powerful and wealthy patron. early in his relation with pope julius, bramente worked on the plans for the belvedere courtyard in the vatican in. another one of his notable works for the pope included the cloister of santa maria della pace near piassa navona. one of barmante \u2019 s most amazing works for the pope was the tempietto of san pietro in montoria on the janiculum. this building could be considered \u201c one of the most harmonious buildings of the renaissance, \u201d consisting of more aspects of sculpture than architecture this piece could be considered an architectural masterpiece. bramante had planned on adding a courtyard around his work, but pope julius had bigger plans for him. in november 1503 barmante was tasked with the re - building of st peter \u2019 s basilica. this task was \u201c the grandest architectural commission of the european 16th century. \u201d the grand scale of the basicilla occupied bramante \u2019 s time until the end of his life in 1514. although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36330784068374433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d64d553f-17f1-4aad-8445-20c1da1ecba3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.112654"}
{"text": "re - building of st peter \u2019 s basilica. this task was \u201c the grandest architectural commission of the european 16th century. \u201d the grand scale of the basicilla occupied bramante \u2019 s time until the end of his life in 1514. although the basilica was not completed before bramante \u2019 s death his architectural brilliance can be seen in its construction. church of santa maria presso san satiro the church was built on commission by duke sfora and was dedicated saint satyrus. although the structure was initially attributed mainly to bramante, it has recently come to light that he had more of a minor roll. still his characteristic style focusing on perspective can be seen in aspects of the building. \u201c the edifice has a nave and two aisles with barrel vault. the nave is surmounted by a dome at the crossing with the transept. \u201d bramante \u2019 s contributions can be seen in the choir area that had to be remodeled. in order to make up for the reduced choir size, bramante used a perspective painting to make it look bigger than it actually is. this was one of the \u201c first examples of trompe l ' oeil in history of art. \u201d trompe l \u2019 oeil is an art technique that utilizes a realistic painting style to create an optical illusion of three - dimensionality. image of the church \u2019 s exterior image of the church \u2019 s interior displaying bramante \u2019 s use of perspective church at santa maria delle grazie although the structure was built initially by guiniforte solari, it is believed that barmante was hired to remodel it and prepare it to be the burial place of the sfora family. to do this the cloisters and apse were remodeled by bramante image of the apse designed by bramante cloisters of sant \u2019 ambrogio palazzo caprini belvedere courtyard in the vatican this work is an example of the high renaissance style consisting of a courtyard, piazzas and a garden. a series of terraces that are connected by steps serve to connect the vadicant palace with the villa belvedere. although barmante never saw the work completed and the final product had alterations, his designs contained many unique ideas. \u201c he regularized the slope as a set of terraces, linked by rigorously symmetrical stairs on the central longitudinal axis, to create a sequence of formal spaces that was unparalleled in europe, both in its scale and in its architectural unity. \u201d bramante also integrated another innovation when he split the set of stairs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42571041574178514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d64d553f-17f1-4aad-8445-20c1da1ecba3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.113588"}
{"text": "rigorously symmetrical stairs on the central longitudinal axis, to create a sequence of formal spaces that was unparalleled in europe, both in its scale and in its architectural unity. \u201d bramante also integrated another innovation when he split the set of stairs running to the top terrace around the retaining wall and then returning to the center. the wings that flank the courtyard have three levels in the lower court and end on the terraces with the upper most level reaching the top most terrace. bramante used his artistic perspective training to add another feature to the courtyard when he added a screening wall to hide the fact that the villa facade was not parallel to the vadicant wall. image displaying bramante \u2019 s design for the courtyard santa maria della pace built in 1500 - 1504, bramante \u2019 s work on the cloister became a main feature in the church monastery complex. the cloister consisted of two levels \u201c the first is articulated by shallow pilasters set against an arcade ; the second also has pilasters set against an arcade which is vertically continuous with the lower storey, but with columns located in between each arch span. \u201d this piece of art was recorded as bramante \u2019 s first work in rome. image of the cloister designed by bramante tempietto of san pietro built in the courtyard of san pietro in montorio, this piece of architecture is \u201c considered a masterpiece of high renaissance architecture. \u201d built as a monument to a martyr, this works is more artistic than structural. the structure \u201c is composed of slender tuscan columns, a doric entablature modeled after the ancient theater of marcellus, and a dome. \u201d this masterpiece has warranted such comments from architectural conissures : \u201c the emphasis here is on the harmony of proportions, the simplicity of volumes ( cylinder, hemisphere ) and the sobriety of the doric order. the circular plan symbolizes divine perfection. inspired by ancient temples, the tempietto is both a homage to antiquity and a christian memorial. \" \u2014 mitchell beazley. the world atlas of architecture. p276. \" for bramante, the planning of the tempietto must have represented the union of illusionistic painting and architecture he had spent his career perfecting. the building, too small on the inside to accommodate a congregation ( only 15 feet in diameter ), was conceived as a ' picture ' to be looked at from outside, a ' marker ', a symbol of saint peter ' s martyrdom. \" \u2014 marvin trachtenberg and isabelle hyman.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667872919932792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d64d553f-17f1-4aad-8445-20c1da1ecba3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.114609"}
{"text": "a congregation ( only 15 feet in diameter ), was conceived as a ' picture ' to be looked at from outside, a ' marker ', a symbol of saint peter ' s martyrdom. \" \u2014 marvin trachtenberg and isabelle hyman. architecture : from prehistory to post - modernism. p302. image of the tempietto sketch of bramante \u2019 s tempietto st. peter \u2019 s basilica the rebuilding of st. peter \u2019 s basilica was comissiond by pope julius ii and was the subject of a competition. in order to decide which designer would be used, the designers had to submit their plans and a winner would be chosen. from this grou, bramante was chosen to to rebuild the basilica. drawing inspiration from the pantheon, the first stone in the project was laid in 1506. barmante \u2019 s design did different from the pantheon in that it utilized four pillars to support the dome as opposed to a continuous wall. the dome was then topped with a latern. \u201c bramante had envisioned that the central dome be surrounded by four lower domes at the diagonal axes. the equal chancel, nave and transept arms were each to be of two bays ending in an apse. at each corner of the building was to stand a tower, so that the overall plan was square, with the apses projecting at the cardinal points. \u201d however when pope julius died, bramante was replaced from the head desiging position. however, many of his original designs greatly influenced the future designers that eventually finished the construction of the basilica. image describing bramante \u2019 s plan for the basilica sketch showing bramante \u2019 s design for the dome of the basilica", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4639885028496062, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d64d553f-17f1-4aad-8445-20c1da1ecba3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.115277"}
{"text": "the latest drought monitor map released on feb. 7. the intense drought blanketing the heartland drags on, and as fewer weather systems offer even minimal relief, some are again mentioning the possibility of the historic \u201c d \u201d word \u2013 dust bowl. according to the latest drought monitor report, 57 percent of the contiguous united states is in moderate or worse drought. though this is a slight improvement of less than 1 percentage point, it still shows the severity of the drought. with moisture deficits mounting across key agricultural states, some are left wondering if a dust bowl is in the imminent future. producers in kansas and nebraska, in particular, may be questioning if it \u2019 s too late to receive enough moisture to stop the drought. currently, 36 percent of kansas and 77 percent of nebraska is in exceptional drought. these percentages have been unchanged for more than five months as wet weather systems bypassed the plains and soaked the eastern corn belt instead. meteorologists are monitoring the drought closely, and some are concerned what will happen if 2013 ends up being yet another dry year. \" i ' d venture to guess that if we have one more really dry spring and summer in 2013, that we ' re going to be starting to rival the droughts of the ' 30s and ' 50s, \u201d national weather service meteorologist andy kleinsasser told wichita public radio. many areas of kansas need an additional 5 to 9 inches of moisture in addition to normal to quench the drought. however, one good soaking won \u2019 t cut it. \" we can ' t get that all at once, obviously, because then it ' s just going to run off and it ' s not going to have time to soak into the ground and recharge those aquifers, \" kleinsasser said. however, kansas and nebraska aren \u2019 t the only states dealing with drought. the drought has now spread to other areas, including texas ( 8 percent in exceptional drought ), oklahoma ( 40 percent in exceptional drought ), and south dakota ( 30 percent in exceptional drought ). extreme drought has also crept back into some areas in minnesota and iowa. see how your state is doing here. as a nation, one texas climatologist believes that while so much above - average precipitation is vital to end the drought, the forecast isn \u2019 t producing enough wet systems. according to a report from bloomberg, climatologist john nielsen - gammon finds that the odds are \u201c stacked against ending it anytime soon. \u201d read more here. while the outlook may be grim, brian fu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4046465320873256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e1eab67-d37a-4a1f-be7c-349990c25636>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.123622"}
{"text": "scientists meet to chart roadmap to fusion posted october 12, 2012 ; 01 : 30 p. m. the crucial next steps on the roadmap to developing fusion energy will be the focus of more than 70 top fusion scientists and engineers from around the world who will gather at the university of california - los angeles ( ucla ) this month. the oct. 15 - 18 session will kick off a series of annual workshops under the auspices of the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) that will address key scientific and technological challenges facing countries developing fusion as a source of clean and abundant energy for producing electricity. \" there ' s nothing like face - to - face talk and presentations to help people resolve common challenges, \" said hutch neilson, who directs advanced projects at the u. s. department of energy ' s princeton plasma physics laboratory ( pppl ) and will chair the workshop at ucla. pppl hosted a worldwide gathering of fusion scientists at princeton university last year that led to planning for the workshops. \" we felt there was a compelling need for international discussions to look at a wide range of options in an unbiased way, \" said stewart prager, director of pppl. \" there ' s proven to be a lot of interest in the international community. \" the workshops aim to help participants chart pathways to the demonstration fusion power plants that the major world programs envision. such \" demo \" plants would mark the final step before the construction of commercial fusion power stations that could operate by mid - century. fusion powers the sun and stars. the process takes place when the atomic nuclei \u2014 or ions \u2014 in electrically charged gas called plasma fuse under extreme heat and pressure and release a burst of energy. fusion programs seek to recreate this process on earth under laboratory conditions. the iaea gathering comes against the backdrop of the construction of iter, a huge experimental facility that the european union, the united states and five other countries are building in the south of france to showcase fusion as a practical source of energy. plans call for iter to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for up to 500 seconds by the late 2020s. individual countries are exploring their own next steps toward fusion with different degrees of urgency, based on their perceived need for such energy. the steps themselves remain tentative and subject to government confirmation. \" what ' s needed at present is for the planners to come together and discuss their different roadmaps, \" said nuclear engineering professor mohamed abdou, who will host the workshop as director of the fusion science and technology center at ucla.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5404904865172052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bfc3b1f-75b4-4333-b9f7-568f9501d6b0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.130143"}
{"text": "confirmation. \" what ' s needed at present is for the planners to come together and discuss their different roadmaps, \" said nuclear engineering professor mohamed abdou, who will host the workshop as director of the fusion science and technology center at ucla. \" this will help us understand the goals and assumptions behind the plans of the major fusion programs. \" the chief candidate for development as a fusion power plant is the tokamak, the most widely used experimental fusion device today. tokamaks heat plasma to tens of millions of degrees celsius and confine it inside a magnetic field that is shaped like a donut or a cored apple, depending on the machine. iter will be the largest and most powerful tokamak to date. an alternate candidate for a demo is the stellarator, a potentially promising but currently less - studied device. stellarators heat and confine plasma inside a magnetic field that is shaped like a cruller \u2014 a spiral wrapped around a circle. a look at the possible roadmaps that countries are considering : china \u2014 the world ' s most populous nation seeks to reduce its dependence on coal, which produces 70 percent of its electric power. china is currently pushing ahead with plans for a device called china ' s fusion engineering test reactor ( cfetr ) that would develop the technology for a demonstration fusion power plant. construction of the cfetr could start around 2020 and be followed by operation of a demo in the 2030s. europe and japan \u2014 these programs are jointly building a powerful tokamak called jt - 60sa in naka, japan, as a complement to iter. plans call for construction to be completed in 2019. the japanese and europeans will then pursue similar but independent timelines. both programs contemplate starting engineering design work on a demo around 2030, following the achievement of iter milestones, and placing the demo in operation in the 2030s. india \u2014 the country could begin building a device called sst - 2 to develop components for a demo around 2027. india could then start construction of a demo in 2037. korea \u2014 the program plans to build a machine that it calls k - demo \u2014 a tokamak that would develop components in its first phase, called k - demo - 1, and then utilize the components in the second phase, or k - demo - 2. construction could commence in the mid - to - late 2020s, with operations starting in the mid 2030s. russia \u2014 plans call for the development of a fusion neutron source ( f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5567396373730831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bfc3b1f-75b4-4333-b9f7-568f9501d6b0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.131991"}
{"text": "dec 5, 2012 amid a worsening fiscal crisis, a crumbling economy, and the destruction of over 40 % of america \u2019 s wealth in just the last few years, it should be quite clear that this is no ordinary recession. in fact, with progressively dwindling job opportunities, a long - term downward trend in real estate prices, and the near doubling of participation in emergency benefits programs like food stamps and disability, one could make the argument that the united states is smack - dab in the middle of the next great depression. the notion that we are potentially facing a decades - long paradigm shift which threatens to alter the very fabric of american life is becoming a stark reality for many, especially america \u2019 s younger generations who, according to a new report from the annie e. casey foundation, are experiencing the highest jobless rates since at least world war ii : forty years ago, a teenager leaving high school \u2014 with or without a diploma \u2014 could find a job in a local factory. twenty years ago, even as manufacturing jobs moved offshore, young people could still gain a foothold in the workforce through neighborhood stores and restaurants. amid the housing boom of the past decade, youth with some training could find a career track in the construction field. but today \u2014 with millions of jobs lost and experienced workers scrambling for every available position \u2014 america \u2019 s young people stand last in line for jobs. youth employment is at its lowest level since world war ii ; only about half of young people ages 16 to 24 held jobs in 2011. among the teens in that group, only 1 in 4 is now employed, compared to 46 percent in 2000. overall, 6. 5 million people ages 16 to 24 are both out of school and out of work, statistics that suggest dire consequences for financial stability and employment prospects in that population. more and more doors are closing for these young people. entry - level jobs at fast - food restaurants and clothing stores that high school dropouts once could depend on to start their careers now go to older workers with better experience and credentials. it often takes a ged to get a job flipping hamburgers. even some with college degrees are having trouble finding the employment rate for youth ages 16 to 19 dropped precipitously \u2014 down 42 percent since 2000. more youth than ever \u2014 2. 2 million teenagers and 4. 3 million young adults ages 20 to 24 \u2014 are neither in school nor working. additionally, 21 percent \u2014 1. 4 million \u2014 of those young people out of school and out of work are young parents who must take care of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45374315165703005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de2d54b9-e3b4-488f-a979-3365f2064313>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.136828"}
{"text": "million teenagers and 4. 3 million young adults ages 20 to 24 \u2014 are neither in school nor working. additionally, 21 percent \u2014 1. 4 million \u2014 of those young people out of school and out of work are young parents who must take care of their own needs and those of their children. in this report, we describe them as disconnected youth. the term encompasses diverse groups, ranging from the 16 - year - old who just dropped out of high school and is not working to the 21 - year - old parent who has a high school degree and has been looking for work for a long time. they live at home in urban, suburban or rural communities. the prospects for the millennial generation, who once enjoyed the seemingly never ending prosperity of mcmansions, high - end technology and brand name apparel provided by their debt - laden parents, are rapidly disappearing. the most challenging jobs market since the last great depression, coupled with an inability to acquire an education and trade skills due to tightened student loan requirements, yields an untenable situation for america \u2019 s youth. combine this with the fact that most of these kids have or will soon be having kids, and you have tens of millions more americans added to already overburdened government safety nets. reality television shows and government education convinced many teens and young adults that they would enjoy a carefree life of riches and luxury. never would they have even entertained the idea they would instead be plagued with a lifetime of misery, poverty and government dependence. it \u2019 s a hard - knocks life, and it \u2019 s about to get a whole heck of a lot worse for a lot of people. this article was posted : wednesday, december 5, 2012 at 5 : 56 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45849778272011876, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de2d54b9-e3b4-488f-a979-3365f2064313>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.137875"}
{"text": "posted 14 september 2010 - 02 : 49 pm we know that a six base pair sequence agaata occurs 1 time in 4096 nucleotides [ ( 1 / 4 ) ^ 6 = 4096 ] correct? let ' s say we have a dna library that is 50, 000 base pairs in total ( small library of 50 clones to keep numbers small ) it should occur roughly ~ 12 times [ 50000 / 4096 = 12. 2 ] with 100 % probability? 1. what is the probability that it would occur twice? how about 5 times? 2. what is the probability it would occur once in a single clone from this library if the clone is 500 bp long? what about twice? 3. and finally, let ' s say agaata occurs 3 times in one 500 bp clone. is this significant? what is the equation? i wanted to know basically, \" this six base pair sequence has an x - percent probability of occurring within the clone, and an x - percent probability of occurring in the whole library. thanks. posted 14 september 2010 - 06 : 49 pm posted 14 september 2010 - 07 : 41 pm let ' s assume it ' s 25 % each. and i can replace this sequence with any sequence. i ' m just looking on how to do the math.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5721645783675267, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23e83e71-27ba-4d90-a99e-54022cb39fc7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.139144"}
{"text": "the development of intelligence edited by mike anderson published august 10th 2000 by psychology press the development of intelligence is an attempt to influence the next generation who will research the central question of this book - what is the nature of intelligence and how does it develop? the book provides a contemporary review of methods and theories of the development of intellectual abilities from infancy to adulthood by the major researchers in the field. it is unusual, because edited books usually bring together a collection of researchers who publish in the same journals, attend the same conferences and so on. in this case, the contributors come from quite different research areas with different approaches. the editor deliberately selected a group of eminent researchers with diverse and often conflicting theoretical orientations who use a wide range of different research methodologies. consequently, there is coverage of a range of topics not usually found in a single book, including : the measurement of intelligence ; infancy predictors of later iq differences ; developmental behaviour genetics ; theories of cognitive change ; general intelligence and specific abilities ; multiple intelligences ; savant syndrome ; cognitive development in the intellectually disabled ; and intervention studies. a concluding chapter by the editor pulls together the main themes generated by the contributors and sets out a new research agenda for developmental studies of intellectual abilities. ' excitement generated by intelligence research approaches that generated by issues of sex and money, because deep down people understand that intelligence is important, it always has been, and it always will be. anderson and his colleagues ' work provides a rational and clear - headed overview of the scientific study of this valued attribute. if you want to learn something about it, then this book is a good place to start. ' - apa review of books ' anderson ' s lively writing and vision as editor make this book successful in achieving its goal of summarizing what is known about the developmental nature of intelligence for newcomers to the field. ' - intelligence preface. list of contributors. introduction. m. anderson, project development - the shape of things to come. part i : the assessment of intelligence in development. i. styles, the study of intelligence - the interplay between theory and measurement. j. colombo, j. frick, recent advances and issues in the study of preverbal intelligence. part ii : behaviour genetics. d. hay, the developmental genetics of intelligence. j. s. reznick, r. corley, what twins can tell us about the development of intelligence - a case study. part iii : theories of intellectual development. b. torff, h. gardner, the vertical mind - the case for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5509976213613289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3296b944-f4a8-4a49-9419-a48903e434f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.142819"}
{"text": "news releases 2003 noaa home page noaa public affairs above - average precipitation throughout much of the united states during the past three months led to improving drought conditions in many areas, according to scientists at the national oceanic and atmospheric administration \u2019 s ( noaa ) national climatic data center ( ncdc ) in asheville, n. c. noaa is part of the commerce department. twenty - four percent of the contiguous united states was in moderate - to - extreme drought in april, down from 37 percent in january and 50 percent during the summer of 2002, based on a widely used measure of drought severity, the palmer drought index. ncdc researchers said precipitation averaged across the contiguous united states was 0. 5 inch ( 12. 7 mm ) above the 1895 - 2003 long - term mean for the february through april three - month period, based on preliminary data. twenty seven states were significantly wetter than average and 11 states were significantly drier than average. wetter - than - average conditions were prevalent in the mid - atlantic, southeast and in most states of the western united states. near - average to drier - than - average conditions stretched from maine to the upper midwest and southwest to texas. the precipitation helped alleviate extremely dry conditions in many areas, but the rain and snowfall were not sufficient to end the drought in many parts of the west, where severe drought has occurred for much of the past three to five years. in colorado, which had its driest year on record in 2002, a single snow storm in march brought a near - record snowfall of 32 inches to denver stapleton airport and totals exceeding 80 inches in higher - elevation locations to the west. snow pack, an important source of water for western states, was near or above average at the end of april in much of the front range of the rocky mountains from montana to colorado and the sierra mountains, but snow pack remained below average in large parts of the west. reservoir storage was also below average in every western state except washington at the end of april, and river flows remained below average in a large part of the western two - thirds of the nation. in montana, where conditions in parts of the state during the summer of 2002 were similar to those experienced during the dust bowl years of the 1930 ' s, above average precipitation during the past several months led to a marked improvement in drought conditions. however, according to the u. s. drought monitor, severe drought continued to affect a large part of the state at the end of april. based on the palmer drought index, the percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.426547615730616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:284a09fa-3bba-431d-93ed-2895204e7c2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.147953"}
{"text": "several months led to a marked improvement in drought conditions. however, according to the u. s. drought monitor, severe drought continued to affect a large part of the state at the end of april. based on the palmer drought index, the percent of the west in moderate to extreme drought decreased from 81 percent in november 2002 to 44 percent in april. the most widespread drought in the instrumental record occurred in july of 1934, when 97 percent of the west and 80 percent of the contiguous united states were in moderate to extreme drought. the percent of the contiguous united states in moderate to extreme drought fell to 24 percent in april. temperatures during the february - april 2003 period were near average to slightly warmer than average across most of the country. the northeast was the only region with significantly cooler - than - average temperatures. for the contiguous united states as a whole the february - april temperature was 43. 3 f ( 6. 3 c ), slightly warmer than the 1895 - 2003 mean. in alaska the three - month period was 6. 0 f ( 3. 3 c ) warmer than the 1971 - 2000 average. during the past 25 years, temperatures in alaska have averaged 3. 2 f ( 1. 8 c ) warmer than during the preceding 50 years. the moderate el nino episode that began in 2002 weakened during the february - april period, while the average global temperature for combined land and ocean surfaces ( based on preliminary data ) during april was 0. 9 f ( 0. 5 c ) above the 1880 - 2002 long - term mean. this was the fourth warmest april but 0. 4 f ( 0. 2 c ) cooler than the record warm april which occurred near the end of the 1997 - 98 el nino episode. the land - surface temperature average was the seventh warmest on record for april ( 1. 4 f above average ), and the global ocean - surface temperature was 0. 7 f above average, approximately 0. 2 f cooler than april 1998. the year - to - date global average for combined land and ocean surfaces was the third warmest on record. noaa environmental satellites, data and information service is the nation \u2019 s primary source of space - based meteorological and climate data. it operates the nation ' s environmental satellites, which are used for weather forecasting, climate monitoring and other environmental applications such as fire detection, ozone monitoring and sea surface temperature measurements. noaa environmental satellites, data and information service also operates three data centers, which house global data bases in climatology, oceanography, solid earth geophysics, marine geology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4407362155003589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:284a09fa-3bba-431d-93ed-2895204e7c2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.148914"}
{"text": "devastated by the civil wars of the 17th century or by the neglect and deliberate destruction of their owners who saw them as archaic and barbaric, the vast majority of scottish baronial castles built between 1250 and 1450 survive as little more than skeletal ruins. these reminders of scotland ' s past have captured the imaginations of romantics, artists, writers and tourists since the late 18th century. often set in spectacular surroundings, on cliff - tops, islands, and gorges, their ruined grandeur evokes a medieval world of sieges, banquets and murders, and provides a rare physical link with the anglo - scottish wars of robert the bruce and william wallace. this book examines the three periods of castle building in the years 1250 - 1450 : the years of peace in the late 13th century ; the six decades of war with the english when the castles became key centers for garrisons and government ; and the post - war era of castle building and reconstruction. covering castles in the isles, the lowlands and the highlands, and featuring some of the most striking examples of the art, such as caelaverock and bothwell this book presents the story of these monuments in an accessible and highly - illustrated format. \" this is a well - written and well - illustrated look into scottish fortifications. it is highly recommended to anyone with an interest in fortifications before the age of gunpowder. \" - bolling smith, the coast defense journal ( july 2009 ) \" not too many books cover the castles of scotland since so few of them are left which have not been heavily modified after the middle ages such as stirling castle. the book covers the design and use of a number of the important castles, which were often characterized by their large round towers and other structures. some were located on heights and islands making them stand out.... the drawings are excellent recreations of the castles... this work is a good introduction to this period of scottish history and castles. \" - je kauffman, siteo. net ( may 2009 ) \" overall, it is an excellent book on a subject that is both historically significant and fascinating to read. it is one i can highly recommend. \" - scott van aken, www. modelingmadness. com ( april 2009 ) scottish baronial castles 1250 - 1450 by michael brown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4753082156414639, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:469c57e3-62c2-4f9f-9043-c35961b4b792>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.152789"}
{"text": "( ascii text format ) the following is mirrored from http : / / mai. flora. org / forum / 23033 date : sun, 26 nov 2000 19 : 18 : 33 - 0500 the americans and the russians have developed capabilities to manipulate the world ' s climate. dr. rosalie bertell confirms that \" us military scientists are working on weather systems as a potential weapon. \" 26 november 2000 professor of economics, university of ottawa, author of the globalization of poverty, common courage press, 2001. it ' s not only greenhouse gas emissions : washington ' s new world order weapons have the ability to trigger climate change the important debate on global warming under un auspices provides but a partial picture of climate change ; in addition to the devastating impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the ozone layer, the world ' s climate can now be modified as part of a new generation of sophisticated \" non - lethal weapons. \" both the americans and the russians have developed capabilities to manipulate the world ' s climate. in the us, the technology is being perfected under the high - frequency active aural research program ( haarp ) as part of the ( \" star wars \" ) strategic defence initiative ( sdi ). recent scientific evidence suggests that haarp is fully operational and has the ability of potentially triggering floods, droughts, hurricanes and earthquakes. from a military standpoint, haarp is a weapon of mass destruction. potentially, it constitutes an instrument of conquest capable of selectively destabilising agricultural and ecological systems of entire regions. while there is no evidence that this deadly technology has been used, surely the united nations should be addressing the issue of \" environmental warfare \" alongside the debate on the climatic impacts of greenhouse gases. despite a vast body of scientific knowledge, the issue of deliberate climatic manipulations for military use has never been explicitly part of the un agenda on climate change. neither the official delegations nor the environmental action groups participating in the hague conference on climate change ( co6 ) ( november 2000 ) have raised the broad issue of \" weather warfare \" or \" environmental modification techniques ( enmod ) \" as relevant to an understanding of climate change. the clash between official negotiators, environmentalists and american business lobbies has centered on washington ' s outright refusal to abide by commitments on carbon dioxide reduction targets under the 1997 kyoto protocol. the impacts of military technologies on the world ' s climate are not an object of discussion or concern. narrowly confined to greenhouse gases, the ongoing debate on climate change serves washington ' s strategic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5340919031908171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.163914"}
{"text": "by commitments on carbon dioxide reduction targets under the 1997 kyoto protocol. the impacts of military technologies on the world ' s climate are not an object of discussion or concern. narrowly confined to greenhouse gases, the ongoing debate on climate change serves washington ' s strategic and defense objectives. world renowned scientist dr. rosalie bertell confirms that \" us military scientists are working on weather systems as a potential weapon. the methods include the enhancing of storms and the diverting of vapor rivers in the earth ' s atmosphere to produce targeted droughts or floods. \" already in the 1970s, former national security advisor zbigniew brzezinski had foreseen in his book \" between two ages \" that : \" technology will make available, to the leaders of major nations, techniques for conducting secret warfare, of which only a bare minimum of the security forces need be appraised.... [ t ] echniques of weather modification could be employed to produce prolonged periods of drought or storm. \" marc filterman, a former french military officer, outlines several types of \" unconventional weapons \" using radio frequencies. he refers to \" weather war, \" indicating that the u. s. and the soviet union had already \" mastered the know - how needed to unleash sudden climate changes ( hurricanes, drought ) in the early 1980s. \" these technologies make it \" possible to trigger atmospheric disturbances by using extremely low frequency ( elf ) radar [ waves ]. \" a simulation study of future defense \" scenarios \" commissioned for the us air force calls for : \" us aerospace forces to ` own the weather ' by capitalizing on emerging technologies and focusing development of those technologies to war - fighting applications ) from enhancing friendly operations or disrupting those of the enemy via small - scale tailoring of natural weather patterns to complete dominance of global communications and counterspace control, weather - modification offers the war fighter a wide - range of possible options to defeat or coerce an adversary.... in the united states, weather - modification will likely become a part of national security policy with both domestic and international applications. our government will pursue such a policy, depending on its interests, at various levels. the high - frequency active aural research program ( haarp ) the high - frequency active aural research program ( haarp ) based in gokoma alaska - - jointly managed by the us air force and the us navy - - is part of a new generation of sophisticated weaponry under the us strategic defense initiative ( sdi ). operated by the air force research laboratory ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5448358213604969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.165240"}
{"text": "based in gokoma alaska - - jointly managed by the us air force and the us navy - - is part of a new generation of sophisticated weaponry under the us strategic defense initiative ( sdi ). operated by the air force research laboratory ' s space vehicles directorate, haarp constitutes a system of powerful antennas capable of creating \" controlled local modifications of the ionosphere \". scientist dr. nicholas begich - - actively involved in the public campaign against haarp - - describes haarp as : \" a super - powerful radiowave - beaming technology that lifts areas of the ionosphere [ upper layer of the atmosphere ] by focusing a beam and heating those areas. electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto earth and penetrate everything - - living and dead. \" dr. rosalie bertell depicts haarp as \" a gigantic heater that can cause major disruption in the ionosphere, creating not just holes, but long incisions in the protective layer that keeps deadly radiation from bombarding the planet. \" misleading public opinion haarp has been presented to public opinion as a program of scientific and academic research. us military documents seem to suggest, however, that haarp ' s main objective is to \" exploit the ionosphere for department of defense purposes. \" without explicitly referring to the haarp program, a us air force study points to the use of \" induced ionospheric modifications \" as a means of altering weather patterns as well as disrupting enemy communications and radar. according to dr. rosalie bertell, haarp is part of an integrated weapons ' system, which has potentially devastating environmental consequences : \" it is related to fifty years of intensive and increasingly destructive programs to understand and control the upper atmosphere. it would be rash not to associate haarp with the space laboratory construction which is separately being planned by the united states. haarp is an integral part of a long history of space research and development of a deliberate military nature. the military implications of combining these projects is alarming. the ability of the haarp / spacelab / rocket combination to deliver a very large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, anywhere on earth via laser and particle beams, are frightening. the project is likely to be \" sold \" to the public as a space shield against incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a device for repairing the ozone layer. in addition to weather manipulation, haarp has a number of related uses : \" haarp could contribute to climate change by intensively bombarding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5324633652451907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.166199"}
{"text": "incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a device for repairing the ozone layer. in addition to weather manipulation, haarp has a number of related uses : \" haarp could contribute to climate change by intensively bombarding the atmosphere with high - frequency rays.... returning low - frequency waves at high intensity could also affect people ' s brains, and effects on tectonic movements cannot be ruled out. \" more generally, haarp has the ability of modifying the world ' s electro - magnetic field. it is part of an arsenal of \" electronic weapons \" which us military researchers consider a \" gentler and kinder warfare \". weapons of the new world order haarp is part of the weapons arsenal of the new world order under the strategic defense initiative ( sdi ). from military command points in the us, entire national economies could potentially be destabilized through climatic manipulations. more importantly, the latter can be implemented without the knowledge of the enemy, at minimal cost and without engaging military personnel and equipment as in a conventional war. the use of haarp - - if it were to be applied - - could have potentially devastating impacts on the world ' s climate. responding to us economic and strategic interests, it could be used to selectively modify climate in different parts of the world resulting in the destabilization of agricultural and ecological systems. it is also worth noting that the us department of defense has allocated substantial resources to the development of intelligence and monitoring systems on weather changes. nasa and the department of defense ' s national imagery and mapping agency ( nima ) are working on \" imagery for studies of flooding, erosion, land - slide hazards, earthquakes, ecological zones, weather forecasts, and climate change \" with data relayed from satellites. policy inertia of the united nations according to the framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) signed at the 1992 earth summit in rio de janeiro : \" states have in accordance with the charter of the united nations and the principles of international law, the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. \" it is also worth recalling that an international convention ratified by the un general assembly in 1997 bans \" military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long - lasting or severe effects. \" both the us and the soviet union were signatories to the convention. the convention defines \" ' environmental modification techniques '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5466649172216912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.168505"}
{"text": "assembly in 1997 bans \" military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long - lasting or severe effects. \" both the us and the soviet union were signatories to the convention. the convention defines \" ' environmental modification techniques ' as referring to any technique for changing - - through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes - - the dynamics, composition or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere or of outer space. \" why then did the un - - disregarding the 1977 enmod convention, as well as its own charter - - decide to exclude from its agenda climatic changes resulting from military programs? european parliament acknowledges impacts of haarp in february 1998, responding to a report of mrs. maj britt theorin - - swedish mep and longtime peace advocate - -, the european parliament ' s committee on foreign affairs, security and defense policy held public hearings in brussels on the haarp program. the committee ' s \" motion for resolution \" submitted to the european parliament : \" considers haarp by virtue of its far - reaching impact on the environment to be a global concern and calls for its legal, ecological and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body... ; [ the committee ] regrets the repeated refusal of the united states administration... to give evidence to the public hearing into the environmental and public risks [ of ] the haarp program. \" the committee ' s request to draw up a \" green paper \" on \" the environmental impacts of military activities \", however, was casually dismissed on the grounds that the european commission lacks the required jurisdiction to delve into \" the links between environment and defense \". brussels was anxious to avoid a showdown with washington. while there is no concrete evidence of haarp having been used, scientific findings suggest that it is at present fully operational. what this means is that haarp could potentially be applied by the us military to selectively modify the climate of an \" unfriendly nation \" or \" rogue state \" with a view to destabilizing its national economy. agricultural systems in both developed and developing countries are already in crisis as a result of new world order policies including market deregulation, commodity dumping, etc. amply documented, imf and world bank \" economic medicine \" imposed on the third world and the countries of the former soviet block has largely contributed to the destabilization of domestic agriculture. in turn, the provisions of the world trade organization ( wto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5587981829818258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.170066"}
{"text": "documented, imf and world bank \" economic medicine \" imposed on the third world and the countries of the former soviet block has largely contributed to the destabilization of domestic agriculture. in turn, the provisions of the world trade organization ( wto ) have supported the interests of a handful of western agri - biotech conglomerates in their quest to impose genetically modified ( gmo ) seeds on farmers throughout the world. it is important to understand the linkage between the economic, strategic and military processes of the new world order. in the above context, climatic manipulations under the haarp program ( whether accidental or deliberate ) would inevitably exacerbate these changes by weakening national economies, destroying infrastructure and potentially triggering the bankruptcy of farmers over vast areas. surely national governments and the united nations should address the possible consequences of haarp and other \" non - lethal weapons \" on climate change. the latter calls for nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5. 2 percent to become effective between 2008 and 2012. see background of kyoto protocol at http : / / www. globalwarming. net / gw11. html the times, london, 23 november 2000. intelligence newsletter, december 16, 1999. air university of the us air force, af 2025 final report, http : / / www. au. af. mil / au / 2025 / ( emphasis added ). nicholas begich and jeane manning, the military ' s pandora ' s box, earthpulse press, http : / / www. geocities. com / area51 / shadowlands / 6583 / project002. html and http : / / www. earthpulse. com / haarp / vandalism. html ( http : / / www. earthpulse. com / haarp / ). see also the haarp home page at http : / / www. haarp. alaska. edu / see briarpatch, january, 2000. quoted in begich and manning, op cit. air university, op cit. rosalie bertell, background of the haarp program, 5 november, 1996, http : / / www. globalpolicy. org / socecon / envronmt / weapons. htm begich and manning, op cit. don herskovitz, killing them softly, journal of electronic defense, august 1993. according to herskovitz, \" electronic warfare \" is defined by the us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5377845628393088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.171305"}
{"text": "/ envronmt / weapons. htm begich and manning, op cit. don herskovitz, killing them softly, journal of electronic defense, august 1993. according to herskovitz, \" electronic warfare \" is defined by the us department of defense as \" military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy... \" the journal of electronic defense at http : / / www. jedefense. com / has published a range of articles on the application of electronic and electromagnetic military technologies. military space, 6 december, 1999. un framework convention on climate change, new york, 1992. see complete text at http : / / www. unfccc. de / resource / conv / conv _ 002. html. see associated press, 18 may 1977. environmental modification ban faithfully observed, states parties declare, un chronicle, july, 1984, vol. 21, p. 27. european report, 7 february 1998. european parliament, committee on foreign affairs, security and defense policy, brussels, doc. no. a4 - 0005 / 99, 14 january 1999. eu lacks jurisdiction to trace links between environment and defense, european report, 3 february 1999. copyright \u00a9 by michel chossudovsky, ottawa, november, 2000. all rights reserved. permission is granted to post this text on non - commercial community internet sites, provided the essay remains intact and the copyright note is displayed. to publish this text in printed and / or other forms contact the author at email @ example. com, fax : 1 - 514 - 4256224. department of economics, university of ottawa, ottawa, k1n6n5 voice box : 1 - 613 - 562 - 5800, ext. 1415, ( altern. e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5708190404704159, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53c9732b-e93a-4de3-aa81-de1816cae14d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.171966"}
{"text": "function object functors in c and c a selection of articles related to function object functors in c and c. original articles from our library related to the function object functors in c and c. see table of contents for further available material ( downloadable resources ) on function object functors in c and c. - our pagan village : the importance and persuit of honor - candlelight flickers over the beltaine revels. food is laid out in the circle for the feast. only one rule \u2013 no one can feed themselves. each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. after an hour of laughter and revels and way... paganism & wicca > > daily life - what is hypnotic trance? does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities? - 2. 1 ' trance ; ' descriptive or misleading? most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction ( preparatory process considered by some to be... parapsychology > > hypnosis - bringing it down to earth : a fractal approach - ' clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line. ' b. mandelbrot w e want to think about the future - it ' s our nature. unlike other creatures, humans possess an... mystic sciences > > astrology - pagan mythology - is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. the mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices.... paganism & wicca > > holidays - survivalists ' guide for the new millennium : chapter 6 - as the worm turns health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. with all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. even so, the effects of living in this... philosophy > > survivalists guide for the new millennium - the religious experience : a wiccan viewpoint - what is religion? religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. a set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. i have found several different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.586417956200206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c12fa2ee-ff56-4d2b-a158-34e9aa6db225>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.175833"}
{"text": "? religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. a set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. i have found several different... religion & philosophy > > religions function object functors in c and c is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors ' articles, see section below for printable documents, function object functors in c and c books and related discussion. suggested pdf resources - c + + stl function object functor program examples - such an object is called a function object, or functor. - sometimes you can. check the best selling c / c + + and stl books at amazon. - math 614 : lecture notes - let f, g : c \u2192 d be functors ( in this lecture, all functors are covariant. ). a natural functors. - adjoint functors in algebra, topology and mathematical logic - ic : c\u2192c which maps each object and morphism to itself.. are functors, while \u03c6 is a function which assigns to each pair of objects x \u2208 c,. - a framework for higher - order functions in c + + - abstract. c and c + + allow passing functions as arguments to in c + + by enclosing a function inside an object such that the jects \u201c functors \u201d, and further developed by kuhne. [ kuh95 ]... suggested web resources - function object - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - a function object, also called a functor, functional, or functionoid, is a a callback in procedural languages, such as c, may be performed by using function pointers... - c + + functors - and their uses - stack overflow - a functor is a object which acts like a function. - the function pointer tutorials - functors - jan 6, 2005 4. functors to encapsulate c and c + + function pointers with a pointer to an object and a pointer to a member function in its constructor. - functors - function objects in c + + - functors : function objects in c + +. both c and c + + support function pointers, which provide a way to pass around instructions on how to perform an operation. - callbacks in c + + using template functors - the simplest callback mechanism is a pointer - to - function,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6174127373135607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c12fa2ee-ff56-4d2b-a158-34e9aa6db225>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.176998"}
{"text": "usda and russian scientists develop high - tech crop map agroatlas is a new interactive website that shows the geographic distributions of 100 crops ; 640 species of crop diseases, pests, and weeds ; and 560 wild crop relatives growing in russia and neighboring countries. downloadable maps and geographic information system ( gis ) software are also available, allowing layering of data, such as that relating major wheat production areas to concentrations of russian wheat aphids. according to u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) plant geneticist stephanie greene, the impetus behind developing agroatlas was to promote world food security, particularly in newly independent states \u201d \u201d countries of the former soviet union striving to broaden their agricultural base. greene works in the national temperate forage legume genetic resources unit operated at prosser, wash., by the agricultural research service ( ars ), usda \u2019 s principal intramural scientific research agency. greene leads the agroatlas project with alexandr n. afonin, a senior scientist with st. petersburg state university in russia. the internet - based map is the successful result of a proposal they submitted in 2003 for funding under a program coordinated by the ars office of international research programs ( oirp ) in beltsville, md., and supported by the u. s. department of state. in september 2010, the two researchers joined their colleagues to host the first of a series of 10 - day workshops in st. petersburg teaching the use of gis software to scientists and students from former soviet states. oirp also awarded scholarships supporting travel and lodging expenses for 20 students to learn about agroatlas and gis software. they, in turn, were to return to their institutes to train others. demonstrations of agroatlas include showing where in crimea, a major wine - producing region, u. s. wine grapes can be successfully grown, as well as the distribution of major wheat diseases in the north caucasus region according to agroclimatic zones. greene notes agroatlas also has potential to aid in the detection and identification of insect pests, pathogens or weeds that have entered \u201d \u201d or could enter \u201d \u201d the united states from russia or neighboring countries. read more about this research in the march 2011 issue of agricultural research magazine. on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663333589120463, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:951eb78f-3a4b-445e-b597-d77ae290b1c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.179930"}
{"text": "- for the moth genus, see idia ( moth ). was the mother of esigie, the oba of benin who ruled from 1504 to 1550. she played a very significant role in the rise and reign of her son. she was a strong warrior who fought relentlessly before and during her son ' s reign as the oba ( king ) of the edo people. when oba ozolua died, he left behind two powerful sons to dispute over who would become oba. his son esigie controlled benin city while another son, arhuaran, was based in the equally important city of udo about twenty miles away. idia mobilised an army around esigie, which successfully defeated arhuaran, and oba esigie became the 16th king. subsequently, the neighboring igala peoples sent warriors across the benue river to wrest control of benin ' s northern territories. esigie conquered the igala, reestablishing the unity and military strength of the kingdom. his mother idia received much of the credit for these victories as her political counsel, together with her magical powers and medicinal knowledge, were viewed as critical elements of esigie ' s success on the battlefield. idia became the first iyoba ( queen mother ) of benin when esigie conferred upon her the title and the eguae - iyoba ( palace of the queen mother ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4235704948958343, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4190263e-61a2-4103-8e0b-7c8bca1798bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.181310"}
{"text": "what \u2019 s life like inside a rolling element bearing? let \u2019 s say you are a dollop of grease and you \u2019 ve just been pushed by a grease gun into the dark recesses of a bearing cavity. you are now in a combat zone. what are your orders? maybe you are on a suicide mission. your bearing has been screaming for reinforcements and you are it, the new recruit, all gooey and slimy. inside, you see grease casualties all around. there \u2019 s the stench of oil oxidation on one side and the stiff, lifeless remains of a soap - based thickener on the other. in an instant, the floor and walls begin to vibrate, then you hear a low rumbling sound. you are pushed deeper into the bearing cavity and, suddenly, you can \u2019 t move. the heat and the pressure are excruciating. then, more pressure \u2026 crack \u2026 silence. what happened? how could regreasing a bearing have contributed to sudden - death failure? doesn \u2019 t fresh grease prolong bearing life and restore reliability? not so fast. the problem here is new grease entering an old, infrequently lubricated ( and overly lubricated ) bearing. as the new grease enters, it must make room ; in doing so, it pushes around the crusty remnants of grease past. before the new grease arrived, the soap - based thickener from several earlier relubes is often packed against the inlet port and along the grease cavity walls \u2013 adjacent to the bearing \u2019 s moving elements. the oil from the thickener bled out slowly over time. some of this oil entered the bearing race, providing needed time - released lubrication. the principal contributors to a hard, crusty build - up in the bearing cavity are heat, long relube intervals, overlubrication ( too much grease ) and old bearings. there are other factors too, including grease quality, vibration, centrifugal forces, contamination, pressure and the relube procedure. in addition to the thickener, hard particles are sometimes deposited along with the thickener, forming a wall next to the bearing. these include wear particles, dirt, rust and manufacturing debris. for the new grease to reach the bearing core, it must break through this rock - like formation, creating a channel. hydrostatic forces from a grease gun can reach levels exceeding 15, 000 pounds per square inch ( 103, 421 kilopascals ), more than enough pressure to send chunks of solids careening into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48113520752905053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb9a37c-911f-40b3-936f-d9a86624f0e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.186620"}
{"text": "- like formation, creating a channel. hydrostatic forces from a grease gun can reach levels exceeding 15, 000 pounds per square inch ( 103, 421 kilopascals ), more than enough pressure to send chunks of solids careening into the bearing track. imagine the new grease acting like an ice - breaker on a frozen river, mobilizing large blocks of ice as it moves. sometimes, fresh grease never reaches the bearing because of the wall - like barricade. instead, it detours out the shaft seal or vent port. the bearing eventually starves to death. large bearings ( especially large electric motor bearings ) are often lubricated through supply pipes ( line extensions ) from a grease fitting. hardened thickener, rust and other solids can build up in these pipes over time. on relubrication, the new grease functions like a plunger, driving the solids into the bearing cavity below. so what lessons can be learned from this? remember the maintenance paradox : \u201c it \u2019 s broken because we didn \u2019 t work on it. it \u2019 s broken because we did work on it. \u201d the key here is knowing when to work on it, how to work on it, what tools / hardware to use and what lubricant to use. in the case of the bearing, you must address a number of issues before regreasing begins, including : whether to use grease at all, vs. oil ( mist, bath - lubricated, circulating, etc. ). if grease is to be used, what type or formulation ( complex soap, non - soap, high - temperature, solid additives, synthetic, high - viscosity, national lubricating grease institute number, etc. )? how to gauge the quantity of grease needed. whether to use feedback tools such as vibration, heat guns, acoustics, etc. how frequently to regrease the bearing based on factors like operating conditions, environment, temperature, bearing type and orientation, grease type, vibration, etc. whether to use a grease gun, single - point automatic lubricator, centralized lubrication, etc. what procedure to use when regreasing the bearing if lubricated manually. whether to switch to sealed or shielded bearings. whether to periodically analyze used grease samples. world - class lubrication requires precision and skill. while there may be more than one right way to do something, there are many more wrong ways. the answers to these issues are rarely intuitive. training and education develops top - drawer lu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49713297347202196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb9a37c-911f-40b3-936f-d9a86624f0e7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.187673"}
{"text": "learning japanese is a challenge. and, as many students find out, memorizing sentence patterns, vocabulary, and lists of kanji characters doesn ' t necessarily make it easy to communicate with japanese people. barriers of culture and social etiquette can be just as difficult to overcome as problems of grammar. until now, these aspects of learning to communicate with a new culture could only be learned first - hand by trial and error. japanese beyond words was written to fill this gap, to give you the tools you need to effectively communicate in japanese, with the japanese. long - time japan resident andrew horvat talks about how to truly competent in japanese by covering a range of topics including : what your clothes say about you business cards, and why you should be nice to them when and how to bow shoes : they ' re on, they ' re off... what ' s expected of foreigners circumlocution without dizziness pronunciation ( \" read my lips \" just doesn ' t cut it ) how to say no without saying \" no \" social uses of politeness... and rudeness behavior at parties and other social gatherings english in japanese, and japanese in english the differences between men and women entertaining and opinionated, as well as educational, japanese beyond words will help you walk, talk, slurp, and bow your way to cultural ( as well as linguistic ) fluency in japanese.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5118048780431808, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e2c6d6-859b-4284-864b-afc1b5840a6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.189144"}
{"text": "issues : environment & climate california \u2019 s rich and diverse soils, vast farm and ranch lands, climate, air, water, and native species must be protected and in many cases restored so that future generations can enjoy the same quality of life that we have. roc believes that among several other key dynamics, the food system will not be sustainable until agriculture greatly reduce and / or eliminates its huge impacts on climate, air and water pollution. roots of change joins with farmers and ranchers, nonprofit organizations, public officials, entrepreneurs, and concerned citizens to ensure that stewardship incentives exist, that vital environmental research is funded, and that the knowledge gained is shared. learn more about how how agriculture can be a powerful tool to fight climate change and reduce nitrogen pollution, click here. check out our forum page on the environment & climate. the movement for healthy food and agriculture began and has grown largely as a result of non - profit organizations. the non - profits we have highlighted here reflect the breadth of issues covered by the movement. roots of change believes that abundant, safe, healthy, fresh, and affordable food is a foundation for a positive future for all californians. in a market - based economy, powerful solutions must come from entrepreneurs who apply sustainable principles and practices in their businesses. roots of change is working together with california \u2019 s farmers and ranchers to ensure that every aspect of our food \u2014 from the time it \u2019 s grown to the time it \u2019 s eaten \u2014 is healthy, safe, profitable, and fair for those who grow it and for the state where it \u2019 s grown.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45777357545695885, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9eb1ade2-5ef5-44bd-b6ac-e3005245bf85>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.190792"}
{"text": "rosacea, a chronic and often embarrassing disorder of the facial skin that affects an estimated 14 million americans, may be linked to genetics, according to a new survey conducted by the national rosacea society ( nrs ) and published in rosacea review. the nrs survey of 600 rosacea patients found that nearly 52 percent of the respondents had a relative who also suffered from the condition and that people of some nationalities are more likely than others to develop the disorder. the spring 2008 rosacea review is now online at rosacea. org. this issue highlights the national rosacea society ' s efforts to increase visibility of the condition during rosacea awareness month, including evidence of rosacea ' s impact and prevalence and news of a college student ' s project that raised both public awareness and funds for the nrs research grants program. the skin of individuals with rosacea has a greater sensitivity to heat, according to a recent study in the journal of the american academy of dermatology. patients with rosacea \" often complain of increased skin sensitivity and frequently describe a burning sensation, \" said dr. daniela guzman - sanchez and colleagues of the wake forest university school of medicine. they noted that although this heightened sensitivity is well recognized in practice, there had been no formal research on the phenomenon. a new question - and - answer section called ask the doctors is now featured on rosacea. org. leading dermatologists, ophthalmologists, researchers and other experts will answer a wide variety of readers ' questions about rosacea, from potential causes to skin care and lifestyle factors. an interactive form on the home page of the new section makes it easy to submit questions, and new questions will be posted every month. in addition, all entries will be archived, creating another important resource for rosacea patients. while rosacea has grown increasingly common as the baby boom generation enters the most susceptible ages, mounting evidence has shown that this conspicuous red - faced disorder may be more devastating and prevalent than widely believed. the national rosacea society ( nrs ) has designated april as rosacea awareness month to alert the public to this chronic and often embarrassing condition now estimated to affect well over 14 million americans. results of two recent studies provide new understanding of how and when angiogenesis - - the formation of new blood vessels - - may contribute both to the initial development of rosacea and its persistent presence. in a study of skin samples with and without rosacea, dr. amal gomaa and colleagues at boston university found evidence of angiogenesis in both the blood and l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4745022508283677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a52e0d62-bee4-4382-8b8b-ecb268a55307>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.196472"}
{"text": "contribute both to the initial development of rosacea and its persistent presence. in a study of skin samples with and without rosacea, dr. amal gomaa and colleagues at boston university found evidence of angiogenesis in both the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems in skin with rosacea lesions. although rosacea rarely appears in children, its potential occurrence should be considered during medical examinations because of the possible severity of ocular ( eye ) involvement, according to a report in the february 2008 issue of the archives of dermatology. researchers dr. melanie chamaillard and colleagues at the national reference center for rare skin disorders, bordeaux, france, suggested that an ophthalmologic ( eye ) examination be carried out for all children with skin signs of rosacea. the frequently asked questions section of rosacea. org has been updated and expanded to include new information on rosacea and answers to additional questions. to view the new rosacea faqs, click here. this section was reviewed and edited by dr. mark dahl, chairman of dermatology at the mayo clinic arizona, former president of the american academy of dermatology and a member of the national rosacea society medical advisory board. as rosacea becomes more familiar to the public, the \" frequently asked questions \" about the condition have evolved. so, the national rosacea society has updated the faq page on rosacea. org with new questions, including : the winter 2008 rosacea review is now online at rosacea. org. although surveys have found rosacea can inflict significant damage to quality of life and emotional well - being as it becomes increasingly severe, medical help is available to control or prevent its potentially devastating effects on facial appearance. the national rosacea society ( nrs ) has designated april as rosacea awareness month to alert the public to the warning signs of this chronic and conspicuous disorder of the facial skin, now estimated to affect more than 14 million americans. rosacea can be a trying condition under the best of circumstances, but it can be particularly vexing to women during menopause and even their monthly cycle. many women report more flushing episodes and increased numbers of bumps and pimples during these times, according to dr. wilma bergfeld, head of the clinical research section of the dermatology department at cleveland clinic and former president of the american academy of dermatology. the national rosacea society ( nrs ) announced that four new studies have been awarded funding as part of its research grants program to advance scientific knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4797696175789998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a52e0d62-bee4-4382-8b8b-ecb268a55307>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.197525"}
{"text": "of the dermatology department at cleveland clinic and former president of the american academy of dermatology. the national rosacea society ( nrs ) announced that four new studies have been awarded funding as part of its research grants program to advance scientific knowledge of the potential causes and other key aspects of this chronic and potentially life - disruptive disorder that affects an estimated 14 million americans. the fall 2007 rosacea review is now online at rosacea. org. a new booklet for patients, \" managing rosacea, \" is now available to national rosacea society ( nrs ) members. the new publication gives tips on what to tell your doctor, describes management options for each subtype and provides guidance on lifestyle and personal care. members may obtain a free copy - - via postal mail - - by emailing a request to the nrs at email @ example. com, or by calling 1 - 888 - no - blush toll free. although they are normal inhabitants of human skin and cannot be seen, microscopic mites known as demodex folliculorum may actually be something to blush about, as a new study funded by the national rosacea society demonstrated for the first time that these invisible organisms may be a cause or exacerbating factor in rosacea. special care may be needed for rosacea patients with severe forms of ocular rosacea ( eye symptoms ), according to dr. sandra cremers, instructor of ophthalmology at harvard medical school. as part of a national rosacea society ( nrs ) research grant, she recently developed a scoring system to identify severe cases of this rosacea subtype, which may affect half of all rosacea patients. the summer 2007 rosacea review is now online at rosacea. org. the incidence of rosacea may be higher than widely believed, according to a preliminary study presented at the recent rosacea research workshop, sponsored by the national rosacea society ( nrs ) during the annual society for investigative dermatology meeting. in addition, an ongoing irish study found similar prevalence rates of subtype 2 ( papulopustular ) rosacea in both indoor and outdoor workers. the national rosacea society is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization whose mission is to improve the lives of people with rosacea by raising awareness, providing public health information and supporting medical research on this widespread but little - known disorder. the information the society provides should not be considered medical advice, nor is it intended to replace consultation with a qualified physician. the society does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47458957485735076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a52e0d62-bee4-4382-8b8b-ecb268a55307>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.198563"}
{"text": "rte radio ' s ' world this week ' looks back at the beginnings of the campaign for change in northern ireland. - title organising the first civil rights march - 1st broadcast 02 / 02 / 1972 - contributorkevin b. nowlan ( presenter ) kevin o ' kelly ( presenter ) kieran sheedy ( producer ) - clip duration 00 : 03 : 11 - material type audio - series title world this week - clip title organising the first civil rights march - extended description presenter kevin o ' kelly states the original aims of the northern ireland civil rights association ( nicra ). nicra was set up in february 1967 and was seen as a decisive step in the campaign for change in northern ireland. the aims of this association included : defining the basic rights of all citizens ; to protect the rights of the individual ; to highlight all possible abuses of power ; to demand guarantees for freedom of speech ; and to inform the public of their lawful rights. austin currie recalls the use of civil disobedience to highlight discrimination. protests went from occupying a council house to marching to dungannon. currie talks about the themes of non - violent protests and the move to more militant approaches. it was hoped that such protests would put pressure on the unions to give in to the nationalist and catholic demands. in july 1968, these new methods of protest prompted a statement from northern ireland prime minister terence o ' neill, who disregards the efforts of the nationalists to highlight the inequalities that exist. a rte news report for \u2018 world this week \u2019 on civil rights in northern ireland. this report was broadcast on 02 february 1972. \u2018 world this week \u2019 was a current affairs radio programme presented by kevin b. nolan and produced by kieran sheedy. the image accompanying this clip is of northern ireland politician, austin currie. this photograph was taken during a shoot to gain stock shots of northern ireland, for possible use in rte news bulletins. photographer : peter dorney date of photograph : 1 may, 1969 \u00a9 rte stills library 2142 / 093 - local keywords civil rights movement, civil rights march, world this week, kevin o ' kelly, northern ireland civil rights association, nicra, austin currie, terence o ' neill, dungannon, 1968 - geographical coverage ireland - genre factual - topic wars and conflict - publisher broadcaster rte - first broadcast channel rte - production year 1972 - country of production ireland - original identifier la000401 - ipr restrictions rights reserved - free access - rights terms and conditions copyright rte. this material", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40870286631669694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cbd0f2c-ad44-4a6e-82e9-f0524333d706>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.202594"}
{"text": "just for kids be healthy! be safe! the san diego fire - rescue department wants you to grow up safely. here are some health and safety tips : remember to exercise children love television, vcrs, computers and video games. because of that, they are doing less exercise. this is a real problem. if you don ' t get your body moving you could have health problems when you get older. exercise will keep you healthy! so get off your chair and start moving - get your heart pumping! - take a bike ride ( see bike safety tips below ) - go swimming - play a sport you enjoy - go roller - skating - take a long walk ( see walking safety tips below ) bike safety tips bike riding is fun and a great way to exercise. here are just a few safety tips to make sure your bike ride is safe! - always wear a helmet when you are on wheels, such as a skateboard, roller - skates or a scooter. - follow traffic signals and road signs. do not ride through stop signs or traffic lights. - always ride on the right. go with the flow of traffic. - if in a group, ride single file. when passing other bikers or walkers, let them know your position. for example, shout out : \" i ' m on your left! \" - watch out for danger in your way. watch out for trash, potholes, puddles of water, rocks, glass, etc. - ride at least 3 feet away from parked cars to avoid car doors opening into you. - always signal before making a turn. for left turns, hold your left arm straight out to the side. for right turns, hold your left arm out and up in an \" l \" shape. walking safety tips walking is a great way to exercise and you can go almost anywhere. but before you lace up your shoes, here are a few safety tips : - always walk on the sidewalk. - if there is no sidewalk, always walk facing traffic. - wear bright colors! you want drivers to see you. - if you are walking at night wear cloths that reflect when hit by headlights. - cross only at marked crosswalks or at corners. - stop and look left, then right, then left again, before you step into the street. - keep looking for cars while you are crossing. - walk, don ' t run. 9 - 1 - 1 tips for kids - know your emergency number. it ' s 9 - 1 - 1. - know your location, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4320573792840019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a12ccb63-b712-4201-90bb-0c9d00cc709c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.206021"}
{"text": "the street. - keep looking for cars while you are crossing. - walk, don ' t run. 9 - 1 - 1 tips for kids - know your emergency number. it ' s 9 - 1 - 1. - know your location, the 9 - 1 - 1 dispatcher will ask you your location. - listen carefully to the 9 - 1 - 1 dispatcher - he / she will ask you questions. - if you don ' t understand a question - tell the person on the phone to explain the question to you. - do not hang up the phone until the 9 - 1 - 1 dispatcher tells you. - if you have a fire, a fire engine will come to your location. - if you have a medical emergency, a fire engine and an ambulance will respond to your location. - learn more about 9 - 1 - 1 every year hundreds of kids are hurt or killed in the united states because they did not put on a seat belt or they strapped in incorrectly. you can protect yourself, your family and your friends by following these safety tips. the safest place for any child under the age of 12 is the back seat of a vehicle. infants ( under 20 pounds / less than 1 year old ) - use a rear - facing child seat. - the child seat must be in the back seat of vehicle. - never place infant car seats in the front of a car with air bags. in a crash, the air bag can hurt or kill a baby. - never hold a baby on your lap in a car. the baby will not be protected in a crash. kids ( under 40 pounds / at least 1 year old ) - ride in a car seat facing the front of the vehicle. legislation varies from state to state on seatbelt safety for older children. according to san diego ' s safe kids coalition, the best practice is that children 8 years or 80 pounds : - should ride in a booster seat until the car ' s lap and shoulder belts fit correctly. - the lap belt must fit low and sung under their hips. the shoulder belt must not cross their neck or face.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39005686897519143, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a12ccb63-b712-4201-90bb-0c9d00cc709c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.206765"}
{"text": "big data \u2013 what is it? big data is a popular term used to describe the exponential growth, availability and use of information, both structured and unstructured. much has been written on the big data trend and how it can serve as the basis for innovation, differentiation and growth. according to idc, it is imperative that organizations and it leaders focus on the ever - increasing volume, variety and velocity of information that forms big data. 1 - volume. many factors contribute to the increase in data volume \u2013 transaction - based data stored through the years, text data constantly streaming in from social media, increasing amounts of sensor data being collected, etc. in the past, excessive data volume created a storage issue. but with today ' s decreasing storage costs, other issues emerge, including how to determine relevance amidst the large volumes of data and how to create value from data that is relevant. - variety. data today comes in all types of formats \u2013 from traditional databases to hierarchical data stores created by end users and olap systems, to text documents, email, meter - collected data, video, audio, stock ticker data and financial transactions. by some estimates, 80 percent of an organization ' s data is not numeric! but it still must be included in analyses and decision making. - velocity. according to gartner, velocity \" means both how fast data is being produced and how fast the data must be processed to meet demand. \" rfid tags and smart metering are driving an increasing need to deal with torrents of data in near - real time. reacting quickly enough to deal with velocity is a challenge to most organizations. big data according to sas at sas, we consider two other dimensions when thinking about big data : - variability. in addition to the increasing velocities and varieties of data, data flows can be highly inconsistent with periodic peaks. is something big trending in the social media? perhaps there is a high - profile ipo looming. maybe swimming with pigs in the bahamas is suddenly the must - do vacation activity. daily, seasonal and event - triggered peak data loads can be challenging to manage \u2013 especially with social media involved. - complexity. when you deal with huge volumes of data, it comes from multiple sources. it is quite an undertaking to link, match, cleanse and transform data across systems. however, it is necessary to connect and correlate relationships, hierarchies and multiple data linkages or your data can quickly spiral out of control. data governance can help you determine how disparate data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5644446954921564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e694774a-c3fa-481b-8122-ceacc42086f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.214119"}
{"text": "the most. - generate retail coupons at the point of sale based on the customer ' s current and past purchases, ensuring a higher redemption rate. - send tailored recommendations to mobile devices at just the right time, while customers are in the right location to take advantage of offers. - analyze data from social media to detect new market trends and changes in demand. - use clickstream analysis and data mining to detect fraudulent behavior. - determine root causes of failures, issues and defects by investigating user sessions, network logs and machine sensors. \" high - performance analytics, coupled with the ability to score every record and feed it into the system electronically, can identify fraud faster and more accurately. \" many organizations are concerned that the amount of amassed data is becoming so large that it is difficult to find the most valuable pieces of information. - what if your data volume gets so large and varied you don ' t know how to deal with it? - do you store all your data? - do you analyze it all? - how can you find out which data points are really important? - how can you use it to your best advantage? until recently, organizations have been limited to using subsets of their data, or they were constrained to simplistic analyses because the sheer volumes of data overwhelmed their processing platforms. what is the point of collecting and storing terabytes of data if you can ' t analyze it in full context, or if you have to wait hours or days to get results? on the other hand, not all business questions are better answered by bigger data. you now have two choices : - incorporate massive data volumes in analysis. if the answers you are seeking will be better provided by analyzing all of your data, go for it. the game - changing technologies that extract true value from big data \u2013 all of it \u2013 are here today. one approach is to apply high - performance analytics to analyze the massive amounts of data using technologies such as grid computing, in - database processing and in - memory analytics. - determine upfront which big data is relevant. traditionally, the trend has been to store everything ( some call it data hoarding ) and only when you query the data do you discover what is relevant. we now have the ability to apply analytics on the front end to determine data relevance based on context. this analysis can be used to determine which data should be included in analytical processes and which can be placed in low - cost storage for later availability if needed. \" now you can run hundreds and thousands of models at the product level \u2013 at the sk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4890471757100394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e694774a-c3fa-481b-8122-ceacc42086f4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.216058"}
{"text": ". this analysis can be used to determine which data should be included in analytical processes and which can be placed in low - cost storage for later availability if needed. \" now you can run hundreds and thousands of models at the product level \u2013 at the sku level \u2013 because you have the big data and analytics to support those models at that level. \" a number of recent technology advancements are enabling organizations to make the most of big data and big data analytics : - cheap, abundant storage and server processing capacity. - faster processors. - affordable large - memory capabilities, such as hadoop. - new storage and processing technologies designed specifically for large data volumes, including unstructured data. - parallel processing, clustering, mpp, virtualization, large grid environments, high connectivity and high throughputs. - cloud computing and other flexible resource allocation arrangements. big data technologies not only support the ability to collect large amounts of data, they provide the ability to understand it and take advantage of its value. the goal of all organizations with access to large data collections should be to harness the most relevant data and use it for optimized decision making. it is very important to understand that not all of your data will be relevant or useful. but how can you find the data points that matter most? it is a problem that is widely acknowledged. \" most businesses have made slow progress in extracting value from big data. and some companies attempt to use traditional data management practices on big data, only to learn that the old rules no longer apply, \" says dan briody, in the 2011 economist intelligence unit ' s publication, \" big data : harnessing a game - changing asset. \" big data solutions from sas how can you make the most of all that data, now and in the future? it is a twofold proposition. you can only optimize your success if you weave analytics into your big data solution. but you also need analytics to help you manage the big data itself. there are several key technologies that can help you get a handle on your big data, and more important, extract meaningful value from it. - information management for big data. many vendors look at big data as a discussion related to technologies such as hadoop, nosql, etc. sas takes a more comprehensive data management / data governance approach by providing a strategy and solutions that allow big data to be managed and used more effectively. - high - performance analytics. by taking advantage of the latest parallel processing power, high - performance analytics lets you do things you never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4749849488159892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e694774a-c3fa-481b-8122-ceacc42086f4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.217626"}
{"text": "data management / data governance approach by providing a strategy and solutions that allow big data to be managed and used more effectively. - high - performance analytics. by taking advantage of the latest parallel processing power, high - performance analytics lets you do things you never thought possible because the data volumes were just too large. - high - performance visual analytics. high - performance visual analytics lets you explore huge volumes of data in mere seconds so you can quickly identify opportunities for further analysis. because it ' s not just that you have big data, it ' s the decisions you make with the data that will create organizational gains. - flexible deployment options for big data. flexible deployment models bring choice. high - performance analytics from sas can analyze billions of variables, and those solutions can be deployed in the cloud ( with sas or another provider ), on a dedicated high - performance analytics appliance or within your existing it infrastructure, whichever best suits your organization ' s requirements. 1 source : idc. \" big data analytics : future architectures, skills and roadmaps for the cio, \" september 2011. 2 source : american bankers association, march 2009 3 source : http : / / www. economist. com 4 source : http : / / blog. twitter. com 5 source : http : / / newsroom. fb. com /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48160613396243934, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e694774a-c3fa-481b-8122-ceacc42086f4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.218321"}
{"text": "breath testing, as currently used, is a very inaccurate method for measuring bac, even if the breath testing instrument is working perfectly, physiological variables prevent early reasonable accuracy \u2026. breath testing for alcohol using a single test method, should not be used for scientific, medical or legal purposes where accuracy is important. ( hlastula, physiological errors, associated with alcohol breath testing, 9 ( 6 ) the champion 19 ( 1985 ). ) a number of scientists who have conducted studies of breath - alcohol analysis have concurred with dr. hlastala in concluding that the method is inherently unreliable. thus, for example, a recent study determined that breath readings vary at least 15 per - cent from actual blood - alcohol concentrations. simpson, accuracy and precision of breath - alcohol measurements for a random subject in the postabsorptive state, 33 ( 2 ) clinical chemistry 261 ( 1987 ). furthermore, at least 23 percent of all individuals tested will have breath results in excess of true blood - alcohol levels. the author concluded that, \u201c [ g ) iven the choice, it would seem that if a conclusion is to be made about the bac of a random subject, especially when the conclusion can have serious consequences, it would be far preferable to make it on the basis of a direct [ blood ) measurement.... \" in another study, conducted by members of the toxicology section of the wisconsin state laboratory of hygiene, only 33 percent of the breath test results correlated with corresponding blood tests. reported in 32 ( 4 ) journal of forensic sciences 1235 ( 1987 ), the study involved a survey of 404 actual cases in wisconsin in which defendants had been tested on a breathalyzer ( either the model 900 or 900a ) as well as by blood analysis. the two tests were considered to correlate when there was a difference of. 01, percent or less. one interesting aspect of the study was that in 11 of the cases, the defendant was shown to be intoxicated using one of the tests but not intoxicated when using the other. at least one court has even reversed dui convictions on the grounds that breath tests are inherently unreliable. in state v. mcginley, 550 a. 2d 1305 ( n. j. super. 1988 ), the new jersey superior court, law division, considered the consolidated appeals of four defendants whose convictions involved breathalyzer tests. although noting that the new jersey superior court had essentially taken judicial notice that the breathalyzer models \" 900 and 900a are scientifically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4362838916875835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1262317-5362-4b12-8ba4-1ffe4bdb26c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.225192"}
{"text": "new jersey superior court, law division, considered the consolidated appeals of four defendants whose convictions involved breathalyzer tests. although noting that the new jersey superior court had essentially taken judicial notice that the breathalyzer models \" 900 and 900a are scientifically reliable, \" the court nevertheless felt free to consider new scientific evidence not previously available \u2014 evidence based in large part on the work of dr. kurt dubowski : the scientific evidence upon which the defendants rely shows the following : - the breathalyzer is designed to test persons having a 2100 / 1 blood - breath ratio. such ratios in fact vary from 1100 / 1 to 3200 / 1 and the variance can produce erroneous test results. high readings are produced in 14 % of the population. - the temperature of the machine itself varies, affecting test results. - body temperatures vary, affecting test results. - hematocrit ( the solid particles in whole blood ) levels vary, particularly between males and females, affecting test results. these sources of error make breathalyzer test results suspect and, to insure reliability, require the substantial reduction of blood - alcohol percentages based on a translation of those results. the leading expert in the field, recognized as such by both state and defense, is of the opinion that the reduction should be. 055. [ 1350 a. 2d at 1306. ] dr. dubowski has long advocated strict procedures for minimizing the many sources of error in breath testing. in a recent article entitled quality assurance in breath - alcohol analysis, 18 journals of analytical toxicology 306 ( october 1994 ), he identified four \u201c necessary safeguards \u201d for breath testing : - a pre - test deprivation - observation period of \u2019 at least 15 minutes ( set the discussion of mouth alcohol in 8. 1. 4 ) ; - blank tests immediately preceding each breath specimen collection step ; - analysis of at least two separate consecutive breath specimens, taken two to ten minutes apart ( different results from duplicate analysis may indicate such problems as ratio frequency interference ; see 8. 1. 9 ) ; - an appropriate control test accompanying every subject test ( see 8. 1. 9 for a discussion of calibration using a simulator ). due largely to the inherent unreliability of breath analysis, the national safety council committee on alcohol and other drugs has recommended that at least two separate breath samples be collected and analyzed individually. as reported in a letter from dr. dubowski published in 9 american journal of forensic medical pathology 272 ( 1988 ), the committee further recommended that the breath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5070554570160009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1262317-5362-4b12-8ba4-1ffe4bdb26c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.226190"}
{"text": "alcohol and other drugs has recommended that at least two separate breath samples be collected and analyzed individually. as reported in a letter from dr. dubowski published in 9 american journal of forensic medical pathology 272 ( 1988 ), the committee further recommended that the breath samples be collected at intervals of at least two and not more than ten minutes. this process of duplicate analysis has been widely advocated by experts in the past, most notably ( and vociferously ) by dr. richard jensen. whether acceptably accurate or not, breath analysis is the most convenient and economical method for the police, and the most convenient and least embarrassing or painful for the arrestee. as a result, counsel will probably encounter some sort of breath analyzing instrument in 70 to 80 percent of his drunk driving cases. there are a number of different breath analyzing machines in use today. the most commonly encountered of these is the intoxilyzer model 5000, of which there are now a number of different versions ( see 8. 2. 1 ), the second most popular of the machines is the intoximeter 3000 ( see 8. 2. 2 ), followed by the older version of the 5000, the intoxilyzer 4011 ( and its various permutations ), the bac datamaster / verifier ( see 8. 2. 3 ) is now universally used in washington, south carolina, and vermont, and is found sporadically in other states as well. finally, the old 900 / 900a series of breathalyzers are still found in a few jurisdictions. each of these machines utilizes its own mechanism for analyzing the alcoholic content of exhaled vapor. with the exception of the breathalyzer, however, all use a common method : infrared spectroscopic analysis ( the breathalyer employs the \u201c wet chemical \u201d technique ). these machines operate on the principal that alcohol vapor captured in a chamber will absorb light waves of a certain frequency when beamed through it. the more alcohol present in the chamber ( i. e,, the higher the percentage of alcohol in the breath sample ), the more light is absorbed. in theory, then, determining the alcohol concentration of the sample is simply a matter of measuring the amount of light that reaches a receptor at the other end of the chamber ; the more light, the lower the alcohol content in the breath. a computer then translates the figure into blood - alcohol concentration, using the blood - breath partition ratio ( see 8. 1. 1 ). in approaching a case involving a breath analysis, counsel should be aware that there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5163634800614625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1262317-5362-4b12-8ba4-1ffe4bdb26c3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.227113"}
{"text": "it is often desirable to be able to predict the spread and path of diseases through a given population. such knowledge can then be used to help public health officials decide on appropriate response procedures. other information about the disease may be useful as well, such as the total length in time of the epidemic, the rate of recurrence, the equilibrium state of infectivity, or the effect of the initial infectant on further propagation. in such situations, mathematical modeling can be a useful tool. there are two basically different types of models for epidemiology, deterministic models and stochastic models. deterministic models assume all contact rates between each infectious and susceptible person are equal, and that a new infection will result from each of these contacts at some given rate. stochastic models, on the other hand, make use of probabilistic factors to determine the rate of infection. which of these types of models is best suited to a given situation depends largely on the size of the population, as well as its desired degree of precision. as one might expect from their relative straightforwardness, deterministic models have the longer history of the two groups. they have been in use from the 19th century onwards. an important advance in the development of deterministic models came from kermack and mckendrick \u2019 s study of mouse epidemics. their work in this field led to the establishment of the threshold theorem, which states that \u201c the introduction of infectious cases into a community of susceptibles would not give rise to an epidemic outbreak if the density of the susceptibles were below a certain critical value. \u201d ( ref 1 ) these are the types of models that we will be focusing on. for a large population, or when little precision is necessary, the difference between the performance of a deterministic and a stochastic model is insignificant. a deterministic model is therefore probably preferable, due to its relative simplicity. stochastic models are the younger of the groups. mckendrick came up with the first epidemiological stochastic model in 1926. they did not come into use for another 20 years, however. in terms of application, stochastic models become preferable at small populations, particularly as small as a household, when enough precision is required to outweigh the added complexity of the model. one of the simplest disease models that one can study to some depth is a childhood disease like chicken pox. with a disease like chicken pox, all recovered people become immune to the disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5656420479738973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0115c48-444f-41d4-8d8f-de912de8b4a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.232057"}
{"text": "required to outweigh the added complexity of the model. one of the simplest disease models that one can study to some depth is a childhood disease like chicken pox. with a disease like chicken pox, all recovered people become immune to the disease ( with insignificant exceptions ). also, the latency between being infected and showing symptoms is very small. one can therefore assume that all people who recover are effectively removed from the population, and that there is no exposed group ( which is present in most other disease models ), who have been infected but have not yet become infectious. the other assumptions made for this model are that all susceptibles are equally susceptible, all infectious people are equally infectious, and that the population remains fixed ( by balancing birth with death and emigration ). the total population ( n ) is divided into three groups : susceptibles ( s ), infectious ( i ), and recovered ( r ), each of which is a fraction of the total population, such that at all times, let rb be the average birth rate ( and thefore the average death / emigration rate ), and bc the contact rate, which is the average fraction of susceptibles to contract the disease from a single infective. then the rate of change of the number of susceptibles in the population is given by that is the birth rate minus the number of susceptibles who leave the population by death or emigration minus the number of susceptibles who become infected. now, let cr be the recovery rate, the average number of infected people to recover per unit time, or 1 / c is the mean infectious period. the rate of change of the number of infected people is then the number of people who become infected minus the number who leave due to death or emigration minus the number who recover. finally, the recovered populations rate of change is given by the number of people who recover from infection minus the number who leave the population due to death or emigration. since the equations for s and i are independent of r, the system of equations can be simplified to not include r explicitly, since it can be expressed in terms of s and i : furthermore, the solutions for these two equations must be nonlinear, due to the presence of the product si. finding exact solutions to nonlinear differential equations is particularly difficult. this can be accomplished in two different ways. the first is to use a numerical method, such as runge - kutta to approximate the solution. otherwise, we can linearize the system of equations and find the solutions around the critical points to find an approximate solution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5704176700760143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0115c48-444f-41d4-8d8f-de912de8b4a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.233032"}
{"text": "accomplished in two different ways. the first is to use a numerical method, such as runge - kutta to approximate the solution. otherwise, we can linearize the system of equations and find the solutions around the critical points to find an approximate solution. one way to do this is by the nullcline approach. we set s \u2019 and i \u2019 to zero, and solve the resulting system, obtaining this is then the critical point where the equilibrium is defined. when shown in the si - plane, this point gives the solution to the linear portion of the system around which the nonlinear portion oscillates. since the system is stable, it should converge to this point as this value of s is also the threshold defined by the threshold theorem. in order for i to be positive ( nonzero ) at equilibrium, this value must be less than one. if i is not positive, then there are no infected people at equilibrium and there is no epidemic. then, for a small enough ratio of r to c, decreasing the contact rate can have a significant effect, and the severity of the epidemic can be reduced or even eliminated by the implementation of public health measures such as isolation of infectives or vaccination of susceptibles. this solution suggests that there should be recurring outbreaks of diminishing severity after the initial outbreak. this pattern is not quite what is observed, though. in fact, it is found that the severity of epidemics can depend on a number of other factors, including seasonal changes. the model can then be refined by making b a function of time rather than a constant, to portray a higher susceptibility during winter months than during the summer. by adding this seasonality function, apparently random fluctuations that look chaotic are observed. ( ref 2 ) the system, though perhaps aperiodic, is stable though, so not actually chaotic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5999069668323388, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0115c48-444f-41d4-8d8f-de912de8b4a8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.234760"}
{"text": "common core spotlight an argument - writing activity hits three key standards we know that during test - prep season it \u2019 s important to find engaging activities that will reinforce multiple skills. that \u2019 s why we \u2019 re so excited about this issue \u2019 s readers theater play, the secret soldier. it \u2019 s based on the incredible true story of deborah sampson, who disguised herself as a man so she could fight in the american revolution. after students read the play, they \u2019 ll tackle our one - page debate, \u201c should women be allowed to fight in wars? \u201d, which presents arguments for and against women in combat today. your students will then trace each author \u2019 s argument, using our handy activity sheet. as a culminating activity, students will write their own argument essays about women in combat \u2014 but from deborah \u2019 s point of view. here \u2019 s why we love this activity : it combines several skills demanded by the common core : building strong arguments ( w1 ), writing to task, purpose, and audience ( w4 ), and acquiring domain - specific vocabulary ( l6 ) \u2014 the debate is packed with military terms. the activity is challenging but short enough to do in one period ( perfect for this busy test - prep season! ). and the topic is sure to foster some very interesting and topical discussions in your classroom. your students will : - read aloud this issue \u2019 s historical - fiction play, the secret soldier, and the debate on page 19 - consult our military terms glossary to interpret the challenging domain - specific vocabulary in the debate - analyze the debate with our activity sheet on identifying persuasive strategies, \u201c building an argument \u201d - use the persuasive strategies identified in the debate and text evidence from the play to respond to the writing prompt on page 19, which asks them to write an argument essay common core ela anchor standards this activity supports : r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r8, r9, w1, w4, w9, sl1, sl4, l1, l2, l4, l6 find additional activity sheets supporting the paired texts on our quizzes and activities page. more common core resources : to learn how the rest of the march 11, 2013, issue supports the common core state standards, see pages t2 \u2013 t3 of your teacher \u2019 s edition, or click here. to learn more about how scope aligns with the common core and to explore our awesome collection of common core resources, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47759197046272983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:479cb3f1-3138-4817-89d4-0969cc9d2dc8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.237802"}
{"text": "tydskrif vir letterkunde version impresa issn 0041 - 476x dederen, jean - marie. between women : the subtle voice of femininity in children ' s stories. tydskr. letterkd. [ online ]. 2012, vol. 49, n. 2, pp. 72 - 88. issn 0041 - 476x. the purpose of this essay is to illustrate and explore the representation of women in a selection of eight african children ' s stories from vhembe, in the limpopo province. the discussion is shaped primarily by the shared knowledge of the female elders who provided the narratives and participated in their analysis. the argument put forward is plain and simple : storytelling is one of many stratagems by means of which rural women - far from being passive spectators, nor willing consumers of a patriarchal world view - have created an autonomous physical and symbolic space for themselves, in opposition to the \" stronger sex \". by combining anthropological analysis with indigenous exegesis, it was established that some of the selected narratives reveal the voices of women ' s \" protest \", the nature of which is subtle and understated rather than rebellious or subversive. palabras llave : children ' s stories ; feminine discourse ; rural women ' s narratives ; vhembe region ; women ' s protest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327856313204453, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d93bcdd5-87a2-4943-8736-1350be46bbfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.239397"}
{"text": "mar. 3, 2004 a tiny electric wire deep in carlene morehead \u2019 s brain constantly sends signals that tame overactive neurons, restoring her ability to walk, talk and enjoy time with her family. mrs. morehead, 67, has had parkinson \u2019 s disease for 20 years. little more than a year ago, her motor skills rapidly declined after her response to medications began to change, causing her to oscillate between having too little mobility and having excessive, uncontrolled movements. she opted to undergo a surgical procedure called deep brain stimulation. dr. cole giller, associate professor of neurological surgery and radiology at ut southwestern medical center at dallas and one of only three surgeons in dallas who performs the operation, placed two tiny electrodes in the subthalamic nuclei on either side of mrs. morehead \u2019 s brain and wired them to pacemakers implanted in the chest wall just below her collarbones. the electrodes deliver continuous, high - frequency electrical stimulation to cells in areas of the brain that control movement. the treatment results in marked improvement in stiffness, slowness, tremors, weakness and other disabling symptoms. \u201c the goal of this is to trade electricity for medication, because the electricity can be delivered at a steady rate that can be adjusted in small steps to produce the greatest benefits and the least side - effects, \u201d dr. giller said. \u201c the pacemaker is actually turned on by the same doctor who has been managing the drug therapy of the parkinson \u2019 s patient. \u201d after her recovery from surgery, mrs. morehead \u2019 s neurologist, dr. padraig o \u2019 suilleabhain, assistant professor of neurology at ut southwestern, activated the pacemakers and made a series of adjustments in the following weeks. during this time, with adjustment of medication and stimulation, she recovered the ability to function without limitation and without the up and down response she had been experiencing. mrs. morehead now visits the clinic once every few months for adjustments. \u201c i \u2019 ll come in, and i \u2019 ll be having trouble with my speech, and he \u2019 ll tweak it a little bit, and i \u2019 ll start speaking more clearly, \u201d she said. dr. o \u2019 suilleabhain said the surgery has significantly improved the quality of life for 80 percent of his patients who opted to have it, with dramatic improvements in some. \u201c some of the effects of stimulation occur in the first minute after adjustment. a severe tremor can disappear right before your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48721082347322464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2065a429-0d61-43bd-8c1c-b3af9d8fbca9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.243623"}
{"text": "the surgery has significantly improved the quality of life for 80 percent of his patients who opted to have it, with dramatic improvements in some. \u201c some of the effects of stimulation occur in the first minute after adjustment. a severe tremor can disappear right before your eyes, \u201d dr. o \u2019 suilleabhain said. deep brain stimulation was originally approved for use in the early 1990s to provide electrical stimulation of the thalamus in patients with disabling tremors. in the last few years, neurological surgeons have found that placement of the electrodes just under the thalamus \u2013 in the subthalamic nucleus \u2013 not only improves tremors, but is effective in managing the slowness and stiffness and involuntary movements seen in parkinson \u2019 s disease. researchers have found that the electrical stimulation continues to provide significant improvements in quality of life for at least five years after implantation. balance and mental abilities, which can be impaired by parkinson \u2019 s disease in some people, are usually not helped by the stimulation. the surgery is not a cure for parkinson \u2019 s disease. the gradual loss of nerve cells in the affected part of the brain continues despite the functional improvements. deep brain stimulation is replacing surgical procedures known as pallidotomy and thalamotomy, in which the surgeon actually creates holes in specific areas of the brain. unlike the older procedures, deep brain stimulation is reversible, adjustable and poses less risk. dr. giller has developed a unique method of pinpointing the location of the structure in the brain targeted for electrode implantation. he inserts a wire with a tiny flashlight on the tip to illuminate the area of the brain and then analyze its optical properties. dr. giller has used the optical probe to guide his placement of the electrode in 130 deep brain stimulation procedures, including mrs. morehead \u2019 s. \u201c we can distinguish gray matter from white matter very elegantly, \u201d dr. giller said. \u201c it is very easy, very quick, and we are the only ones in the world to use optical technology to do this. \u201d eleven months after mrs. morehead \u2019 s surgery, she and her husband, randall, had a glimpse of what life might have been without it. two days before christmas, a magnetic device in a department store shut off one of the pacemakers in her chest. within hours, she could not walk or talk. \u201c by dinner time that night, i was crawling, \u201d she said. \u201c my husband had to carry me into the doctor \u2019 s office, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5076719421428784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2065a429-0d61-43bd-8c1c-b3af9d8fbca9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.244553"}
{"text": "dec. 8, 2009 nanoscale machines expected to have wide application in industry, energy, medicine and other fields may someday operate far more efficiently thanks to important theoretical discoveries concerning the manipulation of famous casimir forces that took place at the u. s. department of energy ' s ames laboratory. the groundbreaking research, conducted through mathematical simulations, revealed the possibility of a new class of materials able to exert a repulsive force when they are placed in extremely close proximity to each other. the repulsive force, which harnesses a quantum phenomenon known as the casimir effect, may someday allow nanoscale machines to overcome mechanical friction. though the frictional forces in nanoscale environments are small, they significantly inhibit the function of the tiny devices designed to operate in that realm, explained costas soukoulis, a senior physicist at the ames lab and distinguished professor of physics at iowa state university, who led the research effort. soukoulis and his teammates, including ames laboratory assistant scientist thomas koschny, were the first to study the use of exotic materials known as chiral metamaterials as a way to harness the casimir effect. their efforts have demonstrated that it is indeed possible to manipulate the casimir force. the findings were published in the sept. 4, 2009 issue of physical review letters. understanding the importance of their discovery requires a basic understanding of both the casimir effect and the unique nature of chiral metamaterials. the casimir effect was named after dutch physicist hendrik casimir, who postulated its existence in 1948. using quantum theory, casimir predicted that energy should exist even in a vacuum, which can give rise to forces acting on the bodies brought into close proximity of each other. for the simple case of two parallel plates, he postulated that the energy density inside the gap should decrease as the size of the gap decreases, also meaning work must be done to pull the plates apart. alternatively, an attractive force that pushes the plates closer together can be said to exist. casimir forces observed experimentally in nature have almost always been attractive and have rendered nanoscale and microscale machines inoperable by causing their moving parts to permanently stick together. this has been a long - standing problem that scientists working on such devices have struggled to overcome. remarkably, this new discovery demonstrates that a repulsive casimir effect is possible using chiral metamaterials. chiral materials share an interesting characteristic : their molecular structure prevents them from being superimposed over a reverse copy of themselves, in the same way a human hand cannot fit perfectly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6368308665636266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8dd4d113-9bac-4b8e-bad4-be3b9931562e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.248501"}
{"text": "a repulsive casimir effect is possible using chiral metamaterials. chiral materials share an interesting characteristic : their molecular structure prevents them from being superimposed over a reverse copy of themselves, in the same way a human hand cannot fit perfectly atop a reverse image of itself. chiral materials are fairly common in nature. the sugar molecule ( sucrose ) is one example. however, natural chiral materials are incapable of producing a repulsive casimir effect that is strong enough to be of practical use. for that reason, the group turned its attention to chiral metamaterials, so named because they do not exist in nature and must instead be made in the lab. the fact that they are artificial gives them a unique advantage, commented koschny. \" with natural materials you have to take what nature gives you ; with metamaterials, you can create a material to exactly meet your requirements, \" he said. the chiral metamaterials the researchers focused on have a unique geometric structure that enabled them to change the nature of energy waves, such as those located in the gap between the two closely positioned plates, causing those waves to exert a repulsive casimir force. the present study was carried out using mathematical simulations because of the difficulties involved in fabricating these materials with semiconductor lithographic techniques. while more work needs to be done to determine if chiral materials can induce a repulsive casimir force strong enough to overcome friction in nanoscale devices, practical applications of the casimir effect are already under close study at other doe facilities, including los alamos and sandia national laboratories. both have expressed considerable interest in using the chiral metamaterials designed at ames laboratory to fabricate new structures and reduce the attractive casimir force, and possibly to obtain a repulsive casimir force. funding for this research was provided by the doe office of science. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - zhao et al. repulsive casimir force in chiral metamaterials. physical review letters, 2009 ; 103 ( 10 ) : 103602 doi : 10. 1103 / physrevlett. 103. 103602 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5967739569831657, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8dd4d113-9bac-4b8e-bad4-be3b9931562e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.249472"}
{"text": "aug. 13, 2010 isolating cells from a patient ' s blood or bone marrow that nourish blood vessels may be a safer and less arduous route to treatment of cardiovascular disease than obtaining rare stem cells, according to research from emory university school of medicine. in recent clinical trials, doctors in several countries have tested the ability of a patient ' s bone marrow cells to repair damage, such as heart attacks and peripheral artery disease, created by problems of blood flow. \" the focus has been on stem cells, but it looks like the main beneficial effects come from transplanted cells ' ability to support the growth of nearby blood vessels, \" says senior author young - sup yoon, md, phd, associate professor of medicine ( cardiology ) at emory university school of medicine. \" based on this idea, we wanted to identify a population of cells enriched with the capacity to regenerate blood vessels. \" the blood vessel - repairing properties of selected cells from human blood were described in the aug. 10 issue of the journal of the american college of cardiology, with a related paper on cells derived from mouse bone marrow published online july 15 by the journal circulation research. the first author of the jacc paper is postdoctoral fellow sung - whan kim, phd. the first author of the circulation research paper is hyongbum kim, md, phd, now an assistant professor in korea. yoon ' s team focused on the molecule cd31, also known as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule - 1 or pecam - 1, because of its presence on endothelial cells - - the cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels. in experiments with donated blood from human volunteers or mouse bone marrow cells, the researchers showed that cells with cd31 on their surfaces secrete hormones that support the growth of blood vessels. about a third of the cells in the blood or bone marrow have cd31 on their surfaces, including some differentiated immune cells. in culture, sorted cells displaying cd31 can form tubular structures mimicking the growth of blood vessels in the body. \" we can show that after transplantation, some cd31 positive cells do become endothelial cells, but their main effect is more to support other cells than to become the building blocks, \" yoon says. the researchers used antibodies against cd31 to sort human blood or mouse bone marrow cells into two groups : cells with cd31 and those without. they then tested these cells ' ability to spur blood vessel regrowth in mice whose hind legs had a blocked blood supply.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646933657680498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e9f020d-3e16-4011-87c6-aff3d0ddd392>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.254640"}
{"text": "antibodies against cd31 to sort human blood or mouse bone marrow cells into two groups : cells with cd31 and those without. they then tested these cells ' ability to spur blood vessel regrowth in mice whose hind legs had a blocked blood supply. in the project described in circulation research, after two weeks more than 80 percent of the mouse hind legs transplanted with cd31 positive bone marrow cells survived, while less than 15 percent of the legs transplanted with cd31 negative cells survived. in laser doppler images, the mice with cd31 positive cells injected into their legs had greatly enhanced blood flow and an increased number of capillaries. yoon says harvesting cd31 positive cells may have several advantages compared to previous methods of treating cardiovascular disease. the cells can be prepared without the need to grow them in a dish for several days, and it may not be necessary to take large volumes of blood or bone marrow from the patient - - an advantage with respect to safety. in addition, cells from mice used to simulate atherosclerosis ( mutant for a gene that helps clear fat from the blood and given a high - fat diet ) do not seem to lose their repair potential. \" based on the insights gained from preclinical and clinical studies from several investigators, we view the use of cd31 positive cells as a second - generation cardiovascular cell therapy that could be a novel option for the treatment of peripheral artery disease, \" yoon says. he adds that cd31 positive cells may have potential for treating other conditions, including heart attack, heart failure and diabetic neuropathy, which his team is investigating in animal models. the research was supported by the national institutes of health, the department of defense and the korean ministry of education, science and technology. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - s. w. kim, h. kim, h. j. cho, j. u. lee, r. levit, and y. yoon. human peripheral blood - derived cd31 cells have robust angiogenic and vasculogenic properties and are effective for treating ischemic vascular disease. journal of the american college of cardiology, 2010 ; 56 ( 7 ) : 593 doi : 10. 1016 / j. jacc. 2010. 01. 070 - h. kim, h. - j. cho, s. - w. kim, b. liu, y. j.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552523611038925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e9f020d-3e16-4011-87c6-aff3d0ddd392>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.255663"}
{"text": "framework for economic development in scotland part 1 the framework 1. 1 the vision and objectives of the framework the first framework for economic development in scotland1 had a clear vision : to raise the quality of life of the scottish people through increasing the economic opportunities for all on a socially and environmentally sustainable basis. this remains the vision of the executive. it reflects the kind of society that we would like to see in 5 - 10 years time and the nature of the economy that we believe is necessary in order to achieve this goal. it is reflected in the executive ' s partnership agreement for a better scotland2, which sets out the principles underpinning this administration. it notes succinctly that : \" growing the economy is our top priority. a successful economy is key to our future prosperity and a pre - requisite for building first class public services, social justice and a scotland of opportunity. \" the primary challenge in the scottish economy is, therefore, to establish an accelerated and sustainable rate of economic growth. the executive ' s economic objectives are on two levels : at the top level, there are the principal outcome objectives, which are underpinned by the enabling objectives that support the achievement of these outcomes. the principal outcome objectives. feds is focussed on achieving four key outcomes that are fundamental to executive policy : - economic growth - with growth accelerated and sustained through greater competitiveness in the global economy ; - regional development - with economic growth a pre - requisite for all regions to enjoy the same economic opportunities, and with regional development itself contributing to national economic prosperity ; - closing the opportunity gap - with economic growth a pre - requisite for all in society to enjoy enhanced economic opportunities, and with social development in turn contributing to national economic prosperity ; and - sustainable development - in economic, social and environmental terms. the framework for economic development in scotland the enabling objectives. the achievement of these desired outcomes depends upon a complex array of economic drivers. establishing the underlying conditions and context for economic growth to flourish is, therefore, a critical step. there are four key enabling objectives : - a stable and supportive macroeconomic environment ; - a facilitating national economic context : encompassing the physical, human and electronic infrastructure ; - dynamic competitiveness in scottish enterprises ; and - economic policies and programmes to secure the social, regional and environmental objectives. the first objective here is widely acknowledged as being a pre - requisite for economic growth and stability. it is clearly the primary responsibility of the uk government - although the executive bears responsibility for supporting and contributing to this objective - while the other three enabling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4827913153881717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.269836"}
{"text": ". the first objective here is widely acknowledged as being a pre - requisite for economic growth and stability. it is clearly the primary responsibility of the uk government - although the executive bears responsibility for supporting and contributing to this objective - while the other three enabling objectives form the focus of the executive ' s approach. it is in these respects that the public sector has potentially the greatest contribution to make to the success of private sector entrepreneurial activity and to the overall growth performance of the scottish economy. 1. 2 the strategic approach fulfilling the vision set out in feds requires a well - articulated strategic approach to address the executive ' s economic growth, social justice and sustainability objectives, while acknowledging their clear interdependence. feds is designed to be a comprehensive framework for growth. the productivity of enterprises and of the public sector increasing our economic growth rate will be secured through sustained increases in our competitiveness in international and domestic markets. this competitive edge will itself fundamentally depend on raising the underlying productivity of both our enterprises and of our public sector. the principal focus of the framework is therefore upon securing a more dynamic economy in which enterprises and individuals are able to respond rapidly and effectively to the continuous change and intense pressures of the global economy. it must be a long - term strategy that secures fundamental change and sustainability, and one that is a partnership between the private and public sectors. the productivity and associated dynamic competitiveness of our enterprises remains the fundamental driver of our economic performance. it is equally the key challenge. productivity is driven by a range of factors upon which the devolved scottish government will continue to focus its energies. these are, in part, integral to the operation and management of enterprises themselves and, in part, constitute the wider economic environment in which enterprises need to operate. the most important factors are : - the basic education and skills of our key resource - our people - and their capacity to renew and enhance these skills on a continuing basis. a skills and learning strategy must embrace the full range of skills, including basic skills of literacy and numeracy for all ; the skills required of employees, managers and entrepreneurs ; and the skills of our research and academic community. we must improve the skills of the whole population through further support for the basic education system, by strengthening lifelong learning, and by nurturing higher and further education. this must include a concern for raising our manual and vocational skills. better skills are the key to improving individual life chances, increasing the flexibility of the labour force and maintaining competitiveness. scotland has to embrace the knowledge economy and the reality of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47719551958519957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.271066"}
{"text": "further education. this must include a concern for raising our manual and vocational skills. better skills are the key to improving individual life chances, increasing the flexibility of the labour force and maintaining competitiveness. scotland has to embrace the knowledge economy and the reality of continual learning if it is to compete in the global marketplace. - the generation of knowledge is a key element in the growth of the scottish economy. competition in the knowledge - intensive global markets will be as acute as in the labour - intensive markets in which scotland once prospered. - the physical infrastructure underpins the competitiveness of enterprises, whether it be transportation systems or the electronic infrastructure. high - quality infrastructure is a pre - requisite for thriving and successful enterprise in scotland as well as delivering an adequate supply of housing. planning and development structures are also important. with the new national planning framework, steps have been taken to ensure that, while competing and sometimes conflicting objectives must be addressed, the contribution of the planning system to economic development is explicitly recognised and is taken into account. it is clear that the planning system needs to be reformed to make it more efficient, more rapid in its processes and more attuned to the needs of business and housing requirements. transport will continue to be a high priority, with a clear focus on improved strategic planning, infrastructure investment, reducing road congestion and improving public transport. - the basic entrepreneurial drive and competitiveness of enterprises remain critical elements and are the foundations on which any strategy for growth must build. entrepreneurial drive continues to be determined by a complex set of factors, ranging from the skills and knowledge of potential entrepreneurs and business people to the confidence they have in the opportunities that scotland offers. - without the confidence that scotland is a buoyant and profitable place to conduct business, entrepreneurs will be cautious and risk averse. attitudes to business - from primary school through to higher and further education - need to be positive and supportive. the executive will continue its efforts to promote the enthusiasm and confidence in the scottish economy that will help create a climate in which enterprise can flourish ; - innovative behaviour of entrepreneurs and managers is a necessary condition for a dynamic economy. the application of the large body of knowledge that is already available - and now more accessible from all over the world - and the cutting - edge knowledge that is generated within the scottish research community itself is of great importance. competitiveness rests on innovation leading to a continual process of business development, where the production and marketing of new and refined products is essential ; - the levels of research and development in scottish business remain very low relative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48699962305711264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.272161"}
{"text": "scottish research community itself is of great importance. competitiveness rests on innovation leading to a continual process of business development, where the production and marketing of new and refined products is essential ; - the levels of research and development in scottish business remain very low relative to our major competitors. when the key to securing a continuing productivity advantage lies to a large extent in the ability to access innovative and new methods of working and producing goods and services, this is a crucial challenge ; - an outward focus is equally critical. while the importance of securing new export markets in fast - growing economies and in rapidly growing sectors is familiar, analysis of the strategies of successful businesses suggests a need to encourage companies to be bolder in seeking opportunities beyond exporting. the global connections strategy reflects a shift from focussing on traditional manufacturing - based inward investment and exporting to a new range of business partnerships built on the exchange of knowledge, technology, ideas, skills and people. the executive campaign to promote scotland ' s international image will also help build overseas business by demonstrating scotland ' s cultural, academic and economic strengths. in addition, the executive will focus on the continual improvement of public sector productivity through its management of the public finances. as a major element in the scottish economy in its own right, the scottish public sector has a crucial role to play. the executive ' s expenditure decisions impact both directly and indirectly on economic activity, and the effectiveness and efficiency with which these expenditure programmes are undertaken therefore affect our economic performance. high standards of appraisal and evaluation will be maintained, and there will be a continual drive to identify more innovative and effective mechanisms for delivering and supporting public services. in addition, the strategic approach to raising our own resources through personal and business taxation will play an important role in feds in view of their importance for business and personal incentives and behaviour. we will, where appropriate, take the opportunity to provide incentives for growth, through, for example, the small business rates relief scheme. specifically, the executive ' s strategy has been to set the maximum annual increase in the poundage rate equal to the growth in the retail price index, while it will not make use of the powers to vary the basic rate of income tax at this time. the underlying principles the framework for economic development in scotland is based on several underlying principles : long - term approach. feds requires a long - term strategic approach that focuses on the key determinants of economic development. many of these need, by their very nature, to be addressed through consistent and sustained policy implementation over many years. some have very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.510875168495139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.273306"}
{"text": "term approach. feds requires a long - term strategic approach that focuses on the key determinants of economic development. many of these need, by their very nature, to be addressed through consistent and sustained policy implementation over many years. some have very long lead times - for example, the investment in the early years of children ' s education to provide eventual but long - lasting economic and social returns. others relate to the economic behaviour of individuals - and, especially the basic attitudes, risk taking and decision making of individual entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs - where the necessary culture change may take many years of sustained effort. complementarity of the public and private sectors. economic growth is primarily determined by the success of enterprises in developing products that can compete effectively both domestically and throughout the world. while government can make a contribution, it is the dynamism of the private sector on which future prosperity depends. the executive can help to encourage increased productivity and the competitiveness of scottish enterprises in a number of ways. it can seek to respond to market failure in the exploitation by business of science and research ; it can ensure that scotland has a physical and electronic infrastructure that supports growth ; and it can provide through the education system at all levels for the skills which the competitive economy of the future will require. and it can work in partnership with the private sector to anticipate and respond to the global challenges from which no open economy can be immune. the prevailing set of economic powers. feds takes the present constitutional settlement, and notably the definition of powers and responsibilities as set out in the scotland act ( 1998 ), as its basis. consequently, while the devolved scottish government has control over a very significant array of key economic development powers and policy instruments, it does not have powers over the policy areas reserved to the uk level. these include uk macroeconomic and microeconomic policies relating notably to tax and welfare, programmes to provide work incentives, competition, and some regulatory policy. the strategic approach in feds is based on the assumption that the present distribution of powers remains unchanged. importance of sustainability. feds takes seriously the responsibility of preserving for future generations the economic opportunities and environmental resources that we enjoy today. the economic linkages between different sectors of the economy continue to be important. for example, the flows of knowledge and research into the enterprise sector are of paramount importance, as is the understanding within the worlds of education and training of individuals ' needs for education and lifelong learning in an ever - changing economic environment. similarly, the economic importance of the physical infrastructure and the planning framework is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5112339681752502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.274391"}
{"text": "the enterprise sector are of paramount importance, as is the understanding within the worlds of education and training of individuals ' needs for education and lifelong learning in an ever - changing economic environment. similarly, the economic importance of the physical infrastructure and the planning framework is immense, both factors bearing heavily on the decision - making process within enterprises. economic growth is a national priority. it is not the sole responsibility of one area of government, or dependent on one sector. economic prosperity is only secured through the efforts and contributions of a wide range of individuals and bodies, working in an integrated and collaborative manner. this means that all the departments within the executive play a part in determining - and contributing to - scottish economic development. balancing other objectives with these economic objectives will be challenging, especially as regards the identification of sustainable economic policies and the enhancing of regional and social opportunities. the devolved scottish government ' s vision clearly demands the delivery of the key outcomes for both the present and future benefit of scottish society as a whole. importantly, however, feds is predicated on the understanding that achieving our equity and sustainability objectives is closely tied to achieving our economic objectives. while the fundamental economic analysis and the strategic direction of recent years remain valid, there are issues that have progressively increased in importance in the years since the first directions were set out in the original edition of feds. these are accorded a greater emphasis here as integral elements of the executive ' s economic strategy. each is discussed in greater detail below, but, in summary, they include : - managing public finances, so that we are efficient and effective in procuring and providing public services and investment, upholding the highest standards of financial and economic management ; - raising the environmental sustainability of economic development to safeguard the interests of future generations ; - demographic change in scotland, which poses a set of challenges that we have to meet to guarantee the long - run sustainability of the economy ; and - the planning system, since it can facilitate or constrain enterprise and business development, and the quality of life. within this framework, the devolved scottish government has identified five key drivers of economic development that are especially important and to which it will give priority. these are key elements in promoting both private sector and public sector productivity : - basic education and skills : crucial to any strategy for economic growth and the bedrock for the foundation of a competitive economy ; - research & development and innovation : the foundations for improvements in productivity and for sustainable global competitiveness ; - entrepreneurial dynamism : the creation of new enterprise and a positive, risk -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47470162685472045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.275530"}
{"text": "growth and the bedrock for the foundation of a competitive economy ; - research & development and innovation : the foundations for improvements in productivity and for sustainable global competitiveness ; - entrepreneurial dynamism : the creation of new enterprise and a positive, risk - taking attitude to enterprise are central to the establishment of a dynamic economy ; - the electronic and physical infrastructure : joining business to business, consumer to business, and ensuring the efficient movement of goods, people, and ideas to the right places at the right times ; and - managing public sector resources more effectively : improving the efficiency and effectiveness with which resources are deployed in the provision of public services. 1. 3 the scale of the challenge the scale of the challenge is evident from the present size of the productivity gap between scotland and many of the advanced economies of the world. while there are various definitions of productivity and there are familiar difficulties in measurement, the data all tell a similar story : namely, that the uk lags behind its major competitors and scotland lags behind the uk. the table below demonstrates the magnitude of the challenge on the basis of one critical measure, gdp per hour worked. the gap in scottish productivity is long - standing and it is clear that it has widened over the period from 1996 to 2002. gdp per hour3worked 1996 - 2002 ( uk = 100 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5345602076620245, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6752a14-177a-494f-8282-f245107a14f3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.276114"}
{"text": "[ skip top navbar ] andrew gregory ' s web pages i have been aware of the general consensus of needing between 250 and 300 pixels - per - inch when printing photos to get a good quality print. what i ' d never bothered figuring out was why? this page describes my investigations and turns them into a few simple formulas that help indicate what resolutions, in relation to printing and capture ( camera ), are needed in various circumstances. i ' ve been pleasantly surprised by how close the formulas match the general newsgroup recommendations. i hope this information is found to be useful. how much resolution is enough? this is a common question in newsgroups. the answer is simple. it depends! it depends on several things : according to the 15th edition of the encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 1977 ) : the power of distinguishing detail is essentially the power to resolve two stimuli separated in space, so that, if a grating of black lines on a white background is moved farther and farther away from an observer, a point is reached when he will be unable to distinguish this stimulus pattern from a uniformly gray sheet of paper. the angle subtended at the eye by the spacing between the lines at the point where they are just resolvable is called the resolving power of the eye ; the reciprocal of the angle, in minutes of arc, is called the visual acuity. thus, a visual acuity of unity indicates a power of resolving detail subtending one minute of arc at the eye ; a visual acuity of two indicates a resolution of one - half minute, or 30 seconds of arc. the visual acuity depends strongly on the illumination of the test target,... thus, with a brightly illuminated target, with the surroundings equally brightly illuminated ( the ideal condition ), the visual acuity may be as high as two. when the illumination is reduced, the acuity falls so that, under ordinary conditions of daylight viewing, visual acuity is not much better than unity. - macrop\u00e6dia, volume 7, page 104. the article goes on to relate the 30 seconds of arc to the diameter of the light - sensing cones and rods on the retina, establishing 30 seconds of arc ( a visual acuity of 2 ) to be the absolute maximum resolution possible in the human visual system. clearly, as you view subjects from greater and greater distances, the level of detail you can see diminishes. the distance between the details is best measured by the angle between them as you view them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49538382917180224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39e5784-51c1-4866-b7e4-6908c32a0586>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.290790"}
{"text": "resolution possible in the human visual system. clearly, as you view subjects from greater and greater distances, the level of detail you can see diminishes. the distance between the details is best measured by the angle between them as you view them. as they move further away, the angle diminishes, and thus the detail also diminishes. the minimum angle between the details was established above, under visual acuity, as 30 seconds of arc under ideal conditions and one minute of arc under ordinary conditions. the relationship between angle, distance and detail separation is given by the formula ( see math forum : ask dr. math faq : circle formulas ) : c = 2 \u00d7 d \u00d7 tan ( \u03b8 \u00f7 2 ) where c ( the chord length ) is the detail separation distance, d ( the distance to the chord midpoint ) is the viewing distance, and \u03b8 ( the angle in radians ) is the visual acuity angle. to aid the maths, the angles given above in degrees have been converted to radians ( see dr. math item ) : | angle | |... in radians | | 30 seconds of arc | | 0. 000145444 | | 1 minute of arc | | 0. 000290888 | to show how this works in practice, consider a standard 6 by 4 inch print. it depends on the person, but these might typically be viewed at a distance of 15 inches. basing the calculation on ordinary ( typical ) viewing conditions where the visual acuity angle is 0. 000290888 radians ( \u03b8 ), the distance ( d ) between two details such that they are just distinguishable when viewed from a distance of 15 inches ( v ) is : d = 2 \u00d7 v \u00d7 tan ( \u03b8 \u00f7 2 ) d = 2 \u00d7 15 \u00d7 tan ( 0. 000290888 \u00f7 2 ) d = 0. 004363323 the reciprocal of that is the \" details per inch \" = 229. this would be the minimum \" pixels per inch \" required for printed details to be at the limit of visual resolution under ordinary conditions. a larger print, intended to be viewed at a distance of, say 30 inches, would require a minimum ppi of 115. a quick way to determine the minimum ppi resolution to print your photos is to divide 3438 by the intended viewing distance in inches. this is for ordinary conditions ; double the number for ideal conditions. where did \" 3438 \" come from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5004175874447722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39e5784-51c1-4866-b7e4-6908c32a0586>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.291732"}
{"text": "115. a quick way to determine the minimum ppi resolution to print your photos is to divide 3438 by the intended viewing distance in inches. this is for ordinary conditions ; double the number for ideal conditions. where did \" 3438 \" come from? given the visual acuity angle for ordinary viewing, the equation can be written as : 1 \u00f7 ppi = 2 \u00d7 v \u00d7 tan ( 0. 000290888 \u00f7 2 ) 1 \u00f7 ppi = v \u00d7 0. 000290888 ppi = 3437. 746747 \u00f7 v pixels in your photo image are not the same as dots printed on your photo paper. each pixel on your screen can be one of 16 million different colours. printers have a much more limited range of colours per dot. at minimum it is the number of different colour ink tanks installed in the printer, plus one ( for white - the blank paper ). some printers are capable of overprinting their colours, giving their printed dots a wider range of colours. for example, my hp officejet g95 uses the hp photoret iii \" colour layering technology \". the printer has four inks - black, cyan, magenta, and yellow. according to hp technical documentation, the photoret iii technology can produce over 3500 different colours per dot. different printers with more ink tanks ( the additional colours usually being light cyan, light magenta, and light black ) will be able to produce more colours per dot. in any case, no matter the technology or the number of ink colours, printers simply cannot come anywhere near the 16 million different colours per pixel your images are capable of. printers address this problem by printing smaller dots and more of them. the same principle that causes a fine weave of black and white threads to appear gray from a distance is used to make the small number of colours available to a printer appear to be a much wider range of colours when viewed from a distance, even if that distance is only a few inches. there is no simple method to determine the dpi to print a photo at. clearly, it ' s related to the viewing distance and, by extension, the ppi. the dpi value must exceed the ppi value by a significant amount in order for the colours of the printed dots to blend imperceptibly. the amount by which the dpi must exceed the ppi depends on how the printer makes up the extra colours. the fewer colours the printer is able to produce per dot, the more dots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46424697140999993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39e5784-51c1-4866-b7e4-6908c32a0586>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.293233"}
{"text": "of the printed dots to blend imperceptibly. the amount by which the dpi must exceed the ppi depends on how the printer makes up the extra colours. the fewer colours the printer is able to produce per dot, the more dots are required to spread the average colour around. the short answer is, print at the highest dpi your printer allows. for printers that allow a trade - off between resolution and colours - per - dot ( like my officejet ), the only way to determine which is best is to try the different configurations and see for yourself which is better. i can ' t tell the difference in quality, but the \" lower - resolution - with - more - colours - per - dot \" configuration prints faster for me. if the assumption was made that digital cameras can record the full 16 million different colours per pixel, the calculation to determine the required resolution would be simple. take your required print size in inches and the ppi you calculated for the required viewing distance and multiply them togther. for example, a 6 by 4 inch print to be viewed at 15 inches would require a minimum ( 6 \u00d7 229 ) \u00d7 ( 4 \u00d7 229 ) = 1374 \u00d7 916 = 1258584 pixels = 1. 2 megapixels. however, digital cameras are not capable of capturing 16 million different colours per pixel. instead they use a colour filter ( called a bayer filter ) made up of red, green, and blue and measure 256 different shades of each. my inside my qv - 3000 web page has close - up photos of a ccd where you can see the filter. how stuff works has a page describing the process. ( note that recent innovations, in particular the foveon x3, are expected to remove this limitation and result in cameras capable of measuring the full 16 million colours at each pixel. ) the process to convert these separate colours reduces the effective resolution of the camera by at least half. therefore, the required megapixels calculated above should be doubled to 2. 4 megapixels. rearranging the maths will result in a simpler formula. all dimensions in inches or square inches as appropriate. megapixels ( mp ) = ( bayer filter correction ) \u00d7 ( print width \u00d7 ppi \u00d7 print height \u00d7 ppi ) \u00f7 1000000 mp = 2 \u00d7 ( print area \u00d7 ppi\u00b2 ) \u00f7 1000000 ppi = ( 3437. 746747 \u00f7 viewing distance ( v ) ) ppi\u00b2 = ( 118", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4777853706100414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39e5784-51c1-4866-b7e4-6908c32a0586>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.294199"}
{"text": "print height \u00d7 ppi ) \u00f7 1000000 mp = 2 \u00d7 ( print area \u00d7 ppi\u00b2 ) \u00f7 1000000 ppi = ( 3437. 746747 \u00f7 viewing distance ( v ) ) ppi\u00b2 = ( 11818102. 69 \u00f7 v\u00b2 ) mp = 2 \u00d7 ( print area \u00d7 11818102. 69 \u00f7 v\u00b2 ) \u00f7 1000000 mp = ( print area \u00d7 23. 63620539 \u00f7 v\u00b2 ) using the previous example, the 6 by 4 inch print has an area of 24in\u00b2. the square of the viewing distance is 225. the required megapixels are ( 24 \u00d7 23. 6 ) \u00f7 225 = 2. 5. what these formulas are calculating is the resolution beyond which any higher resolution is pointless. your personal preferences may allow the resolution to be lower. note also that where your printers dpi does not greatly exceed the ppi of your prints, the quality will be poorer and will need to be viewed at distances greater than those indicated here. these numbers are for high quality under ' ordinary ' conditions. double the ppi and quadruple the mp for ' ideal ' conditions. for highest quality prints, scale your photos so that the ppi is no smaller than the value indicated by the formula : ppi = 3438 \u00f7 ( viewing distance in inches ) print your photos at the highest dots - per - inch ( dpi ) your printer allows. preferably, the printer dpi should triple ( or more ) the image ppi. when performing the rescaling in your photo editor, do not select the resample option. you will either have more pixels than is strictly required, in which case the printer driver will happily ' down - sample ' your photo automatically. the extra pixels may even help it produce a slightly better print. if you don ' t have enough pixels than the maths would indicate, then there isn ' t anything you can do about it. pixels cannot be invented and you ' ll have to make the best of those you have. for example, if you ' re printing a photo intended for viewing at a distance of 15 inches, the minimum ppi to aim for is 3438 \u00f7 15 = 229, and your printer dpi should exceed 687. to determine the required megapixel resolution of the digital camera, use this formula : mp = ( print area in square inches ) \u00d7 23. 6 \u00f7 ( viewing distance in inches ) \u00b2 for example, a 6 by 4 inch print", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46708865975542735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c39e5784-51c1-4866-b7e4-6908c32a0586>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.295112"}
{"text": "seas information security tips you may feel like \" nothing i have on my computer is worth protecting, and they wouldn ' t bother with me anyway. \" but the truth is that a vulnerable computer can be the starting point for other attacks on our network. a hacker may not be interested in your computer specifically but rather may hijack your computer for use in remote proxy attacks such as a distributed denial of service ( ddos ), thereby becoming a threat to someone else ' s computer. most attacks come from automated cracking programs which simply try to break into every machine on the internet. when they break into one computer, they copy themselves to that machine so that it can try to break into yet more machines. so no one is choosing to break into your machine specifically, but your machine needs to be secure for the welfare of other computers on the network. below are some basic concepts and practices that will not only protect you and your data, but the whole penn computing community. as an eniac user, you are required to keep your account secure to protect the entire system. 1. don ' t open email attachments, unless you are expecting them. don ' t send email attachments using any of the extensions listed in the answers article on prohibited attachments, they will be interpreted as viruses and blocked. email containing these types of attachments is automatically deleted and there is no way to recover it. 2. lock your computer when you are away from your desk in the office, lab, or college house, even just for a minute. to lock a windows machine, press ctrl - alt - delete and click the \" lock computer \" button. 3. don ' t share your password with anyone. if you have a shared account, use a different password for it. also, don ' t use the same password on different sites. for example, don ' t use the same password for your bank account and for your email. don ' t write your passwords down. the best place to keep your passwords is in your head. 4. install and run antivirus software and keep it up - to - date. penn provides site - licensed copies of symantec antivirus to penn users at no cost. visit http : / / www. upenn. edu / computing / virus / to download a copy. once it ' s installed, be sure to run \" liveupdate \" to get the latest virus signature files on a regular basis. you can set up liveupdate to automatically go out and get updates ( see directions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5486487905376706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:273e6503-956c-4880-bc81-7a97280558e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.298851"}
{"text": "/ to download a copy. once it ' s installed, be sure to run \" liveupdate \" to get the latest virus signature files on a regular basis. you can set up liveupdate to automatically go out and get updates ( see directions below ) to automate symantec liveupdates : right - click on the symantec shield icon in the lower right corner of the display and select \" open symantec antivirus \". select schedule updates from the file pull - down menu. put a check in the box next to \" enable scheduled automatic updates \". click the schedule button. under frequency, click the button next to daily. select a convenient time for the updates to take place. click ok. 5. keep your operating system patches up - to - date. it ' s recommended to run windows update regularly. 6. don ' t let anyone modify your account or your computer, unless you trust them. 7. make sure your system security settings are correct. download and run microsoft baseline security analyzer. microsoft released this as a response to the code red and nimda worms a few years ago. it ' s designed to identify common security misconfigurations. 8. remove bad software - don ' t install spyware, peer - to - peer software, or \" toolbars \". run spybot search and destroy daily to detect and remove spyware. update it weekly. ( http : / / download. com. com / 3000 - 8022 - 10122137. html ) 9. if someone gets a message with your address in the \" from \" line, this doesn ' t mean your account was broken into. similarly, just because you get a bounced message from a message you never sent, doesn ' t mean your account was broken into. delete these messages, they are spam. 10. run the \" shields up \" scan, an internet security vulnerability profiling free service. this scan will identify exposed areas on your computer that intruders could use to probe and hack into. open ports make it easy for intruders to steal your personal information, credit card numbers, and so forth through your computer ' s insecure connection to the internet. do what you can to fix the security problems the \" shields up \" scan reports. there is a lot of helpful information on the site. go to \" shields up \" scan 11. install a firewall on your computer. cets technicians will install and set up a firewall on seas staff and faculty computers located in seas offices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4483056228504472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:273e6503-956c-4880-bc81-7a97280558e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.299958"}
{"text": ", securityfocus 2008 - 09 - 30 what ' s the harm in clicking on a button? that ' s the central question being discussed by security professionals following the cancellation of a presentation on user - interface overlays - - or \" clickjacking \" as some have dubbed the threat - - at last week ' s open web application security project ( owasp ) appsec conference in new york city. on friday, the u. s. computer emergency readiness team ( us - cert ) warned network administrators to beware of the technique. \" clickjacking gives an attacker the ability to trick a user into clicking on something only barely or momentarily noticeable, \" the group stated. \" therefore, if a user clicks on a web page, they may actually be clicking on content from another page. \" two researchers, robert hansen and jeremiah grossman, planned at appsec to discuss the threat of using web graphics to persuade a victim to click where an attacker wants on a page. the technique, which is also known as well as user - interface ( ui ) redressing and iframe overlay, can be used by an attacker to hide a button or link on a legitimate page, such as a bank ' s account page or web mail application, using other web content to mask the page ' s context. a web user might think, for example, that they are clicking on a button to close a dialog box, when the button press in reality deletes all their e - mail messages in gmail. or, a user might believe they are clicking on a button to decline to take a survey, when they are actually transferring money from their bank. the technique could be used to raise an article ' s digg score or get paid for a pay - for - click advertisement, said grossman, the chief technology officer for web security firm white hat security. \" the list is virtually endless and these are the more relatively harmless examples, \" he told securityfocus in an e - mail interview. \" next consider that an attack can invisibly hover these buttons below the users mouse, so that when the clicks on something the visually see, they actually are clicking on something the attacker wants them to. now, what could the bad guy potentially do with that ability? the more we researched, the worse the exploits become. \" hansen and grossman canceled their presentation after demonstrating to software maker adobe that one of its products could be affected by the attack. \" while they saw this issue as primarily a web browser issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5116096961410836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc9cacd1-a3e5-4855-90d4-9b5c0b7f9465>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.303696"}
{"text": "a decade back, i had the chance to wander a mile into a sequoia grove, and it took my breath away. they ' re beautiful, massive trees, and almost completely block out direct sunlight to the forest floor. walking among them, it feels like you ' re stepping into another world. but it ' s that complete lack of sunlight ( at lower quarters ) that ' s raised a question in my mind... and despite some research, i can ' t find the answer. here it is : for giant trees like these, i would imagine that the treetop photosynthesis is pretty critical. packed ( comparatively ) close together, these giants must compete with one another for sunlight as they reach heights of over 300 feet. and since the average sequoia grove allows very light sunlight toward a tree ' s base, any extra photosynthesis that the tree can squeeze in must be invaluable.. but let ' s suppose that, halfway up a sequoia, a patch of sunlight consistently hits the tree ' s trunk for 20 years. no sunlight hits the trunk above or below that spot for 50 feet... but right here... in this one spot... through some accident of placement... sunlight strikes. does a tree have a trigger response to that sunlight, such that it will branch out in response? or is tree branching completely dictated by a set of fixed, geometric rules... and is unwavering? keep in mind, i ' m not talking about a branch bending or leafing toward the light once it ' s already started growing : i ' m talking about the tree creating a new branch in reaction to light ' s presence. the sign of a good education is the ability to research fields unknown to you. but in this case, my literature / art / propaganda background is failing me miserably. is there an aboriculturalist or arborist in the house? i ' d love to share the answer with everyone, if you ' d like to e - mail me or post in the sheldon forum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5058853696846151, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cca33e08-9f04-4f13-b09f-856879f610e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.305762"}
{"text": "q : \u201c how come some people can function fine with so little sleep, when others can get a solid eight hours a night and still be tired? \u201d ~ danielle, calgary, ab. here is the answer from dr. robyn stremler, rn, bsc ( hons ), msc ( a ), phd, a nursing research associate at the centre for nursing at the hospital for sick children. a : \u201c most adults need seven - and - a - half to eight hours of sleep per night, but there are many people who need more or less than that amount to feel well - rested. there is probably a genetic component to how much sleep each person needs. the 24 - hour a day demands of society, including work, school, time with family and friends, texting, twitter and facebook, has a big influence on how late we stay up and how much sleep we actually get! the best way to know you are getting enough sleep is how you feel the next day. the amount of sleep that allows you to wake up ( maybe even a few minutes before your alarm clock goes off ) with energy for the whole day is the right amount for you. although there is variation in how much sleep adults need, we know that people who consistently sleep less than six hours at night are more likely to be sleepy during the day, have a more depressed mood and make mistakes with complex tasks such as driving a car. people who say they need only a few hours of sleep each night may have gotten used to the feeling of being tired and may underestimate the amount of sleep they actually need. someone who is sleeping eight hours or more a night but still feels tired may have problems with sleep such as difficulty breathing properly during sleep and should talk to a health - care professional. also, the best sleep is achieved when you go to bed and wake up at approximately the same time each day. so, if you are sleeping eight or more hours a day, but you go to bed and get up at very different times each day, this does not allow you to have a consistent daily rhythm ( also called a circadian rhythm ) and may leave you feeling tired or groggy. \u201d the scientists at sickkids are experts in most areas of health and life science. they spend their days asking tough questions and searching out the answers. now it is your turn to ask them the tough questions. have you ever had a burning question about your body or about your health and didn \u2019 t know how to find the answer? this might just be the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43404279837550014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea7fe479-2774-4a8c-b7a6-f1bbaf2f9a11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.313283"}
{"text": "tough questions and searching out the answers. now it is your turn to ask them the tough questions. have you ever had a burning question about your body or about your health and didn \u2019 t know how to find the answer? this might just be the opportunity to get to the bottom of it! you have the chance to submit your question and it will be answered by a scientist who specializes in that area. the best questions and answers will be featured on the research institute website : http : / / www. sickkids. ca / research. check the website often to see if your question gets posted. you can learn about what others want to know and if you read enough answers, you may even become a health expert yourself! believed to be the single largest private gift to paediatric cancer in north america, a $ 30 - million gift to the hospital for sick children was inspired by one boy \u2019 s journey with cancer. michael garron \u2019 s illness went undetected for months. it took the form of a small lump on his hand looking more like a cyst than a deadly disease. when the lump grew larger, michael saw a specialist in montego bay, jamaica, where his father was stationed with the bank of nova scotia. test results were grim. michael \u2019 s specialist recommended the garrons return home to ontario, canada, to seek the advice of john hall, a specialist at sickkids. dr. hall diagnosed michael with a rare soft tissue cancer, synovial sarcoma. just shy of his sixth birthday, michael had his middle finger removed to stop the spread of cancer. his lower arm came next and michael began to withdraw from his friends and family. his parent sought the help of sol goldstein, a psychiatrist at sickkids. dr. goldstein worked with michael to help guide him through the next few years of his life. sadly, michael lost his battle with cancer at the age of 13. myron and berna garron know first - hand the struggle parents must face when their child is stricken with cancer. that \u2019 s why on october 25, 2010, at a celebration at sickkids, they announced a transformative gift of $ 30 million to establish the garron family cancer centre. they hope their gift will allow the hospital to help more children survive their cancer diagnosis. michael \u2019 s psychiatrist, dr. goldstein, went on to write a book in 1986 on michael \u2019 s journey with cancer. he named it michael \u2019 s ship : the true story of a young boy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47207007045325733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea7fe479-2774-4a8c-b7a6-f1bbaf2f9a11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.314511"}
{"text": "hospital to help more children survive their cancer diagnosis. michael \u2019 s psychiatrist, dr. goldstein, went on to write a book in 1986 on michael \u2019 s journey with cancer. he named it michael \u2019 s ship : the true story of a young boy \u2019 s struggle to live. an excerpt from dr. goldstein \u2019 s book reads : \u201c our memories of michael exist not to haunt us, but to help us \u2013 to show the true value of life and how it should be lived. \u201d learn more about the transformational gift from the garron family. as part of national pizza month, pizza pizza will be putting smiles on faces across canada with its annual slices for smiles campaign. during the week of october 18 - 24, visit your closest pizza pizza location and purchase a medium cheese or pepperoni pizza to help your local children \u2019 s miracle network hospital. proceeds from pizza pizza restaurants located in south - central ontario will be directed to sickkids! since its inception in 2007, slices for smiles has raised more than half a million dollars for children \u2019 s causes. proceeds raised from this event help fund leading - edge patient care, groundbreaking research and critical medical learning at local children \u2019 s hospitals like the hospital for sick children. this year, pizza pizza wants to raise $ 100, 000! give them a hand by visiting your nearest pizza pizza location during the slices for smiles campaign. be sure to follow the pizza pizza facebook and twitter pages for your chance at winning some giveaways or one of two grand prizes!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41269904318311323, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea7fe479-2774-4a8c-b7a6-f1bbaf2f9a11>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.315886"}
{"text": "say goodbye to your spider veins spider veins appear right beneath the skin \u2019 s surface and are often red, blue or purple in color. spider veins usually appear as small, thin, jagged lines that sometimes resemble tree branches or spider webs. they are usually present on the face or the legs. the main difference between spider veins and varicose veins is size \u2014 spider veins are smaller than varicose veins. they both occur as a result of pooling of blood in the veins, which is caused by weak or damaged vein valves. veins direct blood back to the heart from the rest of the body. as leg muscles contract, blood is pushed back to the heart against the flow of gravity. leg veins have valves that prevent the blood from coming back down, but if a valve is weak or damaged, blood can get through and accumulate. this pooling of blood creates both spider and varicose veins. there are a number of factors that contribute to a person \u2019 s chances of getting spider veins : - hormonal changes, especially during pregnancy - standing occupation - sclerotherapy is one of the most effective treatments available for spider veins. it involves injection of sclerosants into the vein, which cause the vein to collapse. it is normally used to treat leg veins, but can also be used for facial veins. most experts find sclerotherapy to be more effective and less painful than laser treatment of spider veins of the leg. - pulsed light rejuvenation with advanced fotofacial involves the use of pulses of visible light, primarily to treat spider veins in the face. most experts prefer laser / light treatment for spider veins of the face. interested in learning if you are a candidate? contact us today to schedule a personal consultation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45764915980612075, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f90de2a-00dd-4452-bc5e-accaa947593c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.319001"}
{"text": "floppy disk based systems organise data on the media in different ways. some examples of possible variations are : - physical encoding - number of blocks - data / value representation - header information ( current track number, head number, data size, etc. ) - location and method of integrity information - location and value of the sync ( aka mark ) - location, value and size of gap - location and size of actual data part you can see how these combinations are combined to form the structure of the amigados format as described in our disk structure description language in the july 2002 wip. this is simply just layout ( aka geometry ) information. computer designers would either create their own format, or they would use an existing one depending on what hardware they had in their system. if they used a fully - fledged fdc ( floppy disk controller ), the format had to conform to perdefined rules of geometry as allowed by that hardware. the systems that did not have a fully - fledged fdc ( like the commodore amiga ) usually meant that the job of designing the floppy format moved from the hardware engineers to the software engineers, that is, it was defined in the operating system. games designers often tried to squeeze the very last drop out of the systems they were developing for. this often meant they had to go to drastic lengths to fit as much data as possible onto a floppy disk and one of they ways they could do this was to create a stream - lined disk format. as a better known example, using the \u201c diskspare \u201d utility on the amiga meant you could store over 980 kib on a floppy disk, as opposed to the normal amigados 880 kib. of course, there are other reasons. certainly the fact that it prevents the disk from being copied in a normal way would have been one of them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.505993839188438, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4bd7da8-397a-4f93-8a29-2e25a117af04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.320794"}
{"text": "it ' s nice to have this forum for all things theoretical, so i ' ll do my bit for anyone confused about chords and how they are made up and named. relative beginners start here : strictly speaking, a chord can be two notes and up. for guitarists a power chord of c5 will be c and g : using a distorted sound on this will sound good, but if you add the 3rd ( e ) it will muddy up the sound. major chords will comprise the major 3rd with the root and 5th : c, e and g. minor chords will have the flattened 3rd : e flat ( eb ) in this case. sus chords have the 3rd replaced by the 4th, so a c sus chord will be c f and g. listen to the who ' s mighty ' pinball wizard ' for this one. you can add a 6th to either the major or minor chords, which in this case will be a. you ' ll hear 6th chord in glenn miller swing band stuff, and the final chord of the beatles ' she loves you '. a cmin6 chord will have the notes c eb g and a. if you flattened the 6th to ab it changes the whole chord relationship and turns it into an ab major 7th : don ' t get confused, i ' ll come to major 7ths in a minute! now to 7ths : there are several versions. a basic c7 chord will have the notes c e g and bb, and the 7th is flattened from the major scale. a c major 7th has the b natural at the top, whereas a cmin 7th will comprise the notes c eb g and bb. for a really dramatic chord, try a c min with a major 7th : c eb g and b natural. now try it with some big strings and you ' ve got instant drama! the last version of a 7th is the diminished 7th : this is made up of minor third intervals : c eb, f sharp, and a. counting up throuugh a diminished scale you end up with seven notes, although the top one is a 6th up from the c. don ' t worry about it, it ' s still a diminished 7th chord. now here ' s an interesting thing : there are only three diminished chords in existence : the chord of cdim, eb dim f sharp dim and a dim all have the same notes in them, and it ' ll be the bass note that distinguishes which chord you name it. same with c sharp, e g and bb,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098411941117434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:069e76bc-e56c-46eb-a5aa-dca908270dbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.324534"}
{"text": ": the chord of cdim, eb dim f sharp dim and a dim all have the same notes in them, and it ' ll be the bass note that distinguishes which chord you name it. same with c sharp, e g and bb, and d f ab and b. you can also have an augmented chord made up of major 3ds : c e and gsharp ( aflat ), try playing the chhhords of c, caug, c6 and back again over a latin groove and you ' ll see how this one works. there ' s also a half diminished chord, which has the flat 7th instead of the nominal 6th of a diminished chord : c eb fsharp ( gb and bb ). you can also call it c7b5. more advanced chords. still with me so far? ninth chords will act in the same way as a 7th chord : c9 = c e g bb and d, c maj 9 is c e g b and d, while cmin9 is c eb g bb and d. you can flatten the 9 to db or raise it to d sharp. the latter is the first chord of cream ' s ' i feel free ' - - - although it ' s an e raised 9 chord ( easier on guitar ). 11th chords add another note at the top : in this case f. because f is also the 4th in a scale, it ' ll clash against the 3rd e, so we leave the e out and have the notes c g bb d and f. if that seems a bit complicated, try looking at it this way : take the top four notes and you ' ll see that they make up a gm7 : g bb ( min 3rd ), d and f. so another simpler way of looking at an 11th chord is gm7 over a c bass note ( gm7 / c for shorthand ). the final chord is the 13th, which has an a at the top. however, we ' ll call it a 13th rather than a 6th, as we ' ll still have the flat 7th underneath. and strictly speaking, we ' ll lose the 11th underneath it. in order to get it to sound in the best way, we ' ll alter the chord voicing ( the order of the notes above the root ), so a c13 voicing might be c, g bb, e and a. of course you can add the 11th for a more advanced chord, which would be : c, g, bb, d,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46928379521059943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:069e76bc-e56c-46eb-a5aa-dca908270dbb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.325443"}
{"text": "blog \u00bb regional planning - july 15, 2010by timothea tway [ photo credit : flickr user sam williams ] earlier this month, the bay area air quality management district ( baaqmd ) unanimously adopted new air quality guidelines related to greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions and particulate matter ( pm 2. 5 ) from land use projects. the comprehensive new guidelines, among the most stringent in the nation, address the impacts of air pollutants, as well as recent changes in state and federal air quality. the guidelines also include air quality significance thresholds and mitigation measures local agencies can use when preparing air quality impact analyses under the california environmental quality act ( ceqa ). some significant changes to the guidelines include : - single family housing projects of 56 dwelling units or greater, hotels with more than 83 hotel rooms and general office buildings with more than 53, 000 square feet will all be considered to have a significant impact on ghg emissions under ceqa. - local governments are encouraged to adopt qualified ghg reduction strategies. - new screening criteria and threshold levels have been set for extremely fine particulate matter emissions and toxic air contaminants. projects which fall above these new thresholds will be required determine whether the project will result in a significant impact, including evaluation of emissions within a 1, 000 foot radius of the proposed project. stricter greenhouse gas and particulate matter guidelines are a good thing, right? not always, say some who argue that the new guidelines may inadvertently lead to more sprawl by making it harder to develop the denser parts of our region. some worry that the new regulatory obstacles will drive up the costs of future affordable housing, infill, and transit - oriented development ( tod ) projects. developers and cities are concerned that the new guidelines will make compliance with sb 375, the state ' s law which requires compact development, more difficult. the guidelines do contain a method for local governments to accelerate the ceqa review process for projects that are infill or transit - oriented. to do this, a city can prepare a ghg reduction strategy and have it approved by baaqmd. projects or plans consistent with these strategies could then be considered less than significant under ceqa, and therefore exempt from full review. with cities around the region reeling from the budget crisis, and in some cases cutting planning staff, however, resources to develop these strategies are in short supply. san francisco has already begun working on a ghg reduction strategy, so it is unlikely that the baaqmd guidelines will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46350783888452757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb08b3e-52e6-4acd-8dbc-d6ae5088d600>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.334760"}
{"text": "reeling from the budget crisis, and in some cases cutting planning staff, however, resources to develop these strategies are in short supply. san francisco has already begun working on a ghg reduction strategy, so it is unlikely that the baaqmd guidelines will cause significant environmental review process changes for projects in the city ; the new air quality standards will likely have more significant impacts on projects and plans in jurisdictions without ghg reduction strategies or detailed climate change related policies. - july 13, 2010by fabiana meacham what are the most pressing issues facing california in the next 15 years and how should we deal with them? if only there were one comprehensive pdf document floating around the internet with all the answers. policy wonks across the state will now be thrilled to discover the public policy institute of california ' s recently released ca2025 report, a \" briefing kit \" covering california ' s most important long - term policy issues. outlining policies on topics ranging from water to transportation to the economy, the report acts as a kind of handbook for every major policy concern confronting the state today. while one might expect an insufferably dense document, the text is actually quite accessible, the graphics clear and informative. some might crave more detail and in - depth analysis than ca2025 provides, but the report still serves as an excellent primer for the key issues facing the state, and presents compelling arguments for how our policy makers might tackle them. [ graph courtesy of ppic ca2025 ] - january 5, 2010by ben lowe this past fall, a group of spur board members and staff traveled to washington dc to learn from the urban - planning successes of our nation ' s capital ; today, three members of that group presented their findings at a lunchtime forum. spur deputy director sarah karlinsky began the discussion with an overview of the washington urban planning models from pierre l ' enfant ' s plan of 1791 to and james mcmillan ' s plan of 1901 through modern - day endeavors to enliven the long - neglected southeast waterfront area along the anacostia. regional planning director egon terplan expanded the geographical scope of the discussion, demonstrating with satellite photography areas in the region where forward - thinking transit - planning decisions brought about transit - oriented development along major corridors and high public transit use. terplan focused on the rosslyn - ballston corridor in virginia and bethesda in maryland, both tremendous successes in inducing dense development clustered around regional rail service. finally, architect and urban historian rod freebairn - smith showed photographs gathered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4642808503304573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb08b3e-52e6-4acd-8dbc-d6ae5088d600>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.336041"}
{"text": ". terplan focused on the rosslyn - ballston corridor in virginia and bethesda in maryland, both tremendous successes in inducing dense development clustered around regional rail service. finally, architect and urban historian rod freebairn - smith showed photographs gathered during the trip focused on how security threats affect both civic life and architecture. his photos included many examples of how buildings have been fortified through bollardization and other means, while not marring the storied city or preventing access to national monuments and icons. - november 21, 2009by ben lowe study after study has shown that cities prioritize development that lets visitors and residents walk, bicycle, or take public transit to get around, people are healthier and have far less negative impact on the environment. now, a new study by transform entitled windfall for all demonstrates another benefit to developing livable communities : people who do not use cars to get around spend far less money on transportation than people who do. citing aaa estimates, the report shows that, on average, it costs $ 8, 097 per year to own, maintain, register, insure, and fuel a vehicle. in all, individuals in the bay area spend $ 34 billion on private transportation, most of which on owning and operating cars. especially in current tough economic conditions, finding ways to cut costs is critical, and that includes money spent on transportation. yet many bay area towns and cities have prioritized development that not only encourages auto use, but precludes other ways to travel. as the study asserts, people can only move away from expensive auto use toward more affordable transportation means if cities give them the means to do so by putting housing near transit, ensuring pedestrians and bicyclists can get around safely, and investing in pleasant places that are nicer to be in than to drive past. - november 10, 2009by egon terplan, regional planning director [ image : green roof in toronto from urbanneighbourhood ] how can cities best position themselves in the green economy? what is the role of manufacturing in urban areas? how can a city best choose an economic development strategy given its size and unique economic history? how should federal policy support policy innovation among cities? join us for an evening discussion with nationally - recognized visiting writer and professor joan fitzgerald. she will give us a preview of her new book, emerald cities : urban sustainability and economic development, to be published by oxford university press in early 2010. in the book, joan fitzgerald shows how in the absence of a comprehensive national policy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4809405722841814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb08b3e-52e6-4acd-8dbc-d6ae5088d600>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.337148"}
{"text": "fitzgerald. she will give us a preview of her new book, emerald cities : urban sustainability and economic development, to be published by oxford university press in early 2010. in the book, joan fitzgerald shows how in the absence of a comprehensive national policy, cities have taken the lead in addressing the interrelated environmental problems of global warming, pollution, energy dependence, and social justice. her analysis includes a comparison of 24 cities throughout the united states - major cities like new york, chicago and san francisco ( of course ) but also less known places such as toledo and syracuse. join us on tuesday, november 17, 2009 6 : 00 pm where : spur urban center ( 654 mission street ) joan fitzgerald is a nationally - recognized writer and professor who directs the law, policy and society program at northeastern university. earlier this year, fitzgerald edited the american prospect \u2019 s april 2009 special report on \u201c the green challenge : will cleaner energy produce new industries and good jobs for americans? \u201d the answer, says fitzgerald and the six other contributors to that report, is yes \u2014 provided that governments at the federal, state and local level give green manufacturing the support it needs to flourish. that means much more thanfunding specific companies ; it requires crafting and implementing a comprehensive industrial policy. such a policy, fitzgerald writes in her piece cities on the front lines, would recognize how traditional sources of manufacturing strength can serve as the base of a renewable energy economy. she cites how a former glass technology and manufacturing center like toledo, ohio has now become a leader in solar energy. and last month in an op - ed for the boston globe, fitzgerald warns that absent a broad and coherent industrial vision that connects demand, supply and technology, the united states is likely to cede leadership in renewable energy production and other clean technologies to german, japan and china. - october 30, 2009by ben lowe on october 29, architects david baker and amit price patel of david baker + partners architects and david fletcher from fletcher studio presented xero energy, their winning entry in the re : vision dallas competition. sponsored by urban re : vision of san francisco, the competition asked designers to propose a fully sustainable city block. the proposal envisions an array of energy - conservation and - generation methods used in concert to reduce the overall energy \" footprint \" of the building, from photovoltaic panels and geothermal energy generation to on - site community agriculture that would reduce the distance - - and concomitant fossil fuel use - - of residents ' food. in reaching for sustainability, the x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48013798251514056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb08b3e-52e6-4acd-8dbc-d6ae5088d600>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.338231"}
{"text": "of the building, from photovoltaic panels and geothermal energy generation to on - site community agriculture that would reduce the distance - - and concomitant fossil fuel use - - of residents ' food. in reaching for sustainability, the xero energy proposal reached far beyond the 2. 4 - acre site they were assigned to work on as well, presenting a vision of an expansive greenway and connections to union station, a handsome beaux - arts rail station nearby. tags : regional planning - october 17, 2009by mary it ' s not too late to catch some sessions at the national conference in planning history taking place at the oakland marriott this weekend. organized by the society for american city and regional planning history, many of the panels and tours are focused on the bay area, as well as their sunday tours, which include \" historical development and ethnic change in oakland, \" \" urban renewal in san francisco \" and \" north of the golden gate : growth control, open space, and alternative agriculture on the urban fringe. \" the marriott is an easy two blocks from the oakland city center bart station. - july 1, 2009by laura tam, sustainable development policy director nrdc has just released a guide to sb 375, the nation ' s first legislation to link transportation and land use planning with global warming. the goal of this legislation is to foster development patterns that reduce the need to drive. household transportation is the single largest and fastest - growing source of global warming pollution in california. sb 375 will also help save money for households and taxpayers ( through reduced infrastructure costs ), reduce air pollution, conserve water, and protect farmland and open space.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4795080661419576, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bb08b3e-52e6-4acd-8dbc-d6ae5088d600>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.338968"}
{"text": "fall creek falls & coon creek falls january 15, 1951 rg 82, department of conservation fall creek falls is tennessee ' s second - largest park ; it consists of 19, 684 acres and is located between spencer and pikeville along the border of van buren and bledsoe counties. park construction began in 1936 following the arrival of the civilian conservation corps ( ccc ) and works progress administration ( wpa ). the ccc restocked wildlife and began reforestation, and the wpa assisted with the construction of the park ' s facilities. the state forestry service and department of agriculture administered the park throughout the 1930s and 1940s. the national park service oversaw development, which included parking areas, picnic and camping facilities, trails, etc. today, park attendance places fall creek falls among the state ' s most heavily visited recreational sites. the tennessee department of environment and conservation has successfully retained the parks ' most valuable resources, including the spectacular 250 - foot namesake, fall creek falls, as well as cane creek gulf, cane creek falls, rockhouse falls, piney creek falls, numerous gorges, natural foliage, and an abundance of wildlife species. today, the park remains, as the national park service remarked in the mid - 1930s, \" unquestionably one of the most outstanding beauty regions \" in the united states. section researched and written by kimberly wires, archival assistant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3825643377608239, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f26ac9e-f64d-4188-b511-5ada398503a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.340483"}
{"text": "nursing division services public health nurses complete epidemiological investigations on all reportable communicable diseases in an effort to control and prevent the spread of disease. reporting communicable diseases to the health department is mandated by indiana code 410 iac. a list of reportable diseases ( revised 12 / 2008 ) can be found at : reportable disease list health care providers should print this form for reporting communicable diseases and fax completed form to our office at : 574 - 245 - 6581. confidential report of communicable diseases lead poisoning prevention the indiana state department of health ( isdh ) has determined that all children under the age of seven years who reside in st. joseph county are at a high risk of lead poisoning. public health nurses provide case management services to children ( under the age of seven years ) with elevated blood lead levels and their families. these case management services are implemented in an effort to reduce the effects of lead poisoning. the health department provides certificates to any resident of st. joseph county under the age of seven for a blood lead screening. these screenings are performed on site in the immunization clinics and at the south bend medical foundation ( sbmf ) at no charge to the parent / guardian of the child. health care provider must report elevated lead levels to the health department by faxing a completed reporting form to 574 - 245 - 6581. for more information about lead in the environment, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42952431145420955, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3800fbe-d958-4bae-8604-28d4d301a6ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.343716"}
{"text": "| 14 may 2012 ancient swedish stone structure spurs debate ancient scandinavians dragged 59 boulders to a seaside cliff near what is now the swedish fishing village of kaseberga. they carefully arranged the massive stones - each weighing up to 1, 800 kilograms - in the outline of a 67 - meter - long ship overlooking the baltic sea. archaeologists generally agree this megalithic structure, known as ales stenar ( ' ale ' s stones ' ), was assembled near the end of the iron age, as a burial monument. but a team of researchers now argues it ' s really 2, 500 years old, dating from the scandinavian bronze age, and was built as an astronomical calendar with the same underlying geometry as england ' s stonehenge. nils - axel moerner, a retired geologist from stockholm university, co - authored the paper published in march in the international journal of astronomy and astrophysics. moerner says his team observed that the sun rises and sets at specific points around ales stenar at the summer and winter solstices. they also observed that certain aspects of the stone ship ' s geometry matched those of stonehenge. swedish archaeologist martin rundkvist, managing editor of the archaeology journal fornvaennen, has another view. \" the idea that the stone ship might have been an astronomical calendar has no supporters among academic archaeologists \". the swedish countryside is home to many similar megalithic structures, known as stone ships. most of them date to sweden ' s late iron age ( approximately 500 - 1000 ce ), and serve as burial monuments, rundkvist explains. archaeologists using radiocarbon dating have calculated that ales stenar was built about 1, 400 years ago - long after the date estimated by moerner ' s team. \" this was the world of beowulf, \" says rundkvist. edited from livescience ( 18 april 2012 ) share this webpage :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4610798434010553, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10965a42-d6b4-4c37-ad6b-f25a2305d2c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.345818"}
{"text": "( these texts can be used for press releases without consultation ) stop malaria now! is an african - european initiative of ten non - governmental organizations and co - financed by the european union. the campaign aims to raise awareness for malaria as a global poverty - related health problem, and advocates for stronger political, financial and strategic commitments in order to decrease the malaria burden. stop malaria now! emphasizes the devastating consequences of malaria particularly on the african continent. even though malaria cannot be eradicated, it can and must be controlled. therefore, the campaign promotes an integrative approach including improved measures of prevention, diagnostic and treatment, strengthened local health care systems and intensified research. it moreover underlines the potential of the local cultivation of artemisia annua and the local production of antimalarials in countries hardest hit by the disease. stop malaria now! regards its work as part of the world - wide fight against poverty and as a contribution to the global efforts to reach the millennium development goals of the united nations. malaria \u2013 a disease that knows no borders people have been suffering from malaria since thousands of years. even today, the disease threatens half of the world \u2019 s population. almost 300 million people are infected with malaria every year of which one million people die due to the disease. pregnant women and young children are especially endangered : eight out of ten malaria deaths are children under the age of five. sub - saharan africa is hardest hit with 90 % of the global malaria deaths. but regions in asia, the americas, parts of the middle east and southern europe are also affected. scientists estimate that a three to five degree increase in temperature would double the transmission rate of malaria in tropical regions and increase the rate tenfold in temperate zones. malaria is even expected to reach central europe. this means that almost two thirds of mankind would live in malaria affected regions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43149898991385244, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4797dd95-5a79-47b2-ae99-175e06bb2897>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.352438"}
{"text": "in many ways, cell phones are addictive. the gadgets are an integral part of many people \u2019 s days. smartphones are often glued to people ' s hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. negative effects of cell phone addiction include isolation and unbalanced priorities. there are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. symptoms of cell phone addiction take a step back and ask yourself how important your cell phone is to your day. if your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. perhaps you carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home ; you look at the screen as you walk and constantly check it for missed calls. another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the dinner table and look at apps rather than talking to family members over meals. is your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? you obsess over the item ; your obsession is a cell phone addiction. look at your phone bill. if your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction. another factor to consider is whether the gadget is getting in the way of your social life. perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up with social networks via your mobile. when the device gets in the way of your real life events in a negative way, you likely have a cell phone addiction. there are many causes of the addiction. the cell phone may be just one part of a larger addiction to technology in general. after all, many smartphones are equipped with apps to play games, browse the internet, and send emails. online social media networks are growing rapidly. there are several, with the big players including facebook, twitter, and pinterest. your friends and family members are joining networks too. you often \u201c talk \u201d to one another on the networks as your schedules keep... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2012, 11 ). cellphone addiction. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2012, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cellphone - addiction - 1273060. html \" cellphone addiction \" studymode. com. 11 2012. 11 2012 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / cellphone - addiction - 1273060. html >. \" cellphone addiction. \" studymode. com. 11,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4345641788542258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73e80613-ead6-4940-8b6d-5f312b61be7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.357542"}
{"text": "as i was driving a shuttle van back to frisco elementary school the other night, a 4th grade girl remarked to me, \" i can ' t believe that was a real laser! \" in reference to our exciting star gazing opportunity earlier that evening. i have been lucky enough to be a part of the keystone science school ' s 4th grade astronomy night two years in a row, and will always remember the shrieks of excitement as boys and girls see the moon ' s craters up close, or learn that the magnificent star they ' re looking at is actually jupiter. my favorite way to explore the night sky will always be to take it all in at once, gazing up towards trillions of celestial objects beaming down at me, feeling proud to be able to identify even a small number of them by name. and though the stories attached to the constellations we recognize are only reflective of the prominent cultures of our past and present, sharing them always feels more important than that. one of the most well recognized constellations is orion, visible only to us in the winter months. what many people don ' t realize is that what most people refer to as \" orion \" is simply the three brilliant stars of his belt. his body extends in both directions of the belt, occupying a significant amount of the southern night sky. most commonly known as the hunter, orion is fabled to be the greatest hunter in the world ( he ' s even pointing his arrow at taurus the bull, located slightly west of orion and easily identified by a prominent \" v \" shape ). there are a number of greek myths that explain orion ' s position in the sky. one claims that because of his immense strength, orion also had an immense ego, claiming to be able to kill any animal in the world. as a response to his vanity, a small scorpion stung and killed him, leaving him to forever occupy the winter sky ( just as the scorpion, scorpio, will only appear in the summer months in a similar location ). orion ' s shoulder is marked by the red supergiant betelgeuse, and his left leg is marked by the blue - white supergiant rigel. color tells us some interesting things about the life of a star. a red hue indicates stars that are ending their lifecycle, and blue stars are just beginning theirs. stars are born as giant clouds of gas and dust, and over time, the particles of gas gravitate towards one another, causing the baby star to spin. this spinning can cause a star to heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.528593723307068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57e905ca-3655-4956-ad92-74b7c87c2d03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.360999"}
{"text": ", and blue stars are just beginning theirs. stars are born as giant clouds of gas and dust, and over time, the particles of gas gravitate towards one another, causing the baby star to spin. this spinning can cause a star to heat up to 15, 000, 000 degrees celsius, which results in the blue glow of young stars in the night sky. it will eventually stabilize and glow for up to one billion years like this ( fun fact : this is the stage of life our sun is in ). later in a star ' s life, it will turn into a red giant, where it expands and cools down, assuming a reddish tint. a star ' s final stage in life is determined by its size. a small star will eventually collapse inward and cease to shine once it uses all its energy. a large star, however, can explode into a supernova, which can reach up to 1, 000, 000, 000 degrees celsius! shortly after this, it may be swallowed by its own gravity, becoming a black hole ( this is where all those lost phones and left socks are, right? ) the next time you look up at the night sky, connect the dots and make up your own constellation story, and know that the stars fueling your imagination have an incredible life journey of their own. allie goldberg is a program instructor at keystone science school. to learn more about the night sky, or for any other information, visit our website, keystonescienceschool. org, or give us a call at ( 970 ) 468 - 2098.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5050538101991988, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57e905ca-3655-4956-ad92-74b7c87c2d03>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.361674"}
{"text": "jaundice in newborn babies is common because their livers are immature. severely jaundiced babies may be treated by phototherapy. the baby is undressed and put under a very bright light, usually with a soft mask over the eyes. it may be possible for your baby to have phototherapy by your bed so that you don \u2019 t have to be separated. this treatment may continue for several days, with breaks for feeds, before the jaundice clears up. in some cases, if the jaundice gets worse, an exchange transfusion of blood may be needed. some babies have jaundice because of liver disease and need different treatment. a blood test before phototherapy is started checks for liver disease. babies with jaundice after two weeks many babies are jaundiced for up to two weeks following birth. this is common in breastfed babies and usually it \u2019 s normal and does no harm. it is not a reason to stop breastfeeding. but it \u2019 s important to ensure that all is well if your baby is still jaundiced after two weeks. you should see your doctor within a day or two. this is particularly important if your baby \u2019 s stools are pale. a simple urine test will distinguish between \u2018 breast milk \u2019 jaundice, which will resolve itself, or jaundice which may need urgent treatment. information provided by health promotion england.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43311574809438336, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95347977-df6c-48b8-bc7d-455a914f5af5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.363063"}
{"text": "uses of author interviews for art educators & students show professional illustrators demonstrating art techniques and mediums, for example \u2026 watch professional illustrators teach the book - making process, for example \u2026 what is an author interview? - author interviews are interviews with authors and illustrators in video, audio, and written formats. - meet - the - author programs are filmed by teachingbooks. net in the homes and studios of award - winning authors and illustrators to enable readers to connect with the author the moment they are studying a book. authors talk about : - working with ideas - doing research - bringing history to life - being a professional author - diverse art techniques - approaches to book design - illustrating fiction and nonfiction - being a professional illustrator share how you use author interviews as an art educator. * here are some curricular uses submitted by educators \u2026 - \" i share author interviews because they give physical descriptions on how the art was used. \" - \" i use the author interviews to have the author explaining, in their own words, how a technique is used \u2014 or how the process of creating an illustrated book is done. \" - \" i use author interviews to show art techniques to students, as well as expose them to professions in art education. this brings art and literacy together. \" - \" after watching an author interview, break students break into teams of 4 to come up with some specific questions they would like to ask the illustrator if he or she were a guest in the classroom. also, use author interviews to inspire students and help them to become more excited about making their own work \u2014 especially when creating ' minibooks ' in the art room. \" - \" i use author interviews to share with the students information that brings history to life, tips on doing research, and ways to approach writing / illustrating. \" - \" these author / illustrator programs are inspirational for me, exposing me to different techniques that i might use with the class. i also show the videos to my students to inspire them to ' think outside the box. ' in particular, i liked denise fleming ' s reinforcement that the use of ' sound words ' such as \" crunch, munch \" are particularly effective in story writing. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4219384043708268, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ee40de8-6352-4391-8dc8-7110c5605dac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.367659"}
{"text": "trading in the world currency and related markets has reached staggering proportions, with the average daily turnover crossing $ 4 trillion by december 2010. world gdp stands at around $ 65 trillion. the bank for international settlements estimated that the daily trading reached $ 3. 98 trillion in april 2010, up from $ 1. 7 trillion in 1998. the turnover grew by 20 per cent between april 2007 and april 2010, and doubled since 2004. the prognosis is mind - boggling, if we are still left with one. it is in this background that the recent observations of the basel committee on banking supervision assume importance. these are as follows \u2014 banks are underestimating the risk that their trading partners in the foreign exchange market may fail to honour their commitments ; such risks may have a low impact during normal market conditions, but they can be serious when markets are stressed ; while banks and other financial institutions dealing in the currency markets have taken steps to make trading more robust, substantial settlement risks still remain. banks get away with such risk - taking because financial markets have managed to build a myth that if they are disturbed the world economy would collapse. this fear psychosis created with the connivance of the media, which are privately owned and controlled, is a malaise of present - day capitalism. to curb such speculation \u2014 betting on exchange rate fluctuations in the global currency markets \u2014 a transactions tax was proposed, a minimal tax, say,. 01 per cent on the value of each transaction, which would have significantly reduced short - term and ultra short - term transactions. this issue was raised more than once in the g20 meetings but had to be dropped because of bitter opposition from the united states of america and britain. they contend that the tax would eliminate any profit potential for currency markets. proponents say that the tax would help stabilize currency and interest rates because the central banks of many countries do not have the foreign exchange reserves needed to balance a currency sell - off. the culprit is the condition of full capital account convertibility, which allows foreign funds to flow in and out freely. the international monetary fund imposed this condition for disbursing its loans. this is the terrible price debtor countries, especially the developing ones, have to pay for the imf \u2019 s dollars. there are instances when sovereign nations have stood up against the international financial institutions and markets. the southeast asian crisis began when the foreign institutional investors started pulling out their funds and the economies in the region fell one by one. fiis could do this thanks to full cac. this proved beneficial for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4590069559570281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca77f669-e2ec-4578-9b00-bee444d2fe4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.375419"}
{"text": "up against the international financial institutions and markets. the southeast asian crisis began when the foreign institutional investors started pulling out their funds and the economies in the region fell one by one. fiis could do this thanks to full cac. this proved beneficial for these economies during the boom. but the opposite happened when the boom was followed by the inevitable bust, and the fiis withdrew their funds causing currencies to crash, inflation to soar and the nations to face riots. imf offered easy credit to these economies but insisted on free float of currencies. everyone agreed, except for mahathir mohamad of malaysia who refused the imf \u2019 s credit and its diktat, imposed high taxes on the exit of foreign funds and set the exchange rate at a low level. there was uproar in the world financial markets and in the imf. even threats were issued, but he stood firm with the nation behind him and steered it to stability within a year. nearer home, the reserve bank of india under bimal jalan stood firm against full cac and the combined onslaught of the imf, the world bank and the finance ministry. this saved india from the fate of its southeast asian neighbours. after jalan, y. v. reddy withstood such pressures and permitted only partial and calibrated cac, and india was saved from the financial tsunami of september 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4563747750032193, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca77f669-e2ec-4578-9b00-bee444d2fe4a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.376178"}
{"text": "by staff writers durham nc ( spx ) nov 23, 2011 if you ' re a snack - sized squid or octopus living in the ocean zone where the last bit of daylight gives way, having some control over your reflection could be a matter of life and death. most predators cruising 600 to 1, 000 meters below the surface spot the silhouette of their prey against the light background above them. but others use searchlights mounted on their heads. being transparent and a little bit reflective is a good defense against the silhouette - spotters, but it would be deadly against the \" headlight fish, \" says duke postdoctoral researcher sarah zylinski. transparency is the default state of both japetella heathi, a bulbous, short - armed, 3 - inch octopus, and onychoteuthis banksii, a 5 - inch squid found at these depths. viewed from below against the light background, these animals are as invisible as they can be. their eyes and guts, which are impossible to make clear, are instead reflective. but when hit with a flash of bluish light like that produced by headlight fish, they turn on skin pigments, called chromatophores, to become red in the blink of an eye. during ship - board experiments over the peru - chile trench in 2010, zylinski shined blue - filtered led light on specimens of both creatures to watch them rapidly go from clear to opaque. when the light was removed, they immediately reverted to transparent. on a second research cruise in 2011 in the sea of cortez, zylinski measured the reflectivity of the octopuses and found they reflected twice as much light in their transparent state as in the opaque state. zylinski experimented with 15 to 20 different species of cephalopod pulled up from the deep by the research ships, but only these two responded to the blue light. \" i went through several things i thought would stimulate behaviors, \" she says. shallow - water cephalopods ( squid, ocotopi and cuttlefish ) will change their body patterns for a shadow or shape passing overhead, but these deeper water animals don ' t, zylinski says. the animals could be seen tracking the movements of probes around them, but it was only the light that made them switch on the their pigments. zylinski next would like to investigate the link between transparency and habitat depth for the japetella octopus. \" smaller young animals are found higher in the water column and have fewer chromatophores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5262064290466598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3341e2f-d121-453d-99d3-f68a7c16e1e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.381247"}
{"text": "made them switch on the their pigments. zylinski next would like to investigate the link between transparency and habitat depth for the japetella octopus. \" smaller young animals are found higher in the water column and have fewer chromatophores, so they are more reliant on transparency, which makes sense because there won ' t be predators using searchlights there, \" zylinski says. but the mature adults have a higher density of chromatophores making them potentially more opaque and they can be found in deeper waters ( below 800 meters ) where bioluminescence becomes the dominant light source. \" mesopelagic cephalopods switch between transparency and pigmentation to optimize camouflage in the deep, \" sarah zylinski and sonke johnsen. current biology 21, nov. 22, 2011. doi : 10. 1016 / j. cub. 2011. 10. 014 water news - science, technology and politics comment on this article via your facebook, yahoo, aol, hotmail login. tuna fishing countries vow to protect shark istanbul ( afp ) nov 19, 2011 countries involved in bluefin tuna fishing have decided to do more to protect a species of shark against collateral killing, environmental groups said saturday. elizabeth griffin wilson of the oceana group said the 48 - state international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas ( iccat ) had ruled that tuna fishermen who find a silky shark in their nets must put it back in the sea.... read more | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2011 - space media network. afp and upi wire stories are copyright agence france - presse and united press international. esa portal reports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by space media network on any web page published or hosted by space media network. privacy statement |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49200694124118477, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3341e2f-d121-453d-99d3-f68a7c16e1e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.382184"}
{"text": "one of our customers sent us an email to ask us if she should be concerned about this spider that she found outside her home in murfreesboro, tn. the spider in question is known as argiope aurantia. it is a colorful spider that goes by a primary common name of black and yellow agriope. this spider is also known as a yellow garden argiope, yellow garden orb - weaver, golden garden spider, golden orb - weaver, and the writing spider. although it looks rather threatening, the writing spider doesn ' t prey on humans. but if it is provoked, it will bite. the bite feels similar to a bee sting. young children, the elderly, and those with sensitive immune systems should take special care not to harass this pest. it ' s best to marvel at these spiders and their webs, but not touch them. the female does, however, prey on her mate. after intercourse, the male writing spider has an irreversible seizure and is dead within 20 minutes. then, preparing her afternoon treat, the female spider wraps him in a silk sack and leaves him on the edge of her web to devour him later. as far as how this spider got its name, the writing ' s on the web. as you can see in the picture above - - submitted by our customer - - it looks like there are several x or z shapes in the web. these zig - zag patterns make the writing spider easy to identify. writing spiders are orb - weavers, which means they make beautiful, elaborate webs in a circular formation. and not just one web, either. this scribbling spider builds and tears down its uv - light - reflective web every day! female writing spiders try to build these webs in places where they won ' t be disturbed. so, if the web is in one place one day, it will likely be in the same place the next day. these webs are made of silk that is stronger and more flexible than steel! writing spiders are most commonly found in gardens, bushes, and shrubs. because these spiders are found throughout the mainland of north america, it ' s highly likely that you ' ve seen this spider or its web before if you live in one of the 48 contiguous states in america. and if you haven ' t, you may have read about the writing spider or watched a movie about it. orb - weaving spiders were made famous in e. b. white ' s beloved novel \" charlotte ' s web. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4174087649444687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:313922a6-1f2a-43dd-a163-20d1e674b607>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.388655"}
{"text": "however, censorship can be practised in covert ways. one of the earliest attempts to restrict publication was the use of deliberate taxation to inhibit circulation. a stamp tax introduced in england in 1712 ( and not removed until 1855 ) required newspapers to affix stamps so that by raising the price of stamps newspaper prices could be raised beyond the purchasing power of all but wealthy readers. censorship can also be practised through harassment and intimidation. during the \" mccarthy era \" in the us, the american supreme court, in us v rumely, warned, \" through the harassment of hearings, investigations, reports, and subpoenas, government will hold a club over speech and over the press. \" censorship can also be exercised through the pressure of advertisers and decisions by newspapers themselves, particularly in circumstances where no competitive or alternative source of news is available. in canada, the concentration of media ownership caused the royal commission on newspapers ( 1980 ) to caution that the key problem facing the freedom of the press in canada is the \" undue concentration of ownership and control of the canadian newpaper industry... too much power is put in too few hands ; and it is power without accountability. \" the canadian criminal code makes it an offence to mail \" obscene, indecent, immoral or scurrilous \" matter ( see obscenity ), and the post office act provides for interruption of such service. similarly, the customs tariff act prohibits the importation of \" treasonable, seditious, immoral or indecent \" literature. in little sisters book and art emporium ( 1996 ), the british columbia supreme court found that the administration and application of the customs tariff act by customs officials was \" inadequate and flawed, \" resulting in the arbitrary and improper seizure of gay and lesbian materials at canadian borders. material which promotes hatred against identifiable groups can also be halted at the border, while the canadian human rights act permits the filing of a court order to cease and desist using the telephone to communicate hate messages ( see canada ( hrc ) v. taylor ( 1990 ) ). the best - known attempts by provinces to impose censorship are the various provincial film censorship acts. in nova scotia board of censors v mcneil, the supreme court of canada held that provincial legislation establishing a board of censors with powers to prohibit the exhibition of films was within the jurisdiction of the provinces, despite the federal jurisdiction in the criminal code over determination of what is \" obscene. \" on the other hand, in ontario film and video appreciation society ( 1984", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48805858833347504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b85037b-14d3-4243-904b-ef3f9be4682c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.394204"}
{"text": "censors with powers to prohibit the exhibition of films was within the jurisdiction of the provinces, despite the federal jurisdiction in the criminal code over determination of what is \" obscene. \" on the other hand, in ontario film and video appreciation society ( 1984 ), the ontario court of appeal has held that s1 of the canadian charter, which requires that limitations on charter rights and freedoms must be \" prescribed by law, \" requires censorship powers to be specifically prescribed. other censorship attempts by the provinces have been less successful. under the 1937 alberta press act to ensure the publication of accurate news and information, newspapers would be compelled to disclose the source of their news information and to print government statements to correct previous articles. three of the 6 supreme court justices hearing the case held that the bill was an invasion of liberty of the press and the right of public discussion, which could only be limited by parliament under its criminal law power. in switzman v elbling ( the padlock act case ), which dealt with the 1937 quebec act respecting communistic propaganda, under which it was illegal to use a house for the propagation of communism, the supreme court declared this was legislation with respect to criminal law and therefore within federal jurisdiction. censorship can take many forms to persons or groups who cannot afford to print newspapers, or to advertise, or who might not be given the opportunity to do so, supervision of the distribution of handbills or posters is a form of censorship. this supervision has been effected through municipal bylaws regulating the use of streets, sidewalks and parks, and requiring the prior approval of the police or some civic official before printed materials can be distributed ( see saumur v city of quebec ). in attorney general of canada v dupond, the supreme court of canada held that a city ordinance that prohibited \" the holding of any assembly, parade or gathering on the public domain of the city of montreal for a time - period of 30 days \" was valid, being of a \" merely local character. \" but municipalities also must comply with the requirements of the canadian charter. in ramsden v. the city of peterborough ( 1995 ), the supreme court of canada held that a municipal by - law which banned the placing of posters on hydroelectric polls was an unreasonable limit on the freedom of expression. the court recognized that postering was a traditional means of communication by individuals and groups who do not have the financial resources to access the more standard forms of media communication such as print and radio. the court has expanded the requirement that governments must not arbit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47761874811963867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b85037b-14d3-4243-904b-ef3f9be4682c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.396341"}
{"text": "the court recognized that postering was a traditional means of communication by individuals and groups who do not have the financial resources to access the more standard forms of media communication such as print and radio. the court has expanded the requirement that governments must not arbitrarily restrict access to government property for the purposes of expression to include federally government - owned airports ( see committee for the commonwealth of canada v canada ( 1991 ) ). the censorship practised under the official secrets act ( 1970 ) essentially covers 2 distinct, if somewhat similar, activities : spying and wrongful communication of government information, or leakage ( s4. 3 ). the latter provides : \" every person who receives any... information, knowing, or having reasonable ground to believe, at the time when he receives it, that the... information is communicated to him in contravention of this act, is guilty of an offence under this act unless he proves that the communication to him of the... information was contrary to his desire. \" in canada since wwii, this section has been the basis of prosecution only twice. however, a recent example in the uk illustrates the extent of possible censorship under the official secrets act. in 1987 the house of lords upheld a banning of the book spycatcher by peter wright on the ground that he had breached his oath under the act when he tried to publish the book, which was based on his experience in the british security service known as mi5 ( attorney - general v guardian newspapers ltd ). author walter s. tarnopolsky and david schneiderman links to other sites pen canada is an association of writers and supporters formed in 1926 to defend freedom of expression and raise awareness of that right. shawnadithit grew anxious waiting for her uncle, longnon, to return to camp at the junction of badger brook and the exploits river, deep in the wilds of newfoundland...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.526410824053841, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b85037b-14d3-4243-904b-ef3f9be4682c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.397174"}
{"text": "mind fitness : improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience. today ' s complex, fluid, and unpredictable operational environment both demands more from the military in terms of mission requirements and exposes troops to more stressors and potential trauma than ever before. on the one hand, situational awareness situation awareness or situational awareness ( sa ) is the mental representation and understanding of objects, events, people, system states, interactions, environmental conditions, and other situation - specific factors affecting human performance in, mental agility, and adaptability are characteristics that the military wants to cultivate to succeed in such complex environments. in part, this complexity comes from the number and nature of the different missions the military must concurrently fill. the military needs to be able to mix offensive, defensive, and stability operations conducted along multiple lines of operations lines that define the directional orientation of the force in time and space in relation to the enemy. they connect the force with its base of operations and its objectives., without the benefit of a clearly demarcated \" frontline. \" many soldiers liken lik \u00b7 en tr. v. lik \u00b7 ened, lik \u00b7 en \u00b7 ing, lik \u00b7 ens to see, mention, or show as similar ; compare. [ middle english liknen, from like, similar ; see like2 this complexity and unpredictability to \" the faucet, \" that is, needing to adjust to situations that could change from cold to hot instantaneously. moreover, servicemembers must navigate morally ambiguous situations with balance and nonreactivity, while drawing on stores of cultural awareness to \" win hearts and minds. \" finally, these missions require that decisionmaking be pushed down to the most junior levels, as the doctrine of \" distributed operations distributed operations ( do ) is a new warfighting concept being adopted by the united states marine corps and is being developed by their warfighting laboratory as a response to the changing environment of the global war on terror. \" makes clear. such challenges require a tremendous amount of attentional capacity, self - awareness, and situational awareness. on the other hand, because of the stressors and challenges of this operating environment in computing, an operating environment is the environment in which users run programs, whether in a command line interface, such as in ms - dos or the unix shell, or in a graphical user interface, such as in the macintosh operating system., the u. s. military is showing signs of strain. in 2007, the army experienced its highest desert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.561216491360694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.429172"}
{"text": "interface, such as in ms - dos or the unix shell, or in a graphical user interface, such as in the macintosh operating system., the u. s. military is showing signs of strain. in 2007, the army experienced its highest desertion rate since 1980, an 80 percent increase since the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america. the united states is the world ' s third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. invaded iraq in 2003. the warning signs of future retention problems are increasingly apparent : suicide, post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ptsd posttraumatic stress disorder. posttraumatic stress disorder post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) ), substance abuse, divorce, domestic violence, and murder within the force are on the rise. recent attention has focused on the growing number of suicides, with the marine corps experiencing more suicides in 2008 than since the war began and the army logging its highest monthly total in january 2009 since it began counting in 1980. not surprisingly, ptsd rates are highest among iraq and afghanistan veterans who saw extensive combat ( 28 percent ). however, military health care officials are seeing a spectrum of psychological issues, even among those without much combat experience. various surveys provide a range of estimates, with up to half of returning national guard and reservists, 38 percent of soldiers, and 31 percent of marines reporting mental health problems. ( 1 ) it is no wonder. troops manning checkpoints or on patrol have to make split - second decisions on when to use lethal force, and veterans say fear often clouded their judgment. as army sergeant dustin flatt put it, \" the second you left the gate of your base, you were always worried. you were constantly watchful for ieds [ improvised explosive devices ].... if you ' ve been in firefights earlier that day or week, you ' re even more stressed and insecure to a point where you are almost trigger - happy. \" ( 2 ) the perpetual uncertainty is mentally exhausting and physically debilitating de \u00b7 bil \u00b7 i \u00b7 tat \u00b7 ing causing a loss of strength or energy. weakening, or reducing the strength of. mentioned in : stress reduction, and often its effects linger even after returning home. what can be done to enhance the military ' s capacities to operate in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4944294518159189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.430236"}
{"text": "tat \u00b7 ing causing a loss of strength or energy. weakening, or reducing the strength of. mentioned in : stress reduction, and often its effects linger even after returning home. what can be done to enhance the military ' s capacities to operate in such complex environments while simultaneously protecting against the stressors inherent in them? this article proposes a new training program for both improving operational effectiveness and building resilience to the stressors of deployment : mindfulness - based mind fitness training ( mmft mmft monthly mecha fighting tournament mmft method of moments plus fourier transform, pronounced m - fit ). this program includes techniques and exercises that previous research in civilians has demonstrated to be effective at enhancing the capacities central to mind fitness, such as mental agility, emotion regulation, attention, and situational awareness. importantly, these exercises appear to achieve improvements in mind fitness by changing brain structure and function so that brain processes are more efficient. our pilot research, conducted in pre - deployment marine reservists, suggests that mmft is similarly successful at bolstering mind fitness and building resilience against stressors in a military cohort. drawing on the well - documented theory of neuroplasticity, which asserts that experience changes the brain, this article argues that mind fitness training could complement the military ' s existing stress inoculation inoculation, in medicine, introduction of a preparation into the tissues or fluids of the body for the purpose of preventing or curing certain diseases. the preparation is usually a weakened culture of the agent causing the disease, as in vaccination against training by developing skills to promote resilience against stress and trauma so that warriors can execute their missions more effectively. stress can degrade performance a variety of research indicates that harmful conditions such as chronic stress, neglect, and abuse can produce harmful changes in the brain. ( 3 ) stress is produced by real or imagined events that are perceived to threaten an individual ' s physical and mental well - being. today, stress is commonly understood to mean external events or circumstances, and as a result, we tend to think of stress as something external to us. however, stress is actually a perceived, internal response. the right amount of stress will allow a decisionmaker to function at peak performance. however, excessive stress has biological and psychological consequences that reduce the capacity to process new information and learn. stress may also bias decisionmaking more toward reactive, unconscious emotional choices. recent empirical research about decisionmaking in stressful military environments demonstrates that trauma and stress lead to deficits in cognitive functioning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6097051001590943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.431280"}
{"text": "psychological consequences that reduce the capacity to process new information and learn. stress may also bias decisionmaking more toward reactive, unconscious emotional choices. recent empirical research about decisionmaking in stressful military environments demonstrates that trauma and stress lead to deficits in cognitive functioning. one large study of army troops found that soldiers who served in iraq were highly likely to show lapses in memory and an ability to focus, a deficit that often persisted more than 2 months after they arrived home. ( 4 ) in the study, 654 soldiers who deployed to iraq between april 2003 and may 2005 did significantly worse in tasks that measured spatial memory, verbal ability, and the ability to focus than 307 soldiers who had not deployed. in contrast, the soldiers who had deployed outperformed those who had not in terms of quick reaction time ( for example, how long it takes to spot a computer icon and react ). in effect, the deployed soldiers ' brains built the capacity for quick reaction, a function more necessary for survival in iraq, while experiencing degradation in other mental capacities. in another study, soldiers who screened positive for mental health problems after returning home were up to three times more likely to report having engaged in unethical behavior while deployed. ( 5 ) such behavior, including unnecessarily damaging private property or insulting or physically harming noncombatants, is obviously counterproductive to winning the confidence of the local population. this finding suggests a strong link between the negative effects of stress, which degrades soldiers ' capacity to manage their own emotions and thereby control impulsive, reactive behavior, and a decrease in their ability to perform their mission effectively. other studies of military environments have found substantial degradation in cognitive performance when subjects experience sleep deprivation sleep deprivation sleep disorders a prolonged period without the usual amount of sleep. see driver fatigue, poor sleeping hygiene, sleep disorders, sleep - onset insomnia. and other environmental stressors. one recent study of sleep deprivation among navy seals and army rangers during a field training exercise demonstrated that the lack of sleep affected troops so badly that after a week they performed worse on cognitive tests than if they were sedated or legally drunk. in this study, the seals and rangers showed severe degradation in reaction time, vigilance, visual pattern recognition, short - term memory, learning, and grammatical reasoning skills. ( 6 ) another group of studies examined more than 530 soldiers, sailors, and pilots during military survival training, including time in mock prisoner of war camps, to prepare them to withstand the mental and physical stresses of capture. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5377665920963626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.432313"}
{"text": "and grammatical reasoning skills. ( 6 ) another group of studies examined more than 530 soldiers, sailors, and pilots during military survival training, including time in mock prisoner of war camps, to prepare them to withstand the mental and physical stresses of capture. in these studies, exposure to acute stressors resulted in symptoms of dissociation ( alterations of one ' s perception of body, environment, and the passage of time ), problem - solving deficits ( as measured by objectively assessed military performance ), and significant inaccuracies in working memory and spatial memory ( as measured by eyewitness identification tests ). 7 these findings corroborated with other studies that found multistressor environments lead to substantial degradation of executive control capacity and cognitive skills, and such degradation has been linked to battlefield errors, such as friendly fire incidents and collateral damage collateral damage surgery a popular term for any undesired but unavoidable co - morbidity associated with a therapy \u2013 eg, chemotherapy - induced cd to the bm and gi tract as a side effect of destroying tumor cells. ( 8 ) mind fitness training and performance optimal combat readiness requires three things : * mission essential knowledge and skills * physical fitness * mind fitness. all three components are crucial for equipping warriors to handle the challenges and stressors of deployment. the military devotes substantial resources to the first two categories, both in terms of funding and time on the training schedule. however, there is virtually no focus on mind fitness training today. the army ' s battlemind program is a first effort to raise soldiers ' awareness of the psychological health issues associated with deployment, but battlemind mostly occurs after soldiers return home and provides no skills training. instead, it introduces them to the cognitive and psychological effects of being deployed, provides psychological debriefing sessions, and helps them identify warning signs for when to seek help. in short, the military generally lacks proactive mind fitness training programs designed to give warriors skills that optimize performance and protect against the stressors of deployment. most military training is \" stress inoculation training \" because it exposes and habituates warriors to the kinds of stressors they will face while deployed. paradoxically, however, as the previous section demonstrates, stress inoculation training depletes warriors ' executive control capacity - - that is, the mental capacity that allows us to focus on demanding cognitive tasks and / or emotionally challenging situations. as we explain below, mind fitness training may counteract this cognitive degradation that results from stress inoculation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5090253262156832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.434484"}
{"text": "warriors ' executive control capacity - - that is, the mental capacity that allows us to focus on demanding cognitive tasks and / or emotionally challenging situations. as we explain below, mind fitness training may counteract this cognitive degradation that results from stress inoculation training. therefore, it could complement existing military predeployment training, as it helps warriors to perceive and relate to deployment stressors differently. in other words adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated ; \" in other words, we are broke \" put differently, mind fitness training may provide \" mental armor \" to protect troops as they prepare for deployment and experience the stressors of deployment itself. just as stress and trauma can functionally and structurally change the brain, so too can training, practice, and expertise. the brain of an expert - - such as surgeon, taxi driver, or musician - - is functionally and structurally different from that of a nonexpert. in one study of london cab drivers, for example, researchers found that cab drivers have larger hippocampi than matched controls and that the longer an individual worked as a cab driver cab \u00b7 driv \u00b7 er also cab driver one who drives a taxicab for hire. cab driver n \u2192 taxista m / f cab driver n \u2192, the larger the hippocampus hippocampus fabulous marine creature ; half fish, half horse. [ rom. myth. and art : hall, 154 ] see : monsters. the hippocampus is the brain region that controls conscious memory, obviously needed to navigate london ' s circuitous cir \u00b7 cu \u00b7 i \u00b7 tous being or taking a roundabout, lengthy course : took a circuitous route to avoid the accident site. streets. these differences in hippocampus size were the result of experience and training as a cab driver, not of preexisting differences in the hippocampal hip \u00b7 po \u00b7 cam \u00b7 pus n. pl. hip \u00b7 po \u00b7 cam \u00b7 pi a ridge in the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain that consists mainly of gray matter and has a central role in memory processes. structure. ( 9 ) the london cab driver study highlights the well - documented theory of neuroplasticity, which states that experience changes the brain. ( 10 ) areas of the brain may shrink or expand - become more or less functional - - based on experience. in other words, the brain, like the rest of the body, builds the \" muscles \" it uses most, sometimes at the expense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5117135734765094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.435777"}
{"text": "( 10 ) areas of the brain may shrink or expand - become more or less functional - - based on experience. in other words, the brain, like the rest of the body, builds the \" muscles \" it uses most, sometimes at the expense of other abilities. this concept is something athletes, musicians, and martial artists have known for a long time : with physical exercise and repetition of certain body movements, the body becomes stronger, more efficient, and better able to perform those movements with ease. a similar process can occur with the brain : with the engagement and repetition of certain mental processes, the brain becomes more efficient at those processes. this improved efficiency arises because any time we perform a physical or mental task, the brain regions that serve task - related functions show increased neuronal activity. over time, as we choose to build a new mental skill, the repeated engagement of the brain regions supporting that skill creates a more efficient pattern of neural activity, for example, by rearranging structural connections between brain cells involved in that skill. in other words, experience and training can lead to functional and structural reorganization of the brain. thus, there is a profound parallel between physical fitness and mind fitness. athletes know that with repetition, physical fitness exercises can produce training - specific muscular, respiratory, and cardiovascular changes in the body. they know that specific training will correspond to specific benefits and promote better recovery from specific injuries. for example, sprints can build fast - twitch muscles, while longer runs can teach the body to burn fat instead of glucose. similarly, specific mental exercises may allow the mind to become more \" fit \" and better protected against certain types of challenges by neuroplastic changes in the brain. mind fitness in today ' s operational environment entails having a mind with highly efficient capacities for mental agility, emotional regulation, attention, and situational awareness ( of self, others, and the wider environment ). just as physical fitness corresponds to specific enhancements in the body, mind fitness may correspond to enhancements in specific brain structures and functions that support these capacities. and, like physical fitness, mind fitness may be protective : it may build resiliency and lead to faster recovery from cognitive depletion and psychological stress. we propose that mind fitness can be maintained even in high - demand and high - stress contexts by regularly engaging in certain mental exercises. these exercises engage and improve core mental processes, such as working memory capacity, which lead to a more mentally agile, emotionally regulated, attentive, and situationally aware mode of functioning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5610548733895222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.436919"}
{"text": "high - stress contexts by regularly engaging in certain mental exercises. these exercises engage and improve core mental processes, such as working memory capacity, which lead to a more mentally agile, emotionally regulated, attentive, and situationally aware mode of functioning. this scientific understanding is starting to be recognized and applied with many recent research studies and popular books describing training programs to bolster mind fitness. ( 11 ) these training techniques have existed for thousands of years, originating in eastern spiritual traditions. in recent decades, they have been adapted for secular use, including in medical and mental health settings, corporations, prisons, and elementary schools. the most common and well - validated training program is mindfulness - based stress reduction mindfulness - based stress reduction ( mbsr ), n meditation technique that promotes relaxation through the nonjudgmental awareness of moment - to - moment sensations, experiences, and reactions. ( mbsr mbsr mindfulness based stress reduction ( dr. myra weiss ) ) ; more than 250 u. s. hospitals offer mbsr programs, and more than 50 research articles document its utility in many domains. ( 12 ) mind fitness can be enhanced through a variety of training techniques, but the foundational skill cultivated in both mbsr and our mmft program is called \" mindfulness. \" mindfulness has been described as a process of \" bringing one ' s attention to the present experience on a moment - by - moment basis \" ( 13 ) and as \" paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment and non - judgmentally. \" ( 14 ) mindfulness differs from a more conceptual mode of processing information, which is often the mind ' s default way of perceiving and cognizing. in other words, paying attention is not the same thing as thinking, although we often equate the two. a growing body of empirical scientific evidence supports the efficacy of mindfulness - based interventions. clinical studies demonstrate that civilian patients who participated in such programs saw improvement in many physical and psychological conditions and reported a decrease in mood disturbance from, and stress related to, these conditions. similarly, numerous studies have documented how mindfulness training positively alters emotional experience by reducing negative mood as well as improving positive mood and well - being. ( 15 ) mindfulness training has also been shown to increase tolerance of unpleasant physical states, such as pain, ( 16 ) produce brain changes consistent with more effective handling of emotions under stress, and increase immune functioning. ( 17 ) finally, many studies have shown that mindfulness training improves different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5531898133945113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.438001"}
{"text": "been shown to increase tolerance of unpleasant physical states, such as pain, ( 16 ) produce brain changes consistent with more effective handling of emotions under stress, and increase immune functioning. ( 17 ) finally, many studies have shown that mindfulness training improves different aspects of attention, which is the ability to remain focused on task - relevant information while filtering out distracting or irrelevant information. ( 18 ) while this research draws from civilian populations, its findings clearly have implications in the military context. these techniques have already been extended to war veterans with ptsd, and preliminary results from this work suggest a reduction in symptoms. ( 19 ) in addition, mindfulness training could help optimize warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for the modern battlefield, such as improved self - regulation, better attentional skills, and enhanced situational awareness. working memory capacity and mental armor mind fitness, as we have operationalized it here, comprises mental faculties critical for military effectiveness, such as mental agility, emotion regulation, attention, and situational awareness. interestingly, the cognitive neuroscience construct of \" working memory capacity \" ( wmc wmc winter music conference wmc weill medical college ( cornell university ) wmc wisconsin manufacturers and commerce ( madison, wi ) wmc westchester medical center wmc western mining corporation ) has also been linked to these faculties. wmc is the ability to maintain relevant information online while resisting interference from irrelevant information. growing evidence suggests that working memory capacity is tied to the ability to engage in abstract problem - solving and counterfactual thinking. recently, neuroscientists report that in addition to these \" cold \" cognitive processes cognitive processes thought processes ( i. e., reasoning, perception, judgment, memory ). mentioned in : psychosocial disorders requiring a high degree of mental flexibility and agility, \" hot \" emotional regulation processes also rely on wmc. while individuals differ in their baseline wmc, everyone ' s wmc can be fatigued and degraded after engaging in highly demanding cognitive or emotional tasks. 20 conversely, wmc can be improved and strengthened through training. studies have shown that individuals with higher wmc have better attentional skills, abstract problem - solving skills, and general fluid intelligence ( that is, the ability to use rather than simply know facts ). they also suffer less from emotionally intrusive thoughts and are more capable of suppressing or reappraising emotions when required. in contrast, individuals with lower wmc have poorer academic achievement, lower standardized test scores, and more episodes of mind - wandering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253469003600754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.439031"}
{"text": "suffer less from emotionally intrusive thoughts and are more capable of suppressing or reappraising emotions when required. in contrast, individuals with lower wmc have poorer academic achievement, lower standardized test scores, and more episodes of mind - wandering. they are more likely to suffer from ptsd, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse, and are more likely to exhibit prejudicial behavior toward personally disliked groups. 21 thus, wmc corresponds to an individual ' s success at willfully willfully adv. referring to doing something intentionally, purposefully and stubbornly. examples : \" he drove the car willfully into the crowd on the sidewalk. \" \" she willfully left the dangerous substances on the property. \" ( see : willful ) guiding behavior while overcoming cognitive or emotional distractions or impulsive tendencies. warriors with higher wmc are more likely to have better mind fitness and thus be better equipped for responding to the cognitive and emotional challenges that come from preparing for and experiencing deployment. these warriors are also more likely to maintain an effective level of performance when confronted by obstacles, setbacks, and distractions, and return to their baseline functioning after being exposed to stressors or traumatic experiences. nonetheless, all warriors ( even those with higher wmc ) are likely to suffer from some degree of wmc degradation through the deployment cycle because the stressors of this time period are so depleting of cognitive and emotional resources. moreover, an individual ' s position within the military command structure may exacerbate the problem because recent evidence suggests that being lower in a power hierarchy reduces wmc. ( 22 ) thus, an important component of optimal combat readiness should be to maintain or increase baseline levels of wmc, despite the increase in stressors over the deployment cycle. because wmc can be strengthened through training, performance on both cold cognitive processes and hot emotional regulation can be enhanced. maintaining or enhancing warriors ' baseline levels of wmc could have cascading effects for effective decisionmaking, complex problem - solving, and emotional regulation processes, all of which are heavily taxed over the deployment cycle and are crucial for mission effectiveness. in other words, training to improve wmc may provide \" mental armor \" to protect against impending deployment - related degradation in mind fitness. mindfulness - based mind fitness training is a 24 - hour course that is taught over 8 weeks in groups of 20 to 25 servicemembers. mmft is based on the well - established mbsr course known to improve attentional functioning and reduce the negative effects of stress. however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5400932480187333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.440048"}
{"text": "is a 24 - hour course that is taught over 8 weeks in groups of 20 to 25 servicemembers. mmft is based on the well - established mbsr course known to improve attentional functioning and reduce the negative effects of stress. however, mmft is tailored for the military predeployment training cycle, with real - world examples from the counterinsurgency coun \u00b7 ter \u00b7 in \u00b7 sur \u00b7 gen \u00b7 cy political and military strategy or action intended to oppose and forcefully suppress insurgency. coun environment that show how mind fitness skills can enhance performance and mission accomplishment. during the course, troops learn about the stress reaction cycle and its effects on the mind and body. they also learn how mind fitness training can boost resilience to stress. most importantly, and unlike the army ' s battlemind training, mmft provides skills training through mind fitness exercises. these exercises are practiced 30 minutes a day. some exercises build concentration by focusing on one object of attention, such as a particular body sensation. others build situational awareness and non - reactivity through wider attention on internal and external stimuli. and some exercises use focused attention to reregulate physiological and psychological symptoms that develop from traumatic or stressful experiences. the exercises are incorporated into physical training and other mission essential tasks and completed during the duty day, in groups and / or individually. thus, an important component of the course is engaging in mmft training exercises each day. we recently conducted a pilot study of mmft with a detachment of 31 marine reservists, who received the training before they deployed to iraq. ( in march 2009, they returned home from this deployment. ) while some marines resisted the effort required by the training, the initial exposure was relatively positive. the entire detachment received training, and mmft ' s didactic information and group practices helped to socialize so \u00b7 cial \u00b7 ize v. so \u00b7 cial \u00b7 ized, so \u00b7 cial \u00b7 iz \u00b7 ing, so \u00b7 cial \u00b7 iz \u00b7 es 1. to place under government or group ownership or control. 2. to make fit for companionship with others ; make sociable. the concept. once deployed, the marines personalized their approach to the mmft exercises, differing in how they incorporated them into their daily routines. from their anecdotal reports during and after the deployment, it appears some marines continued the exercises during their down time, some incorporated them into their physical fitness regimes, some employed them as part of their premission rehearsals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5093031833287742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.441071"}
{"text": "their daily routines. from their anecdotal reports during and after the deployment, it appears some marines continued the exercises during their down time, some incorporated them into their physical fitness regimes, some employed them as part of their premission rehearsals, and some employed them to keep themselves alert and focused while on missions. many marines reported using the exercises at bedtime, which they said helped them to quiet their minds, fall asleep faster, and sleep more soundly. before and after mmft training ( before they deployed ), the marines participated in a battery of behavioral tasks to measure their cognitive capabilities. we had predicted that the increase in stressors during predeployment training would degrade the marines ' cognitive performance. however, statistical analysis shows that the marines who spent more time engaging in mind fitness exercises ( on average, 10 hours outside of class ) saw an improvement in their cognitive performance compared to marines who spent less time engaging in the exercises ( on average, 2 hours outside of class ). ( 23 ) specifically, despite the real increase in stressors during the predeployment period, the marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline. in contrast, the marines who engaged in less mind fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity. this degradation in their wmc produced test scores of working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as ptsd and major depression. ( 24 ) it is important to note that this degradation in working memory capacity occurred before deployment, and thus does not reflect the additional stressors of the deployment itself. the apparent costs of the predeployment context are striking, given that the intention of the predeployment training is to prepare servicemembers physically, emotionally, and cognitively for the stressors of deployment. our findings highlight the potential importance of providing mind fitness training within the predeployment time period to buffer against wmc depletion. while we have not yet fully analyzed the data from their postdeployment cognitive behavioral testing, it is clear from a postdeployment survey that the marines continued to engage in mind fitness training and / or use the skills they learned while deployed. sixteen percent of the marines said that they \" practiced regularly while deployed, \" while 35 percent gave neutral responses, and 48 percent said they did not practice regularly. in contrast, 26 percent of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5165991584299592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.442032"}
{"text": "and / or use the skills they learned while deployed. sixteen percent of the marines said that they \" practiced regularly while deployed, \" while 35 percent gave neutral responses, and 48 percent said they did not practice regularly. in contrast, 26 percent of the marines said that they practiced mind fitness exercises \" after particularly stressful or traumatic experiences, \" while 35 percent gave neutral responses and 38 percent said they did not. perhaps more importantly, 54 percent of the marines said that they \" used the skills learned in this course downrange down \u00b7 range adv. & adj. in a direction away from the launch site and along the flight line of a missile test range : landed a thousand miles downrange ; the downrange target area., \" while 27 percent gave neutral responses, and the rest said they did not use mmft skills while deployed. thus, while only 16 percent practiced mind fitness exercises regularly during the deployment, more than a quarter used the practices to reregulate themselves after stressful experiences and more than half used mmft skills during the deployment. these findings suggest the need for adding more structured mind fitness exercise sessions into a unit ' s daily schedule during deployment. they also highlight again the parallel to physical fitness : just as building muscle requires repetitive physical exercise, improving cognitive and emotional performance requires engaging in mind fitness exercises in a sustained, disciplined manner. while mind fitness skills are quickly and easily taught, they require ongoing commitment to develop and strengthen over time. we acknowledge several limitations to this pilot study. our cohort was a convenience sample, consisting of a detachment that agreed to receive training. there was no waitlist wait \u00b7 list a waiting list. tr. v. also wait - list wait \u00b7 list \u00b7 ed, wait \u00b7 list \u00b7 ing, wait \u00b7 lists to put on a waiting list. or active control group, although we are currently gathering control group data for further analysis. we think this weakness was partially mitigated by our use of well - validated cognitive behavioral instruments shown to be stable over time. this minimizes the possibility that the observed changes simply reflected measurement artifact. nonetheless, the fact that all marines started with similar wmc scores and that changes in their scores over time correlate, in a statistically significant way, with the amount of time spent engaging in mind fitness exercises highlights the need for further study. to this end, we have recently received funding from the department of defense to examine how mind fitness training can build resilience and combat readiness among army soldiers. the first study will compare mm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49431039611232064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.443028"}
{"text": "engaging in mind fitness exercises highlights the need for further study. to this end, we have recently received funding from the department of defense to examine how mind fitness training can build resilience and combat readiness among army soldiers. the first study will compare mmft to the army ' s battlemind program in a predeployment context. the second study will compare different versions of mmft in a nondeployment context, to see which version is most effective at producing optimal cognitive and psychological performance among warriors. as this article has shown, mind fitness training can immunize im \u00b7 mu \u00b7 nize 1. to render immune. 2. to produce immunity in, as by inoculation. im against stress by buffering the cognitive degradation of stress inoculation training and by permitting more adaptive responses to and interpretation of stressors. mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for today ' s security environment. finally, beyond its immediate effects for managing stress and enhancing mission performance, mind fitness training is protective : it builds resiliency and leads to faster recovery from cognitive degradation and psychological injury. while warriors may choose to engage in mind fitness exercises to optimize their performance downrange, the protective effects will still be accruing - - likely leading to a decrease in psychological injury upon returning home. as a result, mind fitness training could reduce the number of warriors in need of professional help and thereby reduce caregiver burnout burnout depletion of a tax shelter ' s benefits. in the context of mortgage backed securities it refers to the percentage of the pool that has prepaid their mortgage. among armed forces ' chaplains and medical and mental health professionals. in other words, mind fitness training ' s beneficial effects could continue long after the deployment is over, increasing the likelihood that warriors will be ready, willing, and able to deploy again when needed. ( 1 ) l. baldor, \" army desertions surge in past year, \" san jose mercury news the san jose mercury news is the major daily newspaper in san jose, california and silicon valley. the paper is owned by medianews group. its headquarters and printing plant are located in north san jose next to the nimitz freeway ( interstate 880 )., november 17, 2007, 4a ; c. w. hoge et al., \" mental health problems, use of mental health services health services managed care the benefits covered under a health contract, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to iraq or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965584877979586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.443980"}
{"text": "2007, 4a ; c. w. hoge et al., \" mental health problems, use of mental health services health services managed care the benefits covered under a health contract, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to iraq or afghanistan, \" journal of the american medical association jama : the journal of the american medical association is an international peer - reviewed general medical journal, published 48 times per year by the american medical association. jama is the most widely circulated medical journal in the world. 295, no. 9 ( 2006 ), 1023 - 1032 ; charles s. milliken et al., \" longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the iraq war, \" journal of the american medical association 298, no. 18 ( 2007 ), 2141 - 2148 ; \" alcohol abuse rises among combat veterans : study, \" reuters, august 12, 2008 ; \" divorce rate up in u. s. army, marine corps, \" associated press, december 3, 2008 ; a. keteyian, \" suicide epidemic among veterans, \" cbs news, november 13, 2007 ; tony perry, \" marine suicides in 2008 at a yearly high since iraq invasion, \" the los angeles times los angeles times morning daily newspaper. established in 1881, it was purchased and incorporated in 1884 by harrison gray otis ( 1837 \u2013 1917 ) under the times - mirror co. ( the hyphen was later dropped from the name )., january 14, 2009 ; lizette alvarez, \" army data shows rise in number of suicides, \" the new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of times, february 5, 2009 ; d. sontag and l. alvarez, \" across america, deadly echoes of foreign battles, \" the new york times, january 13, 2008, a1 ; terri tanielian and lisa jaycox, eds., invisible wounds of war : psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery ( santa monica, ca : rand, 2008 ) ; office of the surgeon multi - national force - iraq, office of the command surgeon, and office of the surgeon general the u. s. surgeon general is charged with the protection and advancement of health in the united states. since the 1960s the surgeon general has become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43924413693903214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.445084"}
{"text": "the surgeon multi - national force - iraq, office of the command surgeon, and office of the surgeon general the u. s. surgeon general is charged with the protection and advancement of health in the united states. since the 1960s the surgeon general has become a highly visible federal public health official, speaking out against known health risks such as tobacco use, and promoting disease united states army medical command the u. s. army medical command, known as medcom, is a major command of the u. s. army that provides command and control of the army ' s fixed - facility medical, dental, and veterinary treatment facilities, providing preventive care, medical research, development and training, mental health advisory team ( mhat mhat mental health advisory team ( us army ) ) v operation iraqi freedom 06 - 08 : iraq operation enduring freedom 8 : afghanistan, february 14, 2008. ( 2 ) c. hedges and l. al - arian, \" the other war, \" the nation ( july 30 - august 6, 2007 ), 23. ( 3 ) douglas bremner, does stress damage the brain? understanding trauma - related disorders from mind - body perspective ( new york : norton, 2002 ) ; robert scaer, the trauma spectrum : hidden wounds and human resiliency ( new york : norton, 2005 ). ( 4 ) jennifer j. vasterling et al., \" neuropsychological neu \u00b7 ro \u00b7 psy \u00b7 chol \u00b7 o \u00b7 gy the branch of psychology that deals with the relationship between the nervous system, especially the brain, and cerebral or mental functions such as language, memory, and perception. outcomes of army personnel following deployment to the iraq war, \" journal of the american medical association 296, no. 5 ( 2006 ), 519 - 529. ( 5 ) office of the surgeon multi - national force - iraq, office of the command surgeon, and office of the surgeon general united states army medical command, 32. ( 6 ) harris r. lieberman et al., \" severe decrements in cognition function and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration and under - nutrition during simulated combat, \" biological psychiatry 57 ( 2005 ), 422 - 429. ( 7 ) charles a. morgan iii et al., \" accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress, \" international journal of law and psychiatry 27 ( 2004 ), 265 - 279 ; charles a. morgan iii et al., \" stress - induced deficit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43743449232932724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.446110"}
{"text": "al., \" accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress, \" international journal of law and psychiatry 27 ( 2004 ), 265 - 279 ; charles a. morgan iii et al., \" stress - induced deficits in working memory and visuo - constructive abilities in special operations soldiers, \" biological psychiatry 60 ( 2006 ), 722 - 729. ( 8 ) d. r. haslam, \" the military performance of soldiers in sustained operations, \" aviation, space and environmental medicine 55 ( 1984 ), 216 - 221 ; harris r. lieberman et al., \" effects of caffeine, sleep loss and stress on cognitive performance and mood during u. s. navy seal training, \" psychopharmacology psychopharmacology ( si ' kofar ' m\u0259kol ` \u0259je ), in its broadest sense, the study of all pharmacological agents that affect mental and emotional functions. 164 ( 2002 ), 250 - 261 ; k. opstad, \" circadian rhythm circadian rhythm : see rhythm, biological. inherent cycle of approximately 24 hours in length that appears to control or initiate various biological processes, including sleep, wakefulness, and digestive and hormonal activity. of hormones is extinguished during prolonged physical stress, sleep and energy deficiency in young men, \" european journal of endocrinology journal of endocrinology this is a journal published by the society for endocrinology, which publishes original research articles in the field. it is abbreviated \" j endocrinol \". 131 ( 1994 ), 56 - 66 ; g. belenky et al., \" sustaining performance during continuous operations : the u. s. army ' s sleep management system, \" in pennington center nutritional series 10, countermeasures for battlefield stressors, ed. k. friedl et al. ( baton rouge : louisiana state university press this article needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third - party publications. alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article., 2000 ). ( 9 ) e. a. mcguire et al., \" navigation expertise and the human hippocampus : a structural brain imaging analysis, \" hippocampus 13, no. 2 ( 2003 ), 250 - 259. ( 10 ) jeffrey m. schwartz jeffrey m. schwartz, m. d. is a well known american scientist in the field of neuroplasticity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5487797983665045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.446992"}
{"text": ", \" hippocampus 13, no. 2 ( 2003 ), 250 - 259. ( 10 ) jeffrey m. schwartz jeffrey m. schwartz, m. d. is a well known american scientist in the field of neuroplasticity, and its application to obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ). after receiving a bachelors with honors in philosophy, he changed career directions to the medical sciences. and sharon begley, the mind and the brain : neuroplasticity and the power of mental force ( new york : harper perennial, 2003 ). ( 11 ) sharon begley, train your mind, change your brain ( new york : random house, 2007 ) ; ryuta kawashima, train your brain : 60 days to a better brain ( new york : kumon publishing, 2005 ) ; joel levy, train your brain : the complete mental workout for a fit and agile mind ( new york : barnes and noble publishing, 2007 ). ( 12 ) a. lutz et al., \" attention regulation and monitoring in meditation, \" trends in cognitive sciences 12, no. 4 ( 2008 ), 163 - 169. see also a. p. jha et al., \" mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention, \" cognitive, affective and behavioral neuroscience 7, no. 2 ( 2007 ), 109 - 119. ( 13 ) g. a. marlatt and j. l. kristeller, \" mindfulness and meditation, \" in integrating spirituality into treatment : resources for practitioners, ed. william r. miller ( washington, dc : american psychological association, 1999 ), 68. ( 14 ) jon kabat - zinn, wherever you go, there you are : mindfulness meditation in daily life ( new york : hyperion, 1994 ), 4. ( 15 ) p. c. broderick, \" mindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood : contrasts with rumination rumination / ru \u00b7 mi \u00b7 na \u00b7 tion / ( roo? mi - na\u00b4shun ) 1. the casting up of the food to be chewed thoroughly a second time, as in cattle. 2. and distraction, \" cognitive therapy cognitive therapy any of a variety of techniques in psychotherapy that utilize guided self - discovery, imaging, self - instruction, and related forms of elicited cognitions as the principal mode of treatment. and research 29, no. 5 ( 2005 ), 501 - 510. see also, ruth a. bae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5341638981475351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.447830"}
{"text": "utilize guided self - discovery, imaging, self - instruction, and related forms of elicited cognitions as the principal mode of treatment. and research 29, no. 5 ( 2005 ), 501 - 510. see also, ruth a. baer, \" mindfulness training as a clinical intervention : a conceptual and empirical review, \" clinical psychology : science and practice 10, no. 2 ( 2003 ), 125 - 143. ( 16 ) joshua grant, \" pain perception, pain tolerance, pain control and zen meditation, \" presentation at the mind and life summer research institute, june 5, 2007. ( 17 ) richard j. davidson et al., \" alterations in brain and immune function immune function the state in which the body recognizes foreign materials and is able to neutralize them before they can do any harm. mentioned in : herbalism, traditional chinese, stress reduction produced by mindfulness meditation, \" psychosomatic medicine psychosomatic medicine ( si ' kosomat ` ik ), study and treatment of those emotional disturbances that are manifested as physical disorders. 65, no. 4 ( 2003 ), 564 - 570. ( 18 ) a. p. jha et al., \" mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention \" ; e. r. valentine and p. l. g. sweet, \" meditation and attention : a comparison of the effects of concentrative and mindfulness meditation on sustained attention, \" mental health, religion and culture 2 ( 1999 ), 59 - 70 ; heleen slater et al., \" mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources, \" plos biology 5, no. 6 ( 2007 ), 138. ( 19 ) a. p. king et al., \" pilot study of a mindfulness - based group therapy for combat posttraumatic stress disorder posttraumatic stress disorder an anxiety disorder in some individuals who have experienced an event that poses a direct threat to the individual ' s or another person ' s life. ( ptsd ), \" poster presented to american psychosomatic psychosomatic / psy \u00b7 cho \u00b7 so \u00b7 mat \u00b7 ic / ( - sah - mat\u00b4ik ) pertaining to the mind - body relationship ; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin. 1. society, baltimore, md, 2008. ( 20 ) b. j. schmeichel, \" attention control, memory updating, and emotion regulation temporarily reduce the capacity for executive control, \" journal of experimental psychology : general 136, no. 2 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5606654749971866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.448707"}
{"text": "baltimore, md, 2008. ( 20 ) b. j. schmeichel, \" attention control, memory updating, and emotion regulation temporarily reduce the capacity for executive control, \" journal of experimental psychology : general 136, no. 2 ( 2007 ), 241 - 255. ( 21 ) a. r. conway et al., \" working memory span tasks : a methodological review and user ' s guide, \" psychonomic bulletin & review 12, no. 5 ( 2005 ), 769 - 786. ( 22 ) p. k. smith et al., \" lacking power impairs executive functions, \" psychological science 19, no. 5 ( 2008 ), 441 - 447. ( 23 ) a. p. jha et al., \" examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience, \" emotion ( in review ). ( 24 ) c. r. brewin, and l. smart, \" working memory capacity and suppression of intrusive thoughts, \" journal of behavioral therapy and experimental psychiatry 36, no. 1 ( 2005 ), 61 - 68 ; t. dalgleish et al., \" reduced autobiographical memory specificity and posttraumatic posttraumatic / posttrau \u00b7 mat \u00b7 ic / ( post? traw - mat\u00b4ik ) occurring as a result of or after injury. following or resulting from injury or trauma. stress : exploring the contributions of impaired executive control and affect regulation, \" journal of abnormal psychology journal of abnormal psychology is a scientific journal published by the american psychological association. it has previously been entitled journal of abnormal & social psychology \u2022 117 ( 2008 ), 236 - 241 ; t. dalgleish et al., \" reduced specificity of autobiographical memory and depression : the role of executive processes, \" journal of experimental psychology : general 136 ( 2007 ), 23 - 42. dr. elizabeth a. stanley is an assistant professor in the edmund a. walsh school of foreign service this article or section needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third - party publications. alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. and department of government at georgetown university. dr. amishi p. jha is an assistant professor in the department of psychology at the university of pennsylvania ( body, education ) university of pennsylvania - the home of eniac and machiavelli. address : philadelphia, pa, usa..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.506157703301909, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46f3d515-bb26-4641-9bf2-a578f41b7bb4>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.449852"}
{"text": "the norwegian child welfare services may not understand how children are brought up elsewhere but the indian system of child protection is highly interventionist and ends up unfairly targeting poor parents. the case in norway relating to the two indian children who were removed from their parental home raises critical concerns about what is meant by the concept of \u201c best interest \u201d in matters relating to children. the purported findings of the norway child welfare services \u2014 as claimed by the parents, at any rate \u2014 that a four - year - old did not have a separate room, that the children did not have appropriate toys for their age, were wearing clothes that were big for them and were being given food by hand, indicate a lack of understanding of how children are brought up in different parts of the world. while fortunately the case may be resolving itself, the issue of \u201c emotional disconnect \u201d \u2014 which the authorities apparently claim the parents have had with their children \u2014 would be a non - issue in india. but cases can and do come up when children are separated from their parents on grounds that are not always clear. while each personal law in india \u2014 hindu, muslim, etc. \u2014 has different criteria for guardianship, child custody cases are determined on the basis of \u201c welfare of the minor \u201d and \u201c best interests \u201d of the child, though these two terms are often used interchangeably by courts. despite certain guiding principles of the higher courts, it would still be dependent on the individual opinion of the judge who would determine the issue. the juvenile justice ( care and protection ) act permits state intervention in cases where children are in need of care and protection and seeks to provide for a system which will protect the best interest of children. the act enumerates various categories where there can be state intervention. under one category, if a parent is unfit or incapacitated in exercising control over her or his child, then such child is in need of care and protection. any police officer, public servant, social worker, \u201c public spirited citizen \u201d or voluntary organisation can produce a child before the child welfare committee, constituted under the act, stating that it is in need of care and protection. the child welfare committee may then pass an order to send the child to a children ' s home for speedy enquiry by a social worker or child welfare officer. overzealous \u201c public spirited citizens \u201d and ngos contact the system and complain about such violations based on their subjective opinion, often with an inherent class bias. a visit to the child welfare committee premises in chennai is an eye - opener, crowded with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48277428114203486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a45bf3-3b76-4c7f-ae4e-925543475c47>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.456130"}
{"text": "overzealous \u201c public spirited citizens \u201d and ngos contact the system and complain about such violations based on their subjective opinion, often with an inherent class bias. a visit to the child welfare committee premises in chennai is an eye - opener, crowded with impoverished migrants from bihar, jharkhand, chhattisgarh and other states whose children are taken away on complaints that they are acrobats, beggars or working with their parents. some children are caught by the railway police and handed over. once the child is caught in the system, it becomes a long and arduous task for the parents to get them out. often, they are unable to prove their identity as parents. proceedings before the committee are not considered litigious in nature. hence parents do not get any legal assistance during such proceedings. thus migrants who come in search of livelihood due to internal displacement in their states become doubly discriminated. the committees constituted under the act are required to complete an enquiry within four months. but the pendency of enquires beyond the stipulated period is common. this is because the committees have no means to determine who the parents are and try to establish contact with the committees of other states from which the children originate and then try to send them \u201c home. \u201d the problem becomes compounded as some states and districts do not have such committees. the lack of inter - state coordination results in inordinate delay. in the period between the enquiry proceedings and the submission of the final report, the child is entrusted to an overcrowded reception home. this is more like a transit home and children are in \u201c protective custody \u201d. since this is a temporary measure, children have nothing to occupy them. migrant children dislike the food, do not understand the local language, some of them speak in different dialects and communication becomes difficult for even for those who know hindi. under the act, after the enquiry is completed, if the committee is of the opinion that the child has no family or ostensible support or the child is in continuous need of care and protection, it may allow the child to remain in the children ' s home or shelter home till suitable rehabilitation is found or till the child reaches 18. how does one determine that a parent is unfit to keep the child and cannot give ostensible support? the determination of \u201c best interests \u201d under the act is complex as it has to be considered with the need of the child to be with a parent and the lack of adequate facilities and resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46888331976998376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a45bf3-3b76-4c7f-ae4e-925543475c47>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.457128"}
{"text": "an internal audit opinion that means something if the audit report says that there are significant weaknesses in the system of internal control, or that the level of risk is high, what does that mean? remember : an audit report is a communication. it conveys a message to our audience, our view of the condition of risks and the controls relied on by management to ensure they are at desired levels. but, is the audit report written in \u2018 audit \u2019 language? we, as auditors, know what it means but does the intended audience? do they understand how it might impact their decisions in running the business? that \u2019 s what is critical. there \u2019 s no point in a report that identifies a serious business problem if the message isn \u2019 t clear and management doesn \u2019 t \u2018 get it \u2019. where is the value of an audit if management doesn \u2019 t understand what you find and the necessary actions aren \u2019 t taken? as is often the case, it doesn \u2019 t matter what we intend to communicate if the receiver of the audit report, the executive and board member, don \u2019 t receive the message you are trying to send. so, what does it mean in terms of running the business if the controls are \u2018 not adequate \u2019 or the risk is \u2018 high \u2019? should we leave that open to interpretation, or make it clear? i suggest that context may be required. when you say \u2018 high risk \u2019, explain what the risk is to. when you say controls are not adequate, explain what the potential adverse outcome could be \u2014 in business terms. a story might help. about ten years ago, i started a new job as vice president of internal audit for a global manufacturing company. the previous cae was in the process of moving into corporate finance, so we had a couple of weeks of transition. my first task was to help close an audit report on a factory in china. i reviewed the draft and liked the summary page. it had a table that took each of the major areas of the factory \u2019 s business and gave them a risk rating, linking to the number and severity of the related findings. but i didn \u2019 t like the results : everything was colored red, meaning that every area was rated as high risk with multiple significant control deficiencies. i called the audit director in singapore and we had a short conversation, somewhat along these lines : norman : \u201c audrey, what does this audit report mean? what should the leadership in asia and at corporate understand from this report? \u201d audrey : \u201c norman, the controls are poor, management is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5097369442278386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78364fa7-4ed5-4ff4-9742-f638b27ce12a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.461417"}
{"text": "had a short conversation, somewhat along these lines : norman : \u201c audrey, what does this audit report mean? what should the leadership in asia and at corporate understand from this report? \u201d audrey : \u201c norman, the controls are poor, management is not well - trained, and the risks are high. a lot of work is needed to correct the issues we found. \u201d norman : \u201c yes, but what does that mean in terms of how the business should be run? what do you want management to do? \u201d audrey : \u201c what do you mean? \u201d norman : \u201c imagine you get on an elevator on the 3rd floor of our hq building in singapore and see the asia president. he asks about the audit of the china factory and you have until you reach the ground floor to tell him. what does he need to understand? \u201d audrey : \u201c can i call you back tomorrow? \u201d the next day, she told me what she would tell the executive : \u201c the processes at the factory are not sufficient to support the planned expansion of the business. if you went ahead, there would be high risk relative to manufacturing quality and other critical aspects of the business. \u201d brilliant! this is a meaningful and actionable communication. how does this translate to a typical audit report? i suggest the following : - when you assess the condition of the internal controls, do so in terms of the risk to achieving strategies, goals, and objectives. - consider whether the risk is to local objectives, which can be handled locally, or to corporate objectives where action and attention from corporate management is required. make sure your report is clear on who needs to be paying attention. - think about what actions you want taken \u2014 not in terms of correcting deficiencies, but whether strategies, etc. should be changed. who needs to take action and who needs to be watching to make sure it happens? who owns the risk, the strategy? - put yourself in management \u2019 s shoes, and consider both risk and reward. what is the cost of correcting the deficiencies and is it justified, given the cost and the potential for reward? - when you write your report and present your opinion, use the language of your audience. express the result in terms that have meaning for them and talk about risks to strategies and objectives. explain potential losses or other negative outcomes that might result. don \u2019 t limit yourself to talking about security vulnerabilities ( audit speak ) when you can talk about the loss of confidential information and how that could either lead to compliance issues or a competitor gaining advantage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5063371852417421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78364fa7-4ed5-4ff4-9742-f638b27ce12a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.462398"}
{"text": "pc virus celebrates 20th birthday many unhappy returns analysis today, 19 january is the 20th anniversary for the appearance of the first pc virus. brain, a boot sector virus, was let loose in january 1986. brain spread via infected floppy disks and was a relatively innocuous nuisance in contrast with modern trojan, rootkits and other malware. the appearance of the first windows malware nonetheless set in train a chain of events that led up to today ' s computer virus landscape. boot sector viruses ceased to appear when floppy discs went out of fashion but they continued to be a nuisance between 1986 to 1995, when internet technology started to penetrate the consumer market. these types of viruses relied on people to exchange infected discs and virus outbreaks often took months to spread. the creation of macro viruses, which exploited security weaknesses in microsoft word and other applications, meant that malware outbreaks peaked after days instead of weeks and months. macro viruses ruled the roost for around four years between 1995 and 1999 before email became the main vector for viral distribution. harnessing the internet meant that the time it took the first email worms, such as the love bug, to spread dropped from days to hours. email worms such as the love bug and melissa caused widespread disruption and confusion in 1999 before they were brought to heel. by 2001, network worms such as blaster were created that automatically and indiscriminately infected windows pcs without adequate protection. email and network worms remain a problem today but the greatest problem these days is posed by key - logging trojans designed to snoop on user ' s private information, such as online account details, and the many strains of malware that turn infected pcs into zombie drones under the control of hackers. the biggest change over the last 20 years has been in the motives of virus writers rather than in the types of malware they ' ve cooked up, according to anti - virus firm f - secure. \" the most significant change has been the evolution of virus writing hobbyists into criminally operated gangs bent on financial gain, \" said f - secure ' s chief research officer mikko hypponen. \u201c this trend is showing no signs of stopping. \" \" there are already indications that malware authors will target laptop wlans as the next vector for automatically spreading worms, \" he added. \u00ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4551094073818174, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f57f15cd-0a8d-42fc-9823-02e723b27ad7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.464858"}
{"text": "when we see this plant, we are highly alarmed. it has a horror quality to it. the way it grows, what it looks like, and what it does. maybe in its native asian habitat it is an elegant and necessary addition to a well - rounded ecosystem, but here it is a dangerous emerging invasive. we will describe it for you and tell you a story about how it has pulled us into the forest for the winter, creating a demand for our focus and attention on one very blighted area exemplifying urban park deforestation. this annual asian vine is considered an emerging invasive in morris park ; however it is being spread rapidly and is occurring in the most disturbed areas of the park. along the southern portion of the eastern branch of indian creek, where it appears soil has been transported from elsewhere out of necessity to fill in severely eroded streambanks, there is an especially dense invasion of this species, which we have made attempts at pulling out. being that it is an annual, just pulling the plant before it goes to seed is enough to make a difference, as long as all of the plants in a given area are pulled! note the triangular leaves of this very slender vine. at each leaf node, where the leaf stem intersects with the vine, there is a small rounded collar that is pierced through by the vine giving it the perfoliata part of its latin name. also of note is the prickly reflexed barbs that make this vine very unpleasant to come into contact with. the light and delicate habit of this vine, allows it to grow rapidly, and cover over shrubs and trees, especially in already degraded areas of forests, forest edges, and cleared areas along railroad tracks, roads, right of ways, etc. it is also being found in the forested areas of morris park, where it is most likely being transported by the increasingly abundant deer population. the vine enshrouds other plants, using their structures as a means to climb and reach sunlight, creating an unsightly mass of triangular leaves and barbed stems until there is nothing left to see but this plant. then come the berries, these juicy, attractive blue berries are the sole means of propagation. birds could also be consuming and transporting the seeds contained within, to any location, including your own yard! we find this vine in our yard every year. if you see the seeds, remove and trash them. the best control is close monitoring of at - risk sites and of course your own yard and uprooting of the plant before going to seed. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4590183856947384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbc32491-fad1-4fde-bb6d-02b0333e884a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.475572"}
{"text": "find this vine in our yard every year. if you see the seeds, remove and trash them. the best control is close monitoring of at - risk sites and of course your own yard and uprooting of the plant before going to seed. this is a similar control method to garlic mustard, except you do not have to remove the plant if you get it early enough. keeping an eye out for emerging invasives such as mile - a - minute is an ongoing activity. however in some blighted areas so dense with invasives that they are impenetrable, detecting emerging invasives is difficult. this is a situation where a blighted area can become a source of more blight. in one such area of morris park, an infestation of mile - a - minute was found after chopping through the thorny, dense thickets of the invasives wineberry and multiflora rose. these two species can pierce through clothing and skin, easily drawing blood, tearing clothes, and causing pain as well as itching and irritation. the multiflora rose has thorns that will grab, rip and penetrate clothing and skin, while the wineberry has needle - like spines that can remain in your clothing and skin. these two species grow in thickets, with tall, arching growth habits, where the tip of the plants can actually root themselves several feet away. in an infestation, this behavior creates fence - like enclosures that are very difficult to enter. above is mile - a - minute that has been able to grow and produce seed. this is a picture of the ugly remains left behind. we were physically unable to monitor this site by the thorny thickets and visually obscured from it by the dense entanglement of japanese honeysuckle that has been choking the nearby bushes and small trees. it took a really cold december day to get near these dormant plants and begin exploring what was growing in the area. the discovery of the mile - a - minute was disturbing to see. enough is enough. we had to do something about this mess! the first order of business was to remove the multi - flora rose and the wineberry by pulling them out of the ground with the help of digging tools and very thick gloves. these plants were then chopped up with clippers and scattered about, just off the site, so there is no big ugly pile of plant material left behind that will stifle the growth of native plants. the uprooted plants will then die on site and they will decompose back into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4546936898962748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbc32491-fad1-4fde-bb6d-02b0333e884a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.476661"}
{"text": "scattered about, just off the site, so there is no big ugly pile of plant material left behind that will stifle the growth of native plants. the uprooted plants will then die on site and they will decompose back into the soil maintaining the bio - mass of the forest. then the japanese honeysuckle vines which were climbing up the small trees and shrubs and covering the ground in a dense matte were all pulled up as well. below is a \u2018 before \u2019 picture of the site from the main trail. below is a picture of wineberry, showing its spines, color and habit, all with the backdrop of the late december light. below is the multiflora rose. the thorns on these branches are as sturdy as they look, firmly attached to the stiff plant, they have little give and lots of shredding power if moved across them at a hiking pace. moving through a thicket of this is also an easy way to get ticks and become susceptible to lyme disease. this is not an environment we want to have so close to the densely populated rowhouse neighborhood of overbrook. you can see how this plant creates an impenetrable thicket. the stems are as stiff as they look, the older ones with a woody stiffness. in a thicket, the criss - crossing of the stalks makes them even more like a barbed - wire fence. approaching the mechanical eradication of these plants, the outer portions are snipped down with a clippers until just about a foot remains above ground. when all of the infestation is clipped down and the stalks are dispersed, than the lower portions can be removed from the ground by using digging tools to loosen the roots and then gently pulling and tugging on the roots until most of them can be teased out of the ground. the plant will then die above ground. any portions of roots left in the ground may re - grow in the ensuing years, so the site will need to be monitored, as is usually the case in any eradication effort. after the roots are removed, we intuitively put the soil back in place and cover it with leaves, with the idea to do as little disturbance as possible, only displacing what we absolutely must. it also looks better. often, a disturbed forest never looks right. it seems overcrowded and entangled or on the opposite side of the spectrum barren and depleted, depending on the blighting condition. a healthy or restored forest has a \u2018 comfortable \u2019 look to it : we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4421579340216337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbc32491-fad1-4fde-bb6d-02b0333e884a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.477681"}
{"text": "a disturbed forest never looks right. it seems overcrowded and entangled or on the opposite side of the spectrum barren and depleted, depending on the blighting condition. a healthy or restored forest has a \u2018 comfortable \u2019 look to it : we can see the trees, the shrubs, and short plants growing along the forest floor. no one thing dominates the landscape. we could walk through it if we had to. we can see through it to an acceptable degree. when we remove the invasives from an infested section of the park, it looks better, and in just a few short years it looks great! our adventures clearing the invasive thicket revealed a whole series of other invasive trees and vines that were growing amidst the multiflora rose and the wineberry. we encountered and removed close to 100 specimens of tree of heaven ( ailanthus altissima ) saplings and seedlings, japanese angelica tree ( aralia elata ), and about 50 vines of english ivy ( hedera helix ). these plants were removed by pulling and tugging, getting as much of the roots out as possible, and then placing them above ground, spread about just off of the disturbed and currently - being - restored site, where they will die, their roots unable to reach soil. above is the root of the tree - of - heaven. as we work, we have learned to identify the plants we are saving and removing, from the leaves, the stems and the roots. as we move along through each species, they become more and more easy to distinguish. the roots of the ailanthus are very pale, and often have the 90 degree angle in saplings. the bark is smooth with a silvery - tan appearance and large, pale heart - shaped leaf - scars as shown the second picture above help distinguish this tree in its sapling stage. this ailanthus tree has such an iconic presence in the city of philadelphia, that it is easy to distinguish once you start focusing in on it. it always helps to consult with those in the know, like your local municipal authority and parks and rec official who may deal with problematic invasive species daily and is more than willing to educate you on the ones that grow in your area of concern. in fact, we were not only educated about them, but the philadelphia parks and rec department took our invasive tree problem so seriously that they came out and applied basal bark herbicide to the infestation of a maturing cluster of tree - of - heaven in the area that we are now working on.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4339684269344451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbc32491-fad1-4fde-bb6d-02b0333e884a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.478693"}
{"text": "but the philadelphia parks and rec department took our invasive tree problem so seriously that they came out and applied basal bark herbicide to the infestation of a maturing cluster of tree - of - heaven in the area that we are now working on. these maturing trees were reaching forty feet in height and were throwing out thousands of seeds every year. the trees are now all dead and have fallen down. now we have to monitor the site and pull out the hundreds of seedlings that sprout every year. above is the root of the japanese angelica tree ( aralia elata ). this problematic invasive has also required the partnership with the philadelphia dept of parks and recreation. their application of garlon4 ultra, around the base of the trees in february 2011 and 2012 has resulted in the death of these maturing trees, which were also producing thousands of seeds per year, and now there are the resulting thousands of seedlings growing, which we will have to be pulling for as long as we are able. once both of these species have reached maturity, it is very difficult to eradicate them manually, and the use of herbicides becomes necessary. the reason for this is that these trees develop large underground root systems that are capable of re - sprouting aggressively even if the above - ground plant is removed by a volunteer. we appreciate our partnership with the city of philadelphia in that they can eradicate the larger specimens and infestations and we as volunteers can focus on the details of completing a thorough environmental restoration, which can often evolve into a tedious but necessary ongoing inspection and maintenance of each site. as we ventured further into the depths of this highly disturbed site, we discovered the invasive shrub, burning bush ( euonymus alatus ). we yank it out gently, getting all the roots and toss it off site where it will die, or hang it from an adjacent tree or shrub. above is the roots of the invasive exotic shrub, euonymus alatus, burning bush, just pulled out from the ground here in morris park. we see this invasive shrub in many sites in morris park and within the fairmount park system, and would love to have all of the time and resources to pull it out! above, we see the invasive tree, ailanthus altissima, the tree - of - heaven, multiflora rose, ( thin green stalks ), wineberry, mile - a - minute, and japanese honeysuckle, all of them growing together in a mass of invasives. this dead tree -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4203874384107972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbc32491-fad1-4fde-bb6d-02b0333e884a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.479681"}
{"text": ", the tree - of - heaven, multiflora rose, ( thin green stalks ), wineberry, mile - a - minute, and japanese honeysuckle, all of them growing together in a mass of invasives. this dead tree - of - heaven was one of the ones sprayed with garlon 4 ultra in a basal - bark application in late february 2011 by philadelphia parks and rec. this infestation of tree - of heaven, japanese angelica tree, japanese honeysuckle, burning bush, english ivy, multiflora rose, wineberry, mile - a - minute and garlic mustard will take us all winter to remove. whenever we have time, an hour here and an hour there, we are out there, getting some sunlight, some exercise and something accomplished. the scene in the back - ground, adjacent to the site we are currently working on pictured above and below, was at one time full of these same invasives that covered the forest floor, the shrub layer and climbing up the trees, now all gone. when we first pulled them all out five years ago, it wasn \u2019 t as pretty, but now those plants have rested on the forest floor, decomposed into soil, and are being slowly transformed into native plants under our watchful eye. we monitor this partially restored site for invasives every year, and pull out the mile - a - minute vine whenever we see it. please let us know if you have seen this vine or have a problem with it in the natural area near you!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43495429326199864, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbc32491-fad1-4fde-bb6d-02b0333e884a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.480255"}
{"text": "- adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 / 21 ; middle age commences at about 40 and old age at about 60 - adults asking little kids what they want to be when they grow up, because they are looking for ideas - society should see the need for education of every age, including adults. - every time i see an adult on a bicycle, i no longer despair for the future of the human race. - if a child is to keep alive his inborn sense of wonder without any such gift from the fairies, he needs the companionship of at least one adult who can share it, rediscovering with him the joy, excitement, and mystery of the world we live in. ( rachel carson ) - study is the bane of childhood, the oil of youth, the indulgence of adulthood, and a restorative in old age. ( w. s. landor ) - historically, adulthood began with puberty. now there is biological adulthood and social adulthood. - a new period of life is emerging in which young people are no longer adolescents but not yet adults. - an adult - sized tree house - a child ' s access to interesting adult conversations - we all start adult life with an eagle and a dove inside us. the eagle is strong and decisive ; the dove is peaceful and nurturing. as we grow in maturity, the two birds coalesce into one. we can act decisively with kindness, we can show strength and gentleness simultaneously. keep your eagle compassionate and your dove fearless. \u00ab back to the list of categories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4403115120139782, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:371cbf33-9ecb-4460-9655-525c87db4b03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.481977"}
{"text": "iraq dumps daylight saving time in 2008 for the first time in many years iraq will not observe daylight saving time, which usually falls on april 1 each year. the decision to cancel daylight saving time in 2008 was made at a meeting for iraq ' s council of ministers recently. a change of times for some citizens, the abolition of daylight saving time marks another change that comes with the political changes over the past few years. however, there are also claims that there is no relationship between the daylight saving cancellation and governmental changes, as the decision was a matter of science. according to aswat al - iraq ( voices of iraq ), a spokesperson from the prime minister ' s office said the kurdistan regional government stood in conformity with the iraqi government ' s decision to abolish daylight saving time. a spokesperson for the kurdistan regional government confirmed that its decision to cancel daylight saving time coincided with the iraqi government ' s choice on that matter. the iraqi government ' s decision to abolish daylight saving time aimed to increase energy efficiency through means such as minimizing airconditioning usage. the cancellation of daylight saving time shortens periods of daylight in the summer, especially during warm days when energy usage for cooling systems could increase. many citizens, including some students and workers, have welcomed the decision, declaring it as ' ' useful ' '. however, with the change came opposing opinions. some citizens believed the abolishment of daylight saving time would be difficult because it was integrated into their lives for so many years. still, there are those who believed that life would be less complicated without daylight saving time as there would be less confusion and interruption associated with time, including changes to schedules and food preparations. iraq ' s recent daylight saving history in the past, daylight saving was used in iraq as a means to reduce the consumption of electrical energy in labs, factories and in domestic environments. the addition of the extra hour in the afternoon meant that the use of lighting was reduced. for many years, many parts of iraq which included the capital city of baghdad moved the clock forward by one hour on april 1 to reflect daylight saving time. iraq returned to standard time to mark the start of the winter months on october 1 each year. working hours in government institutions were scheduled from 8am to 3pm, except for the ministry of higher education and the ministery of health, when working hours finished at 2pm. dates of daylight saving time 1982 \u2013 2007these are the dates daylight saving time started and ended in baghdad since iraq first observed dst in 1982.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40430410426200997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee3f5be1-5a1e-4c42-8631-b4f448276f3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.488868"}
{"text": "the ministry of higher education and the ministery of health, when working hours finished at 2pm. dates of daylight saving time 1982 \u2013 2007these are the dates daylight saving time started and ended in baghdad since iraq first observed dst in 1982. | year | | start date | | end date | | daylight duration | | 1982 | | may 1 | | oct 1 | | 21 weeks and 6 days | | 1983 | | mar 31 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 2 days | | 1984 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1985 | | apr 1 | | sep 29 | | 25 weeks and 6 days | | 1986 | | mar 30 | | sep 28 | | 26 weeks | | 1987 | | mar 29 | | sep 27 | | 26 weeks | | 1988 | | mar 27 | | sep 25 | | 26 weeks | | 1989 | | mar 26 | | sep 24 | | 26 weeks | | 1990 | | mar 25 | | sep 30 | | 27 weeks | | 1991 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1992 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1993 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1994 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1995 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1996 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1997 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1998 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 1999 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2000 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2001 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2002 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2003 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2004 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2005 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2006 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | | 26 weeks and 1 day | | 2007 | | apr 1 | | oct 1 | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4174859175502318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee3f5be1-5a1e-4c42-8631-b4f448276f3a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.489694"}
{"text": "explore careers - job market report translators translate written material from one language to another. interpreters translate oral communication from one language to another during speeches, meetings, conferences, debates and conversation, or in court or before administrative tribunals. terminologists conduct research to itemize terms connected with a certain field, define them and find equivalents in another language. sign language interpreters use sign language to translate spoken language and vice versa during meetings, conversations, television programs or in other instances. translators, terminologists and interpreters are employed by government, private translation and interpretation agencies, in - house translation services, large private corporations, international organizations and the media, or they may be self - employed. sign language interpreters work in schools and courts, and for social service agencies, interpretation services, government services and television stations, or they may be self - employed. community interpreter, conference interpreter, court interpreter, interpreter, legal terminologist, literary translator, localiser, medical terminologist, sign language interpreter, terminologist, translator, translator adaptor, translator - reviser. - translate a variety of written material such as correspondence, reports, legal documents, technical specifications and textbooks from one language to another, maintaining the content, context and style of the original material to the greatest extent possible - localize software and accompanying technical documents to adapt them to another language and culture - revise and correct translated material - may train and supervise other translators. - identify the terminology used in a field of activity - conduct terminological research on a given subject or in response to inquiries for the preparation of glossaries, terminology banks, technological files, dictionaries, lexicons and resource centres, and add to terminological databases - manage, update and circulate linguistic information collected from terminological databases - provide consultative services to translators, interpreters and technical writers preparing legal, scientific or other documents requiring specialized terminologies. - interpret oral communication from one language to another aloud or using electronic equipment, either simultaneously ( as the speaker speaks ), consecutively ( after the speaker speaks ) or whispered ( speaking in a low whisper to one or two persons as the speaker is talking ) - provide interpretation services in court or before administrative tribunals - may interpret language for individuals and small groups travelling in canada and abroad - may interpret for persons speaking a native or foreign language in a variety of circumstances - may train other interpreters. sign language interpreters perform some or all of the following duties : translators, terminologists and interpreters specialize in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45554077399553156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bd9e598-98d8-4dd4-aa4d-537c1da4d317>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.495627"}
{"text": "canada and abroad - may interpret for persons speaking a native or foreign language in a variety of circumstances - may train other interpreters. sign language interpreters perform some or all of the following duties : translators, terminologists and interpreters specialize in two languages, such as french and english, the official languages of canada. they may also specialize in another language and one of the official languages. the main areas of specialization include administrative, literary, scientific and technical translation. interpreters may specialize in court, parliamentary or conference interpretation. - translate sign language to a spoken language and vice versa either simultaneously or consecutively. sign language interpreters work in french and langue des signes quebecoise ( lsq ) or in english and american sign language ( asl ). st. john ' s, mount pearl, arnold ' s cove, bay roberts, bishop ' s cove, carbonear, conception bay south, gulch, gull island, harbour grace, north river, spaniard ' s bay, torbay, upper island cove, wabana, birchy nap, chamberlains, codner, doyles, foxtrap, goulds, greeleytown, kelligrews, lance cove, lawrence pond, manuels, newton, north pond heights, peachytown, riverdale, talcville, topsail, upper gullies jobs for translators, terminologists and interpreters in avalon peninsula region job opportunities from job bank and contributing job sites are updated daily. there are currently no job offers available in avalon peninsula region for this occupation. where to look for job opportunities job postings can be found in many places : on the internet, on community bulletin boards, at job fairs or in newspaper help wanted sections. information about available work is often circulated through managers, employees and business associates, as well as through family, friends and acquaintances. networking link opens in a new window is one of the best ways to search for jobs. rss job search feed subscribe to the canada \u2019 s national job bank ' s rss job search feedlink opens in a new window and receive automatic job posting updates for the location and occupation you have selected. - date modified :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4233888696115984, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bd9e598-98d8-4dd4-aa4d-537c1da4d317>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.496739"}
{"text": "airline industry : help me, help you image source : boston globe think airline industry. think major polluters. airlines emitted more than 418 billion pounds of carbon dioxide last year. they also create \" diesel shuttles that circle the terminal road, [ leaving ] thousands of tons of toxic emissions in a compact area of the city. \" not to mention that with the financially strapped industry, adopting creative, eco - friendly projects that cost more and have a longer payback are completely off the table. until now. usa today reports that airports across the us are ready to kick it up a notch, adopting aggressive environmental strategies to improve public perception, and hopefully save a little green in the process. in the past, airports were designed to be aesthetically pleasing and \" comfortable \" for passengers, but not necessarily energy efficient or environmentally responsible. one reason attributed to this is because the airline industry is so financially troubled that they need immediate results and environmental projects do not always give immediate returns. with such a transient community, its hard for airports to not automatically choose the easily, disposable options or leave lights on all night for the one or two people that might be in a terminal. now the industry is taking another look at green improvements to not only help airports cut costs, as well as improve the image of the airline industry, and also improve public health. electrical upgrades 6 foot tall wind turbines are added to the top of boston ' s logan airport, estimated to produce 100, 000 kilowatt - hours of electricity each year, roughly 3 % of current energy use. most airports have huge plots of land with which they can and are installing huge solar arrays. fresno ' s yosemite airport installed an 11, 700 panel solar array that now covers 40 % of its daily electrical needs. seattle and denver airports are both looking at composting coffee grounds and biodegradable wastes. waste oil will also be hauled away and used for fuel and pet food. yum. denver airport now has 22 different waste streams of recyclables. de - icing fluids are being collected, mixed with melted snow and then reused as anti - freeze and for grey water in toilets. atlanta ' s hartsfield - jackson airport upgraded all toilets and urinals to use fewer and in some cases half of the water, saving 44 million gallons of water each year. roads and transportation boston ' s logan airport rewards hybrid drivers with preferred parking spaces and cleaner fuel taxis get front of the line privileges, a program also used at san francisco international airport.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4053623221365438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8dae167f-0f0c-4e4d-841f-0f01bcf1281e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.500584"}
{"text": "the goal of this group is to keep us all updated about what each one is doing to celebrate world diabetes day, november 14. celebrated every year on november 14, world diabetes day is a campaign led by the international diabetes federation and its member associations. it was created in 1991 by idf and who in response to growing concerns about the escalating threat of diabetes worldwide. world diabetes day became an official united nations day in 2007. this year sees the first of a five - year campaign that will address the growing need for diabetes education and prevention programmes. the world diabetes day campaign calls on everyone to understand diabetes and take control. for people with diabetes, the campaign slogan is a message about empowerment through education. for governments, it is a call to implement effective strategies and policies for the prevention and management of diabetes. for healthcare professionals, it is a call to improve knowledge so that evidence - based recommendations are put into practice. for the general public, it is a call to understand the serious impact of diabetes and know, where possible, how to avoid or delay diabetes and its complications. the need for diabetes education diabetes can be difficult. the disease imposes life - long demands on the 250 million people now living with diabetes and their families. people with diabetes have to make a multitude of decisions related to managing their diabetes. they need to monitor their blood glucose, take medication, exercise regularly and adjust their eating habits. furthermore, they may have to face issues related to living with the complications of diabetes and may be required to make considerable psychological adjustments. the future health of people with diabetes is largely based on the decisions they take. because people with diabetes must deliver 95 % of their own care, it is of paramount importance that they receive ongoing, high - quality diabetes education that is tailored to their needs and delivered by skilled health professionals. the world diabetes day campaign aims to establish access to diabetes education as a right for all people with diabetes. the need for prevention at present, type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. the environmental triggers that are thought to generate the process that results in the destruction of the body \u2019 s insulin - producing cells are still under investigation. type 2 diabetes, however, can be prevented in many cases by helping and encouraging those at risk to maintain a healthy weight and take regular exercise. world diabetes day will promote greater awareness of the risk factors for diabetes and encourage best - practice sharing in diabetes prevention. the campaign will ask diabetes stakeholders to call on un member states to follow through on the promise of un resolution 61 / 225 on diabetes and develop national policies for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41601009811957246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bb1e530-c4d5-4cc5-9ae7-f72ce22667cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.505803"}
{"text": "promote greater awareness of the risk factors for diabetes and encourage best - practice sharing in diabetes prevention. the campaign will ask diabetes stakeholders to call on un member states to follow through on the promise of un resolution 61 / 225 on diabetes and develop national policies for the prevention, treatment and care of diabetes in line with the sustainable development of their healthcare systems. under resolution 61 / 225, the un has invited all member states, relevant organizations of the united nations system and other international organizations, as well as civil society, including non - governmental organizations and the private sector, to observe world diabetes day in an appropriate manner, in order to raise public awareness of diabetes and related complications, as well as its prevention and care, including through education and the mass media. in 2008, there was a total of 1, 108 monuments lit up in blue around the world as part of the wdd monument challenge. the usa accounted for 42 of them ( less than 4 % ). considering the us accounts for \u2026 continue 329, 040 minutes, 329, 040 moments so dear. 329, 040 minutes \u2014 how do you measure, measure volunteers? in smileys, in tears shed, in counsel, in cups of coffee. in units, in carb counts, in laughter, in strife. in 329, 040 minutes \u2013 how \u2026 continue reading diabetes hands foundation has always relied on partners and advisors to increase its understanding of the diabetes space, in order to better serve people touched by diabetes. today this is as true as ever, as we proudly announce the expansion \u2026 continue reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699771346304318, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7bb1e530-c4d5-4cc5-9ae7-f72ce22667cd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.506441"}
{"text": "berlin ( ap ) - - a meteor exploded in the sky above russia on friday, causing a shockwave that blew out windows injuring hundreds of people and sending fragments falling to the ground in the ural mountains. here ' s a look at those objects in the sky : what ' s the difference between a meteor and a meteorite? meteors are pieces of space rock, usually from larger comets or asteroids, which enter the earth ' s atmosphere. many are burned up by the heat of the atmosphere, but those that survive and strike the earth are called meteorites. they often hit the ground at tremendous speed - - up to 30, 000 kilometers an hour ( 18, 642 mph ) according to the european space agency. that releases a huge amount of force. how common are meteorite strikes? experts say smaller strikes happen five to 10 times a year. large impacts such as the one friday in russia are rarer but still occur about every five years, according to addi bischoff, a mineralogist at the university of muenster in germany. most of these strikes happen in uninhabited areas where they don ' t cause injuries to humans. what caused the damage in russia? alan harris, a senior scientist at the german aerospace center in berlin, said most of the damage would have been caused by the explosion of the meteor as it broke up in the atmosphere. the explosion caused a shockwave that sent windows and loose objects flying through the air in a radius of several kilometers. by the time the remaining fragments hit the ground they would have been too small to cause significant damage far from the site of impact, he said. is there any link to the asteroid fly - by taking place later friday? no, it ' s just cosmic coincidence, according to european space agency spokesman bernhard von weyhe, who says asteroid 2012da14 is unrelated to the meteorite strike in russia. when was the last comparable meteorite strike? in 2008, astronomers spotted a meteor heading toward earth about 20 hours before it entered the atmosphere. it exploded over the vast african nation of sudan, causing no known injuries. the largest known meteorite strike in recent times was the \" tunguska event \" that hit russia in 1908. even that strike, which was far bigger than the one that happened over russia on friday, didn ' t injure anyone. scientists believe that an even larger meteorite strike may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs about 66 million years ago. according to that theory, the impact would have thrown up vast amounts of dust that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5122333748530253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a6d3e99-a2c5-4fc6-88c0-fdbf51275145>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.511363"}
{"text": "friday, didn ' t injure anyone. scientists believe that an even larger meteorite strike may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs about 66 million years ago. according to that theory, the impact would have thrown up vast amounts of dust that blanketed the sky for decades and altered the climate on earth. what can scientists learn from friday ' s strike? bischoff says scientists and treasure hunters are probably already racing to find pieces of the meteorite. some meteorites can be very valuable, selling for up to \u20ac500 ( $ 670 ) per gram depending on their exact composition. because meteors have remained largely unchanged for billions of years - - unlike rocks on earth that have been affected by erosion and volcanic outbreaks - - scientists will study the fragments to learn more about the origins of matter. harris, of the german aerospace center, says some meteorites are also believed to carry organic material and may have influenced the development of life on earth. what would happen if a meteorite hit a major city? scientists hope never to find out, but they ' re still trying to prepare for such an event. von weyhe, the european space agency spokesman, says experts from europe, the united states and russia are already discussing how to spot potential threats sooner and avert them. but don ' t expect a hollywood style mission to fly a nuclear bomb into space and blow up the asteroid. \" it ' s a global challenge and we need to find a solution together, \" he said. \" but one thing ' s for sure, the bruce willis \" armageddon \" method won ' t work. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43495796014303467, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a6d3e99-a2c5-4fc6-88c0-fdbf51275145>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.512297"}
{"text": "if you ' re an athlete, during summer vacation, you may be tempted to slack off from the rigorous training needed to stay in shape. however, last - minute conditioning for fall sports could contribute to serious sports injuries. whether you aspire to be a professional athlete or you play sports for fun, follow these tips for safe summer training. remember to drink plenty of water to avoid muscle cramping or heat - related illness. fluids should be consumed frequently during strenuous activity and within a half hour of training. if you wait until you ' re thirsty, you ' re already far behind. it will be difficult to catch up during your conditioning or training. one way to determine if you ' re drinking enough water is the color of your urine \u2014 it should be clear. if it ' s dark yellow, you ' re not drinking enough. conditions related to a lack of fluids include : these are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur in the muscles being exercised, such as the legs or arms. symptoms include a rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, possibly a low - grade fever and hot, red, dry or sweaty skin. people with heat exhaustion may look pale and feel faint or nauseous. this is a serious and sometimes fatal condition in which your body is unable to sweat and regulate its temperature. symptoms include rapid heartbeat, unusually high or low blood pressure, fainting, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, irritability and loss of consciousness. avoid rigorous workouts during the peak temperatures of 11 a. m. to 2 p. m. some athletes think the heat makes them tougher. that ' s true only if your body is already in top condition. otherwise, you could be at risk for heat exhaustion or heat stroke. even high school athletes need to stretch their muscles before strenuous exercise as a way to prevent muscle injury. proper stretching lengthens or \" loosens \" muscle tissue, making it less prone to trauma and tears. pre - workout warm - ups become more important with age, but they help reduce the risk of injury at any age. proper nutrition is important to maintaining your body ' s peak performance. for endurance sports such as football or track, eat plenty of carbohydrates such as bread, cereal and potatoes, which turn into glucose and the energy you ' ll need. start slowly if you ' re not already in shape. increase your workout regimen gradually, by no more than 10 percent a week. reviewed by health care specialists at ucsf medical center. this information is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4551481792381466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2de525f-fb5c-4727-b03d-9c386281532a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.515060"}
{"text": "they really do! a new study reveals that the way that the visual centers of men and women ' s brains works is different : men have greater sensitivity to fine detail and rapidly moving stimuli, but women are better at discriminating between colors. in fact, most of the people who are colorblind are men. in the brain there are high concentrations of male sex hormone ( androgen ) receptors throughout cerebral cortex, especially in the visual cortex, which is responsible for processing images. androgens are also responsible for controlling the development of neurons in the visual cortex, meaning that males have 25 % more of them than females. researchers compared the vision of men and women over 16 from both college and high school, including students and staff, all of whom had normal color vision and 20 / 20 vision either naturally or when corrected by glasses or contact lenses. when the volunteers were required to describe colors shown to them across the visual spectrum it became obvious that the color vision of men was shifted, and that they required a slightly longer wavelength to experience the same hue as the women. the males also had a broader range in the center of the spectrum where they were less able to discriminate between colors. when other psychologists analyzed data from a series of visual recognition tests, they discovered that women are better than men at recognizing living things and men are better than women at recognizing vehicles. psychologist isabel gauthier says, \" these results aren ' t definitive, but they are consistent with the following story : everyone is born with a general ability to recognize objects and the capability to get really good at it. nearly everyone becomes expert at recognizing faces, because of their importance for social interactions. most people also develop expertise for recognizing other types of objects due to their jobs, hobbies or interests. our culture influences which categories we become interested in, which explains the differences between men and women. \" face recognition abilities are exciting to study because they have been found to have a clear genetic basis, and many studies conclude that abilities in face recognition are not predicted by abilities in object recognition. but this is usually based on comparing faces to only one object category for men and women. \" is there some sort of reason for this? researcher israel abramov says, \" the evolutionary driving force between these differences is ( not ) clear. \" we can agree to disagree about politics, music and art - - but one thing we can ' t disagree about is the fact that unknowncountry. com needs your support if we ' re going to continue to bring you great edge news and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49278107769455237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f4ae683-72f9-40ff-bb4f-1ece2ff1e464>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.518903"}
{"text": "jerusalem, dec. 31 ( upi ) - - excavations for a highway renovation in israel have uncovered rare remains of ritual objects and a 3, 000 - year - old temple, archaeologists say. israel ' s antiquities authority said ruins of a structure were found at tel motza west of jerusalem, including massive walls and an east - facing entrance suggesting the building was a temple, the jerusalem post reported. aligning the entrance with the sun ' s rays to illuminate a ritual object placed within the temple would \" symbolizing the divine presence within, \" archaeologist ann eirikh said. a square structure believed to be an altar was discovered along with a nearby cache of objects including decorated pedestals, pottery vessels, fragments of chalices and clay figures of humans and domesticated animals, researchers said. \" the finds recently discovered at tel motza provide rare archaeological evidence for the existence of temples and ritual enclosures in the kingdom of judah in general... prior to the religious reforms throughout the kingdom, \" eirikh said. around the time of hezekiah and isaiah, known as the first temple period, judaism abolished many ritual sites in order to conduct ritual practices solely at the temple in jerusalem, she said. | additional science news stories | mesa, ariz., june 19 ( upi ) - - a construction worker was killed early wednesday when a bridge collapsed outside phoenix, officials said. college park, md., june 19 ( upi ) - - university of maryland scientists say they ' ve developed an environmentally friendly battery that uses wood as its backbone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4865914206354012, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ced20482-d8bc-40e3-8b80-ed7424cac89d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.520439"}
{"text": "forest service announces open space conservation strategy forest service chief abigail kimbell today announced the release of the forest service \u2019 s open space conservation strategy. \u201c our vision for the 21st century is an interconnected network of open space across the landscape \u2014 one that supports healthy ecosystems, renewable resources, and a high quality of life for americans. we plan to achieve this through collaboration and partnerships \u2014 by working with willing landowners, conservation groups and state and local governments to promote voluntary land conservation. \u201d [ chief kimbell ] the open space conservation strategy is the product of extensive public comment and collaboration, with over 22, 000 comments received \u2013 nearly all supportive. the public also expressed strong support for open space conservation during usda \u2019 s farm bill listening sessions. the strategy charts a path forward for the forest service to conserve forests, grasslands, farms, ranches, and urban greenspaces that provide vital ecosystem services and benefits for society. open space benefits american citizens by providing clean air, abundant water, outdoor recreation, connected fish and wildlife habitat, scenic beauty, improved human health, renewable resource products, and quality of life. usda \u2019 s farm bill proposals would strengthen and enhance the agency \u2019 s ability to achieve the goals of the strategy. the usda proposals would provide increased financial and technical assistance to willing landowners to conserve open space, advance ecosystem service private markets to compensate private landowners, enable states to work across boundaries to identify priority forest landscapes for conservation, and help communities protect working forests. the loss of open space threatens the sustainability of the nation \u2019 s forests and grasslands. we lose approximately 6, 000 acres of open space each day across the united states \u2014 a rate of four acres per minute. land development is outpacing population growth, especially in rural areas where the trend is low density, dispersed growth. the new forest service report \u201c national forests on the edge \u201d projects that over 21 million acres of rural private lands near national forests and 44 million acres of private forest land will undergo increases in housing density by 2030. growth and development in wildlands increases the risk of wildfire for people and property, affects the forest service \u2019 s ability to manage the public lands for healthy forests and public enjoyment, and reduces the capacity of privately owned land to provide water, recreation, habitat, and other public benefits. the strategy can be found at http : / / www. fs. fed. us / openspace. the site also shares research findings, success stories, and resources for open space conservation. open space, environmental services ecosystem services, leaf characteristics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44519966870854893, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:805b0980-a42a-4299-9335-fed8f78a2599>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.523211"}
{"text": "volume 9, issue 7 - july - august 2008 eye on energy are you a lean, green sustainable machine? making lean manufacturing part of your green story by ric jackson and david meier simply producing a green product isn \u2019 t enough these days. consumers in the market for green building products are just as concerned about your business \u2019 s environmental impact as they are about your product. companies selling \u201c green \u201d inevitably will be asked if their message is also reflected in their operations and business practices. sustainability is not a fad ; it has become a core business value. therefore, your products and operations should be in sync when touting your efforts to improve the sustainability of our planet. adopting sustainable business practices need not mean a complete overhaul of your operations. door and window manufacturers employing lean manufacturing methods may already have steps in place toward becoming greener businesses. you can further promote your \u201c lean, green story \u201d by looking for new ways to reduce your impact on the environment and become a better corporate citizen. how does lean manufacturing fit in? operating lean can have the most impact on your environmental footprint when applied to waste management practices. waste is costly to an organization \u2014 and the planet. many companies underestimate the costs associated with disposal, collection and even recycling, of waste. of course, recycling and reusing waste is better than sending it to a landfill, but these options often become too convenient, making it easy to ignore the root of the problem \u2014 how to reduce waste in the first place. lean thinking can help businesses realize a smaller environmental footprint by improving operational efficiencies that place a high emphasis on waste reduction. as a case in point, toyota has become the model for lean manufacturing. the toyota production system utilizes lean principles to impact the company \u2019 s sustainability. toyota \u2019 s lean efforts have led the company to employ a zero impact objective with a goal of generating zero landfill waste. one notable method toyota employs is using reusable containers to transport materials to suppliers, thereby greatly reducing cardboard use ( see related story in the june 2008 issue of dwm, page 32 ). other lean principles, such as moving materials more effectively, minimizing extra handling and improving efficiencies, can lead to a greener business. for example, choose spacers that work interchangeably with various shapes of glass and consider automation to minimize variability. an efficient business and manufacturing process means less embodied energy for your product, as well as less waste in the form of time, costs and materials ( see dwm, may 2008, page 8,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5117907878348305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b52ad5b-afe4-493e-9230-24035740a7a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.526398"}
{"text": "anthony rudel is the author of hello, everybody! the dawn of american radio, and is the visiting lecturer of communications studies at manhattanville college. a few days before the election, chuck todd on msnbc asked : \" if mitt romney wins, what would he have done that no republican since 1928 had done? \" the answer : win the presidency without a nixon or a bush on the ticket. that ' s right ; the last republican administration without a representative of one of those two legacy republican families was elected 84 years ago when herbert hoover won the white house. there is, however, another important similarity between hoover and romney that went unnoticed : both men were known for their nonpolitical achievements ; they were businessmen with strong organizational skills. but what may be even more interesting are the incredible similarities between the elections of 1932 and 2012, and media ' s role in those campaigns. the main issue in 1932 was undoubtedly the economy, as unemployment was over 20 percent as election day neared. it had been a bitter campaign with the two sides exchanging attacks via radioed speeches from the candidates and their surrogates. hoover repeatedly told the beleaguered american workers that what \" people need is the restoration of their normal jobs, \" adding that the democratic party would \" ignore the piling up of our national debt, \" which would worsen the situation. they called franklin roosevelt ' s economic plans \" the same philosophy of government which has poisoned all of europe. \" as a counter, democrats pointed to the \" political nearsightedness of the republican party, \" and its inability to \" turn in the right direction \" to help americans escape the problems plaguing the nation. they called hoover \" the tool of the rich, \" \" the dupe of the international bankers, \" and \" the foe of progressive principles. \" doesn ' t it all sound incredibly familiar? and while economics and personal attacks were the main thrusts of both campaigns, an all consuming social issue further divided right from left. prohibition, which pitted drys against wets, provided a clear distinction for those americans for whom the economy was not the deciding factor. as election day approached, republicans warned the nation that they were on the watch for voter fraud and had prepared legal challenges to prevent illegal voting. meanwhile an army of 115, 000 workers assembled years earlier by the roosevelt campaign were prepared to spend election day turning out the vote, state by state, precinct by precinct. it was the first iteration of the now oft - talked about ground game in all its glory. as to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43098673365141776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a6b9e29-ba49-425d-8ad2-afa00efc28cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.529541"}
{"text": "these pictures were taken 13 november 2005 at about 1 : 15 pm from the bay shore on the uw - green bay. water levels in green bay dropped more than 3 feet from strong southwest to northeast winds. point sable is shown at the horizon. bay beach and the power plant near the mouth of the fox river in green bay, wi. ( source : noaa great lakes water level data http : / / tidesandcurrents. noaa. gov ; choose products, great lakes water levels, active stations from the pull - down menu ; and then choose lake michigan and green bay ) water levels changed by more than 5 feet in a two day period. winds from about 200 to 240 degrees sw drive water out of the lower bay. this was the case on november 13, 2005 when water levels dropped below 574 feet. winds peaked at 56 mph from a direction of 220 degrees on november 13th. winds from the ne ( 30 to 60 degrees ) funnel water into the lower bay as was the case on november 15th when water levels peaked at 579. 5 feet. | nws daily wind data for november 2005, green bay, wi | | day | | daily avg | | peak 2min | | peak wind | ( above created march 21, 2005 kjf ) wind event of 11 may 2006. greater than 2 feet of increase. strong ne winds were from a low pressure system that was over southern l. michigan. area also received about 3 inches of rain on thursday 11 may 2006. updated 18 may 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47518515737849687, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fcc547e-d988-422d-a639-cfcebeeb5bfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.532292"}
{"text": "summer hazards and your cat - provided by vetstreet. com - when temperatures outside reach dangerous levels, the temperature inside the house can, too. keep fresh water available, and make sure your cat has a cool place to spend the day. - bring your cat indoors if a heat advisory is issued, or if severe weather ( heavy rain, high winds, flooding ) is expected. - keep vaccines up to date, have your cat spayed or neutered, and continue parasite control throughout the summer. - regardless of whether your cat spends time outdoors, exposure to dangerously high temperatures, environmental hazards, and physical dangers is possible. knowing what to look for is the first step toward protecting your cat from potential summer hazards. what should i know about warmer temperatures and heatstroke? cats that don \u2019 t go outside are protected from many warm weather hazards, but only if the temperature inside the home remains within a healthy range. in an effort to reduce energy usage and costs, some pet owners shut off fans and air conditioning when they leave the house in the morning and turn them on when they return later in the day. however, when temperatures outside reach dangerous levels, temperatures inside the house can, too. being shut inside a hot house can be dangerous for your cat. like dogs, cats rely heavily on panting to cool themselves off. when the temperature in the environment increases, panting becomes less effective. this means that your cat could be locked inside with minimal options for cooling down. instead of turning off the air conditioner, try leaving it on a conservative but comfortable setting ( perhaps 76\u00b0f ) while you are out. make sure your cat has plenty of fresh water, and consider closing curtains to reduce the heating effects of sunlight through the windows. if there are parts of the house that are likely to be cooler, make sure your cat has access to those areas. cats that go outside need even more protection from hot weather. access to clean drinking water is essential, as well as making sure cool, shaded areas are available if your cat wants to get out of the sun. remember, however, that fleas also tend to like cool, shaded, moist areas, so be sure to use a safe and effective flea control product on your cat. cats should not be left outside for long periods of time in the summer and should always have the option of coming inside. it \u2019 s important to be aware of the risk of heatstroke so you can keep your cat safe and healthy. cats tend not to develop heatstroke as commonly as dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.438642497170199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab39c51d-ebe0-4164-9655-ad70d0db4300>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.540633"}
{"text": "time in the summer and should always have the option of coming inside. it \u2019 s important to be aware of the risk of heatstroke so you can keep your cat safe and healthy. cats tend not to develop heatstroke as commonly as dogs do, perhaps because cats tend not to exercise with humans and spend less time in the car. however, even a few minutes in a car ( even with the windows cracked ) on a hot day can be deadly for a cat. research has shown that on a partly cloudy, 93\u00b0f day, a car can heat up to 120\u00b0f in just 15 minutes. even cooler days can be deadly. a similar test conducted on a 71\u00b0f day determined that the temperature inside a car parked in the sun with the windows cracked open went up to 116\u00b0f in 1 hour. even cats that are used to being outside can suffer during hot weather. remember that young, elderly, or sick cats are more likely to become dehydrated or otherwise ill as a result of heat exposure. if a severe heat advisory is issued in your area and humans are advised to stay indoors, it is a good idea to bring your cat indoors, too. if your cat cannot be brought indoors, a ventilated or air - conditioned garage or mud room can provide enough shelter in some cases. cats should also be brought inside if severe weather is expected, as heavy rain, flooding, and high winds can be hazardous, especially for cats that are hiding under cars or in other low - lying areas. why are strange animals and other cats hazardous? cats that are allowed to roam outside are more likely to have encounters with other cats and wild animals during the summer months. such encounters increase the risk of bite wounds, scratches, and other injuries related to fighting. infectious diseases such as rabies and feline aids can be transmitted through bite wounds. additionally, female cats \u2019 fertility cycles are linked to the length of time they are exposed to daylight. female cats tend to start going into heat in the spring, and they may go into and out of heat repeatedly for several months. unwanted pregnancies and litters of kittens increase dramatically in the summer, which contributes to pet overpopulation, the spread of infectious diseases, and other issues. protect your cat from these hazards by having him or her spayed or neutered and keeping vaccines up - to - date. keeping cats indoors not only protects them from a variety of animal encounters, it also prevents them from being injured or killed by cars. what toxic chemicals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42842093340706155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab39c51d-ebe0-4164-9655-ad70d0db4300>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.541816"}
{"text": "hazards by having him or her spayed or neutered and keeping vaccines up - to - date. keeping cats indoors not only protects them from a variety of animal encounters, it also prevents them from being injured or killed by cars. what toxic chemicals might my pet be exposed to? lawn chemicals and fertilizers, insect repellants and sprays, weed control products, antifreeze, slug bait, ant bait, rat poison, and pool chemicals are just a few toxic chemicals your cat may encounter in your home or on your property. learn more about dangerous chemicals at the aspca ( american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals ) animal poison control center. how can i prevent bee stings and related hazards? bee stings, spider bites, and other related injuries are common in cats. keeping your cat indoors reduces the risk of these things, but it is a good idea to check around your home ( inside and out ) for beehives, wasp nests, and other hazards your family and pets may encounter. don \u2019 t forget to also check garages and storage sheds. how can i prevent fleas, ticks, and other parasites? fleas, ticks, and intestinal parasites ( like roundworms and hookworms ) are year - round hazards for your cat. however, increased exposure to the outdoors and certain parasite life stages during the warmer months makes these predators more of a concern during the summer. be sure to keep your cat up - to - date on fecal parasite testing, and make sure you continue flea, tick, and parasite prevention during the summer months. if your cat receives heartworm preventive medication, continue this during the summer ( heartworm disease is carried by mosquitoes, which are mostly active from the spring through the fall ). if you are using a flea and tick control product for your cat, be sure you purchase the correct product and that you are using it properly. never use a dog product on a cat. ask your veterinarian about the best ways to protect your cat from fleas, ticks, heartworms, and intestinal parasites. what should i know about toxic plants? your cat may encounter toxic houseplants ( such as elephant ear and dieffenbachia ) at any time of the year, but plants that flower in warm weather, like daisies, dahlias, lilies, and chrysanthemums, are also toxic and create additional hazards for cats that go outside. information about poisonous houseplants and outdoor plants and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.402659814637484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab39c51d-ebe0-4164-9655-ad70d0db4300>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.542841"}
{"text": "how to train a cat cats are very independent creatures \u2014 they are not as demanding of attention as dogs and they don \u2019 t make large efforts to win your approval. while this makes for a fairly laid - back, easy - going house companion, it can present training challenges. while many cats can be trained to do tricks and walk on leashes, the most important training for cats is to make sure they are performing normal and natural cat behaviors in the proper places at the proper times. for example, toilet training a cat is critical to living happily with a cat. cat potty training is usually fairly easy to do as cats are naturally clean and prefer to bury their waste. the first step to training kittens is to make sure they know where their litterbox is located. it is often necessary to confine your kitten to a room with water, food and a clean litterbox for a short time until he or she is successfully using the litterbox every time. cat toilet training usually happens very quickly. more on training - how can i get my cat to use the pet door? - why does my cat... not use the litterbox? - five training tips for new kitten owners - help! our wild kitten is tearing up our house - cat missing the litterbox? it could be your other feline ' s fault - cat scratching up your furniture? reader shares tried - and - true solution - how should i introduce my new cat to my existing cat? - applause for claws : 7 scratch - training tips - kitten socialization - have several cats? how to defuse the drama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39173213284019437, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c371d4c-6b9e-4504-aaad-b4d938f345da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.544447"}
{"text": "ending the cycle of hunger in africa ' s sahelian region means reinvesting in local agriculture. voa reports from niger, where another year of poor rains has left 60 percent of the population facing severe food shortages. at the edge of the sahara desert, niger has cycles of drought, locust infestations, and sudden floods that have caused food insecurity and malnutrition throughout the years - in the early 1970 ' s, the mid 1980 ' s, 2005, and today. rain - fed agriculture and livestock production make up nearly half the country ' s economy. so when rains fail and cereal production falls, few families have enough food to last between harvests. this year, the government says more than seven million people do not have enough food. the united nations world food program is targeting more than 1. 5 million people for general food distribution and 500, 000 children under the age of six for specialized therapeutic feeding. but getting to the root of the problem and ending the cycle of hunger by boosting agricultural production is far more difficult than handing out rice and beans. \" when there is an emergency, usually the flow of contributions is more quick, richard verbeeck, head of world food program operations in niger said. \" the level is different. now if we turn to longer - term development activities, it is sad to say that the interest is going down, and the investments in longer - term activities is not the same or what should be expected. and i must say that within the u. n. system in niger, that is one of the strong messages that we gave to the donors. \" boubacar bello is president of niger ' s national chamber of agriculture. he says people are grateful for outside assistance but realize it does not make them any more food secure. bello says food assistance is medicine for the disease. it does not cure the disease itself. to truly cure the disease and have food security, he says there must be more water and planting methods better adapted to the country ' s climate as well as the distribution of fertilizers to small - scale farmers who account for the bulk of the country ' s agriculture. bello says each year there is less and less rain. niger has groundwater, but it can be 100 meters or 120 meters below the surface, and that cannot be reached by traditional methods. bello says there should be the teaching of more modern, organic methods of livestock production. medicine alone is not enough to cure the disease. it must be attacked at the source.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41735526614296947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1818c95-95bf-46a4-a4ab-12c483a06545>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.547665"}
{"text": "meters below the surface, and that cannot be reached by traditional methods. bello says there should be the teaching of more modern, organic methods of livestock production. medicine alone is not enough to cure the disease. it must be attacked at the source. ibro adamou, director of soil restoration at niger ' s ministry against desertification says the government is trying to use simple, appropriate technology to rehabilitate degraded soil and enrich the top soil for cultivation. there are also projects to prevent the desert from encroaching on lands already being used for agriculture. adamou says there are also agro - forestry programs in niger to combat desertification which help local farmers improve the fertility of their soil and boost food security by filling stockpiles of grain used to guard against shortages, while generating local revenue for people to use to carry their families over through the lean seasons. world food program ' s verbeeck says he has no doubt where development assistance can be best spent to stop this cycle of hunger. \" agriculture. agriculture, livelihoods, something sustainable that can address the root problems in niger. and it is about time there is a coalition to do that, \" he said. the military government that took power here in february says it is determined to improve agricultural production. towards that end, it is sending a delegation to brussels next week to ask the european union to renew $ 450 million of development assistance that was frozen during the previous government of president mamdou tandja.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4206073396252443, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1818c95-95bf-46a4-a4ab-12c483a06545>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.548271"}
{"text": "learn more about diabetes what is diabetes? diabetes is a group of diseases marked by high levels of blood sugar ( blood glucose ). if untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including death. however those with diabetes can live a long, healthy life if they take steps to control it. how common is it? united states - 20. 8 million americans have diabetes. texas - 940, 000 or 8 % of persons in texas have diabetes mclennan county - 13 % of persons in mclennan county have diabetes. the 2006 community assessment showed 20 % of households have a family member living with diabetes. how much does diabetes cost taxpayers? - u. s - $ 132 billion annually direct medical costs ~ $ 92 billion. indirect costs ~ $ 40 billion - tx ~ 9. 5 billion types of diabetes - type 1 - type 2 - gestational diabetes how can i tell if i am at risk? - age : 45 years or older - genetics : family history of diabetes ( parent or sibling ) - race / ethnicity : being of a minority group - lifestyle : being overweight, not getting much exercise - health conditions / health history : high blood pressure or high cholesterol, diabetes during pregnancy ( gestational diabetes ), or having a baby weighing more than 9 lbs. at birth what are some of the signs and symptoms? - frequent urination - numbness and tingling of feet - blurred vision - always thirsty - always hungry - unexplained weight loss - sexual dysfunction - sores that take a long time to heal - recurring bladder, vaginal, and skin infections - tingling or loss of feeling in hands or feet - very dry skin how serious is diabetes? diabetes was the 6th leading cause of death in 2002. every day there are 810 deaths from diabetes complications. if uncontrolled it can lead to : - nerve damage ( neuropathy ) - heart and blood vessel disease - erectile dysfunction - blindness ( retinopathy ) - kidney failure ( nephropathy ) - foot ulcers - gum disease can i prevent diabetes? research shows that losing 5 - 10 % of your body weight and being moderately active 30 minutes for 5 days a week can your risk of developing diabetes by 60 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47815284214438764, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e741e5e-3225-4bcf-b22b-ecd7fed357d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.552094"}
{"text": "india tea facts after europeans discovered tea in china, the british took tea plants to india in order to cultivate and develop an alternative source for the growing european appetite. indian is now one of the world ' s largest producers and home to some delightful and unique teas. darjeeling name originates from tibetan, meaning ' land of the thunder bolt. ' due to it ' s altitude, darjeeling appears to touch the touch the sky and during storms is illuminated by lightening and shaken by the rolling thunder. see also : darjeeling photo galleries historically, assam was one of the earliest frontiers of the ' gold ' rush which saw britain ' s first mass cultivation of tea outside of china. assam and much of burma was seized by the east india company around 1826, the move was strategic to secure india ' s borders and to access the valuable jungles and to increase opium production. assam provided the british with another vital discovery, one which would eventually revolutionise tea cultivation in india. though discovered earlier by brothers robert and charles bruce, it was not till 1835 that camilla assamica was formally acknowledged as being tea, rather than just one of the many of other flower camilla which had been found. it was not until 1837 that the first batches of assam tea were shipped to calcutta, nonetheless tea production was very slow to take off due to the unyielding jungles of the region. it was not until the 1860 ' s that volumes grew, even then it production was mired by the unbelievable rates of death and horrendous working conditions. for those interested in this part of tea ' s history we highly recommend alan and iris macfarlane ' s great book ' the empire of tea '.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4211205885710027, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a28d4139-1d60-45a6-aed5-b3ccc58d9dda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.553799"}
{"text": "( adj. ) also spelled analogue, describes a device or system that represents changing values as continuously variable physical quantities. a typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move continuously around the face. such a clock is capable of indicating every possible time of day. in contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times ( every tenth of a second, for example ). in general, humans experience the world analogically. vision, for example, is an analog experience because we perceive infinitely smooth gradations of shapes and colors. when used in reference to data storage and transmission, analog format is that in which information is transmitted by modulating a continuous transmission signal, such as amplifying a signal ' s strength or varying its frequency to add or take away data. for example, telephones take sound vibrations and turn them into electrical vibrations of the same shape before they are transmitted over traditional telephone lines. radio wave transmissions work in the same way. computers, which handle data in digital form, require modems to turn signals from digital to analog before transmitting those signals over communication lines such as telephone lines that carry only analog signals. the signals are turned back into digital form ( demodulated ) at the receiving end so that the computer can process the data in its digital format. contrast with digital.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6524472980108958, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d86e8bcb-d514-4c89-9392-237c0a5986d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.555310"}
{"text": "nail treatments are defined as the deliberate altering of the appearance or shape of the nails, typically for the purpose of cosmetic enhancement. nails are the hard, horn like piece at the end of human fingers and toes. deliberate alteration of the touch, feel, or appearance of the nail is called a treatment. nails are often the subject of many types of treatments, including coloring, reshaping, dipping, and moisturizing. an individual who performs nail treatments is called a manicurist. the word manicure, defined as a treatment to improve the appearance of fingernails, derives from the latin word manus meaning hand, and cura meaning care. centuries ago in india, henna ( a type of dye ) was used for manicures. the word pedicure comes form the latin words pes, which means foot, and cura, which means care. pedicures - treatments to improve the appearance of toenails - have been traced back to ancient egypt where a carving of a pharaoh ' s official was noted as representing pedicures and manicures. other services for nails include the application of artificial nails such as nail tips, acrylics and artificial nail gels. a manicurist may also apply treatments to real nails, such as filing, polishing and painting. nail treatment sometimes may involve cutting the cuticle, the small line of raised skin surrounding three of the nail ' s edges. nail treatments do not appear to affect the physiological functioning of the people. however, nail treatments remain popular because of their cosmetic appeal. ablation, acrylic nails, cotton balls, cuticle, cuticle oil, cuticle remover, emery board, finger brush, fingernails, fungus, hand lotion, hand towels, hot oil manicure, ingrown toenail, manicure, massage lotion, nail clipper, nail fungus, nail polish, nail polish remover, nail scissors, nails, paraffin, pedicure, podiatrist, tinea unguium, trimming.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5650155854399356, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac5343a4-745c-41dd-80e9-5b1020f4a1af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.557320"}
{"text": "bacopa is an herb which has been used medicinally for thousands of years. recent studies have shown it to possess a wide variety of nootropic properties. what is bacopa? bacopa is a perennial herb that is commonly found in wetlands and muddy shores throughout india, nepal, sri lanka, china, taiwan, vietnam, and some southern states in the usa. this plant has been commonly used in india for ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. according to western medicine, ayurvedic medicine is an alternative form a medicine used to complement, rather than replace, the treatment regimen existing between a patient and their physician. since bacopa \u2019 s early uses in ayurveda countless studies have been performed which have revealed bacopa to have many nootropic cognitive enhancing abilities. bacopa dosage information dosages tend to vary for bacopa. generally, people take between 100 - 300 mg once or twice daily. it is recommended that someone use the lowest dosage that works for them. you should start around 100mg twice daily and if you feel no side effects and want more of an effect then up your dosage as necessary. for children, the recommended dosage is no more then 100 - 200 mg per day in divided doses. how does bacopa work? though scientists are not completely clear on the exact mechanism of bacopa they have made some determinations. bacopa increases the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. low serotonin levels are linked to depression giving bacopa anti - anxiety and mood boosting effects. bacopa also stockpiles two p450 enzymes, erod and prod. there two enzymes are used when our brain encounters stressful situation meaning bacopa lowers our susceptibility to stress. bacopa \u2019 s wide array of cognitive enhancement capabilities are believed to stem from its ability to enhance neuronal synthesis and restore synaptic activity. safety and side effects of bacopa bacopa is known to be extremely safe. there have been no published studies revealing any sort of significant side effects that result from consuming bacopa. some anecdotal side effects include dry mouth, nausea, drowsiness, and muscle fatigue. one study found that the effects of chlorpromazine, a drug in the same family as perphenazine, were enhanced when a bacopa extract was taken along with it. until more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4765855648524959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c7f3f9-70bb-4719-bacf-26a6f522ac97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.561763"}
{"text": ", drowsiness, and muscle fatigue. one study found that the effects of chlorpromazine, a drug in the same family as perphenazine, were enhanced when a bacopa extract was taken along with it. until more is known it is recommended that those taking any drug in the phenothiazine family not take bacopa. below are some of the most commonly asked questions about bacopa. if you have a question that \u2019 s not on this list, send it to us at email @ example. com and we will answer it for you. another study conducted in 2002 at the university of wollongong, australia, examined the effects of bacopa monniera on the human memory. seventy - six adults aged between 40 and 65 took part in a double - blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. testing was conducted prior to the trial, three months into the trial, and six weeks after the completion of the trial. the results showed a significant effect of bacopa on retention of new information three months into the trial. the results returned to normal six weeks after the trial had ended. 1. ganguly dk, malhotra cl. some behavioral effects of an active fraction from herpestis monniera linn. ( brahmi ). indian j med res 1967 ; 55 : 473 \u2013 82 2. rajani, m., et al. \u201c brahmi ( bacopa monnieri ( l. ) pennell ) \u2013 a medhya rasaayana drug of ayurveda \u201d in ramawat, k. g., ed. ( 2004 ). biotechnology of medicinal plants : vitalizer and therapeutic enfield, new hampshire : science publishers, inc. 3. ghosal. s, bhattacharya sk ( 1980 ). \u201c anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of bacopa monniera in an experimental study \u201d. phytomedicine 5 : 133 \u2013 148. 4. morgan a, stevens j \u201d does bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? results of a randomized, placebo - controlled, double - blind trial. \u201d j altern complement med. 2010 jul ; 16 ( 7 ) : 753 - 9 authors : 5. c. stough, j. lloyd, j. clarke, l. downey, c. hutchison, t. rodgers, p. nathan ( 2001 ). \u201c the chronic effects of an extract of baco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5075688450028283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c7f3f9-70bb-4719-bacf-26a6f522ac97>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.562659"}
{"text": "- 9 authors : 5. c. stough, j. lloyd, j. clarke, l. downey, c. hutchison, t. rodgers, p. nathan ( 2001 ). \u201c the chronic effects of an extract of bacopa monniera ( brahmi ) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects \u201d. psychopharmacology ( berl ) 156 ( 4 ) : 481 \u2013 4. doi : 10. 1007 / s002130100815. pmid 11498727. 6. s. roodenrys, d. booth, s. bulzomi, a. phipps, c. micallef, j. smoker ( 2002 ). \u201c chronic effects of brahmi ( bacopa monnieri ) on human memory \u201d. neuropsychopharmacology ( wollongong ) 27 ( 2 ) : 279. doi : 10. 1016 / s0893 - 133x ( 01 ) 00419 - 5. pmid 12093601. 7. stough c, downey la, lloyd j et al. ( 2008 ). \u201c examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning : 90 day double - blind placebo - controlled randomized trial. \u201d phytother res. 22 : 1629 - 1634. 8. morgan a, stevens j \u201c does bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? results of a randomized, placebo - controlled, double - blind trial \u201d journal of alternative & complementary medicine \u2013 new york 2010 jul ; 16 ( 7 ) : 753 - 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4956045631092564, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0c7f3f9-70bb-4719-bacf-26a6f522ac97>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.563284"}
{"text": "leprosy : urgent need to end stigma and isolation myanmar, 6 february 2003 - the world is making great progress towards the goal of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem. but serious concerns remain in several countries, including india, nepal and brazil. this was the message delivered at the opening of the annual gathering here of leprosy endemic countries and partners sponsored by the world health organization ( who ). myanmar itself, despite many obstacles in terms of resources, security problems and geography, is close to meeting the target of leprosy elimination. the country has managed to bring down the number of cases from more than 53 per 10, 000 population in 1987 to very slightly over one per 10, 000 at the end of 2002. elsewhere, however, a combination of lack of political commitment and social and organisational problems remain, holding back progress. the global health community agreed in 1999 to create the global alliance to eliminate leprosy ( gael ) with a target of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem by the year 2005. elimination has been defined as less than one case per 10, 000 people. much progress has already been made towards this goal, and almost all of the countries where leprosy was a major public health problem at the end of the 20th century are now on track to hit the elimination goal. among the 122 countries where the disease was considered endemic in 1985, 108 have now reached the goal of elimination at the country level. today, 90 % of cases are found in india, brazil, nepal, madagascar, mozambique and myanmar ( in order of importance ). gael brings together key partners working to detect and treat all persons affected by leprosy and thereby eliminate the disease from all countries by 2005. key to reaching this goal is to diagnose and treat leprosy just like any other disease, without stigma or isolation. \" diagnosing and treating leprosy through the public health system is vital if we are to avoid continuing stigma and prejudice against leprosy patients, \" says dr david heymann, executive director in charge of communicable disease programmes at the world health organization. \" continuing to treat leprosy patients through expensive and separate programmes has been shown to be the wrong approach - for health systems and for the patients they look after. \" in recent years access to leprosy diagnosis and treatment within general health services has been greatly improved. mass media campaigns have also helped create awareness of the availability of free and effective treatment as well as to dispel fear about the disease. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4447307629472249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff9b37fa-224f-4158-921b-3272d96737a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.568807"}
{"text": "\" in recent years access to leprosy diagnosis and treatment within general health services has been greatly improved. mass media campaigns have also helped create awareness of the availability of free and effective treatment as well as to dispel fear about the disease. the reasons why india and one or more other countries may miss the 2005 deadline are complex and include the delay in improving access to - and coverage of - leprosy treatment particularly in highly endemic areas. the continued existence of specialized leprosy services also tends to hinder the full integration of leprosy services into the primary health care system. this conflict of interest has been encountered in many countries but is gradually being brought under control as more and more countries appreciate that the only effective and sustainable way to diagnose and treat leprosy is within the communities where it is found, using the staff and resources of the local primary health centres. this is also a point of contention between several international non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) and gael. some of the ngos do not believe that leprosy can be treated through the public health system, just like any other disease. gael says, however, that this approach does work and will continue to work. since 1995, leprosy patients in all countries have had access to free drug treatments, first through a donation by the nippon foundation and now through the novartis foundation for sustainable development. this highly effective multi - drug treatment has contributed greatly to the success of bringing down the rates of leprosy infection around the world. \" novartis is fully committed to ensuring that every leprosy patient in the world receives high quality drugs free of cost. we will continue our support to the programme as long as it is required, \" said dr daniel vasella, chairman and chief executive officer of novartis. the nippon foundation, which has been supporting the programme for the last 28 years, reaffirmed its commitment to support this global effort to eliminate leprosy at the meeting. \" the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem is only the first stage of humanity ' s fight against this age - old disease, \" said mr. yohei sasakawa, president of the nippon foundation and special ambassador for the global alliance. \" this is an honourable mission that calls for a united effort by all the stake - holders. we have reached the last mile of our 100 - mile journey. but this last mile will be the most difficult to travel. we must keep moving and not falter. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4590738538518105, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff9b37fa-224f-4158-921b-3272d96737a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.569853"}
{"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : ilex coriacea ( pursh ) chapman large gallberry, bay - gall bush, ink - berry holly usda symbol : ilco usda native status : native to u. s. large gallberry is an evergreen shrub, 10 - 15 ft. high, occasionally tree - sized, with slender branchlets and narrowly oval, leathery leaves. non - showy, axillary flowers are followed by shiny - black fruit which, unlike most ilex spp., drop soon after maturing in later summer or fall. plant characteristicsduration : perennial habit : shrub leaf : dark green fruit : size class : bloom informationbloom color : white bloom time : mar, apr, may al, fl, ga, la, ms, nc, sc, tx, va native distribution : coastal plain from s. e. va to s. e. tx native habitat : sandy woods ; stream banks usda native status : l48 ( n ) growing conditionswater use : high light requirement : part shade soil moisture : moist caco3 tolerance : none soil description : moist, sandy soils. conditions comments : you must have both a male and female plant to have berries. the male must be the same species as the female and bloom at the same time. because hollies are such popular landscape plants, it may be worth the risk to plant a female and hope there is a male nearby. propagationdescription : reproduces best if seeds are planted immediately after collection. patience is probably more important than cold treatment for breaking seed dormancy. may be pretreated with double - stratification. semi - hardwood cuttings from well - matured growth of the seed treatment : some benefit may be obtained from 30 - 60 days treatment at 68 - 86 degrees followed by 60 - 90 days of 41 degrees. commercially avail : yes from the national organizations directory according to the species list provided by affiliate organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following : - picayune, ms wildflower center seed banklbjwc - 1124 collected 2011 - 10 - 05 in tyler county by lady bird johnson wildflower center recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4651074106187285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fa8b047-4f01-4fc7-b5af-a48a44f3428e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.572466"}
{"text": "geology of madagascar unlike the nearby islands, mauritius, reunion, rodrigues and the comoros, madagascar is not the product of volcanic activity although the volcanism is the source of some attractions and sights such as the amber mountain, the massif of ankaratra and lake itasy. from geological point of view, madagascar is regarded as a continental island which owes its formation to the process of plate tectonic and continental drift. the theory of continental drift was developed by the german meteorologist wegener in the early 20th century. wegener noted that the contours of the coast of south america espouse those of africa. from that observation it was deduced that those two continents were part of a single one, a large continent, the gondwanaland, which broke away from an original super - continent pangea. the african continent, the island of madagascar, the south american continent, australia, antarctica and the indian sub - continent as we know them today were all part of the same continent gondwanaland over 200 million years ( ma ) before our era. africa, the island of madagascar, the south american continent, australia, antarctica and the indian sub - continent begun to break away from gondwanaland about 165 ma ago. madagascar became permanently an island about 65 ma ago. 2 / 3 of madagascar, mainly the eastern part of the island from north to south through the central highlands consist of crystalline basement formations mainly constituted of metamorphic rocks, the remaining 1 / 3 consists of sedimentary formations and occupies the western coast of the island from north to south. volcanic and intrusive basaltic formations complete the geology of madagascar and appear both at sea to form the island of nosy be, in the central regions, in the north and south of madagascar. each one of these formations is at the origin of rich mineral, fossil and serious signs oil basement in madagascar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.442572140942049, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f56df88-686d-4bd3-9725-918d87b37644>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.574405"}
{"text": "portrait of john young john young is an american astronaut who was born on september 24, 1930, in california. before he became an astronaut, young was a navy fighter young became an astronaut in 1962. he is the first person to make six spaceflights. he has spent over 835 hours in space. young made his first spaceflight in 1965 aboard gemini 3. this was the first manned gemini mission. young operated the first computer in space during this mission. in 1966, he commanded gemini 10. young made his third spaceflight aboard apollo 10. this was a full dress rehearsal for landing on the moon. the crew orbited the moon several times and tested the lunar module. in 1972, young actually landed on the moon and walked its surface during the apollo 16 mission. young made his fifth spaceflight aboard sts - 1 in 1981. this was the first flight of the space shuttle. it proved that the shuttle was a reusable young ' s last spaceflight was aboard sts - 9 in 1983. this was the first spacelab mission. the crew performed over 70 experiments in atmospheric physics, earth observations, astronomy and solar physics, materials processing, and the life sciences. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, classroom activities in the earth scientist specimens, and educational games you might also be interested in : how did life evolve on earth? the answer to this question can help us understand our past and prepare for our future. although evolution provides credible and reliable answers, polls show that many people turn away from science, seeking other explanations with which they are more comfortable.... more andrew allen is an american astronaut who was born on august 4, 1955 in pennsylvania. before he became an astronauts, allen was a navy and marines pilot. he has logged over 4500 flight hours on more than... more jay apt is an american astronaut who was born on april 28, 1949 in massachusetts. before he became an astronaut, apt was a physicist who worked on the venus space probe project. apt joined nasa in 198... more neil armstrong is an american astronaut who was born in ohio in 1930. before entering the space program, he was a pilot for the u. s. navy and air force, flying over 200 different kinds of aircraft, such... more ellen baker is an american astronaut who was born on april 27, 1953 in north carolina. before she became an astronaut she was a geologist and a medical doctor. baker joined nasa as a medical officer in... more michael baker is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4243267402331885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3e8dc95-a9ec-4ae8-bc4d-725ec3a90696>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.577362"}
{"text": "the leap second has cheated death, for the time being. members of the international telecommunications union have met in geneva to decide whether to abolish the cheeky bonus second, but with no consensus reached the decision has been delayed until 2015. a leap second is sometimes added to bring atomic time - - a near - perfectly accurate way to score seconds by measuring the vibrations of atoms - - into sync with the solar time spin of the earth - - which is irregular, and gradually slowing down. when the two time - keeping methods veer apart by a second, an extra second is added in june or december to delay atomic time and bring it in line with solar time. one was added in december 2008, and another is due to be inserted in june 2012. it ' s just like the leap year, where every four years a bonus day is introduced to account for the discrepancy between our 365 day year and the earth ' s 365 and a quarter day rotation around the sun. you probably won ' t notice the extra second in june 2012, but it will be a major headache for those running the internet, telecommunications, or any kind of computerised system. it ' s for that reason that some countries - - including america and france - - want it gone. but fans of the leap second - - such as britain and germany - - argue that without it, atomic and solar time would veer further and further apart. time could be two to three minutes out in the year 2100 and about half an hour wrong in 2700. it ' s this back - and - forth argument that stopped the world ' s top time - keepers from coming to an agreement. the itu has decided that more research was needed to understand the social, legal and technical implications of removing a leap second. once that ' s been collected, everyone will meet up in 2015 to argue all over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5118889742620296, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:919ad927-2c7f-4a20-b72d-344f5fe6e65f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.582746"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email chorba is a type of soup dish that is eaten in the middle east, eurasia, and afro - eurasia, since some countries in these regions have similar traditions, especially when it comes to food. some people say that the dish resembles a minestrone soup, since both contain as their main ingredients meats, vegetables, and spices. the soup can be enjoyed on its own, or with a piece of bread on the side. the turkish language can be credited for giving the dish the name \u201c chorba, \u201d but the soup is also called different, but similar names, such as \u201c sorpa \u201d for the kazakhs, \u201c shurpa \u201d for the russians, and \u201c shorpo \u201d for the kyrgyz. the soup is also known as \u201c ciorba \u201d in romania. the turkish origin of the dish \u2019 s name may have been a byproduct of the ottoman empire, when the turks controlled many regions in asia, africa, and europe and, as a result, influenced their culture and cuisine. it is probable that the turks would cook the chorba during their stay in a particular area, and the locals who tasted the dish began to imitate it. it also helped that during these times, countries had less strict policies on geographical borders and migrants may have easily crossed the borders, bringing a new dish with them. one of the preferred meat ingredients included in the chorba would be lamb as it gives the dish a very unique taste, but other meat like beef, pork, and chicken can be used as well, sometimes in combination. to make the soup more flavorful, some cooks boil a separate amount of meat in some water to make a stock ; others boil the meat and vegetables together, along with some onion and garlic for flavor. some cooks suggest not putting salt in while the meat is softening, as the salt can make the meat tough. the vegetables in a chorba are very varied, but some ingredients like tomatoes, carrots, potatoes, and turnips are almost always included. other vegetables that can be used are zucchini, parsley, and cilantro. to make the soup heartier and thicker, beans such as chickpeas, green peas, and red kidney beans can be put in the pot, though some europeans use pasta to thicken the soup. aside from the usual garlic, onion, salt and pepper, an assortment of spices gives the chorba a very unique flavor. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46359424997849025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2061108e-785d-4441-8bbc-9b694e60857d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.586850"}
{"text": "by the numbers : lame duck congress outgoing politicians face several votes this year ' s session, with fiscal cliff negotiations and lively nomination controversies, is anything but lame. but it ' s still a lame - duck congress. just how did a meeting of one congress that occurs after a new one is elected but not yet sworn - in get that name? we ' re slow roasting the answers to those questions and serving them up by the numbers : what is a ' lame duck '? 18th century - the term \" lame duck \" originates in great britain to describe a bankrupt businessman. 1830s - the term \" lame duck \" arrives in the united states, but is used to describe politicians on their way out of office, rather than businessmen. 85 - the number of current members of congress who are lame ducks. 17 weeks - the length of time between november elections and inauguration on march 4th, prior to the 20th amendment being ratified in 1933. this led to many problems, such as president - elect abraham lincoln being unable to deal with the secession of seven states during the long gap between his election and inauguration. 2 - the number of times a lame duck house of representatives chose the president and vice president in disputed elections. this occurred in 1800 and 1824. 1932 - the year that humorist will rogers said : \" an awful lot of people are confused as to just what is meant by a lame duck congress. it ' s like where some fellows worked for you and their work wasn ' t satisfactory and you let ' em out, but after you fired ' em, you let ' em stay long enough so they could burn your house down. \" the 20th amendment 1923 - senator george norris of nebraska proposes the 20th amendment, moving the start date of congress from march 4th to january 3rd. the senate passes it 63 - 6. 1932 - after nine years of delays, the house also passes norris ' amendment, 336 - 56. 1933 - the 20th amendment to the constitution is ratified. 19 - number of lame duck sessions of congress since the ratification of the 20th amendment. prior to the ratification of the 20th amendment, every second session of congress from the first to the 73rd was technically a lame duck session. 10 - number of these sessions from 1940 to 1992. 9 - number of these sessions from 1994 to 2012. there was no lame duck session in 1996. 1 day - the shortest lame duck session, which took place on december 31, 1948. 58 days - the longest lame duck session, which took place in the senate from november 7, 1940 to january 3, 1941", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45701750063366875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd21e783-18d3-4f7f-bedc-aed8d0ee797b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.590406"}
{"text": "no lame duck session in 1996. 1 day - the shortest lame duck session, which took place on december 31, 1948. 58 days - the longest lame duck session, which took place in the senate from november 7, 1940 to january 3, 1941. noteworthy lame duck sessions 1954 - the year the senate holds a lame duck session to censure wisconsin sen. joseph mccarthy. 1974 - nelson rockefeller is confirmed as vice president. 1982 - the house votes to give its members a retroactive pay raise. the lame duck session is especially contentious, leading senator edward kennedy to say, \" we have accomplished precisely nothing of any value. \" representative leon panetta also remarked, \" frankly, we all look like fools. \" 1994 - congress passes legislation on the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ). 1998 - the house of representatives holds a lame duck session and votes to impeach president bill clinton. 2002 - the department of homeland security is established. 2010 - a compromise tax bill is passed, \" don ' t ask, don ' t tell \" is repealed, and a new start treaty with russia is approved. copyright 2012 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4164814801743397, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd21e783-18d3-4f7f-bedc-aed8d0ee797b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.590988"}
{"text": "updated : spacex rocket engine shutdown affects satellite deployment the falcon 9 rocket achieved its main objective on sunday night : getting a spacecraft bound for the international space station into orbit. but a problem with one of the engines meant the rocket ' s secondary payload, a communications satellite, is now flying at a lower altitude than planned. orbcomm said monday the rocket wasn ' t able to complete a second burn for safety reasons after the engine shutdown, which meant its prototype second - generation satellite was not deployed at the right altitude. the new jersey based company said engineers from orbcomm and sierra nevada corp, which built the satellite, are working to see if it can use its on - board propulsion to lift it into operational orbit. orbcomm plans to send 18 of its satellites into space using falcon 9 rockets in 2013 and 2014. spacex says it appears one of the falcon 9 engines lost pressure, triggering a shutdown one minute and 19 seconds after lift off on sunday night. footage of the launch appears to show debris falling from the rocket just over a minute after it lifted off from cape canaveral. \" we know the engine did not explode because we continued to receive data from it, \" read a statement released by the company monday. \" our review indicates that the fairing that protects the engine from aerodynamic loads ruptured due to the engine pressure release, and that none of falcon 9 \u2019 s other eight engines were impacted by this event. \" the falcon 9 rocket is designed to keep flying even with the loss of more than one engine, and spacex says the engine failure had no effect on the dragon spacecraft or the resupply mission to the international space station. spacex says it will keep reviewing flight data to figure out the cause of the problem and apply those lessons to future missions. the company aims to eventually use its dragon spacecraft to ferry astronauts to and from the iss. this mission is the first of 12 unmanned cargo flights contracted by nasa. dragon is scheduled to dock with the iss on wednesday. return to earth is targeted for october 28th.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44442930616743026, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a97a391-98ce-4349-bf04-38b14a0c03ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.593400"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. not attractive or good - looking : a homely child. - adj. lacking elegance or refinement : homely furniture. - adj. of a simple or unpretentious nature ; plain : homely truths. - adj. characteristic of the home or of home life : homely skills. century dictionary and cyclopedia - of or belonging to home or the household ; domestic. - familiar ; intimate. - of domestic character or quality ; hence, simple ; plain ; rude ; coarse ; not fine or elegant : as, a homely garment ; a homely house ; homely fare. - plain ; without particular beauty of features, form, or color : as, a homely face. - familiarly ; plainly ; rudely ; simply ; coarsely. - adj. us lacking in beauty or elegance, plain in appearance, physically unattractive. - adj. proficient in skills needed to maintain a home ( see homemaker ). gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. archaic belonging to, or having the characteristics of, home ; domestic ; familiar ; intimate. - adj. plain ; unpretending ; rude in appearance ; unpolished. - adj. of plain or coarse features ; uncomely ; ugly ; - - usually used of people, especially women ; - - contrary to - adv. rare plainly ; rudely ; coarsely. - adj. without artificial refinement or elegance - adj. having a feeling of home ; cozy and comfortable - adj. lacking in physical beauty or proportion - adj. plain and unpretentious - from middle english hom. ( wiktionary ) \u201c buncombe was delighted to encounter a sea - faring friend, and insisted on taking george jernam down to river view cottage to eat what he called a homely bit of dinner. \u201d \u201c in the book, winifred is plain - - homely, even - - but bright, talented, hard - working, and explicitly a very nice girl. \u201d \u201c yet despite the fact that he was often referred to as homely or even ugly, maureen was struck by how absolutely beautiful he was. \u201d \u201c scott started to confide in a woman he worked with, a woman he describes as homely, someone he could safely talk to without the risk of straying. \u201d \u201c in earlier days it had certainly been better kept ; it now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5196511824407223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03f2ac84-85a7-4272-b4bf-661fb1f80191>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.597695"}
{"text": ". \u201d \u201c scott started to confide in a woman he worked with, a woman he describes as homely, someone he could safely talk to without the risk of straying. \u201d \u201c in earlier days it had certainly been better kept ; it now looked like any of the other yugoslavian spas, which are patronized by the peasants and small shopkeepers, and showed a certain homely untidiness, though nothing worse. \u201d \u201c hayyim the glazier is reputed to have been a man of fine countenance, wise in homely counsel, honest in all his dealings. \u201d \u201c you have got to where the word homely preserves its true signification, and is no longer a term of disparagement, but expressive of a cardinal virtue. \u201d \u201c she made a humble apology, though in homely words, for the insult he had received in their house. \u201d \u201c he had all his days been accustomed to a plain homely way of living among poor husbandmen, and never affected either gaieties or dainties, and therefore would not have thrust himself so near the king ' s court and chapel if the business god had called him to had not called him thither. \u201d \u201c on the same page he actually referred to sophie raworth, possibly the most beautiful woman on television, as \" homely \" - clearly the man has no taste! \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 homely \u2019. a complete barron ' s wordlist for gre preparation. your online flashcard replacement. beautiful, attractive, well - formed ugly, unattractive, malformed mere days ago, i found a five - week - old kitten abandoned in the median of the avenue we live on. she was in terrible shape, but is doing great now thanks to love and dedication. the new favourite words of people on twitter. a script searches twitter for \" x is my new favorite word \" and adds it to this list. unfathomably, glice, cuh, fab, ciggaty, doll, thuggin, oxymoronic, pineapple, succubutt, griming, cheeky and 3099 more... words - or different usages of words i already knew - that i am learning thanks to anne of green gables by l. m. montgomery. see also ofravens ' with thanks to anne shirley. words to reference while writing something gre, gmat, toefl, ielts, sat \u3002 \u3002 \u3002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4438527918764046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03f2ac84-85a7-4272-b4bf-661fb1f80191>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.598566"}
{"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one who or that which sensitizes ; specifically, in photography, the chemical agent or bath by which films or substances are rendered sensitive to light. - n. same as amboceptor. - n. any agent that sensitizes something. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( photog. ) an agent that sensitizes. - n. ( chemistry ) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction - sensitize + - er ( wiktionary ) \u201c the sensitizer is a mixture of 90 \\ % dark flake aluminium powder, 5 \\ % titanium and 5 \\ % zirconium hydroxide. \u201d \u201c among them : danger - poison, corrosive, severely irritating, highly flammable, highly combustible or strong sensitizer. \u201d \u201c \u201c this effect suggests smoking marijuana ( at least in relatively low doses ) may act as a primer, or sensitizer, in the airways to amplify the adverse effects of tobacco on respiratory health, \u201d he says. \u201d \u201c it ' s the most natural insulin sensitizer there is. \u201d \u201c \u201c this effect suggests smoking marijuana at least in relatively low doses may act as a primer, or sensitizer, in the airways to amplify the adverse effects of tobacco on respiratory health, \u201d he says. \u201d \u201c but clorox says its products are safe and points to an analysis published by the u. k. ' s health and safety executive in 1997 that concluded there wasn ' t enough evidence to classify the chemical as a respiratory sensitizer. \u201d \u201c aspartame is a elf electromagnetic wave sensitizer, and induces phasic brain and peripheral nerve entrainment to fire neurons to external pulsed magnetic field effects. \u201d \u201c formaldehyde is highly irritating, acts as a potent sensitizer, and is known to cause cancer in humans. \u201d \u201c the consumer product safety commission only regulates and requires labeling for household cleaners based on these hazard categories : toxic, flammable, caustic, irritant, sensitizer, carcinogen, nerve or reproductive toxin. \u201d \u201c the cpsc requires a warning label on a consumer product which is toxic, corrosive, irritant, or sensitizer. \u201d \u2018 sensitizer \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for sensitizer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.583384230353653, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1cb21c3-dd34-4b41-8a02-26c8c4389025>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.603392"}
{"text": "take care when you take a walk by tom nugent, pure matters a stroll around the block could be hazardous to your health. the national highway traffic safety administration says that in miles traveled, pedestrians are 36 times more likely to die in traffic than drivers. children and older adults are two groups at higher risk for injury as pedestrians. here are some ideas on how to help keep them safe when they are on the street. to keep children safe being struck by a vehicle is the leading cause of death and injury in children, according to the pedestrian and bicycle information center ( pbic ). the age group at highest risk is ages 5 to 9. children are at greater risk for injury for several reasons, according to the centers for disease control and prevention : - children are smaller and therefore more difficult for drivers to see. - children often cannot accurately judge how fast a vehicle is traveling to know if they have time to cross the street before the vehicle reaches them. - most children do not understand traffic signals and don ' t know how to anticipate what a driver may do. - children may assume they have the right of way, but drivers may be assuming children must yield. - children are impulsive, often not thinking before they act. to help keep youngsters safe, do not allow any child under age 10 to walk on streets or near traffic after dark. teach your children to cross only at the crosswalk and after they have looked both ways, the pbic says. don ' t just tell your child how to stay safe as a pedestrian. instead, dedicate a few hours to walking around the neighborhood with the child while demonstrating your safety instructions in person. to keep seniors safe fewer older adults are injured as pedestrians, but the injuries are usually more serious than in other adults because they are more fragile, according to the pbic. most older adults struck as pedestrians are obeying traffic laws and using a crosswalk. older adults who walk outdoors for exercise should choose footwear with good traction and wear clothing that is bright and visible, the pbic says. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4002533863830674, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87a79620-670c-4df6-9ca6-a60397f9c9ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.605717"}
{"text": "just a few days after new migraine treatment guidelines were released at the american academy of neurology ' s annual convention, new research published in this week ' s edition of jama, finds botox may not work as well on migraines as originally thought. the aan ' s recommendations found that numerous drugs, such as the seizure drugs divalproex sodium, sodium valproate and topiramate, along with the beta - blockers metoprolol, propranolol and timolol, are effective for migraine prevention. the guidelines also noted herbal drugs such as petasites relieved migraine pain and nonsterodial anti - inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen sodium should be offered to people with migraines to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. botulinum toxin a, otherwise known as botox, was not mentioned. since botox has become a popular way to eliminate wrinkles in the forehead, doctors have been using it for all types of treatments, from excessive sweating to headaches. but even though the u. s. food and drug administration has approved botulinum toxin a injections for the prevention of chronic migraines, a new analysis finds botox provides only a small to modest benefit for patients with migraine or daily headaches. the review states that migraines and tension headaches are extremely common, about 42 % of adults in the u. s. experience a tension - type headache sometime in their lives. but many of these headache sufferers don ' t seek medical help. migraines are less common - about 8 to 18 % of the population suffers from these types of headaches, which are far more debilitating. botulinum toxin a injections were first proposed as headache treatments when doctors noticed patients with chronic headaches receiving cosmetic botox injections also found relief for their headaches. studies on botulinum effectiveness for headaches have been mixed. researchers from the medical college of wisconsin, milwaukee, reviewed previous studies on botulinum toxin a when used for the treatment of migraine, tension or chronic daily headaches in adults. the headaches were categorized as episodic ( less than 15 headaches per month ) or chronic ( 15 or more headaches per month ), migraine and episodic, or chronic daily or tension headaches. the researchers reviewed 27 randomized placebo - controlled trials that included a little more than 5, 000 study participants and four randomized botox comparisons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.438266036088913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:391d991b-83f7-4571-a77a-310dca30bdc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.608543"}
{"text": "in the last two months, eight people in cambodia have died from bird flu, a rare but deadly disease causing concern among health authorities. six of the victims have been children. the h5n1 virus, known to be highly contagious to poultry, typically resembles the flu when contracted by humans. but it kills more than half the people it infects, according to centers for disease control and prevention. of the nine confirmed h5n1 cases in cambodia this year, only an 8 - month old infant has survived. the infant had received medical attention early, said dr. ly sovann, the ministry of health ' s deputy director for communicable diseases control in cambodia. the eight bird flu deaths in the last six weeks - - considering that cambodia has had 19 reported deaths from the disease in the last 10 years - - has sparked increased surveillance efforts. health officials are warning people to wash their hands often, to keep children away from poultry and to avoid eating sick poultry. so far, the nine cases are not believed to be related, although most of them came from the southern region. the eight h5n1 deaths in cambodia occurred with a 15 - year - old girl and a 35 - year - old man on january 21, and a 2 - year - old girl and a 9 - year - old girl on january 28. in the next month, a 5 - year - old died on feburary 7, a 3 - year - old girl died on february 13, a 2 - year - old boy died on february 19, followed by a death of a 35 - year - old man on monday. he came from the kampong cham province in central cambodia and died after developing fever, coughing and difficulty breathing earlier this month. the patients experienced symptoms such as coughing, fever, difficulty breathing, sleepiness and vomiting. bird flu does not usually pass from person - to - person, but the disease is closely monitored because of concerns that the h5n1 virus could mutate allowing to spread more easily among people. \" we conducted investigations and found that all the cases were transmission from the poultry, \" said sovann. \" there is no evidence of transmission from human to human at this stage. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40783497441970307, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:742b8c8b-a43b-481f-8c19-21430d07d319>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.610851"}
{"text": "8. predicates and utilities now that we know how to create classes, access slots, and define methods, it might be useful to verify that everything is doing ok. to help with this a plethora of predicates have been created. - function : class - v class - return a vector with all the class ' s important parts in it. this vector is not a copy. changing this vector changes the class. the clos method find - class will have the same effect. - function : find - class symbol & optional errorp - clos function. in eieio it returns the vector definition of the class. if there is no class, nil is returned if errorp is - function : class - p class - return non - nil if class is a class type. - function : object - p obj - return non - nil if obj is an object. - function : slot - exists - p obj - or - class slot - return non - nil if obj - or - class contains slot in its class. - function : slot - boundp object slot nil if object ' s slot is bound. setting a slot ' s value makes it bound. calling slot - makeunbound will make a slot unbound. object can be an instance or a class. - function : class - name class - return a string of the form # < class myclassname > which should look similar to other lisp objects like buffers and processes. printing a class results only in a symbol. - function : class - option class option - return the value in class of a given option. ( class - option eieio - default - superclass : documentation ) will fetch the documentation string for - function : class - constructor class - return a symbol used as a constructor for class. this way you can make an object of a passed in class without knowing what it is. this is not a part of clos. - function : object - name obj - return a string of the form # < object - class myobjname > for obj. this should look like lisp symbols from other parts of emacs such as buffers and processes, and is shorter and cleaner than printing the object ' s vector. it is more useful to use object - print to get and object ' s print form, as this allows the object to add extra display information into the symbol. - function : object - class obj - returns the class symbol from obj", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5195302794581026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:682e5e0f-50d3-4857-b1c8-1f2831d215f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.616136"}
{"text": "vector. it is more useful to use object - print to get and object ' s print form, as this allows the object to add extra display information into the symbol. - function : object - class obj - returns the class symbol from obj. - function : class - of obj - clos symbol which does the same thing as - function : object - class - fast obj - same as object - class except this is a macro, and no type - checking is performed. - function : object - class - name obj - returns the symbol of obj ' s class. - function : class - parents class - returns the direct parents class of class. returns it is a superclass. - function : class - parents - fast class - just like class - parent except it is a macro and no type checking - function : class - parent class - deprecated function which returns the first parent of class. - function : class - children class - return the list of classes inheriting from class. - function : class - children - fast class - just like class - children, but with no checks. - function : same - class - p obj class t if obj ' s class is the same as class. - function : same - class - fast - p obj class - same as same - class - p except this is a macro and no type checking - function : object - of - class - p obj class t if obj inherits anything from class. this is different from same - class - p because it checks for inheritance. - function : child - of - class - p child class t if child is a subclass of class. - function : generic - p method - symbol method - symbol is a generic function, as opposed to a regular emacs list function. it is also important to note, that for every created class, a two predicates are created for it. thus in our example, the function data - object - p is created, and return t if passed an object of the appropriate type. also, the function is created which returns t if the object passed to it is of a type which inherits from this document was generated by xemacs webmaster on october, 2 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935489802323412, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:682e5e0f-50d3-4857-b1c8-1f2831d215f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.619253"}
{"text": "north carolina is not experiencing drought or abnormally dry conditions for the first time in three years, thanks to recent rainfall from tropical storm andrea and several other storm systems, according to the n. c. department of environment and natural resources. agricultural officials in richmond county report damp soil and crops that are generally in good shape, heading into the long summer. however, there may have been some damage to crops by heavy rainfall and strong winds. the rainfall from tropical storm andrea helped eliminate lingering abnormally dry conditions in eastern north carolina. the last time the u. s. drought monitor depicted no drought or abnormally dry conditions in north carolina was during the week of april 20, 2010. these conditions are reflected on the federal drought map for north carolina, which is released every thursday. to see the most recent drought map, go to www. ncdrought. org. \u201c recent rains have brought relief to the lingering dry conditions in eastern north carolina, \u201d said bob stea, chairman of the n. c. drought management advisory council. \u201c streams, groundwater and soil moisture levels have greatly improved and are near longer - term averages. \u201d while dry conditions are no longer present, drought officials say they cannot forecast what the summer months will bring. \u201c north carolina \u2019 s rainfall becomes more difficult to forecast, as well as less reliable, during the summer months, \u201d said michael moneypenny, a meteorologist for the national weather service in raleigh and a member of the drought advisory council. \u201c weather systems are typically weaker and the bulk of our rainfall comes from scattered shower and thunderstorm activity that pops up during the heat of the day. \u201d ryan boyles, director of the state climate office at n. c. state university and a member of the advisory council, said : \u201c winter climate conditions can be predicted several months in advance due to factors such as la nina. however, summer seasonal conditions are not currently predictable, and the upcoming summer is just as likely to be dry as wet. \u201d with little guidance to rely upon, conditions will have to be monitored closely. conditions can worsen quickly because north carolina \u2019 s hot summer months bring about higher rates of evaporation. \u201c i do agree that at this moment we are not in a drought situation here in richmond county, \u201d said amy hill yaklin, county executive director, richmond county farm service agency. \u201c we have several different soil types in the county and while it may be damp now is some areas, for instance in the clay, the sand - lands will quickly show stress and the need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39459452526742217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb51822c-b27d-4a5e-9151-3eacdcc4bc2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.626316"}
{"text": "problems, and tractors breaking down. thankfully farming is also full of rewards. richmond county farmers are passionate about raising our food, \u201d conrad said. horticulture agent paige burns, also with the cooperative extension service along with conrad, said the good news about the rain we \u2019 ve been having is that farm ponds, which farmers use to irrigate crops, have for the most part recovered to normal levels. \u201c they may need the water later in the season if the rain slows down, \u201d said burns. \u201c while good in many ways, the heavy rains shortened the length of the strawberry crop this year by several weeks, as well as caused increased labor costs during the season. strawberries cost thousands of dollars per acre to grow, and when the season is shortened farmers may not make enough money to cover their costs and make a profit. \u201c additionally, the rain has led to higher moisture levels in wheat, delaying harvest in some cases, and caused leaching of fertilizer in crops, particularly a problem in tobacco. this requires farmers to put out more fertilizer, which is an additional, and unexpected, expense, \u201d burns said. \u2014 editor john charles robbins can be reached at 910 - 997 - 3111, ext. 13, or by email at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38510535574101584, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb51822c-b27d-4a5e-9151-3eacdcc4bc2a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.628755"}
{"text": "what cesar chavez taught us what cesar chavez taught us this year marks the 38th anniversary of one of the most extreme and effective acts of sacrifice in u. s. labor history - a truly heroic act by farm worker leader cesar chavez. for 25 days he fasted, in february and march of 1968, surviving on nothing but occasional sips of water. the fast was crucial in winning support for the nationwide grape boycott that forced growers to grant california ' s vineyard workers the first union contracts ever won by any farm workers - contracts that were essential if they were to finally escape abject poverty. waging the boycott was extremely difficult for the farm workers. with little money and experience, they traveled to unfamiliar cities far from their rural communities to seek support. chavez ' act inspired them as well as their potential supporters and made their own considerable sacrifices seem much less onerous. chavez had another urgent purpose. he dedicated the fast to reaffirming the principles of nonviolence that had guided his union, later to become the united farm workers, from its founding four years earlier. chavez was concerned that the frustrations of the grape pickers, who had been on strike for three years, were turning them toward violence. \" some of our people accused us of cowardice, \" he said. \" they told me : ' if you go out and kill a couple of growers and blow up some cold storage plants and trains, the growers will come to terms. this is the history of labor ; this is how things are done. ' \" fearingi wasn ' ; t that \" someone would hurt someone \" if picketing continued at the struck vineyards, and well aware that victory would come from peaceful urban boycott activities rather than picketing, chavez called off the pickets. then he retired to a small, white - walled storeroom at his union ' s headquarters in delano, california, to fast, pray and read the bible and the writings of gandhi. \" no union movement, \" chavez declared, \" is worth the death of one farm worker or his child or one grower or his child.... social justice for the dignity of man cannot be won at the price of human life. \" tents were erected outside the storeroom to shelter union members and supporters who came in pilgrimage from all over the state. they celebrated daily masses, held prayer vigils and stood in line for hours to speak briefly to chavez as he lay on a cot, barely able to answer them. chavez broke the fast before 4, 000 supporters at an ecumenical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44444336980566257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1221d7ea-447a-4815-877d-05186d9543ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.632152"}
{"text": "over the state. they celebrated daily masses, held prayer vigils and stood in line for hours to speak briefly to chavez as he lay on a cot, barely able to answer them. chavez broke the fast before 4, 000 supporters at an ecumenical mass in delano ' s city park. senator robert kennedy was at his side as he slumped in a chair and nibbled feebly at a tiny bit of bread handed him by a priest. kennedy took a portion from the same home - baked loaf, then hailed chavez as \" one of the heroic figures of our time. \" chavez reminded his followers, in a message read by an aide, that \" we have our bodies and spirits and the justice of our cause as our weapons. \" within two years, those weapons brought victory to the vineyard workers. it was an extraordinary demonstration of the effectiveness of nonviolent activism. what the vineyard workers accomplished, and how they accomplished it, would never be forgotten - not by the millions of social activists worldwide who were inspired and energized by the workers ' struggle, nor by the workers themselves. the victory and the vital lesson it taught would not have been possible except for cesar chavez and his great sacrifice. the ordeal sent him to a hospital for three weeks, and for much of the next eight months he directed the union from a hospital bed at home. the effects of the fast, combined with those of other fasts in later years, undoubtedly contributed to his untimely death at age 66 in 1993. copyright ( c ) 2006 dick meister, a san francisco writer. he ' s the co - author of \" a long time coming : the struggle to unionize america ' s farm workers \" ( macmillan ). contact him through his website, www. dickmeister. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43271116176567503, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1221d7ea-447a-4815-877d-05186d9543ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.632808"}
{"text": "i made a quick drawing of the basic principles for distillation using a plastic tent. i have it about half built but it has not been tested yet. it is very simple in it ' s construction. one needs pvc - pipe, pvc - fittings, and plastic tarps. a flex tube and container to collect the distilled water. a little silicon rubber to make the seal where the hose goes through the plastic. a funnel to fill it. a source of heat and coolness is need in close proximity to each other. the greater the difference in temperature the faster water can be distilled. now that this principle is understood. lets take it to the next step. suppose one uses clear plastic for the walls and grows plants in the ground where the gray water is shown. suppose after the pole shift there is enough light for some very low light plants to grow. now this setup would allow one to distill water for human use and at the same time protect the plants from toxins from outside rain. nutrients could be fed to the plants from worm beds etc. the small amount of light coming through the dense clouds could be supplemented with additional light if power is available. the disadvantage to this is animals can easily tear their way in and get our food. probably would need to fence this off to protect it. another disadvantage is plastic tarps have a limited life to them. clear thick vinyl might be the longest lasting. any plastic may leach out some toxins ( plasticides ) into the distilled water. this would become less with usage. i am currently thinking lead, etc. poisoning to be worse than the plasticides. offered by mike.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5254986855989151, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6bb1726-4059-41af-833e-7e40888fa9b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.635631"}
{"text": "with the advancement in the web world, today almost everything can be done with the online services available on the internet. be it shopping, searching or the learning. learning to play woodwind instruments as an extra - curricular activity or out of the interest by the children, elders has now become much simpler with the help of pictorial finger charts available easily on the internet websites. in this guide, we will explore some of the oldest and finest instruments and know how easy it is to learn them. flute for kids : with the help of specially designed flute known as the recorder flute, kids till 5th grade do not have to struggle at all. it provides an opportunity for kids to learn while playing music. with this technological advancement in flute, it has become convenient for the amateurs to learn to play the instrument. the trill chart : gives a clear picture of the flute trill chart which is pretty easy for the students to memorize. modern flute fingering chart : charts for the modern flute and piccolo, including many alternate fingerings. flute fingering chart : printable charts from an accomplished flutist. piccolo fingering chart : octave by octave fingering chart to make the procedure of learning a piccolo easy. numeric finger chart : provides with the fingering chart written with numbers rather pictorially. it gives the idea of notes in 2nd and 3rd octave. alternate fingering chart for piccolo : gives musician the alternate fingering positions for the piccolo. piccolo pedagogy : lists fingering charts both online and in print. oboe and english horn teacher \u2019 s guide : from the history to the performance techniques including the fingering charts of the instrument, every minute detail is present in the teacher \u2019 s guide. hands - on experience : have an experience with the exercises provided to test the understanding of the instrument. oboe fingering charts : document that provides complex fingering charts for the oboe. basic fingering chart for oboe : offers guides to the basic octaves of the oboe. basic fingering chart : directions for quick learning and using an english horn diagrammatically. a - z of english horn : starting from the student on english horn, choosing the equipment, embouchure to the distinguishing features. fingering scheme for oboe and english horn : provides the basic fingering schemes for these two instruments. pictorial depiction of the clarinet fingering chart : get a clear cut picture of the working of a clarinet with the labeled fingering chart. clarinet fingering charts by key : finger chart for the clarinet in all keys. clarinet fingering chart : another pictorial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49827551622468824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:058f36cb-cdc1-4dec-ad72-a8dca409b806>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.639019"}
{"text": "pictorial depiction of the clarinet fingering chart : get a clear cut picture of the working of a clarinet with the labeled fingering chart. clarinet fingering charts by key : finger chart for the clarinet in all keys. clarinet fingering chart : another pictorial diagram of fingering positions. clarinet fingering guide with altissimo suggestions for playing : intuitive fingering charts by key and for altissimo notes. to get started : a perfect guide for the beginners to become a master at saxophone. saxophone is one of the easiest instruments to play. tips for a makeover : gives ideas and suggestions for a makeover on the parts of privately owned saxophone section. insight of a saxophone : a simplistic approach for the beginners to help them learn the saxophone and overcoming all sorts of confusion. elaborate finger chart : self explanatory lessons with fingering diagrams that makes the process of learning and playing the saxophone easier. play and learn : a user - friendly guide for students to get a thorough insight on bassoon and perform various exercises to practice different bassoon techniques. types of bassoon fingering charts : first class reference in fingerings for bassoon. a pictorial representation of basic, alternate, and trill fingering chart for bassoon. bassoon fingering chart : interactive fingering chart for german system bassoons. bassoon resource fingering charts : printable charts for german system, french system, and other types of bassoons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4912916207618679, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:058f36cb-cdc1-4dec-ad72-a8dca409b806>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.639564"}
{"text": "hubble spies edge - on beauty visible in the constellation of andromeda, ngc 891 is located approximately 30 million light - years away from earth. the nasa / esa hubble space telescope turned its powerful wide field advanced camera for surveys towards this spiral galaxy and took this close - up of its northern half. the galaxy ' s central bulge is just out of the image on the bottom left. the galaxy, spanning some 100, 000 light - years, is seen exactly edge - on, and reveals its thick plane of dust and interstellar gas. while initially thought to look like our own milky way if seen from the side, more detailed surveys revealed the existence of filaments of dust and gas escaping the plane of the galaxy into the halo over hundreds of light - years. they can be clearly seen here against the bright background of the galaxy halo, expanding into space from the disk of the galaxy. astronomers believe these filaments to be the result of the ejection of material due to supernovae or intense stellar formation activity. by lighting up when they are born, or exploding when they die, stars cause powerful winds that can blow dust and gas over hundreds of light - years in space. a few foreground stars from the milky way shine brightly in the image, while distant elliptical galaxies can be seen in the lower right of the image. ngc 891 is part of a small group of galaxies bound together by gravity. a version of this image was entered into the hubble \u2019 s hidden treasures image processing competition by contestant nick rose. hidden treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5210817476513873, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9f768b6-a1ec-452e-914e-98ef7ee03eac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.641176"}
{"text": "wet winter weather increases icy road risk 13 november 2012 hampshire road users are being reminded to take extra care this winter as the saturated ground means that water runoff from fields makes it more likely that rural roads will ice over during cold weather. according to the met office, this summer has officially been the wettest in one hundred years and there appears to be no let up in rain as winter approaches. the environment agency has recently released a warning that, following further wet weather in september and october, rivers are full and the ground is saturated, with the result that current groundwater levels in some areas are extremely high and water is seeping onto hampshire ' s roads. roads that would normally dry quickly after precipitation are more likely to remain wet and ice over when the road surface temperature drops below zero. councillor mel kendal, deputy leader and executive member for hampshire county council said : \" road users need to take extra care this winter because, due to the saturated ground, even a small amount of rain or snow means that roads are more likely to experience water running on to them which can easily ice over when the temperature freezes. we have recently experienced our first frosts of the winter and our salting teams have been out treating hampshire ' s main routes but, although temperatures may rise slightly in the days to come, drivers still need to take care as some roads may be covered with deep puddles. \" hampshire county council takes road safety extremely seriously and invests heavily to maintain and improve the 5, 000 plus miles of road in the county. keeping hampshire moving is a priority of the council - the road network is a vital support for our regional economy and people need to be safe when going about their day - to - day business, whatever the weather. we have a long - term strategic programme of road maintenance and enhancement, operation resilience, which aims to make our roads more resilient to the damaging effects of weather extremes and increasing traffic levels, as well as to improve the overall condition of the roads. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.436696389370219, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3cbe89e-6cf1-4961-9172-ffd9369059e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.643371"}
{"text": "milton, john, 1608 - 1674. paradise lost : a poem in twelve books / a new edition with notes of various authors by thomas newton, d. d.. london : printed for j. and r. tonson and s. draper in the strand, 1749. 2 volumes. call number : ( spl ) pr 3560 1749 special collections, golda meir library eighty - two years after the first edition of paradise lost, thomas newton completed work on the first definitive edition of milton ' s epic poem. this text arose directly from the controversy surrounding richard bentley ' s 1732 edition. newton used the last authoritative edition ( 1674 ) published at the time of milton ' s death as his copy - text and carefully collated the text with the first edition of 1667. he also had access to all other major editions published prior to 1749 and used them as necessary to verify and correct perpetuated errors. his notes synthesized the work of many different scholars and became the standard for scholarly editions for nearly 150 years. to accompany the newly refined text, the tonsons contracted with artist francis hayman to design new illustrations for the 1749 edition. hayman was a prominent english decorative painter and had recently completed thirty - six illustrations for an edition of shakespeare ' s works. hayman ' s illustrations became the benchmark for editions of paradise lost published well into the nineteenth century. his style began to break from traditional baroque conventions and foreshadowed the innovative work of nineteenth century artists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300229086913648, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d994f9da-ef6f-4ba5-99ca-4dee0fac113f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.645068"}
{"text": "perspectives : why guidelines differ numerous international, national, and professional organizations publish guidelines and recommendations that assist travel health providers in providing the best possible advice to prospective travelers. the cdc yellow book is one example of published recommendations. however, it is quickly apparent to both clinicians and patients that guidelines and recommendations differ, sometimes dramatically. conflicting messages from authoritative sources may confuse patients and clinicians, and undermine the credibility of the source. it can be unsettling for patients to receive travel medicine advice, vaccines, and a malaria prescription from a provider, only to find that the recommendations conflict with what they have obtained from other sources, or even heard from other advisors. the skillful travel health provider will be able to help the traveler run this gauntlet of conflicting advice by knowing more about why guidelines differ. how are guidelines created? most guidelines of interest to travel health providers and travelers focus on recommendations for immunizations, prophylactic medications, and self - treatment regimens ( such as those for travelers \u2019 diarrhea ). guidelines come from many sources. a regulatory agency in each country must review and approve an application from the sponsor of a product in order for the product to be commercially distributed. regulatory authorities review data from prelicensure clinical trials and also assess the manufacturing process. international organizations such as the world health organization ( who ) promote their own sets of guidelines. at national levels, agencies such as cdc make recommendations for the use of approved vaccines and medications for travelers. in addition, professional organizations may create consensus clinical practice guidelines based on published medical literature and expert opinion. travel medicine \u2013 specific subscription services use experts to organize and present travel medicine recommendations for clinicians. however, these services can use information and sources that may not be fully validated by national and international authorities. finally, vast quantities of unregulated opinions are published on the internet. people new to travel medicine may not be aware of the decision - making process or the source information that results in formal recommendations from these organizations. a national regulatory authority is the government body that approves vaccines and drugs. in the united states, this is the food and drug administration ( fda ). for the vaccines and medications commonly prescribed in a pre - travel consultation, providers are expected to use the products in accordance with the product label as approved by the fda. the product label is a valuable source of information that is accurate at the time it is published. manufacturers submit a detailed application that undergoes rigorous, multidisciplinary review. the approved product label reflects the information provided by the manufacturer in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45817190466997365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8f5233-ca04-44d9-9291-62d98ddb26f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.657033"}
{"text": "the fda. the product label is a valuable source of information that is accurate at the time it is published. manufacturers submit a detailed application that undergoes rigorous, multidisciplinary review. the approved product label reflects the information provided by the manufacturer in response to the requirements specified by a large body of regulatory law developed over many years. since each country has different laws and requirements, approved products and their product labels may differ from country to country. this difference is then reflected in the national guidelines that relate to that product. travelers \u2019 health information is provided by who \u2019 s publication, international travel and health ( the \u201c green book \u201d ) and also in the who international health regulations 2005. countries with less developed or nonexistent regulatory agencies often default to the who guidelines, while more developed countries with resources devoted to travelers \u2019 health may be aware of the who recommendations, but may not be able to reconcile who recommendations with their own country \u2019 s recommendations in every situation. us national organizations cdc provides recommendations for travelers \u2019 health and publishes those recommendations in this book. subject - matter experts at cdc review information in their area of expertise and formulate recommendations. for vaccines, the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) develops written recommendations for the administration of vaccines, including travelers \u2019 vaccines, to children and adults in the civilian population. recommendations include age for vaccine administration, number of doses and dosing interval, and precautions and contraindications. acip, which is the only entity appointed by the federal government to make such recommendations, consists of 15 experts in fields associated with immunization who have been selected to provide advice and guidance to the us department of health and human services and cdc on the control of vaccine - preventable diseases ( see chapter 2, perspectives : vaccine recommendations of the acip ). professional organizations often develop, write, and publish practice guidelines using committees of experts from their membership. these practice guidelines typically follow an evidence - based medicine approach that links recommendations to the strength and quality of the evidence as assessed by the committee members. the infectious disease society of america has published a travel medicine practice guideline that many find useful. practice guidelines, by their nature, are consensus documents. peer - reviewed medical literature and open sources as experience with a vaccine or a drug is acquired over the years, these results are often published in the peer - reviewed medical literature. in addition, people who use these products gain experience over time and develop their own opinions ( \u201c experience - based medicine \u201d ). the data that would be most useful in deciding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49109574989301363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8f5233-ca04-44d9-9291-62d98ddb26f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.658210"}
{"text": "years, these results are often published in the peer - reviewed medical literature. in addition, people who use these products gain experience over time and develop their own opinions ( \u201c experience - based medicine \u201d ). the data that would be most useful in deciding how to use a vaccine or medication may not be available in published reports, so expert opinion attempts to interpret available information or provide background perspective. why do guidelines differ? guidelines in different countries and organizations may differ in significant ways. some of the reasons why guidelines differ include availability of products in different countries, a different cultural perception of risk, lack of evidence ( or differing interpretations of the same evidence ), and sometimes just honest differences in opinion among experts. occasionally, public opinion may influence recommendations ( for example, the widespread adverse publicity about mefloquine that was reported in the media ). availability of products travel health providers can only use the products that are available to them. availability is determined by the regulatory approval status of the product and, to a lesser extent, the marketing and distribution plan of the manufacturer. among the various vaccines and antimalarial drugs commercially available worldwide, the process for regulatory approvals varies greatly. for example, registering a new vaccine or antimalarial drug in the united states is a costly and rigorous process. if the market is insufficient to justify the expense of registration, then a commercial company may not seek registration in a particular country. the standards for licensure vary, and what may be sufficient for one regulatory authority may not suffice for another. for example, primaquine, an option for antimalarial prophylaxis in the united states, is not registered or commercially available in switzerland. atovaquone - proguanil was available for malaria chemoprophylaxis in the united states before many other countries. on the other hand, an oral vaccine against cholera is approved for use and widely available in many countries, but is not approved by the fda. therefore, cdc and acip guidelines do not include any recommendations for the use of this vaccine. even when the same products are available, the recommendations for their use may differ. the capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine and the oral typhoid vaccine are examples. in the united states, a booster of the polysaccharide vaccine is recommended after 2 years, but in most european countries a booster is recommended after 3 years. in the united states, a packet of 4 oral typhoid capsules is dispensed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46531971722336013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8f5233-ca04-44d9-9291-62d98ddb26f1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.659278"}
{"text": "a booster of the polysaccharide vaccine is recommended after 2 years, but in most european countries a booster is recommended after 3 years. in the united states, a packet of 4 oral typhoid capsules is dispensed, whereas in europe, 3 doses are considered adequate. the regulatory agencies may have reviewed the same data and drawn different conclusions, or they may have reviewed different data at separate times and reached different conclusions. it is unusual for regulatory submissions to various agencies to be ready and occur at the same time ; therefore, the data available for review by each agency may not be the same, for legitimate reasons. perception of risk people from varying backgrounds can view the same risk data and come to different conclusions as to the cost and benefit of preventing that risk. for example, national - level recommendations to prevent malaria while traveling to india vary widely. german recommendations are to not use standard prophylaxis for any travel to an indian destination ; standby emergency treatment ( sbet or self - treatment ) is the recommendation for identified risk destinations. the guidelines in the united kingdom recommend only awareness and mosquito bite prevention for more than half the indian subcontinent, including large cities and popular tourist destinations in the north and south, while recommending an individual risk assessment that is based on activities and types of travelers. standard prophylaxis recommended in the uk guidelines is the combination of chloroquine plus proguanil ( an option not available in the united states ) for much of the middle of the subcontinent. however, cdc recommends malaria prophylaxis for any indian destination except for some mountainous areas of northern states above 2, 000 m ( 6, 561 ft ). is one of these guidelines better than the others? not necessarily, as the recommendations may be based on the national experience with different types of travelers, and the risk assessment approach of the organization formulating the national guidelines. for example, in 2008, cdc reported 114 malaria cases acquired in india by returning us travelers, the second highest absolute number of cases from any destination, and 194 cases of malaria acquired in nigeria. however, when viewed as estimated relative case rates ( the number of cases among us travelers attributable to each country divided by the estimated travel volume for us travelers to that country ), nigeria remains well above the median estimated risk, but india falls just below the median estimated risk due the much higher volume of travel to india. india reports active transmission in all provinces in the country. based on the extremely large population of india, some of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4728111152570924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8f5233-ca04-44d9-9291-62d98ddb26f1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.660444"}
{"text": "remains well above the median estimated risk, but india falls just below the median estimated risk due the much higher volume of travel to india. india reports active transmission in all provinces in the country. based on the extremely large population of india, some of these provinces have high absolute numbers of cases but low case rates. some countries base their recommendations on these relatively low case rates, but other countries believe that the high absolute numbers of cases result in large numbers of infective mosquitoes that can, in turn, infect travelers. in any case, travelers to india are likely to encounter diverse recommendations for malaria prevention on the internet or from other travelers. the best available data should always balance the risk of the intervention \u2014 and the costs \u2014 against the risk of the disease, so that the decision to recommend a vaccine or prophylactic medicine may be understood by the clinician and the traveler. lack of evidence in many cases, limited or no data are available to inform an evidence - based assessment. in this setting, travel health providers defer to expert opinion or an extrapolation from limited data in conjunction with expert opinion. in travel medicine, it is rare to have actual prospective numerator and denominator data on the risk of any vaccine - preventable diseases in travelers. for example, any data on the risk of hepatitis a in travelers would have to account for the immunization rate with hepatitis a vaccine. these data are rarely available, and therefore we often rely on historical data that captured few actual cases. can we harmonize guidelines? the complex nature of how we obtain, evaluate, and verify data, combined with the fundamental differences in risk perception, makes it likely that multiple, overlapping, and at times conflicting guidelines will continue to exist. however, given the international nature of travel medicine and the existence of the international society of travel medicine, conflicting guidelines have decreased in the past decade. in one example of an effort to harmonize guidelines, from 2008 through 2010, who convened an international group of yellow fever and travel medicine experts to review available data on yellow fever virus transmission. the product of this collaboration was a country - specific list of yellow fever vaccine recommendations based on the geographic distribution of risk ( see chapter 3, yellow fever and malaria information, by country ). in summary, the role of the travel health provider is to become more sophisticated in his or her understanding of the various differences in guidelines, in interpreting this information, and in conveying it in an assured and comforting manner to travelers. - 1. cdc. advisory committee on immun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4987649118828148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8f5233-ca04-44d9-9291-62d98ddb26f1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.661495"}
{"text": "the travel health provider is to become more sophisticated in his or her understanding of the various differences in guidelines, in interpreting this information, and in conveying it in an assured and comforting manner to travelers. - 1. cdc. advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ). atlanta : cdc ; 2010 [ updated nov 1 ; cited 2010 sep 16 ]. available from : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / recs / acip / default. htm. - chiodini p, hill d, lea g, walker e, whitty c, bannister b. guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the united kingdom 2007. london : health protection agency ; 2007 [ cited 2010 nov 8 ]. available from : http : / / www. hpa. org. uk / publications / infectiousdiseas.... - committee to advise on tropical medicine and travel. canadian recommendations for the prevention and treatment of malaria among international travellers \u2014 2009. can commun dis rep. 2009 jul ; 35 suppl 1 : 1 \u2013 82. - german society for tropical medicine and international health association ( dtg ). deutsche gesellschaft fur tropenmedizin und internationale gesundheit e. v. 2010 [ updated nov 8 ; cited 2010 sep 16 ]. available from : http : / / www. dtg. org ( in german ). - hill dr, ericsson cd, pearson rd, keystone js, freedman do, kozarsky pe, et al. the practice of travel medicine : guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america. clin infect dis. 2006 dec 15 ; 43 ( 12 ) : 1499 \u2013 1539. - world health organization. international health regulations ( 2005 ). geneva : world health organization ; 2008 [ cited 2010 nov 8 ]. available from : http : / / www. who. int / ihr / 9789241596664 / en / index. html. - world health organization. international travel and health. geneva : world health organization ; 2010 [ cited 2010 sep 16 ]. available from : http : / / www. who. int / ith / en /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4639176004653569, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8f5233-ca04-44d9-9291-62d98ddb26f1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.662358"}
{"text": "if i may shed some light on the question of how long a treaty is valid. might be important for yhis question but also for others. according to treaty law, a treaty ( or convention ) stays valid as long as there is nothing else replacing it or annuling it. modern treaties are signed for a short duration and cease to be valid at a certain date, given by the treaty. if not specified, there are three possibilities for a party to a treaty to stop its application : - a party to the treaty can denunciate it ( regulations for this are often given by the treaty ) - if the treay is violated by one of the parties, it can be suspended by another party ( like a breach of contract ) - fundamental change of circumstances, meaning the appearance of circumstances that did not exist when signing the contract ( very rare ) other things that can happen to a treaty is that an international armed conflict emerges. during the conflict, treaties can de suspended, but not necessarily suppressed. last but not least, the treaty may become invalid by the emergence of rule of ius cogens ( an imperative rule of law ) on the matter. concerning the point that prussia signed and not germany, i have to point out to the principles of state succession : when the german empire was created in 1871, it ' s executive power remained withe the king of prussia as kaiser, which could mean ( that ' s an international public law theory ) that the german empire is the successor of prussia and thus takes over all of prussia ' s obligations with regard to international law. in which case, germany was bound by the 1839 treaty when invading belgium ( even if bismarck called it \" un chiffon \" ) concerning the 1839 treaty itself, there are in fact 2 : the first one, comprising 24 articles, defining the borders of belgium and stating, in article 7, its neutrality. this treaty has been ratified by belgium and the netherlands. at the same time, another treaty, containing only 4 articles, was ratified by france, austria, russia, prussia and great britain. it reads : [ ces articles ] sont consideres comme ayant la meme force et valeur que s ' ils etaient inseres textuellement dans le present acte ; et qu ' ils se trouvent ainsi places sous la garantie de leurs dites majestes. meaning that the first treaty has on these staes the same valour as for belgium and the netherlands. so to sum up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4734549780950284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a659d68d-087a-4970-9bfd-63c17cc2e7e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.665578"}
{"text": "scientists have apparently broken the universe \u2019 s speed limit. for generations, physicists believed there is nothing faster than light moving through a vacuum \u2014 a speed of 186, 000 miles per second. but in an experiment in princeton, n. j., physicists sent a pulse of laser light through cesium vapor so quickly that it left the chamber before it had even finished entering. the pulse traveled 310 times the distance it would have covered if the chamber had contained a vacuum. researchers say it is the most convincing demonstration yet that the speed of light \u2014 supposedly an ironclad rule of nature \u2014 can be pushed beyond known boundaries, at least under certain laboratory circumstances. \u201c this effect cannot be used to send information back in time, \u201d said lijun wang, a researcher with the private nec institute. \u201c however, our experiment does show that the generally held misconception that \u2018 nothing can travel faster than the speed of light \u2019 is wrong. \u201d the results were published in thursday \u2019 s issue of the journal nature. the achievement has no practical application right now, but experiments like this have generated considerable excitement in the small international community of theoretical and optical physicists. previously thought impossible \u201c this is a breakthrough in the sense that people have thought that was impossible, \u201d said raymond chiao, a physicist at the university of california at berkeley who was not involved in the work. chiao has performed similar experiments using electric fields. in the latest experiment, researchers at nec developed a device that fired a laser pulse into a glass chamber filled with a vapor of cesium atoms. the researchers say the device is sort of a light amplifier that can push the pulse ahead. previously, experiments have been done in which light also appeared to achieve such so - called superluminal speeds, but the light was distorted, raising doubts as to whether scientists had really accomplished such a feat. the laser pulse in the nec experiment exits the chamber with almost exactly the same shape, but with less intensity, wang said. the pulse may look like a straight beam but actually behaves like waves of light particles. the light can leave the chamber before it has finished entering because the cesium atoms trade energy with the leading edge of the waves as they pass through. this produces an almost identical light pulse that exits the chamber and travels about 60 feet before the main part of the laser pulse finishes entering the chamber, wang said. wang said the effect is possible only because light has no mass ; the same thing cannot be done with physical objects. the princeton experiment and others like it test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6037591201878671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:407aeee2-2230-4a8f-8647-4aed4b649a2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.671038"}
{"text": "about 60 feet before the main part of the laser pulse finishes entering the chamber, wang said. wang said the effect is possible only because light has no mass ; the same thing cannot be done with physical objects. the princeton experiment and others like it test the limits of the theory of relativity that albert einstein developed nearly a century ago. according to the special theory of relativity, the speed of particles of light in a vacuum, such as outer space, is the only absolute measurement in the universe. the speed of everything else \u2014 rockets or inchworms \u2014 is relative to the observer, einstein and others explained. only in the lab in everyday circumstances, an object cannot travel faster than light. the princeton experiment and others change these circumstances by using devices such as the cesium chamber rather than a vacuum. ultimately, the work may contribute to the development of faster computers that carry information in light particles. not everyone is convinced the nec scientists did what they claim. aephraim steinberg, a physicist at the university of toronto, said the light particles coming out of the cesium chamber may not have been the same ones that entered, so he questions whether the speed of light was broken. still, the work is important, he said : \u201c the interesting thing is how did they manage to produce light that looks exactly like something that didn \u2019 t get there yet? \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6374025789532367, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:407aeee2-2230-4a8f-8647-4aed4b649a2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.671626"}
{"text": "size adult females may attain a body length of 56 mm and males 47 mm. description the adult frog has a somewhat flattened body ; an eye with a dark, horizontal band running through it and a vertically elliptical pupil ; and long limbs with large, spatulate adhesive pads at the tips of the fingers and toes. while the fingers lack webbing, the toes are extensively webbed up to the last segment of the fifth toe ( and this sometimes extends to the tip ). no thumb - like metacarpal tubercle is present. a glandular fold is present behind the eye ( above the tympanum ). the upper body surface is generally green to brown and covered with well - defined reddish brown spots and patches of variable size. there are distinct transverse bands present on the limbs of most specimens. the underside colour is mainly whitish except for the limbs which are fleshy - orange, while the skin is densely granular except on the throat. the advertisement call is a clear high - pitched ringing note produced at a rate of about one per second. biology this species is endemic to certain mountain ranges in the winter rainfall region of the western cape. it only occurs in undisturbed habitat within the mountain fynbos or afromontane forest vegetation types and is dependent on clear, fast flowing, perennial mountain streams for breeding. when they are not breeding, ghost frogs utilize damp terrestrial habitat surrounding the streams and have even been found sheltering under rocks several hundred metres away from the nearest watercourse. they are well adapted for climbing in steep, rocky terrain and enter rock crevices and caves. by means of the adhesive pads on their fingers and toes they are able to climb virtually any wet or damp surface, including smooth, vertical rock faces. breeding takes place from early to mid - summer ( about october to january ) when stream flow has reduced following the rainy season. the males can be heard calling both during the day and after dark. they call from positions adjacent to waterfalls, cascades and small rapids such as from rock cracks or from rocks either on the banks of streams or protruding from the water. ghost frogs have a complex courtship display but actual egg - laying has not been observed. the eggs, which are laid singly, have been found scattered in exposed positions in small quiet, shady pools connected to the main stream. they are large and yellow with each one contained in a stiff jelly capsule. clutch sizes have been found to vary from 50 to 208 eggs. the eggs hatch after four or five days. initially the young tadpoles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4479041947335437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79ca8b7a-838d-4030-9fff-d37b3895249e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.675225"}
{"text": "pools connected to the main stream. they are large and yellow with each one contained in a stiff jelly capsule. clutch sizes have been found to vary from 50 to 208 eggs. the eggs hatch after four or five days. initially the young tadpoles live off a large reserve of yolk, where after they feed by grazing over algae - covered rocks, and these \u201c feeding trails \u201d can be seen on rocks in quieter pools. the distinctive tadpoles attain a length of about 60 mm and are well - adapted for a life in fast flowing streams. in particular, they have large sucker - like mouths for clinging to rocks in fast flowing water and even use their mouths to climb slippery rock faces such as waterfalls. during the day, the tadpoles are usually found attached to the underside of submerged rocks. they are slow developers, taking over twelve months to develop into frogs, and are generally ready to leave the water during the period from march to may. distribution this species is endemic to certain cape fold mountains in the western part of the western cape province. distribution in gcbc this extends from the higher mountains of the cederberg southwards into the groot winterhoek mountains. conservation status not threatened. threats no serious threats. current studies this species was assessed in the southern african frog atlas project ( published in 2004 ). a project to investigate the genetic diversity in the cape fold mountain ghost frogs is currently underway.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39593973342068245, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79ca8b7a-838d-4030-9fff-d37b3895249e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.675778"}
{"text": "birthfathers | legal rights | more on birthfathers a child \u2019 s story begins with her birth \u2014 and even before, \u201d says ronny diamond, adoption resource director for spence - chapin in manhattan. \u201c children need to hear that all children are born to two people, and that they are no different. \u201d since young children tend to focus on their birthmothers, you need to make a special effort to include their birthfathers. diamond suggests these talk techniques : include the birthfather from the beginning. the concept of a birthfather is easier to grasp when kids are three or four, before you need to explain reproduction. you might say : \u201c it takes a man and a woman to make a baby. the baby grows inside the woman, who then gives birth to the baby. you were born the same way everyone else was. but some babies stay with their birthparents and some don \u2019 t. your birthparents couldn \u2019 t raise any baby at the time you were born. so they made sure to find a family that could take care of you forever. some children are adopted, and adoption is forever. \u201d say what you know. if you know a lot about your child \u2019 s birthfather, he can have a significant presence in your story. if you know very little about either birthparent, you may want to speculate based on what you do know about the situation of your child \u2019 s birth. you might say : \u201c your birthparents may have decided together that they weren \u2019 t able to give a baby a good life, so they probably talked about what would be best for you. that \u2019 s why they took you to a place where people who cared about you could make sure you went to live with a family who would love you and take care of you forever. \u201d add age - appropriate details. when your child is five to seven years old, you need to be more specific in your conversations. again, it \u2019 s ok to speculate. the key is to be neutral and use language that doesn \u2019 t label either birthparent in a judgmental way. you might say : \u201c your birthmother and birthfather made you. but they weren \u2019 t together as a couple when you were born, and neither one felt they could raise a baby alone. \u201d or, \u201c your birthparents didn \u2019 t know each other very well and your birthmom didn \u2019 t tell your birthfather about you. she felt that neither of them were grown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4673473120297382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a04f85e-fe35-4611-9445-71163fb27eb8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.679017"}
{"text": "anne morrow lindbergh anne morrow lindbergh, famous through her marriage to charles lindbergh, had her own career as a pilot. shortly after her marriage in 1929, she became the first woman in the u. s. to earn a glider pilot ' s license. in 1930, she served as navigator, while seven months pregnant, when her husband set a new transcontinental speed record. in 1931, she earned her private pilot ' s license. perhaps the most famous flight the lindberghs made together was the 1931 great circle survey through northern canada, alaska, and the far east, described so eloquently in anne ' s book north to the orient. anne served as a copilot and radio operator in the lockheed sirius now displayed in the barron hilton pioneers of flight gallery. the sirius was also used for the lindberghs ' 1933 north atlantic ocean survey flight for possible commercial air routes for pan american airways. for her part, anne lindbergh received the u. s. flag association cross of honor. in 1934, she became the first woman to receive the national geographic society ' s hubbard gold medal. lindbergh established herself as a distinguished author as well ; her literary works include listen the wind and bring me a unicorn. ( information compiled by d. cochrane and p. ramirez )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38691023993855567, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f94fd7ee-d17f-4bf6-96d5-e00b09f596ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.680539"}
{"text": "when gordon moore made his observation in 1965 that the number of transistors integrated on a single silicon chip is doubling roughly every two years, the only logical end point for such a trend would be a transistor made from a single atom. this point has now been reached. writing in nature nanotechnology, michelle simmons from the university of new south wales in sydney and colleagues report a single - atom transistor, the world \u2019 s smallest, on a silicon chip. the transistor is based on current flowing through a single atom of phosphorus embedded in a silicon wafer. phosphorus is a natural choice for such a transistor, as it is relatively easy to integrate into silicon. there it acts as an electron donor because it has an additional electron compared to silicon. this additional charge can be used for conventional electronic devices such transistor, but also more complex schemes are possible. for example, the magnetic property of this single excess electron, its spin, can be used for new types of quantum computing. indeed, i have previously blogged about such efforts from another research group in sydney using multiple phosphorus atoms for silicon - based quantum computing. one of the key challenges in making a single - atom transistor is to place a single phosphorus atom into silicon in a controlled fashion. here, this is achieved by the careful placement of three phosphine ( ph3 ) molecules on the surface of silicon using a scanning tunneling microscsope. in a number of reaction steps these molecules dissociate and cause the ejection of a silicon atom from the surface and the incorporation of a single phosphorus atom in its place. once incorporated into silicon, the energy level of the phosphorus \u2019 outer electron states lies below that of the surrounding silicon. the precise match between silicon and phosphorus energy levels can be controlled by the electrical potential applied between two gate electrodes on either side ( see figure on the right ). this voltage controls the electric current between source and drain, and through the atom. if the energy levels of silicon and the phosphorus atom do match up, it is possible for electrons to pass through the phosphorous atom one by one. if the voltage between the two gates is set so that the silicon and phosphorus energy levels do not match up, there is no electric current. there are, however, a few drawbacks in the present approach. so far this transistor only works for really low temperatures, barely above absolute zero. and in the current implementation the contacting electrodes are still several tens of nanomet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5915631909556822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbc131ce-7b22-4c74-8836-c0c100759094>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.689675"}
{"text": ". there are, however, a few drawbacks in the present approach. so far this transistor only works for really low temperatures, barely above absolute zero. and in the current implementation the contacting electrodes are still several tens of nanometres apart \u2013 hardly on the single atom scale. also, the fabrication of the structure with a scanning tunnelling microscope doesn \u2019 t allow to make billions of them in the same efficient way as commercial computer chips are fabricated. still, such single atom transistors could already be of interest for the quantum computing schemes investigated for phosphorus atoms, where the low temperature is less of an issue. either way, considering that according to gordon moore \u2019 s law commercial silicon transistors are only expected to reach single atom scales beyond 2020, this study certainly is ahead of the curve. fuechsle, m., miwa, j., mahapatra, s., ryu, h., lee, s., warschkow, o., hollenberg, l., klimeck, g., & simmons, m. ( 2012 ). a single - atom transistor nature nanotechnology doi : 10. 1038 / nnano. 2012. 21 the university of new south wales has produced a youtube video explaining these findings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6182104878043827, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbc131ce-7b22-4c74-8836-c0c100759094>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.690463"}
{"text": "monday, october 13, 2008 imagine that scientist have discovered the breakthrough technology for reducing stress or eliminating your stress. they don \u2019 t have to in a sense, the body already knows what to do, we as humans don \u2019 t realize that we have the natural ability to reduce our stress built right into the model we were given at birth, you read that right, you were given the premium model and didn \u2019 t know it. you don \u2019 t have to ask for the upgrade. our built in mechanism is the natural process we go through at night called rapid eye movement ( rem ). what is rapid eye movement? in research this is what is said ; according to scientific theories, known as the ontogenetic hypothesis of rem sleep, this sleep stage ( also known as active sleep in neonates ) is particularly important to the developing brain, possibly because it provides the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections and for proper nervous system development. studies investigating the effects of active sleep deprivation have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, decreased brain mass, and result in an abnormal amount of neuronal cell death. rem sleep is necessary for proper central nervous system development. further supporting this theory is the fact that the amount of rem sleep in humans decreases with age, as well as data from other species ( see below ). one important theoretical consequence of the onthogenetic hypothesis is that rem sleep may have no essentially vital function in the mature brain, i. e., once the development of cns has completed. however, because processes of neuronal plasticity do not cease altogether in the adult brain, rem sleep may continue to be implicated in neurogenesis in adults as a source of sustained spontaneous stimulation. yet another theory suggests that monoamine shutdown is required so that the monoamine receptors in the brain can recover to regain full sensitivity. indeed, if rem sleep is repeatedly interrupted, the person will \" make up \" for it with longer rem sleep, \" rebound sleep \", at the next opportunity. acute rem sleep deprivation can improve certain types of depression when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. this however is not proven. there is no test that will prove the theory of chemical imbalance. most antidepressants selectively inhibit rem sleep due to their effects on monoamines. however, this effect decreases after long - term use. some researchers argue that the perpet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5674267857991652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3557ee8e-dbf2-4d69-a47e-bdeb6e0f6cee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.699087"}
{"text": "no test that will prove the theory of chemical imbalance. most antidepressants selectively inhibit rem sleep due to their effects on monoamines. however, this effect decreases after long - term use. some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as rem sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species. it fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged rem sleep deprivation leads to death in experimental animals. in both humans and experimental animals, rem sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities. loss of rem sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections. survivability of the experimental animals decreases when rem sleep is totally attenuated during infection ; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of rem sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology. with the research referenced below, imagine that in the height of your stress with purposeful eye blinking you could go to the true original source of the stress and turn on the plasticity process. in my opinion in doing so we as humans could access the parts of the brain that have the information of letting go of the stress because that is the part of the brain that didn \u2019 t save that stress to be hashed over and over. when we continue to talk about the parts of our life that aren \u2019 t working we are continuing to allow that stress to live in the forefront of our lives, thus possibly creating feelings of separation, chronic pain, depression, etc \u2026 which really is dis - ease. with purposeful eye blinking it seems that we access the parts of our brain that store our joy. brain scientist dr. jill bolte - taylor says that in living in our left hemisphere of our brain we disconnect from all of life, meaning we live in our ego. this means we live in fear, when we live in fear we then are not living as our true original blueprint. living in our right hemisphere of our brain is when we allow healing to happen and we connect as one with all of life. that means we are living in our true original state of joy. imagine being a child purposely blinking to assist with healing from trauma of any kind. if you open up and connect to those parts of the brain that aren \u2019 t holding onto the stored trauma you could remember the truth of who you are and where you are from which would start the healing process. what happens as adults, we have allowed that trauma to become our identity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5474612015751059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3557ee8e-dbf2-4d69-a47e-bdeb6e0f6cee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.701811"}
{"text": "those parts of the brain that aren \u2019 t holding onto the stored trauma you could remember the truth of who you are and where you are from which would start the healing process. what happens as adults, we have allowed that trauma to become our identity. then we get to tell that story day after day when we meet someone, we then sayi have this ailment, i have that ailment, this trauma happened to me as a child and that trauma happened to me as a child. as children we do not have the skills and tools to heal the wounds. as an adult, you have a choice, to stay in your stress ( pain ) or to let it go and create a brand new identity for ourselves. when you start telling a new more self empowering story about yourself that is when miracles happen. research is being done all the time about the brain and how with easy tools and skills we can all heal the wounds of stress and trauma and create the life we want. eye drives restructuring of young brain plasticity depends on transcription factor traveling cell to cell in the months and years after a much - loved child is born, attentive parents marvel at their many distinct spurts in mental skills. babies \u2019 eyes begin to focus and soon track moving people and objects. they respond to spoken language before they can utter their first intelligible sounds. in succession, kids can read single letters, then words. soon, they compose whole sentences and eventually devour the latest harry potter book. these windows of accelerated learning, known as critical periods, seem even more amazing from the perspective of an adult, whose brain woefully struggles in comparison to learn new things. acquiring a foreign language is much easier before age 11, for example. now researchers have discovered an unusual molecular wake - up call that triggers heightened plasticity in the visual cortex in the first month after birth, reports a paper in the aug. 8 cell. in one surprise, the brain responds to an outside cue \u2014 in this case, eyes opening for the first time \u2014 rather than dictating the timing from within. more unexpected is the nature of the cue and the way it work. when the eyelids of baby mice first flutter open, researchers found, the retinas flood the synaptic highway into the visual cortex with molecules called otx2. the molecules jump from neuron to neuron to the back of the brain. once there, they turn on the specific circuitry to rewire the brain for sight. \u201c the eyes are sending more than neural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4806050197176912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3557ee8e-dbf2-4d69-a47e-bdeb6e0f6cee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.704201"}
{"text": "cortex with molecules called otx2. the molecules jump from neuron to neuron to the back of the brain. once there, they turn on the specific circuitry to rewire the brain for sight. \u201c the eyes are sending more than neural images and electric signals. they are sending a molecular messenger that switches on the plasticity process, \u201d said senior author takao hensch, hms professor of neurology at children \u2019 s hospital boston. \u201c it \u2019 s quite a distance to go. \u201d the phenomenon may apply more broadly, scientists speculate. similar proteins from the ear, nose, or skin at different times may open plasticity in the auditory, olfactory, and other sensory regions in the brain. \u201c this paper establishes a key new mechanism where activity in one part of the brain [ the retina ] can control plasticity in another [ the cortex ], \u201d said michael shelanski, codirector of the taub institute for research on alzheimer \u2019 s disease and the aging brain at columbia university, who was not involved in the study. \u201c neuronal plasticity is required for learning and for repair in the nervous system. \u201d the authors see therapeutic potential down the road. \u201c it \u2019 s a bit of a science fiction now, but the fact that we can access the brain mechanism of plasticity from the periphery gives us a new route of entry for brain therapies, \u201d hensch said. he envisions delivering tiny specialized proteins to boost development of specific cells whose impairment may cause disorders ranging from vision loss to schizophrenia. references for research done in this blog : rapid eye movement : wikipedia for the entire article on the eye drives restructuring of young brain : http : / / focus. hms. harvard. edu / 2008 / 082908 / development. shtml", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5646347600635886, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3557ee8e-dbf2-4d69-a47e-bdeb6e0f6cee>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.704981"}
{"text": "what are migraines? according to the national headache foundation, more than 29. 5 million americans have migraines. symptoms of migraine may include : - moderate to severe pain on one or both sides of the head - pulsating or throbbing pain - pain worse with physical activity - nausea with or without vomiting - sensitivity to light or sound approximately 20 percent of people with migraines experience what ' s called an aura prior to the migraine. symptoms of an aura include flashes of light, zig zags, or blind spots in your vision or tingling in one arm or leg. natural remedies for migraine the herb feverfew ( tanacetum parthenium ) has been used for centuries as a folk remedy for headache, migraine, arthritis, pain, and fever in europe. it became especially popular in england in the 1980s as an alternative to conventional drugs for migraines. several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of feverfew for the prevention and treatment of migraines. for example, one study examined the use of a feverfew extract or a placebo in 170 people with migraines. there was a significant decrease in migraine frequency with feverfew, which decreased by 1. 9 migraines per month, compared to the placebo, which decreased by 1. 3 migraines per month. not all studies have shown that feverfew is effective, however. a critical review of five studies on feverfew and migraines, involving a total of 343 people, concluded that results were mixed and did not convincingly establish that feverfew was effective for preventing migraine. side effects of feverfew may include abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and nervousness. people with allergies to chamomile, ragweed, or yarrow should not take feverfew. feverfew may increase bleeding time, so it should not be taken by people with bleeding disorders or two to three weeks before or after surgery. the safety of feverfew in pregnant or nursing women or children has not been established. feverfew may interact with \" blood - thinning \" medications, such as aspirin and warfarin ( coumadin ) and non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). people taking these medications should consult a healthcare practitioner before taking feverfew. 5 - htp ( 5 - hydroxytryptophan ) is a compound produced in the body from the amino acid try", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4883815860761971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241193f5-a6af-4a0f-94f8-7caf01d96725>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.711395"}
{"text": "anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). people taking these medications should consult a healthcare practitioner before taking feverfew. 5 - htp ( 5 - hydroxytryptophan ) is a compound produced in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. it is used in the body to make the neurotransmitter serotonin and the hormone melatonin. 5 - htp is also available in supplement form. it is made from the seeds of an african plant, called griffonia simplicifolia. since supplements that affect levels of serotonin are used for migraines, 5 - htp has been explored as an alternative. some research indicates that 5 - htp may prevent migraines and reduce the frequency and severity of migraines, however large randomized controlled trials are needed. in one study, 124 people were given 5 - htp ( 600 mg / day ) or the drug methysergide. after six months, 5 - htp was found to be as effective as methysergide in reducing the severity and duration of migraines. another study looked at 5 - htp or the drug propranolol for 4 months. both treatments resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of migraines. however, the propranolol group fared better, with a reduction in the duration of episodes and the number of analgesics used for the treatment of episodes. for more information on 5 - htp, read the 5 - htp fact sheet. magnesium is a mineral found naturally in foods such as green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains and in nutritional supplements. magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions. it helps regulate blood sugar levels and is needed for normal muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm, immune function, blood pressure, and for bone health. several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of magnesium for migraine and have had promising results. in one study, oral magnesium ( 600 mg per day ) or a placebo were given to 81 people with migraines. after nine weeks, the frequency of migraines was reduced by 41. 6 percent in the group taking magnesium, compared to 15. 8 percent in the group taking the placebo. the only reported side effects were diarrhea in 18. 6 percent of people and digestive irritation in 4. 7 percent. other studies have found that magnesium reduces the severity and frequency of migraine. not all studies have confirmed it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5105114434391097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241193f5-a6af-4a0f-94f8-7caf01d96725>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.712998"}
{"text": "germany, there is a safety limit to the level of pyrrolizidine alkaloids allowed in butterbur products. the daily recommended dose cannot exceed one microgram per day. diener hc, pfaffenrath v, schnitker j, friede m, henneicke - von zepelin hh. efficacy and safety of 6. 25 mg t. i. d. feverfew co2 - extract ( mig - 99 ) in migraine prevention - - a randomized, double - blind, multicentre, placebo - controlled study. cephalalgia. 25. 11 ( 2005 ) : 1031 - 1041. lipton rb, gobel h, einhaupl km, wilks k, mauskop a. petasites hybridus root ( butterbur ) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine. neurology. 63. 12 ( 2004 ) : 2240 - 2244. peikert a, wilimzig c, kohne - volland r. prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium : results from a prospective, multi - center, placebo - controlled and double - blind randomized study. cephalalgia. 16. 4 ( 1996 ) : 257 - 263. pfaffenrath v, diener hc, fischer m, friede m, henneicke - von zepelin hh ; investigators. the efficacy and safety of tanacetum parthenium ( feverfew ) in migraine prophylaxis - - a double - blind, multicentre, randomized placebo - controlled dose - response study. cephalalgia. 22. 7 ( 2002 ) : 523 - 532. pfaffenrath v, wessely p, meyer c, isler hr, evers s, grotemeyer kh, taneri z, soyka d, gobel h, fischer m. magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine - - a double - blind placebo - controlled study. cephalalgia. 16. 6 ( 1996 ) : 436 - 440. pittler mh, ernst e. feverfew for preventing migraine. cochrane database syst rev. 2004 ; ( 1 ) : cd002286. wang f, van den eeden sk, ackerson lm, salk se, reince rh, elin rj. oral magnesium oxide prophylax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4556495390356585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241193f5-a6af-4a0f-94f8-7caf01d96725>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.715645"}
{"text": "formerly the range of red wolves included most habitats of the southeastern united states, however this species range was reduced in historic times to extreme southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana. presently, red wolves are being reintroduced into areas of their historical range - - alligator river in north carolina, and the great smoky mountains of tennessee and north carolina ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) before becoming endangered, red wolves inhabited mountains, lowland forests, and wetlands. presently, red wolves survive mainly as small relict and reintroduced populations in inaccessible swampland and mountainous terrain ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). red wolves are distinguished from their nearest relative, canis lupus, by their smaller size, relatively narrower proportions, longer legs and ears, and shorter fur. red wolves have a total length between 1000 and 1300 mm, tail length of from 300 to 420 mm, and shoulder height of 660 to 790 mm. among red wolves, males average 10 percent larger than females. red wolves usually have upperparts that are a mixture of cinnamon, tawny, and gray or black, while the back is normally blackish. the muzzle and limbs are tawny and the tail is tipped with black. in winter, the reddish element of the pelage is dominant. an annual molt takes place in the summer ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). the dominant male and female pair are solely able to reproduce within a pack. other pack members assist in raising young and obtaining food for lactating females. ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) breeding season extends from january to march. the gestation period is 60 - 63 days, with average litters of 3 - 6 pups occurring in the spring. however, litters of up to 12 pups can occur. ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) both males and females participate in rearing the young in the den, as well as other pack members. the young are cared for, nursed, and sheperded through their first year of life. ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) red wolves are primarily a nocturnal species. home ranges are formed and a portion of the home range becomes the exclusive territory of a pack. packs usually consist of a mated pair, and their pups, but larger packs have been reported. dens within the home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49007481125203756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3f3d95e-0198-435c-8e65-810de4ce9428>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.729918"}
{"text": "are primarily a nocturnal species. home ranges are formed and a portion of the home range becomes the exclusive territory of a pack. packs usually consist of a mated pair, and their pups, but larger packs have been reported. dens within the home range are built to rear young offspring. these dens are normally located within trunks of hollow trees, in sandy knolls, or stream banks. packs often live harmoniously, however aggression towards unknown wolves is characteristic of red wolves, as it is of other canids. within their home range, red wolves hunt over small portions for 7 - 10 days at a time, continuously shifting to new areas of the range. the vocalizations of red wolves are said to be intermediate between those of coyote and grey wolves ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). ( nowak and paradiso, 1991 ; wilson and ruff, 1999 ) red wolves communicate with conspecifics through a complex suite of behavioral, tactile, chemical, and auditory signals. body language, pheromones, and vocalizations all serve to communicate about social and reproductive status and mood. social bonding is often acheived through touch. home ranges are delimited using scent marks. rodents, ungulates, and other small mammals are the main prey of red wolves. the dominant prey species include raccoons, white - tailed deer, swamp rabbits, cottontail rabbits, pigs, rice rats, nutria, and muskrats. red wolves will also eat carrion. they typically hunt in a particular area for 7 to 10 days, then switch to a different range ( wilson & ruff 1999, nowak 1991 ). ( wilson and ruff, 1999 ) red wolves are primarily preyed on by other canids, including conspecifics from other packs, gray wolves, and coyote as a result of agonistic interactions over territories. young red wolves may also be taken by other large predators such as alligator, large raptors, and bobcats. red wolves are important as top predators in the ecosystems in which they live. red wolves eat many rodents, thus helping to control the populations of these pests ( fox 1975 ). red wolves were long thought by the public to be a serious threat to livestock. this threat has been grossly exaggerated, though they may occasionally kill domestic animals ( fox 1975 ). red wolves have been blamed for depredations on livestock and game. as a result, humans, mainly ranchers, farmers, and government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4974810925978737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3f3d95e-0198-435c-8e65-810de4ce9428>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.731291"}
{"text": ". this threat has been grossly exaggerated, though they may occasionally kill domestic animals ( fox 1975 ). red wolves have been blamed for depredations on livestock and game. as a result, humans, mainly ranchers, farmers, and government trappers, steadily eliminated populations of red wolves. in 1967, red wolves were listed as endangered and the u. s. fish and wildlife service engaged in a salvage effort to protect remaining populations. fourteen remaining red wolves were placed in a captive - breeding facility ; they have become the founders of the present red wolf population. currently, 200 + red wolves exist, and reintroductions are occurring in a few areas, including north carolina and the great smoky mountains. there has been some controversy regarding the validity of canis rufus as a species. it is possibly a naturally occuring hybrid of coyotes and grey wolves, though debate on this issue continues ( nowak, 1995, wayne, 1995 ). michael mulheisen ( author ), university of michigan - ann arbor, rebecca ann csomos ( author ), university of michigan - ann arbor, cynthia sims parr ( editor ), university of michigan - ann arbor. living in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico. uses sound to communicate young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. an animal that mainly eats meat flesh of dead animals. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own active at dawn and dusk ranking system or pecking order among members of a long - term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. parental care is carried out by females forest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4980650636565491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3f3d95e-0198-435c-8e65-810de4ce9428>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.732875"}
{"text": "synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. parental care is carried out by females forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). parental care is carried out by males having one mate at a time. having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. active during the night chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species communicates by producing scents from special gland ( s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons. breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. fox, m. w. ed. 1975. \" the wild canids : their systematics, behavioral ecology and evolution \". van nostrand reinhold co. new york, ny. canid specialist group, international union for the conservation of nature, august 1998. \" red wolf ( canis lupus ) \" ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / sppaccts / redwolf. htm. nowak, r. 1995. \" hybridization : the double - edged threat. \" ( on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285150667125618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3f3d95e-0198-435c-8e65-810de4ce9428>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.735760"}
{"text": "line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / sppaccts / redwolf. htm. nowak, r. 1995. \" hybridization : the double - edged threat. \" ( on - line ). accessed november 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / publicat / cndnews3 / hybridiz. htm. nowak, r., j. paradiso. 1991. canis rufus : mammalian species no. 22. the american society of mammologists. u. s. fish and wildlife service, endangered species coordinator, \" red wolf \" ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / endangered. fws. gov / i / a / saa04. html. u. s. fish and wildlife service, \" red wolf ( endangered species ), wildlife species information : u. s. fish and wildlife service \" ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / species. fws. gov / bio _ rwol. html. wayne, b. 1995. \" red wolves : to conserve or not to conserve \" ( on - line ). accessed november, 2001 at http : / / www. canids. org / publicat / cndnews3 / 2conserv. htm. wilson, d., s. ruff. 1999. the smithsonian book of north american mammals. washington : smithsonian institution press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664328361812824, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3f3d95e-0198-435c-8e65-810de4ce9428>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.736771"}
{"text": "this is an excerpt from eere network news, a weekly electronic newsletter. vice president biden releases report showing recovery act energy impact in january, operations manager marisol mccormick helped lift the first chevrolet volt battery pack off a general motors michigan assembly line. vice president joe biden on august 24 unveiled a new analysis showing that the american recovery and reinvestment act ' s $ 100 billion investment in innovation is helping accelerate significant advances in science and technology. according to \" the recovery act : transforming the american economy through innovation, \" the united states is now on track to achieve three major energy innovation breakthroughs thanks to recovery act investments : cutting the cost of solar power in half by 2015 ; reducing the cost of batteries for electric vehicles by 70 % between 2009 and 2015 ; and doubling u. s. renewable energy generation and renewable manufacturing capacity by 2012. overall, the recovery act is impacting science, technology, and innovation projects ranging from building a nationwide smart energy grid to growing the emerging electric vehicle industry, the report notes. the numbers are compelling, according to the report. for example, solar power is on a path to drop from $ 0. 21 per kwh in 2009 to $ 0. 10 per kwh in 2015, a level equivalent to household electricity rates. the cost of power from utility - scale solar projects also should drop, from $ 0. 13 per kwh today to $ 0. 06 in 2015, a rate equal to the cost of wholesale utility power. further, the cost of rooftop solar power could fall to as low as $ 0. 06 per kwh by 2030, a cost less than household rates. another advance is a major reduction in the prices of vehicle batteries. the report projects cost of the typical all - electric vehicle ( ev ) battery will shrink from the current $ 33, 000 to $ 10, 000 in 2015, while plug - in hybrid batteries will drop from $ 13, 000 to $ 4, 000 apiece. these cuts will make evs and hybrids competitive with similar non - electric vehicles. additionally, the united states is poised to both double renewable energy generation and renewable manufacturing capacity by 2012, aided by more than $ 23 billion of recovery act investments. u. s. renewable energy generation capacity from wind, solar, and geothermal is expected to increase 100 % by 2012, going from the 28. 8 gigawatts ( gw ) installed as of 2008 to 57. 6 gw by the end of 2011. that amount of renewable energy will be enough to power 16. 7 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5014712378801469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98a63302-b4d2-4685-813f-1b482464f9b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.739708"}
{"text": "researchers collect \" signals intelligence \" on insect pests by jan suszkiw march 23, 2011 using commercially available parts, u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) scientists and colleagues have developed a new automated system for detecting insects based on the peculiar sounds the insects make while moving. according to entomologist richard mankin of usda ' s agricultural research service ( ars ), one likely application will be to automate routine monitoring of industrial - scale traps, especially those placed in hard - to - reach areas like crawl spaces or near food processing equipment. automated insect monitoring could also be useful in situations where frequent checking of traps is impractical, adds mankin, with the ars insect behavior and biocontrol research unit in gainesville, fla. ars is usda ' s principal intramural scientific research agency, and the research supports the usda priority of promoting international food security. mankin developed the device in collaboration with north carolina state university researchers ryan hodges, troy nagel and coby schal, all in raleigh, and roberto pereira and philip koehler, both at the university of florida in gainesville. the team ' s objective was to make automated insect monitoring affordable, easy to use and reliable. toward that end, they integrated commercially available sensors ( leds, microphones and piezoelectric film ) with high - gain amplifiers and laptop - run software for analyzing signals. the system uses the sensors to collect infrared, acoustic and vibration signals generated by three kinds of insect movements : wriggling, crawling and scraping. the software analyzes the signals to create a profile of the target insect that distinguishes it from other species. the researchers tested the device on three stored - product pests ( rice weevil, red flour beetle and drugstore beetle ) and two household pests ( german cockroach and bed bug ). in tests, individuals of each pest species were placed in small arenas where their signals could be collected and analyzed for differences in profile, amplitude and duration. all species tested generated all signal types, but red flour beetles mostly wriggled, german cockroaches typically ran or crawled, and bed bugs mostly scraped. mankin envisions users placing the devices in traps or near infested structures and monitoring them remotely. read more about the research in the march 2011 issue of agricultural research magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5255846300690397, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81c3bbd6-606c-4e35-ab14-3d092c284cf7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.743521"}
{"text": "madras, india \u2014 at a dawn mass the day after christmas, as father maria devanesan lifted the host above his head in reverence, the large white wafer began to tremble. it was 6 : 30 a. m. in southern india. a tremor had traveled more than 1, 000 miles, speeding through the earth ' s crust from the seabed off indonesia to the seashore of india. now it rattled the pews of st. thomas cathedral. the members of the 500 - strong congregation, many of them poor tamil fishermen and their families who live in shanties at the nearby beach, rose from their knees in fear and ran from the 108 - year - old church. father maria hurried down the stone steps from the altar, following his parishioners, who were too afraid to receive communion. outside, people rousted from sleep ran from their homes in panic. when the shaking subsided, the priest persuaded a small group to follow him into the cathedral to pray at the statue of our lady of mylapore, an icon of a woman adorned in gold leaf, joyously anticipating the birth of christ. the congregants cried and prayed, thankful that there had been no serious damage from the quake and that the crisis had passed. in fact, it was just beginning. the tremor that rattled st. thomas was merely a knock on the door, a harbinger of a catastrophe that would claim the lives of up to 150, 000 people in 11 nations. miles beneath the waters of the indian ocean, a massive piece of the earth ' s crust had heaved, buckled and shifted. along a fracture zone hundreds of miles long, it moved, releasing pent - up energy equivalent to the power of more than 1, 000 atomic bombs. the waters above reared up and crashed down, creating a wave that was now racing across the ocean at 500 mph. neither prayers nor science would save those standing in its way. the records of history and evidence encoded in coral reefs show that tsunamis have hit the indian ocean seldom but with great force. at obscure scientific conferences and expert conclaves over the last decade, researchers had urged government officials to establish warning systems. but among the many problems that plague southern asia - - poverty, disease, civil wars - - rare but deadly waves seemed a low priority. they were, until the magnitude 9 quake hit. the cataclysm unfolded over two hours. in that time, some experts around the globe would see the temblor ' s signature on some of the modern world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4455798231509087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2095626-359e-4472-9b88-bbc4bf61ad23>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.748938"}
{"text": "waves seemed a low priority. they were, until the magnitude 9 quake hit. the cataclysm unfolded over two hours. in that time, some experts around the globe would see the temblor ' s signature on some of the modern world ' s most sophisticated monitoring equipment but be blind to the larger threat. some officials would see the threat, but be ill - equipped to act. others would take no action for fear of being wrong or out of line. in at least one case - - in india - - air force officials received a desperate mayday, possibly in time to save thousands of lives, but never made it public. the wave would outrun them all. an alert in hawaii as father maria prayed with his congregants, stuart weinstein, a 43 - year - old former new yorker now living in hawaii, was taking advantage of the quiet of a rainy christmas afternoon to work on a research project. inside the computer room of the pacific tsunami warning center - - a high - tech lair of flat - screen monitors, maps and digital wall displays - - a computer caught his attention. the jagged lines relayed a signal from a seismic sensor thousands of miles away in the cocos islands, southwest of the indonesian island of sumatra, conveying the news of a large earthquake off that island ' s west coast. the computer automatically sent a pager signal to one of weinstein ' s colleagues, andrew hirshorn, who had been napping at his home nearby. hirshorn, a soft - spoken 48 - year - old with a gray ponytail, threw on a shirt and ran over. the two men conferred. initial readings indicated the earthquake was magnitude 8 - - significant, but not enormous. it was outside the pacific ocean, their area of expertise and responsibility. the center, a u. s. government agency that does much of the work for the u. n. - sanctioned pacific tsunami warning system, was set up in 1965 in response to a quake off the coast of chile that had generated a tsunami, killing people as far away as hawaii and japan. the center monitors sophisticated tidal gauges and computerized buoys dotting the pacific. nothing comparable tracks the indian ocean. computers ate up 15 minutes verifying the earthquake reading, plotting its location, estimating its size. at 3 : 14 p. m. hawaii time, the two men sent a bulletin on an automated e - mail and fax list to their colleagues around the pacific rim : tsunami bulletin number 001 pacific tsunami warning center / noaa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4589808001466664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2095626-359e-4472-9b88-bbc4bf61ad23>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.750085"}
{"text": "henry gray ( 18211865 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. 5g. articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum the manubrium is united to the body of the sternum either by an amphiarthrodial jointa piece of fibrocartilage connecting the segmentsor by a diarthrodial joint, in which the articular surface of each bone is clothed with a lamina of cartilage. in the latter case, the cartilage covering the body is continued without interruption on to the cartilages of the facets for the second ribs. rivington found the diarthrodial form of joint in about one - third of the specimens examined by him, maisonneuve more frequently. it appears to be rare in childhood, and is formed, in rivingtons opinion, from the amphiarthrodial form, by absorption. the diarthrodial joint seems to have no tendency to ossify, while the amphiarthrodial is more liable to do so, and has been found ossified as early as thirty - four years of age. the two segments are further connected by anterior and posterior intersternal ligaments consisting of longitudinal fibers. mechanism of the thorax. each rib possesses its own range and variety of movements, but the movements of all are combined in the respiratory excursions of the thorax. each rib may be regarded as a lever the fulcrum of which is situated immediately outside the costotransverse articulation, so that when the body of the rib is elevated the neck is depressed and vice versa ; from the disproportion in length of the arms of the lever a slight movement at the vertebral end of the rib is greatly magnified at the anterior extremity. the anterior ends of the ribs lie on a lower plane than the posterior ; when therefore the body of the rib is elevated the anterior extremity is thrust also forward. again, the middle of the body of the rib lies in a plane below that passing through the two extremities, so that when the body is elevated relatively to its ends it is at the same time carried outward from the median plane of the thorax. further, each rib forms the segment of a curve which is greater than that of the rib immediately above, and therefore the elevation of a rib increases the transverse diameter of the thorax in the plane to which it is raised. the modifications of the rib movements at their verte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053873905912651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17716e13-27c8-468d-9887-3a6e9e6b34b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.761110"}
{"text": "the segment of a curve which is greater than that of the rib immediately above, and therefore the elevation of a rib increases the transverse diameter of the thorax in the plane to which it is raised. the modifications of the rib movements at their vertebral ends have already been described ( page 302 ). further modifications result from the attachments of their anterior extremities, and it is convenient therefore to consider separately the movements of the ribs of the three groupsvertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, and vertebral. fig. 316 lateral view of first and seventh ribs in position, showing the movements of the sternum and ribs in a, ordinary expiration ; b, quiet inspiration ; c, deep inspiration. ( see enlarged image ) fig. 317 diagram showing the axes of movement ( a b and c d ) of a vertebrosternal rib. the interrupted lines indicate the position of the rib in inspiration. ( see enlarged image ) fig. 318 diagram showing the axis of movement ( a b ) of a vertebrochondral rib. the interrupted lines indicate the position of the rib in inspiration. ( see enlarged image ) vertebrosternal ribs ( figs. 316, 317 ). the first rib differs from the others of this group in that its attachment to the sternum is a rigid one ; this is counterbalanced to some extent by the fact that its head possesses no interarticular ligament, and is therefore more movable. the first pair of ribs with the manubrium sterni move as a single piece, the anterior portion being elevated by rotatory movements at the vertebral extremities. in normal quiet respiration the movement of this arc is practically nil ; when it does occur the anterior part is raised and carried forward, increasing the antero - posterior and transverse diameters of this region of the chest. the movement of the second rib is also slight in normal respiration, as its anterior extremity is fixed to the manubrium, and prevented therefore from moving upward. the sternocostal articulation, however, allows the middle of the body of the rib to be drawn up, and in this way the transverse thoracic diameter is increased. elevation of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs raises and thrusts forward their anterior extremities, the greater part of the movement being effected by the rotation of the rib neck backward. the thrust of the anterior extremities carries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5100037430726365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17716e13-27c8-468d-9887-3a6e9e6b34b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.762252"}
{"text": "of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs raises and thrusts forward their anterior extremities, the greater part of the movement being effected by the rotation of the rib neck backward. the thrust of the anterior extremities carries forward and upward the body of the sternum, which moves on the joint between it and the manubrium, and thus the antero - posterior thoracic diameter is increased. this movement is, however, soon arrested, and the elevating force is then expended in raising the middle part of the body of the rib and everting its lower border ; at the same time the costochondral angle is opened out. by these latter movements a considerable increase in the transverse diameter of the thorax is effected. vertebrochondral ribs ( fig. 318 ). the seventh rib is included with this group, as it conforms more closely to their type. while the movements of these ribs assist in enlarging the thorax for respiratory purposes, they are also concerned in increasing the upper abdominal space for viscera displaced by the action of the diaphragm. the costal cartilages articulate with one another, so that each pushes up that above it, the final thrust being directed to pushing forward and upward the lower end of the body of the sternum. the amount of elevation of the anterior extremities is limited on account of the very slight rotation of the rib neck. elevation of the shaft is accompanied by an outward and backward movement ; the outward movement everts the anterior end of the rib and opens up the subcostal angle, while the backward movement pulls back the anterior extremity and counteracts the forward thrust due to its elevation ; this latter is most noticeable in the lower ribs, which are the shortest. the total result is a considerable increase in the transverse and a diminution in the median antero - posterior diameter of the upper part of the abdomen ; at the same time, however, the lateral antero - posterior diameters of the abdomen are increased. vertebral ribs. since these ribs have free anterior extremities and only costocentral articulations with no interarticular ligaments, they are capable of slight movements in all directions. when the other ribs are elevated these are depressed and fixed to form points of action for the diaphragm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4807026858124571, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17716e13-27c8-468d-9887-3a6e9e6b34b8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.763317"}
{"text": "roget ' s int ' l thesaurus fowler ' s king ' s english the king james bible brewer ' s phrase & fable frazer ' s golden bough shelf of fiction later national literature, part ii travellers and explorers, 18461900 > the mormons index of all chapters the cambridge history of english and american literature in 18 volumes volume xvii. later national literature, part ii. travellers and explorers, 18461900 \u00a7 10. the mormons. while the conquest of california was proceeding to its logical end an agricultural conquest of the valley of the great salt lake was begun by the mormons, or latter day saints as they called themselves. their late neighbours in illinois had inaugurated such great opposition to mormon methods that it culminated in the murder, by a mob, in carthage jail, of joseph smith, the prophet and originator of the sect, and a migration was imperative. the mormons now possessed a martyr, the essential basis of religious success, and they needed an independent field for expansion. their new leader, brigham young, discovered it in the salt lake valley described glowingly in fremonts report. brigham thought of founding a separate state in this mexican territory, but the events of the mexican war moved so rapidly that, even while he planned, the valley fell under american rule. the mormons went forward nevertheless and arrived on the shore of the american dead sea in august, 1847. brigham complained that the valley was not as represented by fremontthat it was really a desert. fremont had seen on the rio grande what irrigation can do, and the mormons resorted to it with an agricultural success now well known. the transit to the new home across the wide and unsettled plains and mountains was a huge undertaking and entailed much hardship. t. l. kane, a non - mormon, accompanied the famous hand cart expedition and tells about it in ( 1850 ). the literature connected with the mormons is voluminous. one of the latest, most comprehensive, and most exact general books is w. j. linns story of the mormons ( 1902 ). it has been charged that the mormon leaders employed a gang of cut - throats to discourage gentiles from settling among them, and bill hickman, when he became an apostate, claimed to have been the leader of it. he issued a book, brighams destroying angel being the life confession and startling disclosures of the notorious bill hickman written by himself with explanatory notes by j. h. beadle ( 1872 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4536776874698642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e63c3630-e0b6-4f01-8cc0-2d3cc29fa7d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.773338"}
{"text": "to have been the leader of it. he issued a book, brighams destroying angel being the life confession and startling disclosures of the notorious bill hickman written by himself with explanatory notes by j. h. beadle ( 1872 ). beadle also published life in utah the undeveloped west ( 1873 ), and the story of marcus whitman refuted in american catholic historical researches ( 1879 ). mrs. stenhouse, who apostatized, wrote tell it all ( 1874 ), a faithful account of her sad life as a mormon. while fremont was aiding commodore stockton to clinch the claim of the united states to california, the history of which is told in despatches relating to military and naval operations in california ( 1849 ) and in a sketch of the life of r. f. stockton with his correspondence with the navy department respecting his conquest of california and the defense of j. c. fremont ( 1856 ), the war in mexico was in full swing. general stephen kearny, with an army, was marching overland for the pacific coast by way of santa fre, where he halted long enough to raise the flag and destroy opposition. kearny was a noble officer whose early death in the mexican campaign prevented his writing about the california campaign. valentine mott porter wrote a sketch of him in publications of the historical society of southern california, vol. viii ( 1911 ) ; and a diary of the march with kearny, fort leavenworth to santa fe ( 1846 ) by g. r. gibson gives details concerning that part of the journey. gibson also wrote two other diaries on a trip to chihuahua and return in 1847. the journals of captain johnson and of colonel p. st. george cooke on the march from santa fe to california appeared in house executive document 41, 1st sess. 30th congress, and colonel cookes the journal of a march from santa fe to san diego 184647 was printed in sen. ex. doc. 2 special sess. 31st cong. other literary productions of colonel cooke were the conquest of new mexico and california scenes and adventures in army life kearny, before proceeding to california, planned for the holding of new mexico, and one of the memorable expeditions of the war resulted, that of colonel a. w. doniphan. it was accurately recorded by john t. hughes in doniphans expedition ; containing an account of the conquest of new mexico, general kearnys overland expedition to california, doniphans campaign against the navajos, his un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35251653117456605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e63c3630-e0b6-4f01-8cc0-2d3cc29fa7d2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.774535"}
{"text": "murdoch, beamish, writer, lawyer, and politician ; b. to andrew murdoch and elizabeth beamish at halifax, n. s., 1 aug. 1800 ; d. in lunenburg, n. s., 9 feb. 1876. beamish murdoch was raised and educated by a maiden aunt, harriet jane ott beamish, after his father, a merchant, became involved in an expensive lawsuit and was jailed as a debtor for seven years. in 1822 murdoch was admitted to the bar of nova scotia and began a legal practice. he also began to contribute articles to the acadian recorder, which was owned by philip j. holland ( d. 1839 ), and to the acadian magazine or literary mirror, which began publication in halifax in 1826. although his grandfather, the reverend james murdoch, had been a missionary in the antiburgher wing of the church of scotland, beamish murdoch was raised in the church of england and belonged to st paul \u2019 s church. in the disruption of that church in 1824 he joined the faction which included thomas chandler haliburton *, and moved to st george \u2019 s church in halifax [ see j. w. johnston ]. in 1826, murdoch, aided by his uncle, thomas ott beamish, ran for the house of assembly for halifax township. in spite of opposition from the city merchants, he had sufficient strength in the township to carry the election. murdoch, who in 1824 and 1825 had been vice - president of the charitable irish society, also received aid from the irish, and in the assembly he worked to remove civil disabilities from the roman catholics. he quickly became an active member, generally following haliburton \u2019 s lead. thus, in 1827, when a question arose concerning the right of the legislature to control customs revenue, murdoch supported haliburton \u2019 s proposal that the assembly should petition the crown seeking a compromise measure which would give it some control over future revenue expenditures. murdoch was irritated over the refusal of the legislative council, which included hibbert n. binney, the collector of customs, to support the move. he was further annoyed when the upper house failed to support his motion requesting that the crown reverse its decision to collect quitrents. he did not deny the constitutional right of great britain to enforce payment but argued that the measure was unjust. a real conflict with the upper house did not develop until 1830 when the two houses clashed over the duty on brandy [ see enos collins ]. murdoch, who followed the lead of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35710225241735183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1de48d08-bcc7-4e59-8c00-8a5153f620bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.794261"}
{"text": "great britain to enforce payment but argued that the measure was unjust. a real conflict with the upper house did not develop until 1830 when the two houses clashed over the duty on brandy [ see enos collins ]. murdoch, who followed the lead of samuel george william archibald *, regarded the action of the council as unconstitutional and argued that the council \u2019 s stand denied the lower house the authority which it should possess as the representative of the people. in the election of 1830 murdoch ran against stephen wastie deblois. he received support from joseph howe and the novascotian despite the fact that howe had criticized murdoch during the legislative session of 1830. prior to 1830 murdoch had supported public grants to pictou academy, but he, like haliburton, apparently objected to attacks on bishop john inglis * by the academy \u2019 s president, thomas mcculloch *. howe, in turn, felt that murdoch had made unwarranted attacks on mcculloch. any chance of murdoch \u2019 s carrying the election in 1830 was ended when he was provoked into complaining about so - called loyalists who fled the united states to escape bad debts and monopolized public offices in the province. after the election, murdoch withdrew from public affairs until the campaign of 1836 when he ran, unsuccessfully, against a reformer. in the 1840 election he ran against joseph howe and william annand * and again was defeated. during the 1840 campaign, murdoch complained that the reformers \u2019 demands for responsible government threatened the tie with england and would upset the balance in the british constitutional system. by the time he wrote his history of the province, however, he had come to regard cabinet government and self - government as being compatible with association in the british empire. during his withdrawal from public affairs in the early 1830s, he prepared his four - volume epitome of the laws of nova scotia, printed by joseph howe in 1832 \u2013 33. this work, which involved a detailed study of the provincial and english law, was modelled after sir william blackstone \u2019 s commentaries. murdoch \u2019 s work was well received by the maritime press and was apparently a significant contribution to both lawyers and law students until the growing body of provincial law made it obsolete and more specialized works made it unnecessary. throughout his life murdoch showed a keen interest in education, in charitable institutions., and in moral issues. in january 1825 he was appointed joint secretary of the poor man \u2019 s friend society and in the 1830s he served on the nova. scotia philanthropic society. his interest may, have been sparked by the experiences of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4288078998007704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1de48d08-bcc7-4e59-8c00-8a5153f620bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.795506"}
{"text": "charitable institutions., and in moral issues. in january 1825 he was appointed joint secretary of the poor man \u2019 s friend society and in the 1830s he served on the nova. scotia philanthropic society. his interest may, have been sparked by the experiences of his father and in 1826 he wrote a pamphlet in which he supported the introduction of a bankruptcy law. murdoch was an early supporter of temperance. and, by 1842, was president of the halifax temperance society, which had been established in 1832. his concern with public education led him to serve on the halifax library committee in the 1840s and 1850s. he assumed a more significant role in provincial education when he became clerk of the central board of education in april 1841. as clerk, he earned an annual salary of \u00a3150 and played an important part in the board \u2019 s attempts to establish a uniform school system in the province. he prepared a summary of the ordinances of the city of halifax in 1851 and, in october 1852, was appointed recorder for the city with an annual salary of \u00a3200. as recorder he was required to offer legal advice to the city and to try cases before the mayor \u2019 s court. when he retired in 1860 murdoch began to prepare a history of nova scotia, or acadie, which was published in installments between 1865 and 1867. he originally intended the history to end with the year 1807 but extended it to the year 1827. he even considered going as far as 1867 but his energy, or perhaps the public response to the first three volumes, was not equal to the task. in his work he adopted a severely chronological approach, with extensive quotations from documents and earlier books. there was no critical appraisal of the documents, nor was there any sense of development through time. murdoch was so convinced of the universal truth of his beliefs that he expected his reader to perceive the real nature of liberty, loyalty, and progress merely by seeing the actual words of the pioneers. he felt no compulsion to expound on his beliefs, but assumed that they were inherent in the british race. thus, according to his history, as soon as the english arrived in nova scotia, the province began to take on an english aspect. the british belief in law, freedom, and industry helped preserve the province from the convulsions of revolution which racked the united states and was gradually adapted to the local environment. thus, he was able to reconcile a faith in a nova scotian nationalism with a continued loyalty to great britain. intended as a delineation of the nova scotian character,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4162986997644674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1de48d08-bcc7-4e59-8c00-8a5153f620bc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.796608"}
{"text": "racked the united states and was gradually adapted to the local environment. thus, he was able to reconcile a faith in a nova scotian nationalism with a continued loyalty to great britain. intended as a delineation of the nova scotian character, murdoch \u2019 s work stands as a monument to chronology as history. beamish murdoch, the charter and ordinances of the city of halifax in the province of nova scotia with the provincial acts concerning the city, collected and revised by authority of the city council ( halifax, 1851 ) ; an epitome of the laws of nova scotia ( 4v., halifax, 1832 \u2013 33 ) ; an essay on the mischievous tendency of imprisoning for debt ( 2nd ed., halifax, 1831 ) ; a history of nova scotia, or acadie ( 3v., halifax, 1865 \u2013 67 ) ; a narrative of the late fires at miramichi, new brunswick : with an appendix containing the statements of many of the sufferers, and a variety of interesting occurrences ; together with a poem, entitled \u201c the conflagration \u201d ( halifax, 1825 ). pans, beamish murdoch papers. duncan campbell, nova scotia in its historical, mercantile, and industrial relations ( montreal, 1873 ), 268 \u2013 77. directory of n. s. mlas ( fergusson ), 262. g. e. hart, \u201c the halifax poor man \u2019 s friend society, 1820 \u2013 27. an early social experiment, \u201d chr, xxxiv ( 1953 ), 109 \u2013 23. d. c. harvey, \u201c history and its uses in pre - confederation nova scotia, \u201d cha report, 1938, 5 \u2013 16. d. c. harvey, \u201c nova scotia \u2019 s blackstone, \u201d can. bar rev., xi ( 1933 ), 339 \u2013 44. gene morison, \u201c the brandy election of 1830, \u201d n. s. hist. soc. coll., xxx ( 1954 ), 151 \u2013 83. h. l. stewart, the irish in nova scotia : annals of the charitable irish society of halifax ( 1786 \u2013 1836 ) ( kentville, n. s., ), 138 \u2013 41. norah story, \u201c the church and state \u2018 party \u2019 in nova scotia, 1749 \u2013 1851, \u201d n. s. hist. soc. coll., xxvii ( 1947 ), 35 \u2013 57. k. n. windsor, \u201c historical writing in canada to 1920, \u201d lit. hist. of can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357192307682815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1de48d08-bcc7-4e59-8c00-8a5153f620bc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.797539"}
{"text": "i am not sure if i am able to answer your question, but i will give it a try and hope that someone tells us if i ' m wrong. biologists talk about different kinds of energy depending on where you measure it. the first measurement is the gross energy ( ge ) which is measured through bomb calorimetry and is basically how much heat a substance gives off when completely burnt. i have recently read in a compendium that the ge value of fat is ~ 9, 4 kcal / g. the next stage is digestible energy ( de ), which is how much of the forage you actually can digest, which would exclude for example fibres. next stage is the metabolizable energy ( me ), the energy which can be used in actual metabolism ( de - energy losses from transporting nutrients etc ). this are the value you reported. ( i don ' t have a source, but i ' ve heard the same values from multiple recognized sources. ) now is the part where it gets a bit trickier, as the final measurement of energy is the net energy ( ne ). this is defined as the metabolic energy minus the heat increment, which could be simplified as the energy losses through the conversion between different types of energy ( ie. from long carbohydrates into glucose etc. ) within the body. even more simplified it can be said to be the difference between the heat production in a fastened person and the heat production in a fed person, thus being the heat produced by eating, digesting, absorbing and transporting food. i argue that because the fat already is incorporated in the body it has a very efficient value, and very little transportation within the body is needed. and because the energy ( ie, the fat ) is internal, it is not accounted for in the heat increment and therefore the ne of internal fat is the same as me. and according to the wikipedia - article you linked to united nations recommendation of the average minimum energy consumption per person is 1800 kcal / day. thus the amount of fat required to meet the minimum energy requirements of a person would be 1800 / 9 = 200g of fat per day. if you want to read more about the different energy - measurements and the heat increment here is a good link. and don ' t forget that energy alone is not sufficient for a person as we need protein, vitamins, minerals etc...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5835593654335899, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8c1dc4d-071b-47cb-bcf2-fb5428096880>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.803867"}
{"text": "1984 \u2013 puerto rican \u2013 san francisco, ca nearly 2, 000 murres among bird victims in 1984 puerto rican spill just after dawn on october 31, 1984, the oil tanker t / v puerto rican exploded offshore of san francisco and released nearly 1. 5 million gallons of oil near the farallon islands. at least 1, 856 common murres, 548 cassin \u2019 s auklets, and 176 arctic loons died during the spill. the oil spill came during the non - breeding season when common murres float in the sea making them more susceptible in a oil spill. the oil continued to leak from the vessel over a two - week period. the stern area of the ship later sunk with 365, 500 gallons of bunker fuel that reportedly leaked for several years following the incident. an ibrrc response team helped care for the oiled birds. during this spill net - bottom caging for seabirds was conceived by ibrrc director, jay holcomb. this caging allowed birds to be treated without developing major keel sores that was so evident in early oil spill responses. according to a u. s. coast guard report : the ship exploded 20 miles offshore releasing approximately 1, 470, 000 million gallons of oil ( lube oil, lube oil additives, and bunker oil ). \u2022 the spill reached farallon islands and vicinity of bodega bay and south past san francisco. \u2022 an estimated 2, 874 seabirds died. also unknown damage to water quality, fishery resources, marine mammals, and human uses. \u2022 in 1985, the uscg had recovered a little more than 61, 000 gallons during cleanup operations \u2022 the stern section sunk 17 km south of farallon islands at 37\u00b0 30. 6 \u2032 n 123\u00b0 2 \u2019 w - birds treated \u2013 624 - died / euthanized \u2013 309 - released \u2013 315 - release rate \u2013 50 % common murres have a penguin - like appearance. they use wings to dive under water for cod and herring. murres are extremely sensitive to oil spills as these birds spend most of the non - breedding season at sea. major oil spills along central california coast have had a significant impact on their populations. also see farallones marine sanctuary fact sheet on spill : http : / / www. farallones. org / documents / tvpuertorican. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36613650442722306, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09dc6ff4-6798-4ba4-9133-9500345ae2de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.808826"}
{"text": "science wednesday : ready for takeoff each week we write about the science behind environmental protection. previous science wednesdays. while i \u2019 ve come to expect extra scrutiny when flying, i was momentarily flustered when the pilot needed to know my weight so he could compute his preflight plans. ( 155 pounds. ) this morning i joined eric vance, epa \u2019 s chief photographer, epa scientist steve klein, and u. s. fish and wildlife service pilot v. ray bentley aboard a four - seat, single - engine plane for a flight over the willamette river valley in western oregon. the landscape we flew over is the subject of the willamette ecosystem services project ( wesp ), an ambitious, large - scale, integrated, and multi - disciplinary research effort to quantify the benefits people derive from the environment. the study also focuses on exploring how human activities stress those benefits. the overall goal is to provide decision makers, stakeholders, and others across the willamette river valley with rigorous scientific information they can use to assess current conditions and plan for the future of their community. all told, the willamette river valley ecosystem includes some 7. 5 million acres. to get a better picture of what \u2019 s happening across such a large area, it helps to get a bird \u2019 s eye view. time to fly. our flight took us over the willamette river as it winds from corvallis to the suburbs of eugene, a diverse and productive landscape. over the drone of the engine and intermittent blasts of cool air that roared into cockpit when eric opened his window to take pictures, steve explained what he was seeing from a scientist \u2019 s perspective : how the flow and course of the river has been shaped by human forces, the patterns and types of forest and other natural habitats, what types of crops where growing in the large agricultural fields below, and the shifting boundaries between agriculture, forest, and what he referred to as \u201c the built environment \u201d ( homes, roads, and industry, including the massive paper mill we could not only see, but smell \u2014 a thick, burnt - syrup kind of aroma ). my flight was just one of the many excellent experiences i \u2019 ve had this week visiting with scientists in epa \u2019 s western ecology division. i \u2019 ve learned about research projects as diverse as the 7. 5 - million - acre wesp, to plans to investigate the potential environmental impacts of things as tiny as those used in nanotechnology. it \u2019 s been a great week and i \u2019 ll have lots to think about on the flight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47621461966054907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce3fb446-5624-42bb-b177-69478ceb1f84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.815853"}
{"text": "oddities of physics ( oct, 1937 ) oddities of physics science is much closer to our daily lives than many of us believe. some of the simplest phenomena and everyday occurrences which do not strike one as of any particular interest, abound with scientific explanations. who would imagine, when watching soldiers marching across a bridge, that they do so under orders to \u201c break step. \u201d if this were not done there would be a rhythmic motion set up in the bridge structure \u2014 a steady tramp - tramp \u2014 which would likely disrupt any small bridge and perhaps even a very large one ( fig. 1 ). can a submarine remain stationary at any desired level? the answer is that it cannot, unless a slight headway is maintained or water is admitted to and discharged from the trimming tanks. a submarine cannot find a state of hydrostatic equilibrium or a point at which all pressures are equal. is it possible for a ship like the titanic to sink in deep water, and eventually reach a point where the water pressure is great enough to prevent the ship from settling to the bed of the sea? although this question has been argued pro and con many times in the columns of scientific journals, the fact remains that no such effect will be found ; the wrecked ship will descend until it rests on the ocean bed. how fast would an airplane have to fly to leave the influence of this earth forever? scientists have computed, that any space flyer would have to be hurled from the earth at an initial velocity in excess of 7 miles per second. such a ma - chine would reach the moon in less than 10 hours. ( however, gradual acceleration could effect a departure, without such a high starting speed. ) could one man hold a zeppelin? the answer is yes, if the ship is carefully trimmed and balanced, as is the case when she is just brought out from the hangar preparatory to a flight. does putting oil on the water help to quiet angry waves? yes, this is a regular recognized practice at sea when the waves are running high and a ship is in distress. the oil helps to prevent white caps, but it does not stop the general swell of the waves. does the rotation of the earth cause wear on certain banks of a river? yes, theoretically, at least. there doesn \u2019 t seem to be any measurable proof. in rivers running north and south, in the northern hemisphere, there is a tendency to wear away right - hand banks, as shown in the diagram in fig. 7, due to the rotation of the earth. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.59327608049877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df45235b-2e7c-425e-a092-456287ff6504>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.853577"}
{"text": "be any measurable proof. in rivers running north and south, in the northern hemisphere, there is a tendency to wear away right - hand banks, as shown in the diagram in fig. 7, due to the rotation of the earth. in the southern hemisphere it is the left - hand banks that receive the most wear. how does science help in releasing a tight pulley. \u2019 a usual method of removing a pulley is to apply heat from a blow - torch to the pulley and ice bags to the steel shaft. the resulting contraction and expansion often permit the removal of the pulley when it otherwise refuses to yield. fig. 9 shows one way to stop a \u201c flue \u201d fire, simply by placing a cap or pan over the top of the chimney and thus checking draft of air through the chimney. another trick is to put salt in the fire in a stove con - nected with the burning flue ; the gases gen - crated help to snuff out the flames in the chimney. fig. 10 shows how violins and other high - pitched instruments are placed near the \u201c mike \u201d in broadcasting, while the bass violins, etc., are placed further back. the low notes, emitted by bass instruments, have more energy in them, or are stronger than the high - pitched notes coming from the flute, violin, etc., hence, in broadcasting studios, the majority of wind instruments are usually placed further away from the \u201c mike, \u201d as are drums, etc. an interesting and everyday occurrence in homes and offices is the vibration of a metal picture frame, or other similar object, when a certain note is sounded on the piano, or radio ( fig. 11 ). this is due to the fact that the frame has a natural frequency corresponding to the note struck, hence it vibrates sympathetically. it is not generally known that if a high voltage direct current is passed through a wire grid in a chimney, smoke from the boilers can be eliminated. the high voltage electrical charges cause the carbon particles, comprising the smoke, to become charged and they are precipitated to the bottom of the stack. fig. 13 shows an interesting problem which public address engineers have to conjure with at times. a person sitting a certain distance from the speaker \u2019 s platform may experience the unusual sensation of hearing the speaker \u2019 s voice coming out of the loudspeaker before he hears the natural voice coming from the stage. this is due to the fact that sound travels only at about 1100 feet per second in air, while the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5686043090163969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df45235b-2e7c-425e-a092-456287ff6504>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.857870"}
{"text": "the unusual sensation of hearing the speaker \u2019 s voice coming out of the loudspeaker before he hears the natural voice coming from the stage. this is due to the fact that sound travels only at about 1100 feet per second in air, while the electrical current, carrying the voice from the \u201c mike \u201d to the loud speaker, travels at 186, 000 miles per second. consequently, good judgment has to be used by the engineers in planning p. a. systems. if a tank full of water has 3 openings, as shown in fig. 14, the middle jet will produce the longest stream. does smoke blowing downward from a chimney indicate rain? no. this is an old theory, but it has little to recommend it. smoke rises because of its higher temperature. if the outside air is as warm as the smoke, or if the smoke is \u201c chilled, \u201d as on a moist, humid day, the smoke will fall. in a double - track railroad running north and south there is a greater wear on the outer rails. this is due to the earth \u2019 s rotation. any train, in the northern hemisphere, running north has a greater eastward motion at the point of its location a moment before than at the moment the analysis is made. hence, in case 1, the track presses harder against the train, causing greater wear on the outer rail, while in case 2, the train presses more strongly against the outer rail, causing extra wear there. why is air pumped down to divers under the water? air is pumped through a hose constantly to submerged divers partly to counter - balance the pressure of the water. the greater the depth the higher the air pressure pumped to him. a problem in weighing : if a druggist found that someone had taken some of the weights for the scale and only left a 2 - oz. and a 5 - oz. weight, how could the druggist weigh 1 oz. of powder? he puts the 5 - oz. weight in one pan, in the other pan he puts the 2 - oz. weight and enough powder to balance the scales. he now has 3 oz. of powder in the pan. then he puts the 2 - oz. weight in one pan and the powder in the other, removing sufficient powder to balance the scale. the 1 oz. of powder removed to effect a balance will be the quantity desired. the principle of inertia is well shown in the simple trick of striking the end of an axe handle with a hammer in order to drive the axe more firmly on to the handle, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5645139084390367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df45235b-2e7c-425e-a092-456287ff6504>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.859327"}
{"text": "powder removed to effect a balance will be the quantity desired. the principle of inertia is well shown in the simple trick of striking the end of an axe handle with a hammer in order to drive the axe more firmly on to the handle, as shown in fig. 19. when the end of the handle is struck as at \u201c h \u201d the steel axe, due to its inertia, tends to preserve its position and thus the wooden handle is driven more firmly into the axe. from what depth can an ordinary pump lift water? about 26 feet is the maximum lift for an ordinary pump. if a force - pump is employed, then a check valve is placed well down in the pipe so as to be fairly close ( 18 to 24 feet ) to the water, this valve being operated by a rod inside the pipe. theoretically, the pressure of the atmosphere will raise water about 32 feet when a vacuum is established inside the pump lift pipe, but due to losses in the valves, etc., about 26 feet is a good working limit. an interesting every - day problem concerns cars fitted with a vacuum - tank system for \u201c sucking \u201d gas from the tank at the rear. these sometimes get out of order, or leak, or they may have been drained while making repairs on the car. a trick worth remembering is that gas may be forced up into the vacuum tank by exerting air pressure on the pipe where the tank is ordinarily filled, as shown in fig. 21. with a piece of rubber hose or inner tube, air may be blown into the tank from the mouth or from a tire pump.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5061946840118052, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df45235b-2e7c-425e-a092-456287ff6504>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.865321"}
{"text": "women around the world face grave challenges like : rape, infanticide, female genital mutilation, and sex trafficking. last week the thomson reuters foundation released a survey listing the five worst countries in the world to be a woman. the survey ranked each country by six factors : health, discrimination and lack of access to resources, cultural and religious practices, sexual violence, human trafficking, and conflict - related violence. the results showed that afghanistan was the worst place in the world to be a woman followed by the democratic republic of the congo, pakistan, india, and somalia in decreasing order and interestingly all but india are also listed in the top 12 of foreign policy and fund of peace \u2019 s failed states index. in each of these counties woman face different challenges that pose a significant risk to their lives. according to the population reference bureau ( prb ), afghanistan has the second highest lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes, in afghanistan that risk is 1 in 8. compare that to a 1 in 4, 800 chance in the united states or a 1 in 47, 600 in ireland which has the lowest lifetime risk. women in afghanistan also face domestic abuse, lack economic rights, and access to doctors. many women are unable to leave the home without seeking permission from their husbands or a male relative. the poll also shows that 87 % of afghan women are illiterate and 70 % - 80 % of women face forced marriages. all of these challenges are amidst the continuing conflict making afghanistan the most dangerous place to be a woman in the world. the next most dangerous place to be a woman is the democratic republic of the congo. the most shocking and tragic statistic that makes the congo the rape capital of the world is that every day 1152 women are raped. these rapes target all age groups including elderly women and children as young as 3. women in the congo are not just raped, but often gang raped and raped with bayonets or guns. another major threat to women \u2019 s lives in the congo is childbirth. women in the congo also have a very high lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes at 1 in 13 women. pakistan is the third most dangerous place to be a woman in the world. pakistan has various cultural practices that endanger the lives of women among them : acid attacks, child marriage, and honor killings. over 1, 000 girls and women are the victims of honor killings every year in pakistan and 90 % of pakistani women will experience domestic violence in their lives. women in pakistan also have a high lifetime risk of dying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3950859879082978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1af5b6a3-db26-4b72-b3a3-0d68075464ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.876394"}
{"text": ", child marriage, and honor killings. over 1, 000 girls and women are the victims of honor killings every year in pakistan and 90 % of pakistani women will experience domestic violence in their lives. women in pakistan also have a high lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes at 1 in 74. the fourth worst place to be a woman is india. there is a preference for boy children in india which has led to infanticide or feticide of girl children or fetuses. this has an estimated 50 million \u201c missing \u201d girls over the past century. there is also a cultural tradition of child marriages with 44. 5 % of all girls married before the age of 18. another major threat to women and girls is trafficking, with about 100 million women and girls being trafficked in india. women in india also face a 1 in 70 lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes. lastly, ( i think you say lastly instead of last when you \u2019 re putting it in front like this ) coming in at the number five worst place to be a woman, is somalia. the biggest threat to virtually all women is female genital mutilation which is performed on 95 % of somali women mostly between the ages of 4 to 11. somali women also face a large threat to their lives in childbirth with only 9 % of childbirths occurring in a health facility. this leads to somali women having a very high lifetime risk of dying due to maternal related causes with the risk at 1 in 12. looking at the five worst countries for women to live in makes me think about what we can do to make life better for women in those countries. one important thing we can do is push the united states to take a leadership role to ensure that countries around the world are working to advance the rights and status of women. one way the united states can show its leadership is by ratifying the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ). cedaw is an international human rights treaty that focuses exclusively on women \u2019 s rights and gender equality. the convention sets a global definition for discrimination against women and outlines a plan to end that discrimination. those states that ratify the convention are required to take, \u201c all appropriate measures, including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on a basis of equality with men. \u201d the failure of the united states to ratify cedaw is a glaring blemish on our record of advocacy for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45130302349113127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1af5b6a3-db26-4b72-b3a3-0d68075464ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.877750"}
{"text": "i have some news that is going to shock everyone, so please, brace yourself. maybe hold on to your framed diploma ; you know, that piece of paper that cost you a good $ 160, 000. here it is : women earn less money than men. not so shocking after all, is it? but it should be. because, as a new study suggests and the huffington post reports, this pay gap is not simply the result of women \u2019 s choices \u2014 a theory that is so often used to explain the well - acknowledged salary disparity between men and women in america. common wisdom also tells us that the reason men as a whole earn more than women is because they choose higher - paying careers, and women tend to put family first after having children. in order to test this hypothesis, the american association of university women conducted a study at a point in the subjects \u2019 lives when these variables should not come into play : the study looked at men and women a year out of college. the findings were only slightly better than the average wage gap for america at large : where the american community survey found american women make 79 cents to the male dollar, this study found recent female grads were making 82 cents to male grads \u2019 $ 1. 00. in other words, the average graduating woman received $ 35, 296 while men were paid an average of $ 42, 918. the study also looked at specific fields and found that even when the men and women had the same major, the women earned 77 % to 88 % of what men did. the only exceptions were in the fields of health care and education ( the stereotypical top and bottom of the white - collar career ladder ; an interesting side - note to ponder ). if you \u2019 ve read this far and your thoughts haven \u2019 t been reduced to white - hot blinding anger, you might point out that even if women straight out of college generally don \u2019 t have children just yet, they might still choose careers that pay less. however, the study controlled for that assumption ( for information on how they did this, read the full report here and still ended up with an \u201c unexplained \u201d 6. 6 - percentage - point gap. not a negligible amount. here \u2019 s the thing : the cost of college is not less for women, and so when men and women graduate with equal debt, they still walk into jobs with huge wage discrepancies. try and figure out which group will find it easier to pay back their loans, and thus manage all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4292912455049349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2aa67f2-f64c-4340-89da-bdeac750a3d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.882965"}
{"text": "creationism : coming to a science classroom near you? in 1987, the united states supreme court struck down a louisiana law prohibiting the teaching of evolution unless it was accompanied by the teaching of creationism. the court stated in its opinion in edwards v. aguillard that the intent of the law was to promote the teachings of a religious denomination in a public school science classroom, a clear violation of the principle of the separation of church and state. this decision is straightforward \u2014 creationism cannot be taught in a public school science classroom. time and again, lower courts have applied this ruling and invalidated various attempts to out rightly or indirectly teach creationism in public schools, yet legislators and creationism advocates alike persist in these attempts. in january 2012 alone, no less than six bills attempting to teach creationism in science classrooms have been introduced around the country. new hampshire and missouri have two bills apiece and indiana and oklahoma are each considering one. early this week the indiana state senate passed s. b. 89, which was introduced and sponsored by indiana state sen. dennis kruse, by a 28 - 22 margin. this bill, which would take effect on july 1, 2012, if approved by the state house of representatives and signed into law by gov. mitch daniels, seeks to allow public schools to teach creationism in science classrooms. sen. kruse has introduced legislation to teach creationism before, but this time he has something else besides passion in his favor : he is the chair of the senate education committee, the committee that had to approve this legislation before it came up for a vote. before the vote in the senate was taken, state sen. vi simpson proposed an amendment aimed at solving the bill \u2019 s nagging constitutionality problem. the amendment, which was successfully included in the passage of this bill in the senate, allows the teaching of creationism so long as the teachings of multiple religions, including but not limited to christianity, judaism, islam, hinduism, buddhism and scientology, are presented. this amendment hardly fixes the blatant constitutionality problems s. b. 89 faces. in fact, it only exacerbates the unconstitutionality. religion should never be taught in science classrooms, and requiring multiple religious stances on creation to be taught in those classrooms doesn \u2019 t make it any better. such moves are clear violations of the establishment clause, just as they were in edwards and subsequent cases. should this legislation, or any of the other proposed creationism measures for that matter, become law, a court challenge is all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4820929064562268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8a3502e-d622-4855-b0f9-dd57f7c14e87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.890484"}
{"text": "directors of the sacramento metropolitan air quality management district next week will consider adopting a rule to ban the use of fireplaces and wood stoves on \" no - burn days. \" the public ' s health is the impetus. air - pollution authorities fret that particles in wood smoke curling from chimneys aggravate and harm respiratory systems. the rule would restrict sacramento county residents from burning wood in their fireplaces only during the 25 to 30 days a year when particulate pollution is most severe. as a health measure, the proposed rule also potentially could help relieve the nation ' s obesity epidemic, but air - pollution authorities aren ' t going that far. pizza parlors with wood - fired ovens, barbecue joints with wood - fired smokers and any other cooking device that relies on wood for fuel would be exempt from the restriction, says christina ragsdale, spokeswomen for the district. and what of those few people who on occasion may use their home fireplace to grill some chops, which while unusual here isn ' t unheard of in france? the district board didn ' t anticipate that possibility and didn ' t address it in the proposal, says ragsdale. she suspects, however, that it wouldn ' t be allowed because the fireplace likely hadn ' t been built primarily for cooking. \" if they had no other means to cook, that might be allowed, but it ' s unlikely. they may have to be approached on a case by case basis, \" she added. the district ' s directors are to take up the proposed rule at 9 : 30 a. m. thursday, oct. 25, in the chambers of the sacramento county board of supervisors, room 1450 of the county ' s administration building, 700 h st.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42505285521795155, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a277b1f-b6c9-4426-917a-f21de25d0433>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.895587"}
{"text": "take control of your health. subscribe to mediresource \u2019 s an arrhythmia occurs when the heart ' s regular rhythm changes, such as speeding up or slowing down, or when it beats irregularly. in north america, about 5 million people get arrhythmias, most over the age of 50. some also have heart disease, but many don ' t. in the vast majority of cases, the arrhythmia by itself isn ' t life - threatening, but it may predispose someone to a number of problems, such as a stroke. there are many different types of arrhythmias and their significance and consequences are varied. the normal beating of the heart is controlled by electrical signals sent from a particular segment of heart muscle tissue called the sinus node. this natural pacemaker is located near the top of the right atrium. the heart is divided into four chambers : two atria on top, and two ventricles underneath. the job of the atria is to fill the ventricles with blood, which then do the heavy work of pumping it through the rest of the body. in a normal heartbeat, an electrical pulse travels down the muscle tissue, activating the ventricles a split second after the atria. in arrhythmias, there ' s a problem with this signal. there are many different kinds of arrhythmias, but those that affect the ventricles are generally more serious than arrhythmias of the atria. some common arrhythmias include : premature beats : this is the most common form of arrhythmia, and it is basically harmless. every once in a while, the heart ' s electrical signals fire early. the heart beats twice quickly, then pauses and returns to normal. the premature beat may come from the ventricle or the atrium. atrial fibrillation ( af ) : this involves disordered signals that are fired off in rapid succession, causing fibrillation, which is an uncoordinated quivering of the muscle wall of the atria. this has often been described as looking like a \" bag of worms. \" the atria stop pumping blood effectively, yet enough blood still reaches the ventricles to allow the heart to function. af is potentially dangerous, however, because blood can pool in the atrium and lead to clot formation. if one of these travels to the brain, it causes a stroke. af is the most common form of harmful ar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5084398140039457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee07fe83-9ed2-4177-8658-b84a35b7f7a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.931361"}
{"text": "allow the heart to function. af is potentially dangerous, however, because blood can pool in the atrium and lead to clot formation. if one of these travels to the brain, it causes a stroke. af is the most common form of harmful arrhythmia, affecting almost 1 % of the population. it is more common in seniors, affecting about 5 % of people over age 69. one study showed that 1 in 4 people over the age of 40 will develop af. ventricular fibrillation : this is the most dangerous form of arrhythmia. the ventricles twitch but don ' t pump blood. if the twitching does not stop on its own or by a shock from a defibrillator, it is always fatal. there are two common ways you can develop arrhythmias : problems with initiating the electrical signal : either the sinus node fires abnormally, or there is a competing impulse elsewhere in the heart problems with the conduction of the electrical impulse : connections from the atria to the ventricles are hindered ( this is often called a heart block ) people with heart disease are particularly likely to develop arrhythmias, since damage to the heart can stop the beat signal from reaching the ventricles or cause certain areas of the heart to fire abnormally. high blood pressure and an overactive thyroid gland also increase the chances of arrhythmias. alcohol can also cause atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. certain medications such as decongestants as well as many prescription medications can make the heart susceptible to arrhythmias and must be used with caution in people with heart disease. there are also inherited and congenital ( present since birth ) types of arrhythmia, often resulting in a weak or late signal getting to the ventricles. the ventricles can emit their own signal, but this is often fewer than 40 beats a minute instead of the usual 60 to 100 with the sinus node. when the heart beats faster than normal, it ' s called tachycardia. symptoms include chest discomfort, palpitations, lightheadedness, dizziness, and sometimes fainting. when it beats slower than normal, it ' s called bradycardia. bradycardia can cause fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting as it tends to produce low blood pressure. everyone knows what it feels like to experience an occasional flutter of the heart, and usually it doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090569323085699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee07fe83-9ed2-4177-8658-b84a35b7f7a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.937871"}
{"text": ". \" 7 information technologies : opportunities for advancing educational assessment. \" knowing what students know : the science and design of educational assessment. washington, dc : the national academies press, 2001. the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. knowing what students know : the science and design of eduacational assessment performance in a domain. the disc developers addressed this issue by basing the simulations on extensive research into the ways hygienists at various levels of expertise approach problems. the disc computerized assessment is being developed for a consortium of dental organizations for the purpose of simulating the work performed by dental hygienists as a means of providing direct evidence about how candidates for licensure would interact with patients. the foundation for the assessment was a detailed analysis of the knowledge hygienists apply when they assess patients, plan treatments, and monitor progress ; the analysis was derived from interviews with and observations of several expert and competent hygienists and novice students of dental hygiene. thus, the initial phase of the effort involved building the student model by using some of the methods for cognitive analysis described in chapter 3. the interactive, computer - based simulation presents the examinee with a case study of a virtual patient with a problem such as bruxism ( chronic teeth grinding ). the simulation provides evidence about such key points as whether the examinee detects the condition, explores connections with the patient \u2019 s history and lifestyle, and discusses implications. some information, such as the patient \u2019 s medical history questionnaire, is provided up front. other information, such as radiographs, is made available only if the examinee requests it. additional information stored in the system is used to perform dynamic computations of the patient \u2019 s status, depending on the actions taken by the examinee. this mode of assessment has several advantages. it can tap skills that could not be measured by traditional licensing exams. the scenarios are open - ended to capture how the examinee would act in a typical professional situation. and the protocols are designed to discern behaviors at various levels of competency, based on actual practices of hygienists. mashpeequest is an example of an assessment designed to tap complex problem solving in the k - 12 education context. as described by mislevy, steinberg, almond, haertel, and penuel ( 2000 ), researchers at sri international have developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5364497017809382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:beb041de-edc2-4ce9-8561-23fd04f29a49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:25.953787"}
{"text": "nazi policy and the catholic churchkarol jozef gajewski though hitler felt a particular urgency \u2014 and hatred \u2014 when dealing with jews and communists, he viewed the catholic church as a pernicious opponent, a deeply - entrenched threat that must be controlled and eventually uprooted from german life in order to establish his promised thousand - year - reich. as hitler and his cabinet minister hermann goering acknowledged the cheers of the massed citizenry, hitler was well aware that the victory was only a partial one. the nazis were still a minority in a fragile coalition. hitler had, in fact, warned earlier that day in a statement released to the world ' s press : \" the nazi party has at last broken through to the government. i am determined to continue the struggle as fiercely within government as we fought outside it. \" a major part of what hitler saw as his forthcoming struggle was targeting, isolating and destroying a number of enemies who were perceived as inherently hostile to his dream of the ' volksgemeinschaft ' or ' racial community '. chief among these were jews, communists, the social democrats with their loyal electoral support, the catholic centre party and the christian churches. all were threats, each to be dealt with as quickly as circumstances would allow. though hitler felt a particular urgency \u2014 and hatred \u2014 when dealing with jews and communists, he viewed the catholic church as a pernicious opponent, a deeply - entrenched threat that must be controlled and eventually uprooted from german life in order to establish his promised thousand - year - reich. to help eliminate catholic influence, he turned to alfred rosenberg, arch - ideologue, anti - semite, and despiser of christianity. in his book the myth of the twentieth century, rosenberg had formulated a \" scientific \" theory of racism. for him, the supreme human value was that of race : individual races possessed their own collective soul, a mystical \" power of the blood and soil. \" each race also possessed a religious impulse ( in the case of the aryan germans, this was the pagan cult of wotan, king of the gods ). christianity, for rosenberg, was the distorted product of semitic tribes who had tricked the aryans into jettisoning their pagan truth. the catholic church, prime mover in this spiritual swindle, was singled out for sustained attack as the promoter of \" prodigious, conscious and unconscious falsifications. \" rosenberg claimed that jesus christ had been an unwitting tool of jewish world conspira", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.443542453001296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.030662"}
{"text": "in this spiritual swindle, was singled out for sustained attack as the promoter of \" prodigious, conscious and unconscious falsifications. \" rosenberg claimed that jesus christ had been an unwitting tool of jewish world conspirators, active as early as the first century ad. in some writings, he would go further and argue that christ was possibly not a jew at all, but a prototype aryan, son of a roman soldier stationed in palestine. in february 1933 hermann goering banned all catholic newspapers in cologne, citing that ' political ' catholicism \u2014 ie commenting on government policy \u2014 would not be tolerated. responding to protests, he denied this was part of a deliberate campaign against catholics ; the government, he claimed, would \" seal its own doom with such a policy. \" though the ban was lifted, it sent a warning tremor through the largely catholic rhineland, and gave an accurate indication of possible future government moves. a further straw in the wind was apparent when storm troopers ( sa ) broke up meetings of christian trade unions and the catholic centre party. the manchester guardian reported one such incident on february 23, 1933 \u2014 a prominent politician, adam stegerwald, was attacked while speaking at a meeting in krefeld, and a number of priests were hurt in the fracas. there was a brief \u2014 and carefully engineered \u2014 lull in anti - catholic provocation when hitler turned his attention to strengthening national unity in the face of potential enemies at home and abroad. he made a public appeal for the church to negotiate the terms of a new concordat ( church - state agreement ) ; an offer he knew the vatican would find hard to refuse. almost from the outset, however, discussions took place against a drumbeat of threats that the sa would be unleashed on defenceless catholics unless agreement were quickly reached. pope pius xi and his secretary of state, cardinal eugenio pacelli ( the future pius xii ) were faced with a dilemma. if they refused to negotiate with the legally appointed government, hitler would undoubtedly publicise his terms and claim that the vatican was anti - nazi and obstructionist. any written agreement, pacelli maintained, would offer a better basis for the protection of civil and religious rights than no legally constituted agreement at all. after all, lutherans had similar safeguards. in fact, large - scale arrests were already taking place. thousands of catholic center party ( zentrum ) activists were in concentration camps by the end of june 1933. although well aware of the ominous situation, government negotiator and vice - chancellor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.478366038248798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.034276"}
{"text": "in fact, large - scale arrests were already taking place. thousands of catholic center party ( zentrum ) activists were in concentration camps by the end of june 1933. although well aware of the ominous situation, government negotiator and vice - chancellor franz von papen ( himself a catholic ), told journalists that relations between the reich and the vatican were \" so friendly \" that it had taken only eight days to sketch the main outline of the proposed concordat. this was duly signed in july 1933 and specified that certain activities \u2014 education, youth associations, church rallies \u2014 were legally guaranteed by the reich. in return, the church ' s support for the centre party and its ally the bavarian people ' s party would be withdrawn. actually, the centre party, under relentless pressure from the nazis, had already voted itself out of existence even before the final signing of the concordat, a fact that pacelli lamented as it handicapped his negotiating stance. in view of the controversy that later surrounded the concordat, pacelli always argued that the church had to accept the lesser of the two evils presented to it. without the agreement, catholics would have been left to the mercy of sa, ss and gestapo hit squads. with the agreement, they at least had legal grounds on which to protest injustices. the secretary of state was realistic enough to remark to a british embassy official he understood perfectly that attacks on catholics would not cease, but \" they will hardly break all the articles at the same time. \" the nazis may have heard pacelli ' s opinions, but if so, paid little attention. an \" editors ' law \" promulgated in december 1933 struck directly at free speech. all editors were required to become members of the literary chamber of the third reich and follow whatever directives might follow. in tandem with this gagging act, government censorship began to tighten relentlessly. even individual typewriters could be impounded on the whim of local nazi functionaries and as a result, a partial blackout fell on what was happening inside germany. the vatican, seeking accurate information, found helpers in unusual quarters. a large and unrecognised army of witnesses passed along secret reports and documents. this ad hoc catholic intelligence grapevine had, as one of its leaders, dr. joseph mueller, an anti - nazi munich lawyer known for his coolness and dependability. as an officer in the abwehr ( military counter - intelligence ), he was able to move freely between munich, berlin and rome. in his abwehr bag he carried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44846162153056746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.044805"}
{"text": ", an anti - nazi munich lawyer known for his coolness and dependability. as an officer in the abwehr ( military counter - intelligence ), he was able to move freely between munich, berlin and rome. in his abwehr bag he carried sheaves of documents giving a detailed account of the campaign being waged against catholics inside germany, and, after the anschluss of 1938, in austria. it was clear from mueller ' s documentation that clergy were being singled out for ridicule, humiliation and punishment. the famous ' currency ' and ' immorality ' trials which peaked in 1935 and 1936, resulted in the imprisonment and fining of hundreds of clergy. the ' immorality ' trials sought to destroy the reputation of catholic religious, aimed in particular at those working in primary and secondary schools. priests, monks, lay - brothers and nuns were accused of \" perverted and immoral \" lifestyles \u2014 euphemisms for homosexuality and paedophilia. the gestapo set numerous traps in order to furnish bogus evidence. the new york times carried a report in may 1936 describing priests who had been summoned to hotel rooms after desperate messages to administer the last sacraments were received. when the priest entered, the ' caller ' would turn out to be a prostitute, planted by government agents. photos would be later produced in court as irrefutable evidence of corruption. one notorious trial in 1936 concerned the franciscans of the rhineland town of waldbreitbach. this was widely publicised and parents were warned in sanctimoniously penned editorials not to allow their children to enter catholic schools if they wished to avoid corruption of the innocent. even children themselves were encouraged to read the lurid accounts. in several cities, newspaper stands were purposely lowered so youngsters could read salacious and pornographic stories accompanied by cartoons in the pages of der stuermer ( the newspaper controlled by julius streicher, notorious anti - semite and anti - catholic ). witness statements from children were produced in court by secret police whose testimony was not challengeable. threats, bribes, brutal night - time interrogations and nervous breakdowns of the accused were reported in various newspapers outside germany. in the usa, protest meetings and marches were organised as news of the trials spread. in june 1936, a petition was signed by 48 clergymen. \" we lodge a solemn protest against the almost unique brutality of the attacks launched by the german government charging catholic clergy with gross immorality, \" they wrote. \" the good name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4502043399835891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.047102"}
{"text": ". in june 1936, a petition was signed by 48 clergymen. \" we lodge a solemn protest against the almost unique brutality of the attacks launched by the german government charging catholic clergy with gross immorality, \" they wrote. \" the good name of the catholic priesthood is to be defamed, in the hope that the ultimate suppression of all jewish and christian beliefs by the totalitarian state can be effected. \" this protest was signed by rabbis samuel abrams of boston, philip bernstein of rochester and philip bookstaber of harrisburg, along with 18 other rabbis and 27 protestant clergymen. the new york times reported that christmas 1937 would see \" more than a hundred protestant pastors and several thousand catholic clergymen in prison. \" although roving sa and hitler youth gangs were warned in general against turning prominent clergy into martyrs, threats and violence against priests became common. sometimes, in the wake of local instructions, senior clergy would be intimidated. cardinal faulhaber of munich was shot at and cardinal innitzer ' s residence in vienna was ransacked in october 1938. there was a notorious incident in the same month when bishop sproll of rottenburg was manhandled and his residence vandalised. he later received an anonymous letter of apology from an sa man, forced to take part in the outrage : \" i have always been proud of my country \", he wrote, \" but last saturday, i was, for the first time, ashamed to call myself a german. \" songs, films, speeches by party members, poster campaigns, and theatre productions cruelly satirised clergy in the later 1930s. anderl kern ' s anti - clerical play, pointedly titled the last peasant, was performed throughout germany to wide critical acclaim. characters included a parish priest with an illegitimate child, an eye for the opposite sex and easy money ; a young seminarian who arrives home, announcing he has lost his vocation ; and a peasant mother who attempts to murder a servant with rosary beads in one hand and a dagger in the other. at the end of the play, the ex - seminarian emerges as a true german hero, having renounced the priesthood and promising to father a large family for the future security of the aryan race. the most important strand of nazi policy was, essentially, to strangle catholicism by eliminating all organisations supported by the church, from schools and children ' s groups to catholic trade unions. by 1939, this had been largely accomplished. replacing them were national socialist or \" community schools \", the workers labour front and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4250216389400566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.052334"}
{"text": "strangle catholicism by eliminating all organisations supported by the church, from schools and children ' s groups to catholic trade unions. by 1939, this had been largely accomplished. replacing them were national socialist or \" community schools \", the workers labour front and the hitler youth with its female counterpart, the league of german girls. one initial campaign against catholic schools in munich reduced the percentage of students attending from 84 % in 1934 to 65 % a year later. in 1937, parents were asked to choose their child ' s school in front of two witnesses, usually sa men in full uniform. hints would be given of possible future trouble and loss of employment if catholic schools were chosen. meetings were regularly held to vote on the issue of catholic or community schools. in speyer, a town of some 40, 000 situated on the rhine, one working man wrote to his bishop giving details of how his ' vote ' had been obtained in 1937 : \" i was told to go to the parish council offices. on arriving there i declared that i wanted the roman catholic school and prepared to leave. the local nazi cell - leader held me back and wrote a note to my firm stating that because of my declaration i would be dismissed from my job. a police constable then told me if i didn ' t change my mind i would never obtain public work again. \" the cumulative effect of these measures hit teachers in some catholic schools very hard. a councillor of the bavarian ministry of education announced that in 1936 alone, of 1, 600 teaching posts formerly awarded to nuns, 600 would be transferred to secular staff. the councillor didn ' t explain what would happen to the employment prospects of the unfortunate 600. the economic effects of such enforced redundancy caused many religious houses to close down and nuns with academic qualifications were driven into low - paid occupations. some returned to their parents or moved in with sympathetic relatives. yet others applied for jobs in industry. the town of baden in 1938 saw 41 nuns working in one textile factory, most former teachers. the government, twisting the knife, then announced that all nuns renouncing their vows would be automatically entitled to state employment, with guaranteed salary and pension rights attached. thus, on october 27, 1938, adolf wagner, bavarian minister of the interior stated with pride : \" the denominational schools throughout the whole of bavaria have now been transformed into community schools. \" by january 1939 it was estimated that more than 10, 000 catholic schools had been suppressed and by the end of april that year the london catholic herald reported that a further 3, 300 schools had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44350642246856786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.054032"}
{"text": "of bavaria have now been transformed into community schools. \" by january 1939 it was estimated that more than 10, 000 catholic schools had been suppressed and by the end of april that year the london catholic herald reported that a further 3, 300 schools had been abolished by decree in what was described as \" a black day for the catholic rhineland. \" continued pressure was brought to bear on thousands of catholic civil servants who were threatened with disciplinary measures or dismissal unless their children were enrolled in the hitler youth or german girls league ( bdm ). training guilds, such as the prussian master craftsman association, announced that from 1935 onwards, only those enrolled in nazi party organisations would be accepted as apprentices. german railways, employing hundreds of thousands, passed a similar ordinance the same year. even farmers began issuing notices to the same effect, with shops advertising part - time jobs following suit. the new york times, on june 1, 1937, reported a hitler speech referring specifically to the young : \" we will take away their children. they shall not escape us. \" in spite of the growing atmosphere of intimidation and fear, protests were made by senior clerics who challenged the third reich and its racist, anti - semitic and anti - christian policies. these included bishop clemens count von galen of munster, archbishop von preysing of berlin, cardinal bertram of breslau, cardinal schulte of cologne and possibly the most famous of all, cardinal michael von faulhaber of munich. his series of advent sermons, preached from the pulpit of st. michael ' s church, aroused national and international interest. they proved so popular that thousands listened, with overflows into the streets outside. in the first of the sermons, preached on december 3 1933, faulhaber defended christianity by defending the people from whom it sprung : the jews. he reminded the congregation that christianity made no racial distinctions but asked only that its adherents should possess faith. in march 1934, the published edition of his sermons, judaism, christianity and ' germanism ' was banned for its so - called outrageous slanders on the state. faulhaber, undeterred, pressed on with denunciations of nazi policy on catholic schools, youth organisations, rigged elections, sterilisation laws, attacks on the pope and attempts to replace christianity with what he called ' ersatz ' ( fake ) religious principles. he played a considerable role in the writing of the great anti - nazi encyclical mit brennender sorge ( ' with burning anxiety ' ) issued in march 1937", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43089775281974574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.058879"}
{"text": "with what he called ' ersatz ' ( fake ) religious principles. he played a considerable role in the writing of the great anti - nazi encyclical mit brennender sorge ( ' with burning anxiety ' ) issued in march 1937. it denounced repeated attacks on the catholic faith, the breaking of almost every article of the 1933 concordat, and assailed nazi ideology and political practice. the encyclical was smuggled into germany under the eyes of gestapo agents who had received warnings from berlin to expect an important anti - nazi pamphlet. copies were secretly printed in various parts of the country and the underground catholic network was engaged in distributing it to parishes throughout germany. hundreds of helpers, in cars, on motorbikes or bicycles, handed copies personally to priests, sometimes in the dead of night. the encyclical made it plain that the nazis were intent on a \" war of extermination \" against the catholic church, and that after numerous rebuffs to diplomatic approaches from rome, the pope had decided to make a final stand. the government reaction to the encyclical was immediate. a formal protest was sent from berlin to rome, and equally swiftly rejected by cardinal pacelli. an enraged hitler and goebbels cranked up the propaganda machine and once more dozens of clerics found themselves arraigned on the hoary old charges of immorality and ' slandering ' the nazi state. gestapo units were mobilised to find which presses had produced the encyclical : 12 were confiscated and the editors arrested. in one parish, essen in the diocese of oldenburg, seven girls were arrested inside the church as they handed out copies of mit brennender sorge after the palm sunday service. the death of pope pius xi in february 1939 and the election of his successor, pacelli, drew sneers from das schwarze korps ( ' the black corps ' ), house newspaper of the ss and mouthpiece of heinrich himmler, reichsfuhrer ss. it referred to pius xi as the \" chief rabbi of the christians, boss of the firm of judah - rome. \" prior to this, das schwarze korps had taken a leading role in propaganda attacks on cardinal pacelli during his official visit to france, labelling him a co - conspirator with jews and communists against nazism. the strategy of the nazi government towards christianity in general and the catholic church in particular changed gear a number of times during 1933 - 9. new policies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42991289398003074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.063089"}
{"text": "to france, labelling him a co - conspirator with jews and communists against nazism. the strategy of the nazi government towards christianity in general and the catholic church in particular changed gear a number of times during 1933 - 9. new policies could be imposed from above or rescinded as the dictates of political events changed. sometimes central decision - making was emphasised ; sometimes party organisations were given freer rein to adapt policy to local circumstances. on occasions harassment could be disguised or even halted if a propaganda coup might thus be gained. in august 1936, for example, during the olympic games in berlin, orders were given to stop measures against jews, catholics and protestants and to hide show trials from the eyes of foreign journalists. the pause soon ended once the correspondents left germany. with the coming of war in 1939, hitler insisted that overt persecution of christians had to take second place to the effective prosecution of military aims. others in the party held different views, believing it was a mistake to slow the kirchenkampf, the battle against the church. martin bormann, ' deputy ' fuhrer, reminded heinrich himmler in 1941 that the \" influence of the church must be entirely eliminated. \" in the event, however, the destruction was to be given a longer time - scale for accomplishment. a clue can be found in the published edition of hitler ' s table talk, where he stated as part of a lengthy and rambling attack on the church that : \" i have numerous accounts to settle, about which i cannot think today. but that doesn ' t mean i forget them. i write them down. the time will come to bring out the big book. \" as is tragically known today, there was little division of opinion among top nazis regarding the persecution of the jews. the war gave hitler undreamed of possibilities to purify europe of non - aryans. slavs were to be used as labour or killed without compunction when necessary, the jewish population to be exterminated as vermin. with the invasion of the ussr in june 1941 and the construction of the death camp network, nazi capacity to kill reached hitherto unimagined levels. though the scale of christian persecution cannot be compared to the jewish holocaust of 1941 - 1945, except perhaps in poland, the ultimate destruction of christianity was one of the nazis long - term aims. from his early years of political dreaming, from within the pages of mein kampf to the table talk hitler himself made his contempt for the '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4738939268736456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.069855"}
{"text": "1945, except perhaps in poland, the ultimate destruction of christianity was one of the nazis long - term aims. from his early years of political dreaming, from within the pages of mein kampf to the table talk hitler himself made his contempt for the ' slave ' ideology of christianity and its jewish roots perfectly clear. baldur von schirach, the leader of the hitler youth, was fond of addressing mass meetings of his followers with a motto : \" we are a youth that believes in god, because we serve the divine law that is called germany. \" that desperate conception of the ' divine law ' was to lead, by ten thousand crooked paths, to catastrophic suffering, total war, and to the ovens of auschwitz itself. gajewski, karol jozef. \" nazi policy and the catholic church. \" inside the vatican ( november 1999 ). published with permission of inside the vatican and mr. gajewski. for subscription information call 1 - 800 - 789 - 9494 ( usa ). karol jozef gajewski teaches history at a secondary school in sandbach, cheshire, england. his particular interests include modern european history, religious philosophy, english literature, and playing the violin. copyright \u00a9 1999 inside the vatican not all articles published on cerc are the objects of official church teaching, but these are supplied to provide supplementary information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44595819164585354, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0ccbc7e-152b-4cda-9a03-89a0b6e60862>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.070909"}
{"text": "there are various ways to keep your eyes healthy and keep them protected from the harmful materials in the environment and in our daily lives. but just how much do you know about what you can do to keep your eyes healthy? use these 6 healthy eye tips from your eye doctor : - watch what you eat \u2013 eating foods that are high in antioxidants helps prevent a variety of eye diseases and ensures you maintain healthy vision. incorporate more antioxidant rich foods into your diet. some foods that are high in antioxidants include : - fruit including blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, strawberries, raspberries, plums, pomegranate, etc. - beans including small red beans, red kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, etc. - vegetables including kale, red cabbage, peppers, spinach, lemon, red beets and artichoke - spices including cloves, cinnamon and oregano if your vision has been affected or if you require eye care visit dr. charles breen, ophthalmologist, at 7370 turfway rd. 3rd floor, st. elizabeth medical office building, florence, ky 41042. this article is provided as an information resource and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified ophthalmologist. in all cases, contact your ophthalmologist for advice on any matter referenced in this document before making any decisions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4434857283498677, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f956f601-6d3a-4b4c-9679-e9a7c2694874>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.073105"}
{"text": "one helpful way to think about child discipline is to see it as another way to teaching your child life lessons rather than as something you do to punish your child for misbehaving. when you show your child what is appropriate behavior and provide the security that comes from loving but firm boundaries and expectations, you are laying down the foundation from which she will grow to make good choices for herself. child discipline is about how to prevent behavioral problems so that punishment for misbehavior is a rare and unnecessary occurrence. what child discipline is about an important part of child discipline is showing your child what good behavior is. the times when your child is selfish or mean or lies about something are opportunities for you to step in and say, \" how could you have handled this better? \" not to use a cliche, but that is why they are called \" teachable moments. \" - setting boundaries children who do not have rules and parameters are, contrary to what some parents might think, happy - go - lucky. lack of boundaries makes children feel insecure, lost, and unable to discipline themselves. when a child is disciplined in a loving, positive, and logical way for doing something wrong, he will learn to take responsibility for his actions. for instance, if he fails to set the table after being asked several times, he may lose privileges such as tv time. when the rules are clear and the consequences for breaking those rules are logical and appropriate, your child will learn how to discipline himself and regulate his own actions. - showing respect how would you like your child to speak to you? that is how you should speak to your child, especially when you are handling matters of child discipline. make sure you explain to your child that while you may not like something he did or said, that you love him and respect him. listen to his opinions and let him express his feelings, and then explain what is correct behavior and why. if you set up a rule one day and then let is slide the next - - or suddenly declare that something you \u2019 ve repeatedly said is okay is suddenly something your child will be punished for doing - - your child will end up confused and resentful. consistency is a cornerstone of child discipline for a reason. it helps kids know what to expect and what \u2019 s expected of them. child discipline is not about parents dictating their child \u2019 s every move or imposing their will like a dictator over his country. parents can sit down with a child - - even a child as young as 5 years old - - and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48946232341064744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28442e1f-80ef-48ff-9b7e-cf7b99f45378>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.088007"}
{"text": "of them. child discipline is not about parents dictating their child \u2019 s every move or imposing their will like a dictator over his country. parents can sit down with a child - - even a child as young as 5 years old - - and get her opinion on what she thinks about certain rules and consequences in your household. this is a very important way of showing your child that you care about her opinions and feelings, and teaches your child that what she thinks matters. it also teaches her the importance of having rules and helps her understand why some rules exist and why they are beneficial for her. what child discipline is not about when you set boundaries and expectations for good behavior, you are laying down the foundation and giving your child the tools to work toward self control and self regulation. child discipline is not about punishing bad behavior ; it is about guiding your child toward positive behavior. that does not mean that bad behavior should be ignored. if a child breaks the rules, there must be clear and consistent consequences. what \u2019 s important is that those consequences - - be it a time out or loss of privileges or other repercussions - - are used as tools to calmly correct behavior rather than punish a child out of anger. - expressing anger few parents can say they \u2019 ve never lost their temper in the heat of the moment when a child is being defiant or difficult. that said, it \u2019 s important for parents to keep in mind that keeping a cool head is an important part of correcting bad behavior. by staying calm, parents can better explain to a child why disciplinary action is being taken, what exactly they are disappointed about, and what a child can do in the future to avoid making the same mistake. and when parents explain things in a loving manner, children will understand that their behavior may have been wrong but that their parents love them, no matter what. setting boundaries does not mean not letting your child make choices or giving him room to make mistakes. children who are disciplined in a positive manner know that their opinions will be heard and that their parents respect them even when they don \u2019 t agree with them. this will give them self - confidence as they explore and grow, even as they learn what choices are wrong and harmful and what choices are positive and healthy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4464479773419127, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28442e1f-80ef-48ff-9b7e-cf7b99f45378>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.089711"}
{"text": "note : throughout, i use the word \" polygamy \" in place of \" polygyny \", even though i explicitly mean to polygyny. polygamy is a sin because it goes against the law. the law is in place because it is a carryover from the paganistic societies of ancient rome. preventing polygamy was not a biblical concept, but one that came after jesus, after authorship of the bible, and after the genesis of christianity. why polygamy is a sin the reason that polygamy is no longer allowed by the church is because it ' s no longer allowed by society and is, therefore, against the law. we christians are told to uphold the law and subject ourselves to the law romans 13 : 1 - 2 ( niv ) 1 let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which god has established. the authorities that exist have been established by god. 2 consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what god has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves. because of this, polygamy is a sin if ( and only if ) it breaks the law. similarly, it is a sin in the same manner and degree that breaking a speed limit is a sin : it ' s something not forbidden by god and solely forbidden by the law. why it ' s illegal polygamy was not uncommon among the jews in biblical times. it wasn ' t until the the romans came in that polygamy became outlawed. even then, it was still allowed ; josephus made notes explaining that polygamy was permitted to herod because it was permitted by jewish custom. polygamy modelled by jesus ' s parable we can see that polygamy was commonly accepted in the new testament from the parable of the ten virgins ( matthew 25 : 1 - 13 ). in this parable, jesus tells of a bridegroom that is preparing to marry ten women. this parable was used by jesus to describes himself. the polygamous bridegroom in the parable is a reference to jesus. fall of polygamy it was, in fact, the greek and roman rules against polygamy that spread ( along with the grecian and roman empires ) and became the culture, forcing out the practice of polygamy. monogomy and polygyny by walter scheidel, stanford university ( 2009 ) thus, even though greeks and romans need not have been the first cultures to prescribe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4623732509001174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3826e95-f72b-4c72-8b7f-c730e43c1c0b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.104319"}
{"text": ") and became the culture, forcing out the practice of polygamy. monogomy and polygyny by walter scheidel, stanford university ( 2009 ) thus, even though greeks and romans need not have been the first cultures to prescribe monogamy, these are the earliest securely attested cases and, moreover, established a paradigm for subsequent periods that eventually attained global dominance. it was these two huge historical forces that established monogamy in our society - - not something born of god, but something born of pagan societies. modern society and law christianity tied itself to the banner of the roman empire 300 years after christ ( when constantine established what would become the roman catholic church ). this organization spread christianity by using the power and authority of the roman empire. it was this roman concept of monogamy ( predating christianity ) that carried over from its paganistic roots into the christian society. it was at that time ( and not before ) that christianity became intertwined with the idea of monogamy. this pagan idea of monogamy from rome slowly infused into the christian culture ( source ) ; and it was because association with christianity ( and the roman catholic church ) that the paganistic, roman practice remains today. this roman practice has tangled itself into the christian culture ( via the early roman catholic church ) and therefore all \" christian \" nations since ( founded under western culture ) have adopted the laws prohibiting polygamy from their outset. because of this, polygamy is illegal in most parts of the world. because it ' s illegal, it is a sin. it should be noted that catholicism today still carries over this idea from ancient rome. in the catechism of the catholic church, it states \" however polygamy is not in accord with the moral law. \" because of this, polygamy is solidly outlawed within catholicism. granted, if you read the last section, this should not surprise anyone. answering aguments against polygamy god tolerated the sin for the time being malachi 3 : 6 says the lord does not change. to presume that he would accept something during one time in history that he detests at a different point is crazy - - heretical even. it goes against the nature of god ( both in the old testament and new ) the bible shows it only causes trouble in marriage this is really a weak argument. the problem is that the bible only tells us stories that are either edifying or interesting. yeah, it ' s going to talk about abraham ' s difficulty with his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4550718325702833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3826e95-f72b-4c72-8b7f-c730e43c1c0b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.105696"}
{"text": ") the bible shows it only causes trouble in marriage this is really a weak argument. the problem is that the bible only tells us stories that are either edifying or interesting. yeah, it ' s going to talk about abraham ' s difficulty with his wife and taking up a handmaiden as a wife. but that story is both interesting and edifying. the lesson here isn ' t against polygamy, but rather that we shouldn ' t marry a woman unless we marry her properly and with the right intentions. jacob ' s wives competed. but the story there isn ' t to avoid polygamy, but to focus on god and make your marriages holy and godly. if your marriages are focused on god instead of on selfish ambition, this won ' t happen! each argument that says \" polygamy is wrong because it leads to dischord \" can also be used to say \" marriage is wrong \" for the same reasons. those are the marriages not focused on god - - that is the source of their dischord. on the contrary, if we look at the life of david, we see that he was a man highly loved by god and yet had multiple wives. some, however, use this very example to show how polygamy is wrong because his children fought ( with each other and their parents ). however, can we blame this on david or his wives? absolutely not. god only created one eve for adam note that this was written by moses, who had ( at least ) two wives this is also a weak argument. when god created eve, he created her as a helper. whether or not he intended for this to be a marriage situation is of secondary concern and something that we cannot know 1 2. on the contrary, though, god has given us a pattern to follow for marriage : 22 wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the lord. 23 for the husband is the head of the wife as christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the savior. 24 now as the church submits to christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything. 25 husbands, love your wives, just as christ loved the church and gave himself up for her we are to model our marriages after the the relationship that jesus has with the church, not after the helper relationship that adam had with eve. furthermore, in the parable of the ten virgins ( matthew 25 : 1 - 13 ), jesus describes himself using an analogy of a bride", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4633789036486418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3826e95-f72b-4c72-8b7f-c730e43c1c0b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.106756"}
{"text": "the relationship that jesus has with the church, not after the helper relationship that adam had with eve. furthermore, in the parable of the ten virgins ( matthew 25 : 1 - 13 ), jesus describes himself using an analogy of a bridegroom that is preparing to marry ten women. why would jesus really compare himself to a polygamist if it were detestable to him? \" elders should be men of one wife \" many use titus 1 : 6 and 1 timothy 3 : 2, 12 against polygamy. they say that these verses talk about how deacons, overseers, and elders should be men of \" one wife \". point 1 : simply because elders should be a \" man of one wife \", does not prevent polygamy among everyone else in the church. point 2 : translation of this \" one wife \" is not as cut - and - dry as it may seem to fully understand point 2, i want to compare these three passages to 1 timothy 5 : 9 : a widow is to be put on the list only if she is not less than sixty years old, having been the wife of one man the greek for the word \" one \" here is heis. from strongs concordance 1520, this word is translated as however, if we look at titus 1 : 6 and 1 timothy 3 : 2, 12, the word we see for \" one \" is mias. this is the same word used in matthew 28 : 1 for \" first \". while it ' s not definitive that mias should be translated as \" first \" instead of \" one \", it definitely shows that \" a man of one wife \" can have multiple translations. in fact, let ' s look at the niv version of this : titus 1 : 6 ( niv ) an elder must be blameless, faithful to his wife, a man whose children believe and are not open to the charge of being wild and disobedient. \" faithful to his wife \"? why did they translate it that way? is it because they ' re trying to \" please the polygamy crowd \"? absolutely not! the purpose of this passage is to indicate that the elders should be above reproach, faithful to his wife. if you accept the mias as \" first \", it changes the translation of this passage to \" man of his first wife \", which means someone who ' s never been divorced! that is the purpose of this passage : not to exclude polygamist, but to find men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49493072866829513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3826e95-f72b-4c72-8b7f-c730e43c1c0b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.108148"}
{"text": "as \" first \", it changes the translation of this passage to \" man of his first wife \", which means someone who ' s never been divorced! that is the purpose of this passage : not to exclude polygamist, but to find men who should be held up as models for the community. men who are faithful and can maintain a marriage faithfully. two become one flesh note that this was written by moses, who had ( at least ) two wives that is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh. there are several passages that show that a man becomes \" one flesh \" with a woman regardless if it is his wife or a prostitute. the idea of \" one flesh \" does not mean that the man is exclusive to that woman. it means that they join themselves as if married. this is true regardless of who the man does this with. this is also clear in ephisians 6 : 16 - 17 ( niv ) 16 do you not know that he who unites himself with a prostitute is one with her in body? for it is said, \u201c the two will become one flesh. \u201d 17 but whoever is united with the lord is one with him in spirit. it is clear that many believers can unite with the lord as many prostitutes can unite with one man. furthermore, in john skinner ' s genesis : international critical commentary ( t & t clarke, edinburgh, 1930 ) p. 70, skinner notes that the word for \" flesh \" here is synonymous for \" clan \" or \" family group \" - - both in the hebrew and arabic. this word for \" flesh \", in fact, is the same word used here in leviticus 25 : 49 an uncle or a cousin or any blood relative in their clan may redeem them. or if they prosper, they may redeem themselves. clearly, there is no restriction of one man becoming an exclusive single flesh with a woman. there are many other arguments that can be heard and answered at biblicalpolygamy. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126336604607726, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3826e95-f72b-4c72-8b7f-c730e43c1c0b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.108900"}
{"text": "a universal ex vivo / in vivo hybrid platform for the in situ tracking of behavior and fate determination of defined stem cell populations : a bridge towards clinical application of stem cell therapy for cns pathology early translational i novel applications for stem cell therapy have been proposed for a broad range of congenital and acquired pathology. the central nervous system ( cns ) represents a key target for stem cell therapy. malignant brain and spinal cord tumors remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children and adults. pediatric brain tumors are second only to leukemia as the most common malignancy of childhood and now represent the leading cause of cancer - related death in children. accumulating data documents permanent functional disability exhibited by the few fortunate survivors. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) ( lou gehrig \u2019 s disease, currently affecting stephen hawkins ) is a progressive and usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease ultimately resulting from the loss of motor neurons. this leads to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the body. als is one of the most common neuromuscular diseases worldwide, affecting people of all races and ethnic backgrounds, with an incidence of approximately 2 per 100, 000 annually. new approaches to the treatment of brain tumors and als are desperately needed. a universal platform is needed for realistic, rapid and cost - effective pre - clinical development and testing for human stem cell therapies aimed at specific diseases, such as brain tumors and als. the current dilemma of stem cell research arises from attempts to extrapolate results from two disparate techniques. classically, stem cell development and survival has been solely characterized by describing the fate of dissociated cells grown on highly artificial plastic tissue culture plates. the artifactual nature of this completely foreign tissue culture system with the resultant conflicting results is becoming well recognized, as evidenced by confusing and contradictory results reported by different researchers. pre - clinical testing of stem cell therapies has classically been evaluated by transplanting stem cell populations into animal disease models to observe for clinical improvement. this essentially represents a process in which stem cells are introduced into a \u201c black box \u201d with the hope of observing some desirable outcome exhibited by the transplanted animal. here, we propose a universal hybrid platform, which allows for the tracking of stem cell fate after transplantation of these stem cell populations into small slices of brain or spinal cord, replicating human brain tumors and als, respectively. finally, the fate of the patient \u2019 s own stem cells will be characterized when reintroduced into their own brain tumor containing brain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5293556837015008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:026cfdc3-e063-41b0-b552-191709a50aee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.237138"}
{"text": "transplantation of these stem cell populations into small slices of brain or spinal cord, replicating human brain tumors and als, respectively. finally, the fate of the patient \u2019 s own stem cells will be characterized when reintroduced into their own brain tumor containing brain slices. through the application of the systematic stem cell investigation paradigm proposed in this application, it is hoped that more reliable pre - clinical assessment of stem cell fate and subsequent biological outcome will translate into improved predictability enabling more rapid development of efficacious, disease - specific stem cell clinical therapies. statement of benefit to california : malignant brain and spinal cord tumors remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children and adults including california. pediatric brain tumors are second only to leukemia as the most common malignancy of childhood and now represent the leading cause of cancer - related death in children. the prognosis for malignant brain tumors remains dismal, best appreciated in poor long - term survival statistics. accumulating data document permanent functional disability exhibited by the fortunate survivors. the costs for the patient and family cannot be overestimated. overall estimates of the incidence of brain cancers in the united states show that about 20, 000 will be diagnosed annually with about 2500 in california. the economic costs are high. repeated use of physician, inpatient, outpatient and laboratory services as well as lost future earnings and occurrence of secondary diseases cost californians of more than 1. 5 billion dollars annually. fundamentally new approaches to the treatment of brain tumors are desperately needed. the objectives of this proposal focus upon utilizing a refined biological model to allow for the direct study of in situ behaviors of stem cell ( neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells ) and cancer stem cell populations within brain and spinal cord microenvironments with the ultimate goal being improved therapeutic applications. this is a proposal to determine whether organotypic slice models from brain and spinal cord can be used to predict the fate of human embryonic ( hesc ) or adult stem cells introduced into human patients, as the applicants feel the slice model is an important preclinical, predictive assay tool. in the first aim, stem cells will be injected into organotypic slices derived from human tumor specimens from the central nervous system, or from spinal cord sections from a mouse genetically altered to model amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ). migration, differentiation and survival of the cells will be tracked using confocal and multiphoton microscopy ( mpm )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.522495619644023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:026cfdc3-e063-41b0-b552-191709a50aee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.240095"}
{"text": "system, or from spinal cord sections from a mouse genetically altered to model amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ). migration, differentiation and survival of the cells will be tracked using confocal and multiphoton microscopy ( mpm ) and optical coherence tomography ( oct ). in the second aim, a fiber - based multiphoton microscopy ( mpm ) system with a miniature probe will be used to perform in vivo imaging and tracking of stem cell in animal models. reviewers agreed that the disease targets chosen ( als and pediatric tumors ) are important, but felt that the applicants had not made a case that the research planned would positively impact the progress toward cell therapies for these ( or other ) disorders. the applicant did not discuss a compelling rationale for stem cell therapies for pediatric cancer ( though they may be important ), nor for the use of tumor material as a good model for cell transplantation studies. reviewers felt they had to read between the lines. in the case of als, reviewers understood the rationale for the slice model, as stem cells may be a good candidate for repair and restoration of motor neurons that are lost in this disease. the behavior of human embryonic stem cells ( hescs ) cultured in vitro likely does not mimic their activity in vivo, where tissue - specific environmental factors and stromal elements modify their phenotype. so in principle, reviewers agreed with the applicant that comparison of the properties of hescs in their slice model with the behavior after injection into the brains or spinal cords of mice might inform one of the utility and predictive powers of the slice model, noting that organotypic slide models from rodents have been used for a long time, but the comparisons ( sufficient preliminary data ) needed to justify the proposal were not presented clearly. reviewers commented that it was difficult to assess the feasibility of the project as the proposal lacked clarity and was extremely disorganized. the applicant often referred reviewers to published data rather than providing a brief description of the intended experiments, stem cells and assays to be used, and follow - up experiments to be performed, and much of the research design and methods seemed to be derivative. preliminary data were lacking ( a major issue since the comparison data between slice and in vivo transplants are the core of data needed to convince reviewers of the necessity of developing a new preclinical model ). for the first aim, the attributes of the organotypic slice cultures are described but no relevant data are provided. the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5541087361292767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:026cfdc3-e063-41b0-b552-191709a50aee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.241506"}
{"text": "##s are the core of data needed to convince reviewers of the necessity of developing a new preclinical model ). for the first aim, the attributes of the organotypic slice cultures are described but no relevant data are provided. the second aim places a great deal of emphasis upon developing an imager, but again preliminary data are not presented and if such an instrument is not forthcoming the entire aim will be difficult to execute. reviewers commended the principal applicant \u2019 s academic credentials and training, and commented that the listed collaborators are well - qualified and the research environment is excellent. however, they also noted that the application did not highlight the organotypic slide experience of the investigators, which contributed to concerns about the project \u2019 s feasibility. in summary, this proposal attempts to address the bottleneck of understanding behavior of cells after transplantation, devising a model to predict reliably stem cell behavior, using als and pediatric tumor models as test - beds for the organotypic slice work. the application did not highlight its assets in a way that reviewers could be convinced that the project was worth investment, and reviewers pointed out many weaknesses, including a diffuse and vague focus, lack of important details and preliminary data. without the relevant preliminary data and absence of a discussion of significant experience with organotypic slice model when the roles of personnel were discussed, the reviewers had major concerns about feasibility of the project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5066981912338567, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:026cfdc3-e063-41b0-b552-191709a50aee>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.242129"}
{"text": "atlanta is a real peach for visitors the city of atlanta owes a huge debt to union gen. william tecumseh sherman. during the latter stages of the u. s. civil war, sherman famously marched his army across georgia destroying everything in its path, in an effort to cut supply lines to confederate troops farther north. his \u201c march to the sea \u201d left the state, along with the booming metropolis of atlanta, in ruins. georgia \u2019 s largest city at the time, savannah, was left intact and later \u201c presented \u201d by sherman to president abraham lincoln in an 1864 christmas card. atlanta, however, had to rebuild from scratch. money poured in throughout the period of southern reconstruction as several major corporations chose atlanta for their headquarters. the result was a modern city that quickly became the economic centre of the south. coca - cola, perhaps atlanta \u2019 s best - known company, was first formulated and served in 1886. created in response to local prohibition laws, the drink was an instant hit at local soda fountains. the coca - cola corporation quickly set up shop in atlanta, forever safe - guarding its \u201c secret formula \u201d of the drink \u2019 s ingredients. today, the world of coca - cola museum attracts millions of visitors every year. exhibits and videos detail the company \u2019 s history and worldwide appeal. the company \u2019 s iconic advertising history is vividly displayed via hundreds of signs, pushcarts, billboards and nearly every other advertising medium one can think of. the highlight for most visitors is the taste it! exhibit, where visitors can try samples of coke products from around the world. next door to the world of coca - cola is the gargantuan georgia aquarium. opened in 2005, the aquarium was the brainchild of noted jewish philanthropist bernard marcus, co - founder of home depot hardware stores. in 2001, marcus travelled to 13 countries and more than 50 aquariums in order to research designs that would appeal to visitors worldwide. his $ 250 - million gift to the city of atlanta resulted in a stunning edifice, home to more than 100, 000 species of animals. kids will especially enjoy the stingray petting tank and the incredible dolphin tales show. atlanta was home to noted u. s. civil rights leader rev. martin luther king jr. his childhood house and church are now part of the american national park system and have been designated a national historic site. the museum guides visitors through the leader \u2019 s childhood in fiercely segregated atlanta through to his adulthood as a noted baptist preacher and civil rights activist. king and his wife, coretta,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37548913171089005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95f0aece-9125-48ec-b056-a5e097201fad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.250505"}
{"text": "the american national park system and have been designated a national historic site. the museum guides visitors through the leader \u2019 s childhood in fiercely segregated atlanta through to his adulthood as a noted baptist preacher and civil rights activist. king and his wife, coretta, are interred nearby. not to be missed is atlanta \u2019 s infamous stone mountain park, the site of the 1915 revival of the ku klux klan. the daughters of the confederacy organization commissioned a massive carving on the face of the mountain as a civil war memorial in 1916. the detailed relief depicts confederate states of america president jefferson davis, along with generals robert e. lee and stonewall jackson. today, stone mountain park is home to numerous attractions, including an amusement park, a historic georgia plantation and countless miles of hiking trails. the city \u2019 s jewish community dates back to before the civil war. although they made up just a tiny percentage of the city \u2019 s population, by the start of the war, jews owned a disproportionally large number of the city \u2019 s retail shops. during the early 20th century, jews were routinely excluded from many professions and social clubs by other southern whites, but usually didn \u2019 t experience the racism felt by african - americans. this changed dramatically in 1913 during the trial of leo frank. frank, a jewish factory worker originally from new york, was tried and convicted for the murder of a white female co - worker. his conviction was based mostly on the testimony of a black janitor ; something that would never have occurred had the defendant been christian. frank was later abducted from prison by an angry white mob and lynched in the nearby city of marietta. throughout segregation, jewish storeowners in atlanta were among the only whites that employed black workers and extended credit to black patrons. atlanta \u2019 s jews were generally very supportive of the civil rights movement of the 1960s, much to the ire of their white, christian neighbours. today, more than 100, 000 jews live in the atlanta metropolitan area, making it the largest jewish community in the \u201c bible belt. \u201d while jews are mostly centred in the north druid hills area of town, there are numerous smaller communities spread throughout the region. outreach groups chabad and aish hatorah have a strong presence in atlanta and have contributed to a religious resurgence in the last decade. conveniently located along one of the traditional \u201c snowbird \u201d routes to florida, atlanta is a must - see with activities available for the whole family! michael stavsky acknowledges the assistance of the atlanta convention and visitors bureau in planning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4404411604446485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95f0aece-9125-48ec-b056-a5e097201fad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.253410"}
{"text": "u. s. : hurrican sandy - the new \" normal \" some called it frankenstorm sandy, some superstorm sandy, needless to say hurricane sandy was the worst storm the new york metro area and new jersy has seen in decades, if not ever. earlier in october many islands in the carribean were devastated by the storm. as it made it ' s way north up the atlantic coast of the u. s. it became apparent that hurricane sandy would turn to the west and slam directly into the densly populated metro area. photos of the aftermath [ here, here and here ] give a sense of the destruction, but it ' s the stories [ here, and here ] on the ground that describe the impact on people, the environment and other species. while some referred to hurricane sandy as a 100 - year, or even a 500 - hundred year storm, many climate watchers pointed out the obvious : a warmer climate facilitates stronger storms. and none other than respected climate scientists like james hansen have the data. the devastation of sandy on the new york metro area now has even moderate politicians finally speaking up about climate change. that in the wake of three u. s. presidential debates where the word \" climate \" never even came up. most people picking up what ' s left of their homes and lives on the east coast of the united states and in the carribean probably think it ' s time to end climate silence now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4346302834231268, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:912e7e36-ed94-4f5c-9119-7c651b0b1543>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.256289"}
{"text": "( other useful character entities ) \u2010 = hyphen ( \u2011 = non \u2010 breaking hyphen ( \u2012 = figure dash ( \u2013 = en dash ( \u2014 = em dash ( \u2212 = minus sign ( - = default hyphen \u2010 minus ( what is shown when you press the key next to zero on the keyboard ) following is taken from http : / / www. alistapart. com / articles / emen / : that hyphen you can insert with the key next to the zero on your keyboard is an ambiguous character suffering from an identity crisis. it can \u2019 t decide if it \u2019 s a hyphen, a minus, or an en dash \u2014 in fact, the unicode specification describes it as \u201c hyphen \u2010 minus \u201d and defines very specific replacements for each of its personalities. use it if you need to insert a hyphen, but never for a minus ( \u2212 ) or a dash, since it does not have the correct width for either, or the vertical position for the latter ( compare \u201c 1 + 4 - 2 = 3 \u201d to \u201c 1 + 4\u22122 = 3 \u201d ). the soft hyphen ( a. k. a. \u201c discretionary hyphen \u201d and \u201c optional hyphen \u201d ) is to be used for one purpose only \u2014 to indicate where a word may be broken at the end of a line. otherwise, it is to remain invisible and not affect the appearance of the word. some browsers display it no matter where it falls, but this is not the correct behavior. others in the past have recommended against its use because its behavior was not well \u2010 defined, but the html 4. 01 spec makes its use and behavior clear and unambiguous. three other hyphen characters exist in unicode, but are unfortunately not defined in the html entity set ( although they should be ) : - the non \u2010 breaking hyphen ( \u2011 not in html ) does just what its name implies. - the hyphen character ( \u2010 not in html ) is meant to be used in place of the hyphen \u2010 minus when a hyphen is exactly the desired character. - the hyphenation point ( not in html ) is that bullet \u2010 like character you find in some dictionaries to separate syllables. that is its only use, but if you \u2019 re creating an online dictionary, using it will make your entries look more professional. - figure dash the figure dash ( \u2012 ) is so named because it is the same width as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5321924761019315, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84521fed-4e84-4da3-95aa-6c1210d89c4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.263385"}
{"text": "some typographers prefer to use an en dash surrounded by full spaces instead of an em dash. others prefer to insert hair spaces on either side of the em dash, but this is problematic with some web browsers ( see the section on spaces for more detail ). - em dash the em dash ( \u2014 ) is used to indicate a sudden break in thought ( \u201c i was thinking about writing a \u2014 what time did you say the movie started? \u201d ), a parenthetical statement that deserves more attention than parentheses indicate, or instead of a colon or semicolon to link clauses. it is also used to indicate an open range, such as from a given date with no end yet ( as in \u201c peter sheerin [ 1969 \u2014 ] authored this document. \u201d ), or vague dates ( as a stand \u2010 in for the last two digits of a four \u2010 digit year ). two adjacent em dashes ( a 2 \u2010 em dash ) are used to indicate missing letters in a word ( \u201c i just don \u2019 t f \u2014 \u2014 ing care about 3. 0 browsers \u201d ). three adjacent em dashes ( a 3 \u2010 em dash ) are used to substitute for the author \u2019 s name when a repeated series of works are presented in a bibliography, as well as to indicate an entire missing word in the text. more info can be found at http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / dash.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4865350010363431, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84521fed-4e84-4da3-95aa-6c1210d89c4d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.266679"}
{"text": "guidelines for phast facilitators and programme managers in the countries where phast has been tested, the results have been inspiring : hygiene behaviours and sanitation have improved, and communities have taken over management of sanitation and water facilities. the investments made in developing the tools necessary for the approach paid off. the toolkit materials are vital for helping group participants to develop the skills and confidence to think problems through, identify solutions and plan for change. we strongly recommend that you take the time to carefully plan the development of your toolkit with an artist, or artists, using the guidelines which follow here and in the guidelines for phast artists. for further information about making a toolkit see srinivasan ( 1991 ). types of toolkits the ideal toolkit consists of drawings made by local artists to reflect the local culture and conditions. most of the instructions which follow refer to this type of toolkit. prototype toolkits : these are drawings that are generally applicable over a wide cultural area where customs, housing and clothing are nearly the same. once a prototype toolkit has been made, it may only be necessary to modify a few drawings to look like the specific local setting in which you will be working. modification will be much simpler if the prototype toolkit drawings have been done as black and white line drawings. this makes it easier to adapt and modify the drawings to suit different situations. these modifications can be done by tracing or photocopying the original drawings and using colour to show regional variations. a prototype toolkit is a good investment at the national level. remember, though, that rural and urban areas are very different physical environments and often have different water, sanitation and hygiene problems. for this reason you generally cannot use the same toolkit for rural and urban areas, even within the same country. creating new drawings for each toolkit can be expensive, but there are ways to cut costs by using a combination of different materials that may be available to you. some suggestions follow. using photographs : existing photographs can be used to help design specific tools. they can be reproduced in sizes appropriate to the activity and several sets made. this can be an effective technique for some of the tools, for example, for sanitation options and for planning posters, especially if photographs of existing technologies and processes are readily available. but it is less than ideal because details in the photographs may distract participants from the purpose of the discussion. the presence of familiar people and places in the photos can also be misleading and can tend to personalize the discussions and even put people on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4645063075913058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12564849-f2f3-4c99-b0d5-ab5501d9deb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.279044"}
{"text": "available. but it is less than ideal because details in the photographs may distract participants from the purpose of the discussion. the presence of familiar people and places in the photos can also be misleading and can tend to personalize the discussions and even put people on the defensive. using existing materials : existing hygiene education materials, such as posters and flip - charts can be used creatively and inexpensively to develop the materials for specific activities. different drawings are separated or cut apart and used in three - pile sorting, for example. such materials may need to be supplemented with additional drawings. the disadvantage of using existing materials is that they are often not open to different interpretations, which can create problems for the facilitator, particularly with the more open - ended activities. technical and project manuals can also be a good source of pictures and drawings which can be cut out and separated for specific activities. timeframe to make a toolkit in most instances you will already have a prototype toolkit - usually made up of black and white line drawings - obtained from a phast training workshop. this kit will need to be modified to suit local circumstances. you should allow about one month to prepare the local toolkit because : - you will need to find an artist, or artists 5 a useful strategy for providing this explanation is to arrange to have the artist or artists attend a phast training workshop and to make the drawings during the workshop. see section entitled, \u201c involve artists in a training workshop \u201d. you should make a budget for producing the toolkit. this will be based on the number of drawings needed. if possible, it would be best to get estimates of the cost for the same work from three artists, together with a sample of their work. you can then compare prices and the skills of the different artists. sometimes the cheapest price will not be the best choice. one of the artists might be a little more expensive. but the drawings may be a lot better and the artist may understand what you want much more clearly than the other artist ( s ) you are considering. in which case, provided you can afford it, it would be better to choose the slightly more expensive artist. more experienced and professional artists tend to charge by the drawing, while others by the \u201c set \u201d, or by the time spent. if there is a clear work plan and timeframe, and particularly when a workshop is involved, it may be useful to draw up a contract for two, four, or even six weeks. in recruiting artists, it is also useful to consider the possibility of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4894808579289601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12564849-f2f3-4c99-b0d5-ab5501d9deb4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.280655"}
{"text": "there is a clear work plan and timeframe, and particularly when a workshop is involved, it may be useful to draw up a contract for two, four, or even six weeks. in recruiting artists, it is also useful to consider the possibility of establishing a long - term relationship, giving preference to artists employed by development organizations or freelance artists with an interest in and sensitivity to participatory and development activities. finally, when negotiating with artists, it is useful to keep in mind that their important skills are frequently undervalued. remember to make allowance for any travel costs that might arise when the artist visits the community. there will be costs for materials ( such as paper and paints ), for making copies of the drawings and perhaps for having the drawings laminated to make them more durable. you may find it useful to provide the artist with a form to estimate costs. you can use this form to compare the costs of several artists. it may also mean that costs are not forgotten at the start. it can be a real problem later on if an artist forgets to include, for example, the cost of paper, special drawing pens and inks, and then asks you for more money. finding an artist try to find an artist who lives in or close to the communities or ethnic group you will be working with. this will produce the best results and also save time and money, as the artist will need to visit the community more than once to observe the people, type of buildings and facilities, etc. explaining the task to an artist explain that a participatory approach is one that does not focus on transferring a particular message from the facilitator to group participants. rather, the opposite is true, with more importance attached to getting the participants to share their experiences, ideas, feelings and beliefs, and through this process developing the ability to solve their own problems ( see srinivasan, 1991 ). explain that the drawings will be used to help group members think for themselves and participate in the process of making environmental improvements. give a brief outline of the activities, explain what they are designed to achieve, and show sample drawings. explain the number of drawings needed, what they should be of, and how you want the drawings done. use the guidelines for phast artists in part iii to help you. explain that the people, types of housing, vegetation, clothing and types of facilities drawn must look similar to the community or ethnic group you are working with and that this will help people to use the drawings more successfully. invite the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4543005234669837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12564849-f2f3-4c99-b0d5-ab5501d9deb4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.281767"}
{"text": "iii to help you. explain that the people, types of housing, vegetation, clothing and types of facilities drawn must look similar to the community or ethnic group you are working with and that this will help people to use the drawings more successfully. invite the artist to visit the community with you. visiting the community arrange a time to meet the artist when you can walk around the community together and get really familiar with the way people dress, where they live, the type of water and sanitation facilities they have, and any problem areas in the community, particularly those relating to water and sanitation. make notes and rough sketches of what you see, so that later it will be easier to discuss the drawings that will be needed. after you have visited the community, either on the same day, or the day after, sit down somewhere quiet with the artist and discuss what you have seen together. make a list of the drawings you will need. involve artists in a training workshop if possible, the artists should attend a complete phast training workshop. when the workshop participants visit a community, the artist should come along and make initial sketches. then, while the training workshop continues, the artist should be making the drawings. the draft drawings can be used and discussed in the training sessions, and during further visits to the community, and modified as a result of these visits and discussions. this is a practical and participatory form of pretesting. supervise the artist ' s work the artist ' s work should be carefully supervised. regularly reviewing pencil sketches before they are completed and the final drawing made is advisable. making changes to a completed drawing can be difficult. the drawings should also be pretested with community members. this is done by taking the drawings to the community and asking people what they see, and whether they think the drawings look like their area and show cultural features correctly. drawings should be modified according to the feedback received. quality of drawings drawings made for phast or other sarar activities are generally simple line drawings. they should be clear and uncluttered and preferably in colour. however, it is best if the original drawings created for a prototype toolkit are first made as black and white line drawings and plenty of copies made, either by tracing or by photocopying the original drawings. these copies can be adapted to reflect local regional situations much more easily than coloured drawings. copies of drawings facilitators will generally need a number of sets of drawings. so keep a master set in black and white that can be photocopied ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825727641382288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12564849-f2f3-4c99-b0d5-ab5501d9deb4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.283215"}
{"text": "prof : mark jensen web page : www. plu. edu / ~ jensenmk / office hours : m 1 : 45 p. m. - 3 : 45 p. m., w 1 : 45 p. m. - 3 : 45 p. m., f 1 : 45 p. m. - 2 : 45 p. m. this course is a continuation of french 201, but because of a change of instructor and ongoing program revision, french 202 will not use the materials used in french 201 in spring 2009. apologies to those who have to buy new books! all work in this class will be in french. wish infrequent exceptions like this syllabus, all our communication will be in french. the classroom is a french - language zone where use of other languages is inappropriate except in exceptional circumstances. the goals of french 202 : first, the course aims : 1 ) to help you master elements of grammar essential to effective communication in french ; 2 ) to expand your vocabulary in french in a systematic fashion ; 3 ) to develop your ability to speak and write effectively in authentic french ; 4 ) to improve your french pronunciation ; 5 ) to make you more aware of the generic and social dimensions of linguistic communication in french. second, french 202 seeks to help you : 1 ) to gain insights into the values of francopohone cultures, especially french culture, with, as an organizing theme, a special emphasis in the class on the notion of justice ; 2 ) to learn more about how french culture has influenced your own culture. third, this course aspires : 1 ) to enhance your ability to analyze and compare ideas and opinions, both your own and those of others ; 2 ) through works of literature and discussion of them, to deepen your acquaintance with conventions of genre, the influence of history, and the progress of ideas, and how these have affected and shaped human experience ; 3 ) to learn to challenge assumptions intellectually, reflect upon different perspectives, evaluate and explain different viewpoints on complex issues, and defend judgments. in addition, intensive work with the french language at this level will give you new perspectives on your own native language and stimulate your reflection on language itself. in the fourteen weeks of this course, you will 1 ) work through the second half of a fairly rigorous presentation of french grammar text, written entirely in french, referring back to the first half of the text as needed ; 2 ) read several works of french literature and study a film, using the language to engage not only with dimensions of french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48043472369899526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39227ee5-ff75-4d88-ae01-81f4482ffada>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.296280"}
{"text": "a fairly rigorous presentation of french grammar text, written entirely in french, referring back to the first half of the text as needed ; 2 ) read several works of french literature and study a film, using the language to engage not only with dimensions of french culture and civilization but also to acquaint the student with some rudimentary critical notions. in additon, the course also aims systematically to expand your vocabulary. activities in class will vary, usually according to the day of the week. mondays will usually be devoted to grammar study and practice. you ' ll be asked to study pages in grammar text in preparation for the class. a short written composition ( or, on the following week, the revision of the previous week ' s composition ) will be also be due in class. wednesdays will be devoted to further work on grammar, usually with additonal attention to pronunciation and group work, occasionally including performances, games, or class presentations. fridays will be usually be devoted to work with literary texts or with film. wed., sept. 9 ( 11 : 50 a. m. ) : introductions. discussion of course, study methods, and expectations for the course. fri., sept. 11 : before class : read the first act of le malentendu by camus, and study the vocabulary and sentences in fournier, i, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 7. also review briefly chapters 1 - 6 in barson. in class : review, using act i of le malentendu. bring camus, fournier, and barson to class. sign - up for a conversation session sept. 14 - 25. mon., sept. 14 : barson, chapter 7 grammar. prepare the vocabulary in fournier, ii, \u00a7 \u00a7 6 - 10. wed., sept. 16 : barson, chapter 7 group work. fournier, iii, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6. fril, sept. 18 : camus le malentendu, act ii. fournier, iv, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 7. mon., sept. 21 : barson, chapter 8 grammar. fournier, v, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 4. wed., sept. 23 : barson, chapter 8 group work. fournier, vi, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 7. fri., sept. 25 : camus, le malentendu, act iii. fournier, vii, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6. mon., sept. 28 : barson, chapter 8 grammar. four", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46332433431903997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39227ee5-ff75-4d88-ae01-81f4482ffada>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.297325"}
{"text": "4 - 7. fri., sept. 25 : camus, le malentendu, act iii. fournier, vii, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6. mon., sept. 28 : barson, chapter 8 grammar. fournier, viii, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 5. wed., sept. 30 : barson, chapter 8 group work. fournier, ix, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 4. fri., oct. 2 : maupassant, \u00ab la peur \u00bb fournier, x, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 5. mon., oct. 5 : barson, chapter 9 grammar. fournier, xi, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 5. wed., oct. 7 : barson, chapter 9 group work. fournier, xii, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 4. fri., oct. 9 : film in class : la nuit de varennes ( first half ). mon., oct. 12 : barson, chapter 9 grammar. fournier, xiii, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 7. wed., oct. 14 : barson, chapter 9 group work. fournier, xiv, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6. fri., oct. 16 : film in class : la nuit de varennes ( second half ). fournier, xv, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6. mon., oct. 19 : midterm review. wed., oct. 21 : midterm exam. fri., oct. 23 : mid - semester break. mon., oct. 26 : barson, chapter 10 grammar. fournier, xvi, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 4. wed., oct. 28 : barson, chapter 10 group work. fournier, xvii, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 7. fri. oct. 30 : simenon, l ' affaire saint - fiacre, chapters 1 - 2. fournier, xviii, \u00a7 \u00a7 2 - 3. mon., nov. 2 : barson, chapter 10 grammar. fournier, xix \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 5. wed., nov. 4 : barson, chapter 10 group work. fournier, xx, \u00a7 \u00a7 3 - 5. fri., nov. 6 : simenon, l ' affaire saint - fiacre, chapters 3 - 4. fournier, xxi, \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 6. mon., nov. 9 : barson, chapter 11 grammar. fournier, xxii, \u00a7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43022963566119715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39227ee5-ff75-4d88-ae01-81f4482ffada>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.298167"}
{"text": ". : final exam. quia homework schedule exercises should be done before class on the date indicated. recommended : as you do exercises, use the cuthbertson verb wheel to review verbs you ' ve forgotten or with which you ' re not familiar. note : this is the first edition of barson ' s book to be quia - ized, and there are mistakes in the corrections to the exercises. anyone who correctly identifies an error and explains it grammatically in writing will get extra credit for each error found. mon., sept. 14 : \u00a7 \u00a7 7 - 1. 1 - 5 wed., sept. 16 : \u00a7 \u00a7 7 - 2. 1 - 3 fri., sept. 18 : \u00a7 \u00a7 7 - 2. 2 - 4 mon., sept. 21 : \u00a7 \u00a7 8 - 1. 1 - 4 wed., sept. 23 : \u00a7 \u00a7 8 - 2. 1 - 3 fri., sept. 25 : \u00a7 \u00a7 8 - 2. 4 - 6 mon., oct. 5 : \u00a7 \u00a7 9 - 1. 1 - 4 wed., oct. 7 : \u00a7 \u00a7 9 - 2. 1 - 4 fri., oct. 9 : \u00a7 \u00a7 9 - 2. 6 mon., oct. 12 : \u00a7 \u00a7 9 - 1. 5 - 10 wed., oct. 14 : \u00a7 \u00a7 9 - 2. 7 - 10 mon., oct. 26 : \u00a7 \u00a7 10 - 1. 1 - 2 wed., oct. 28 : \u00a7 \u00a7 10 - 2. 1 - 5 mon., nov. 2 : \u00a7 \u00a7 10 - 1. 3 - 5 wed., nov. 4 : \u00a7 \u00a7 10 - 2. 6 - 8 mon., nov. 9 : \u00a7 \u00a7 11 - 1. 1 - 2 wed., nov. 11 : \u00a7 \u00a7 11 - 2. 1 - 2 mon., nov. 16 : \u00a7 \u00a7 11 - 1. 3 - 4 wed., nov. 18 : \u00a7 \u00a7 11 - 2. 3 - 4 mon., nov. 23 : \u00a7 \u00a7 12 - 1. 1 - 4 wed., nov. 25 : \u00a7 \u00a7 12 - 2. 1 - 2 mon., nov. 30 : \u00a7 \u00a7 12 - 2. 3 wed., dec. 2 : \u00a7 \u00a7 12 - 2. 5 - 6 schedule of compositions mon., sept. 28 : racontez l ' histoire de quelqu ' un qui s ' est sacrifie soit par amour, soit par patriotisme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46063862646464226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39227ee5-ff75-4d88-ae01-81f4482ffada>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.302190"}
{"text": "\u00a7 12 - 2. 5 - 6 schedule of compositions mon., sept. 28 : racontez l ' histoire de quelqu ' un qui s ' est sacrifie soit par amour, soit par patriotisme, soit par ferveur religieuse. utilisez des verbes pronominaux. mon., oct. 12 : vous etes soupconne ( e ), a tort, d ' etre un agent secret. vous retrouvez un ami et vous lui racontez vos mesaventures, en essayant de le convaincre que vous n ' etes pas un ( e ) espion ( ne ). utilisez des negations. mon., nov. 2 : decrivez le pays de vos reves. ce pays existe - t - il? utilisez une grande variete d ' adjectifs. mon., nov. 16 : sous forme d ' une lettre a un ( e ) nouvel ( le ) etudiant ( e ) de plu, offrez quelques bons conseils bases sur votre experience personnelle. utilisez les tournures suivantes : ( 1 ) il faut que ( 2 ) ne pensez pas que ( 3 ) il est possible que ( 4 ) c ' est une bonne idee que ( 5 ) je suis content ( e ) que ( 6 ) il serait utile que ( 7 ) il est probable que ( 8 ) je suis certain ( e ) que ( 9 ) j ' espere que ( 10 ) c ' est dommage que. mon., nov. 30 : racontez un moment ou vous avez agi avec courage. employez autant de pronoms relatifs que possible. calculation of grades your grade will be determined as follows : note : plu ' s expectation is that students will not cheat or plagiarize, and that they will not condone these behaviors or assist others who plagiarize. in work in a foreign language, this includes the use of machine ( i. e. computer ) translation. academic misconduct jeopardizes the career of the individual student involved, and also undermines the scholastic achievements of all plu students in the sense that it attacks the mission of this institution. it should go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5103151837979988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39227ee5-ff75-4d88-ae01-81f4482ffada>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.303021"}
{"text": "( i. e. computer ) translation. academic misconduct jeopardizes the career of the individual student involved, and also undermines the scholastic achievements of all plu students in the sense that it attacks the mission of this institution. it should go without saying that students are responsible for doing their own work, thereby insuring the integrity of their academic records. in addition, civil conversation is central to the university ' s academic enterprise and guided by faculty expertise. [ the university ] is committed to protecting the rights of community members to engage in dialogue and express ideas in an environment that is free from harassment, discrimination, and exploitation. this freedom of expression does not, however, entail the freedom to threaten, stalk, intimidate, harass, or abuse. students are therefore expected to treat every individual with respect and civility. ( student code of conduct, p. 12 ) an additional note : if you need course adaptations or accommodations because of a disability, if you have emergency medical information to share with me, or if you need special arrangements in case the building must be evacuated, please make an appointment with me as soon as possible. if you have questions concerning the services available for students with disabilities at plu, please contact the office of disability support services, x7206. bonne chance et bon courage! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4768107061660808, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39227ee5-ff75-4d88-ae01-81f4482ffada>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.304154"}
{"text": "| 37th president of the united states | from : january 20, 1969 \u2013 august 9, 1974 | vice president | | spiro agnew | | 36th vice president of the united states | from : january 20, 1953 \u2013 january 20, 1961 | predecessor | | alben w. barkley | | former u. s. senator from california | from : december 4, 1950 \u2013 january 1, 1953 | former u. s. representative from california ' s 12th district | from : january 3, 1947 \u2013 december 1, 1950 | successor | | patrick j. hillings | | spouse ( s ) | | thelma catherine \" pat \" ryan | richard milhous nixon was the 37th president of the united states of america, serving from 1969 to 1974. he was the only u. s. president to resign the office. he also served as the 36th vice president of the united states of america under president dwight d. eisenhower from 1953 to 1961. in 1946, he was elected as a u. s. representative. as a congressman from california, and as a member of the house committee on un - american activities, he investigated communists and instigated the successful prosecution of alger hiss for spying for the soviet union during world war ii. after two terms in the house, he was elected to the u. s. senate in november of 1950. after losing his first presidential race to john f. kennedy by a narrow margin in 1960, he unsuccessfully ran for governor of california in 1962, losing to incumbent edmund g brown. in 1968 he was elected president, and was reelected in 1972 by a landslide, but resigned the presidency on august 9, 1974 due to a threat of impeachment by congress for the watergate affair. the main impeachment charge was that nixon obstructed justice by telling employees to mislead fbi investigators about the watergate burglary. richard milhous nixon was born in yorba linda, california, on january 9, 1913. soon after, his family moved to whittier, california. nixon ' s childhood years were not unusual for someone growing up in two small towns near los angeles. his parents, frank and hannah nixon, were devout quakers. nixon had four siblings and saw two of his brothers die from tuberculosis. nixon grew up relatively poor, as his father earned a modest income from his gas station and grocery store. due to these hard times, he established a quality of determination and strong work ethic. a good student and a hard worker, nixon excelled scholastically.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41147296389422305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.321783"}
{"text": "up relatively poor, as his father earned a modest income from his gas station and grocery store. due to these hard times, he established a quality of determination and strong work ethic. a good student and a hard worker, nixon excelled scholastically. nixon attended fullerton high school and whittier high school. he graduated second in his class from whittier with honor in the study of shakespeare and latin. he was awarded scholarships to harvard and yale university, but declined due to his family ' s financial condition. he instead enrolled at whittier college, a local quaker school, where he co - founded the \" orthogonian society \", a new organzation to the campus geared towards working - class students. at whittier, nixon, a formidable debater, was elected freshman class president, and served as student body vice president in his junior year and president in his senior year. while at whittier, he taught sunday school at east whittier friends church and remained a member all his life. a lifelong football fan, nixon practiced with the team, but played little. in 1934, he graduated second in his class from whittier, and went on to duke university school of law, where he received a full scholarship, was elected president of the duke bar association, and graduated third in his class. in 1942 nixon became a lawyer for the office of price administration, the wartime liberal new deal program that regulated all prices and rationed basic commodities. during world war ii, nixon served in the navy as a reserve officer, serving in the supply corps on several islands in the south pacific, commanding cargo handling units in the scat. there he was known as \" nick \" and for his exceptional poker - playing skills, banking a large sum of money that helped finance his first campaign for congress. he rose to the rank of lieutenant commander and resigned after the war in march, 1946. - see related article : legacy of alger hiss after service in the navy he entered an entirely unstructured california political environment - - parties hardly existed there in the 1940s, and many voters were recent arrivals. as a result nixon never built a secure base in california ( or anywhere else ). in 1946 he defeated five - term democrat representative jerry voorhis, a leading liberal. two years later, nixon ran for reelection in both the republican and democrat primaries and won endorsement of both parties in the general election. nixon took typical positions for a california republican : he was hostile to communism, internationalist in outlook, and middle - of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44007907114766187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.322915"}
{"text": "two years later, nixon ran for reelection in both the republican and democrat primaries and won endorsement of both parties in the general election. nixon took typical positions for a california republican : he was hostile to communism, internationalist in outlook, and middle - of - the road in economic and social issues. nixon ' s first major breakthrough came in congress, where his dogged investigation broke the impasse of the alger hiss spy case in 1948. the idea that hiss - - a former senior adviser to president franklin roosevelt - - was a soviet spy alarmed the nation, and won the lifelong hatred of the left, whose veneer of patriotism was dissolved. in 1950 nixon was elected to the united states senate by defeating a leading hollywood liberal, helen gahagan douglas using tough campaign tactics that emphasized her votes with the far left. because of his membership of the california delegation at the 1952 republican national convention, his strong anti - communist credentials, and his appeal to the western part of the united states, nixon was named as general dwight eisenhower ' s vice presidential running mate. in the midst of the campaign questions arose about a group of seventy - six businessman from southern california who had contributed to a secret slush fund for richard nixon, being paid $ 900 a month ( totaling $ 18, 168 up to that point ). there was talk of nixon dropping from the ticket. nixon claimed that money was used for office expenses only. on september 23, 1952 he gave the now infamous \" checkers speech \" in which he said that he and his wife, pat nixon do not live lavishly, saying that his wife had not even owned a fur coat but only \" a respectable republican cloth coat \". he went on to bring up a gift someone gave his children, a \" little cocker spaniel dog \" named checkers, and said defiantly, \" regardless of what they about it, we ' re going to keep it. \" the speech was meet with overwhelming public approval. in november, eisenhower and nixon swept their way in office, winning 55 percent of the vote, to 44 percent for democrat opponent adlai stevenson. as vice president richard nixon occasionally presided over the senate and chaired the president ' s commission on government contracts, which dealt with radical discrimination by government contractors, and the cabinet committee on price stability for economic growth ( although nixon had little influence over it ). nixon also chaired the national security council. however, in a press conference president eisenhower was asked to give an example of richard nixon ' s contributions as vice president, to which eisenhower replied, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4561305410342274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.324177"}
{"text": "economic growth ( although nixon had little influence over it ). nixon also chaired the national security council. however, in a press conference president eisenhower was asked to give an example of richard nixon ' s contributions as vice president, to which eisenhower replied, \" if you give me a week, i might think of one. \" nixon did have an influential role in white house political operations. he campaigned for republican members of congress in 1954 and 1958. nixon positioned himself as presidential and his famous 1959 \" kitchen debate \" in moscow with soviet union president nikita khrushchev boosted his public appeal. by the end of the eisenhower administration nixon had become the top contender to be the republican nomination for the 1960 presidential election. 1960 presidential campaign main article : united states presidential election, 1960 nixon easily won the republican nomination for the presidency, but ran a poor campaign in the general election. despite division over the modern civil rights movement, the country was enjoying a period of relative prosperity. the most prominent issues were the cold war and the new assumption of power of dictator fidel castro of cuba. public opinion polls showed that the country trusted nixon more on foreign policy issues while democrat opponent john f. kennedy was favored on domestic issues. 1960 marked the first presidential election in which televised debates were used. kennedy won the debates, which resulted in him defeating nixon by a razor - thin margin of 49. 7 percent of the vote to 49. 5 percent. nixon believed that there was voter fraud in cook county, illinois which resulted in him losing that state, however nixon chose not to contest the results. kennedy ' s lead in the electoral college was such that he still would have been elected even if he had lost illinois. 1962 gubernatorial campaign after the election nixon returned to california and ran for governor in 1962 against incumbent pat brown. brown defeated nixon with 52 percent of the vote to 46 percent. in a post - election press conference nixon announced the end of his political career and said to the press \" you won ' t have richard nixon to kick around with anymore. \" however, nixon continued to campaign for republican congressional candidates and traveled the world, sharpening his knowledge of foreign issues. 1968 presidential campaign main article : united states presidential election, 1968 by 1967 nixon ' s financial backers were raising funds to bankroll another bid for the white house. in the republican primaries and caucuses moderates and liberals supported michigan governor george romney and later new york governor nelson rockefeller, while conservatives supported california governor ronald reagan. nixon was able to win support from southern conservatives and pass reagan in the polls, eventually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47162398666097965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.325306"}
{"text": ". in the republican primaries and caucuses moderates and liberals supported michigan governor george romney and later new york governor nelson rockefeller, while conservatives supported california governor ronald reagan. nixon was able to win support from southern conservatives and pass reagan in the polls, eventually winning the nomination. in nixon ' s second attempt for the presidency the united states was in the midst of the vietnam war, with democrats associated with the violence. with president lyndon johnson losing credibility because of the increasingly unpopular war, he declined to run for another term. vice president hubert humphrey narrowly won the democrat nomination. alabama governor george wallace, a strong segregationist, entered the race as a third party candidate. nixon promised to end the bombing in vietnam, unify the nation and restore law and order to the country. president johnson helped humphrey after he announced that bombing in north vietnam would be halted and that a cease - fire would follow, however his announcement was too late. on election day, nixon defeated humphrey by over 100 electoral votes, although he won the election with only 43 percent of the vote to 42 percent, partly because wallace took 13 percent. 1972 reelection campaign main article : united states presidential election, 1972 president nixon ' s reelection campaign got underway in 1972. he had high approval ratings for his handling china and the soviet union. nixon ' s democrat opponent, south dakota senator george mcgovern was viewed too liberal by many americans. however, there was still concern in the nixon camp because of his close victory in 1968 and the continued involvement in the vietnam war. he chose to engage in tactics that included an effort to steal information in the democrat party ' s headquarters. five nixon supporters broke into the party ' s office at the watergate complex in washington, d. c. on june 17, 1972. however, this did not become an issue in the campaign, with president nixon trumping mcgovern in 49 out of 50 states. vietnam warharvard professor henry kissinger as national security adviser, who had secret peace talks with the north vietnamese. peace negations dragged on throughout nixon ' s first term. his vietnam strategies included \" vietnamization, \" a policy aimed at reducing u. s. casualties and troops, while convincing the american public that the vietnamese people could assume the primary responsibility of waging war. to win support for the war among the \" silent majority, \" nixon pursued the \" politics of polarization. \" instrumental to this cause was nixon ' s first vice president spiro t. agnew, who criticized opponents of the war as \" nattering nabo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4206707426515824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.326356"}
{"text": "the war among the \" silent majority, \" nixon pursued the \" politics of polarization. \" instrumental to this cause was nixon ' s first vice president spiro t. agnew, who criticized opponents of the war as \" nattering nabobs of negativism, \" and an \" effete corps of impudent snobs. \" nixon also sought to instill in the north vietnamese the belief that he was volatile and unstable, and willing to use nuclear weapons in the war, a strategy known as the \" madman scenario. \" on april 30, 1970, ten days after announcing that 150, 000 american troops would be withdrawn from vietnam in the following year, nixon announced that u. s. troops had invaded cambodia. this announcement brought widespread protests and college and university campuses across the nation. four students were shot by national guardsmen at kent state university in ohio and two died at jackson state university in mississippi. many campuses shut down, some for the remainder of the academic year. the paris peace accords were signed on january 27, 1973, signaling the beginning of the peace process that ended with the evacuation of the last american personnel two years later on april 30, 1975. pictures of the last u. s. marines evacuating the american embassy by helicopter while civilians, many of which were employed by the americans during the war, attempted to climb aboard, has become a symbol of the u. s. defeat in vietnam. policy of detentechina. the soviets were not pleased of nixon, a man who spent his career attacking communism, had become president. although still a strong anti - communist, nixon understood the growing role of china and western europe, realizing that he had to be more diplomatic. with the help of national security adviser henry kissinger, nixon created an approach called detente, which was relaxed tensions between the united states and its two major communist rivals, the soviet union and china. nixon began the policy of detente by lifting trade and travel restrictions. after a long series of highly secret negations between kissinger and chinese leaders, nixon announced that he would visit china in february 1972. during the historic trip, the leaders of both nations agreed to have a more normal relationship. nixon told the chinese during a banquet toast, \" let us start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building world structure of peace and justice. \" in taking the trip, nixon hoped to both strengthen ties with china but also believed it would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4534127084391851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.327411"}
{"text": "long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building world structure of peace and justice. \" in taking the trip, nixon hoped to both strengthen ties with china but also believed it would encourage the soviet union to be more diplomatic. he proved to be correct. shortly after the public learned about china, the soviets proposed an american - soviet summit, a high level diplomatic meeting that was held in may 1972. president nixon flew to moscow for a week long summit, thus becoming the first american president since world war 2 to visit the soviet union. the two superpowers signed the first strategic arms limitation treaty, or salt 1, a plan to limit nuclear arms that the two nations had been working on for years. nixon and soviet president leonid brezhnev also agreed to increase trade and exchange scientific information. president nixon had made a significant mark on the world stage with major foreign policy triumphs. the event that ended the nixon presidency began on june 17, 1972, when five men, all employees of nixon ' s reelection campaign ( creep ), were caught breaking into rival democratic headquarters at the watergate complex in washington, dc. the intruders and two other accomplices were convicted of burglary and wiretapping in jan. 1973. the watergate affair ultimately caused nixon to resign on august 9, 1974. on september 9, 1974, his successor gerald ford granted him \" a full, free, and absolute pardon. \" this effectively ended investigation into the depth of nixon ' s involvement in the break - in at democratic national committee headquarters in the watergate hotel, or any other criminal activities. former white house counsel john dean testified to a congressional investigating committee of nixon ' s involvement in the cover - up. executive privilege, refused to turn the tapes over to the committee. in october 1973 nixon ordered elliot richardson, the attorney general, to fire archibald cox, the special prosecutor who had subpoenaed the tapes, but richardson resigned in protest. richardson ' s assistant, william ruckelshaus, also refused to fire cox and was fired by nixon. finally, solicitor general robert bork fired cox. the incident, which was trumped in the press as the \" saturday night massacre \", led to widespread calls for nixon ' s impeachment. the white house released edited transcripts of the tapes in april 1974, and eventually the tapes themselves, after the supreme court rejected nixon ' s claim to executive privilege. the house judiciary committee issued three articles of impeachment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46084246124785483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.328525"}
{"text": "' s impeachment. the white house released edited transcripts of the tapes in april 1974, and eventually the tapes themselves, after the supreme court rejected nixon ' s claim to executive privilege. the house judiciary committee issued three articles of impeachment on july 30, 1974. \" in all of this, \" the articles of impeachment summarize, \" richard m. nixon has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as president and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice, and to the manifest injury of the people of the united states. \" after conferring with republican senators nixon resigned on august 9, 1974. nixon was succeeded in office the same day by gerald ford. ford later pardoned nixon. nixon married thelma catherine ryan, known as \" pat \", in 1940. they had two children : patricia ( b. 1946 ) and julie ( b. 1948 ). - \u2191 only california allowed this sort of \" cross filing, \" and they later dropped it and went to normal intra - party primaries. richard matthew pious, the presidents, pg. 515 - aitken, jonathan. nixon : a life ( 1993 ). - ambrose, stephen. nixon ( 3v 1987 - 1991 ), the standard scholarly biography excerpt and text search vol 1 ; hostile to rn - black, conrad. richard m. nixon : a life in full ( 2007 ) 1150pp ; by a conservative ; friendly to rn - bundy, william. a tangled web : the making of foreign policy in the nixon presidency ( 1998 ). excerpt and text search - congressional quarterly. congress and the nation, 1968 - 1972 ( 1973 ). detailed coverage of all the official actions in washington - dallek, robert. nixon and kissinger : partners in power ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search - frick, daniel. reinventing richard nixon : a cultural history of an american obsession. ( 2008 ). 344 pages - greenberg, david. nixon ' s shadow : the history of the image ( 2004 ), influential study of his changing reputation excerpt and text search - hoff, joan. nixon without watergate ( 1994 ) a favorable estimate of the presidential years ; also titled nixon reconsidered ; online edition - kutler, stanley i. wars of watergate : the last crisis of richard nixon ( 1992 ), strongly hostile excerpt and text search - macmillan, margaret. nixon and mao : the week that changed the world ( 2007 ) - matusow, allen j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3901991177370341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.329573"}
{"text": ", stanley i. wars of watergate : the last crisis of richard nixon ( 1992 ), strongly hostile excerpt and text search - macmillan, margaret. nixon and mao : the week that changed the world ( 2007 ) - matusow, allen j. nixon ' s economy : booms, busts, dollars, and votes ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search - nixon, richard. rn : memoirs ( 1978 ), a primary source ; one of the most important presidential autobiographies excerpt and text search - pietrusza, david 1960 : lbj vs. jfk vs. nixon : the epic campaign that forged three presidencies new york : union square press, 2008 - reeves, richard. president nixon : alone in the white house ( 2002 ). well - received study of the white house years ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search - schoenebaum, eleanora, ed. political profiles : the nixon / ford years ( 1979 ), biographies of all the main political figures - small, melvin. the presidency of richard nixon ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search ; hostile - suri, jeremi. henry kissinger and the american century ( 2007 ) primary sources by nixon - victory without war, new york, ny : pocket books, 1989. - beyond peace, new york, ny : random house, 1994. - four great americans : tributes delivered by president richard nixon. garden city, ny : doubleday, 1973. - in the arena : a memoir of victory, defeat, and renewal, new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1990. - leaders new york, ny : warner books, 1982. - nixon in retrospect, 1946 - 1962 : selected quotations. silver spring, md : research data publishers, 1973. - no more vietnams, new york, ny : arbor house, 1985. - real peace. new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1990. - rn : the memoirs of richard nixon, new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1990. - seize the moment : america \u2019 s challenge in a one - superpowerworld. new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1992. - setting the course ; the first year, new york, ny : funk & wagnalls, 1970. - six crises. new york, ny : simon & schuster, 1990. - summons to greatness : a collage of inspirational thought and practical ideas from the messages and addresses of richard nixon, thirty - seventh president of the united states, washington, d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40017701116050847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ff37fe3-ab0e-423d-a500-6cc950fd3a2c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.330514"}
{"text": "ok state dept of ed sent this bulletin at 09 / 21 / 2012 05 : 11 pm cdt think through math is free to all schools!!! we are excited to announce that the oklahoma state department of education is making think through math available to all schools in oklahoma for free. all oklahoma schools can now take advantage of this award - winning math program for their students in grades 4 \u2013 8 at absolutely no cost whatsoever. think through math is a research - based math intervention system designed to support students who are struggling with mathematics. the program transitions students to the rigor of the common core state standards and prepares them for algebra and beyond. think through math uses a powerful blend of web - based, adaptive instruction and live, state - credentialed teachers, think through math transforms the way students think about \u2013 and think through \u2013 mathematics. for more information on think through math, click here all professional development for using think through math is also available at no cost. you can get started by using the embedded support, including videos, webinars and a support forum, available on the teacher and administrator portals. if you are interested in getting an account, please contact emily robertson, lead program manager - oklahoma. coming soon : the social studies implementation guide with the initial implementation of the recently adopted oklahoma c3 standards for the social studies, the oklahoma state department of education \u2019 s office of instruction anticipates the release of the oklahoma c3 standards for the social studies implementation guide within the next two weeks. the new standards can be accessed on the department \u2019 s website at http : / / ok. gov / sde / sites / ok. gov. sde / files / c3 - socialstudies. pdf. the implementation guide will contain the following : civic mission of social studies education in oklahoma overview of social studies coherency storyline used to develop the new standards changes to the standards from the old social studies priority academic student skills role of the common core state literacy standards for history / social studies in elementary and secondary levels building academic vocabulary ( bav ) strategies and word lists for social studies based upon the new standards a frequently asked questions ( faq ) section covering questions about the new standards, student assessment for 2012 - 2013, and resources along with suggestions for noting the new standards in lesson plans and curriculum maps will be included. the guide will be posted on the oklahoma state department of education \u2019 s social studies webpage http : / / www. ok. gov / sde / social - studies. once the implementation guide is accessible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5358097970798167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faee549-3a43-4980-a5c1-32cb8c0f9a6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.334778"}
{"text": "lesson plans and curriculum maps will be included. the guide will be posted on the oklahoma state department of education \u2019 s social studies webpage http : / / www. ok. gov / sde / social - studies. once the implementation guide is accessible, teachers will be informed through the social studies listserv and the reac3h network \u2019 s newsletter. for information regarding the new oklahoma c3 standards for the social studies contact mr. kelly curtright, director for social studies education at kelly. curtright @ sde. ok. gov or ( 405 ) 522 - 3523. social studies : it counts! the oklahoma council for the social studies is hosting the fall 2012 conference, social studies : it counts! the conference is scheduled for friday and saturday, september 28 - 29, 2012 at the moore norman technology center \u2013 s. penn campus, 13301 south penn, okc, ok 73170. on friday the conference will focus on helping secondary teachers, grades 6 - 12, implement the new literacy standards for reading and writing in social studies classrooms. saturday the breakout sessions will be wider in scope and topics for elementary through high school. since this school year is the social studies textbook adoption, textbook publishers and other exhibitors will be onsite both days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44551164285245737, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8faee549-3a43-4980-a5c1-32cb8c0f9a6c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.335451"}
{"text": "which is it : to or too? from beginning to end life seems to be a series of losses. we learn to deal with them, and how we deal with them in a small part defines who we are. as we get older and as we experience more, the losses become more regular and have greater impact. in her poem \" one art \" elizabeth bishop demonstrates these losses and how they affect our lives. the poem begins almost trivially as the speaker suggests that there are some things that have \" the intent to be lost \" ( 2, 3 ). people lose things everyday. it might be something so trivial as a set of keys or maybe a lost hour. yet losing these things can drive even the sanest person mad. according to the speaker, losing these trivial things \" isn ' t hard to master \" ( 6 ). eventually the loss of such things becomes as insignificant as the objects that have been lost. the loss or misplacement of these items occurs so often that living through it becomes second nature. once again the speaker reminds the reader that the loss \" isn ' t a disaster \" ( 3 ). in the third quatrain the practice of losing happens \" faster \" and goes \" farther \" ( 7 ) and becomes more intense, \" places, and names, and where it was you meant / to travel \" ( 8, 9 ). everyone has experienced the in ability to remember a name, a face, or a phone number. we often make plans and lists that fall by the wayside as victims of our often - busy lives. still the speaker insists, \" none of these will bring disaster \" ( 9 ). it is almost as if the speaker is not only trying to convince her reader, but also herself, that the losses she has suffered will not cause her to lose control. the next stanza seems to become more personal as the speaker mentions the loss of her mother ' s watch and the loss of a house. it seems that here the speaker begins to lose control so she trivializes the items she lists that have been lost. the loss of her mother ' s watch could actually represent the time and companionship bishop lost with her mother when she passed on. it is interesting that the speaker uses the word \" houses \" ( 11 ) instead of \" homes, \" as if using the word \" house \" takes away the warmth and memories related to the word \" home. \" again she ends the stanza by repeating, \" the art of losing isn ' t hard to master \" ( 12 ). the reader", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5169953492381691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a64b161-d737-4ba4-8912-f9c0075cab66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.339478"}
{"text": ", \" as if using the word \" house \" takes away the warmth and memories related to the word \" home. \" again she ends the stanza by repeating, \" the art of losing isn ' t hard to master \" ( 12 ). the reader begins to feel the poem build in the fifth quatrain as the losses become more vast and deeper. she says, \" i lost two cities /... two rivers, and a continent \" ( 13 ). of course she could not have lost these things in reality because she could have never owned them. perhaps it is the treasured memories or the excitement of a time long passed that she mourns. when she says she owned these places one gets the idea that maybe she was a lady of the world ; if this is the case maybe she misses the attention and the acknowledgment that came along with that kind of recognition. these are obviously places that are important to her that she lost touch with, for whatever reason. she admits that she \" misses them, \" but again repeats that their loss \" wasn ' t a disaster \" ( 15 ). in the final stanza the tone of the poem becomes more personal. it moves from seemingly inconsequential losses to the loss of something that is the hardest to control : the loss of love. it is here that the speaker begins to lose her composure. as if to get herself through this line the speaker jokingly uses the more proper \" shan ' t \" ( 17 ) instead of haven ' t. then, in the next line she changes the original line by adding the word \" too \" ( 18 ). the insertion of this word exhibits the speaker trying to convince herself that the loss of love will not cause her to lose control. it ' s as if she is trying to categorize the loss as trivial so that she can handle it with more ease. in the final line of the poem, the speaker is forcing herself on, making herself write the words in the hopes that if she writes it, it will be so. her internal struggle comes through when she commands herself, \" ( write it! ) like disaster \" ( 19 ). here she finally gives in and briefly allows herself to lose control of her emotions. \" one art \" is a beautiful poem of loss and love. bishop ' s ability to create this villanelle may in itself be an exercise in restraint. maybe bishop thinks that the constraints of the villanelle will help her to control her emotions. bishop masterfully builds \" one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49810489254519397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a64b161-d737-4ba4-8912-f9c0075cab66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.340446"}
{"text": "courtesy of jerry ehman / bigear. org | the code \" 6equj5 \" indicates a radio signal detected in 1977 at the big ear radio observatory in ohio - a signal so strong that astronomer jerry ehman wrote \" wow! \" exactly 30 years ago today, astronomer jerry ehman was looking over a printout of radio data from ohio state university ' s big ear radio observatory when he saw a string of code so remarkable that he had to circle it and scribble \" wow! \" in the margin. the printout recorded an anomalous signal so strong that it had to come from an extraordinary source. was it a burst of human - made interference? or an alien broadcast from the stars? no one knows. the source of the \" wow \" signal has never been heard from again - even though astronomers have looked for it dozens of times. now the seti institute is gearing up to look for it one more time, using the latest tool for seeking signals from extraterrestrial civilizations : the allen telescope array in california. the array combines observations from dozens of separate 20 - foot - wide ( 6 - meter - wide ) radio dishes to produce an instrument that will eventually become more sensitive than the world ' s largest single - dish telescope, the arecibo observatory. \" once the allen telescope array is up and running, and that should be later this year, there ' s going to be a small project in which we ' ll look at the same section where the ' wow ' signal was detected, and of course the same spot on the radio dial, \" seth shostak, senior astronomer at the seti institute, told me today. although that area of the sky has been searched dozens of times before, the allen telescope array will bring more sensitivity and wider spectral coverage to the quest, shostak said. the renewed search came as welcome news to ehman, the man behind the \" wow. \" \" back in 1977, of course, the computers weren ' t very powerful, \" he told me. \" nowadays, if you have the money, you can get excellent receivers, filter banks, computers - you can do much more now than you could in 1977. \" but he cautioned that the search could well come up empty again. \" with the big ear radio telescope, we stayed on that same strip of sky for close to two months and didn ' t see anything, \" he said. \" a few years later, we looked at that same area of sky and didn ' t see anything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111910191344474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3dc64f8-0f8a-4077-a9cb-ea5d487a8dba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.345006"}
{"text": "the big ear radio telescope, we stayed on that same strip of sky for close to two months and didn ' t see anything, \" he said. \" a few years later, we looked at that same area of sky and didn ' t see anything. that was frustrating. \" after the single radio burst was detected, astronomers tried to track down a terrestrial cause. but they could find no glitch in the system, and no source that could have explained the strength and the frequency of the seconds - long signal. since then, the \" wow \" signal has stood as one of the central enigmas for alien - hunters, inspiring a scene in \" the x - files. \" \" the ' wow ' signal is the best evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence, \" says one character, who refers to ehman as \" my buddy. \" ehman said aliens weren ' t the first thing that came to his mind when he saw the big ear data and wrote his famous word. \" the ' wow ' was just an instantaneous response in writing, \" he said. \" i had no expectations, other than ' here ' s something extremely interesting - and gee, let ' s try to find out what it is, or what it isn ' t. ' \" ehman recently updated his own report on the \" wow \" signal for the 30th anniversary, but the report ' s conclusion hasn ' t changed over all this time. \" it ' s still an open question what the source of the signal was, \" he told me. \" we just don ' t have enough information to determine that.... we just can ' t draw any conclusion other than it still allows for the possibility that it was a signal from an extraterrestrial civilization. \" over the past three decades, signal searchers have developed strategies for dealing with \" wow \" - type anomalies, shostak said. for example, if an interesting signal happens to be on a precisely tuned frequency like 14. 2700000 mhz, shostak said it ' s safe to assume that \" some earthly engineer \" is responsible ( unless e. t. also uses a decimal counting system and measures time in earthly seconds ). if astronomers pick up an interesting signal from one point in the sky, they ' ll shift their telescope ' s focus to aim at a different spot. if the signal doesn ' t go away, the astronomers assume that terrestrial interference is affecting the observations. that kind of reality check will be much easier to do with the allen telescope array,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143988698330361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3dc64f8-0f8a-4077-a9cb-ea5d487a8dba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.345940"}
{"text": "shift their telescope ' s focus to aim at a different spot. if the signal doesn ' t go away, the astronomers assume that terrestrial interference is affecting the observations. that kind of reality check will be much easier to do with the allen telescope array, shostak said. \" you can very quickly switch the telescope to ' point ' in a different direction without physically moving the antenna, \" he said. for these reasons, the modern search for extraterrestrial intelligence hasn ' t produced a fresh crop of \" wow \" signals, although every once in a while there ' s a false alarm that sets shostak ' s heart racing. it could well be that the \" wow \" signal will remain in a class by itself for millennia to come : never repeated, but never eliminated as a potential alien transmission. i can easily imagine that a civilization might send out a one - shot broadcast rather than a continuous stream of signals. after all, that ' s what we did. in 1974, scientists at the arecibo observatory sent a coded signal in the direction of the globular star cluster m13 for three minutes - and then just stopped. \" it was really just a demo, \" shostak said. it will take 25, 000 years for the signal to reach m13, but once it arrives, the arecibo signal might be as enigmatic for the aliens as the \" wow \" signal is for us. \" if there is somebody on the other end, they ' re going to call it the ' zork ' signal, or whatever you want to call it, \" shostak said. \" they may puzzle over that for years. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5209887054141669, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3dc64f8-0f8a-4077-a9cb-ea5d487a8dba>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.346548"}
{"text": "although nearly half of mexico ' s total land area is officially classified as agricultural, only 12 percent of the total area is cultivated. in the early 1990s, only some 24 million hectares of a possible 32 million hectares were under cultivation. extensive irrigation projects carried out in the 1940s and 1950s greatly expanded mexico ' s cropland, especially in the north. the government created areas of intensive irrigated agriculture by constructing storage dams across the valleys of the rio bravo del norte ( rio grande ) and the rivers flowing down from the sierra madre occidental, by controlling the lower rio colorado ( colorado river ), and by tapping subterranean aquifers. these water - control projects allowed mexico to expand rapidly its total land area under cultivation. between 1950 and 1965, the total area of irrigated land in mexico more than doubled, from 1. 5 million hectares to 3. 5 million hectares. despite a slowdown in the development of irrigated land after 1965, the total irrigated area had expanded to more than 6 million hectares by 1987. in the early 1990s, 80 percent of mexico ' s cultivated land required regular irrigation. because of the high cost of irrigation, however, the government has emphasized expanding production on existing farmland rather than expanding the area under irrigation. agricultural practices in mexico range from traditional techniques, such as the slash - and - burn cultivation of indigenous plants for family subsistence, to the use of advanced technology and marketing expertise in large - scale, capital - intensive export agriculture. government extension programs have fostered the wider use of machinery, fertilizers, and soil conservation techniques. although corn is grown on almost half of mexico ' s cropland, the country became a net importer of grain during the 1970s. | country studies main page | mexico country studies main page | celebrity |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40272527125383195, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00d18f39-918c-4f09-a48d-cec3eb2c22f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.348633"}
{"text": "| | the curve of the key to energy production in stars lies in what nuclear physicists call the curve of binding energy, which is illustrated in the following figure. curve of binding energy. this plot shows the amount of binding energy per nucleon ( a nucleon is either a neutron or a proton. the nucleon number is the sum of the number of protons in a nucleus ; thus, it is equal to the atomic mass number ) as a function of the atomic mass number a. the energy units are mev, which stands for \" million electron - volts \", a standard unit of energy in this curve indicates how stable atomic nuclei are ; the higher the curve the more stable the nucleus. notice the characteristic shape, with a peak near a = 60. these nuclei ( which are near iron in the periodic table and are called the iron peak nuclei ) are the most stable in the universe. the shape of this curve suggests two possibilites for converting significant amounts of mass into energy. from the curve of binding energy, the heaviest nuclei are less stable than the nuclei near a = 60. this suggests that energy can be released if heavy nuclei split apart into smaller nuclei having masses nearer a = 60. this process is called fission. it is the process that powers atomic bombs and nuclear power the curve of binding energy suggests a second way in which energy could be released in nuclear reactions. the lightest elements ( like hydrogen and helium ) have nuclei that are less stable than heavier elements up to a ~ 60. thus, sticking two light nuclei together to form a heavier nucleus can release energy. this process is called fusion, and is the process that powers hydrogen ( thermonuclear ) bombs and ( perhaps eventually ) fusion energy reactors. in both fission and fusion reactions the total masses after the reaction are less than those before. the \" missing mass \" appears as energy, with the amount given by the famous einstein equation. stellar energy production both fission and fusion reactions have the potential to convert a small amount of mass into a large amount of energy and could conceivably account for the energy sources of stars. however, stars are made from light elements ( mostly hydrogen and helium ). thus, fission cannot be initiated in stars as a source of energy, but fusion is quite possible if the right conditions prevail. as we shall see, these conditions can be found in the cores of stars, and thermonuclear fusion is the primary source of stellar energy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6091168287661046, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08974a84-13f5-438a-a98a-8f4dc8b77b64>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.352423"}
{"text": "- our story - in memory a major achievement! the alzheimer ' s genome project the alzheimer \u2019 s genome project\u2122 ( agp ), funded by cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund ( caf ), is making great scientific progress. this work is providing new understanding of ad pathology and revealing novel genetic information. the more we know about how the disease works, the better the chances are for identifying therapeutic intervention and finding a way to stop it before it starts or interfere once it has started. this is the kind of progress we set out to achieve at caf and are proud to report on the success of this critical work. four years ago cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund agreed to support the effort to identify all the genes affecting risk for alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( ad ). until the mid - 1990s, the ad research field had agreed on only four genes as contributing to ad pathology. three of these were co - discovered by dr. rudy tanzi and his colleagues at massachusetts general hospital and harvard medical school. all four genes were shown to be involved in the production or clearance of the abeta protein, which is thought to be at the heart of ad pathology. most researchers agreed there were many more genes affecting ad pathology, but they were very hard to find and confirm given the limited technology, databases and analytical computer programs at the time. the advent of \u201c gene chips, \u201d the sequencing of the whole human genome in the early 2000s, and major advances in statistical genetics made it now possible to expand upon genetic studies for many complex diseases. the idea was simple in principle \u2014 collect samples from families with ad clusters, look at a human genome apparently free of disease and compare it with the genomes of relatives affected by ad. then focus on those genes or combination of genes that are different in some way in the genomes of those with and without the disease. this is exactly what rudy tanzi and his colleagues proposed to do in late 2005, and they have made great progress. with the help of new technology that provided dna on computer chips for much more rapid analysis than had been possible, the complete \u201c normal \u201d human genome, and the largest collection of family - based ad dna in the world, the tanzi team agreed to a budget of about $ 3. 5 million and a timetable of three years to identify all or most of the remaining genes that affect risk for ad. identifying more than 120 new alzheimer \u2019 s disease candidate genes the investigation followed two tracks. one was internal to the tanzi lab, working with the more than 1, 000 families and 4, 000 individuals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5152545544433612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1e1cfa3-73f8-41f2-94c7-b792a172bd04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.359436"}
{"text": "of the remaining genes that affect risk for ad. identifying more than 120 new alzheimer \u2019 s disease candidate genes the investigation followed two tracks. one was internal to the tanzi lab, working with the more than 1, 000 families and 4, 000 individuals from the various ad family - based samples the lab obtained from the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), the national cell repository for alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( ncrad ), complementary data sets from australia and sweden, and samples from mgh / harvard colleagues brad hyman and deborah blacker. the second track was to analyze data from all other researchers publishing papers about their identification of ad genes, all of which were collected on a cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund - sponsored website called alzgene ( www. alzgene. org ). this site not only lists all genes identified by other researchers, but does a \u201c meta analysis \u201d of all the papers \u2019 data to help researchers determine which genes are genuine ad candidate genes and how they rank in terms of genetic power against other such genes. you can see these rankings on the website. from this intensive, two - track system emerged more than 120 genes newly identified as possible ad genes, or, as the team likes to call them, ad candidate genes. this was done \u201c on time and on budget \u201d \u2014 a major scientific and management achievement! four of the most strongly associated genes were described in a paper published by dr. tanzi and colleagues in 2008 ; this earned recognition as one of the top ten medical breakthroughs of 2008 by time magazine / cnn. understanding how the candidate genes affect alzheimer \u2019 s pathology the objective now that an entirely new set of genes influencing ad pathology has been identified has been to determine which of these genes has the greatest effect on the pathology, either in terms of increasing risk or increasing protection against the disease. phase 2, in other words, focuses on the highest - priority \u201c hits \u201d as defined by genetic ranking to see what those genes actually do and whether the biological processes in which they are involved might be amenable to modification by drugs. more precisely, in dr. tanzi \u2019 s words, the objective was to \u201c identify the causal genetic variants and / or mutations responsible for ad. \u201d for example, gene \u201c a \u201d in its original state may have no relationship to ad pathology at all. however, gene \u201c a \u201d may have developed a mutation over time that now creates a gene that contributes to ad pathology. in tanzi \u2019 s genetic studies, statistically significant association is observed between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47803595327738796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1e1cfa3-73f8-41f2-94c7-b792a172bd04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.360542"}
{"text": "may have no relationship to ad pathology at all. however, gene \u201c a \u201d may have developed a mutation over time that now creates a gene that contributes to ad pathology. in tanzi \u2019 s genetic studies, statistically significant association is observed between the gene mutation and the inheritance of ad. those mutations that show up most often ( prevalence ) or those that seem to have the most certain or profound effect on brain pathology and dementia ( penetrance ) are the top priority genes for further investigation. of these genes, those that provide the greatest opportunities for drug discovery and development then are assigned the highest priority. further investigation of these highest - priority genes is called \u201c functional analysis, \u201d because the task now is to determine exactly how the gene affects ad pathology. as researchers look more carefully into these newly identified genes, they are finding that virtually all of them have something to do with either ( a ) effects on the processing of the app protein from which abeta is derived ; ( b ) the production, clearance or in some cases the aggregation of abeta protein molecules ; ( c ) effects on other ad - related proteins such as tau ; and / or ( d ) cell death. another common theme is effects on the brain \u2019 s defense system, called the innate immune system. when this system is triggered, abeta production is enhanced. dr. tanzi is finding that many of the new ad candidate genes gauge how robustly the brain \u2019 s defense system reacts to such insults as strokes, head bangs, infections and neurotoxins. if one \u2019 s genetics leads them to overreact to an insult, the brain produces excessive abeta. while this may help protect the brain from such things as infection in the short term, too much abeta in the longer term can cause ad. two examples of this functional analysis phase are instructive. one of the genes featured in the time / cnn recognition is called adam10. the gene has two rare mutations that can cause late - onset ( sometimes called \u201c sporadic \u201d onset ) ad. not many people have these mutations, but when they do occur, the individual bearing them has a much higher chance of getting late - onset ad than the general population. adam10 \u2019 s normal activity reduces the level of abeta production. both of these mutations impair the activity of adam10. the mutations, in other words, contribute to ad pathology by \u201c taking the brakes off \u201d the production of abeta, which is normally controlled at least in part by the \u201c normal, \u201d nonmutated adam10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149873277135595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1e1cfa3-73f8-41f2-94c7-b792a172bd04>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.361557"}
{"text": "##air the activity of adam10. the mutations, in other words, contribute to ad pathology by \u201c taking the brakes off \u201d the production of abeta, which is normally controlled at least in part by the \u201c normal, \u201d nonmutated adam10 gene. enough work and confirmation of this process has been done by tanzi \u2019 s lab, caf research consortium member dr. sam gandy at mount sinai medical school and others to confirm adam10 as a genuine alzheimer \u2019 s gene. the second example is a discovery that may lead to a whole new way of looking at alzheimer \u2019 s pathology and how to prevent it from taking hold or stopping it after it has begun. as mentioned above, dr. tanzi identified a number of the newly pegged ad candidate genes as being involved in the innate immune system of the brain. rob moir of massachusetts general hospital / harvard medical school, working in dr. tanzi \u2019 s unit, found that abeta may play a role in the innate immune system as an anti - microbial peptide that can fight infection. that means that abeta may in fact have a positive, constructive role to play in the brain, but becomes toxic and leads to ad when it accumulates in excessive amounts. what follows from both these examples is that rather than trying to extinguish completely the production of abeta as some drugs have tried to do, or trying to limit its presence in the brain to negligible levels as others have tried, the more successful approach may be to modulate the process of production and clearance to maintain the \u201c appropriate \u201d level of abeta in the brain to allow it to do its more positive and helpful work, but not to accumulate to excessive levels. along these lines, cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund is supporting a drug discovery program in dr. tanzi \u2019 s lab and dr. steven wagner \u2019 s lab at the university of california, san diego to develop \u201c gamma secretase modulators, \u201d drugs that will safely lower abeta levels in the brain without wiping them out. these and other discoveries will come more rapidly now that the whole alzheimer \u2019 s genome has been mapped or \u201c sequenced \u201d and if the resources are available to follow up and confirm the strong ad candidate genes and their role in alzheimer \u2019 s pathology. the more we know about them and how they do their work, the more able we are to stop them from starting ad pathology and to slow or stop it once it starts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155338683071269, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1e1cfa3-73f8-41f2-94c7-b792a172bd04>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.362506"}
{"text": "lyndon baines johnson \u2019 s ability to convince others to see things his way, vote for his legislation, serve at his command, and do what he needed them to do is so legendary that there is even a familiar description of his tactics \u2014 \u201c the johnson treatment \u201d. read any biography of lbj and you \u2019 ll be sure to find the words \u201c bully \u201d and \u201c cajole \u201d somewhere in the text. the towering texan often used his imposing physical presence ( he was nearly 6 \u2019 4 \u201d ) to grab lapels, jab fingers in chests, wrap his arms on his target, and literally lean on others in order to get what he needed, as displayed in the famous series of photographs above of the johnson treatment being used on a somwehat terrified - looking senator theodore green of rhode island. but the johnson treatment wasn \u2019 t always a physical onslaught. lyndon johnson had an innate, often stunning ability to read the personalities of others and immediately understand exactly how to ingratiate himself with them. with giants of capitol hill like senator richard russell of georgia and longtime house speaker sam rayburn of texas, lbj recognized two lonely, childless men who had nothing in their lives but an intense devotion to politics. with both men, johnson built relationships bordering on familial. russell and rayburn both had something close to paternal affection for johnson, who was endlessly deferential to them and brought them into his home for dinners with his family because, as he once explained to senator russell, who lived alone in a small apartment in washington, \u201c you \u2019 re gonna have to eat somewhere, you know. \u201d the relationships he built were real, but there was a reasoning behind the deference and for the personal bonds forged with such men, too. johnson recognized their influence and how they could further his goals for himself and for his country. as lbj often said, \u201c power is where power goes. \u201d johnson would tailor his strategy differently for everybody he approached, and his success rate was astonishing. the johnson treatment \u2019 s tactics were effective, if not always admirable. the man who would one day become lbj \u2019 s vice president, hubert h. humphrey, once pulled up the leg of his trousers to show bruises where johnson had kicked him while saying \u201c get going! \u201d after giving humphrey marching orders. in the dark days following president john f. kennedy \u2019 s assassination, johnson decided to appoint a special presidential commission to uncover all of the facts of the murder and report back to the country. to chair the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47516792778279643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da9434c5-2941-4562-805f-f1605a551d6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.373373"}
{"text": "going! \u201d after giving humphrey marching orders. in the dark days following president john f. kennedy \u2019 s assassination, johnson decided to appoint a special presidential commission to uncover all of the facts of the murder and report back to the country. to chair the commission, lbj wanted earl warren, chief justice of the united states, but warren was opposed to supreme court justices serving on extrajudicial commissions. when warren declined, johnson called him to the oval office and appealed to his patriotism, noting that rumors that the soviet union might be involved in kennedy \u2019 s death could cause the soviets to become nervous of an impending retaliation by the united states and launch a preemptive nuclear strike, which would kill an estimated 39 million americans in the first hour. \u201c all i want you to do is look at the facts, and bring any other facts that you want in here and determine who killed the president, \u201d johnson told warren. \u201c but here i \u2019 m asking you to do something and you \u2019 re saying no, when you could speaking for 39 million people. now i \u2019 m surprised that you, the chief justice of the united states, would turn me down. \u201d the chief justice, one of the most formidable and respected men in the country, was left in tears, and immediately said, \u201c mr. president, if the situation is that serious, my personal views do not count. i will do it. \u201d richard russell didn \u2019 t want to serve on the warren commission, either. one of the main reasons was that the staunch segregationist hated and distrusted earl warren, whose supreme court had ordered the desegregation of public schools in the landmark brown v. board of education decision. throughout their relationship, johnson had always been deferential to the senator from georgia who, in turn, treated lbj like the son he never had. now, just seven days into his presidency, lbj used another form of the johnson treatment on russell. a couple of hours after russell had initially turned down johnson \u2019 s request, the president called him back and told him that he wasn \u2019 t simply asking russell to serve on the commission \u2014 in fact, he \u2019 d already announced it to the press. russell was stunned and again tried to beg off, but it was no use. the protege, now president of the united states, said, to his mentor, \u201c you \u2019 re my man on that commission. and you are going to do it! and don \u2019 t tell me what you can do and what you can \u2019 t, because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45858742603284974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da9434c5-2941-4562-805f-f1605a551d6f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.374373"}
{"text": ", now president of the united states, said, to his mentor, \u201c you \u2019 re my man on that commission. and you are going to do it! and don \u2019 t tell me what you can do and what you can \u2019 t, because i can \u2019 t arrest you. and i \u2019 m not going to put the fbi on you. but you \u2019 re goddamned going to serve, i \u2019 ll tell you that! \u201d there wasn \u2019 t anything else the senator could do. richard russell served alongside the chief justice on the warren commission. the johnson treatment \u2014 and lbj \u2019 s unique way of adapting it to each person \u2014 even worked with people who knew lyndon johnson extraordinarily well, understood his modus operandi, and were somewhat \u201c on - guard \u201d for the johnson treatment. james h. rowe was a cunning, tough politician and lawyer, who had known lyndon b. johnson since johnson was a young, up - and - coming congressman beginning to float into the circle of president franklin d. roosevelt. rowe had been a clerk for supreme court justice oliver wendell holmes and became an ardent new dealer. he worked on the nuremberg trials prosecuting nazi war criminals following world war ii, and was a democratic operative who was a trusted political adviser to presidents roosevelt and harry truman. by 1956, rowe had known lyndon johnson for nearly twenty years and had often seen lbj get his way via the johnson treatment by bullying, flattering, and even sometimes making others feel pity for him. on july 2, 1955, johnson, the powerful senate majority leader, suffered a massive heart attack that very nearly killed him. just 46 years old, unhealthy habits such as his blistering pace at work, his diet, his drinking, his lack of exercise, and the more than three packs of cigarettes that he smoked daily caught up with lbj, who came from a family of men with a history of heart trouble. as he returned to work at the capitol, johnson asked rowe to join him as an aide in the senate. rowe turned johnson down because of his lucrative law practice in new york city \u2014 a job as an aide to the senate majority leader would obviously result in a drastic pay cut for rowe. lbj put the johnson treatment into full effect, and not just on rowe. as rowe continued to decline johnson \u2019 s pleading, mutual friends were told that lbj had nearly died and that rowe wouldn \u2019 t help him out. rowe \u2019 s law partner, another new dealer and famed operative for fdr, thomas \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46256263566123196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da9434c5-2941-4562-805f-f1605a551d6f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.375483"}
{"text": "rowe. as rowe continued to decline johnson \u2019 s pleading, mutual friends were told that lbj had nearly died and that rowe wouldn \u2019 t help him out. rowe \u2019 s law partner, another new dealer and famed operative for fdr, thomas \u201c tommy the cork \u201d corcoran, got on rowe \u2019 s case, saying, \u201c you just can \u2019 t do this to lyndon johnson! \u201d. rowe would later remember, \u201c people i knew were coming up to me on the street \u2014 on the street! \u2014 and saying, \u2018 why aren \u2019 t you helping lyndon? don \u2019 t you know how sick he is? how can you let him down when he needs you? \u2019 \u201d even rowe \u2019 s wife was recruited and asked him one night, \u201c why are you doing this to poor lyndon? \u201d. then lbj really turned it on. over the years, rowe had seen johnson use whatever means necessary to obtain the support he needed and the people he wanted. but when lyndon johnson came to james rowe \u2019 s law office, he was stunned by the display. johnson \u2019 s was sobbing, with his head in his big hands, tears streaming down his face. \u201c i \u2019 m going to die, \u201d said johnson. \u201c you \u2019 re an old friend. i thought you were my friend and you don \u2019 t care that i \u2019 m going to die. it \u2019 s just selfish of you, typically selfish. \u201d pleading with rowe that he had a big job to do as senate majority leader and not much time left because of his health problems, he literally begged rowe to come to work for him, even if it meant sacrificing his law practice for a while. \u201c oh, goddamn it, all right, \u201d said rowe. the johnson treatment had worked again, even on an old hand like james h. rowe, who had seen it in action so many times. and, as soon as johnson got what he wanted, the tears disappeared. the weakness was gone. he was no longer dying or crying or pleading. instead, he stood up, looked his new employee, and gave him his first orders. \u201c just remember, i make the decisions. you don \u2019 t, \u201d lbj commanded rowe, and then stomped right back to work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39673810767452267, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da9434c5-2941-4562-805f-f1605a551d6f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.376445"}
{"text": "bootstrapping is a technique for finding confidence intervals directly by resampling. the first histogram shows the original sample. the second histogram is the resample drawn from the original sample with replacement. the third histogram is the bootstrap ( or resampling ) distribution of the statistic calculated from the resamples. above the third histogram is the bootstrap percentile confidence interval ( the central 95 % of the bootstrap distribution ). in all the histograms the bin height is the fraction of values in that bin. the one - population data is from 72 monthly totals of accidental deaths in the united states. the two - populations data is from body weights in kg of 97 male and 47 female cats. for the two - populations example the third histogram compares the two groups by calculating for each pair of resamples the difference between the statistic applied to the resample of the male cats minus the statistic applied to the resample of the female cats. both datasets are from the example data included with mathematica. resampling techniques such as bootstrapping have been growing in popularity since they can sometimes be used for samples that are small or not normal. bootstrap confidence intervals can be calculated even when the distribution of a statistic is unknown or complicated. students should ask themselves why the bootstrap distribution for the median of the two - populations example realizes only certain values. do you think that the confidence interval for the difference in medians is reliable for this particular example?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5118852776584054, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a591d43b-f6be-46b3-a658-280755bcab16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.378109"}
{"text": "economic display in tombstone and life expectancy pattern we tested the life expectancy between two categories of tombstone displays. one category was a flat tombstone, parallel to the ground and the other was a non - flat tombstone that would stand a minimum of 50 cm off the ground. we conducted this test to check for a significant difference between life expectancies of people of different economic status. to do this we used tombstones as economic indicators. data was collected at a local cemetery. ages of the deceased were obtained by subtracting the birth year from the death year. we did not find a significant difference in the life expectancy. a t - test revealed a 0. 22 p - value. life expectancy, economic status our hypothesis is that the life expectancy of people of high economic status will be greater than those of lower economic status. people who have low economic status are usually not very well educated and may be more likely to have jobs that may require physical labor. on top of this, a study on socioeconomic position lead to show that people who live in poor areas have poor individual health ( robert 1999 ). as a result they endure more physical stress than people who are well educated. worries about money can cause psychological stress. physical and mental stress has been identified as predictors of illness ( custer 1985 ). people with low income often do not have access to healthcare or the resources to prevent illness. there two factors result in a lower life expectancy ( mirowsky and ross 2000 ). experiment was designed to test whether the tombstone of an individual, the last displays of economic status and capability, would reveal a in life expectancy. if the hypothesis is supported than the results that those individuals with a non - flat tombstone have longer life than those who had flat tombstones as they are less expensive than the non - flats. the less expensive, flat tombstones would represent the economic status and the non - flats would represent the higher economic methods and materials 28, 2007 we collected data from the life expectancies between the two groups of tombstones showed no significant difference. the one - tailed, type one t - test revealed a p - value of 0. 22. fig. 1. life expectancy at ages 0 - 105 between graves marked with a flat tombstone and a non - flat tombstone. a non - significant difference with a p - value of 0. 22. the t - test showed that there was not a significant difference between the life expectancy of people with flat and non - flat tombstones ( p =. 22 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5163987158001688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a402e115-14fc-454a-97c9-c0b22043aaf9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.382352"}
{"text": "tombstone. a non - significant difference with a p - value of 0. 22. the t - test showed that there was not a significant difference between the life expectancy of people with flat and non - flat tombstones ( p =. 22 ). this data does not support our hypothesis that people with larger tombstones would have a higher life expectancy. there are a few studies that challenge the idea that socioeconomic status affects life expectancy. one of the opposing theories is that optimism and self - confidence can counterbalance the stress and health problems caused by low socioeconomic status ( mirowsky 2000 ). multiple studies have been done that show socioeconomic status does affect health, stress and life expectancy ( robert 1999 ). this suggests that our methods were flawed and tombstone size is not a good indicator of socioeconomic status. size is not the only thing that is considered in the pricing of tombstones. the material it \u2019 s made from and the amount of engraving change the price. also, factors besides socioeconomic status could affect tombstone choice, such as religious beliefs, vanity, or whether the tombstone was chosen by the deceased or a relative. many of the larger tombstones were actually family plots, so even if the tombstones were expensive the cost per person may be low. further research on the topic could include examining differences in life expectancies at different cemeteries. there might also be a difference between life expectancies of people who are cremated and people who are buried. custer, m. 1985. stress, life events, and the epidemiology of wellness. journal of community heath nursing. 2 : 4 ; 215 - 222. retrieved on 10. 29. 07 from jstor database. mirowsky, j., ross, c. e. 2000. socioeconomic status and subjective life expectancy. social psychology quarterly. 63 : 2 ; 133 - 151. retrieved 10. 02. 07 from jstor database. robert, s. a. 1999. socioeconomic position and health : the independent contribution of community socioeconomic context. annual review of sociology. 25 ; 489 - 516. retrieved on 10. 02. 07 from jstor database.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4540459270462296, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a402e115-14fc-454a-97c9-c0b22043aaf9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.383543"}
{"text": "an accessor method is an instance method that gets or sets the value of a property of an object. in cocoa \u2019 s terminology, a method that retrieves the value of an object \u2019 s property is referred to as a getter method, or \u201c getter ; \u201d a method that changes the value of an object \u2019 s property is referred to as a setter method, or \u201c setter. \u201d these methods are often found in pairs, providing api for getting and setting the property values of an object. you should use accessor methods rather than directly accessing state data because they provide an abstraction layer. here are just two of the benefits that accessor methods provide : you don \u2019 t need to rewrite your code if the manner in which a property is represented or stored changes. accessor methods often implement important behavior that occurs whenever a value is retrieved or set. for example, setter methods frequently implement memory management code and notify other objects when a value is changed. because of the importance of this pattern, cocoa defines some conventions for naming accessor methods. given a property of type type and called name, you should typically implement accessor methods with the following form : the one exception is a property that is a boolean value. here the getter method name may be isname. for example : this naming convention is important because much other functionality in cocoa relies upon it, in particular key - value coding. cocoa does not use getname because methods that start with \u201c get \u201d in cocoa indicate that the method will return values by reference.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5277548488356688, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5c2fa1-af36-4ff5-8788-a254b8275e51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.385909"}
{"text": "in addition to using data manipulation statements directly, as just described, it is also possible to manipulate table data by calling a procedure. procedures perform the specific data manipulations laid out in the procedure definition. any sql statement in the grouping procedural - sql - statement, see the mimer sql reference manual, chapter 12, procedural sql statements, can be used in a procedure, and this includes all the data manipulation statements. the use of procedures allows data manipulation within the database to be controlled both in terms of strictly defining which data manipulation operations are performed and also in terms of regulating which database objects can be affected. a procedure is invoked by using the call statement. in the case of a result set procedure, used in an esql context, the call statement is not used directly but is specified in a cursor declaration. an ident requires execute privilege on a procedure in order to call it. in the call statement, the value - expressions or assignment targets specified for each of the procedure parameters must be of a data type that is assignment - compatible, see the mimer sql reference manual, chapter 6, assignments, with the parameter data type. see the mimer sql reference manual, chapter 12, call, for full details of the call statement and the mimer sql programmer ' s manual, chapter 12, mimer sql stored procedures, for a general discussion of the stored procedure functionality supported in mimer sql. examples of calling procedures invoke the procedure called search in the mimer _ store _ music schema : call mimer _ store _ music. search ( : title, : artist, 0 ) ; declare a cursor that will be used when result - set data is fetched from the result set procedure called barcode : declare c _ 2 cursor for call mimer _ store. barcode ( itm. ean _ code ) ; upright database technology ab voice : + 46 18 780 92 00 fax : + 46 18 780 92 40", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4923102623838803, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8183da38-272d-4f14-8018-c0e29c672f1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.388073"}
{"text": "you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view latest a1c test articles q : are people with diabetes prone to skin boils? i have type 1 diabetes. i would like to know why i suffer from so many boils in my groin area. - - - - - a : boils are acute, tender, firm, inflammatory nodules in the skin caused by bacterial infection - usually from a staph organism. when superficial, they are a form of folliculitis and when deep in the skin they are called boils or furuncles. people with diabetes are especially prone to bacterial and fungal infection because of decreased cellular immunity from acute or chronic high blood sugars. the groin area is especially prone to these infections and they can be chronic and recurrent. perspiration, rubbing, chafing and local factors, especially hygiene, are very important. using an antibacterial soap with frequent cleansing and subsequent drying of the area is indicated. one should avoid synthetic garments, use cotton shorts and aerate the area when possible. antibacterial powders may be helpful after bathing, and topical or systemic antibiotics are indicated when the process is chronic and severe. acute, warm presses can allow the process to point and then drain spontaneously. s. william levy, md clinical professor of dermatology university of california medical center san francisco, california * * * q : why are my morning bgs higher than later in the day? i have type 2 diabetes controlled by diet and exercise. i do not take medications. i would like to know why my morning ( fasting ) blood reading is higher than it is later in the day after i have eaten. - - - - - a : fasting blood glucose is a measurement of the glucose your liver manufactured during the night. your dinner or an evening snack the night before does not effect this measurement. the fasting test also provides some indication of your overnight insulin secretion. sometimes fasting blood - glucose levels will decline with weight loss. since you say that your fasting - blood reading is higher in the morning than it is later in the day after you have eaten, i would suggest you speak with your physician about taking a medication. glucophage is a medication that helps to lower fasting blood - glucose levels by decreasing liver - glucose output. it also reduces cholesterol levels. you might even lose a few pounds if you take this medication. please do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44856701752672135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98b89a50-983c-439b-8f0f-4037d5e0d0f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.397518"}
{"text": ". glucophage is a medication that helps to lower fasting blood - glucose levels by decreasing liver - glucose output. it also reduces cholesterol levels. you might even lose a few pounds if you take this medication. please do not consider the use of medication as a failure on your part. it sounds as if you are doing everything that you can to control your blood glucose - by testing, eating healthy and exercising. joyce sokolik, rd, cde santa rosa, california * * * q : are we researching a diabetes cure, or are we just researching research? we constantly see medical breakthroughs and possible treatment regimens put forward as cures, yet we never hear any follow - up on how these regimens work or do not work. the question i have is, are we really on the path toward a cure to diabetes or are we just funding research for research ' s sake? west bloomfield, michigan - - - - - a : medical progress usually comes in step - by - step advances rather than dramatic leaps forward. sadly, companies or others announce many so - called \" breakthroughs \" and \" cures \" on the basis of little credible evidence, and such reports often gain media attention. the lack of follow - up reflects the fact that such \" breakthroughs \" could not be replicated when subjected to testing by other researchers. when studies supported by the national institutes of health ( nih ) indicate that something doesn ' t work, the results are published and widely disseminated. an example is the use of injected insulin for type - 1 prevention in high - risk people. early studies in a small number of individuals suggested this approach might work ( eisenbarth et. al., lancet, april 10, 1993, p. 927 ). however, the dpt - 1 - a large controlled trial - showed that low - dose insulin injections do not prevent type 1 diabetes in high - risk people. this result was presented at a major meeting, is being published in a peer - reviewed journal and was described in some news accounts after a nih press release. though we are disappointed with the trial ' s outcome, letting people know negative results is important so that ineffective measures are not widely used. the national institutes of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ) is vigorously exploring every possible avenue toward a cure, giving highest priority to those routes that offer the most hope based on current knowledge. there is great optimism about islet transplantation inspired by the pioneering work of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5235233602637765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98b89a50-983c-439b-8f0f-4037d5e0d0f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.398549"}
{"text": "and kidney diseases ( niddk ) is vigorously exploring every possible avenue toward a cure, giving highest priority to those routes that offer the most hope based on current knowledge. there is great optimism about islet transplantation inspired by the pioneering work of the edmonton group published last year in the new england journal of medicine and in a follow - up report of the 12 study subjects published in diabetes last april. the edmonton protocol is being replicated on a wider scale with nih and jdrf support. we have no guarantee it will hold up under a wider study. if it does, we will still need to develop alternative supplies of islets for the hundreds of thousands of people who need them as well as alternatives to anti - rejection drugs. this is just one avenue of research we are supporting on the path toward a cure. allen m. spiegel, md director national institutes of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases national institutes of health * * * q : what is gastroparesis and how can i control it? i have gastroparesis and type 1 diabetes. i would like to know what i can do to control my blood sugars and keep from getting bloated. i am on the pump and cannot accurately predict the effect foods have on my body. i also seem to have a bad problem with bloating. i can go from a size five to a 10 in one day. * * * a : gastroparesis, or a partially paralyzed stomach, is commonly found in people with diabetes who have experienced elevated blood sugars for a number of years. in advanced stages, it can cause symptoms such as early satiety and bloating, nausea and vomiting. in the early stages, it is only discernable by its erratic effects upon blood sugar due to unpredictable stomach emptying. gastroparesis is very difficult to treat, but it can be rendered less severe by a number of measures used simultaneously. since you appear to have a relatively advanced condition, severe dietary intervention is warranted. this includes a very low - carbohydrate diet with total elimination of high - fiber vegetables such as salads, broccoli, etc. protein foods should be limited to fish, eggs, cheese and ground meats. even better would be a liquid or semi - liquid diet such as baby food and drinks made from egg - white protein. there are a number of other approaches to speeding stomach emptying that should be used in addition to the dietary changes. these include drinking two glasses of water with each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4742765320641266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98b89a50-983c-439b-8f0f-4037d5e0d0f0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.399492"}
{"text": "or semi - liquid diet such as baby food and drinks made from egg - white protein. there are a number of other approaches to speeding stomach emptying that should be used in addition to the dietary changes. these include drinking two glasses of water with each meal, taking certain digestive enzymes while eating, doing special exercises and chewing gum after meals, etc. although there are some medications that can improve stomach emptying, none of them are effective for advanced cases like yours. an especially effective enzyme is betaine hydrochloride with pepsin. it should be taken as three capsules while eating, never on an empty stomach. it should not be used by people who have ulcers or gastritis. more details can be found in my book \" diabetes solution, \" which is available at most bookstores and at www. amazon. com. a chapter is devoted to the treatment of gastroparesis. it also covers the proper use of insulin for people with gastroparesis. one of the most important tips is to never use lispro insulin ( commonly used in insulin pumps ) to cover meals. it works faster than the stomach can empty food. additional guidelines appear in a previous issue of diabetes health entitled \" innovative therapy helps man overcome diabetes complications, \" ( october 1999, p. 29 ). this article is archived on the web site www. diabetes - normalsugars. com. richard bernstein, md, face, facn, cws mamaroneck, new york dr. berstein has had type 1 diabetes since 1946. after learning how to normalize his blood sugars in 1970, it took 13 years for his gastroparesis to slowly resolve. his advice is considered to be outside of the mainstream. he has criticized the standard diabetes care guidelines as being ineffective. * * * q : what can i do about fat build - up at injection sites? i have been a type 1 for 38 years and have excess fat at the site where i take my shots. rotating does not help at all. when you take shots for so many years, there are only so many places to take your shots before you have to start over. it is especially bad in my arms and it is hard to find clothes to fit over them. is there anything that can be done about this, or is plastic surgery the only solution? - - - - - a : we usually call what you are describing lipohypertrophy. it can be unsightly, annoying and somewhat dangerous. insulin injected into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4128367605548842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98b89a50-983c-439b-8f0f-4037d5e0d0f0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.401252"}
{"text": "can be done about this, or is plastic surgery the only solution? - - - - - a : we usually call what you are describing lipohypertrophy. it can be unsightly, annoying and somewhat dangerous. insulin injected into the areas of lipohypertropy can be absorbed more slowly, leading to both increased blood sugar right after a meal and low blood sugar hours later. lipohypertrophy occurs in more than 25 percent of patients with type 1 diabetes. it is usually attributed to impure insulin ( rare now ) or not rotating sites. interestingly, a recent study at 23 sites in europe showed that reusing insulin syringes and pen needles led to increased lipohypertrophy. treating it can be difficult. a recent study shows that switching to lispro insulin may help. the best treatment is to avoid repetitive injections into the same site and particularly avoiding the areas of lipohypertrophy. i would suggest that you concentrate your injections in the abdomen. buy a piece of mesh, like that used for hooking rugs, cut it to fit your abdomen and use it to locate your injections, so that you avoid sites that you have used in the past week or two. barry h. ginsberg, md, phd vp medical affairs * * * q : should i be concerned with after - meal bg spikes? how important are after - meal ( two - hour ) glucose readings that are occasionally in the 180 to 200 mg / dl range if your a1c range is normally between 5. 4 and 5. 8 %? - - - - - a : there is currently a vigorous debate regarding the importance of after - meal glucose \" spikes. \" some of us feel that they should be kept to a minimum because there are biochemical reasons to think they may contribute to diabetes complications. for example, the aldose - reductase pathway enzymes are \" turned on \" when the glucose levels reach 180 mg / dl or more. this pathway is thought to be very important in the development of some diabetic microvascular complications. epidemiologic data indicate a dramatic increase in retinopathy and kidney disease associated with after - meal bgs of 180 mg / dl or greater and the increase in macrovascular disease ( heart attacks and strokes ) increases at even lower levels. dr. lois jovanovic ' s recent paper shows that when the fasting blood sugar ( fbs ) is over 140 mg / dl, it is the major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44728414393728594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98b89a50-983c-439b-8f0f-4037d5e0d0f0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.402275"}
{"text": "in macrovascular disease ( heart attacks and strokes ) increases at even lower levels. dr. lois jovanovic ' s recent paper shows that when the fasting blood sugar ( fbs ) is over 140 mg / dl, it is the major contributor to an increased a1c, but when fbss are better, the after - meal glucose is the main determinant of a1c. remember, an a1c of 5. 4 to 5. 8 %, although within the \" normal \" range, is still higher than the non - diabetic average ( which is 5 % on the standardized lab value used for the dcct and other major studies ). another recent paper published in the december 2000 issue of diabetes care ( p. 1830 ) found that plasma - glucose spikes were more strongly associated with narrowing of the arteries than were fasting bgs or a1c levels. levels such as yours should be relatively easy to correct using some dietary changes and possibly adding an alpha - glucosidase inhibitor like precose or glyset. md, facp, face monteagle medical center san francisco, california * * * q : is injecting air bubbles dangerous? what are risks of inadvertently injecting air bubbles from a needle? - - - - - a : the main risk is that you are replacing insulin with air and, therefore, underdosing. if that is not a problem ( i. e., you have compensated for it ) then there is no risk when the injection is given under the skin. you may be able to feel the air, but it will go away in a few minutes. air should never be injected intravenously. barry h ginsberg, md, phd vp medical affairs, franklin lakes, new jersey categories : a1c test, blood glucose, blood sugar, diabetes, food, gastroparesis ( digestion problems ), glucophage, insulin, insulin pumps, lipohypertropy, losing weight, nutrition advice, pens, skin care, syringes, type 1 issues, type 1 issues, type 2 issues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4342167456319345, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98b89a50-983c-439b-8f0f-4037d5e0d0f0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.403021"}
{"text": "postprint version. published in international journal of obesity, volume 33, issue 10, october 1, 2009, pages 1183 - 1190. copyright \u00a9 2009 nature publishing group. the definitive version is available at http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1038 / ijo. 2009. 147. objective : the purpose of this study was to compare the dietary strategies, and use of fat - and sugar - modified foods and beverages in a weight loss maintainer group ( wlm ) and an always - normal weight group ( nw ). subjects : wlm ( n = 172 ) had maintained \u226510 % weight loss for 11. 5 years, and had a body mass index ( bmi ) of 22. 0 kg m - 2. nw ( n = 131 ) had a bmi of 21. 3 kg m - 2 and no history of being overweight. three, 24 - h recalls on random, non - consecutive days were used to assess dietary intake. results : wlm reported consuming a diet that was lower in fat ( 28. 7 vs 32. 6 %, p < 0. 0001 ) and used more fat - modification strategies than nw. wlm also consumed a significantly greater percentage of modified dairy ( 60 vs 49 % ; p = 0. 002 ) and modified dressings and sauces ( 55 vs 44 % ; p = 0. 006 ) than nw. wlm reported consuming three times more daily servings of artificially sweetened soft drinks ( 0. 91 vs 0. 37 ; p = 0. 003 ), significantly fewer daily servings of sugar - sweetened soft drinks ( 0. 07 vs 0. 16 ; p = 0. 03 ) and more daily servings of water ( 4. 72 vs 3. 48 ; p = 0. 002 ) than nw. conclusions : these findings suggest that wlm use more dietary strategies to accomplish their weight loss maintenance, including greater restriction on fat intake, use of fat - and sugar - modified foods, reduced consumption of sugar - sweetened beverages and increased consumption of artificially sweetened beverages. ways to promote the use of fat - modified foods and artificial sweeteners merits further research in both prevention - and treatment - controlled trials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.499181042826392, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:008c8093-b9ef-4910-bb51-035ab993b517>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.407511"}
{"text": "the elimination of disease is one of the great dreams of mankind. indeed, heaven is often depicted as a kind of blissful, disease - free sanatorium. is the longed - for state of perpetual health destined to remain nothing more than a dream? are health and sickness, like life and death, inevitable antitheses that will always circumscribe our fate as humans? or will a diseaseless society one day be within our reach on earth? certainly the prospects of finding cures for most of our ills have never looked better. the history of medicine until fairly recently was a deplorable tale of ignorance, hocus - pocus, and guesswork. in the 1800s physicians were still starving, purging, and bleeding their patients to cure nearly any disease, much as physicians had done in ancient greece. ( the greeks believed that such treatments evacuated the excessive humors, or body fluids, that were upsetting the healthy equilibrium of the body. ) patients were still operated on without anesthesia. many, if they survived that ordeal, died of sepsis because surgeons, operating in ignorance of germs, plunged into their patients with unsterilized instruments and filthy hands. with the exception of digitalis for heart failure and quinine for malaria, there were almost no effective drugs. oliver wendell holmes, the nineteenth - century boston physician and sage, commented that if all the medicines then known were thrown into the ocean, it would be the better for the human race and the worse for the fish. looked at from this perspective, the high - tech medicine with which we \u2019 re rocketing into the twenty - first century seems astounding. to what do we owe this giant leap forward? the answer lies in the application of science to the understanding and treatment of diseases over the past 150 or so years. microscopes of increasing power led to the identification of bacteria, parasites, and eventually viruses as the agents of such familiar diseases as diphtheria, malaria, and influenza. learning how these germs were transmitted and how our bodies defended themselves against them provided the rational basis for vaccines, drugs, and public health measures that have effectively doubled the average human life span. thanks to vaccines, smallpox has been wiped off the face of the earth, and polio has been tamed. thanks to antibiotics, which came into routine use only in the 1950s, parents no longer commonly fear losing children to pneumonia, streptococcal infections, or meningitis. removing a child \u2019 s infl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5215801733152261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:726d57a8-93b4-4096-b3d5-e132dca3cc51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.421438"}
{"text": "a result, they change their protein coat fast enough to present a moving target to the human immune system that is charged with destroying them. meanwhile the virus attacks and destroys the immune system, leaving the body defenseless, and the victim usually dies of opportunistic infections like pneumocystis pneumonia. as for malaria - causing parasites, like many bacteria they initially seemed to succumb to our chemical warfare : for a few years drugs like chloroquine were effective in preventing and curing the disease. then in the 1950s drug - resistant strains of parasites evolved. whatever new drugs or drug combinations we have employed since, some varieties of malaria have found a way to sidestep their effects. so when we think about eliminating disease, we must consider that the evolutionary process practically guarantees an endless conflict between the defenders and the would - be invaders of the human body - - with the tide of battle surging first one way and then the other. having said that, however, it \u2019 s heartening to realize that we humans have never been better equipped to gain the upper hand. the more we know of the life cycles, genetics, and biochemistry of infectious agents like hiv and malaria parasites, the more likely it seems that our science will triumph over their evolutionary evasiveness and keep us one step ahead in the evolutionary rat race. cancer and genetic diseases, the enemies that bore from within, will be harder nuts to crack, though we are getting a grip on them too. in 1989 michael bishop and harold varmus of the university of california at san francisco received a nobel prize for their discovery of cancer - causing oncogenes in humans. oncogenes are normal genes gone wild because of mutations or dislocations in the dna. if we can find the mistakes in their molecular structure - - the keys to their ability to stimulate abnormal cell growth - - then we should be able to correct them. similarly several hundreds of gene defects are known to cause inherited illnesses, ranging from sickle - cell disease to huntington \u2019 s chorea. but once more we encounter an evolutionary paradox, for sickle cells are actually a rather successful defense against killer malaria. these red blood cells, with their odd scimitar shape, are resistant to the malaria parasite. ten percent of african americans have some protective sickle cells in their blood, a result of inheriting a sickling gene from one parent. it \u2019 s only when children inherit the gene from both parents that they develop sickle - cell disease, which may involve anemia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5375789106206195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:726d57a8-93b4-4096-b3d5-e132dca3cc51>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.423660"}
{"text": "americans have some protective sickle cells in their blood, a result of inheriting a sickling gene from one parent. it \u2019 s only when children inherit the gene from both parents that they develop sickle - cell disease, which may involve anemia, impaired growth, and painful crises when the spiky cells form clumps in their blood vessels. in 1949 linus pauling traced sickle - cell disease to a tiny defect in the molecular structure of hemoglobin, the oxygen - carrying pigment in red blood cells. a single mutation in the long dna chain that codes for hemoglobin results in a single amino acid change that causes sickling. we now know of more than 300 other abnormal hemoglobins that occur in various ethnic groups and even sporadically. many don \u2019 t transport oxygen as well as normal hemoglobin and shorten the life of red cells. but they confer no known advantage or resistance to malaria or other diseases. what these many variations on the hemoglobin theme show once again is how busy evolution is at the molecular level. and all that change provides the raw material for potential defenses against new diseases. if, say, hemoglobin d, one of the variant blood pigments, were to prove resistant to a lethal disease not yet inflicted on our species, future populations would doubtless show a huge increase in the hemoglobin d gene. from the perspective of molecular evolution, then, it is not so easy to distinguish between disease, normal variation, and adaptation to changing circumstances. ridding the gene pool of sickle hemoglobin would be beneficial to african americans because in this country the trait has become a liability. but it would be decidedly harmful to africans, who still have to cope with malaria. questions like these are still hypothetical, but they soon may not be if genetic engineering becomes a reality. if, say, sickle - cell disease is diagnosed prenatally, it might be possible to replace part of a baby \u2019 s bone marrow, the organ that makes red cells, with borrowed bone marrow cells that have the normal hemoglobin gene. in this way children destined to have genetic abnormalities might be able to avoid their fate. but suppose by genetic engineering we could successfully purge the human population of all its hemoglobinopathies? might we not then be in the same situation as food crops during the green revolution of the 1960s, when the widespread planting of superior monocultures of rice and other grains made them particularly vulnerable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5534936963023853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:726d57a8-93b4-4096-b3d5-e132dca3cc51>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.424655"}
{"text": "population of all its hemoglobinopathies? might we not then be in the same situation as food crops during the green revolution of the 1960s, when the widespread planting of superior monocultures of rice and other grains made them particularly vulnerable to fungi and insects? no longer faced with a diversity of resistant variants, plant diseases swept through crops worldwide. the very concept of a static healthy human population runs contrary to the incessant mobility of evolutionary history. based on the common genetic language of dna and the many genes shared by all living organisms, it is virtually certain that the 10 million or more species on earth today descended from a common one - celled ancestor that emerged from the hot broths of the early planet some 3. 5 billion years ago. obviously tremendous changes had to take place just to get from a single - celled organism to a multicellular one, let alone to the complicated creatures we \u2019 ve become. the cells of humans and other animals bear witness to one of the earliest and most extraordinary of these changes. they are permanently infected by mitochondria, small bodies that originated as bacterial invaders of those ancient unicellular organisms. the aerobic invaders enabled their previously anaerobic hosts to capitalize on oxygen as a new energy source. now we \u2019 re completely dependent on these prehistoric trespassers. mitochondria are the batteries that power our cells. at any point in this evolutionary history, a perfectly healthy, perfectly adapted species would have been unlikely to evolve into something different. after all, why change if you \u2019 re doing well? it takes changes in environment and climate, overcrowding, and disease to drive the evolutionary process, to encourage new adaptations such as the movement from life in the water to life on land, or back from land to water. genetic abnormalities, maladaptive to the old environment but adaptive to the new, made these movements possible. this process of flux is going on all the time, though mostly at the unseen molecular level. organisms are constantly changing their relationship to one another and to the environment, and what we call diseases are part of that process. whether we like it or not, we humans are part of it, too. more than 2 billion years ago, photosynthesizing plants altered earth \u2019 s atmosphere by converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. oxygen allowed life as we know it to flourish. during our lifetime, a veritable instant in earth \u2019 s history, human activity has changed the atmosphere by adding large amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases, like fluoro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002362887616449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:726d57a8-93b4-4096-b3d5-e132dca3cc51>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.425717"}
{"text": "carbon dioxide into oxygen. oxygen allowed life as we know it to flourish. during our lifetime, a veritable instant in earth \u2019 s history, human activity has changed the atmosphere by adding large amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases, like fluorocarbons, that threaten to produce profound climatic and environmental disturbances and weaken the ozone layer that screens out ultraviolet light from the sun. if you picture earth and its inhabitants as a single self - sustaining organism, along the lines of the popular gaia concept, then we humans might ourselves be seen as pathogenic. we are infecting the planet, growing recklessly as cancer cells do, destroying gaia \u2019 s other specialized cells ( that is, extinguishing other species ), and poisoning our air supply. from a subjective human perspective, it would be good to eliminate infectious diseases, cancer, and genetic defects. from a gaian perspective, as many pointed out at the recent earth summit in rio de janeiro, the main disease to be eliminated is us. from the evolutionary perspective, perhaps humanity can be considered another agent of global change, like glaciation or the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs. but in this case, we are both the asteroid and the dinosaurs. paradoxically, some of the worst calamities facing humankind stem from our reproductive success. our large population and runaway consumption degrade our planet, poison our oceans, and foul our atmosphere - - threatening our crops, our water supply, and our health. the intelligence that produced agriculture and antibiotics seems unable so far to restrain the uncontrolled multiplication of a species that has thrown earth \u2019 s homeostasis out of balance. so we find ourselves in a bind. the more success we have at fighting disease and extending human life, the greater looms the possibility of hastening our own extinction. it was the scientific approach, the use of our uniquely evolved human brains, that sparked our fantastic progress against disease in the last 150 years. the question now is no longer whether we have the skill to subdue most infectious diseases and repair many genetic disorders - - for we clearly do. the critical question for the coming centuries is whether our species is smart enough to deal with its own explosive success.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49708593133699963, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:726d57a8-93b4-4096-b3d5-e132dca3cc51>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.426642"}
{"text": "what lies behind the law in this chapter, lewis continues to build upon his argument for the law of nature that i have already written about. he goes on to bring science into the discussion, as there have long been two views on how the universe came into being : the materialist view and the religious view ( he shares in a note at the end of the chapter that there are beliefs in - between these two, but he desired brevity in the original radio address ). the materialist view argues that the universe was created through a series of random chances, while the religious view states that all of reality came into existence because a mind willed it to. ( as of yet, lewis has refrained from labeling this mind as being the christian god, he will get to that ). lewis also makes a rather convincing argument that science cannot prove which view is right. science is all about observation and experimentation on observable things. to determine the existence of whatever moved behind the creation of the universe is impossible from a scientific standpoint ( science cannot prove the existence of god, nor the existence of random chance. we suppose these things exist, largely because of our own observations ). lewis is quick to point out that science has a place and is very important. he even argues that science can help us understand the existence of the law of nature. we have an inside track on humanity, since we are humans. we can understand ourselves better than we can understand anything else on the planet. by observing ourselves ( internally ) we can see that this law of nature really does exist, telling us what we should do, especially when we are not doing what we should be doing. i think my favorite piece in this essay was when lewis explains why science cannot prove or disprove a power outside the universe which has created the universe we reside in. such a power could not show us itself to us as a fact within the universe any more than an architect of a house could be a wall or a staircase inside the house that he has built. the only way we can expect god to show himself in our reality is through his law placed in our souls, guiding and directing us in the ways that we should go. and we do find that inside of ourselves. some label it as being the conscience, but it is god \u2019 s stamp on our souls, trying to help us line ourselves up with him so that we may one day be able to see the architect of our reality face - to - face. and i find that incredibly comforting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.568147828249418, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21c01852-d9a5-446e-a574-39d435c65317>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.429601"}
{"text": "the abadan crisis occurred from 1951 to 1954, after iran nationalised the iranian assets of the anglo - iranian oil company ( aioc ) and expelled western companies from oil refineries in the city of abadan ( see abadan refinery ). the aioc was the united kingdom ' s \" single largest overseas asset \" and a \" source of national pride \" in the british post - war era of clement attlee, and ernest bevin. even as late as the \" 1940s and early 1950s some high british officials still believed that persian petroleum was actually and rightly british petroleum because it had been discovered by the british, developed by british capital, and exploited through british skill and british ingenuity. \" in stark contrast, premier mosaddeq believed the 1933 concession granted to the aioc by iran was \" immoral as well as illegal \". mosaddeq \" challenged every aspect of the british commercial presence in iran \". the british feared that if mosaddeq ' s policies prevailed, \" nationalists throughout the world could abrogate british concessions with impunity. \" the aioc was nationalized by the iranian parliament in march 1951. in iran this was enormously popular and seen as a long overdue staunching of its national wealth which could now be harnessed to fighting poverty in iran. in britain the nationalisation was widely seen as an intolerable breach of contract or theft. british emissaries in the united states after the nationalisation, argued that allowing iran to nationalise the oil company \" would be widely regarded as a victory for the russians \" and would also \" cause a loss of one hundred million pounds per annum in the united kingdom ' s balance of payments, thus seriously affecting our rearmament program and our cost of living. \" british warships blockaded abadan. on 22 august, the british cabinet imposed a series of economic sanctions on iran. it prohibited exports of key british commodities, including sugar and steel, directed the withdrawal of all british personnel from iranian oil fields and all but a hard core of about 300 administrators from abadan and blocked iran ' s access to its hard currency accounts in british banks. after the withdrawal of the british workers in the fall of 1951, the iranians felt confident that they could easily hire non - british technicians to run the industry and then quickly train their own nationals to replace them. unfortunately, this did not prove to be the case ; the united states, sweden, belgium, the netherlands, pakistan, and germany all refused to make their technicians available to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.440928923181636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1cb9e57-4827-434e-b6d7-85e76fe296ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.440055"}
{"text": "technicians to run the industry and then quickly train their own nationals to replace them. unfortunately, this did not prove to be the case ; the united states, sweden, belgium, the netherlands, pakistan, and germany all refused to make their technicians available to the nationalized iranian industry. only italy complied, demonstrating that most industrialized countries supported britain over iran in the nationalization dispute. \" in july 1952, the royal navy intercepted the italian tanker rose mary and forced it into the british protectorate of aden on the grounds that the ship ' s petroleum was stolen property. news that the royal navy was intercepting tankers carrying iranian oil scared off other tankers and effectively shut down oil exports from iran. as a result of the crisis, iranian prime minister mohammed mossadegh was ousted from power. during the coup, codenamed operation ajax, the cia and the mi6 restored mohammad reza pahlavi to power. in august 1954, the company was set under the control of an international consortium. initially, ownership shares in the consortium proposed to be divided along the following lines : 40 % to be divided equally ( 8 % each ) among the five major american companies ; british petroleum to have a 40 % share ; royal dutch / shell to have 14 % ; and cfp, a french company, to receive 6 %. iran got now 25 % of the profits compared to 20 % of the original treaty with the aioc. saudi - arabia and other oil - exploiting countries of the region received up to 50 % of the profits in cooperation with american oil companies at the same time. - william roger louis quoted in mohammad mosaddeq and the 1953 coup in iran ed, by mark j. gasiorowski and malcolm byrne, syracuse university press, 2004, p. 129 - william roger louis quoted in mohammad mosaddeq and the 1953 coup in iran edited by mark j. gasiorowski and malcolm byrne, syracuse university press, 2004, p. 148 - kinzer, stephen, all the shah ' s men : an american coup and the roots of middle east terror, stephen kinzer, john wiley and sons, 2003, p. 90 - kinzer, all the shah ' s men, ( 2003 ), p. 110 - heiss quoted in mohammad mosaddeq and the 1953 coup in iran edited by mark j. gasiorowski and malcolm byrne, syracuse university press, 2004, p. 182 - kinzer, all the shah ' s men, ( 2003 ), p. 138", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4351680895089285, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1cb9e57-4827-434e-b6d7-85e76fe296ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.441498"}
{"text": "waitangi day or new zealand day? united future calls for a change sunday, january 28, 2007 new zealand political party has called for to be changed back to new zealand day, as it once was. waitangi day is on february 6, each year and celebrates the waitangi signing of new zealand ' s founding document, the ( te tiriti o waitangi )., leader of the united future party, has said that the recent celebrations of has shown that new zealand really does need its own celebrations of that kind. \" across the ditch, australians celebrate a day that is about one thing only \u2013 the celebration of their country and of being a citizen of that country. \" however co - leader of rival political party, the, has said to, that waitangi day is very important, and if we need to have a new zealand day, then that needs to be something different. dr sharples has also called for more respect in terms of what the foundation of waitangi day is and educating the public that the treaty of waitangi is a positive thing for new zealand. however, peter dunne said : \" there is no doubt the treaty of waitangi has an important place in new zealand \u2019 s history, but having the treaty the centre and indeed holding the naming rights for our day of national festivities, just politicises the day and invites unnecessary racial tension. \" sharples also says that there is no point in looking across theat what is doing because we have our own identity, own founding document, our own nation. thus, we should go forward together. peter dunne said : \" the timing is right for new zealand to actively and positively advance our national identity \u2013 starting with a new national day. \" he claims quite a lot of support for a change to the name in 2008. - \" waitangi day name debate \" \u2014, january 28, 2007 - press release. \" new zealand a nation without a national day \" \u2014, january 28, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4252510681270147, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:746d473e-8b8b-4dd2-a01b-ebe2c99812b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.443709"}
{"text": "agent orange is the combination of the code names for herbicide orange ( ho ) and agent lnx, one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the u. s. military as part of its chemical warfare program, operation ranch hand, during the vietnam war from 1961 to 1971. vietnam estimates 400, 000 people were killed or maimed, and 500, 000 children born with birth defects as a result of its use. the red cross of vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to agent orange. a 50 : 50 mixture of 2, 4, 5 - t and 2, 4 - d, it was manufactured for the u. s. department of defense primarily by monsanto corporation and dow chemical. the 2, 4, 5 - t used to produce agent orange was later discovered to be contaminated with 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ( tcdd ), an extremely toxic dioxin compound. it was given its name from the color of the orange - striped 55 us gallon ( 208 l ) barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so - called \" rainbow herbicides \". during the vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the united states military sprayed nearly 20, 000, 000 us gallons ( 76, 000, 000 l ) of material containing chemical herbicides and defoliants mixed with jet fuel in vietnam, eastern laos and parts of cambodia, as part of operation ranch hand. the program ' s goal was to defoliate forested and rural land, depriving guerrillas of cover ; another goal was to induce forced draft urbanization, destroying the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, and forcing them to flee to the u. s. dominated cities, thus depriving the guerrillas of their rural support and food supply. the us began to target food crops in october 1962, primarily using agent blue. in 1965, 42 percent of all herbicide spraying was dedicated to food crops. rural - to - urban migration rates dramatically increased in south vietnam, as peasants escaped the war and famine in the countryside by fleeing to the u. s. - dominated cities. the urban population in south vietnam nearly tripled : from 2. 8 million people in 1958, to 8 million by 1971. the rapid flow of people led to a fast - paced and uncontrolled urbanization ; an estimated 1. 5 million people were living in saigon slums. united states air force records show", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48812659389255786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.492860"}
{"text": "million people in 1958, to 8 million by 1971. the rapid flow of people led to a fast - paced and uncontrolled urbanization ; an estimated 1. 5 million people were living in saigon slums. united states air force records show that at least 6, 542 spraying missions took place over the course of operation ranch hand. by 1971, 12 percent of the total area of south vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended usda application rate for domestic use. in south vietnam alone, an estimated 10 million hectares ( 25 million acres, 39, 000 square miles ) of agricultural land was ultimately destroyed. in some areas, tcdd concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered \" safe \" by the u. s. environmental protection agency. overall, more than 20 % of south vietnam ' s forests were sprayed at least once over a nine - year period. chemical description and toxicology chemically, agent orange is an approximately 1 : 1 mixture of two phenoxyl herbicides \u2013 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2, 4 - d ) and 2, 4, 5 - trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2, 4, 5 - t ) \u2013 in iso - octyl ester form. numerous studies have examined health effects linked to agent orange, its component compounds, and its manufacturing byproducts. prior to the controversy surrounding agent orange, there was already a large body of scientific evidence linking 2, 4, 5 - t to serious negative health effects and ecological damage. but in 1969, it was revealed to the public that the 2, 4, 5 - t was contaminated with a dioxin, 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ( tcdd ), and that the tcdd was causing many of the previously unexplained adverse health effects which were correlated with agent orange exposure. tcdd has been described as \" perhaps the most toxic molecule ever synthesized by man \". internal memoranda revealed that monsanto ( a manufacturer of 2, 4, 5 - t ) had informed the u. s. government in 1952 that its 2, 4, 5 - t was contaminated. in the manufacture of 2, 4, 5 - t, accidental overheating of the reaction mixture easily causes the product to condense into the toxic self - condensation product tcdd. at the time, precautions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4830086103447856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.493903"}
{"text": "5 - t was contaminated. in the manufacture of 2, 4, 5 - t, accidental overheating of the reaction mixture easily causes the product to condense into the toxic self - condensation product tcdd. at the time, precautions were not taken against this unintended side reaction, which caused also the seveso disaster in italy in 1976. in 1979, the yale biologist arthur galston, who specialized in herbicide research, published a review of what was known at the time about the toxicity of tcdd. even \" vanishingly small \" quantities of dioxin in the diet caused adverse health effects when tested on animals. since then, tcdd has been comprehensively studied. it has been associated with increased neoplasms in every animal bioassay reported in the scientific literature. the national toxicology program has classified tcdd as \" known to be a human carcinogen \", frequently associated with soft - tissue sarcoma, non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma, hodgkin ' s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ). while the two herbicides that make up agent orange, 2, 4 - d and 2, 4, 5 - t, remain toxic over a short period \u2014 a scale of days or weeks \u2014 they quickly degrade. a 1969 report authored by k. diane courtney and others found 2, 4, 5 - t could cause birth defects and stillbirths in mice. several studies have shown an increased rate of cancer mortality for workers exposed to 2, 4, 5 - t. in one such study, from hamburg, germany, the risk of cancer mortality increased by 170 % after working for 10 years at the 2, 4, 5 - t - producing section of a hamburg manufacturing plant. three studies have suggested prior exposure to agent orange poses an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia in the children of vietnam veterans. starting in 1991, the us congress asked the institute of medicine to review the scientific literature on agent orange and the other herbicides used in vietnam, including their active ingredients and the dioxin contaminant. the iom found an association between dioxin exposure and diabetes. early development in 1943, plant biologist arthur galston began studying the compound triiodobenzoic acid as a plant growth hormone, in an attempt to adapt soybeans to a short growing season. galston found that excessive usage of the compound caused catastrophic defoliation \u2014 a finding later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5032720217792688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.495116"}
{"text": "that the u. s. was violating the 1925 geneva protocol, which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons. u. s. army armored personnel carrier ( apc ) spraying agent orange over vietnamese rice fields during the vietnam war a uh - 1d helicopter from the 336th aviation company sprays a defoliation agent over farmland in the mekong delta effects on the vietnamese people health effects the vietnam red cross reported as many as 3 million vietnamese people have been affected by agent orange, including at least 150, 000 children born with birth defects. according to vietnamese ministry of foreign affairs, 4. 8 million vietnamese people were exposed to agent orange, resulting in 400, 000 people being killed or maimed, and 500, 000 children born with birth defects. women had higher rates of miscarriage and stillbirths, as did livestock such as cattle, water buffalo, and pigs. children in the areas where agent orange was used have been affected and have multiple health problems, including cleft palate, mental disabilities, hernias, and extra fingers and toes. in the 1970s, high levels of dioxin were found in the breast milk of south vietnamese women, and in the blood of u. s. soldiers who had served in vietnam. the most affected zones are the mountainous area along truong son ( long mountains ) and the border between vietnam and cambodia. the affected residents are living in substandard conditions with many genetic diseases. about 28 of the former us military bases in vietnam where the herbicides were stored and loaded onto airplanes may still have high level of dioxins in the soil, posing a health threat to the surrounding communities. extensive testing for dioxin contamination has been conducted at the former us airbases in da nang, phu cat and bien hoa. some of the soil and sediment on the bases have extremely high levels of dioxin requiring remediation. the da nang airbase has dioxin contamination up to 350 times higher than international recommendations for action. the contaminated soil and sediment continue to affect the citizens of vietnam, poisoning their food chain and causing illnesses, serious skin diseases and a variety of cancers in the lungs, larynx, and prostate. ecological effects about 17. 8 % ( 3, 100, 000 ha ) of the total forested area of vietnam was sprayed during the war, which dramatically disrupted ecological equilibrium. furthermore, the persistent nature of dioxins, erosion caused by loss of protective tree cover, and loss of seeding forest stock, meant reforestation was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4702410121040528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.498262"}
{"text": "of the total forested area of vietnam was sprayed during the war, which dramatically disrupted ecological equilibrium. furthermore, the persistent nature of dioxins, erosion caused by loss of protective tree cover, and loss of seeding forest stock, meant reforestation was difficult or impossible in many areas. many defoliated forest areas were quickly invaded by aggressive pioneer species, such as bamboo and cogon grass, which make it unlikely the forests will be able to regenerate. animal species diversity was also significantly impacted : in one study, a harvard biologist found 24 species of birds and 5 species of mammals in a sprayed forest, while in two adjacent sections of unsprayed forest there were 145 and 170 species of birds and 30 and 55 species of mammals. dioxins from agent orange have persisted in the vietnamese environment since the war, settling in the soil and sediment and entering into food chain through the animals and fish that feed in the contaminated areas. movement of dioxins through the food web has resulted in bioconcentration and biomagnification. the areas most heavily contaminated with dioxins are the sites of former u. s. air bases. sociopolitical effects the rand corporation ' s memorandum 5446 - isa / arpa states : \" the fact that the vc obtain most of their food from the neutral rural population dictates the destruction of civilian crops... if they ( the vc ) are to be hampered by the crop destruction program, it will be necessary to destroy large portions of the rural economy \u2013 probably 50 % or more \". rural - to - urban migration rates dramatically increased in south vietnam, as peasants escaped the war in the countryside by fleeing to the u. s. - dominated cities. the urban population in south vietnam nearly tripled, growing from 2. 8 million people in 1958 to 8 million by 1971. the rapid flow of people led to a fast - paced and uncontrolled urbanization ; an estimated 1. 5 million people were living in saigon slums. effects on u. s. veterans some studies showed that veterans who served in the south during the war have increased rates of cancer, and nerve, digestive, skin and respiratory disorders. veterans from the south had higher rates of throat cancer, acute / chronic leukemia, hodgkin ' s lymphoma and non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, soft tissue sarcoma and liver cancer. with the exception of liver cancer, these are the same conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47584433401064197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.499221"}
{"text": "' s lymphoma and non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, soft tissue sarcoma and liver cancer. with the exception of liver cancer, these are the same conditions the us veterans administration has determined may be associated with exposure to agent orange / dioxin, and are on the list of conditions eligible for compensation and treatment. military personnel who loaded airplanes and helicopters used in ranch hand probably sustained some of the heaviest exposures. members of the army chemical corps, who stored and mixed herbicides and defoliated the perimeters of military bases, and mechanics who worked on the helicopters and planes, are also thought to have had some of the heaviest exposures. however, this same group of individuals has not shown remarkably higher incidences of the associated diseases. others with potentially heavy exposures included members of u. s. army special forces units who defoliated remote campsites, and members of u. s. navy river units who cleared base perimeters. military members who served on okinawa also claim to have been exposed to the chemical but there is no verifiable evidence to corroborate these claims. while in vietnam, the veterans were told not to worry, and were persuaded the chemical was harmless. after returning home, vietnam veterans began to suspect their ill health or the instances of their wives having miscarriages or children born with birth defects might be related to agent orange and the other toxic herbicides to which they were exposed in vietnam. veterans began to file claims in 1977 to the department of veterans affairs for disability payments for health care for conditions they believed were associated with exposure to agent orange, or more specifically, dioxin, but their claims were denied unless they could prove the condition began when they were in the service or within one year of their discharge. by april 1993, the department of veterans affairs had only compensated 486 victims, although it had received disability claims from 39, 419 soldiers who had been exposed to agent orange while serving in vietnam. legal and diplomatic proceedings us veterans class action lawsuit against manufacturers hy mayerson of the mayerson law offices, p. c. was an early pioneer in agent orange litigation, working with environmental attorney victor yannacone in 1980 on the first class - action suits against wartime manufacturers of agent orange. in meeting dr. ronald a. codario, one of the first civilian doctors to see afflicted patients, mayerson, so impressed by the fact a physician would show so much interest in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45784414380052757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.501169"}
{"text": "class - action suits against wartime manufacturers of agent orange. in meeting dr. ronald a. codario, one of the first civilian doctors to see afflicted patients, mayerson, so impressed by the fact a physician would show so much interest in a vietnam veteran, forwarded more than a thousand pages of information on agent orange and the effects of dioxin on animals and humans to codario ' s office the day after he was first contacted by the doctor. the corporate defendants sought to escape culpability by blaming everything on the u. s. government. the mayerson law firm, with sgt. charles e. hartz as their principal client, filed the first u. s. agent orange class - action lawsuit, in pennsylvania in 1980, for the injuries soldiers in vietnam suffered through exposure to toxic dioxins in the defoliant. attorney hy mayerson co - wrote the brief that certified the agent orange product liability action as a class action, the largest ever filed as of its filing. hartz ' s deposition was one of the first ever taken in america, and the first for an agent orange trial, for the purpose of preserving testimony at trial, as it was understood that hartz would not live to see the trial because of a brain tumor that began to develop while he was a member of tiger force, special forces, and lrrps in vietnam. the firm also located and supplied critical research to the veterans ' lead expert, dr. ronald a. codario, m. d., including about 100 articles from toxicology journals dating back more than a decade, as well as data about where herbicides had been sprayed, what the effects of dioxin had been on animals and humans, and every accident in factories where herbicides were produced or dioxin was a contaminant of some chemical reaction. the chemical companies involved denied that there was a link between agent orange and the veterans ' medical problems. however, on may 7, 1984, seven chemical companies settled the class - action suit out of court just hours before jury selection was to begin. the companies agreed to pay $ 180 million as compensation if the veterans dropped all claims against them. slightly over 45 % of the sum was ordered to be paid by monsanto alone. many veterans who were victims of agent orange exposure were outraged the case had been settled instead of going to court, and felt they had been betrayed by the lawyers. \" fairness hearings \" were held in five major american cities, where veterans and their families discussed their reactions to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41630647405070986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.503393"}
{"text": "victims of agent orange exposure were outraged the case had been settled instead of going to court, and felt they had been betrayed by the lawyers. \" fairness hearings \" were held in five major american cities, where veterans and their families discussed their reactions to the settlement, and condemned the actions of the lawyers and courts, demanding the case be heard before a jury of their peers. federal judge julius weinstein refused the appeals, claiming the settlement was \" fair and just \". by 1989, the veterans ' fears were confirmed when it was decided how the money from the settlement would be paid out. a totally disabled vietnam veteran would receive a maximum of $ 12, 000 spread out over the course of 10 years. furthermore, by accepting the settlement payments, disabled veterans would become ineligible for many state benefits that provided far more monetary support than the settlement, such as food stamps, public assistance, and government pensions. a widow of a vietnam veteran who died of agent orange exposure would only receive $ 3700. in 2004, monsanto spokesman jill montgomery said monsanto should not be liable at all for injuries or deaths caused by agent orange, saying : \" we are sympathetic with people who believe they have been injured and understand their concern to find the cause, but reliable scientific evidence indicates that agent orange is not the cause of serious long - term health effects. \" new jersey agent orange commission in 1980, new jersey created the new jersey agent orange commission, the first state commission created to study its effects. the commission ' s research project in association with rutgers university was called \" the pointman project \". it was disbanded by governor christine todd whitman in 1996. during pointman i, commission researchers devised ways to determine small dioxin levels in blood. prior to this, such levels could only be found in the adipose ( fat ) tissue. the project studied dioxin ( tcdd ) levels in blood as well as in adipose tissue in a small group of vietnam veterans who had been exposed to agent orange and compared them to those of a matched control group ; the levels were found to be higher in the former group. us congress in 1991, the us congress enacted the agent orange act, giving the department of veterans affairs the authority to declare certain conditions ' presumptive ' to exposure to agent orange / dioxin, making these veterans who served in vietnam eligible to receive treatment and compensation for these conditions. the same law required the national academy of sciences to periodically review the science on dioxin and herbicides used in vietnam to inform the secretary of veterans affairs about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45676416813243736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.504961"}
{"text": ", making these veterans who served in vietnam eligible to receive treatment and compensation for these conditions. the same law required the national academy of sciences to periodically review the science on dioxin and herbicides used in vietnam to inform the secretary of veterans affairs about the strength of the scientific evidence showing association between exposure to agent orange / dioxin and certain conditions. through this process, the list of ' presumptive ' conditions has grown since 1991, and currently the u. s. department of veterans affairs has listed prostate cancer, respiratory cancers, multiple myeloma, type ii diabetes, hodgkin ' s disease, non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, peripheral neuropathy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to agent orange as conditions associated with exposure to the herbicide. this list now includes b cell leukemias, such as hairy cell leukemia, parkinson ' s disease and ischemic heart disease, these last three having been added on august 31, 2010. several highly placed individuals in government are voicing concerns about whether some of the diseases on the list should, in fact, actually have been included. u. s. / vietnamese government negotiations in 2002, vietnam and the us held a joint conference on human health and environmental impacts of agent orange. following the conference, the us national institute of environmental health sciences ( niehs ) began scientific exchanges between the us and vietnam, and began discussions for a joint research project on the human health impacts of agent orange. these negotiations broke down in 2005, when neither side could agree on the research protocol and the research project was cancelled. more progress has been made on the environmental front. in 2005, the first us - vietnam workshop on remediation of dioxin was held. starting in 2005, the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) began to work with the vietnamese government to measure the level of dioxin at the da nang airbase. also in 2005, the joint advisory committee on agent orange, made up of representatives of vietnamese and us government agencies, was established. the committee has been meeting yearly to explore areas of scientific cooperation, technical assistance and environmental remediation of dioxin. a breakthrough in the diplomatic stalemate on this issue occurred as a result of united states president george w. bush ' s state visit to vietnam in november 2006. in the joint statement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49894278565272326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.506051"}
{"text": "cooperation, technical assistance and environmental remediation of dioxin. a breakthrough in the diplomatic stalemate on this issue occurred as a result of united states president george w. bush ' s state visit to vietnam in november 2006. in the joint statement, president bush and president triet agreed \" further joint efforts to address the environmental contamination near former dioxin storage sites would make a valuable contribution to the continued development of their bilateral relationship. \" [ unreliable source? ] in late may 2007, president bush signed into law a supplemental spending bill for the war in iraq and afghanistan that included an earmark of $ 3 million specifically for funding for programs for the remediation of dioxin ' hotspots ' on former us military bases, and for public health programs for the surrounding communities ; some authors consider this to be completely inadequate, pointing out that the u. s. airbase in da nang, alone, will cost $ 14 million to clean up, and that three others are estimated to require $ 60 million for cleanup. the appropriation was renewed in the fiscal year 2009 and again in fy 2010. an additional $ 12 million was appropriated in the fiscal year 2010 in the supplemental appropriations act and a total of $ 18. 5 million appropriated for fiscal year 2011. secretary of state hillary clinton stated during a visit to hanoi in october 2010 that the us government would begin work on the clean - up of dioxin contamination at the da nang airbase. in june 2011 a ceremony was held at da nang airport to mark the start of us - funded decontamination of dioxin hotspots in vietnam. $ 32m has so far been allocated by the us congress to fund the program. vietnamese victims class action lawsuit in u. s. courts on january 31, 2004, a victim ' s rights group, the vietnam association for victims of agent orange / dioxin ( vava ), filed a lawsuit in the united states district court for the eastern district of new york in brooklyn, against several u. s. companies for liability in causing personal injury, by developing and producing the chemical. dow chemical and monsanto were the two largest producers of agent orange for the u. s. military, and were named in the suit, along with the dozens of other companies ( diamond shamrock, uniroyal, thompson chemicals, hercules, etc. ). on march 10, 2005, judge jack b. weinstein of the eastern district \u2013 who had presided over the 1984 us veterans class - action lawsuit \u2013 dismissed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.450660505923754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.507073"}
{"text": "companies ( diamond shamrock, uniroyal, thompson chemicals, hercules, etc. ). on march 10, 2005, judge jack b. weinstein of the eastern district \u2013 who had presided over the 1984 us veterans class - action lawsuit \u2013 dismissed the lawsuit, ruling there was no legal basis for the plaintiffs ' claims. he concluded agent orange was not considered a poison under international law at the time of its use by the u. s. ; the u. s. was not prohibited from using it as a herbicide ; and the companies which produced the substance were not liable for the method of its use by the government. the u. s. government was not a party in the lawsuit, due to sovereign immunity, and the court ruled the chemical companies, as contractors of the us government, shared the same immunity. the case was appealed and heard by the second circuit court of appeals on june 18, 2007. the court of appeals upheld the dismissal of the case, stating the herbicides used during the war were not intended to be used to poison humans and therefore did not violate international law. the us supreme court declined to consider the case. three judges on the second circuit court of appeals in manhattan heard the appeal on june 18, 2007. they upheld weinstein ' s ruling to dismiss the case. they ruled that, though the herbicides contained a dioxin ( a known poison ), they were not intended to be used as a poison on humans. therefore, they were not considered a chemical weapon and thus not a violation of international law. a further review of the case by the whole panel of judges of the court of appeals also confirmed this decision. the lawyers for the vietnamese filed a petition to the us supreme court to hear the case. on march 2, 2009, the supreme court denied certiorari and refused to reconsider the ruling of the court of appeals. in a november 2004 zogby international poll of 987 people, 79 % of respondents thought the us chemical companies which produced agent orange defoliant should compensate us soldiers who were affected by the toxic chemical used during the war in vietnam. also, 51 % said they supported compensation for vietnamese agent orange victims. help for those affected in vietnam to assist those who have been affected by agent orange / dioxin, the vietnamese have established \" peace villages \", which each host between 50 and 100 victims, giving them medical and psychological help. as of 2006, there were 11 such villages, thus granting some social protection to fewer than a thousand victims. u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546551821551961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.508077"}
{"text": "the vietnamese have established \" peace villages \", which each host between 50 and 100 victims, giving them medical and psychological help. as of 2006, there were 11 such villages, thus granting some social protection to fewer than a thousand victims. u. s. veterans of the war in vietnam and individuals who are aware and sympathetic to the impacts of agent orange have supported these programs in vietnam. an international group of veterans from the u. s. and its allies during the vietnam war working with their former enemy \u2014 veterans from the vietnam veterans association \u2014 established the vietnam friendship village outside of hanoi. the center provides medical care, rehabilitation and vocational training for children and veterans from vietnam who have been affected by agent orange. in 1998, the vietnam red cross established the vietnam agent orange victims fund to provide direct assistance to families throughout vietnam that have been affected. in 2003, the vietnam association of victims of agent orange ( vava ) was formed. in addition to filing the lawsuit against the chemical companies, vava provides medical care, rehabilitation services and financial assistance to those injured by agent orange. the vietnamese government provides small monthly stipends to more than 200, 000 vietnamese believed affected by the herbicides ; this totaled $ 40. 8 million in 2008 alone. the vietnam red cross has raised more than $ 22 million to assist the ill or disabled, and several u. s. foundations, united nations agencies, european governments and nongovernmental organizations have given a total of about $ 23 million for site cleanup, reforestation, health care and other services to those in need. vuong mo of the vietnam news agency described one of centers : - \" may is 13, but she knows nothing, is unable to talk fluently, nor walk with ease due to for her bandy legs. her father is dead and she has four elder brothers, all mentally retarded... the students are all disabled, retarded and of different ages. teaching them is a hard job. they are of the 3rd grade but many of them find it hard to do the reading. only a few of them can. their pronunciation is distorted due to their twisted lips and their memory is quite short. they easily forget what they ' ve learned... in the village, it is quite hard to tell the kids ' exact ages. some in their twenties have a physical statures as small as the 7 - or 8 - years - old. they find it difficult to feed themselves, much less have mental ability or physical capacity for work. no one can hold back the tears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41252695183061705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.509251"}
{"text": "ages. some in their twenties have a physical statures as small as the 7 - or 8 - years - old. they find it difficult to feed themselves, much less have mental ability or physical capacity for work. no one can hold back the tears when seeing the heads turning round unconsciously, the bandy arms managing to push the spoon of food into the mouths with awful difficulty... yet they still keep smiling, singing in their great innocence, at the presence of some visitors, craving for something beautiful. \" on june 16, 2010, members of the u. s. - vietnam dialogue group on agent orange / dioxin unveiled a comprehensive 10 - year declaration and plan of action to address the toxic legacy of agent orange and other herbicides in vietnam. the plan of action was released as an aspen institute publication and calls upon the u. s. and vietnamese governments to join with other governments, foundations, businesses, and nonprofits in a partnership to clean up dioxin \" hot spots \" in vietnam and to expand humanitarian services for people with disabilities there. on september 16, 2010, senator patrick leahy ( d - vt ) acknowledged the work of the dialogue group by releasing a statement on the floor of the united states senate. the statement urges the u. s. government to take the plan of action ' s recommendations into account in developing a multi - year plan of activities to address the agent orange / dioxin legacy. use outside vietnam while ' agent orange ' was only used between 1965 and 1970, 2, 4 - d, 2, 4, 5 - t and other herbicides were used by the us military from the late 1940s through the 1970s. there is, however, no scientific evidence that these herbicides contained the same levels of dioxin as those used in vietnam. in 2008, australian researcher jean williams claimed that cancer rates in the town of innisfail, queensland were 10 times higher than the state average due to secret testing of agent orange by the australian military scientists during the vietnam war. williams, who had won the order of australia medal for her research on the effects of chemicals on u. s. war veterans, based her allegations on australian government reports found in the australian war memorial ' s archives. a former soldier, ted bosworth, backed up the claims, saying that he had been involved in the secret testing. neither williams or bosworth have produced verifiable evidence to support their claims. the queensland health department determined that cancer rates in innisfail were no higher than those in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46917193461388074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.510353"}
{"text": "the claims, saying that he had been involved in the secret testing. neither williams or bosworth have produced verifiable evidence to support their claims. the queensland health department determined that cancer rates in innisfail were no higher than those in other parts of the state. the brazilian government used herbicides to defoliate a large section of the amazon rainforest so that alcoa could build the tucurui dam to power mining operations. large areas of rainforest were destroyed, along with the homes and livelihoods of thousands of rural peasants and indigenous tribes. the u. s. military, with the permission of the canadian government, tested herbicides, including agent orange, in the forests near the canadian forces base gagetown in new brunswick in 1966 and 1967. on september 12, 2007, greg thompson, minister of veterans affairs, announced that the government of canada was offering a one - time ex gratia payment of $ 20, 000 as the compensation package for agent orange exposure at cfb gagetown. on july 12, 2005, merchant law group llp on behalf of over 1, 100 canadian veterans and civilians who were living in and around the cfb gagetown filed a lawsuit to pursue class action litigation concerning agent orange and agent purple with the federal court of canada. veterans affairs canada agent orange benefits rev 1. 0 on february 17, 2011, the toronto star revealed that the same chemicals used to strip the jungles of vietnam were also employed to clear extensive plots of crown land in northern ontario. the same day, in response to the toronto star article, the ontario provincial government launched a probe into the use of agent orange. the toronto star reported that, \" records from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s show forestry workers, often students and junior rangers, spent weeks at a time as human markers holding red, helium - filled balloons on fishing lines while low - flying planes sprayed toxic herbicides including an infamous chemical mixture known as agent orange on the brush and the boys below. \" records show tens of thousands of gallons of the toxic mixture were applied to clear brush near highways and along power lines in the late 1960s and early 1970s \u2013 and in some cases the substance was sprayed next to homes. in b. c., the mix of 2 - 4 - d and 2 - 4 - 5 - t was called \" type b weed and brush killer \" in government invoices. sometimes, the engineers ordered 2 - 4 - 5 - t by itself, and dubbed it \" type c weed and brush killer. \" in total, about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42371702002465006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.511329"}
{"text": "5 - t was called \" type b weed and brush killer \" in government invoices. sometimes, the engineers ordered 2 - 4 - 5 - t by itself, and dubbed it \" type c weed and brush killer. \" in total, about 26, 000 gallons of type b weed and brush killer were ordered between 1965 and 1972. about 10, 000 gallons of type c weed and brush killer were ordered in the same time period. the barrels were shipped to all four of the regions of b. c. as designated by the ministry of highways : kamloops, nelson, prince george and vancouver. in 1976, documents from bc hydro show 2 - 4 - 5 - t and 2 - 4 - d was sprayed along hydro lines vernon - monashee and nicola - brenda circuits. the documents also say \" brushkiller \" was sprayed in pemberton and daisy lake. agent orange was used in korea in the late 1960s. republic of korea troops were the only personnel involved in the spraying, which occurred along the korean demilitarized zone ( dmz ). \" citing declassified u. s. department of defense documents, korean officials fear thousands of its soldiers may have come into contact with the herbicide in the late 1960s and early 1970s. according to one top government official, as many as ' 30, 000 korean veterans are suffering from illness related to their exposure '. the exact number of gis who may have been exposed is unknown. but c. david benbow, a north carolina attorney who served as a sergeant with co. c, 3rd battalion, 23rd infantry regiment, 2nd infantry division, along the dmz in 1968 \u2013 69, estimates as many as ' 4, 000 soldiers at any given time ' could have been affected. \". [ unreliable source? ] in 1999, about 20, 000 south koreans filed two separated lawsuits against u. s. companies, seeking more than $ 5 billion in damages. after losing a decision in 2002, they filed an appeal. in january 2006, the south korean appeals court ordered dow chemical and monsanto to pay $ 62 million in compensation to about 6, 800 people. the ruling acknowledged that \" the defendants failed to ensure safety as the defoliants manufactured by the defendants had higher levels of dioxins than standard \", and, quoting the u. s. national academy of science report, declared that there was a \" causal relationship \" between agent orange and 11 diseases, including cancers of the lung, larynx and prostate. the judges failed to acknowledge \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46614521614715937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.512249"}
{"text": ", and, quoting the u. s. national academy of science report, declared that there was a \" causal relationship \" between agent orange and 11 diseases, including cancers of the lung, larynx and prostate. the judges failed to acknowledge \" the relationship between the chemical and peripheral neuropathy, the disease most widespread among agent orange victims \" according to the mercury news. the united states local press kpho - tv in phoenix, arizona alleged that the united states army had buried agent orange in camp carroll, the u. s. army base located in gyeongsangbuk - do, korea. it is based on the claim of three u. s. army veterans. they claimed approximately 250 drums of agent orange were buried at camp carroll in 1978. the south korean ministry of environment announced that they will request cooperative investigation at camp carroll officially. the usfk issued a statement that confirmed that barrels were buried there, but all ( plus an additional 60 tons of soil ) were removed in 1996. currently, veterans who provide evidence meeting va requirements for service in vietnam, and who can medically establish that anytime after this ' presumptive exposure ' they developed any medical problems on the list of presumptive diseases, may receive compensation from the va. certain veterans who served in korea and are able to prove they were assigned to certain specified around the dmz during a specific time frame are afforded similar presumption. the differences in requirements between vietnam and korea service stem from the fact that congress has not made any laws to provide for the same sweeping presumption of exposure similar to the agent orange act of 1991 for korean veterans. small scale defoliation experiments using 2 - 4 - d and 2 - 4 - 5 - t were conducted by the british during the malayan emergency in 1951. areas of jungle close to roadways were cleared using chemical defoliation to help prevent ambushes by communist insurgents. there is no scientific evidence that these herbicides contained dioxins similar to those found in any of the so - called \" agent \" herbicides used in vietnam. however, historical records show that super - orange ( so ), also called dow herbicide m - 3393, which was agent orange that was mixed with picloram, is known to have been tested by representatives from fort detrick and dow chemical in texas, puerto rico, and hawaii and later in malaysia in a cooperative project with the international rubber research institute. picloram, an ingredient in agent white, was contaminated by hexachlorobenzene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.469480443858519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.513394"}
{"text": "from fort detrick and dow chemical in texas, puerto rico, and hawaii and later in malaysia in a cooperative project with the international rubber research institute. picloram, an ingredient in agent white, was contaminated by hexachlorobenzene ( hcb ), a dioxin - like carcinogen. therefore, super - orange was contaminated with both dioxin and hexachlorobenzene. malaysia does not appear on the list of countries where agent orange was used outside of vietnam that is maintained by the department of veteran affairs. new zealand the use of agent orange has been controversial in new zealand, because of the exposure of new zealand troops in vietnam and because of the production of agent orange for vietnam and other users at an ivon watkins - dow chemical plant in paritutu, new plymouth. there have been continuing claims, as yet unproven, that the suburb of paritutu has also been polluted ; see new zealand in the vietnam war. there are cases of new zealand soldiers developing cancers such as bone cancer but none have been scientifically connected to exposure to herbicides. okinawa and johnston atoll the air force operation to remove herbicide orange from vietnam in 1972 was named operation pacer ivy while the operation to destroy the agent orange stored at johnston atoll in 1977 was named operation pacer ho. the records of the disposition of agent orange are now associated with the records of operation red hat. a 2003 document from the united states army chemical materials agency entitled \" an ecological assessment of johnston atoll \", states, \" in 1972, the us air force also brought about 25, 000 55 - gallon ( 208l ) drums of the chemical, herbicide orange ( ho ) to johnston island that originated from vietnam and was stored on okinawa. \" \" an ecological assessment of johnston atoll \" was re - discovered by florida - based researcher, john olin in 2011. in september 1971, u. s. army fort detrick, maryland, the center for the pentagon ' s bio - chemical weapons research, produced a report titled \" historical, logistical, political and technical aspects of the herbicide / defoliant program. \" the document summarized the military ' s usage of rainbow herbicides during the vietnam war and among the locations cited is a reference to \" herbicide stockpiles elsewhere in pacom - us ( pacific command ) government restricted materials thailand and okinawa ( kadena afb ). \" vietnam - era veterans whose service involved duty on or near the perimeters of military bases in thailand anytime between february", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4522209108179584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.514535"}
{"text": "herbicide stockpiles elsewhere in pacom - us ( pacific command ) government restricted materials thailand and okinawa ( kadena afb ). \" vietnam - era veterans whose service involved duty on or near the perimeters of military bases in thailand anytime between february 28, 1961 and may 7, 1975 may have been exposed to herbicides and may qualify for va benefits. a claim for direct exposure is possible if the individual can show through verifiable proof they worked or lived in the affected areas of the bases in thailand. report on defense tactics in thailand a recently declassified department of defense ( dod ) report written in 1973, \" project checo southeast asia report : base defense in thailand 1968 \u2013 1972, \" ( 8. 3 mb, pdf ) contains evidence that there was a significant use of herbicides on the fenced - in perimeters of military bases in thailand to remove foliage that provided cover for enemy forces. va determined that herbicides used on the thailand base perimeters may have been tactical and procured from vietnam, or a strong, commercial type resembling tactical herbicides. united states in 1971, the c - 123 aircraft used for spraying agent orange were returned to the united states and assigned various east coast usaf reserve squadrons, and then employed in traditional airlift missions between 1972 and 1982. in 1994, testing by the air force identified some former spray aircraft as \" heavily contaminated \" with dioxin residue. inquiries by aircrew veterans in 2011 brought a decision by the us department of veterans affairs opining that not enough dioxin residue remained to injure these post - vietnam war veterans. on 26 january 2012, the us center for disease control ' s agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ) challenged this with their finding that former spray aircraft were indeed contaminated and the aircrews exposed to harmful levels of dioxin. this was subsequently re - confirmed in 2013 by the atsdr director dr. christopher portier to the joint services records research center ( jsrrc ), although va ' s compensation services has ruled that all evidence or supporting expert opinions which confirm c - 123 veterans ' exposure is unacceptable, the reason being va ' s health benefits administration has already stated veterans weren ' t exposed. further, va ' s mr. jim sampsel explains that all jsrrc ' s confirmations of veterans exposure are unacceptable unless based on dod, rather that other government agency, materials. dismissed thereby are c - 123 veterans ' proofs of exposure established by government scientists at cdc / atsdr, nih", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45509235974653905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.515609"}
{"text": "jsrrc ' s confirmations of veterans exposure are unacceptable unless based on dod, rather that other government agency, materials. dismissed thereby are c - 123 veterans ' proofs of exposure established by government scientists at cdc / atsdr, nih / national toxicology program, nih / neihs, the us public health service and the epa. dismissed earlier as unacceptable to the va were independent expert opinions confirming c - 123 veterans ' exposure submitted by dr. jeanne stellman, professor emerita at columbia university, dr. fred berman of oregon health sciences university, dr. arnold schecter at university of texas medical school, and other acknowledged dioxin authorities. in may 2013 c - 123 veterans were barred from the agent orange registry health exam, via an internal, unpublished va procedure restricting such exams and care to only veterans able to prove exposure to liquid herbicides. exposed c - 123 veterans unsuccessfully cite the federal register of 8 may 2001 in which va states veterans exposed to agent orange in any situation will be cared for just as are vietnam veterans, and thus the situation evolves where the issue of \" exposure \" is debated. va in 2013 introduced the requirement of \" bioavailability \" as a prerequisite for a veteran ' s exposure to be considered, in that no bioavailability ( medical nexus ) implies no exposure. in 1978, the u. s. environmental protection agency suspended spraying of agent orange in national forests, due to a threefold increase in miscarriages in women living near forests that had been sprayed. on december 23, 1982, the epa announced it had identified dangerous levels of dioxin in the soil of times beach, missouri. panic spread through the town, with many illnesses, miscarriages and animal deaths attributed to the dioxin. by 1985, the town was evacuated except for one elderly couple who refused to leave, and the site was quarantined. residents were shunned in their new communities by people who feared the effects of exposure to dioxin were contagious. a december 2006 department of defense report listed agent orange testing, storage, and disposal sites at 32 locations throughout the united states, as well as in canada, thailand, puerto rico, korea, and in the pacific ocean. the veteran administration has also acknowledged that agent orange was used domestically by u. s. forces in test sites throughout the us. eglin air force base in florida was one of the primary testing sites throughout the 1960s. see also - environmental impact of war -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46609639529656904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.517633"}
{"text": "administration has also acknowledged that agent orange was used domestically by u. s. forces in test sites throughout the us. eglin air force base in florida was one of the primary testing sites throughout the 1960s. see also - environmental impact of war - scorched earth - u. s. - vietnam dialogue group on agent orange / dioxin - vietnam syndrome - york, geoffrey ; mick, hayley ; \" last ghost of the vietnam war \", the globe and mail, july 12, 2008 - jessica king ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ). \" u. s. in first effort to clean up agent orange in vietnam \". cnn. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11. - hay, 1982 : p. 151 - pellow, david n. resisting global toxics : transnational movements for environmental justice, mit press, 2007, p. 159, ( isbn 0 - 262 - 16244 - x ). - stellman et al. 2003 : pp 681 \u2013 687 - kolko, gabriel ( 1994 ). anatomy of a war : vietnam, the united states, and the modern historical experiences. new press. pp. 144 \u2013 145. isbn 1 - 56584 - 218 - 9. - luong, 2003 : pp. 4 - furukawa, hisao ( 2004 ). ecological destruction, health, and development : advancing asian paradigms. trans pacific press. p. 143. isbn 978 - 1 - 920901 - 01 - 1. - sbsg, 1971 : p. 36 - luong, 2003 : p. 3 - fawthrop, tom ; \" vietnam ' s war against agent orange \", bbc news, june 14, 2004 - fawthrop, tom ; \" agent of suffering \", guardian, february 10, 2008 - iom, 1994 : p. 90 - frumkin, 2003 : pp. 245 \u2013 255 - young, 2009 : p. 2 - young, 2009 : p. 6 - schuck, 1987 : p. 18 - schuck, 1987 : p. 17 - dwyer and flesch - janys, \" editorial : agent orange in vietnam \", american journal of public health, april 1995, vol 85. no. 4, p. 476 - \" committee recommendations : 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzo - p - dioxin ( tcdd ) \". ntp. niehs. nih. gov. retrieved 2012 - 07 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44366685449221016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.518522"}
{"text": ". p. 190. isbn 978 - 0 - 262 - 70084 - 9. - vietnam ministry of foreign affairs \u2013 support agent orange victims in vietnamese. - hatfield consultants. evaluation of contamination at the agent orange dioxin hot spots in bien hoa, phu cat and vicinity, vietnam. june 2009 - hatfield consultants and the office of the national steering committee 33. assessment of dioxin contamination in the environment and human population in the vicinity of da nang airbase, viet nam. vancouver, canada : hatfield consultants, 2007. final report. - furukawa, 2004 : p. 215 - chiras, daniel d. ( 2010 ). environmental science ( 8th ed. ). jones & bartlett. p. 499. isbn 978 - 0 - 7637 - 5925 - 4. - vallero, daniel a. ( 2007 ). biomedical ethics for engineers : ethics and decision making in biomedical and biosystem engineering. academic press. p. 73. isbn 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8227 - 5. - furukawa, 2004 : pp. 221 \u2013 222 - verwey, 1977 : p. 115 - frumkin, 2003 : p. 3 - mitchell, jon, \" evidence for agent orange on okinawa \", japan times, 12 april 2011, p. 12. - hermann, kenneth j. ; \" killing me softly : how agent orange murders vietnam ' s children \" [ dead link ], political affairs, april 25, 2006 - fleischer, doris zames ; zames, freida ( 2001 ). the disability rights movement : from charity to confrontation. temple university press. p. 178. isbn 978 - 1 - 56639 - 812 - 1. - wilcox, 1983 : [ page needed ] - scott, wilbur j. ( 1993 ). the politics of readjustment : vietnam veterans since the war. transaction. p. 130. isbn 978 - 0 - 202 - 30406 - 9. - \" ' ' dying veteran may speak from beyond the grave in court : lakeland ledger \". news. google. com. 1980 - 01 - 25. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - croft, steve ; agent orange, cbs evening news, may 7, 1980 - \" the mayerson law offices \". the mayerson law offices. retrieved may 4, 2010. - \" pottstown mercury \". pottsmerc. com. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - stanley, jay ; blair, john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43830525625213246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.520420"}
{"text": "\" the mayerson law offices \". the mayerson law offices. retrieved may 4, 2010. - \" pottstown mercury \". pottsmerc. com. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - stanley, jay ; blair, john d., ed. ( 1993 ). challenges in military health care : perspectives on health status and the provision of care. transaction publishers. p. 164. isbn 978 - 1 - 56000 - 650 - 3. - harrington, john c. ( 2005 ). the challenge to power : money, investing, and democracy. chelsea green publisher. p. 260. isbn 978 - 1 - 931498 - 97 - 5. - chambers, john whiteclay ; anderson, fred, eds. ( 1999 ). \" toxic agents : agent orange exposure \". the oxford companion to american military history. oxford university press. p. 725. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6. - fawthrop, tom ( november 4, 2004 ). \" agent orange victims sue monsanto \". corpwatch. - new york times, july 3, 1996 [ clarification needed ] - \" dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood and adipose tissue of agent orange \u2014 exposed vietnam veterans and matched controls \", journal of the american medical association, vol. 259 no. 11, march 18, 1988, p. 1661 \u2013 1667 - \" agent orange \u2013 office of public health and environmental hazards \".. va. gov. 2009 - 11 - 11. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - \" pl 102 - 4 and the national academy of sciences \".. nationalacademies. org. 1981 - 11 - 03. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - baker, mike ( september 2, 2010 ). \" costs of aging vets concern deficit commission \". the air force times. retrieved september 4, 2010. - young, 2009 : p. 310 - \" us, vietnam to hold fourth joint advisory meeting on agent orange / dioxin \". retrieved august 11, 2011. - joint statement between the socialist republic of vietnam and the united states of america. pres. george w bush whitehouse press office. accessed december 31, 2008. ( original no longer available pdf available at http : / / www. warlegacies. org / bush. pdf. ) [ unreliable source? ] - martin, may 2009 : p. 2 - \" statement of senator patrick leahy on the legacy of agent orange \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44364949669080445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.521416"}
{"text": "pdf available at http : / / www. warlegacies. org / bush. pdf. ) [ unreliable source? ] - martin, may 2009 : p. 2 - \" statement of senator patrick leahy on the legacy of agent orange \". retrieved august 11, 2011. - \" remarks by secretary clinton, vietnam foreign minister khiem \". retrieved august 11, 2011. - \" us helps vietnam to eradicate deadly agent orange \". bbc news. june 17, 2011. - ives, mike. \" us starts landmark agent orange cleanup in vietnam \". yahoo news. retrieved 8 august 2012. - \" february 22, 2008 decision by the second circuit court of appeals re : vietnam association of victims of agent orange v. dow chemical co. \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - \" order list \" ( pdf ). the united states supreme court. march 2, 2009. p. 7. archived from the original on 5 june 2010. retrieved may 4, 2010. - vietnam ministry of foreign affairs ; \" americans support compensations for agent orange victims : poll \" [ dead link ], november 22, 2004 - \" vietnam friendship village project \". archived from the original on 17 september 2008. retrieved august 18, 2008. - \" vietnam association of victims of agent orange \". retrieved august 11, 2011. - statement by amb. ngo quang xuan to the u. s. house foreign affairs subcommittee of asia, pacific and global environment, june 2009, p. 3 - mo, vuong. \" living with the sufferings \". vietnam news agency. [ dead link ] - \" public - private group has plan in the works to resolve issue \". chicagotribune. com. 2009 - 12 - 08. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - by margie mason associated press writer ( 2010 - 06 - 16 ). \" plan addresses agent orange legacy in vietnam \". msnbc. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - \" special report : agent orange \". washingtonmonthly. com. 2010 - 01 - 06. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - congressional record \u2013 senate, september 16, 2010 - john rossie. \" agent orange information site \". bluewaternavy. org. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - \" specifics of agent orange use \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - mcmahon, barbara ; \" australia cancer deaths linked to agent orange \", guardian, may 19, 2008 - kevin danaher, ed. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40556070897019014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.522360"}
{"text": ". - \" specifics of agent orange use \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07. - mcmahon, barbara ; \" australia cancer deaths linked to agent orange \", guardian, may 19, 2008 - kevin danaher, ed. ( 1994 ). 50 years is enough. south end press. p. 45. isbn 978 - 0 - 89608 - 495 - 7. - \" quiet complicity : canadian involvement in the vietnam war, by victor levant ( 1986 ). \". the canadian encyclopedia. archived from the original on 18 may 2011. retrieved april 18, 2011. - \" people angry with agent orange package turn to class - action lawsuit \". the canadian press. september 13, 2007. retrieved october 1, 2007. - \" agent orange class action \". merchant law group llp. archived from the original on 2 october 2007. retrieved october 1, 2007. - shawn berry ( august 4, 2009 ). \" moncton judge rules in agent orange lawsuit \". the times and transcript. retrieved may 4, 2010. - berry, shawn ; \" moncton judge rules in agent orange lawsuit \", times & transcript, august 4, 2009. - \" veterans affairs canada agent orange benefits rev 1. 0 \". retrieved 6 july 2012. - \" star exclusive : agent orange \" soaked \" ontario teens by diana zlomislic \". the star ( toronto ). february 17, 2011. retrieved february 17, 2011. - \" ontario probes agent orange poisoning by diana zlomislic \". the star ( toronto ). february 17, 2011. retrieved february 17, 2011. - \" agent orange probe widens by diana zlomislic \". the star ( toronto ). february 18, 2011. retrieved february 18, 2011. - \" toxic ' agent orange ' sprayed in b. c. : documents \". - u. s. department of veterans affairs. \" agent orange : information for veterans who served in vietnam \". retrieved august 18, 2008. - [ unreliable source? ] \" agent orange units sprayed outside of vietnam ( korea ) \". archived from the original on 20 july 2010. retrieved july 15, 2010. - \" valley veteran blows whistle on burial of agent orange \". [ dead link ] - \" release copy of ministry of environment \". - \" army : no evidence of agent orange on camp carroll \". - \" psychological warfare during the malayan emergency by herbert a friedman \". archived from the original on 29 may 2010. retrieved april 27, 2010. - \" operational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40240861511767473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.523292"}
{"text": "environment \". - \" army : no evidence of agent orange on camp carroll \". - \" psychological warfare during the malayan emergency by herbert a friedman \". archived from the original on 29 may 2010. retrieved april 27, 2010. - \" operational evaluation of super - orange \" national security archives at george washington university. retrieved 10 - 24 - 12 - ; nzpa \" concern prompts review of dioxin study \", new zealand herald, november 25, 2006 - mitchell, jon ( january 14, 2012 ). \" \" herbicide stockpile \" at kadena air base, okinawa : 1971 u. s. army report on agent orange \". the asia - pacific journal, vol 11, issue 1, no. 5,. retrieved 2 february 2013. - \" \" an ecological assessment of johnston island, \" produced through funding from the chemical materials agency, united states department of the army. page 4 \". retrieved july 2, 2012. - mitchell ( june 21, 2012 ). \" agent orange at okinawa ' s futenma base in 1980s \". the asia - pacific journal : japan focus. retrieved august 16, 2012. - \" thailand military bases and agent orange exposure \". retrieved 6 july 2012. - nass, meryl ; \" monsanto ' s agent orange : the persistent ghost from the vietnam war \", organic consumers association, 2002 - nicosia and swofford, 2004 : p. 446 - \" link to times beach, missouri wikipedia page \". - young, 2006 : pp. 5 \u2013 6 - u. s. department of veterans affairs. \" report on dod herbicides outside of vietnam \". retrieved september 7, 2008. - buckingham, william ( 1992 ). operation ranch hand : the airforce and herbicides in southeast asia 1961 \u2013 1971. office of air force history. - butler, david a. ( 2005 ). \" the early history of scientific and medical research on agent orange \". brooklyn journal of law and policy 13 ( 2 ) : 527. - frumkin h ( 2003 ). \" agent orange and cancer : an overview for clinicians \". ca : a cancer journal for clinicians 53 ( 4 ) : 245 \u2013 55. doi : 10. 3322 / canjclin. 53. 4. 245. pmid 12924777. - furukawa, hisao ( 2004 ). ecological destruction, health, and development : advancing asian paradigms. trans pacific press. isbn 978 - 1 - 920901 - 01 - 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43329482477622855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.524215"}
{"text": "245. pmid 12924777. - furukawa, hisao ( 2004 ). ecological destruction, health, and development : advancing asian paradigms. trans pacific press. isbn 978 - 1 - 920901 - 01 - 1. - hay, alastair ( 1982 ). the chemical scythe : lessons of 2, 4, 5 - t, and dioxin. springer. isbn 978 - 0 - 306 - 40973 - 8. - iom ( institute of medicine ) ( 1994 ). veterans and agent orange : health effects of herbicides used in vietnam. national academies press. isbn 978 - 0 - 309 - 04887 - 3. - iom ( institute of medicine ) ( october 11, 2000 ). veterans and agent orange : herbicide / dioxin exposure and type 2 diabetes. national academies press. - luong, hy v. ( 2003 ). postwar vietnam : dynamics of a transforming society. rowman & littlefield. isbn 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9865 - 3. - martin, michael f. ; vietnamese victims of agent orange and us - vietnam relations, congressional research service, report to united states congress, may 28, 2009 - ngo, anh d. ; taylor, richard ; roberts, christine l. ; nguyen, tuan v. ( march 16, 2006 ). \" association between agent orange and birth defects : systematic review and meta - analysis \". international journal of epidemiology. - nicosia, gerald ; swofford, anthony ( 2004 ). home to war : a history of the vietnam veterans movement. carroll & graf. isbn 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1403 - 2. - ntp ( national toxicology program ) ; \" toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzo - p - dioxin ( tcdd ) in female harlan sprague - dawley rats ( gavage studies ) \", casrn 1746 - 01 - 6, april 2006. - sbsg ( stanford biology study group ) ( may 1971 ). \" the destruction of indochina \". bulletin of the atomic scientists 27 ( 5 ) : 36 \u2013 40. issn 0096 - 3402. - schuck, peter ( 1987 ). agent orange on trial : mass toxic disasters in the courts. harvard university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 01026 - 0. - stellman et", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4817822693320818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.525042"}
{"text": "pp. 14 \u2013 20. isbn 978 - 0 - 89608 - 525 - 1. - griffiths, philip jones ( 2004 ). agent orange : collateral damage in vietnam. alpen editions. isbn 978 - 1 - 904563 - 05 - 1. - linedecker, clifford ; ryan, michael ; ryan, maureen ( 1982 ). kerry : agent orange and an american family ( 1st ed. ). st. martins press. isbn 978 - 0 - 312 - 45112 - 7. - schecter, arnold ( 1994 ). dioxins and health. springer. isbn 978 - 0 - 306 - 44785 - 3. - uhl, michael ; ensign, tod ( 1980 ). gi guinea pigs : how the pentagon exposed our troops to dangers deadlier than war ( 1st ed. ). playboy press. isbn 978 - 0 - 87223 - 569 - 4. - zierler, david ( 2011 ). the invention of ecocide. university of georgia press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3827 - 9. - wilcox, fred ( 2011 ). scorched earth : legacies of chemical warfare in vietnam. seven stories press. isbn 978 - 1 - 60980 - 138 - 0. - wilcox, fred ( 2011 ). waiting for an army to die : the tragedy of agent orange. seven stories press. isbn 978 - 1 - 60980 - 136 - 6. journal articles / papers - weisman, joan murray. the effects of exposure to agent orange on the intellectual functioning, academic achievement, visual motor skill, and activity level of the offspring of vietnam war veterans. doctoral thesis. hofstra university. 1986. - kuehn, bridget m. ; agent orange effects, journal of the american medical association, 2010 ; 303 ( 8 ) : 722. government / ngo reports - \" agent orange in vietnam : recent developments in remediation : testimony of ms. tran thi hoan \", subcommittee on asia, the pacific and the global environment, u. s. house of representatives, committee on foreign affairs. july 15, 2010 - \" agent orange in vietnam : recent developments in remediation : testimony of dr. nguyen thi ngoc phuong \", subcommittee on asia, the pacific and the global environment, u. s. house of representatives, committee on foreign affairs. july 15, 2010 - agent orange policy, american public health association, 2007 - \" assessment of the health risk of dioxins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4276646279527041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.528067"}
{"text": "subcommittee on asia, the pacific and the global environment, u. s. house of representatives, committee on foreign affairs. july 15, 2010 - agent orange policy, american public health association, 2007 - \" assessment of the health risk of dioxins \", world health organization / international programme on chemical safety, 1998 - operation ranch hand : herbicides in southeast asia history of operation ranch hand, 1983 - \" agent orange dioxin contamination in the environment and food chain at key hotspots in viet nam \" boivin, tg, et al., 2011 - fawthrop, tom ; agent of suffering, guardian, february 10, 2008 - cox, paul ; \" the legacy of agent orange is a continuing focus of vvaw \", the veteran, vietnam veterans against the war, volume 38, no. 2, fall 2008. - barlett, donald p. and steele, james b. ; \" monsanto ' s harvest of fear \", vanity fair may 2008 - quick, ben \" the boneyard \" orion magazine, march / april 2008 - cheng, eva ; \" vietnam ' s agent orange victims call for solidarity \", green left weekly, september 28, 2005 - children and the vietnam war 30 \u2013 40 years after the use of agent orange - tokar, brian ; \" monsanto : a checkered history \", z magazine, march 1999 - agent orange : the last battle. dir. stephanie jobe, adam scholl. dvd. 2005 - \" hades \" dir. caroline delerue, screenplay mauro bellanova 2011 - agent orange association of vietnam - donate to agent orange association of vietnam link - vietnamese victims of agent orange web site - u. s. environmental protection agency \u2013 dioxin web site - \" agent orange / dioxin lawsuit \" in \" vietnam pictorial \", vietnam news agency - agent orange office of public health and environmental hazards, u. s. department of veteran affairs - poisoned lives - the aspen institute advocacy and exchange program on agent orange / dioxin - make agent orange history - agent orange record - blue water navy association - advocacy group and extensive ao documentation library - the short film agent orange study ( june 26, 1990 ) is available for free download at the internet archive [ more ] - the short film agent orange studies ( july 11, 1989 ) is available for free download at the internet archive [ more ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4061345104612295, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01b863c7-1d61-45bd-87a9-212b0115c0d3>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.529561"}
{"text": "irish americans. as cermak climbed the local political ladder, the resentment of the party leadership grew. when the bosses rejected his bid to become the mayoral candidate, cermak swore revenge. he formed his political army from the non - irish elements, and even persuaded black politician william l. dawson to switch from the republican to the democratic party. dawson later became u. s. representative ( from the 1st district ) and soon the most powerful black politician in illinois. cermak ' s political and organizational skills helped create one of the most powerful political organizations of his day. with support from franklin d. roosevelt on the national level, cermak gradually wooed members of chicago ' s growing black community into the democratic fold. walter wright, the superintendent of parks and aviation for the city of chicago also aided cermak in stepping into office. when cermak challenged the incumbent \" big bill \" thompson in the 1931 mayor ' s race, thompson, representative of chicago ' s existing power structure, responded with ethnic slurs : - i won ' t take a back seat to that bohunk, chairmock, chermack or whatever his name is. - tony, tony, where ' s your pushcart at? - can you picture a world ' s fair mayor? - with a name like that? cermak ' s reply, \" he doesn ' t like my name... it ' s true i didn ' t come over on the mayflower, but i came over as soon as i could. \" it was a sentiment to which ethnic chicagoans could relate and thompson ' s slur largely backfired. the flamboyant thompson ' s reputation as a buffoon and the voters ' disgust with the corruption of his machine and his inability or unwillingness to clean up organized crime in chicago were cited as major factors in cermak capturing 58 % of the vote in the mayoral election on april 6, 1931. cermak ' s victory finished thompson as a political power and largely ended the republican party ' s power in chicago ; indeed, all of the mayors of chicago since 1931 have been members of the democratic party. for nearly his entire administration, cermak had to deal with a major tax revolt. from 1931 to 1933, the association of real estate taxpayers mounted a \" tax strike. \" at its height, aret, which was headed by john m. pratt and james e. bistor, had over thirty thousand members. much to cermak ' s dismay, it successfully", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40146254580148394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7f9598a-ba44-496c-9449-55c1a3fd4798>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.540569"}
{"text": "of real estate taxpayers mounted a \" tax strike. \" at its height, aret, which was headed by john m. pratt and james e. bistor, had over thirty thousand members. much to cermak ' s dismay, it successfully slowed down the collection of real estate taxes through litigation and promoting refusal to pay. in the meantime, the city found it difficult to pay teachers and maintain services. while shaking hands with president - elect franklin d. roosevelt at bayfront park in miami, florida, on february 15, 1933, cermak was shot in the lung and seriously wounded when giuseppe zangara, who at the time was believed to have been engaged in an attempt to assassinate roosevelt, hit cermak instead. at the critical moment, lilian cross, a doctor ' s wife, hit zangara ' s arm with her purse and spoiled his aim. in addition to cermak, zangara hit four other people, one of whom, a woman, also died of her injuries. zangara told the police that he hated rich and powerful people, but not roosevelt personally. later, rumors circulated that cermak, not roosevelt, had been the intended target, as his promise to clean up chicago ' s rampant lawlessness posed a threat to al capone and the chicago organized crime syndicate. according to roosevelt biographer jean edward smith, there is no proof for this theory. one of the first people to suggest the organized crime theory was reporter walter winchell, who happened to be in miami the evening of the shooting. long - time chicago newsman len o ' connor offers a different view of the events surrounding cermak ' s death. he has written that aldermen \" paddy \" bauler and charlie weber informed him that relations between cermak and fdr were strained because cermak fought fdr ' s nomination at the democratic convention in chicago, and the legend that his last words were \" i ' m glad it was me instead of you \" was, according to o ' connor, totally fabricated by weber and bauler. author ronald humble offers his view as to why cermak was killed. in his book frank nitti : the true story of chicago ' s notorious enforcer, humble contends that cermak was as corrupt as thompson and that the chicago outfit hired zangara to kill cermak in retaliation for cermak ' s attempt to murder frank nitti. cermak died on march 6, partly because of his wounds. on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39387636050242864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7f9598a-ba44-496c-9449-55c1a3fd4798>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.541512"}
{"text": "the unhired assassin. \" in philip k. dick ' s man in the high castle, fdr is killed by not having a zippo lighter in his pocket, leading into a series of events, including increased american isolationism, that ended in the victory of the axis powers in world war ii, and subsequent occupation of the united states. see also - hirsch, arnold r. \" democratic party. \" encyclopedia of chicago. - wendt, lloyd ( 1979 ). chicago tribune. chicago : rand mcnally. isbn 0 - 528 - 81826 - 0. - \" freedom of information act : franklin d. roosevelt ( assassination attempt ) \". retrieved 2008 - 08 - 04. [ dead link ] - smith, page 297. - smith, pages 297 - 298. - gumbel, andrew : steal this vote. nation books, 2005. isbn 1 - 56025 - 676 - 1, page 157. - smith, jean edward, fdr ( 2007 ), random house, isbn 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6121 - 1, page 715n. - \" meet len o ' connor... chicago ' s pioneer broadcast street reporter \". rich samuels. retrieved 11 november 2012. - o ' connor, len : clout : mayor daley and his city. mcgraw - hill / contemporary, 1984. isbn 0 - 8092 - 5424 - 7. - reveals colitis fatal to cermak \", pittsburgh post - gazette, march 31, 1933, p1 - babylon 5 magazine # 4 - beito, david t. taxpayers in revolt : tax resistance during the great depression. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1989. - gottfried, alex. boss cermak of chicago : a study of political leadership. seattle : university of chicago press, 1962. media related to anton cermak at wikimedia commons - cermak ' s tomb at bohemian national cemetery - the man who dared ( 1933 ) at the internet movie database - the gun of zangara ( 1960 ) ( tv ) at the internet movie database - anton cermak at find a grave | cook county board president william hale thompson | mayor of chicago frank j. corr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44469530426994475, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7f9598a-ba44-496c-9449-55c1a3fd4798>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.543451"}
{"text": "fallacy of division - a boeing 747 can fly unaided across the ocean. - a boeing 747 has jet engines. - therefore, one of its jet engines can fly unaided across the ocean. the converse of this fallacy is called fallacy of composition, which arises when one fallaciously attributes a property of some part of a thing to the thing as a whole. both fallacies were addressed by aristotle in sophistical refutations. - functioning brains think. - functioning brains are nothing but the neurons that they are composed of. - if functioning brains think, then the individual neurons in them think. - individual neurons do not think. - functioning brains do not think. ( from 3 & 4 ) - functioning brains think and functioning brains do not think. ( from 1 & 5 ) since the premises entail a contradiction ( 6 ), at least one of the premises must be false. we may diagnose the problem as located in premise 3, which quite plausibly commits the fallacy of division. an application : famously and controversially, in the philosophy of the greek anaxagoras ( at least as it is discussed by the roman atomist lucretius ), it was assumed that the atoms constituting a substance must themselves have the salient observed properties of that substance : so atoms of water would be wet, atoms of iron would be hard, atoms of wool would be soft, etc. this doctrine is called homeomeria, and it plainly depends on the fallacy of division. if a system as a whole has some property that none of its constituents has ( or perhaps, it has it but not as a result of some constituent having that property ), this is sometimes called a strongly emergent property of the system. see also - \" division \". the fallacy files. | this philosophy - related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5932167077118061, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ebc4432-90ed-423a-85ed-b21d2bd45208>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.545333"}
{"text": "wadi ara or nahal iron ( arabic : \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629, hebrew : \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05df, \u05d5\u05d0\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4 ), refers to an area within israel that is mostly populated by arabs. it is located northwest of the green line and is mostly within israel ' s haifa district. today, highway 65 runs through the wadi. wadi ara is a 20 km wadi in northern israel, that begins at the meeting point of samaria, the plain of manasseh, and the sharon plain. the riverbed begins near umm al - fahm, and runs sw on the boundary between the manasseh hills and the umm al - fahm hills. approximately 1 km west of the border patrol intersection on highway 65, the wadi opens into the sharon plain, and becomes a tributary of the hadera stream, south of talmei elazar and north of tel zeror. in the late bronze age, the egyptian king, thutmose iii, is known to have used the route, then called aruna, to surprise his enemies, and take control of megiddo. according to information from a stela from armant - the king of kadesh advanced his army to megiddo. thutmose iii mustered his own army and departed egypt, passing through the border fortress of tjaru ( sile ). thutmose marched his troops through the coastal plain as far as jamnia, then inland to yehem, a small city near megiddo. the ensuing battle of megiddo probably was the largest battle in any of thutmose ' s seventeen campaigns. a ridge of mountains jutting inland from mount carmel stood between thutmose and megiddo, and he had three potential routes to take. the northern route and the southern route, both of which went around the mountain, were judged by his council of war to be the safest, but thutmose, in an act of great bravery ( or so he boasts, but such self - praise is normal in egyptian texts ), accused the council of cowardice and took a dangerous route through the aruna mountain pass, which he alleged was only wide enough for the army to pass \" horse after horse and man after man. \" originally captured by arab league forces ( iraqi ) in the 1948 arab - israeli war, it was ceded to israel in an apparent exchange for territory south of hebron in the 1949 israel - jordan armistice. in march 1949, as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3916685577528709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:385e61ec-1518-4f0e-9f92-8765ca3a02f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.551939"}
{"text": "after man. \" originally captured by arab league forces ( iraqi ) in the 1948 arab - israeli war, it was ceded to israel in an apparent exchange for territory south of hebron in the 1949 israel - jordan armistice. in march 1949, as the iraqi forces withdrew from palestine and handed over their positions to the smaller jordanian legion, 3 israeli brigades moved into positions in operation shin - tav - shin. following the operation, israel renegotiated the cease fire line in the wadi ara area of the northern west bank in an agreement reached on 23 march 1949 and incorporated into the general armistice agreement. it has been estimated that 15 villages were ceded to israel. proposed land exchange the area has come under political attention as some israeli politicians such as avigdor lieberman of the yisrael beiteinu party have brought up transferring the area to the sovereignty and administration of the palestinian authority for a future palestinian state. in return the palestinian authority would transfer specific large israeli settlement \" blocs \" within the west bank east of the green line to the israel. according to politicians who support this land - swap, israel would ensure and secure itself as a primarily jewish state. however many politicians within the knesset disagree and believe it would only decrease israel ' s arab population by a mere 10 %, while most israeli arabs object to trading israeli citizenship for palestinian citizenship. localities in wadi ara - harosheth haggoyim canaanite fortress and archaeological site - ar ' ara ( ' ara included in municipal borders ) - baqa - jatt ( merger of baqa al - gharbiyye and jatt ) - basma ( merger of barta ' a west, ein as - sahala, and muawiya ) - dar al - hanoun - ein ibrahim - kafr qara - khor saqr - ma ' ale iron ( baiyada, musmus, zalafa, musheirifa, salim ) - umm al - fahm - umm al - qutuf see also - redford, donald b. egypt, canaan, and israel in ancient times. p. 156 - 7. princeton university press, princeton nj, 1992. - steindorff, george ; and seele, keith. when egypt ruled the east. p. 53 - 4. university of chicago, 1942. - the politics of partition ; king abdullah, the zionists, and palestine 1921 - 1951 avi shlaim oxford university press revised edition 2004 isbn 0 - 19 - 829459 - x pp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39356031947646075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:385e61ec-1518-4f0e-9f92-8765ca3a02f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.552948"}
{"text": "wang meng ( artist ) wang meng ( \u738b, wang meng ; zi : shuming \u660e, hao : xiangguang jushi \u9999 \u5149 \u58eb ) ( c. 1308 \u2013 1385 ) was a chinese painter during the yuan dynasty. he was born in huzhou ( \u5dde ), now known as wuxing ( ), zhejiang. he was a maternal grandson of zhao mengfu, thus making him a descendant of the song dynasty ' s royal bloodline. wang meng is considered to be one of the four masters of the yuan dynasty, along with huang gongwang, wu zhen, and ni zan. they famously refused to serve the mongolian rulers of their country. in contrast to many renowned painters in previous history, these artists mostly worked on paper instead of silk, an indication of the importance they gave to the calligraphic touch of the brush on paper. they exclusively painted landscapes, which they believed to be the visible key to the invisible reality. they restricted their acquaintanceship to each other, and like - minded \" wen ren \" ( gentleman - scholars ). wang meng was the youngest of the group, and the least famous in his own time. nevertheless, his style greatly influenced later chinese painting. in contrast to the relatively spare style of his compatriots, his ropy brushstrokes piled one on the other to produce masses of texture combined in dense and involved patterns. his most famous works are the ge zhichuan relocating, forest grotto at juqu, writing books under the pine trees, the simple retreat, and dwelling in the qingbian mountains. most of his masterpieces are now located in notable museums around the world, such as the palace museum, national palace museum, shanghai museum, cleveland museum of art and the metropolitan museum of art. in 2011, a lesser known work of his from a private collection, titled zhichuan resettlement, was sold for 402. 5 million yuan ( us $ 62. 1 million ) at art auction. writing books under the pine trees, cleveland museum of art forest grotto in juqu, national palace museum dwelling in the qingbian mountains, shanghai museum the simple retreat, metropolitan museum of art - lee, pages 460 - 463 - lee, pages 466 - 467 - lee, page 467 - lee page 467 - lee, sherman e. ( 1994 ), a history of far eastern art, ( 5th ed. ), harry n. abrams inc., new york, ny | wi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4109616126628137, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84d0456c-a803-4e8b-a2c7-e4be9cf26b8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.555844"}
{"text": "the wild horse ( equus ferus ) is a species of the genus equus, which includes as subspecies the domesticated horse as well as the undomesticated tarpan and przewalski ' s horse. the tarpan became extinct in the 19th century, and przewalski ' s horse was saved from the brink of extinction and reintroduced successfully to the wild. the possible ancestor of the domestic horse was the tarpan, which roamed the steppes of eurasia at the time of domestication. however, other subspecies of equus ferus may have existed and could have been the stock from which domesticated horses are descended. since the extinction of the tarpan, attempts have been made to reconstruct the phenotype of the tarpan, resulting in horse breeds such as the konik and heck horse. however, the genetic makeup and foundation bloodstock of those breeds is substantially derived from domesticated horses, and therefore these breeds possess domesticated traits. the term \" wild horse \" is also used colloquially to refer to free roaming herds of feral horses such as the mustang in the united states, the brumby in australia, and many others. these feral horses are untamed members of the domestic horse subspecies ( equus ferus caballus ), and should not be confused with the two truly \" wild \" horse subspecies. subspecies and their history e. ferus had several subspecies. three survived into modern times : - the domestic horse ( equus ferus caballus ). - the tarpan or eurasian wild horse ( equus ferus ferus ), once native to europe and western asia. the tarpan became effectively extinct in the late 19th century, and the last specimen died in captivity in a ukraine zoo in 1909. - przewalski ' s horse ( equus ferus przewalskii ), also known as the mongolian wild horse or takhi, native to central asia and the gobi desert. the latter two are the only never - domesticated \" wild \" groups that survived into historic times. however, other subspecies of equus ferus may have existed and could have been the stock from which domesticated horses are descended. przewalski ' s horse przewalski ' s horse occupied the eastern eurasian steppes, perhaps from the urals to mongolia, although the ancient border between tarpan and przewalski distributions has not been clearly defined. przewalski ' s horse was limited to d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47279582022427297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.567998"}
{"text": "ferus, and domesticated horse, equus ferus caballus, form a single homogeneous group ( clade ) and are genetically indistinguishable from each other. the genetic variation within this clade shows only a limited regional variation, with a notable exception of przewalski ' s horse. przewalski ' s horse has several unique genetic differences that distinguishes it from the other subspecies, including 66 instead of 64 chromosomes, unique y - chromosome gene haplotypes, and unique mtdna haplotypes. besides genetic differences, osteological evidence from across the eurasian wild horse range, based on cranial and metacarpal differences, indicates the presence of only two subspecies in post - glacial times, the tarpan and przewalski ' s horse. scientific naming of the species at present, the domesticated and wild horses are considered a single species, with the valid scientific name for the horse species being equus ferus. the wild tarpan subspecies is equus ferus ferus, przewalski ' s horse is equus ferus przewalskii, and the domesticated horse is equus ferus caballus. the rules for the scientific naming of animal species are determined in the international code of zoological nomenclature, which stipulates that the oldest available valid scientific name is used to name the species. previously, when taxonomists considered domesticated and wild horse two subspecies of the same species, the valid scientific name was equus caballus linnaeus 1758, with the subspecies labeled equus caballus caballus ( domesticated horse ), equus caballus ferus boddaert, 1785 ( tarpan ) and equus caballus przewalskii poliakov, 1881 ( przewalski ' s horse ). however, in 2003, the international commission on zoological nomenclature decided that the scientific names of the wild species have priority over the scientific names of domesticated species, therefore mandating the use of equus ferus for the horse, independent of the position of the domesticated horse. difference from feral horses horses that live in an untamed state but have ancestors who have been domesticated are not truly \" wild \" horses ; they are feral horses. for example, when the spanish reintroduced the horse to the americas beginning in the late 15th century, some horses escaped and formed feral herds, the best - known being the mustang. the australian equivalent to the mustang is the br", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48627193600108126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.570333"}
{"text": "; they are feral horses. for example, when the spanish reintroduced the horse to the americas beginning in the late 15th century, some horses escaped and formed feral herds, the best - known being the mustang. the australian equivalent to the mustang is the brumby, descended from horses strayed or let loose in australia by english settlers. there are isolated populations of feral horses in a number of places, including portugal, scotland, and a number of barrier islands along the atlantic coast of north america from sable island off nova scotia, to the shackleford banks of north carolina. while these are often referred to as \" wild \" horses, they are not truly \" wild \" in the biological sense of having no domesticated ancestors. status unclear in 1995, british and french explorers discovered a new population of horses in the riwoche valley of tibet, unknown to the rest of the world, but apparently used by the local khamba people. it was speculated that the riwoche horse might be a relict population of wild horses, but testing did not reveal genetic differences with domesticated horses, which is in line with news reports indicating that they are used as pack and riding animals by the local villagers. these horses only stand 12 hands ( 48 inches, 122 cm ) tall and are said to resemble the images known as \" horse no 2 \" depicted in cave paintings alongside images of przewalski ' s horse. see also - boyd, l. & king, s. r. b. ( 2011 ). \" equus ferus \". iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. international union for conservation of nature. retrieved 18 january 2012. - grubb, p. ( 2005 ). \" order perissodactyla \". in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed. ). johns hopkins university press. p. 630 - 631. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494. - \" the first horses : the przewalskii and tarpan horses \", the legacy of the horse ( international museum of the horse ), archived from the original on october 30, 2007, retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 - groves, colin p. ( 1994 ). in boyd, lee and katherine a. houpt. the przewalski horse : morphology, habitat and taxonomy. przewalski ' s horse : the history and biology of an endangered species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45393128651606557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.571380"}
{"text": "groves, colin p. ( 1994 ). in boyd, lee and katherine a. houpt. the przewalski horse : morphology, habitat and taxonomy. przewalski ' s horse : the history and biology of an endangered species. albany, new yorkcolin p. groves : state university of new york press. - kavar, tatjana ; peter dovc ( 2008 ). \" domestication of the horse : genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses \". livestock science 116 : 1 \u2013 14. doi : 10. 1016 / j. livsci. 2008. 03. 002. - weinstock, j. ; et al. ( 2005 ). \" evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of pleistocene horses in the new world : a molecular perspective \". plos biology 3 ( 8 ) : e241. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pbio. 0030241. pmc 1159165. pmid 15974804. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19. - bowling, ann t. ; anatoly ruvinsky ( 2000 ). \" genetic aspects of domestication, breeds and their origin \". in ann t. bowling, anatoly ruvinsky. the genetics of the horse. cabi publishing. isbn 978 - 0 - 85199 - 429 - 1. - colin groves, 1986, \" the taxonomy, distribution, and adaptations of recent equids, \" in richard h. meadow and hans - peter uerpmann, eds., equids in the ancient world, volume i, pp. 11 - 65, wiesbaden : ludwig reichert verlag. - don e. wilson & deeann m. reeder, ed. ( 2005 ). \" equus caballus \". mammal species of the world. a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed. ). johns hopkins university press. - wallner, b. ; brem, g. ; muller, m. ; achmann, r. ( 2003 ). \" fixed nucleotide differences on theychromosome indicate clear divergence betweenequus przewalskiiandequus caballus \". animal genetics 34 ( 6 ) : 453 \u2013 456. doi : 10. 1046 / j. 0268 - 9146. 2003. 01044. x. pmid 14687077. - lindgren, g. ; backstrom, n.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.501289618100968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.572209"}
{"text": "453 \u2013 456. doi : 10. 1046 / j. 0268 - 9146. 2003. 01044. x. pmid 14687077. - lindgren, g. ; backstrom, n. ; swinburne, j. ; hellborg, l. ; einarsson, a. ; sandberg, k. ; cothran, g. ; vila, c. et al. ( 2004 ). \" limited number of patrilines in horse domestication \". nature genetics 36 ( 4 ) : 335 \u2013 336. doi : 10. 1038 / ng1326. pmid 15034578. - \" przewalski ' s horse, \" smithsonian national zoological park, accessed june 25, 2006 - \" an extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse \" zsl living conservation, december 19, 2005. - the american museum of natural history when is a wild horse actually a feral horse? - orlando, l. ; et al. ( 2008 ). \" ancient dna clarifies the evolutionary history of american late pleistocene equids \". journal of molecular evolution 66 ( 5 ) : 533 \u2013 538. doi : 10. 1007 / s00239 - 008 - 9100 - x. pmid 18398561. - cai, dawei ; zhuowei tang, lu han, camilla f. speller, dongya y. yang, xiaolin ma, jian ' en cao, hong zhu, hui zhou ( 2009 ). \" ancient dna provides new insights into the origin of the chinese domestic horse \". journal of archaeological science 36 ( 3 ) : 835 \u2013 842. doi : 10. 1016 / j. jas. 2008. 11. 006. - vila, carles ; jennifer a. leonard, anders gotherstrom, stefan marklund, kaj sandberg, kerstin liden, robert k. wayne, hans ellegren ( 2001 ). \" widespread origins of domestic horse lineages \". science 291 ( 5503 ) : 474 \u2013 477. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 291. 5503. 474. pmid 11161199. - benirschke, poliakoff k. ; n. malouf, r. j. low, h. heck ( 16 april 1965 ). \" chromosome complement : differences between equus caballus and equus przewalskii \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49652218382518853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.573000"}
{"text": "poliakoff k. ; n. malouf, r. j. low, h. heck ( 16 april 1965 ). \" chromosome complement : differences between equus caballus and equus przewalskii \". science 148 ( 3668 ) : 382 \u2013 383. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 148. 3668. 382. pmid 14261533. - lau, allison ; lei peng, hiroki goto, leona chemnick, oliver a. ryder, kateryna d. makova ( 2009 ). \" horse domestication and conservation genetics of przewalski \u2019 s horse inferred from sex chromosomal and autosomal sequences \". mol. biol. evol. 26 ( 1 ) : 199 \u2013 208. doi : 10. 1093 / molbev / msn239. pmid 18931383. - jansen, thomas, peter forster, marsha a. levine, hardy oelke, matthew hurles, colin renfrew, jurgen weber, and klaus olek ( august 6, 2002 ). \" mitochondrial dna and the origins of the domestic horse \". proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 16 ) : 10905 \u2013 10910. doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 152330099. pmc 125071. pmid 12130666. retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18. - eisenmann, vera ( 1998 ). \" quaternary horses : possible candidates to domestication \". the horse : its domestication, diffusion and role in past communities. proceedings of the xiii international congress of prehistoric and protohistoric sciences, forli, italia, 8 \u2013 14 september 1996 1. abaco edizioni. pp. 27 \u2013 36. - international commission on zoological nomenclature ( 2003 ). \" usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre - dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals ( lepidoptera, osteichthyes, mammalia ) : conserved. opinion 2027 ( case 3010 ). \". bull. zool. nomencl. 60 ( 1 ) : 81 \u2013 84. - linnaeus, carolus ( 1758 ). systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5078288560714652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.573783"}
{"text": "- linnaeus, carolus ( 1758 ). systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1 ( 10th ed. ). holmiae ( laurentii salvii ). p. 73. retrieved 30 january 2009. - nimmo, d. g. ; miller, k. k. ( 2007 ). \" ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in australia : a review \". wildlife research 34 : 408 \u2013 417. doi : 10. 1071 / wr06102. - dohner, janet vorwald ( 2001 ). \" equines : natural history \". in dohner, janet vorwald. historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds. topeka, ks : yale university press. pp. 400 \u2013 401. isbn 978 - 0 - 300 - 08880 - 9. - peissel, michel ( 2002 ). tibet : the secret continent. macmillan. p. 36. isbn 0 - 312 - 30953 - 8, 9780312309534 check - humi, peter ( 17 november 1995 ). \" tibetan discovery is ' horse of a different color ' \". cnn. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09. - equid specialist group 1996. equus ferus. in : iucn 2006. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 22 may 2006 from http : / / www. iucnredlist. org / search / details. php? species = 41763. - moelman, p. d. 2002. equids. zebras, assess and horses. status survey and conservation action plan. iucn / ssc equid specialist group. iucn, gland, switzerland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4854423194181806, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35e47f13-2afc-463e-abd7-5ed7a3d4e48f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.574433"}
{"text": "| part of the series on | | part of a series on | communism ( from latin communis - common, universal ) is a revolutionary socialist movement to create a classless, moneyless and stateless social order structured upon common ownership of the means of production, as well as a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of this social order. this movement, in its marxist \u2013 leninist interpretations, significantly influenced the history of the 20th century, which saw intense rivalry between the \" socialist world \" ( socialist states ruled by communist parties ) and the \" western world \" ( countries with capitalist economies ). marxist theory holds that pure communism or full communism is a specific stage of historical development that inevitably emerges from the development of the productive forces that leads to a superabundance of material wealth, allowing for distribution based on need and social relations based on freely associated individuals. the exact definition of communism varies, and it is often mistakenly, in general political discourse, used interchangeably with socialism ; however, marxist theory contends that socialism is just a transitional stage on the road to communism. leninism adds to marxism the notion of a vanguard party to lead the proletarian revolution and to secure all political power after the revolution for the working class, for the development of universal class consciousness and worker participation, in a transitional stage between capitalism and communism. council communists and non - marxist libertarian communists and anarcho - communists oppose the ideas of a vanguard party and a transition stage, and advocate for the construction of full communism to begin immediately upon the abolition of capitalism. there is a very wide range of theories amongst those particular communists in regards to how to build the types of institutions that would replace the various economic engines ( such as food distribution, education, and hospitals ) as they exist under capitalist systems \u2014 or even whether to do so at all. some of these communists have specific plans for the types of administrative bodies that would replace the current ones, while always qualifying that these bodies would be decentralised and worker - owned, just as they currently are within the activist movements themselves. others have no concrete set of post - revolutionary blueprints at all, claiming instead that they simply trust that the world ' s workers and poor will figure out proper modes of distribution and wide - scale production, and also coordination, entirely on their own, without the need for any structured \" replacements \" for capitalist state - based control. in the modern lexicon of what many sociologists and political commentators refer to as the \" political mainstream \", communism is often used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5937947023549084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.626279"}
{"text": "also coordination, entirely on their own, without the need for any structured \" replacements \" for capitalist state - based control. in the modern lexicon of what many sociologists and political commentators refer to as the \" political mainstream \", communism is often used to refer to the policies of communist states, i. e., the ones totally controlled by communist parties, regardless of the practical content of the actual economic system they may preside over. examples of this include the policies of the socialist republic of vietnam where the economic system incorporates \" doi moi \", the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) where the economic system incorporates \" socialist market economy \", and the economic system of the soviet union which has been described as \" state capitalist \". etymology and terminology in the schema of historical materialism, communism is the idea of a free society with no division or alienation, where the people are free from oppression and scarcity. a communist society would have no governments, countries, or class divisions. in marxist theory, the dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate system between capitalism and communism, when the government is in the process of changing the means of ownership from privatism to collective ownership. in political science, the term \" communism \" is sometimes used to refer to communist states, a form of government in which the state operates under a one - party system and declares allegiance to marxism - leninism or a derivative thereof. in modern usage, the word \" communism \" is still often used to refer to the policies of self - declared socialist governments comprising one - party states which were single legal political party systems operating under centrally planned economies and a state ownership of the means of production, with the state, in turn, claiming that it represented the interests of the working classes. a significant sector of the modern communist movement alleges that these states never made an attempt to transition to a communist society, while others even argue that they never achieved a legitimate socialism. most of these governments claimed to base their ideology on marxism - leninism ( though this, too, may be erroneous ), but they did not call the system they had set up \" communism \", nor did they even necessarily claim at all times that the ideology was the sole driving force behind their policies : mao zedong, for example, pursued new democracy, and vladimir lenin in the early 1920s enacted war communism ; later, the vietnamese enacted doi moi, and the chinese switched to socialism with chinese characteristics. the governments labeled by other governments as \" communist \" generally claimed that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5681322304221863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.627474"}
{"text": "for example, pursued new democracy, and vladimir lenin in the early 1920s enacted war communism ; later, the vietnamese enacted doi moi, and the chinese switched to socialism with chinese characteristics. the governments labeled by other governments as \" communist \" generally claimed that they had set up a transitional socialist system. this system is sometimes referred to as state socialism or by other similar names. \" pure communism \" is a term sometimes used to refer to the stage in history after socialism, although just as many communists use simply the term \" communism \" to refer to that stage ; the term is synonymous with \" full communism \". the classless, stateless society that characterises this communism is one in which decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made in the best interests of the whole of society, a society ' of, by, and for the working class ', rather than one in which a rich class controls the wealth and everyone else works for the rich on a wage basis. in such a full communism the interests of every member of society is given equal weight in the practical decision - making process in both the political and economic spheres of life. karl marx, as well as some other communist philosophers, deliberately never provided a detailed description as to how communism would function as a social system, nor the precise ways in which the working class could or should rise up, nor any other material specifics of exactly how to get to communism from capitalism. in the communist manifesto, marx does lay out a 10 - point plan advising the redistribution of land and production to begin the transition to communism, but he ensured that even this was very general and all - encompassing. it has always been presumed that marx intended these theories to read this way specifically so that later theorists in specific situations could adapt communism to their own localities and conditions. the origins of communism are debatable, and there are various historical groups, as well as theorists, whose beliefs have been subsequently described as communist. german philosopher karl marx saw primitive communism as the original, hunter - gatherer state of humankind from which it arose. for marx, only after humanity was capable of producing surplus, did private property develop. the idea of a classless society first emerged in ancient greece. plato in his the republic described it as a state where people shared all their property, wives, and children : \" the private and individual is altogether banished from life and things which are by nature private, such as eyes and ears and hands, have become common, and in some way see and hear and act in common, and all men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5562947525262493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.628599"}
{"text": "wives, and children : \" the private and individual is altogether banished from life and things which are by nature private, such as eyes and ears and hands, have become common, and in some way see and hear and act in common, and all men express praise and feel joy and sorrow on the same occasions. \" in the history of western thought, certain elements of the idea of a society based on common ownership of property can be traced back to ancient times. examples include the spartacus slave revolt in rome. the 5th century mazdak movement in iran has been described as \" communistic \" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property and for striving for an egalitarian society. at one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of scripture. in the medieval christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and other property ( see religious and christian communism ). these groups often believed that concern with private property was a distraction from religious service to god and neighbour. communist thought has also been traced back to the work of 16th century english writer thomas more. in his treatise utopia ( 1516 ), more portrayed a society based on common ownership of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of reason. in the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in england, where a puritan religious group known as the \" diggers \" advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. eduard bernstein, in his 1895 cromwell and communism argued that several groupings in the english civil war, especially the diggers espoused clear communistic, agrarian ideals, and that oliver cromwell ' s attitude to these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. criticism of the idea of private property continued into the age of enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as jean jacques rousseau in france. later, following the upheaval of the french revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine. francois noel babeuf, in particular, espoused the goals of common ownership of land and total economic and political equality among citizens. various social reformers in the early 19th century founded communities based on common ownership. but unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis. notable among them were robert owen, who founded new harmony in indiana ( 1825 ), and charles fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the united states such as brook farm ( 1841 \u2013 47 ). later in the 19th century, karl marx described these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5290768555540996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.629606"}
{"text": "notable among them were robert owen, who founded new harmony in indiana ( 1825 ), and charles fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the united states such as brook farm ( 1841 \u2013 47 ). later in the 19th century, karl marx described these social reformers as \" utopian socialists \" to contrast them with his program of \" scientific socialism \" ( a term coined by friedrich engels ). other writers described by marx as \" utopian socialists \" included saint - simon. in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th century europe. as the industrial revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat \u2014 a new class of urban factory workers who laboured under often - hazardous conditions. foremost among these critics were marx and his associate friedrich engels. in 1848, marx and engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet the communist manifesto. engels, who lived in manchester, observed the organization of the chartist movement ( see history of british socialism ), while marx departed from his university comrades to meet the proletariat in france and germany. the 1917 october revolution in russia was the first time any avowedly communist party, in this case the bolshevik party, seized state power. the assumption of state power by the bolsheviks generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the marxist movement. marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development. russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. marx had explicitly stated that russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule. other socialists also believed that a russian revolution could be the precursor of workers ' revolutions in the west. the moderate mensheviks opposed lenin ' s bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. the bolsheviks ' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans such as \" peace, bread, and land \" which tapped the massive public desire for an end to russian involvement in the first world war, the peasants ' demand for land reform, and popular support for the soviets. the usage of the terms \" communism \" and \" socialism \" shifted after 1917, when the bolsheviks changed their name to communist party and installed a single party regime devoted to the implementation of socialist policies under leninism. the second international had dissolved in 1916 over national divisions, as the separate national parties that composed it did not maintain a unified front", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260240072114953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.630618"}
{"text": "the bolsheviks changed their name to communist party and installed a single party regime devoted to the implementation of socialist policies under leninism. the second international had dissolved in 1916 over national divisions, as the separate national parties that composed it did not maintain a unified front against the war, instead generally supporting their respective nation ' s role. lenin thus created the third international ( comintern ) in 1919 and sent the twenty - one conditions, which included democratic centralism, to all european socialist parties willing to adhere. in france, for example, the majority of the french section of the workers ' international ( sfio ) party split in 1921 to form the french section of the communist international ( sfic ). henceforth, the term \" communism \" was applied to the objective of the parties founded under the umbrella of the comintern. their program called for the uniting of workers of the world for revolution, which would be followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat as well as the development of a socialist economy. ultimately, if their program held, there would develop a harmonious classless society, with the withering away of the state. during the russian civil war ( 1918 \u2013 1922 ), the bolsheviks nationalized all productive property and imposed a policy of war communism, which put factories and railroads under strict government control, collected and rationed food, and introduced some bourgeois management of industry. after three years of war and the 1921 kronstadt rebellion, lenin declared the new economic policy ( nep ) in 1921, which was to give a \" limited place for a limited time to capitalism. \" the nep lasted until 1928, when joseph stalin achieved party leadership, and the introduction of the first five year plan spelled the end of it. following the russian civil war, the bolsheviks, in 1922, formed the union of soviet socialist republics ( ussr ), or soviet union, from the former russian empire. following lenin ' s democratic centralism, the communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base ; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline. the great purge of 1937 \u2013 1938 was stalin ' s attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the communist party. in the moscow trials many old bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the russian revolution of 1917, or in lenin ' s soviet government afterwards, including kamenev, zinoviev, rykov, and bukharin, were accused, pleaded guilty,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49314226656338156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.631626"}
{"text": "the moscow trials many old bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the russian revolution of 1917, or in lenin ' s soviet government afterwards, including kamenev, zinoviev, rykov, and bukharin, were accused, pleaded guilty, and executed. following world war ii, communists consolidated power in central and eastern europe, and in 1949, the communist party of china ( cpc ), led by mao zedong, established the people ' s republic of china, which would follow its own ideological path of communist development following the sino - soviet split. cuba, north korea, vietnam, laos, cambodia, angola, and mozambique were among the other countries in the third world that adopted or imposed a communist government at some point. by the early 1980s almost one - third of the world ' s population lived in communist states, including the former soviet union and prc. its leading role in the second world war saw the emergence of the soviet union as a superpower, with strong influence over eastern europe and parts of asia. at the same time the existing european empires were shattered and communist parties played a leading role in many independence movements. governments modelled on soviet communism took power with soviet assistance in bulgaria, czechoslovakia, east germany, poland, hungary and romania. a communist government was also created under marshal tito in yugoslavia, but tito ' s independent policies led to the expulsion of yugoslavia from the cominform, which had replaced the comintern. titoism, a new branch in the world communist movement, was labelled \" deviationist \". albania also became an independent communist nation after world war ii. by 1950, the chinese communists held all of mainland china, thus controlling the most populous nation in the world. other areas where rising communist strength provoked dissension and in some cases led to actual fighting through conventional and guerrilla warfare include the korean war, laos, many nations of the middle east and africa, and notably succeeded in the case of the vietnam war against the military power of the united states and its allies. with varying degrees of success, communists attempted to unite with nationalist and socialist forces against what they saw as western imperialism in these poor countries. communism was seen as a rival, and a threat to western democracies and capitalism for most of the 20th century. this rivalry peaked during the cold war, as the world ' s two remaining superpowers, the united states and the soviet union, polarized most of the world into two camps of nations. this was characterized in the west as the free world vs. behind the iron curtain. it supported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000407425530278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.632614"}
{"text": "as the world ' s two remaining superpowers, the united states and the soviet union, polarized most of the world into two camps of nations. this was characterized in the west as the free world vs. behind the iron curtain. it supported the spread of their respective economic and political systems ( capitalism and communism ) and strengthened their military powers. as a result, the camps developed new weapon systems, stockpiled nuclear weapons, and competed in space exploration. near the beginning of the cold war, on february 9, 1950, senator joseph mccarthy from wisconsin accused 205 americans working in the state department of being \" card - carrying communists \". the fear of communism in the u. s. spurred mccarthyism, aggressive investigations and the red - baiting, blacklisting, jailing and deportation of persons suspected of following communist or other left - wing ideologies. many famous actors and writers were placed on a blacklist from 1950 to 1954, which meant they would not be hired and would be subject to public disdain. after the collapse of the soviet union in 1985, mikhail gorbachev became leader of the soviet union and relaxed central control, in accordance with reform policies of glasnost ( openness ) and perestroika ( restructuring ). the soviet union did not intervene as poland, east germany, czechoslovakia, bulgaria, romania, and hungary all abandoned communist rule by 1990. in 1991, the soviet union dissolved. by the beginning of the 21st century, states controlled by communist parties under a single - party system include the people ' s republic of china, cuba, laos, vietnam, and north korea. communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in a number of other countries. president dimitris christofias of cyprus is a member of the progressive party of working people, but the country is not run under single - party rule. the south african communist party is a partner in the african national congress - led government. in india, communists lead the governments of three states, with a combined population of more than 115 million. in nepal, communists hold a majority in the parliament. the communist party of brazil is a part of the parliamentary coalition led by the ruling democratic socialist workers ' party and is represented in the executive cabinet of dilma rousseff. the people ' s republic of china has reassessed many aspects of the maoist legacy ; it, along with laos, vietnam, and, to a lesser degree cuba, has reduced state control of the economy in order to stimulate growth. chinese economic reforms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042994663632294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.634539"}
{"text": "people ' s republic of china has reassessed many aspects of the maoist legacy ; it, along with laos, vietnam, and, to a lesser degree cuba, has reduced state control of the economy in order to stimulate growth. chinese economic reforms started in 1978 under the leadership of deng xiaoping ; since then, china has managed to bring down the poverty rate from 53 % in the mao era to just 6 % in 2001. the people ' s republic of china runs special economic zones dedicated to market - oriented enterprise, free from central government control. several other communist states have also attempted to implement market - based reforms, including vietnam. theories within marxism as to why communism in central and eastern europe was not achieved after socialist revolutions pointed to such elements as the pressure of external capitalist states, the relative backwardness of the societies in which the revolutions occurred, and the emergence of a bureaucratic stratum or class that arrested or diverted the transition process in its own interests. marxist critics of the soviet union, most notably trotsky, referred to the soviet system, along with other communist states, as \" degenerated \" or \" deformed workers ' states \", arguing that the soviet system fell far short of marx ' s communist ideal and he claimed the working class was politically dispossessed. the ruling stratum of the soviet union was held to be a bureaucratic caste, but not a new ruling class, despite their political control. anarchists who adhere to participatory economics claim that the soviet union became dominated by powerful intellectual elites who in a capitalist system crown the proletariat ' s labour on behalf of the bourgeoisie. | part of a series on | like other socialists, karl marx and friedrich engels sought an end to capitalism and the systems which they perceived to be responsible for the exploitation of workers. whereas earlier socialists often favored longer - term social reform, marx and engels believed that popular revolution was all but inevitable, and the only path to socialism and communism. according to the marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in class society is alienation ; and communism is desirable because it entails the full realization of human freedom. marx here follows georg wilhelm friedrich hegel in conceiving freedom not merely as an absence of restraints but as action with content. according to marx, communism ' s outlook on freedom was based on an agent, obstacle, and goal. the agent is the common / working people ; the obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5176870423765073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.635624"}
{"text": "as action with content. according to marx, communism ' s outlook on freedom was based on an agent, obstacle, and goal. the agent is the common / working people ; the obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life - chances, and false consciousness ; and the goal is the fulfilment of human needs including satisfying work, and fair share of the product. they believed that communism allowed people to do what they want, but also put humans in such conditions and such relations with one another that they would not wish to exploit, or have any need to. whereas for hegel the unfolding of this ethical life in history is mainly driven by the realm of ideas, for marx, communism emerged from material forces, particularly the development of the means of production. marxism holds that a process of class conflict and revolutionary struggle will result in victory for the proletariat and the establishment of a communist society in which private property and ownership is abolished over time and the means of production and subsistence belong to the community. ( private property and ownership, in this context, means ownerships of the means of production, not private possessions ). marx himself wrote little about life under communism, giving only the most general indication as to what constituted a communist society. it is clear that it entails abundance in which there is little limit to the projects that humans may undertake. in the popular slogan that was adopted by the communist movement, communism was a world in which each gave according to their abilities, and received according to their needs. the german ideology ( 1845 ) was one of marx ' s few writings to elaborate on the communist future : \" in communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticise after dinner, just as i have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic. \" \u2014 marx ' s lasting vision was to add this vision to a theory of how society was moving in a law - governed way towards communism, and, with some tension, a political theory that explained why revolutionary activity was required to bring it about. in the late 19th century, the terms \" socialism \" and \" communism \" were often used interchangeably. however, marx and engels argued that communism would not emerge from capitalism in a fully developed state, but would pass through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5835941346289918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.636668"}
{"text": "to bring it about. in the late 19th century, the terms \" socialism \" and \" communism \" were often used interchangeably. however, marx and engels argued that communism would not emerge from capitalism in a fully developed state, but would pass through a \" first phase \" in which most productive property was owned in common, but with some class differences remaining. the \" first phase \" would eventually evolve into a \" higher phase \" in which class differences were eliminated, and a state was no longer needed. lenin frequently used the term \" socialism \" to refer to marx and engels ' supposed \" first phase \" of communism and used the term \" communism \" interchangeably with marx and engels ' \" higher phase \" of communism. these later aspects, particularly as developed by vladimir lenin, provided the underpinning for the mobilizing features of 20th century communist parties. leninism and marxism - leninism | part of a series on | leninism is the political movement developed by vladimir lenin, which has become the foundation for the organizational structure of most major communist parties. leninists advocate the creation of a vanguard party led by dedicated revolutionaries in order to lead the working class revolution to victory. leninists believe that socialism will not arise spontaneously through the natural decay of capitalism and that workers are unable to organize and develop socialist consciousness without the guidance of the vanguard party. after taking power, vanguard parties seek to create a socialist state continually led by the vanguard party in order to direct social development and defend against counterrevolutionary insurrection. the mode of industrial organization championed by leninism and marxism - leninism is the capitalist model of scientific management pioneered by fredrick taylor. marxism - leninism is a version of leninism merged with classical marxism adopted by the soviet union and most communist parties across the world today. it shaped the soviet union and influenced communist parties worldwide. it was heralded as a possibility of building communism via a massive program of industrialization and collectivisation. despite the fall of the soviet union and the ' eastern bloc ' ( meaning communist countries of eastern and central europe ), many communist parties of the world today still lay claim to uphold the marxist - leninist banner. marxism - leninism expands on marxist thoughts by bringing the theories to what lenin and other communists considered, the age of capitalist imperialism, and a renewed focus on party building, the development of a socialist state, and democratic centralism as an organisational principle. lenin ' s pamphlet what is to be done? ( 1902 ), proposed that the ( urban ) proletaria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5702980445467539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.637752"}
{"text": "imperialism, and a renewed focus on party building, the development of a socialist state, and democratic centralism as an organisational principle. lenin ' s pamphlet what is to be done? ( 1902 ), proposed that the ( urban ) proletariat can successfully achieve revolutionary consciousness only under the leadership of a vanguard party of professional revolutionaries \u2014 who can achieve aims only with internal democratic centralism in the party ; tactical and ideological policy decisions are agreed via democracy, and every member must support and promote the agreed party policy. to wit, capitalism can be overthrown only with revolution \u2014 because attempts to reform capitalism from within ( fabianism ) and from without ( social democracy ) will fail because of its inherent contradictions. the purpose of a leninist revolutionary vanguard party is the forceful deposition of the incumbent government ; assume power ( as agent of the proletariat ) and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. moreover, as the government, the vanguard party must educate the proletariat \u2014 to dispel the societal false consciousness of religion and nationalism that are culturally instilled by the bourgeoisie in facilitating exploitation, and to instil the material scientific outlook of the world and the sense of proletarian internationalism. the dictatorship of the proletariat is governed with a de - centralized direct democracy practised via soviets ( councils ) where the workers exercise political power ( cf. soviet democracy ) ; the fifth chapter of state & revolution, describes it : \".... the dictatorship of the proletariat \u2014 i. e. the organisation of the vanguard of the oppressed as the ruling class for the purpose of crushing the oppressors.... an immense expansion of democracy, which for the first time becomes democracy for the poor, democracy for the people, and not democracy for the rich :... and suppression by force, i. e. exclusion from democracy, for the exploiters and oppressors of the people \u2014 this is the change which democracy undergoes during the transition from capitalism to communism. \" \u2014 the post - revolutionary bolshevik government was hostile to nationalism, especially to russian nationalism, the \" great russian chauvinism \", which was seen as an obstacle to establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat. however, under the regime of joseph stalin, during the great patriotic war, russian nationalism brought back into favour. the hallmarks of marxism - leninism are : the revolutionary vanguard party, revolution as a means to overthrow capitalism, and democratic centralism. \" we want to achieve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5141333201774719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.638883"}
{"text": "of joseph stalin, during the great patriotic war, russian nationalism brought back into favour. the hallmarks of marxism - leninism are : the revolutionary vanguard party, revolution as a means to overthrow capitalism, and democratic centralism. \" we want to achieve a new and better order of society : in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor ; all will have to work. not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. this new and better society is called socialist society. the teachings about this society are called ' socialism '. \u201c - vladimir lenin, \" to the rural poor \" ( 1903 ) ; collected works, vol 6, p. 366 leninism is the revolutionary theories developed by vladimir lenin, including the organizational principles of democratic centralism, vanguardism and the political theory of imperialism. leninist theory postulates that, with the strongly determined will of the bourgeoisie to establish imperialism, socialism will not arise spontaneously through the natural decay of capitalism, and that workers by themselves, who may be more or less sedated by reactionary propaganda, are unable to effectively organise and develop socialist consciousness, therefore requiring the leadership of a revolutionary vanguard organized on the basis of democratic centralism. as a result, leninism promotes a vanguard party in order to lead the working - class and peasants in a revolution. because this revolution takes place in underdeveloped, largely pre - capitalist countries such as russia, leninism establishes a single - party, authoritarian state, justifying single - party control over the state and economy as a means to safeguard the revolution against counter - revolutionary insurrection and foreign invasion. although the creation of a vanguard party was outlined by marx and engels in chapter ii : \" proletarians and communists \" of the communist manifesto, lenin modified this position by changing the role of the vanguards to professional revolutionaries, who were to hold power post - revolution and direct the national economy and society in developing world socialism. after disposing of the bourgeois dictatorship through socialist revolution, leninists seek to create a socialist state in which the working class would be in power, which they see as being essential for laying the foundations for a transitional withering of the state towards communism ( stateless society ). in this state, the vanguard party would act as a central nucleus in the organisation of socialist society, presiding over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5465284392938962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.639968"}
{"text": "power, which they see as being essential for laying the foundations for a transitional withering of the state towards communism ( stateless society ). in this state, the vanguard party would act as a central nucleus in the organisation of socialist society, presiding over a single - party political system. leninism rejects political pluralism, seeing it as divisive and destructive. instead, leninism advocates the concept of democratic centralism as a process to ensure the voicing of concern and disagreement and to refine policy. generally, the purpose of democratic centralism is \" diversity in ideas, unity in action. \" leninist revolutionary theory alongside marxist economic theory forms the ideology of marxism - leninism. after lenin ' s death in 1924, leninism branched into multiple ( sometimes opposing ) interpretations, including trotskyism, stalinism, and maoism. \" socialist dreams turned into the socialist struggle of millions only when marx ' s scientific socialism had linked up the urge for change with the struggle of a definite class. outside the class struggle, socialism is either a hollow phrase or a naive dream. \" \u2014 vladimir lenin stalinism was the political system of the soviet union and the countries within the soviet sphere of influence during the leadership of joseph stalin. the term usually defines the style of a government rather than an ideology. the ideology was officially marxism - leninism theory, reflecting that stalin himself was not a theoretician, in contrast to marx and lenin, and prided himself on maintaining the legacy of lenin as a founding father for the soviet union and the future socialist world. stalinism is an interpretation of their ideas, and a certain political regime claiming to apply those ideas in ways fitting the changing needs of soviet society, as with the transition from \" socialism at a snail ' s pace \" in the mid - twenties to the rapid industrialization of the five - year plans. the main contributions of stalin to communist theory were : - the groundwork for the soviet policy concerning nationalities, laid in stalin ' s 1913 work marxism and the national question, praised by lenin. - socialism in one country, stating that communists should attain socialism in their own country as a prelude to internationalising. - the theory of aggravation of the class struggle along with the development of socialism, a theoretical base supporting the repression of political opponents as necessary. the legitimacy of stalin ' s claim to the role of leadership in the soviet union ( and thus the international communist movement as a whole ) is a matter of some debate. advocates of stalinism cite both lenin ' s praising of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5956829002631838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.641254"}
{"text": "opponents as necessary. the legitimacy of stalin ' s claim to the role of leadership in the soviet union ( and thus the international communist movement as a whole ) is a matter of some debate. advocates of stalinism cite both lenin ' s praising of the early works of stalin and the economic successes of the five - year plans. opponents, however, point out that certain aspects of stalinism ( socialism in one country, \" revolutionary patriotism \", etc. ) are not found in leninism, and argue that some aspects are even contradictory to marxism - leninism. also, in lenin ' s testament, a document written by vladimir lenin in the last weeks of 1922 and the first week of 1923 outlining his proposed changes to the structure of the soviet governing bodies, lenin suggested \" that the comrades think about a way of removing stalin from [ the secretary - general ] post and appointing another man in his stead who in all other respects differs from comrade stalin in having only one advantage, namely, that of being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more considerate to the comrades, less capricious, etc. \" both sides of this debate identify as being ideologically orthodox to leninism and criticise the other as being \" revisionist. \" trotskyism is the branch of marxism that was developed by leon trotsky. it supports the theory of permanent revolution and world revolution instead of the two stage theory and socialism in one country. it supported proletarian internationalism and another communist revolution in the soviet union, which, under the leadership of stalin, trotsky claimed had become a degenerated worker ' s state, rather than the dictatorship of the proletariat, in which class relations had re - emerged in a new form. trotsky and his supporters organized into the left opposition and their platform became known as trotskyism. stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the soviet regime and trotskyist attempts to remove stalin from power resulted in trotsky ' s exile from the soviet union in 1929. trotsky later founded the fourth international, a trotskyist rival to the comintern, in 1938. trotskyist ideas have continually found a modest echo among political movements in some countries in latin america and asia, especially in argentina, brazil, bolivia and sri lanka. many trotskyist organizations are also active in more stable, developed countries in north america and western europe. trotsky ' s politics differed sharply from those of stalin and mao, most importantly in declaring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5141281314367163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.642261"}
{"text": "argentina, brazil, bolivia and sri lanka. many trotskyist organizations are also active in more stable, developed countries in north america and western europe. trotsky ' s politics differed sharply from those of stalin and mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution ( rather than socialism in one country ) and unwavering support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles. however, as a whole, trotsky ' s theories and attitudes were never accepted in worldwide mainstream communist circles after trotsky ' s expulsion, either within or outside the soviet bloc. this remained the case even after the secret speech and subsequent events which critics claim exposed the fallibility of stalin. | part of a series on | maoism is the marxist - leninist trend of communism associated with chairman mao zedong of the communist party of china and was mostly practiced within china. nikita khrushchev ' s reforms heightened ideological differences between china and the soviet union, which became increasingly apparent in the 1960s. parties and groups that supported the communist party of china ( cpc ) in their criticism against the new soviet leadership proclaimed themselves as ' anti - revisionist ' and denounced the communist party of the soviet union and the parties aligned with it as revisionist \" capitalist - roaders. \" the sino - soviet split resulted in divisions amongst communist parties around the world. notably, the party of labour of albania sided with the people ' s republic of china. effectively, the cpc under mao ' s leadership became the rallying forces of a parallel international communist tendency. definitions of maoism vary. within the chinese context, maoism can refer to mao ' s belief in the mobilization of the masses, particularly in large - scale political movements ; it can also refer to the egalitarianism that was seen during mao ' s era as opposed to the free - market ideology of deng xiaoping ; some scholars additionally define personality cults and political sloganeering as \" maoist \" practices. contemporary maoists in china criticize the social inequalities created by a capitalist and ' revisionist ' communist party. prachanda path refers to the ideological line of the unified communist party of nepal. this thought is an extension of marxism, leninism and maoism, totally based on home - ground politics of nepal. the doctrine came into existence after it was realized that the ideology of marxism, leninism and maoism could not be practiced completely as it was done in the past. and an ideology suitable, based on the ground reality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5504469556293963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.643416"}
{"text": "home - ground politics of nepal. the doctrine came into existence after it was realized that the ideology of marxism, leninism and maoism could not be practiced completely as it was done in the past. and an ideology suitable, based on the ground reality of nepalese politics was adopted by the party. another variant of anti - revisionist marxism - leninism appeared after the ideological row between the communist party of china and the party of labour of albania in 1978. the albanians rallied a new separate international tendency, which would demarcate itself by a strict defence of the legacy of joseph stalin and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionism. critical of the united states, the soviet union, and china, enver hoxha declared the latter two to be social - imperialist and condemned the soviet invasion of czechoslovakia by withdrawing from the warsaw pact in response. hoxha declared albania to be the world ' s only marxist - leninist state after 1978. the albanians were able to win over a large share of the maoists, mainly in latin america such as the popular liberation army, but also had a significant international following in general. this tendency has occasionally been labelled as ' hoxhaism ' after him. after the fall of the communist government in albania, the pro - albanian parties are grouped around an international conference and the publication ' unity and struggle '. elements of titoism are characterized by policies and practices based on the principle that in each country, the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country. during tito ' s era, this specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of ( and often in opposition to ) the policies of the soviet union. the term was originally meant as a pejorative, and was labelled by moscow as a heresy during the period of tensions between the soviet union and yugoslavia known as the informbiro period from 1948 to 1955. unlike the rest of central and eastern europe, which fell under stalin ' s influence post \u2013 world war ii, yugoslavia, due to the strong leadership of marshal josip broz tito and the fact that the yugoslav partisans liberated yugoslavia with only limited help from the red army, remained independent from moscow. it became the only country in the balkans to resist pressure from moscow to join the warsaw pact and remained \" socialist, but independent \" until the collapse of soviet socialism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. throughout his time in office, tito prided himself on yugoslavia ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5138663560833935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.644485"}
{"text": "country in the balkans to resist pressure from moscow to join the warsaw pact and remained \" socialist, but independent \" until the collapse of soviet socialism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. throughout his time in office, tito prided himself on yugoslavia ' s independence from russia, with yugoslavia never accepting full membership of the comecon and tito ' s open rejection of many aspects of stalinism as the most obvious manifestations of this. juche is a development of marxism - leninism which is the official ideology of north korea and developed under its leader kim il sung. it emphasises economic and military self - reliance. as the communist bloc split, collapsed, or embraced market reforms, juche was increasingly emphasised by the north korean regime over the wider theories of communism. eurocommunism was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various western european communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that was more relevant in a western european democracy and less aligned to the influence or control of the soviet union. parties such as the italian communist party ( pci ), the french communist party ( pcf ), and the communist party of spain ( pce ), were politically active and electorally significant in their respective countries. the main theoretical foundation of eurocommunism was antonio gramsci ' s writing about marxist theory which questioned the sectarianism of the left and encouraged communist parties to develop social alliances to win hegemonic support for social reforms. eurocommunist parties expressed their fidelity to democratic institutions more clearly than before and attempted to widen their appeal by embracing public sector middle - class workers, new social movements such as feminism and gay liberation and more publicly questioning the soviet union. early inspirations can also be found in the austromarxism and its seeking of a \" third \" democratic \" way \" to socialism. libertarian marxism refers to a broad scope of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the anti - authoritarian aspects of marxism. early currents of libertarian marxism, known as left communism, emerged in opposition to marxism \u2013 leninism and its derivatives, such as stalinism, maoism, and trotskyism. libertarian marxism is also critical of reformist positions, such as those held by social democrats. libertarian marxist currents often draw from marx and engels ' later works, specifically the grundrisse and the civil war in france ; emphasizing the marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state to mediate or aid its liberation. along with anarch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5585751573239354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.645640"}
{"text": "specifically the grundrisse and the civil war in france ; emphasizing the marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state to mediate or aid its liberation. along with anarchism, libertarian marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism. libertarian marxism includes such currents as luxemburgism, council communism, left communism, socialisme ou barbarie, the johnson - forest tendency, world socialism, lettrism / situationism and operaismo / autonomism, and new left. libertarian marxism has often had a strong influence on both post - left and social anarchists. notable theorists of libertarian marxism have included anton pannekoek, raya dunayevskaya, clr james, antonio negri, cornelius castoriadis, maurice brinton, guy debord, daniel guerin, ernesto screpanti and raoul vaneigem. council communism is a far - left movement originating in germany and the netherlands in the 1920s. its primary organization was the communist workers party of germany ( kapd ). council communism continues today as a theoretical and activist position within both left - wing marxism and libertarian socialism. the central argument of council communism, in contrast to those of social democracy and leninist communism, is that democratic workers ' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural form of working class organisation and governmental power. this view is opposed to both the reformist and the leninist ideologies, with their stress on, respectively, parliaments and institutional government ( i. e., by applying social reforms, on the one hand, and vanguard parties and participative democratic centralism on the other ). the core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by workers ' councils composed of delegates elected at workplaces and recallable at any moment. as such, council communists oppose state - run authoritarian \" state socialism \" / \" state capitalism \". they also oppose the idea of a \" revolutionary party \", since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party will necessarily produce a party dictatorship. council communists support a worker ' s democracy, which they want to produce through a federation of workers ' councils. left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas of the bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically marxist and proletarian than the views of leninism held by the communist international after its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5587581534117114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.646702"}
{"text": "viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas of the bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically marxist and proletarian than the views of leninism held by the communist international after its first and during its second congress. left communists see themselves to the left of leninists ( whom they tend to see as ' left of capital ', not socialists ), anarchist communists ( some of whom they consider internationalist socialists ) as well as some other revolutionary socialist tendencies ( for example de leonists, who they tend to see as being internationalist socialists only in limited instances ). although she died before left communism became a distinct tendency, rosa luxemburg has heavily influenced most left communists, both politically and theoretically. proponents of left communism have included amadeo bordiga, herman gorter, anton pannekoek, otto ruhle, karl korsch, sylvia pankhurst and paul mattick. the situationist international was a restricted group of international revolutionaries founded in 1957, and which had its peak in its influence on the unprecedented general wildcat strikes of may 1968 in france. with their ideas rooted in marxism and the 20th century european artistic avant - gardes, they advocated experiences of life being alternative to those admitted by the capitalist order, for the fulfillment of human primitive desires and the pursuing of a superior passional quality. for this purpose they suggested and experimented with the construction of situations, namely the setting up of environments favorable for the fulfillment of such desires. using methods drawn from the arts, they developed a series of experimental fields of study for the construction of such situations, like unitary urbanism and psychogeography. they fought against the main obstacle on the fulfillment of such superior passional living, identified by them in advanced capitalism. their theoretical work peaked on the highly influential book the society of the spectacle by guy debord. debord argued in 1967 that spectacular features like mass media and advertising have a central role in an advanced capitalist society, which is to show a fake reality in order to mask the real capitalist degradation of human life. to overthrow such a system, the situationist international supported the may 1968 revolts, and asked the workers to occupy the factories and to run them with direct democracy, through workers ' councils composed by instantly revocable delegates. autonomism refers to a set of left - wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. as an identifiable theoretical system it first emerged in italy in the 1960s from workerist ( opera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4930957936110809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.647812"}
{"text": "councils composed by instantly revocable delegates. autonomism refers to a set of left - wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. as an identifiable theoretical system it first emerged in italy in the 1960s from workerist ( operaismo ) communism. later, post - marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant after influence from the situationists, the failure of italian far - left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including antonio negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of potere operaio, mario tronti, paolo virno, etc. through translations made available by danilo montaldi and others, the italian autonomists drew upon previous activist research in the united states by the johnson - forest tendency and in france by the group socialisme ou barbarie. it influenced the german and dutch autonomen, the worldwide social centre movement, and today is influential in italy, france, and to a lesser extent the english - speaking countries. those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from marxists to post - structuralists and anarchists. the autonomist marxist and autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in english speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics. some english - speaking anarchists even describe themselves as autonomists. the italian operaismo movement also influenced marxist academics such as harry cleaver, john holloway, steve wright, and nick dyer - witheford. anarchist communism ( also known as libertarian communism ) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favour of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers ' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle : \" from each according to his ability, to each according to his need \". anarcho - communism differs from marxism rejecting its view about the need for a state socialism phase before building communism. the main anarcho - communist theorist peter kropotkin argued \" that a revolutionary society should \u201c transform itself immediately into a communist society, \u201d, that is, should go immediately into what marx had regarded as the \u201c more advanced, \u201d completed, phase of communism. \" in this way it tries to avoid the reappearence of \" class divisions and the need for a state to oversee everything \". some forms of anarchist communism such as insurrectionary anarchism are egoist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5758793518888354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.649029"}
{"text": "\u201d completed, phase of communism. \" in this way it tries to avoid the reappearence of \" class divisions and the need for a state to oversee everything \". some forms of anarchist communism such as insurrectionary anarchism are egoist and strongly influenced by radical individualism, believing that anarchist communism does not require a communitarian nature at all. most anarcho - communists view anarcho - communism as a way of reconciling the opposition between the individual and society to date in human history, the best known examples of an anarchist communist society, established around the ideas as they exist today, that received worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon, are the anarchist territories during the spanish revolution and the free territory during the russian revolution. through the efforts and influence of the spanish anarchists during the spanish revolution within the spanish civil war, starting in 1936 anarchist communism existed in most of aragon, parts of the levante and andalusia, as well as in the stronghold of anarchist catalonia before being brutally crushed by the combined forces of the authoritarian regime that won the war, hitler, mussolini, spanish communist party repression ( backed by the ussr ) as well as economic and armaments blockades from the capitalist countries and the spanish republic itself. during the russian revolution, anarchists such as nestor makhno worked to create and defend \u2014 through the revolutionary insurrectionary army of ukraine \u2014 anarchist communism in the free territory of the ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the bolsheviks in 1921. christian communism is a form of religious communism centred on christianity. it is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of jesus christ urge christians to support communism as the ideal social system. christian communists trace the origins of their practice to teachings in the new testament, such as the acts of the apostles at chapter 2 and verses 42, 44 and 45 : 42 and they continued steadfastly in the apostles ' doctrine and in fellowship... 44 and all that believed were together, and had all things in common ; 45 and sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. christian communism can be seen as a radical form of christian socialism. also, because many christian communists have formed independent stateless communes in the past, there is a link between christian communism and christian anarchism. christian communists may not agree with various parts of marxism, but they share some of the political goals of marxists, for example replacing capitalism with socialism, which should in turn be followed by communism at a later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5245708497066575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.650678"}
{"text": "between christian communism and christian anarchism. christian communists may not agree with various parts of marxism, but they share some of the political goals of marxists, for example replacing capitalism with socialism, which should in turn be followed by communism at a later point in the future. however, christian communists sometimes disagree with marxists ( and particularly with leninists ) on the way a socialist or communist society should be organized. some people have criticised socialism and by extension communism, stating that the two systems have distorted or absent price signals, slow or stagnant technological advance, reduced incentives, and reduced prosperity, as well as on the grounds of its feasibility and its social and political effects. part of this criticism extends to the policies adopted by one - party states ruled by communist parties ( known as \" communist states \" ). some scholars are specially focused on their human rights records which are claimed to be responsible for famines, purges and warfare resulting in deaths far in excess of previous empires, capitalist or other regimes. the council of europe in resolution 1481 and international declarations such as the prague declaration on european conscience and communism and the declaration on crimes of communism have condemned some of the actions that resulted in these deaths as crimes. stephane courtois argues that communism is responsible for the murder of almost 100 million people in the 20th century, but two of the main black book ' s contributors, nicolas werth and jean - louis margolin, disagreed and publicly disassociated themselves from courtois ' s statements. - principals of communism, frederick engels, 1847, section 18. \" finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of its old economic habits may remain. \" - the abc of communism, nikoli bukharin, 1920, section 20 - see for example, socialism : utopian or scientific by friedrich engels, chapter iii, paragraph iii : \" the proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. by this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out. socialized production upon a predetermined plan becomes hence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5174077716208899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.652057"}
{"text": "this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out. socialized production upon a predetermined plan becomes henceforth possible. the development of production makes the existence of different classes of society thenceforth an anachronism. in proportion as anarchy in social production vanishes, the political authority of the state dies out. man, at last the master of his own form of social organization, becomes at the same time the lord over nature, his own master \u2014 free. \" or the abc of communism : \" in a communist society there will be no classes. but if there will be no classes, this implies that in communist society there will likewise be no state. \" - communism. collinsdictionary. com. collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 11th edition. retrieved december 02, 2012. - critique of the gotha programme, karl marx. - full communism : the ultimate goal : http : / / www. economictheories. org / 2009 / 05 / full - communism - ultimate - goal. html archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - \" communism \". britannica encyclopedia. - world book 2008, p. 890. - \" critique of the gotha programme \u2014 iv \". critique of the gotha programme. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - richard pipes communism : a history ( 2001 ) isbn 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6864 - 4, pages 3 \u2013 5. - \" historical background for spartacus \". vroma. org. archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 29. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18. - the cambridge history of iran volume 3, the seleucid, parthian and sasanian period, edited by ehsan yarshater, parts 1 and 2, p1019, cambridge university press ( 1983 ) - lansford 2007, pp. 24 \u2013 25 - \" diggers ' manifesto \". archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 29. retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19. - \" eduard bernstein : cromwell and communism ( 1895 ) \". - eduard bernstein, ( 1895 ). kommunistische und demokratisch - sozialistische stromungen wahrend der englischen revolution, j. h. w. dietz, stuttgart. oclc 36367345 sources available at eduard bernstein : cromwell and communism ( 1895 ) at www. marxists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48589104213465917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.653011"}
{"text": "of politics. ed. iain mclean and alistair mcmillan. oxford university press, 2003. - mclean and mcmillan, 2003. - ball and dagger 118 - terence ball and richard dagger. \" political ideologies and the democratic ideal. \" pearson education, inc. : 2006. - karl marx ; friedrich engels ; philip gasper ( 1 october 2005 ). the communist manifesto : a road map to history ' s most important political document. haymarket books. pp. 60 \u2013 63. isbn 978 - 1 - 931859 - 25 - 7. retrieved 12 april 2011. - karl marx, ( 1845 ). the german ideology, marx - engels institute, moscow. isbn 978 - 1 - 57392 - 258 - 6. sources available at the german ideology at www. marxists. org. - see chapter 5 of vladimir lenin ' s the state and revolution \" ( 1917 ). - hill, christopher lenin and the russian revolution ( 1971 ) penguin books : londonp. 86. - harding, neil ( ed. ) the state in socialist society, second edition ( 1984 ) st. antony ' s college : oxford, p. 189. - brudny, yitzhak ( 1998 ). re - inventing russia : russian nationalism and the soviet state ( 1953 - 1991 ). isbn 0 - 674 - 00438 - 8. - flank, lenny ( august 2008 ). rise and fall of the leninist state : a marxist history of the soviet union. red and black publishers. p. 57. isbn 1 - 931859 - 25 - 6. \" lenin defended his actions, arguing that the revolution could be consolidated ' only through dictatorship, because the realization of the transformations immediately and unconditionally necessary for the proletariat and the peasantry will call forth the desperate resistance of the landlords, of the big bourgeoisie, and of tsarism. without dictatorship, it would be impossible to defeat counter - revolutionary efforts. \" - marx engels lenin on scientific socialism. moscow : novosti press ajency publishing house. 1974. - \" marxism and the national question \". - pierce, wayne. \" libertarian marxism ' s relation to anarchism \" \" the utopian \" 73 - 80. - herman gorter, anton pannekoek, sylvia pankhurst, otto ruhl non - leninist marxism : writings on the workers councils. red and black, 2007. - marot, eric. \" trotsky, the left opposition and the rise of stalinism :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514905020147511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.655179"}
{"text": "here http : / / www. nestormakhno. info / english / platform / constructive. htm archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - \" \" what is anarchist communism? \" by wayne price \". archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 29. - christopher gray, leaving the twentieth century, p. 88. - \" towards the creative nothing \" by renzo novatore archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - \" bob black. nightmares of reason \". archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 29. - \" communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty \u2014 provided that the idea that begets the community be liberty, anarchy... communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day ' s work. \" \" communism and anarchy \" by peter kropotkin archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - this other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony. organisational platform of the libertarian communists by dielo truda ( workers ' cause ) archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - \" i see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle. \" \" my perspectives \" by willful disobedience vol. 2, no. 12 archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - von mises, ludwig ( 1990 ). economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth ( pdf ). ludwig von mises institute. retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08. - f. a. hayek, ( 1935 ), \" the nature and history of the problem \" and \" the present state of the debate, \" om in f. a. hayek, ed. collectivist economic planning, pp. 1 \u2013 40, 201 \u2013 43. - milton friedman. we have socialism q. e. d., op - ed in new york times december 31, 1989 on milton friedman, mgr & annaism archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - zoltan j. acs & bernard young. small and medium - sized enterprises in the global economy. university of michigan press, page 47, 1999. - mill, john stuart. the principles of political economy, book iv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5521303366824615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.657127"}
{"text": "at webcite - zoltan j. acs & bernard young. small and medium - sized enterprises in the global economy. university of michigan press, page 47, 1999. - mill, john stuart. the principles of political economy, book iv, chapter 7. - john kenneth galbraith, the good society : the humane agenda, ( boston, ma : houghton mifflin co., 1996 ), 59 \u2013 60. \" - hans - hermann hoppe. a theory of socialism and capitalism http : / / www. mises. org / etexts / soc & cap. pdf [ dead link ]. - ludwig von mises, socialism : an economic and sociological analysis, indianapolis, in : liberty fund, inc.. 1981, trans. j. kahane, iv. 30. 21 - f. a. hayek. the intellectuals and socialism. ( 1949 ). - alan o. ebenstein. friedrich hayek : a biography. ( 2003 ). university of chicago press. isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 18150 - 9 p. 137 - friedrich hayek ( 1944 ). the road to serfdom. university of chicago press. isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 32061 - 8. - bellamy, richard ( 2003 ). the cambridge history of twentieth - century political thought. cambridge university press. p. 60. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 56354 - 3. - self, peter. socialism. a companion to contemporary political philosophy, editors goodin, robert e. and pettit, philip. blackwell publishing, 1995, p. 339 \" extreme equality overlooks the diversity of individual talents, tastes and needs, and save in a utopian society of unselfish individuals would entail strong coercion ; but even short of this goal, there is the problem of giving reasonable recognition to different individual needs, tastes ( for work or leisure ) and talents. it is true therefore that beyond some point the pursuit of equality runs into controversial or contradictory criteria of need or merit. \" - socialism archived 29 july 2011 at webcite - rosefielde, steven ( 2009 ). red holocaust. routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 77757 - 5. - daniel jonah goldhagen. worse than war : genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing assault on humanity. publicaffairs, 2009. isbn 978 - 1 - 58648 - 769 - 0 p. 54 : \"... in the past century communist regimes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164139614248636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.658092"}
{"text": "than war : genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing assault on humanity. publicaffairs, 2009. isbn 978 - 1 - 58648 - 769 - 0 p. 54 : \"... in the past century communist regimes, led and inspired by the soviet union and china, have killed more people than any other regime type. \" - benjamin a. valentino. final solutions : mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. cornell university press, 2004. p. 73 isbn 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3965 - 0 - courtois, stephane, ed. ( 1999 ). the black book of communism : crimes, terror, repression. harvard university press. p. 9. isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2. - le monde, 14 november 1997 - holmes, leslie ( 2009 ). communism : a very short introduction. oxford and new york : oxford university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 955154 - 5. - lansford, tom ( 2007 ). communism. marshall cavendish. isbn 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2628 - 8. - link, theodore ( 2004 ). communism : a primary source analysis. the rosen publishing group. isbn 978 - 0 - 8239 - 4517 - 7. - rabinowitch, alexander ( 2004 ). the bolsheviks come to power : the revolution of 1917 in petrograd. pluto press. - \" ci \u2013 cz volume 4 \". world book. chicago, illinois : world book, inc. 2008. isbn 978 - 0 - 7166 - 0108 - 1. - adami, stefano. \" communism \", in encyclopedia of italian literary studies, ed. gaetana marrone \u2013 p. puppa, routledge, new york - london, 2006 - beer, max. the general history of socialism and social struggles volumes 1 & 2. new york, russel and russel, inc. 1957 - daniels, robert vincent. a documentary history of communism and the world : from revolution to collapse. university press of new england, 1994. isbn 978 - 0 - 87451 - 678 - 4. - dirlik, arif. origins of chinese communism. oxford university press, 1989. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 505454 - 5 - forman, james d. communism from marx ' s manifesto to 20th century reality. new york, watts. 1972. isbn 978 - 0 - 531 - 02571 - 0 - furet, francois and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49593265793685865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.658978"}
{"text": "- 505454 - 5 - forman, james d. communism from marx ' s manifesto to 20th century reality. new york, watts. 1972. isbn 978 - 0 - 531 - 02571 - 0 - furet, francois and deborah kan ( translator ). the passing of an illusion : the idea of communism in the twentieth century. university of chicago press, 2000. isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 27341 - 9 - marx, karl and friedrich engels. communist manifesto. ( mass market paperback \u2013 reprint ), signet classics, 1998. isbn 978 - 0 - 451 - 52710 - 3 - pons, silvio and robert service. a dictionary of 20th century communism. 2010. - nicolas werth, karel bartosek, jean - louis panne, jean - louis margolin, andrzej paczkowski, stephane courtois, the black book of communism : crimes, terror, repression, harvard university press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 - hollander, paul ( ed ). from the gulag to the killing fields : personal accounts of political violence and repression in communist studies. intercollegiate studies institute, ( 2006 ). isbn 978 - 1 - 932236 - 78 - 1 - zinoviev, alexandre. the reality of communism ( 1980 ), publisher schocken, 1984. - marxists. org ( marxists internet archive ) - libcom. org extensive library of almost 20, 000 articles, books, pamphlets and journals on libertarian communism - \" communism \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). 1911. - samuel mccune lindsay ( 1905 ). \" communism \". new international encyclopedia. - marxist theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5392161538796828, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce538435-7f6b-422f-a441-c99fc232150b>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.659651"}
{"text": "the study, led by researchers at the university of washington, said air pollution posed the fourth largest threat to the health of chinese people, behind dietary risks, high blood pressure and smoking. air pollution is a fact of life in cities such as beijing, where many people wear breathing masks when travelling outdoors to guard against \u201c pm2. 5 particles \u201d \u2013 tiny pollutants that can go deep into the lungs and cause cancer, bronchitis and asthma. - pollution : why is uk only now waking up to this public health crisis? ( environmentaleducationuk. wordpress. com ) - exposure to air pollution after a heart attack ( pollutionfree. wordpress. com ) - canada one - ups the us by launching new startup visa on an important day ( qz. com ) - national \u203a air pollution turns skies gray over kanto region ( japantoday. com ) - air pollution linked to 1. 2m premature deaths in china ( latinospost. com ) - air pollution : more bad news for pregnant women ( pe. com ) 2013 is un year of water cooperation \u2013 and naeeuk is bringing together education resources to about this key area \u2026 please let me know of your favourites. sandra postel is a leading authority and prolific author on international water issues ; she directs the independent global water policy project and in march 2010 she was named the national geographic society \u2018 s first freshwater fellow. in 1992 postel authored last oasis : facing water scarcity, which now appears in eight languages and was the basis for a pbs documentary that aired in 1997. she is also author of pillar of sand : can the irrigation miracle last? ( 1999 ) and co - author of rivers for life : managing water for people and nature ( 2003 ). her article \u201c troubled waters \u201d was selected for inclusion in the 2001 edition of best american science and nature writing. sandra has authored well over 100 articles for popular, scholarly, and news publications, including science, scientific american, foreign policy, the new york times, and the washington post. - with drought looming, colorado river basin needs solutions ( newswatch. nationalgeographic. com ) - the value of water : it may be old, but it \u2019 s valuable ( wateronline. com ) - superstorm sandy speaks to preparedness for climate disruption ( newswatch. nationalgeographic. com ) - wetlands behind the faucets ( artinpublicspaces2012. wordpress. com ) - grabbing at solutions : water for the hungry first ( resilience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41866253493632255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1efac502-284a-498d-a0ed-84b80b5f8f7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.670641"}
{"text": "climate disruption ( newswatch. nationalgeographic. com ) - wetlands behind the faucets ( artinpublicspaces2012. wordpress. com ) - grabbing at solutions : water for the hungry first ( resilience. org ) villagers band together to protect their wildlife and tourism industry the new york times - notorious poacher now leads a fight to save africa \u2019 s elephants ( smh. com. au ) - wildlife update : saving the rhino with surveillance drones ( environmentaleducationuk. wordpress. com ) - cameroon army to take on elephant poachers ( worldnews. nbcnews. com ) - poaching of jungle elephants strikes gabon ( nytimes. com ) - clinton calls on world leaders to end african elephant slaughter ( cbsnews. com ) - how dogs help protect threatened species ( mnn. com ) - cameroon deploys troops to fight poachers ( worldbulletin. net ) with encroachment from settlers and speculators, and after a devastating war against shining pathrebels a decade ago, the indigenous ashaninkas \u2019 hold is precarious. and they are now facing anew peril, the proposed 2, 200 - megawatt pakitzapango hydroelectric dam, which would flood muchof the ene river valley. the project is part of a proposal for as many as five dams that under a 2010 energy agreementwould generate more than 6, 500 megawatts, primarily for export to neighboring brazil. the damswould displace thousands of people in the process. antonio metzoquiari, 59, considered the implications for his community. \u201c this is a grave matter, \u201d he said. \u201c it \u2019 s a return to violence, another war. i don \u2019 t know where or how, but we would have to finda new place to live. \u201d hydroelectric dams have fallen out of favor in some parts of the world, but they remain attractive inmuch of latin america, where a number of nations have plenty of water but lack other energysources. for now, the project is stalled in the peruvian congress. president ollanta humala has not stakedout a clear position on the proposed dams, though that is likely to change when president dilmarousseff of brazil visits peru, a visit expected soon. despite claims that the welfare of affected communities is a top priority, several of the projectspassed feasibility studies before local residents were even informed that the government had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4494489935024432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1efac502-284a-498d-a0ed-84b80b5f8f7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.671855"}
{"text": "to change when president dilmarousseff of brazil visits peru, a visit expected soon. despite claims that the welfare of affected communities is a top priority, several of the projectspassed feasibility studies before local residents were even informed that the government hadawarded concessions on the land. in response, the central ashaninka del rio ene, whichrepresents ashaninka populations, went to court to compel the energy and mining ministry todisclose all feasibility studies. after the project was announced, the organization brought together 17 ashaninka communities toexplain that a dam would inundate some communities and dry out others. many people would beforced from their homes, critics argue, evoking memories of peru \u2019 s war against the maoist - inspiredshining path rebels, which officially ended in 2000 but scarred the ashaninka. of the 70, 000 people who were killed over two decades, 6, 000 were ashaninka, experts said. thousands more were displaced. the final speaker at the meeting, dimer dominguito, 25, who was accompanied by his wife andfive children, captured the ashaninka \u2019 s outrage. \u201c in the city they make money and buy whatever they need, but here we live by our customs, ourmarket, eating what we plant and we are happy, \u201d he said. \u201c we want to defend our right to what isnatural, to defend our market, and we support the government, but who supports us? \u201d the new york times - dam project latest threat to peruvian tribe ( smh. com. au ) - boca sanibeni journal : dam project would displace villages in jungle valley of peru ( nytimes. com ) - latin america hydroelectric projects opposed \u2013 the threat of \u201c green \u201d energy ( climate - connections. org ) - a dam clouds the future of peru \u2019 s indigenous people ( nytimes. com ) - the earliest artists were realists, not symbolists ( slog. thestranger. com ) - stone age cave painters were realists \u2013 discovery news ( gingerjar2. wordpress. com ) - cave painters were realists, dna study finds ( huffingtonpost. com ) - cave painters painted spotted horses as they saw them. ( dienekes. blogspot. com ) - cave painters were realists, dna study finds ( seattletimes. nwsource. com ) - painter \u2019 s sky ( eoghann. com ) - realistic embroidered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4655994326579362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1efac502-284a-498d-a0ed-84b80b5f8f7b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.672753"}
{"text": "a recurring theme in science fiction is the idea that one day, our technologies will become self - aware, grow their population, and take over the world. of course, humans will still be around, otherwise there \u2019 s no story, but they will be second - class citizens to the tools that they invented. i ' ve often wondered why self - awareness always comes first. perhaps it ' s because it makes for a more interesting storyline. after all, a technology doesn ' t need to be self - aware to be self - reinforcing. a couple of years ago, nielsen ran a study that showed that the average teenager sends more than 100 text messages a day. adults might get startled or nostalgic when they hear this, but the kids, for the most part, are happy. they like being in touch with their friends, and are not so concerned about the fragmentation of their attention or their dependence on their devices. their phones are an extension of themselves. if there were a textbook example of a viral technology, sms may be it. its use facilitates its spread. people get texts, and they respond. the responders then at some point become initiators, and the story goes on. eventually, even the kids who don ' t want to be attached to their phones don ' t have such an easy choice. in a culture where everybody sends each other 3000 texts a month, you get left out if you only send 30. there is a story of bill joy asking danny hillis what he thought about the scenario in which humans one day merge with robots. danny responded that the changes would come gradually, and we ' d get used to it. that ' s the way it is with technology. we get used to it. i will get older and sound like a luddite when i suggest that a hundred text messages a day might be too much. that will simply be the pace of modern life. when the mechanical clock was invented, one of its early uses was to set the arrival and departure times of factory workers during the industrial revolution. at the time, people hated the idea of getting to work at a certain time ; it felt like the ultimate victory of machine over man. now, it ' s seen as responsible behavior. but if aliens come from outer space and see people wake up grudgingly every morning to the beeping of an alarm clock, they might wonder who is the master and who is the tool.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5181406137054083, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc78a477-b210-4471-bed1-927672127f07>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.676167"}
{"text": "two monkeys with tiny sensors in their brains have learned to control a mechanical arm with just their thoughts, using it to reach for and grab food and even to adjust for the size and stickiness of morsels when necessary, scientists reported on wednesday. via ny times the new experiment goes a step further. in it, the monkeys \u2019 brains seem to have adopted the mechanical appendage as their own, refining its movement as it interacted with real objects in real time. the monkeys had their own arms gently restrained while they learned to use the added one. in the experiment, two macaques first used a joystick to gain a feel for the arm, which had shoulder joints, an elbow and a grasping claw with two mechanical fingers. then, just beneath the monkeys \u2019 skulls, the scientists implanted a grid about the size of a large freckle. it sat on the motor cortex, over a patch of cells known to signal arm and hand movements. the grid held 100 tiny electrodes, each connecting to a single neuron, its wires running out of the brain and to a computer. scientists have to clear several hurdles before this technology becomes practical, experts said. implantable electrode grids do not generally last more than a period of months, for reasons that remain unclear. the equipment to read and transmit the signal can be cumbersome and in need of continual monitoring and recalibrating. and no one has yet demonstrated a workable wireless system that would eliminate the need for connections through the scalp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47036642814027413, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1bd021f5-8b4d-4320-b4e0-ea2ad7f02752>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.677642"}
{"text": "wlan roaming - the basics even if you keep the same ip address, things get complicated. when a wlan client moves from the range of one access point ( ap ) to another in the same subnet, it needs to find the best ap, decide when to roam onto it, associate with it and do any authentication required, as per your security policies. then the wired network has to relearn the location of the client, so that data can be sent to it. all of this takes time and this is without the client having to worry about getting a new ip address! the scanning and decision making part of the roaming process ( see how to make your wlan roam faster ) allows the client to find a new ap on an appropriate channel as the user moves. when this happens, the client must associate with the new ap. it must then, assuming that it is an 802. 1x supplicant ( see the eap heap ), reauthenticate with the radius server. this is transparent to the user - but the delay in this happening may not be. it can take up to a second for association and authentication to occur ( see below for implications and solutions ). iapp the next part of the process is for the rest of the network to be made aware that the client has shifted. this calls for ap to ap communication, which was never catered for in the original 802. 11 spec. vendors had their own way of passing updates ; however 802. 11f, the inter - access point protocol, has now been now published by the ieee as a trial - use standard - it sits in this state for two years before being submitted as a full - use standard - to facilitate multi - vendor ap interoperability. iapp calls for the new servicing ap to send out two packets onto the wired lan. one of these is actually set with the source address of the client ( the standard says this should be a broadcast, however some implementations still use unicast to the previous ap or a multicast ) and is used by intervening switches to update their mac address tables with the client \u2019 s new location. the other is an iapp add - notify packet from the new ap to an iapp multicast address that all aps subscribe to, which contains the mac address of the station it has just associated. all aps will receive this packet, and the one that had been associated with that station will use the sequence number included to determine that this is newer information and remove the stale association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45149684714262717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e05d61b-9c68-4e45-8adb-be38bc5703e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.685392"}
{"text": ", which contains the mac address of the station it has just associated. all aps will receive this packet, and the one that had been associated with that station will use the sequence number included to determine that this is newer information and remove the stale association from its internal table. iapp provides for the sharing of information between aps. the format of this information is specified, as \" contexts \" but the actual content is not defined, so it \u2019 s not yet hugely useful as far as vendor interoperability is concerned. also iapp has no specific provision for security. who cares? so, worst case, you \u2019 re probably looking at about one second where your client can \u2019 t be reached over the network. for a lot of clients and applications, this isn \u2019 t an issue. if you \u2019 re walking from one room to another carrying your laptop, and you want to use email or a web browser, it \u2019 s not a problem. in fact, most tcp - based applications will be able to handle this sort of hiccup ( remember that in this instance there \u2019 s no address change ). udp applications are less able to handle interruptions, and unfortunately, these are the ones where a break would be most noticed by the user. the killer? voice. not only is vowlan udp - based for the bearer traffic, but it \u2019 s also the one application where you are likely to be using it as you move between aps. and you are definitely going to notice a one second hit. which is presumably why the vendors that are pushing fast roaming for 802. 11 are the ones squarely behind the use of wireless handsets in an ip telephony environment, such as cisco, spectralink and symbol. related standards in fact these are three of the companies behind the drive for a new ieee working group to create a standard to handle faster layer 2 roaming. there are several related standards and works - in - progress, but none that actually cover this specific aspect : - as already discussed, iapp \u2014 802. 11f \u2014 isn \u2019 t designed for speed. - 802. 11i, the security standard ( not yet ratified ) has provision for secure fast handoff, but it \u2019 s too security specific for this requirement. - 802. 11k \u2014 radio resource management \u2014 might help in that it should cater for faster discovery of aps. again, not yet finalised. - 802. 21 isn \u2019 t specifically for wireless lans at all. it \u2019 s aimed at the handoff between het", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5500535583946145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e05d61b-9c68-4e45-8adb-be38bc5703e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.686497"}
{"text": "radio resource management \u2014 might help in that it should cater for faster discovery of aps. again, not yet finalised. - 802. 21 isn \u2019 t specifically for wireless lans at all. it \u2019 s aimed at the handoff between heterogeneous networks ( wired, 802. 11, bluetooth ) and while it will deal with inter - ess roaming ( ie subnet to subnet in a wlan ), it won \u2019 t speed up the layer 2 process which is needed prior to any layer 3 interaction. this was the p802 handoff study group, and is just in the process of kicking off now. in the meantime of course, there are proprietary solutions. the two parts that need to be speeded up to cut down outage times are the scanning process ( to allow clients to find new suitable aps to associate to ), and, specifically for security, a faster way of reauthenicating to cut out the radius request / response process. there are things that can be done to speed up the time it takes for a client to find another suitable ap. an ap can maintain information on its adjacent aps, which it can pass to a client on request \u2014 this will give the client a better indication of usable channels to scan, for example. the biggest time saver, however, is reckoned to be in localising the 802. 1x authentication process. cisco has incorporated fast secure roaming into its wireless domain services ( wds ) portfolio as part of its structured wireless aware networking offering, which in effect allows an ap on each local subnet to act as the authenticator for clients. when a client ( or other ap ) goes through the initial radius authentication, it does it via one ap running wds. this lets that ap establish shared keys between itself and every other entity in the l2 domain, and allows for quicker reauthentication. plans are for this capability to be included in cisco \u2019 s router / switch platforms later this year as part of its swan development. symbol provides similar functionality in its hardware, while airespace ) also caters for fast roaming in its wireless switches and appliances, and companies such as bluesocket, which use gateways to control pretty dumb aps, manage everything centrally. proxim handles things differently, pre - authenticating clients to nearby aps as well as the one currently in use in preparation for the client moving. so before you get excited about layer 3 roaming, make sure you understand how your vendor of choice implements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46960177469663555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e05d61b-9c68-4e45-8adb-be38bc5703e8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.687580"}
{"text": "common risks for smartphones we usually do a good job of protecting our computers, but what about smartphones? careless use can open up users to a lot of risks. take a moment to consider each of these areas : loss of device and information theft. smartphones are small and can easily be lost or stolen. unauthorized users may access your accounts, address lists, photos, and more to scam, harm, or embarrass you or your friends. they may leverage stored passwords to access your bank and credit card accounts, steal your money, or make credit card charges. they may also gain access to sensitive material. social engineering. a common mobile threat is social engineering. whether via text message, image, or application ( app ) to download, an incoming communication may be an attempt to gain access to your information. a current example consists of a text message that comes from an unknown number telling you that if you click on the link provided, you will have access to thousands of free ringtones. if this sounds too good to be true, that is because it is. the link is a malicious link. clicking on it will compromise the security of your smartphone. tmi ( too much information ). guidelines for protecting privacy, safety, and reputation when sharing via computers also apply when sharing via smartphones. public wi - fi. smartphones are susceptible to malware and hacking when leveraging unsecured public networks. bluetooth\u00ae and near field communications ( nfc ). bluetooth is a wireless network technology that uses short - wave radio transmissions to transmit voice and data. nfc allows for smartphones to communicate with each other by simply touching ( \u201c bumping \u201d ) another smartphone, or being in close proximity to another smartphone with nfc capabilities or an nfc device. risks with using nfc and bluetooth include eavesdropping, through which the cybercriminal can intercept your personal data. nfc also has the risk of transferring viruses or other malware from one nfc - enabled device to another. simple steps to protect your smartphone update the operating system. smartphones are computing devices that need to be updated. updates often provide you with enhanced functionality and enriched features, as well as fixes to critical security vulnerabilities. your smartphone manufacturer should notify you whenever an update is available. use of security software is a must. as the smartphone market is increasing, so too is the amount of malware designed to attack smartphones. the software security solutions that are available for desktops and laptops are not as widely available for smartphone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5309603698109617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c68f03c4-4470-4482-aaf9-afc1c6d6e6b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.692194"}
{"text": ". use of security software is a must. as the smartphone market is increasing, so too is the amount of malware designed to attack smartphones. the software security solutions that are available for desktops and laptops are not as widely available for smartphones. a key protection is to use mobile security software and keep it up to date. many of these programs can also locate a missing or stolen smartphone, back up your data, and even remotely wipe all data from the smartphone if it is reported stolen. password - protect your device. enable strong password protection on your device and include a timeout that requires authentication after a period of inactivity. secure the smartphone with a unique password \u2013 not the default one it came with. do not share your password with others. think before you click, download, forward, or open. before responding, registering, downloading, or providing information, get the facts. no matter how tempting the text, image, or application is, if the download is not from a legitimate app store or the site of a trusted company, do not engage with the message. be cautious with public wi - fi. many smartphone users use free wi - fi hotspots to access data and keep their smartphone plan costs down. there are numerous threats associated with wi - fi hotspots. to be safe, avoid logging into accounts, especially financial accounts, when using public wireless networks. disable bluetooth and nfc capabilities when not in use. capabilities such as bluetooth and nfc can provide ease and convenience in using your smartphone. they can also provide an easy way for a nearby, unauthorized user to gain access to your data. turn these features off when they are not required. enable encryption. enabling encryption on your smartphone is one of the best ways to safeguard information stored on the device, thwarting unauthorized access. securely dispose of your device. with the constant changes and upgrades in the smartphone market, many are upgrading their devices on a regular basis. it is important that you wipe the information from your smartphone before disposal. additionally, make sure any secure digital ( sd ) cards are removed and erased. if you are not redeploying the subscriber identity module ( sim ) card to another device, then make sure your personal information stored on the sim card is erased or destroyed. for additional information, please consult these resources : about. com \u2013 14 ways to find a stolen or lost iphone : http : / / ipod. about. com / od / iphonetroubleshooting / tp / 14 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5234613483476924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c68f03c4-4470-4482-aaf9-afc1c6d6e6b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.693239"}
{"text": "last week i began discussing rethinking what we already know about health. ( or what we think we know. ) we discussed that nutrition is crucial for our long term health, and many consider it to be the building blocks and foundation to being healthy. without a proper foundation, a \u201c building \u201d has no chance \u2026. so today, i \u2019 m gonna jump right in : grans is a very hot topic. it \u2019 s one where everyone has their own opinion, experiences and preferences. no matter which school of thought that we follow, we need to remember the most basic thing rule : beware of white flour : white flour products ( such as \u201c enriched \u201d flours ) are missing the two most nutritious and fiber - rich parts of the seed : the outside bran layer and the germ ( embryo ). the wheat is milled, which removes the bran and germ. this process gives the flour a longer shelf life. these products should not be staples in our diets. on occasion i bake yummy cookies and cakes for my friends and family, but as a general rule, white flour should not be a staple, used in sandwiches, pastas, dinners etc.. white flour has been stripped of nutritional value and while \u201c carb loading \u201d might give us a quick boost of energy, the satiated feeling doesn \u2019 t last long and the negative effects last longer. white flour can and will make us fat and sleepy. it causes anxiety, mood swings and depression and weakens our immune systems making our bodies more susceptible to illnesses. there is a very long list of why white flour is bad \u2013 so please when you have a moment, google it. ok, so white flour is bad. i think we all get that by now, right? so what \u2019 s the alternative? how about whole grains? \u201c whole grains ( or foods made from them ) contain all the essential parts and naturally - occurring nutrients of the entire grain seed. this definition means that 100 % of the original kernel \u2013 all of the bran, germ, and endosperm \u2013 must be present to qualify as a whole grain. \u201d ( definition of whole grains \u2013 wholegrainscouncil. org ) so let \u2019 s talk whole grain breads. once again \u2013 it \u2019 s a hot topic and it can be very confusing. breads \u2013 check those ingredients!! if you want to make things super fun, let \u2019 s talk about the fact that many of the breads sold in supermarkets that claim are whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48526509304189996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:488d15fc-7be0-40ff-996d-3806468fd0f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.698062"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s a hot topic and it can be very confusing. breads \u2013 check those ingredients!! if you want to make things super fun, let \u2019 s talk about the fact that many of the breads sold in supermarkets that claim are whole grain and super duper healthy, are not as healthy as they seem. this is why we must learn to understand to decode nutritional and ingredient labels. the other night, i went to my local grocery store to do some investigative research on the subject. i went with the intention to compare the popular breads and study the labels. i then went home and researched this on the internet. if it looks whole grain, and says whole grain, is it whole grain? the question we need to ask ourselves is, \u201c am i eating whole grain? \u201d just because we ate \u201c brown \u201d colored bread, doesn \u2019 t mean the bread is in fact whole grain. many products tout they are a healthy source of whole grains, when in reality refined flour is the first ingredient. the fda does not define what percentage of grain must be whole in order to use this claim, so be sure \u201c whole grain \u201d or \u201c whole wheat flour \u201d is listed as a primary ingredient. my dear readers, i was so flipping confused i can \u2019 t even begin to express my frustration at how difficult it was to demystify the healthy breads amongst the supermarket shelves!! breads or cereals may say \u201c whole grain \u201d on the label, but that doesn \u2019 t tell us how much of the flour contained within is really whole. points to remember : - white flour products should not be staples on our tables. - introduce sprouted bread products \u2013 duby recommends : ezekiel bread, and alvarado st. bakery sprouted breads i am also a fan of the baker company. they have very few ingredients in their products ( always an excellent sign! ). - many people have difficulties digesting wheat and wheat products. there are many whole grain breads out there that are not made from wheat and therefore easier to digest and lower on the glycemic index. ( spelt is one of them \u2013 and i make a spelt challah with no sugar and it \u2019 s wonderful! ) - its imperative to listen to our bodies when we eat grains. have a little fun science experiment with yourself. if you \u201c crave \u201d another slice or don \u2019 t feel at all full after eating one or two slices, you might want to consider switching companies. - don \u2019 t rely on fiber numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47750016184366934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:488d15fc-7be0-40ff-996d-3806468fd0f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.699051"}
{"text": "grains. have a little fun science experiment with yourself. if you \u201c crave \u201d another slice or don \u2019 t feel at all full after eating one or two slices, you might want to consider switching companies. - don \u2019 t rely on fiber numbers to find whole grains. breads, especially \" light \" loaves, may have added processed fiber. - the less ingredients the better. even if a bread is in fact whole grain, it defeats the purpose if it contains sugar, high fructose corn syrup and a whole host of preservatives. test your knowledge : which bread is healthier? these two breads both look healthy and wonderful. both boast \u201c high in fiber, \u201d \u201c no high fructose corn syrup \u201d and have that healthy look to them. both say whole grains, and look to be a great bread to grace your table! however, when we look at the label and ingredients, the bread on the left contains \u201c 100 % whole wheat flour, \u201d while the one on the right, contains whole wheat flour and regular white flour. this means that we as the consumer have no idea how much or how little whole grain it really has! food for thought! editor \u2019 s note : the breads pictured here are not necessarily kosher and weren \u2019 t examined based on the fact that they are. they were merely used for investigative purposes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46041161698878297, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:488d15fc-7be0-40ff-996d-3806468fd0f9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.699586"}
{"text": "the notion of the person according to daniel clark walsh and thomas merton thomas merton, prolific spiritual and monastic author, is well known and studied ; yet the influence upon merton ' s thought of his teacher from columbia university, daniel clark walsh, is not taken into account by merton scholars. a knowledge of the teachings of walsh on the notion of the person helps to reveal the metaphysical depths in merton ' s thought and to clarify the meaning of merton ' s distinctions between person, nature, and individual. ^ in the christian tradition authors concerned to refine definition of person have regarded person as a type of being. to understand a person as a type of being is to distinguish persons from other types and thereby to determine how persons fit into a hierarchy of beings. such an approach leads to \" what \" a person is, not the \" who \" of personal existence. in contrast to such a view merton and walsh understand person as relationship with god and image of god. person originates in, is guided by, and is called to union with god. this view of person expresses a religious activity on the part of the thinker that consists in linking person with god rather than the activity of categorization that locates persons within an order of being. ^ merton and walsh employ the polarities of person versus individual, nature versus person, individuality versus uniqueness, and community versus collectivity to help to articulate their insights into the meaning of person. they use their understanding of person, image of god or deeper self to challenge ordinary individual identity based on self assertion and self differentiation. that challenge is properly understood in the context of the spiritual journey, a context in perfect harmony with merton ' s cistercian roots. this journey includes origin in god, fall into unlikeness to god and return in christ through self - knowledge and contemplation. ^ this study not only analyzes and contextualizes the thought of merton and walsh on the meaning of person but also indicates that person underlies and gives unity to those areas for which merton is primarily known, namely christian spirituality, social issues, and east / west dialog. the person is thus an interpretive key to merton ' s thought. ^ \" the notion of the person according to daniel clark walsh and thomas merton \" ( january 1, 1984 ). etd collection for fordham university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5862711159672478, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e886fd8-4022-4de7-9ca0-53d79ace2bfc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.704740"}
{"text": "the oldest known samples of pottery have been unearthed in southern china. the us archaeologists involved have determined that fragments from a large bowl found in xianrendong cave, jiangxi province, are 20, 000 years old. the discovery, published in the journal science, is the latest in recent years that have pushed back the invention of pottery by 10, 000 years. it is thought that the bowl was a cauldron to cook food, or possibly to brew alcohol. until recently, the majority view was that pottery bowls and drink receptacles were invented after the emergence of agriculture, when people began to stay in one place for long periods. part of the reasoning was that pottery items are large and breakable, and so not a useful technology for hunter - gatherer societies that moved from place to place in search of food. continue reading the main story people were gathering together in larger groups and you needed social activities to mitigate against increased tensions. maybe the potteries were used to brew alcohol \u201d prof gideon shelach hebrew university but in the past 10 years, researchers have found instances of pottery pre - dating agriculture. 20, 000 years ago. why is this date significant? because the creationists keep saying the earth is 6000 to 10, 000 years ago. i was debating whether to put this thread under religion or science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4310879772342544, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab71fe1b-9aa3-4b2c-9353-7bf125df0462>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.706605"}
{"text": "i was born in baltimore, grew up in cleveland, and currently live with my wife, drea, and our dog, kaya, in omaha, nebraska, the center of the universe. we anxiously await the arrival of our first child in july 2011... \" the selma of the north \" : civil rights insurgency in milwaukee between 1958 and 1970, a distinctive movement for racial justice emerged from unique circumstances in milwaukee. a series of local leaders inspired growing numbers of people to participate in campaigns against employment and housing discrimination, segregated public schools, the membership of public officials in discriminatory organizations, welfare cuts, and police brutality. the milwaukee movement culminated in the dramatic \u2014 and sometimes violent \u2014 1967 open housing campaign. a white catholic priest, james groppi, led the naacp youth council and commandos in a militant struggle that lasted for 200 consecutive nights and provoked the ire of thousands of white residents. after working - class mobs attacked demonstrators, some called milwaukee \u201c the selma of the north. \u201d others believed the housing campaign represented the last stand for a nonviolent, interracial, church - based movement. patrick jones tells a powerful and dramatic story that is important for its insights into civil rights history : the debate over nonviolence and armed self - defense, the meaning of black power, the relationship between local and national movements, and the dynamic between southern and northern activism. jones offers a valuable contribution to movement history in the urban north that also adds a vital piece to the national story. think you know the full story of the civil rights era? patrick jones ' s masterful study of the movement in milwaukee will make you think again. meticulously researched and elegantly written, the selma of the north provides a devastating rebuttal of many of the conventional narratives of the civil rights movement. here a vibrant nonviolent movement in the de - industrializing midwest grows into a black power movement led by urban youth and a white catholic priest who use confrontational direct action to lay bare the fissures of racial inequality in the ' liberal ' north. - - jeanne theoharis, brooklyn college, editor of freedom north and groundwork a well - researched, well - written, and important history. based on a rich array of sources, this book enhances our understanding of civil rights activism in the postwar urban north and establishes a useful foundation for the comparison of similar developments elsewhere in the country. - - joe william trotter, jr., carnegie mellon university, author of black milwaukee this book fills a serious gap in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4893769233634407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1e630a8-e59b-4972-8fee-267f203091bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.710409"}
{"text": "civil rights activism in the postwar urban north and establishes a useful foundation for the comparison of similar developments elsewhere in the country. - - joe william trotter, jr., carnegie mellon university, author of black milwaukee this book fills a serious gap in the literature of the civil rights revolution, joining studies on other cities in laying the groundwork on race and civil rights in the postwar urban north. jones tells a good story, capturing events that might otherwise be lost to history. - - arnold r. hirsch, university of new orleans, author of making the second ghetto the selma of the north is an insightful and invigorating addition to the growing literature on black freedom struggles outside of the south. jones ' s important and informative account writes milwaukee back into the narrative of the civil rights - black power era and in the process expands our understanding of postwar america. - - peniel e. joseph, brandeis university, author of waiting till the midnight hour the selma of the north is a riveting new story of the civil rights movement in america, a tale on par with selma, birmingham, and montgomery in its power and importance. jones ' s magisterial research and magnetic prose illuminate the untold story of the battle for the urban north in the 1960s, a battle that shows how race has always been the achilles heel of white progressives. this story transcends easy dichotomies of black and white, north and south, radical and reformist. how did a group called ' the commandos ' define nonviolence? how did a white catholic priest become a ' black power ' leader? if this is not a saga for the age of obama, i don ' t know what is. - - timothy b. tyson, duke university, author of radio free dixie and blood done sign my name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47696973357032607, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1e630a8-e59b-4972-8fee-267f203091bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.711123"}
{"text": "file : recent sea level rise. png from global warming art this figure shows the change in annually averaged sea level at 23 geologically stable tide gauge sites with long - term records as selected by douglas ( 1997 ). the thick dark line is a three - year moving average of the instrumental records. this data indicates a sea level rise of ~ 18. 5 cm from 1900 - 2000. because of the limited geographic coverage of these records, it is not obvious whether the apparent decadal fluctuations represent true variations in global sea level or merely variations across regions that are not resolved. for comparison, the recent annually averaged satellite altimetry data from topex / poseidon are shown in red. these data indicate a somewhat higher rate of increase than tide gauge data, however the source of this discrepancy is not obvious. it may represent systematic error in the satellite record and / or incomplete geographic sampling in the tide gauge record. the month to month scatter on the satellite measurements is roughly the thickness of the plotted red curve. much of recent sea level rise has been attributed to global warming. original data for this figure is from the permanent service for mean sea level ( psmsl ). douglas ( 1997 ), defined the following criteria for selecting records from the psmsl which were long, reliable, and avoided large vertical geologic changes : - each record should be at least 60 years in length - not be located at collisional plate boundaries - at least 80 % complete - show reasonable agreement at low frequencies with nearby gauges sampling the same water mass - not be located in regions subject to large post - glacial rebound he subsequently identified 24 psmsl records meeting all five of these criteria : - auckland, new zealand, 1903 - 2000 - balboa, panama, 1908 - 1996 - brest, france, 1807 - 2000 - buenos aires, argentina, 1905 - 1987 - cascais, portugal, 1882 - 1993 - cristobal, panama, 1909 - 1980 - dunedin, new zealand, 1900 - 1998 - fernandina, florida, 1897 - 2003 - genova, italy, 1884 - 1997 - honolulu, hawaii, 1905 - 2003 - key west, florida, 1913 - 2003 - lagos, portugal, 1908 - 1999 - la jolla, california, 1924 - 2003 - lyttelton, new zealand, 1924 - 2000 - marseille, france, 1885 - 2000 - newlyn, cornwall, england, 1915 - 2003 - pensacola, florida, 1923 - 2003 - quequen, argentina, 1918 - 1982 - san diego,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009574199569432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f043ae14-22cc-4ca6-b2ac-331ed18bcea0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.714449"}
{"text": "##telton, new zealand, 1924 - 2000 - marseille, france, 1885 - 2000 - newlyn, cornwall, england, 1915 - 2003 - pensacola, florida, 1923 - 2003 - quequen, argentina, 1918 - 1982 - san diego, california, 1906 - 2003 - san francisco, california, 1854 - 2003 - santa cruz de tenerife, canary islands, 1927 - 1990 - santa monica, california, 1933 - 2003 - trieste, italy, 1905 - 2001 - wellington, new zealand, 1901 - 1988 after slight corrections following douglas ( 1997 ) for any remaining post - glacial rebound at these sites ( typically ~ 3 cm / century ), the tide gauge data from these sites were plotted in no particular order as the thin lines in the above figure. one site, wellington, was omitted because the author of this figure was unable to locate the corresponding record from the psmsl. this figure was prepared from publicly available data by robert a. rohde. - [ abstract ] [ bruce c. douglas ( 1997 ). \" global sea rise : a redetermination \". surveys in geophysics 18 : 279 - 292. gwart images and pages linking to this file wikipedia pages and images linking to this file click on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time. | current | | 18 : 38, 3 february 2007 | | 800\u00d7561 ( 80 kb ) | | robert a. rohde | | 00 : 06, 18 november 2005 | | 537\u00d7373 ( 47 kb ) | | robert a. rohde |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839400482421503, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f043ae14-22cc-4ca6-b2ac-331ed18bcea0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.715041"}
{"text": "yao ming and the froghopper just a few days after a tough and inspiring performance against the lakers, yao ming is injured again, with a stress fracture in his foot. lakers coach phil jackson commented on yao \u2019 s fragility by saying \u201c a person in physics once told me if man was 60 feet tall, the first step he \u2019 d take, he \u2019 d completely crumble \u2026 gravity \u2019 s a bitch. \u201d but is it true? certainly larger people have heavier bodies, but they also have thicker bones and larger muscles. so why are tall people more prone to injury? this post examines that question using one of the simplest and most powerful ideas in physics : the scaling argument. i will also try to make a prediction for the \u201c injury prone - ness \u201d of a person as a function of their height. before i get to yao ming, allow me to discuss a simple example using what is arguably the best athlete in the animal kingdom : the froghopper. the froghopper is a little insect, barely half a centimeter long, but it has about a 27 \u2033 vertical jump. that \u2019 s about 140 times its own body length, so in a certain sense it would be like me jumping 840 vertical feet. pretty impressive. but if we put the froghopper in an enlarging ray, and blew it up 365 times so that it was the same size as me, would it really be able to jump 840 feet? the answer is no. that \u2019 s because an object \u2019 s weight is proportional to its body volume, which is proportional to the cube of its size. so making the froghopper 365 times larger would make it million times heavier. the froghopper \u2019 s ability to jump depends on the volume of its muscles, which also increase by times after it gets put through the enlarging ray. so the ability of the froghopper to jump remains the same : it gets a lot stronger, but also proportionally heavier. therefore, a 6 - foot froghopper could jump the same height as a half - centimer froghopper : 27 inches. it just looks much less impressive. now let \u2019 s think about yao ming, who is sort of like a normal person put through an enlarging ray. the propensity for one of yao \u2019 s bones to fracture depends on the stress he puts on them. stress can be defined as weight divided by cross - sectional area. so if weight depends on volume ( size ^ 3 ) and the cross - sectional area of his poor foot bones depends on size ^ 2,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5308475745735726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59a7105a-dd89-4b67-b8de-0f0e46ebb86f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.720395"}
{"text": "depends on the stress he puts on them. stress can be defined as weight divided by cross - sectional area. so if weight depends on volume ( size ^ 3 ) and the cross - sectional area of his poor foot bones depends on size ^ 2, then the stress grows as ( volume / area ) = ( size ^ 3 / size ^ 2 ), or in other words, the stress increases directly with size. you can think of it this way : by virtue of his great height, yao \u2019 s bones are about 1. 7 times thicker than the average person \u2019 s, but he weighs about 2. 2 times more. thus, his bones have a harder time than yours do. so how much more likely is he to get injured than the average man ( height 5 \u2019 8 \u2033 )? well, there are people out there who break bones for a living and have addressed this very question. they found that the frequency of stress fracture in bone grows as the stress it is under to the power 0. 06. putting together their conclusions, along with the observation that yao gets some kind of stress fracture every year or so, we can estimate how many years it would take for athletes of various heights to come down with a stress fracture : of course, this chart is just a general prediction and is not meant to be completely accurate. some people will be hardier than others, and those people tend to be athletes ( no stress fractures yet for a 7 \u2019 1 \u2033 shaquille o \u2019 neal ). but the shape is important. it suggests that if you \u2019 re under 6 feet tall ( hooray, most of the world! ) there is really not much risk of a stress fracture. you can have a 20 - year career as an athlete without too much worry. but for those above 7 feet tall, your chance of a fracture is about 10 times greater than for your 6 - foot brethren. so finally, was phil jackson right about the collapse of a 60 foot man? actually, by my estimate, he was quite conservative. as far as i can tell, a 16 \u2019 3 \u2033 man would fracture his tibia the first time he took a step. there is a sad and interesting footnote to this story. the depressing far - right side of the graph above corresponds to the 8 \u2019 11 \u2033 robert wadlow, the tallest man in recorded history who suffered from an overactive pituitary gland. by his late teens he was already incapable of walking without leg braces, and he continued to grow until his death at age", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4843272935617926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59a7105a-dd89-4b67-b8de-0f0e46ebb86f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.722376"}
{"text": "this apart, areas where traps worked successfully last year, will also be included. devised by the wildlife institute of india ( wii ), the traps are believed to be an important tool in assessing the number of tigers in sunderbans which has remained a mystery. it will be the biggest technological exercise undertaken at the mangrove forest so far. the areas where the traps worked successfully last year will be included as well. devised by wildlife institute of india ( wii ), the traps are believed to be an important tool in helping to arrive at the number of tigers in sunderbans which has remained a mystery. \u201c the traps worked very well last time. they not only filmed the tigers, but also detected at least two species, including leopard cats, which were not known to exist in the sunderbans. this time, the wii has been working on an improved version of camera traps that will be even sharper and more effective. we don \u2019 t yet know how much better these cameras are going to be. but we expect them to be even more effective than the ones used last time, \u201d said ss bist, principal chief conservator of forests ( pccf ). initially, 230 cameras will be placed at the basirhat, sajnekhali and east ranges of the forest which were not covered last year. as many 230 cameras will be installed across the basirhat, sajnekhali and east ranges of the forest. these were not covered last year. \u201c subsequently, we shall have more cameras installed in the south 24 - parganas division that was covered last time. it will give us a fair idea about the number of tigers in these areas, \u201d said sb mondol, principal chief conservator of forests ( wildlife ). an effort to produce radio - collars for tigers has also been revived by the wii. the new ones are being devised following more research on the sunderbans terrain. four years ago, several collars had been mounted on tigers but they stopped functioning after a short period. \u201c unlike the dry forests, sunderbans is not suitable for collaring tigers. it \u2019 s muddy and has rivers which make the collars malfunction. the wii has worked on an improved version that will survive the sunderbans terrain. we hope to have them soon. along with the camera traps, it will aid the tiger counting process, \u201d said bist. with the help of the wii, the forest department has been able to devise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.422163971402027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:757366a2-bff0-4522-98b6-cb4025bed12e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.726688"}
{"text": "survive the sunderbans terrain. we hope to have them soon. along with the camera traps, it will aid the tiger counting process, \u201d said bist. with the help of the wii, the forest department has been able to devise methods of was still working on finetuning the method of identifying tigers through photographs. with the help of the wii, it has been able to devise methods. \u201c when you use cameras, there \u2019 s always the possibility of the same tiger being clicked more than once. we need to identify tigers from photographs which we have been able to do. it could be improved further. but camera traps have been invaluable. they have given us access to the remotest areas of the forest where monitoring was impossible otherwise. there could be no better way of tracking tigers in sunderbans and will give us valuable inputs on the behaviour of big cats in the forest, \u201d added bist. in february, the camera traps captured a mysterious cat which was later discovered as a leopard cat. that led to speculation about a new species being discovered at the sunderbans. later, analysis of the photographs revealed that. the animal was a leopard cat that had not been sighted in the sunderbans prior to that. it was identified from its tail. \u201c more importantly, it will give us inputs on tiger behaviour. in areas where straying is frequent, we can have an idea if tiger density is the reason. we could then release straying tigers in other areas where density is low. it will help to bring about a balance. traps could also be used to monitor prey animals,, an exercise which will begin soon said bist. the concentration of prey animals in a particular zone is the best indicator of the number of tigers in an area, he said. \u201c we have never been able to arrive at the number of prey animals since it \u2019 s difficult. so far, we have depended on guesswork based on sightings which is not a scientific method. but it \u2019 s important to know the number to have the right tiger count. the wwi is drawing up a methodology which could be used by us. it would involve the use of technology, similar to the ones being used to count tigers. we shall have a better idea within a month, \u201d said bist. the prey base at sunderbans includes deer, wild boars, gazelles and even fish and crabs. since each big cat consumes around 50 animals a year, a base of 6000 animals is believed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44110896232031976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:757366a2-bff0-4522-98b6-cb4025bed12e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.727842"}
{"text": "this may be the perfect complement to an article on wednesday about mayor michael r. bloomberg \u2019 s plan to reduce the flow of sewage into the city \u2019 s water bodies : a video on youtube showing a sheet of sewage and storm water coating the gowanus canal in brooklyn with a muddy brown. the video, dated sept. 16 and already posted on sites like that of riverkeeper, the environmental group that monitors the city \u2019 s waterways, is so graphic that viewers can almost smell the stench. but city officials say it is a prime example of a problem plaguing the city \u2019 s ancient sewer system and prompting the designation of the gowanus and newtown creek as federal superfund sites. both are scheduled for half - billion - dollar cleanups over the next 10 to 15 years. when it rains, untreated sewage and storm water can overwhelm sewage treatment plants. so the sewer system releases the combined overflows into bodies of water like new york harbor, jamaica bay and, of course, the gowanus canal and newtown creek, which straddles brooklyn and queens. the city is already spending billions of dollars under consent orders with the state to upgrade the system so it can handle its waste better. but on tuesday, the mayor also announced plans for creating a \u201c green infrastructure \u201d to capture and retain storm water before it can reach the sewer system and overload it. \u201c gowanus, especially, is one of the drainage areas that can take advantage of green infrastructure, \u201d said farrell sklerov, a spokesman for the city \u2019 s department of environmental protection. in the meantime, the video shows the post - storm, sewage - choked gowanus in all its fearsome glory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37114474774565787, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ffef802-b419-41de-a296-dec0f24c11bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.729741"}
{"text": "thousands of inventors, engineers and entrepreneurs gathered in a suburban washington convention center on monday for the annual three - day meeting of arpa - e, the advanced research projects agency \u2013 energy. it wasn \u2019 t quite the oscars. at the registration desk, attendees received a goody bag that included a report on clean energy from the pew charitable trusts and a refrigerator magnet that showed the periodic table of the elements. but the breakout sessions held true to arpa - e \u2019 s tradition : there were lots of swing - for - the - fence ideas. these included finding a high - efficiency, low - cost way to turn surplus natural gas into liquid fuel for cars and trucks, and identifying something to burn other than hydrocarbons so that carbon dioxide is not one of the byproducts. one researcher proposed burning aluminum instead. one challenge is that the ashes, or oxidized metal, would be hard to recycle back into aluminum without big releases of carbon dioxide. arpa - e is the energy department \u2019 s effort to imitate the better - known pentagon arm known as the defense research projects agency, or darpa. darpa laid the groundwork for the internet and still finances high - potential ideas in their early speculative stages in the expectation that a few will be major breakthroughs ; arpa - e tries to do the same in energy. so far the agency has invested $ 770 million in 285 projects, \u201c and we \u2019 re proud of every single one of them, \u2019 \u2019 said cheryl martin, the agency \u2019 s deputy director, in opening remarks to several thousand attendees. although most will never be commercialized, the strikeouts are not as important as the home runs. one particularly ambitious idea presented on monday was to re - engineer plants so that their leaves reflect rather than absorb more light. in an age of global climate change, with shifting rainfall patterns, changing reflectivity holds appeal. the technology would save water, which means saving energy because the water that the plants need often must be pumped. it could prove a way to help crops grow with less rainfall. some of those crops can be used to produce energy as well. and increasing the amount of light that bounces back into space would help to limit global warming. the notion is that crops will absorb light in the visible spectrum yet reflect some of the infrared and ultraviolet light, which heats the leaves. \u201c plants have a maximum efficiency of about 6 percent, \u2019 \u2019 said robert conrado, an agency scientist. and plants regulate their temperature much the way people do, by giving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5239093729648208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c7ff38d-f59d-4c6a-9f4c-55a526aa301b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.732534"}
{"text": "( cancer of the vagina ) - squamous cell carcinoma \u2014 occurs in the lining of the vagina adenocarcinoma \u2014 occurs in the area of the vagina lined with cells similar to those in the glands of the cervix and uterus - a special type of this cancer, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs in women who were exposed to a drug called diethylstilbestrol ( des ) while in their mother \u2019 s womb. this drug was introduced in the late 1930s and no longer used after 1971, so the incidence of this particular type of adenocarcinoma is expected to decline. - melanoma \u2014 usually affects lower or outer portion of the vagina - sarcoma \u2014 forms deep in the walls of the vagina, not on the surface | female reproductive organs | | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - age : 60 and older - history of cervical cancer - history of precancerous conditions in the cervix or vagina - having a mother who took diethylstilbestrol ( des ) while pregnant - human papillomavirus infection ( hpv ) \u2014 a sexually transmitted disease ( std ) - vaginal adenosis \u2014 when cells lining the vagina look like those found in the cervix and uterus - bleeding or discharge not related to menstrual periods - pain or difficulty when urinating - pain during intercourse - pain in the pelvic area - new or worsening constipation - a mass in the vagina that can be felt american cancer society http : / / www. cancer. org / gynecologic cancer foundation http : / / www. thegcf. org / canadian cancer society http : / / www. cancer. ca / canadian women ' s health network http : / / www. cwhn. ca / andrassy, rj, wiener, es, raney, rb, et al. progress in the surgical management of vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma : a 25 - year review from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study group. j pediatr surg. 1999 ; 34 : 731. dematos, p, tyler, d, seigler, hf. mucosal melanoma of the female genitalia : a clinicopathologic study of forty - three cases at duke university medical center. surgery. 1998 ; 124 : 38. frank s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4118985928678728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbbe8ba8-b0cb-4cb2-8412-5caf50643832>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.738531"}
{"text": "d, seigler, hf. mucosal melanoma of the female genitalia : a clinicopathologic study of forty - three cases at duke university medical center. surgery. 1998 ; 124 : 38. frank sj, jhingran a, levenback c, et al. definitive radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina. int j radiat oncol biol phys. 2005 ; 62 : 138 - 147. human papillomavirus vaccine. ebsco health library website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrary /. updated december 4, 2009. accessed december 15, 2009. pandey m ; mathew a ; abraham ek ; ahamed im ; nair km. primary malignant melanoma of the mucous membranes. eur j surg oncol. 1998 aug ; 24 ( 4 ) : 303 - 7. vaginal cancer. american cancer society website. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / docroot / cri / cri % 5f2 % 5f3x. asp? dt = 55. accessed july 12, 2005. vaginal cancer. gynecological oncology health guide website. available at : http : / / www / umm. edu / gyn / vaginal. htm. accessed july 12, 2005. vaginal cancer ( pdq ) treatment. national cancer institute website. available at : http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / pdq / treatment / vagina / patient. accessed july 12, 2005. what is vaginal cancer? american cancer society website. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / cancer / vaginalcancer / detailedguide / vaginal - cancer - what - is - vaginal - cancer. updated august 2010. accessed october 13, 2010. - reviewer : igor puzanov, md - review date : 12 / 2011 - - update date : 12 / 30 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45440242114008783, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbbe8ba8-b0cb-4cb2-8412-5caf50643832>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.739194"}
{"text": "keats in italy second leaf of ms keats 4. 3. 27. presented by arthur a. houghton, jr., 1970. john keats. letter to charles armitage brown, november 1, 1820. transcribed by charles brown. brown wrote to keats after receiving keats \u2019 s november 1st letter, urging keats to \u201c keep your mind easy, my dear fellow, & no fear of your body... if i have a right to guess, a certain person next door is a little disappointed at not receiving a letter from you, but not a word has dropped. she wrote to you lately... \u201d keats replied with this letter, which now exists only in this transcription of brown \u2019 s. the persuasion that i shall see her no more will kill me... my dear brown, i should have had her when i was in health, and i should have remained well. i can bear to die \u2013 i cannot bear to leave her. oh, god! god! god! everything i have in my trunks that reminds me of her goes through me like a spear. the silk lining she put in my travelling cap scalds my head. my imagination is horribly vivid about her \u2013 i hear her. there is nothing in the world of sufficient interest to divert me from her for a moment... o that i could be buried near where she lives! i am afraid to write to her \u2013 to receive a letter from her \u2013 to see her handwriting would break my heart \u2013 even to hear of her any how, to see her name written would be more than i can bear... my dear brown, for my sake, be her advocate for ever... i am afraid to write to her. i should like her to know that i do not forget her. ms keats 4. 3. 27, f. 32. john keats to charles armitage brown, 1 november 1820. presented by arthur a. houghton jr., 1970.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3737132714105257, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3977bb57-b055-4af2-b2f1-f111d49170ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.742182"}
{"text": "vol. 4, no. 1 \u2013 june 2006 usgs activities related to human health human exposure to mercury in ukraine an integrated environmental / human health study is underway in gorlovka, ukraine, where elevated levels of mercury occur primarily due to past mercury mining and processing activities. mine waste from mercury production, and current domestic and industrial use of coal from local sources, contribute to elevated levels of mercury in the environment. the study, feasibility of assessing health risks from long - term mercury exposure in gorlovka, ukraine, funded by the u. s. civilian research and development foundation, has been incorporated into u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) project work on health effects of energy resources. the goals of the work in gorlovka are to define levels of human exposure to mercury, assess possible health effects to exposed individuals, and determine the feasibility of larger scale epidemiologic studies. the project involves u. s. participants from the usgs, the armed forces institute of pathology, and sciences international, inc., as well as ukrainian scientists from the academy of medical sciences of ukraine institute for occupational health, and donetsk national technical university. during a field visit to gorlovka in august 2005, samples of hair, nails, blood, and urine were taken from a group of 30 workers at a mercury recycling facility on the site of the defunct nikitovka mercury extraction plant. the scientists also collected environmental samples to assess mercury levels and potential exposure near the mercury mines and over a larger portion of gorlovka. further sampling will focus on gorlovka residents lacking occupational mercury exposure, and residents of a nearby control municipality. this research has the potential to be an important human health case study of mercury exposure. navajo students assist in coal combustion and air quality study usgs scientists are collaborating with the navajo nation division of health on respiratory health issues related to coal combustion products in ambient air and indoor air quality where coal is burned industrially and for home heating. usgs researchers will be assisted by navajo students this summer ( 2006 ) to collect air samples. the samples will be analyzed and compared with samples collected this winter. usgs scientist named director of the international medical geology association ' s north american regional division the usgs ' s joe bunnell has accepted the nomination as director of the newly established north american regional division of the international medical geology association ( imga ). the imga, formally inaugurated in january 2006, now has established regional divisions throughout the world. the association grew out of interest in medical geology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4990343833776636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fef59af-9b62-48d7-a712-e4b7efda0e19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.749377"}
{"text": "nomination as director of the newly established north american regional division of the international medical geology association ( imga ). the imga, formally inaugurated in january 2006, now has established regional divisions throughout the world. the association grew out of interest in medical geology that continues to expand worldwide at an increasingly rapid rate. the imga should enable the community to better respond to numerous opportunities, to rapidly pass information to those interested in medical geology issues, and to make critical decisions that will benefit this emerging scientific discipline. special session ( 4. 0w ) soils and human health, 18th world congress of soil science, philadelphia, pennsylvania, july 9 - 15, this special session of the world congress symposium will show the importance of soils and soil properties for human health. relevant topics include the influence of soil and climatic factors on the content of essential nutrients or naturally occurring toxic substances in plant products, impacts of soil pollution on human health, and the spreading of infectious diseases via atmospheric transport of soil dust. the symposium is a contribution to the icsu initiative on \" science for conference web site sponsors : inst. - plt. sci. ; u. s. geological survey ; norwegian university of science and technology special session ( u07 ) health on the rocks, western pacific geophysics meeting, beijing, china, july 24 - 27, 2006 in 2005 we witnessed and experienced the effects of several natural disasters. these events caused significant loss of life, devastation to the environment, and extensive financial loss and damage to infrastructure. yet, in 2005 we also saw geoscientists and public health officials become more aware of the relationships between natural geological factors and health in man and animals. this awareness has led to ongoing attempts to understand the influence of ordinary environmental factors on the geographic distribution of various trace elements ( i, f, as, se, pb, hg, co, etc. ) that may adversely affect a population ' s health. the 2006 wpgm is the ideal setting to discuss the status of medical geology investigations worldwide, particularly of those in the western pacific region. we are seeking submissions that inform and educate as well as lay the groundwork for future collaborations and data sharing. sponsors : u. s. naval academy, u. s. geological survey second national conference on usgs health - related research, u. s. geological survey, reston, virginia, september 12 - 14, 2006 collaboration between the public health and earth science communities can lead to solutions for existing and emerging environmental health problems. organizations and individuals interested in environmental and earth science factors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4920230351199577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fef59af-9b62-48d7-a712-e4b7efda0e19>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.752174"}
{"text": ", u. s. geological survey, reston, virginia, september 12 - 14, 2006 collaboration between the public health and earth science communities can lead to solutions for existing and emerging environmental health problems. organizations and individuals interested in environmental and earth science factors affecting human health will be interested in attending this conference, which is designed to provide a broad forum for discussion, bringing together a variety of interested parties, including policy makers, scientists, resource managers, congressional staffers, and representatives from federal and state governments and non - governmental organizations. conference web site sponsor : u. s. geological survey special session ( sp01 ) natural dust and human health, 7th international symposium on environmental geochemistry, beijing, china, september 24 - 27, 2006 the session will bring together specialists from several disciplines to review the current status of research into naturally - occurring atmospheric aerosols, the nature of fine aerosol dust, variations in its toxicity and its interaction with live tissue, the effects of prolonged exposure to natural toxic dusts, and the epidemiology of lung disease and dust - related conditions in human populations. this session will provide insights into a relatively neglected scientific field of societal importance, with the potential to form the basis of a state - of - the art publication on the subject. session web site sponsors : university of london, uk, university of bristol, uk, and u. s. geological survey medical mineralogy and geochemistry short course, menlo park, california, december 9 - 10, 2006 the objectives of this workshop are to introduce geochemists and mineralogists to the concepts and problems involved with the interactions between geomaterials and the human body, to highlight the importance of mineralogy and crystal chemistry in understanding health issues, and to promote links between mineralogists and geochemists working on medical problems as well as medical scientists working on problems involving geomaterials. course web site sponsors : u. s. geological survey ; university of wisconsin - madison ; stony brook university, new york - u. s. geological survey, in press, navajo coal and air quality in shiprock, new mexico : u. s. geological survey fact sheet 2006 - 3094. - ayotte, j. d. ; baris, dalsu ; cantor, k. p. ; colt, joanne ; robinson, g. r., jr. ; lubin, j. h. ; karagas, margaret ; hoover, r. n. ; fraumeni, j. f., jr. ; and silver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4992213147550866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fef59af-9b62-48d7-a712-e4b7efda0e19>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.753253"}
{"text": ". ; colt, joanne ; robinson, g. r., jr. ; lubin, j. h. ; karagas, margaret ; hoover, r. n. ; fraumeni, j. f., jr. ; and silverman, d. t., 2006, bladder cancer mortality and private well use in new england - - an ecological study : journal of epidemiology and community health, v. 60, p. 168 - 172. - ayotte, j. d. ; nolan, b. t. ; nuckols, j. r. ; cantor, k. p. ; robinson, g. r., jr. ; baris, dalsu ; hayes, laura ; karagas, margaret ; bress, william ; silverman, d. t. ; and lubin, j. h., 2006, modeling the probability of arsenic in groundwater in new england as a tool for exposure assessment : environmental science and technology, v. 40, no. 11, p. 3578 - 3585, doi / 10. 1021 / es051972f. - barringer, j. l., szabo, zoltan, schneider, donald, atkinson, w. d., and gallagher, r. a., 2006, mercury in ground water, septage, leach - field effluent, and soils in residential areas, new jersey coastal plain : science of the total environment, v. 361, p. 144 - 162. - chrosniak, l. d., smith, l. n, mcdonald, c. g., jones, b. f., and flinn, j. m., 2006, effects of enhanced zinc and copper in drinking water on spatial memory and fear conditioning : journal of geochemical exploration, v. 88, p. 91 - 94, - fitzgerald, a. a., smith, l. n., thompson, j. h., chrosniak, l. d., conko, k. m., jones, b. f., and flinn, j. m., 2005, the effects of copper on zinc - related cognitive deficiencies as assessed by the morris water maze, in proceedings of the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience, washington, d. c. - flinn, j. m., hunter, d., linkous, d. h., lanzirotti, a., smith", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5314666842572975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fef59af-9b62-48d7-a712-e4b7efda0e19>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.754107"}
{"text": ", in proceedings of the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience, washington, d. c. - flinn, j. m., hunter, d., linkous, d. h., lanzirotti, a., smith, l. n., brightwell, j., and jones, b. f., 2005, enhanced zinc consumption causes memory deficits and increased brain levels of zinc : physiology and behavior, v. 83, no. 5, p. 793 - 803, doi / 10. 1016 / j. physbeh. 2004. 10. 009. - koterba, m. t., andres, a. s., vrabel, j. p., crilley, d. m., szabo, zoltan, dewild, j. f., aiken, g. r., and reyes - padro, betzaida, 2006, occurrence and distribution of mercury in the surficial aquifer, long neck peninsula, sussex county, delaware, 2003 - 04 : u. s. geological survey scientific investigations report 2006 - 5011, 159 p. - nemec, j. a., marinkovic, n. s., cano, k. e., linkous, d. h., flinn, j. m., and jones, b. f., 2005, effects of dietary consumption of zinc and iron on beta - amyloid conformation using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, in proceedings of the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience, washington, d. c. compiled and edited by david w. morganwalp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5426477956757882, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fef59af-9b62-48d7-a712-e4b7efda0e19>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.754660"}
{"text": "a calorie \u2019 s a calorie, isn ' t it? well, accumulating evidence shows that our body has a hard time registering calories from beverages in the tally towards satiety ; unfortunately, these beverage ' s calories still count in our energy balance. that \u2019 s why the extra calories in beverages are just extra \u2014 much like items that didn \u2019 t go into the budget, but will nevertheless have to be paid for. there are numerous studies to prove this point ; here are just a few : nutritionist barbara rolls from penn state served women water, diet soda, regular soda, orange juice, milk or no drink with lunch. those given caloric beverages consumed about 100 calories more than those given diet soda, water or no beverage at the meal, without significantly affecting satiety ratings. in the cute jellybean study, researchers gave men and women 450 calories a day of either soda or jellybeans for a month, then switched them for the next month and kept track of total consumption. candy eaters ate less food - - compensating for the extra calories. soda drinkers did not, so they ate more calories than usual. a study by richard mattes and wayne campbell of perdue university looked at the effects of food form ( solid, semi - solid or liquid ) on appetite. participants consumed either a whole apple, applesauce or apple juice of equivalent caloric value. the apple juice reduced hunger the least, the whole apple reduced hunger the most and the applesauce response was intermediate. the participants that had the beverage apple where ready for their next meal almost an hour earlier than those that had a bitable apple. is satiety in our senses or in our heads? previous research suggests that a fluid consistency leads to less satiety. beverages require less chewing, and travel faster through the stomach and the intestine, explaining the lower satiety effect. but we also eat and get full in our mind. could it be that it \u2019 s our mind that doesn \u2019 t see fluids as food, and therefore fails to register beverage \u2019 s calories? to try and tease apart the physiological from the psychological a new study led by bridget cassady and published ahead of print in the american journal of clinical nutrition devised an interesting experiment. fifty - two healthy adults were treated to a pre - lunch \u201c appetizer \u201d, consisting of 10 percent of their daily caloric needs. each participant experienced 4 different pre - lunch settings, all containing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49032707970545175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ce94550-0854-468a-b5f4-ac8b602f8ae6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.759930"}
{"text": "journal of clinical nutrition devised an interesting experiment. fifty - two healthy adults were treated to a pre - lunch \u201c appetizer \u201d, consisting of 10 percent of their daily caloric needs. each participant experienced 4 different pre - lunch settings, all containing exactly the same amount of calories : - liquid to liquid : participants consumed a clear, cherry flavored drink. study administrators demonstrated what happens in the body by mixing the drink with what they called \u201c gastric acid \u201d, but was really ordinary tap water. the mix didn \u2019 t change the liquidity of the pre - meal, therefore participants drank a liquid, and believed it remained liquid in their stomach. - liquid to solid : participants consumed the same clear, cherry flavored drink. study administrators demonstrated what happens in the body by mixing the drink with what they called \u201c gastric acid \u201d, but this time it was calcium chloride, which formed a solid mass upon mixing, therefore participants drank a liquid, but believed it turned solid in their stomach. - solid to liquid : participants consumed cherry flavored gelatin cubes. the study administrator imitated what happens in the stomach by mixing the gelatin cubes with \u201c gastric acid \u201d which in this setting was warm water, which melted the cubes, leading participants to believe that although they swallowed a solid, their stomach experienced a liquid. - solid to solid : participants consumed cherry flavored gelatin cubes. the study administrator imitated what happens in the stomach by mixing the gelatin cubes with \u201c gastric acid \u201d which in this setting was cold water, which didn \u2019 t affect the cubes \u2019 solidity, leading participants to believe that they swallowed a solid, and their stomach is digesting a solid. hunger, fullness and appetite were assessed after each pre - meal, as well as objective measures such as blood glucose, insulin and ghrelin, stomach emptying and intestinal transit time and caloric intake in the meal following the test pre - meals. and the results : liquid meals and perceived liquid meals were followed by greater hunger and less fullness. participants \u2019 responses to liquid to liquid and solid to liquid pre - meals included : \u201d this didn \u2019 t fill me up at all \u201d and \u201c it hardly feels i ate anything \u201d. on the other hand, the solid meal ( solid to solid ) and perceived solid meal ( liquid to solid ) elicited responses such as \u201c i can \u2019 t remember ever being so full \u201d and \u201c it feels like i swallowed a rock \u201d. participants ate more ( in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5324344760312584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ce94550-0854-468a-b5f4-ac8b602f8ae6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.761006"}
{"text": "solid meal ( solid to solid ) and perceived solid meal ( liquid to solid ) elicited responses such as \u201c i can \u2019 t remember ever being so full \u201d and \u201c it feels like i swallowed a rock \u201d. participants ate more ( in the post - test meal ) when they thought they \u2019 re eating liquids \u2013 22 percent more, which amounted to about 160 additional calories. stomach emptying and transit time in the colon were faster when taking in liquid or when believing the solid turned into liquid. insulin and other hormones signaling satiety had an attenuated rise when consuming liquids. ghrelin, a hormone, which is suppressed after meals, was less suppressed by the liquid pre - meals. thinking about liquids is enough to diminish satiety this study confirms that liquid calories cause less satiety, and also shows that just thinking about food in liquid form increases not only hunger levels but also measurable physiologic responses such as the rate in which the stomach empties and the levels of hormones that affect appetite. why does our body seem oblivious to the calories in drinks? perhaps it can be explained by looking at human history : throughout most of human times people ate food when they were hungry, and drank water when they were thirsty. beverages with calories were rare. nowadays, sugary beverages constitute about a fifth of the daily caloric intake and are probably the most ubiquitous food item, available for purchase practically everywhere. these liquids calories don ' t seem to satisfy hunger and are therefore a source for calories that just sneak up on us. full disclosure : i \u2019 m vice president of product development for herbal water, where we make organic herb - infused waters that have zero calories and no sugar or artificial ingredients. i \u2019 m also a pediatrician and have been promoting good nutrition and healthy lifestyle for many years. reposted as part of food renegate ' s fight back fridays - - join the food fight!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4802346997426012, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ce94550-0854-468a-b5f4-ac8b602f8ae6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.761874"}
{"text": "hindus propose a comprehensive plan to modernize the popular pilgrimage destination millions of hindus come to worship lord ayappan at his temple in sabarimala in a remote area of kerala state, south india, during the november - to - january pilgrimage season. the crowds have totally overwhelmed the meagre facilities. a group of environmentalists reported, \" a post - seasonal visit to sabarimala is a nauseating experience. the whole area looks like the garbage dump of a huge city such as calcutta or mumbai. the air is filled with the stench of decaying flesh from donkeys who died after hauling in supplies and from 3, 000 overflowing latrines. the entire area surrounding the central shrine is covered with tons of solid and liquid waste - - a fertile breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes. \" swami sathyananda saraswati, chairman of the hindu unity forum, has announced a master plan to rebuild the area ' s entire infrastructure at a total cost of us $ 125, 000, 000. gone under the ambitious plan by the group of 52 local religious organizations will be the random collection of metal - roofed concrete buildings which presently nearly obscure the central sanctum. an area of 230 hectares ( 2. 3 square kilometers ) surrounding the small central temple will be completely rebuilt, allowing an outer wall for the temple complex to be 600 meters in circumference, with towers built in each of the four directions, all according to traditional kerala temple architecture. outside the wall, pilgrim facilities are planned on a scale sufficient for the huge crowds. for the ordinary pilgrim, the biggest change will be a reduction in the time required to stand in queue to reach the sanctum sanctorum from the present twelve hours to just two and a half. another major change will be the simple availability of water. presently pilgrims buy bottled water even to bathe, as there is no other useable supply. viewing galleries are planned such that on january 14, 2. 5 million people could simultaneously witness the \" divine jyothi, \" or light - - the culmination of the year ' s worship. the plan also calls for nearby deforested areas to be replanted. swami sathyananda believes the project could be easily funded from the temple ' s yearly income of $ 7. 5 million and from the tens of millions in taxes which result from the temple ' s presence. swami complains, however, that, as with other temples in kerala, management is overseen by various boards whose executive committees are political appoint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41573191253097197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55559380-8aa6-44a9-a3bb-e33703aeda49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.764796"}
{"text": "it ' s that time of year. when the heat and sunshine cast out those cold and rainy days making the conditions ripe for the emergence of those dormant and overwintering garden insects. the other day when i was puttering around in my garden i uncovered a whole array of different insects taking up residence. i have been studying insects and their management over the last 5 months so this was geek - out central for me and needless to say, a very exciting discovery. however, for many gardeners, the sign of pests in their garden is anything short of exciting. my specimens included spittlebug, aphids, whitefly, silverfish, leafminer, spider mites, a beet armyworm ( one of the many destructive caterpillars found in gardens ) and all kinds of incubating eggs. this was the optimal time to do some de - bugging before the numbers of these guys increased, which in some cases can be as fast as 48 hours. the world of insects and the control of them is a vast subject that people devote their entire life to studying. so in the interest of keeping this brief and not boring you to tears, here are a few tips on how to keep those buggers in check. now is the time to become proactive in your gardens. early detection is key in controlling pests. once the population becomes large, it may be too late to control it, so check your plants regularly, 2 - 3 times a week if possible. get up close and inspect all parts of your plants and its inhabitants - the stems, the leaves - especially the undersides - the soil, and underneath any pots, mulch or other crevices that earwigs, snails, slugs, or sowbugs can hide under. if in your monitoring you notice any pests, removing them is essential. handpick and destroy insects like caterpillars, slugs, or snails. wipe off any eggs found on the undersides of leaves. spray aphids off with a strong jet of water. keep your soil healthy by regularly tilling and amending. select healthy, organic plants and untreated, certified organic seeds and plant them correctly. use sticky traps to capture male insects and prevent mating. use crop rotation to break the cycle of pests and disease. encourage natural enemies and beneficial insects by increasing the diversity of crops in your garden, i. e., companion planting and intercropping. water appropriately according to the needs of your plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44452470653164194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0541c775-3716-45d5-90c0-6b65a824a6bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.769248"}
{"text": "crop rotation to break the cycle of pests and disease. encourage natural enemies and beneficial insects by increasing the diversity of crops in your garden, i. e., companion planting and intercropping. water appropriately according to the needs of your plants. remove and destroy severely diseased plants. while i highly recommend all the above methods first, there are some instances where pesticide use is necessary. pesticides can be organic or inorganic. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and chemical substances are all agents that fall under the pesticide definition. if you use a pesticide, read and use it according to the label and be informed of the potential human and environmental affects. although not devoid of it ' s potential hazards, i typically use omri www. omri. org approved products. they are considered certified \" organic \" ( we could have a whole discussion about that alone ) and are relatively non - toxic and safe for the environment. some commonly used organic pesticides are horticultural oils, neem oil, insecticidal soaps, and bt ( bacillus thuringiensis ). refrain from the use of toxic pesticides as they cause long term harm for a short term result. it is unlikely that you will ever get rid of all your garden pests nor would you want to since part of keeping a balanced ecosystem is maintaining the presence of beneficial insects which means providing them with a food source - your garden pests. we live in a world where our food can be purchased perfectly unblemished from the grocery store. but when you grow your own edibles, some damage is inevitable. the holes in your kale, the nibbles on your lettuce, bruises on your apples, or disfiguration of your tomatoes is ok and actually quite special because in the natural order of mother nature, everything is imperfectly balanced.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4770923880547579, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0541c775-3716-45d5-90c0-6b65a824a6bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.770021"}
{"text": "the american civil war had been over for only six years when events which were to shape madison square garden began to unfold. it was in 1871 that cornelius vanderbilt moved his new york & harlem railroad operations from a sprawling shed just north of the newly fashionable madison square park to grand central terminal. madison square was becoming an entertainment and social center for the emerging new york gentry. the park itself was bounded by fifth and madison avenues and twenty - sixth and twenty - seventh streets. the sole blot upon this landscape was the sooty, clamorous train yard. the now - vacant block attracted the attention of the world ' s premier impresario. phineas taylor barium, who leased the site and started constructing what was to become the first madison square garden. madison square garden has been described in the 20th century as \" more a state of mind than a building \" but in the 19th century it was most certainly a building. barnum ' s original structure was 420 feet by 200 feet with a three - story brick wall and no roof. the centerpiece of this edifice was an oval arena 270 feet long surrounded by rows of banked seats and benches. on april 27, 1874, p. t. barnum threw open the gates on \" the great roman hippodrome \" also known as \" barnum ' s monster classical and geological hippodrome. \" a little historical perspective is in order here... george armstrong custer would not lead the 7th cavalry into the valley of the little big horn for two more years ; billy the kid had not yet killed his first man ; and the united states of america numbered 37. the lack of a roof and central heating curtailed winter events, although tenting material was used to protect against more moderate elements. during the next few years the lease was passed to bandmaster patrick gilmore who fostered such events as temperance and evangelical meetings, beauty contests, flower shows, balls, and in 1877, the \" first annual n. y. bench show, \" a dog show which continues to this day as the westminster kennel show. the new impresario modestly renamed the complex \" gilmore ' s garden \" and became the moving force in bringing another sport to the new york mass... boxing. boxing was technically illegal in new york, so gilmore was compelled to promote the bouts as \" exhibitions \" or \" illustrated lectures. \" boxing drew crowds but not enough to pay the bills, so the lease passed to w. m. tileston, an executive of the dog show who sought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44903498323637636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3af7964-e044-4a92-8251-bef8a3c8f27e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.775149"}
{"text": ", so gilmore was compelled to promote the bouts as \" exhibitions \" or \" illustrated lectures. \" boxing drew crowds but not enough to pay the bills, so the lease passed to w. m. tileston, an executive of the dog show who sought to tone up the garden with such visionary, ' events as tennis, a riding school and an ice carnival. throughout the five years of operation. new yorkers came to know of the exposition arena sitting just north of madison square but their sporadic patronage made it little more than a footnote on the city ' s entertainment scene. then commodore vanderbilt died, and his son william stepped in to regain his family ' s control of the property. on may 31, 1879, a gala ceremony was presented at the arena, in which the official new name was announced... madison square garden. the event was attended by thousands of new york ' s socially prominent. ballets, classical pieces, marches and popular music entertained the throngs, and the reviews were effusive. william vanderbilt was gratified by the acceptance of his madison square garden, but he found that his challenges were the same as his predecessors - how to attract paying crowds. in july of 1882, john l. sullivan agreed to a series of boxing exhibitions in madison square garden which would draw more than 10, 000 paying customers per bout over the next four years. in 1882, p. t. barnum reemerged as a factor in the madison square garden story. he bought the elephant jumbo from a london zoo and amid gales of international publicity, displayed him first at madison square garden. in four days at madison square garden, jumbo drew enough paying customers to recoup the $ 10, 000 purchase price and the $ 30, 000 it cost to transport the behemoth by steamer across the atlantic. other events of note at madison square garden during this decade included flower shows, horse shows, elks conventions and the garden ' s first indoor track and field event in 1888. but as 1888 drew to a close, the days of the original madison square garden were running out. the competition for the entertainment dollar even during the last days of the 19th century, was fierce. although madison square was the focal point of new york night life, hotels, theaters, restaurants, night clubs and music halls could provide many of the physical amenities that were lacking at the garden. the garden was hot in the summer, freezing in the winter and damp in the spring and fall. harper ' s weekly characterized the garden as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44875339276372556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3af7964-e044-4a92-8251-bef8a3c8f27e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.776153"}
{"text": ", restaurants, night clubs and music halls could provide many of the physical amenities that were lacking at the garden. the garden was hot in the summer, freezing in the winter and damp in the spring and fall. harper ' s weekly characterized the garden as a \" patched - up, grimy, drafty, combustible old shell. \" harper ' s made the editorial observation that the site \" has been marked these many years as the place for some building of public entertainment much finer than the present structure. \" if a \" finer \" building was called for, then a \" finer \" building would be delivered. a new corporation under the leadership of j. p. morgan and architect stanford white was entrusted with the task of creating a new palace. the orginal budget was in the neighborhood of $ 75, 000, a neighborhood which white and morgan judged too meager to satisfy the tastes of affluent new yorkers. white added $ 450, 000 to the cost of the project with the simple addition of a grand tower. with the blessings of morgan and his investors, wreckers went to work in july of 1889, and 11 months later, on june 16, 1890, new york city was sent reeling as the new madison square garden opened on the same site. on november 15, 1998 kathy fitzgerald of madison heights, virginia wrote : i am looking for information about a mr. edward d. andrus who was a famous horse tamer and once performed at madison square garden probably in the latter part of the 1800 ' s. more specifically probably in the time period after 1886 and on. he was a personal friend of buffalo bill cody who also performed at msg. mr. andrus at one time was a performer with ringling brothers circus. he also was invited by the governor general of canada to perform there. i am a direct decendant of mr. andrus and my grand aunt has an original poster of him advertising his performances. ( not his performance at msg, however ). if you keep any kind of records at all from this time period, i would be so very grateful for any information you could give. he also was an equine dental surgeon. he used to tame what were at that time referred to as \" man - eating \" horses. very vicious horses. and he would tame them right before audiences, and have them calmly riding around the ring - \" so well tamed that a lady could ride or drive them. \" he apparently began learning this trade while working with the arizona land & cattle company. thank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43693429260252126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3af7964-e044-4a92-8251-bef8a3c8f27e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.777126"}
{"text": "common warning signs of type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes is a serious disease that affects millions of people of all ages. many of the people with type 2 diabetes do not even know they have it. with the serious health complications brought about by type 2 diabetes, it is important for people to recognize its warning signs, and work with their doctors on early diabetes treatment and management. common warning signs of type 2 diabetes are : unquenchable thirst. people with type 2 diabetes usually feel very thirsty all the time. this is also commonly accompanied by dry mouth and frequent urination. headaches, blurred vision and fatigue. this happens when blood sugar levels are more abnormal and out of control. type 2 patients commonly feel weak and tired most of the time. infections. frequent yeast infections or urinary tract infections, slow healing cuts or sores, and dry and itchy skin are the usual conditions that trigger diabetes sufferers to visit a doctor. sexual dysfunction. the damage that diabetes causes to the blood vessels and nerve endings in the genitals leads to loss of feeling and difficult orgasms. sexual dysfunction can be experienced by both male and female diabetes patients. it must be noted, however, that this disease can come without warning signs. regular visits to your doctor are recommended. tags : diabetes detection, diabetes early symptoms, diabetes trigger signs, warning signs of diabetes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42929480390820374, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51df46b1-4714-4fa4-b93f-2574c92aca33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.778542"}
{"text": "the physics factbook\u2122 edited by glenn elert - - written by his students an educational, fair use website topic index | author index | special index the purpose of this analysis is to determine the evolution of gravity in the mario video game series as video game hardware increases. gravity is force which is responsible for keeping us on the ground. it is also the force that prohibits us from jumping 50 feet in the air. however, in mario ' s world, gravity does not quite work that way. mario is able to jump 5 times his height and fall with accelerations that would be deadly to humans. we will find mario ' s acceleration due to gravity by using the formula s = s0 + v0t + \u00bd at2 where s is the distance he falls, s0 is his initial distance, which is 0, v0 is his initial vertical velocity, which is also 0, a is his acceleration due to gravity, and t is the time it takes for him to fall. when we solve this formula for a, we get a = 2s / t2 first, you must find the time it took mario to fall from the edge of the ledge to the ground in each game. to do this, we opened each clip in quicktime movie player, and using the frame by frame option, found the total number of frames it took mario to fall. we then used the formula : time = ( number of frames ) / ( frame rate ) to find the time of each of mario ' s falls. once we knew the time, we needed to figure out the distance mario fell in each game. we used a screen shot of mario next to the ledge he fell from in each game, and found the height of mario and the ledge in pixels. according to wikipedia, mario is \" a little over five feet tall. \", so we used 5 feet, or 1. 524 meters, as mario ' s height. we used the formula : heightmario [ m ] / heightmario [ pixels ] = distance [ m ] / distance [ pixels ] distance = ( heightmario [ m ] / heightmario [ pixels ] ) x distance [ pixels ] once we had the distance mario fell in each instance, we were able to use the formula s = s0 + v0t + \u00bd at2 to find mario ' s acceleration in each game. mario was in free fall in each case, so this acceleration was equal to gravity. his initial velocity was 0, as was his initial position. our results in m /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6140448695579084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01cf0aab-1e40-4f28-ac0c-7c3ac31aa266>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.782370"}
{"text": "issue date : 27 november 2001 the university of the west of england is using innovative materials and processes in a new purpose - built facility for architecture and planning students and researchers at the frenchay campus of uwe. the new a & p studio building is designed to be sustainable and to meet high standards of environmental performance. it has been specifically designed to be economical to run with no heating ; heat will be generated by the people in the building and lots of natural light. the new building uses a range of innovative techniques and materials. it is believed to be the first building in the uk which uses a construction method known as thin - bed masonry \u2013 where the bricks are glued together instead of using cement. the technique is quicker than conventional methods and the glue is strong enough to allow large spans without lintels. the bricklayers on the project had to travel belgium to learn the technique \u2013 which has been used more commonly on the continent. the new building will make maximum use of natural daylight, have a natural ventilation strategy and use rainwater collected on the roof for flushing toilets. it will also have changing rooms and showers for cyclists. head of architecture at uwe, richard parnaby says, \u201c as well as meeting the highest possible environmental standards the new building will also provide a valuable learning resource for students and researchers in the faculty of the built environment. the progress of the construction is being recorded by a series of webcams which can be viewed by the public, students and staff at http : / / environment. uwe. ac. uk / studiobuilding / in addition a series of \u2018 research panels \u2019 will allow new materials and processes to be tested by researchers at the university. in the initial construction these will be \u2018 modular cellular \u2019 panels which incorporate compressed straw bales as the core insulation medium. but at a future date these can be replaced with different materials for testing by university research staff. the project manager at uwe, john fell, says, \u201c we are delighted to be moving forward with this exciting new project. it is appropriate that the new architecture and planning studio building should demonstrate innovative features and seek to highlight the importance of sustainability while providing a teaching and research resource for students and staff at uwe. \u201d the a & p studio building is to be located at the north end of the frenchay campus linked by a bridge to the adjacent q block which houses the faculty of the built environment. the building has a central \u2018 street \u2019 which runs east - west, the full length of the building. as well as being an exhibition space this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48532807205663336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce978ddb-7f93-4c8f-b024-af1b71825074>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.792749"}
{"text": "frenchay campus linked by a bridge to the adjacent q block which houses the faculty of the built environment. the building has a central \u2018 street \u2019 which runs east - west, the full length of the building. as well as being an exhibition space this provides natural light and allows the building to be naturally ventilated. this space acts as the \u2018 lungs \u2019 of the building removing the need for air conditioning and reducing the building \u2019 s energy use by two - thirds over that of a similar building. the landscape around the new building will also enhance the use of natural features with the addition of trees and extensive planting. the three storey building will contain eight studio spaces, a 200 seat lecture room and a specialised gis ( geographic information system ) studio as well as several other areas dedicated to teaching and services. 1. construction started on the building in september 2001. the steel frame, external shell and floors are all now in place. the roof is expected on before christmas. final completion is expected by may 2002. the use of the innovative brick work technique ( thin - bed masonry ) is now underway. 2. a visual in jpeg format of the new building is available by emailing jayne. andrews @ uwe. ac. uk 3. the design team for the building is as follows : buro happold - lead consultant and structural and building services engineers turner & townsend \u2013 quantity surveyor wilmott dixon - main contractor white design - architecture 4. the architecture and planning studio is part of the faculty of the built environment \u2013 one of uwe \u2019 s largest faculties with 2100 students and 221 staff. the architecture and planning course is a new undergraduate award which brings together these two disciplines for the first time. the award also leads to appropriate professional qualifications and is recognised by the royal town planning institute ( rtpi ), the royal institute of british architects ( riba ), and the architects registration board ( arba ). 5. additional notes on the building : the orientation of the building will take advantage of the prevailing wind direction to assist ventilation and maximise daylight. the building will be cooled at night by a series of automated windows opening to drive air through the building. this cooling at night will allow the building to absorb more heat during the day thus lowering peak temperatures. a vacuum solar collector on the roof will supplement conventionally heated domestic hot water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4511034061577244, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce978ddb-7f93-4c8f-b024-af1b71825074>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.793778"}
{"text": "the one story, 60 square - meter house draws a lot of inspiration from traditional japanese tea houses, but attempts to overcome past efficiency problems by using vacuum insulated wall, ceiling and window panels to vastly improve thermal insulation. the living space is enclosed by the engawa, a verandah - like structure made solely from recycled wood and plastics, with the intention of promoting outdoor living. the roof is covered by 460 solar panels designed to appear like normal tiles. these are deemed sufficient to supply the homes electricity requirements. dangling from the roof are a succession of wires, from which the designers intend to grow climbing fruit and vegetables. this acts both as a food supply for the residents and creates a green curtain around the house which aids with privacy, shade and improves the aesthetics of the building. further ideas added into the design intended to aid the residents in their daily life include a \u201c veggie factory \u201d, where various salads can be grown under led lighting in shelving incorporated into one of the walls. a further nod to self - sufficiency can be detected in the choice of a small paddy field instead of a front lawn. it is hoped the residents can grow half of their yearly rice requirements on their doorstep. tatami mats have been given a modern day upgrade for the house ; these traditional japanese movable benches are found strewn throughout the home and contain a heat absorbing gel pad. the gel pad solidifies at 15 degrees celsius and slowly liquifies when absorbing heat as the room temperature rises. leaving these outside at night and bringing them back inside during the day is a novel solution for aiding in cooling the interior without reliance on air - conditioning and provides comfortable seating at the same time. \u201c omotenashi \u201d translates as thoughtfully and sincerely conveying a feeling of consideration to those who you encounter, and it is hoped that the students have managed to embody this intention within the design for the house, promoting a comfortable home while aiding and promoting increased self - sufficiency for the residents. via japan times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.531271179153872, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36fe5f89-e2d4-4938-8024-e1d032e91eb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.796105"}
{"text": "the lithic assemblage presented for study was derived from the ' plough - zone ', ' topsoil ' and ' excavated features ' and was collected in three seasons of excavation, 1972, 1973, and 1977. there is no direct record of distribution across the site other than any zonal patterning that might be derived from the year of excavation and trench description. in total, 179 pieces of worked material were individually described in a single inventory ( see archive ) ; a single piece was identified as a chert and the remainder was flint. the assemblage composition is summarised in two parts : that derived from excavated features, and that from the plough - zone and topsoil ( table 3 ). this was a small assemblage, with roughly equal numbers recovered from the plough - zone ( 83 ) and excavated features ( 96 ). the differences in composition between the plough - zone and excavated features were of interest, in that the number of broken flakes was not greatly different, suggesting that ploughing was not the general cause of breakage. the number of spalls collected from excavated features indicated some differential collection, as also did the small proportion ( by number ) of cores. however, the essential similarity in proportion between these two units of analysis suggests that the assemblage could be treated as a single unit. the analysis of the assemblage immediately identified a strong mesolithic component, in the presence of blades and microliths. however, it was also apparent from the flakes and tools that later industries were also present, and elements of these were stratified in association with neolithic and bronze age pottery. there was no indication that there were any later elements and the material can be understood as residual when in later iron age features. in the analysis of the assemblage the wide variation in the body colour of the worked flint was recorded and compared with the mesolithic assemblage from lightmarsh farm, kidderminster, c. 2 miles ( 3. 5km ) north of blackstone ( bevan 1994 ) and on the same side of the river. there was a single piece of chert in the assemblage, and the remainder was flint with a considerable variation in body colour. a thin - rolled cortex, present on 42 pieces, showed little variation and was not studied further. the source of the flint was local ; the secondary geological deposits and gravel terraces of the severn river valley. the colour ( tables", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49264691823223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65c5ab3a-c6fd-4b23-8a4c-bd6241f5da40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.806423"}
{"text": "variation in body colour. a thin - rolled cortex, present on 42 pieces, showed little variation and was not studied further. the source of the flint was local ; the secondary geological deposits and gravel terraces of the severn river valley. the colour ( tables 3 and 4 ) varied from a beige ( b ) to a cream ( cr ), a light grey ( lg ) to a medium ( mg ) and blue - black ( bb ), a white - patinated ( wp ) and yellow - patinated ( y ) surface or body. the only body colour not present in the lightmarsh farm mesolithic assemblage was the blue - black component. few beige and yellow elements were present in the blackstone assemblage. flakes were the largest component of the assemblage ( 150 ), of which more than half were broken ( 80 ). of the broken pieces a considerable number were probably derived from small blades ( 31 ). of the complete flakes there were 33 tertiary, 32 secondary trimming and 5 primary flakes. secondary retouch was only present on eight tertiary flakes and five of these exhibited side retouch, of which one was serrated ; of the two with retouched butts, one also exhibited side retouch and one was notched. there were sufficient complete flakes ( 70 ) to measure for a statistical analysis. the scattergram of breadth : length ( x : y ; fig. 34 ) was plotted for each material colour, described above, to test the possibility that the mesolithic, neolithic and bronze age components might be so differentiated in the assemblage. barfield ( 2007, 106 ) has suggested that in the west midlands the colour and other macroscopic criteria of worked flint assemblages might suggest differential flint sourcing through time. the scattergram shows a cluster of small blades and long flakes ( 6 ) within a length range of 10 - 30mm and a breadth range of 5 - 12mm, of which 50 % have a white - patinated ( wp ) body colour ( fig. 34, zone a ). it is the distribution of the wp flakes ( 16 ), 33 % of which are clustered in the small blade and long flake zone, that most closely matches the scattergram of the lightmarsh farm and other mesolithic assemblages ( barfield 2007, fig. 7 ). of the broken flakes, 31 were probably fragments of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5309305102500007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65c5ab3a-c6fd-4b23-8a4c-bd6241f5da40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.807319"}
{"text": "long flake zone, that most closely matches the scattergram of the lightmarsh farm and other mesolithic assemblages ( barfield 2007, fig. 7 ). of the broken flakes, 31 were probably fragments of small broken blades and of these 17 were wp broken blades. this wp material was perhaps preferentially selected or was more available in the mesolithic period, although it is clear that other flint was also utilised. the patination is post - depositional. of the other material - flake distributions a number of observations could perhaps be of interest. there were no blades ( length : breadth of greater than 3 : 1 ) of light - grey ( lg ) flakes, although there were a number of small lg flakes within the ' mesolithic cluster ' of wp flakes. this lg material formed the largest component ( 50 % ) of squat flakes ( length : breadth of less than 1 : 1 ). the distribution of lg material away from long flake and blade production perhaps indicated the lg flint was a larger source component in the later neolithic and bronze age. similarly it might be argued that the blue - black ( bb ) component had a stronger association with the neolithic, with fewer broader flakes in the scattergram distribution ( table 4 and fig. 34 ). table 4 : measured flakes, proportion of wp, bb and lg body colour ( source material ; see text for explanation ) although there appeared to be a number of trends in this analysis that may indicate there were a number of industries present within the blackstone assemblage that had preferred sources and a preferential selection of material, all the material was derived from the same source, the secondary geological deposits and gravel terraces of the severn river valley. the statistical numbers here were also small, and so more exhaustive comparisons would need to be undertaken with assemblages from other sites, beyond the scope of this study. late mesolithic activity at blackstone is clearly identified in the small blades and microliths in the lithic assemblage. all the material used was local to the severn valley. the material is likely to have been won from river bank erosion and tree - throw exposure, with the quarrying of the root hollows into the river terrace deposits. although the scoops on the site ( fig. 5 ) might represent the last traces of such an activity, the presence of only one small - blade core in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.525600630426994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65c5ab3a-c6fd-4b23-8a4c-bd6241f5da40>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.808388"}
{"text": "exposure, with the quarrying of the root hollows into the river terrace deposits. although the scoops on the site ( fig. 5 ) might represent the last traces of such an activity, the presence of only one small - blade core in the assemblage does not suggest that there was blade production on the site ; rather the blades had been carefully curated to the site for tool production, as was also indicated by the large number of small broken flakes and spalls. such a site in the river valley, rich in game and close to a river flowing with fish, may well have been a temporary hunting camp, possibly with a constructed shelter with a dry floor in the scooped hollow of a tree - throw, a natural wind - break and shelter, with access to a plentiful supply of wood. early neolithic activity on the site can perhaps be identified in the longer and larger blades, core rejuvenation flakes and the rather broken core material ; compare the opposed platform core that came from a large piece of raw material. with woodland clearance and an increased pace of ground disturbance for agriculture and grazing, the exposure of raw material in larger pieces would have been widespread, and the choice more varied. preferred blue - black flint may have become more available in larger pieces, with the production of larger tools. the broken fabricator and small scrapers can be associated with this mesolithic - neolithic transition, as can the knapped flakes in pit 1027 with its associated neolithic pottery. later neolithic and bronze age activity on the site could perhaps be recognised in the presence of a wider and broader flake component to the assemblage that broadens the scattergram of all measurable flakes. fine invasive retouch, present on one scraper, is a beaker period technique ( fig. 35, no. 5 ). the latter and a thumbnail scraper ( fig. 35, no. 4 ), could be assigned to specialist tool production of the early bronze age period. there is also a sense of random production in the large variation in the platform depth ( up to 7mm ) and thickness of flakes ( one was 18mm in thickness ) from unprepared cores, suggesting a less specialised tool production of the middle bronze age. this latter aspect has not been exhaustively analysed, but with so few tools and datable features a detailed study would perhaps be unproductive. the butt - trimmed larger scrapers might have been associated with this later industry. the excavated ass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49363403796350014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65c5ab3a-c6fd-4b23-8a4c-bd6241f5da40>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.809594"}
{"text": "this latter aspect has not been exhaustively analysed, but with so few tools and datable features a detailed study would perhaps be unproductive. the butt - trimmed larger scrapers might have been associated with this later industry. the excavated assemblage was derived from a range of features, a number of which can be assigned to the pre - iron age : 0015, 0016, 0023, 0079, 0083, 0113 - 17, 0120, 0149, 0183, 0552 and 1512 - 15 ( see site description, and fig. 5 ). the remainder were from those structures assigned to the iron age, principally the enclosure ditch. analysis ( table 5 ) shows successive residuality within later settlement features. however, 60 % of the assemblage could be assigned to the pre - iron age, and of the remainder only 21 flints ( 23 % ) of the stratified assemblage were not assigned and were residual in the iron age, and of that material three were spalls. the component from iron age features is also equal to and of the same size, proportion and character as that from features assigned to the pre - iron age. thus it is clear that the component in iron age features was residual and there is a measurable 23 % residuality on the site. table 5 : site distribution of flint by period of feature. | pre - iron age features | | iron age features | | unstratified | | % | | broken blades, wp, mesolithic | | 19 | | 10 | | - | | 32 | | blades and long flakes, mesolithic / neolithic | | 10 | | 10 | | - | | 22 | | other mesolithic / neolithic / early bronze age | | 2 | | 2 | | - | | 5 | | spalls and other flake material | | 17 | | 21 | | - | | 41 | the single piece of chert, perhaps from a source further afield or an erratic from wider disturbance across the river valley, might be derived from any of these industries. although the detailed analysis of the measured flakes does indicate that there was a differential sourcing of lithic material through time in prehistory, the assemblage studied was small. however, the potential for study and comparison with larger stratified assemblages in the severn valley is clear, but winning that information will be difficult without stratified ass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48409774374754155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65c5ab3a-c6fd-4b23-8a4c-bd6241f5da40>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.810522"}
{"text": "10 questions : miriam robbins dexter on the power of female display miriam robbins dexter, a lecturer in the department of women ' s studies and expert on ancient heroines and goddesses, and a co - author have completed a cross - cultural study of stories and artifacts in which women lift their skirts and expose their genitals, a performance that drives away enemies and returns joy and fertility to the land. miriam robbins dexter, who earned both her ba and her phd at ucla, translates some 20 classical indo - european and near eastern languages. with victor mair, professor of chinese language and literature at the university of pennsylvania, the ucla lecturer in women ' s studies has published a study of women in the ancient near east, asia and europe \u2014 in stories, artifacts, and also real life \u2014 who expose their genitals to empowering effect ( sacred display : divine and magical female figures of eurasia, cambria press, 2010 ). although the work may bump up against contemporary western taboos about sex, the fact remains that history is replete with representations of the unfettered feminine able to ward off evil and bring joy and fertility. magical female genital display : are you talking about history or, more specifically, the history of art? this is history, not just the history of art. for the prehistoric age, we don ' t really know exactly what is and isn ' t history. that it ' s history is more recently shown in a 19th - century letter we found in the irish times. the letter ' s author was an older man who wrote that as a child he observed a woman who was being besieged by people with pitchforks \u2014 she lifted up her skirts and they ran away. there ' s also a 19th - century story about rows of older chinese women frightening off invaders by standing on the city wall and exposing themselves. your material depicts not just genital display but also women dancing. how are the two related? if you look at the kiltinan sheela who graces the cover of our book, she ' s doing both. we find magical dancing figures from the upper paleolithic era on. by the neolithic era, we begin to see display figures sometimes dancing, sometimes crouching. i think it ' s an evolution. what are the crouching position and genital display all about? the earliest display is probably saying, \" look, out of here comes babies. \" to this was added magic. we don ' t know why. we can hypothesize that this was because, until very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4467110175421677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c30793b9-a5a9-4447-beae-0a6adad8e646>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.818306"}
{"text": "genital display all about? the earliest display is probably saying, \" look, out of here comes babies. \" to this was added magic. we don ' t know why. we can hypothesize that this was because, until very recently, childbirth was a dangerous act. women died. infants died. if you add a little magic to it, asking the deities for help, maybe it will be successful. this display could turn back an army or bring on rain? yes, it ' s such a powerful position. there ' s genital display for repelling an enemy. if you look at the way [ irish ] sheela na gigs are placed on castle walls \u2014 sometimes on the keystone of the arch over the door \u2014 and on church walls, they ' re protecting the structure. perhaps they ' re saying, \" okay, only those of you who have the right intent may enter. \" there ' s also genital display for bringing joy and fertility back to the land \u2014 bringing the sun back, bringing the rain back \u2014 and this is quite cross - cultural. we ' re calling it \" eurasian, \" but i ' ve found evidence all over the globe in myths and rituals. how did these images find their way to so many different places? we think that the concept was carried along the silk road. it ' s not simply that there are display figures in europe and there are also display figures in asia \u2014 these figures more closely echo one another. it ' s clear to us that it wasn ' t just an abstract concept, but concrete images that were finding their way from place to place. the petroglyphs at qutubi, in west china \u2014 huge petroglyphs with dancing male and female figures. the female figures have triangles for their upper and lower bodies. just as we were beginning to do this work, i edited a paper by a romanian archaeologist. she had images collected from her excavations in eastern europe, including dancing female figures with triangle bodies. another example is the crouching female figure on a pot from machang in western china. while there ' s been some discussion over whether the figure was female, male or hermaphroditic, it ' s so clear to both victor and me that it is a female figure with little knobby breasts \u2014 just like the breasts on a crouching \" fish \" figure from the ancient site of lepenski vir in eastern europe. how did these cross - cultural connections become lost to the extent that you and your co - author had to unearth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5024720140811134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c30793b9-a5a9-4447-beae-0a6adad8e646>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.820569"}
{"text": "\u2014 just like the breasts on a crouching \" fish \" figure from the ancient site of lepenski vir in eastern europe. how did these cross - cultural connections become lost to the extent that you and your co - author had to unearth them again? i think that in some areas the subject becomes somewhat taboo, especially in the western world. in india today, there doesn ' t seem to be embarrassment about these female images. the display of the vulva isn ' t sex. it ' s not that there isn ' t an erotic value to the female genitals, but that this display is never about a male and a female having sex. in fact, display figures in indian temples will be right next to mithuna figures \u2014 figures of men and women copulating. these figures clearly represent very different functions. do you find that these ideas about the power of the female body are alien to people you might speak with, and to your students? certainly in the united states it is uncommon to think in this way. instead, we have a very odd puritan / pornographic take on the female body. we think that women should be covered and that women should be exposed \u2014 all at the same time. is that perspective hard for students and for you as a teacher to overcome? don ' t you think that depends on the person? fair enough. why is it important for people today to know about \" sacred display \"? young women need to stop being ashamed of their genitals. this society tends to make women feel shy and ashamed. obviously, i ' m very interested in empowering women, and so for that reason i think these concepts are of contemporary value.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085398961956614, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c30793b9-a5a9-4447-beae-0a6adad8e646>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.821242"}
{"text": "tree fruit research and extension center wsu - tfrec is the research and extension center of washington state university dedicated to the tree fruit sciences. located in the primary fruit producing region of the world, the center features a cooperative, multidisciplinary approach to tree fruit production. this areawide ii program builds on the successful codling moth areawide management project ( 1995 - 1999 ) that reduced in - season organophosphate use in apples and pears by 75 %. project goals are to further reduce broad - spectrum pesticide use, expand the use of mating disruption in pome fruits and new cropping systems, and increase efficacy of biological control in orchards for secondary pests. apple and pear production are at risk under the food quality protection act ( fqpa ) because these fruit comprise a significant fraction of the diets of infants and children. fruit research at wsu prosser a lygus bug parasitism survey revealed moderate levels of wasp parasitism in several stone fruit growing regions. studies of thrips ecology showed greater thrips abundance in orchard borders compared with orchard interiors. click on link below. research at wsu prosser for lygus abundance surveys, sweep net sampling was the most effective sampling method. lygus damage was correlated to lygus abundance in apples. a california phenology model was utilized to predict first lygus hatch. thrips abundance was greater in orchard borders compared with orchard interiors. click on links below. you must have adobe acrobat reader\u00ae software installed on your computer in order to view and print the map and driving directions. to get more information about downloading a current version of adobe acrobat reader\u00ae, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4724142943206806, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb320124-d08a-4143-9a56-f81c1a175026>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.822966"}
{"text": "i am intrigued by the world \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062athat is often used in holy quran to describe god creation of skies and the earth. in arabic \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a means skies, which is not the same as universe. sky is the region of the atmosphere and outer space seen from the earth. on the other universe is all existing matter and space considered as a whole. in short sky is only part of the universe at best not the whole. from the verse below, almighty allah clearly treats \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a and earth as separate entities. this gives a concept of a sky above and the earth below. i also learned that the correct word for universe is \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646not samawat. my question is did god ever mention universe in quran? samawat clearly does no mean universe because if it meant universe, then earth is indeed part of the universe. but if sawamat means skies that makes sense because god is talking about skies and the earth as two object. so my question is did the holy quran ever mention universe? for reference sky \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 skies \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a heaven \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 universe \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 as you can see above, the universe and sky have two different words in arabic. verses for references are below 6 : 1 skies and earth are treated two separate objects. 3 : 190, to allah is all that is in skies and in earth. there is a lot more that we cannot see in sky but is part of universe. 2 : 22 quran talks about ski as canopy. this is clearly not universe. 4 : 132, says that to god belongs what is in skies and what is on earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5807112259415093, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f99bce7-552d-44e0-afc9-33638a9bb3f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.824620"}
{"text": "last week the cdc advisory committee on immunization practices voted to change the status of the male human papillomavirus ( hpv ) vaccination from permissive to routine. hpv is the most common sexually transmitted infection ( sti ) in the u. s. ; it is also the main cause of cervical cancer, and research suggests it is the leading cause of other forms of cancer. the hpv vaccine, which is widely marketed for female adolescents, has been approved for males since 2009. however, hpv vaccination rates are low among female adolescents in theu. s. and even lower among males. it is estimated that only 1 % of males in theu. s. have been vaccinated. the advisory committee is recommending that the vaccine become standard for all boys ages 11 and 12 and is advising the vaccination of young men ages 13 to 21 who have not yet received the vaccine. globally, the highest rates of stis occur among youth ( ages 15 - 24 ) and approximately 25 % of young women under 24 years old have been infected with hpv. hpv is responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancer, 95 % of anal cancer cases, 50 % of all vulvar cancer cases, and 60 % of all head and neck cancer cases. the previous focus of hpv vaccination campaigns on females sent the message that hpv is a single - sex issue, however these cancers affect both males and females. expansion of the vaccination recommendations to include boys will help to change the public perception of the infection as one that mainly affects females to one that has negative effects on everyone. the change in the recommendation will likely lead to greater uptake among young men, not only protecting them from hpv - related cancers, but also helping them to prevent the spread of hpv to their partners.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44195565988165475, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e8e51dad-eb0f-4f29-9339-87364607e2ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.826476"}
{"text": "if you ' ve been feeling stuffy or congested, waking up with a headache, and noticing swelling around your eyes, you may have sinusitis. sinusitis can be inconvenient or even painful at times, but it ' s usually not severe. what is sinusitis? sinusitis is the medical term for inflammation ( irritation and swelling ) of the sinuses. it ' s usually caused by infection. our sinuses are the moist air spaces within the bones of the face around the nose. the frontal sinuses are located in the area near the eyebrows ; the maxillary sinuses are located inside the cheekbones ; the ethmoid sinuses are between the eyes ; and the sphenoid sinuses sit behind the ethmoid sinuses. when we ' re healthy, our sinuses are filled with air, making our facial bones less dense and much lighter in weight. sinuses also play a role in how our voices sound. infection with viruses or bacteria \u2014 or a combination of both \u2014 can cause sinusitis. generally, someone with a cold also has inflammation of the sinuses. this is viral sinusitis. allergies also can lead a person to develop sinusitis. when the nasal congestion ( stuffiness ) associated with the common cold or allergies doesn ' t allow the sinuses to drain properly, bacteria can become trapped inside the sinuses, leading to bacterial sinusitis. bacterial sinusitis tends to make someone feel sicker than viral sinusitis. a person with bacterial sinusitis usually will have more facial pain and swelling than someone with viral sinusitis, and might also develop a fever. some of the signs that someone may have bacterial sinusitis are : a stuffy or runny nose with a daytime cough that lasts for 10 to 14 days or longer without improvement continuous thick green mucus discharge from the nose ( sometimes with post nasal drip ) persistent dull pain or swelling around the eyes tenderness or pain in or around the cheekbones a feeling of pressure in your head a headache when you wake up in the morning or when bending over bad breath, even after brushing your teeth pain in the upper teeth a fever greater than 102\u00b0f ( 39\u00b0c ) some people also have dry coughs and find it hard to sleep. others have upset stomachs or feel nauseous. although many of these symptoms are similar to those you can get from viral sinusitis or allergic rhinitis ( inflammation of the nose and sinuses due to allergy )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4909844782429698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f787c06-cf35-4647-8d25-7a9e04ee3789>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.831970"}
{"text": "hard to sleep. others have upset stomachs or feel nauseous. although many of these symptoms are similar to those you can get from viral sinusitis or allergic rhinitis ( inflammation of the nose and sinuses due to allergy ), it ' s a good idea to see your doctor just in case. viral sinusitis and allergic rhinitis are more common, but bacterial sinusitis often needs to be treated with antibiotics, and you can only get these with a doctor ' s prescription. how is it treated? if your doctor prescribes antibiotics for bacterial sinusitis, you may need to take them for as long as 3 weeks. your doctor may also prescribe a decongestant for all forms of sinusitis. if your sinusitis is the result of allergies, your doctor may recommend that you take a daily antihistamine as well. you can lower your risk of getting sinusitis by making some simple changes in your home environment. try using a humidifier during cold weather to stop dry, heated air from irritating your sinuses, which can make them more susceptible to infection. clean the humidifier regularly because mold, which can trigger allergies in some people, forms easily in moist environments. if you have allergies, make an extra effort to keep them under control because they can make a person more prone to developing a sinus infection. although sinusitis itself is not contagious, it is often preceded by a cold, which can be spread to family members and friends. the most effective way to prevent the spread of germs is to wash your hands frequently and thoroughly. steer clear of used tissues, and try to stay out of the line of fire when someone sneezes. what can i do to feel better? if your doctor has prescribed antibiotics or any other medications, be sure to follow the directions carefully. sinusitis can be difficult to get rid of otherwise and can easily return if it ' s not fully treated the first time. even if you feel better, it ' s important to keep taking your antibiotics until you ' ve finished the course prescribed by your doctor. this helps to kill all of the bacteria causing the infection. get plenty of rest and fluids so that your body ' s immune system can work along with the antibiotics to fight the infection. taking ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help to relieve pain and inflammation. a cool - mist humidifier may soothe your sinuses. warm compresses usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43883181011024264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f787c06-cf35-4647-8d25-7a9e04ee3789>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.833492"}
{"text": "maybe your mom or dad told you about the surgery you had as a little kid. or maybe you found out when you noticed the scar on your chest. or perhaps you ' re wondering why you have to visit the doctor so often. lots of teens who have, or have had, a ventricular septal defect may find themselves wondering : what is it and what does it mean for me? ventricular septal defect ( pronounced : ven - trih - kyoo - lur sep - tul dee - fekt ), or vsd for short, is a heart condition that can affect teens \u2014 although most people with vsds have had the problem diagnosed long before they reach their teenage years. what is a ventricular septal defect? to understand this defect, it first helps to review some basics about the way a healthy heart typically works. the heart has four chambers : the two lower pumping chambers of the heart are called the ventricles, and the two upper filling chambers are the atria. in normal circulation, blood that returns from the body to the right - side filling chamber ( right atrium ) is low in oxygen. this blood passes to the right - side pumping chamber ( right ventricle ), and then travels to the lungs to receive oxygen. the oxygen - enriched blood returns to the left - side filling chamber ( left atrium ), then moves to the left - sided pumping chamber ( left ventricle ). the blood is then pumped out to the body through the aorta, a large blood vessel that carries blood to the smaller blood vessels in the body to deliver oxygen. the right and left - sided pumping chambers ( ventricles ) are separated by shared wall, called the ventricular septum. in a person with a ventricular septal defect ( vsd ), there is an opening in the wall ( septum ) between the right ventricle and the left ventricle. you might hear this type of problem also referred to as a \" hole in the heart. \" as a result, when the heart beats, some of the blood in the left ventricle ( which has received oxygen from the lungs already ) is able to flow through the hole in the septum into the right ventricle. in the right ventricle, this oxygen - rich blood mixes with the oxygen - poor blood and is directed via the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. the blood flowing through the hole creates an extra noise during the listening exam of the heart, known as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52395221377843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fba1b8a1-c699-46d1-83fb-64a918e6b3fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.844299"}
{"text": "right ventricle, this oxygen - rich blood mixes with the oxygen - poor blood and is directed via the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. the blood flowing through the hole creates an extra noise during the listening exam of the heart, known as a heart murmur. the character of the heart murmur, along with other specific heart sounds that can be detected a cardiologist, may be clues that a person has a vsd. there are different types of vsds, based on the exact location within the ventricular septum. in addition, they can vary in size. the symptoms and medical treatment of the vsd will depend on these features. sometimes, vsds can also be present as part of more complex types of congenital heart disease. most teens with vsd had it \u2014 as in, past tense. although ventricular septal defects are quite common ( about 8 out of every 1, 000 babies born have heart defects, and about 30 % of those babies have vsds ), it ' s pretty rare for a vsd to pass unnoticed until the teenage years. this means that the chances are good a vsd is no longer causing problems for a teen. in about 40 % of the kids born with vsds, the hole is small and it closes on its own after birth. if a vsd is large and it requires surgery to be closed, it was most probably corrected during early childhood. in the remaining cases ( kids who have vsds that have not been corrected by surgery and have not closed on their own ), the hole is too small to cause health problems. ventricular septal defects occur during fetal heart development and are present at birth. during the first weeks after conception, the heart develops from a large tube, dividing into sections that will eventually become the walls and chambers. if a problem occurs during this process, a hole in the ventricular septum may result. in some cases, the tendency to develop a vsd may have a genetic basis. some genetic syndromes can cause extra or missing pieces of chromosomes that can be associated with vsd. for the vast majority of children with a defect, however, there ' s no clear reason why a vsd develops. signs and symptoms vsds are usually found in the first few months of life by a doctor during a routine checkup. the size of the hole and its location in the heart will determine whether someone experiences symptoms of vsd. most teens with vsd probably don ' t remember having it because it either goes away on its own or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4864561158911671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fba1b8a1-c699-46d1-83fb-64a918e6b3fa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.845423"}
{"text": "a doctor during a routine checkup. the size of the hole and its location in the heart will determine whether someone experiences symptoms of vsd. most teens with vsd probably don ' t remember having it because it either goes away on its own or is diagnosed so early in childhood that there ' s no memory of any surgery or recovery. teens who have small vsds that haven ' t closed yet usually experience no noticeable physical signs other than the heart murmur that the doctors hear. they may need to see a doctor regularly to check on the heart defect and make sure there aren ' t any problems. the very small number of teens with moderate and large vsds that haven ' t been treated in childhood may notice some symptoms, however. these include shortness of breath, a feeling of tiredness or weakness ( especially during exercise ), poor appetite, and trouble gaining weight. fortunately, though, advancements in medicine during the past few decades mean that most kids with moderate to large vsds are treated long before the vsd ever causes physical symptoms. if your doctor notices a heart murmur that was not noticed earlier, you may be referred to a pediatric cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart disease in kids and teens. in addition to doing a physical exam, the pediatric cardiologist will take your medical history by asking about any concerns, past health, family health, any medications you are taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. if a vsd is suspected, the cardiologist may order one or more of these tests : a chest x - ray, which produces a picture of the heart and surrounding organs an electrocardiogram ( ekg ), which records the electrical activity of the heart an echocardiogram ( echo ), which uses sound waves to produce a picture of the heart and to visualize blood flow through the heart chambers. this is often the primary tool used to diagnose vsd. a cardiac catheterization, which provides information about the heart structures as well as blood pressure and blood oxygen levels within the heart chambers. this test is not typically performed for vsd unless additional information is needed that cannot be obtained with other testing. if a doctor diagnoses someone with a vsd, treatment will depend on the patient ' s age, the size of the hole, and where it ' s located in the heart. there ' s no concern that a vsd will get any bigger, though : vsds may become smaller or close completely without treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48358714705231937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fba1b8a1-c699-46d1-83fb-64a918e6b3fa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.846842"}
{"text": "depend on the patient ' s age, the size of the hole, and where it ' s located in the heart. there ' s no concern that a vsd will get any bigger, though : vsds may become smaller or close completely without treatment, or they may not change. but they don ' t get any larger. a kid or teen with a small defect that causes no symptoms might simply need to visit a pediatric cardiologist regularly to make sure there are no problems. in most kids and teens, a small defect will close on its own without surgery. and there ' s more good news \u2014 if you have a small vsd, you probably won ' t have to restrict your sports or extracurricular activities in any way. if there is a medium to large vsd, surgery may be necessary to close it. in most cases, this surgery takes place in young children \u2014 usually in the first year of life. a few people have surgery during adolescence. until their vsds are corrected, some people with larger vsds may need to take medication to help the heart pump more efficiently or help the body get rid of extra fluids. vsd surgery involves making a cut in the chest so a surgeon can stitch the hole closed or sew a patch of manmade surgical material ( such as dacron or gore - tex ) over the defect. eventually, the tissue of the heart heals over the patch or stitches, and by 6 months after the surgery, the hole will be completely covered with tissue. certain types of vsds may be closed by a non - surgical technique during a procedure known as cardiac catheterization. a thin, flexible tube ( a catheter ) is inserted into a blood vessel in the leg that leads to the heart. a cardiologist guides the tube into the heart to make measurements of blood flow, pressure, and oxygen levels in the heart chambers. a special implant, shaped into two disks formed of flexible wire mesh, can be positioned into the hole in the septum. the device is designed to flatten against the septum on both sides to close and permanently seal the vsd. doctors only use this technique to treat certain types of vsd. after healing from surgery or having catheterization, kids with vsds are considered cured and should have no further symptoms or problems. people with some types of heart defects, including vsd, are at greater risk in their lifetime of developing infective endocarditis, an infection of the inner surface of the heart caused by bacteria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412696066884244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fba1b8a1-c699-46d1-83fb-64a918e6b3fa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.848063"}
{"text": "and should have no further symptoms or problems. people with some types of heart defects, including vsd, are at greater risk in their lifetime of developing infective endocarditis, an infection of the inner surface of the heart caused by bacteria in the bloodstream. bacteria are always present in our mouths, and small amounts are introduced into the bloodstream when we chew food and brush our teeth. the best way to protect the heart from this problem is careful attention to dental hygiene to reduce the bacteria count in the mouth, teeth, and gums. this includes brushing and flossing daily, and routine dental cleanings. in general, it is no longer recommended for patients with simple vsds to take antibiotic premedication prior to dental visits, except for the first 6 months after surgery. six months to a year after surgery, though, most vsd patients are considered cured and not felt to have additional risk of endocarditis. teens who have a heart defect should avoid getting body piercings, since piercing increases the possibility that bacteria can get into the bloodstream, infect the heart, and damage heart valves. if you ' re considering a piercing and you have a heart defect, talk to your doctor first. teens who have surgery for larger vsds usually leave the hospital within 4 to 5 days after surgery if there are no problems. after the vsd has been repaired, a person will have a scar in the middle of the chest. the scar may be tender and sore, so the doctor may tell patients to take a pain reliever if they feel a lot of pain. it takes about 6 weeks for a chest incision to heal. the first few days at home after vsd surgery, people who are recovering will be advised to hang out in bed or on the couch doing quiet activities such as reading, sleeping, and watching tv. within 2 to 3 weeks, a person will probably feel better, but it ' s still important to take it easy until about 6 weeks after the surgery. everyone heals differently, so a doctor will advise a vsd patient when it ' s best to go back to school and return to normal activities. sometimes there can be numbness, itchiness, tightness, and burning around the incision, but these feelings shouldn ' t be severe. the appearance of the scar after the initial healing process depends on the skin type, and some people heal differently than others. it is natural to feel a little self - conscious about the way the scar looks. remember, you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4438382265109271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fba1b8a1-c699-46d1-83fb-64a918e6b3fa>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.849334"}
{"text": "i live in an older home, and most of the walls are covered in lead - based paint. i am concerned that my son might be in danger of lead poisoning. what are some of the symptoms of lead poisoning, and how do i get him tested? - laurie lead poisoning can produce many symptoms, including irritability, headaches, weight loss, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, fatigue, and muscle weakness. however, many kids with lead poisoning don ' t show any signs of the illness. if you ' re concerned that your son might be at risk for lead poisoning, talk with your doctor. it ' s important to get your child tested for lead poisoning, as many other illnesses can cause these same symptoms. your doctor may recommend a blood test that will help to make ( or rule out ) a diagnosis of lead poisoning. some kids, such as those from low - income families or who live in communities where many of the homes were built before 1950, are considered to be at higher risk for lead exposure. state health department recommendations for lead screening vary depending on a child ' s age and risk of lead exposure. but the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recommends that, if possible, all kids be screened when they ' re 1 and 2 years old.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42105787865451894, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8cd19ba-4227-4256-9a2a-053fad3e3d41>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.851844"}
{"text": "strains and sprains if you ' re an active person, you ' ll probably get a sprain or a strain at some point. they ' re common injuries, especially for people who play hard or are into sports. let ' s find out more about them. what are strains and sprains? muscles contract and relax ( almost like rubber bands ) to help your body move. so a strain is exactly what it sounds like : a muscle that has been stretched too far. it ' s common for people to strain the muscles in their backs, necks, or legs. bones meet at joints, such as elbows, knees, or shoulders. that ' s where your body bends and rotates. strong, elastic bands of tissue called ligaments hold bones together in the joints. a sprain happens when those ligaments have been overstretched ( mild sprain ) or torn ( severe sprain ). ankles, wrists, and knees sprain easily. how is a strain different from a sprain? even though both can hurt a lot, strains are not as serious as sprains. because a strain is pain in the muscle, it may start to hurt immediately or several hours later. the area will be tender and swollen and might also appear bruised. a sprain will probably start to hurt right away. usually the injury will swell and look bruised, it may be hard to walk or move the injured part, and you might even think you have broken a bone. how does a strain or sprain happen? strains often happen when you put a lot of pressure on a muscle or you push it too far, such as when lifting a heavy object. strains may be more likely to happen if you haven ' t warmed up first to get blood circulating to the muscles. they ' re also common for someone returning to a sport after the off - season. that first time playing softball after a long winter off might lead to a strained calf or thigh muscle. sprains are caused by injuries, such as twisting your ankle. this kind of injury is common in sports, but can also happen any time you trip or fall. what if i get a strain or sprain? if you get a strain or sprain, try not to use the part of your body that ' s hurt. that means not walking on a hurt ankle or using a hurt arm. it can be hard to tell the difference between a sprain and a broken bone, so it ' s often a good idea to see a doctor. in some cases, you might need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47550418465908123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e92d8d6-37e7-4f6d-a1a1-f7bc3017eae1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.856679"}
{"text": "means not walking on a hurt ankle or using a hurt arm. it can be hard to tell the difference between a sprain and a broken bone, so it ' s often a good idea to see a doctor. in some cases, you might need to go to the emergency department. what will the doctor do? first, a doctor will look at your injury. he or she may gently touch the area, check the color, feel if your skin is warm or cold, and look for swelling and tenderness. if you hurt your ankle, your doctor might ask to see if you can stand on it. in some cases, the doctor will order an x - ray to tell if the bone is broken. - if you have a sprain, the doctor will probably have you wear a splint or temporary cast to support and protect the injured area. he or she may wrap the injury with an elastic bandage to reduce swelling and provide extra support. also, the doctor will probably tell you to take some pain medication. - if you have a strain, the doctor will probably tell you to rest the injury and maybe take some pain medication. what happens next? it ' s very important to follow your doctor ' s instructions. when you get home, think rice as a way to remember how to take care of your injury : - rest ( the injured part of the body ) - ice ( apply cold packs to the injury to help bring down swelling ) - compression ( wrap the injury firmly with an elastic compression bandage or splint to prevent and decrease swelling ) - elevation ( raise the injured part so it ' s higher than your heart, also to prevent swelling ) after 24 hours, it ' s ok to use warm compresses or a heating pad to soothe aching muscles. take any pain medications that have been ordered by your doctor. a strain takes about 1 week to heal. a bad sprain may take longer \u2014 as long as 3 to 4 weeks to heal or sometimes even longer. while your strain or sprain heals, take it easy and don ' t do anything that could cause another injury. if you ' ve visited the doctor for your injury, you might have a follow - up visit to make sure everything is healing just right. when you ' re all healed, your doctor will give you the green light to return to your favorite activities. reviewed by : alfred atanda jr., md date reviewed : august 2010 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth\u00ae is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41257844432245483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e92d8d6-37e7-4f6d-a1a1-f7bc3017eae1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.857903"}
{"text": "more and more, the water and wastewater worlds are starting to intersect, as engineers, managers, planners and public officials begin to realize that \" wastewater \" and its components can be valuable resources. in the san francisco bay area, the woods institute for the environment recently hosted a dialogue on resource recovery from wastewater - specifically, how systems for wastewater management and water reuse should be defined for the san francisco bay area in the 2020s. the dialogue brought together consultants, researchers, water quality agencies and government and industry leaders to inform planning efforts and align research with those efforts. the discussion focused on state - of - the - art technologies for water reuse and energy recovery from wastewater ; and ideas for use of reclaimed water for ecosystem restoration and non - potable reuse applications, extraction of renewable energy, use of nutrients and financing and development of distributed and centralized wastewater treatment systems around the bay. workshop outcomes will help to promote investments to revitalize bay area water and wastewater infrastructure, improve the stability of bay area ecosystems, increase the security and reliability of freshwater supplies, decrease dependence upon imported freshwater, and increase renewable energy generation. the expected solutions will convert current liabilities ( e. g., energy required for wastewater treatment ) into assets ( e. g., energy from wastewater treatment ). more another indication of a paradigm shift in the wastewater industry was a decision to rename the golden hills sanitation company in tehachapi, ca as brite canyon resource recovery. the company is expanding their capacity from 25, 000 gallons per day to 1 million gallons per day and will send their tertiary treated wastewater to tom sawyer lake, improving the water quality there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5105373430406286, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e76ed1ec-3caa-4a31-84db-f0c098013a64>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.861225"}
{"text": "monday, january 22, 2007 why did the chicken cross the road? agee, jon. 2006. why did the chicken cross the road? new york : dial. isbn 0803730942 [ suggested grade levels 1 \u2013 6 ] although this eclectic picture book will amuse anyone, it holds special appeal for fans of contemporary children \u2019 s picture book art. in it, fourteen of today \u2019 s most successful picture book artists visually answer the perennial question : why did the chicken cross the road? the scenarios depicted range as widely as the artists \u2019 recognizable styles. marla frazee begins by contrasting a chicken coop beneath gloomy wet skies against a colorful chicken palace on the sunny side of the street. a single word - - \u201c duh \u201d - - hovers above the chicken. later, david shannon shows a chicken at the wheel of a red convertible filled with barnyard animals. the caption reads \u201c because the light was green! \u201d in contrast, harry bliss says that to answer the question we should \u201c ask the mutated zombie chickens from mars! \u201d he then pictures a chicken hot footing it across the road with a legion of bug eyed, sharp - toothed, green - tongued chickens in pursuit. children will enjoy identifying the various artists and associating this art with familiar books. as with anything, they will likely appreciate the style and humor of some inclusions more than others. sharing this book presents a great opportunity to talk about varying tastes and points of view. encourage children to brainstorm other ideas about why the chicken crossed the road and to illustrate their ideas in their own unique artistic style. jokes and riddles for beginning readers : hall, katy. dino riddles. isbn 9780142501795, 0142501794 helmer, marilyn. critter riddles. isbn 9781553374459, 1553374452 for older readers : brewer, paul. you must be joking! isbn 9780812626612, 0812626613 thomas, lyn. ha! ha! ha! : 1000 + jokes, riddles, facts and more. isbn 1897066120, 9781897066126 by suzy parchman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4437837825814658, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0539db4-dbd9-4edb-bb68-33000c18ff34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.864522"}
{"text": "there would be no words to adequately describe that happened within the explosion. no one near ground zero would survive to tell their story. but what is known is that the force of the blast - - equaling the detonation of 13, 000 tons of tnt - - and sheer heat killed at least 80, 000 civilians instantly ( atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki ). as for the witnesses on the ground far enough away from the explosion to have survived, this is one of their testimonies. \" and at the moment when i spoke to my friend, there was a flash, far brighter than one used for a camera. it exploded right in front of my eyes. there was a tremendous noise when all the buildings around me collapsed \u2026 i was so surprised to see the dark sky with all the red flames through the window because it was only a few minutes before when the sky was blue and clear. it was all quiet and the city was wrapped, enveloped in red flames \" ( voices of hibakusha : eye - witness accounts of the bombing of hiroshima ) - - - taeko teramae | | video : b - 29s drop an atomic bomb on japan ( world war ii database ) 56k ( 293 kb ) | cable / dsl ( 1. 47 mb ) 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 \" atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki. \" atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 11 jul. 2005. wikipedia. 11 jul. 2005 < http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / atomic _ bombings _ of _ hiroshima _ and _ nagasaki >. marx, joseph l. seven hours to zero. new york : g. p. putnam \u2019 s sons, 1967. \u201c voices of hibakusha : eye - witness accounts of the bombing of hiroshima. \u201d remembering hiroshima and nagasaki. 2005. laguardia community college. 02 aug. 2005. < http : / / www. laguardia. edu / ctl / peace / et. htm >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4916603828138688, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ed45f6f-107c-4ef5-8c53-3d16527a6d8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.866457"}
{"text": "the health behaviour in school - aged children : who collaborative cross - national ( hbsc ) study : origins, concept, history and development 1982 \u2013 2008 purchase on springer. com $ 39. 95 / \u20ac34. 95 / \u00a329. 95 * * final gross prices may vary according to local vat. this paper traces the history of the hbsc study from its origins in the early 1980 \u2019 s to the present day describing how it was first conceptualised scientifically and how this influenced issues of study design. the challenges of managing a cross - national study are explained as are changes and adaptations over time with growth of the study from 3 to over forty country members. the key partnership with the world health organisation and its benefits are presented. with developments in scientific management and theoretical perspectives, hbsc has made a substantial contribution to the area of youth health. the last decade has seen increased dissemination to policy makers and evidence that scientific information arising from the study has influenced strategic policy development and practical health improvement programmes. this paper considers some of the key success factors and challenges for the study as it attempts to maximise its scientific output and channels the research findings into health improvement for young people. future challenges for the study are also considered. supplementary material ( 0 ) about this article - the health behaviour in school - aged children : who collaborative cross - national ( hbsc ) study : origins, concept, history and development 1982 \u2013 2008 international journal of public health volume 54, issue 2 supplement, pp 131 - 139 - cover date - print issn - online issn - additional links - author affiliations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5413751777047253, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a35c6fc-a928-4e98-b74d-d855aeaf44c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.871694"}
{"text": "frequently asked questions - q : what is linux? - q : is linux unix? - q : who wrote linux? - q : how is linux licensed? - q : how does one pronounce linux? - q : how many people use linux? a : the name \" linux \" is used to refer to three similar yet slightly different things, which can be confusing to all but the hardcore geek. the three usages vary by how much of a complete software system the speaker is talking about. at the lowest level, every linux system is based on the linux kernel \u2014 the very low - level software that manages your computer hardware, multi - tasks the many programs that are running at any given time, and other such essential things. these low - level functions are used by other programs, so their authors can focus on the specific functionality they want to provide. without the kernel, your computer is a very expensive doorstop. it has all of the features of a modern operating system : true multitasking, threads, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared, copy - on - write executables, proper memory management, loadable device driver modules, video frame buffering, and tcp / ip networking. most often, the name \" linux \" is used to refer to the linux operating system. an os includes the kernel, but also adds various utilities \u2014 the kinds of programs you need to get anything done. for example, it includes a shell ( the program that provides a command prompt and lets you run programs ), a program to copy files, a program to delete files, and many other odds and ends. some people honor the request of richard stallman and the gnu project, and call the linux os gnu / linux, because a good number of these utility programs were written by the gnu folks. finally, software companies ( and sometimes volunteer groups ) add on lots of extra software, like the xfree86 x window system, gnome, kde, games and many other applications. these software compilations which are based on the linux os are called linux distributions. so, there are three linuxes : the linux kernel, the linux os, and the various linux distributions. most people, however, refer to the operating system kernel, system software, and application software, collectively, as \" linux \", and that convention is used in this faq as well. a : officially an operating system is not allowed to be called a unix until it passes the open group ' s certification tests, and supports the necessary api '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5228944230153585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3be52166-6e10-4315-9fb9-cfa6cca26d8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.876898"}
{"text": "collectively, as \" linux \", and that convention is used in this faq as well. a : officially an operating system is not allowed to be called a unix until it passes the open group ' s certification tests, and supports the necessary api ' s. nobody has yet stepped forward to pay the large fees that certification involves, so we ' re not allowed to call it unix. certification really doesn ' t mean very much anyway. very few of the commercial operating systems have passed the open group tests. a : unofficially, linux is very similar to the operating systems which are known as unix, and for many purposes they are equivalent. linux the kernel is an operating system kernel that behaves and performs similarly to the famous unix operating system from at & t bell labs. linux is often called a \" unix - like \" operating system. for more information, see http : / / www. unix - systems. org / what _ is _ unix. html. a : linus torvalds and a loosely knit team of volunteer hackers from across the internet wrote ( and still are writing ) linux from scratch. a : linus has placed the linux kernel under the gnu general public license, which basically means that you may freely copy, change, and distribute it, but you may not impose any restrictions on further distribution, and you must make the source code available. this is not the same as public domain. see the copyright faq, ftp : / / rtfm. mit. edu / pub / usenet / news. answers / law / copyright, for details. full details are in the file copying in the linux kernel sources ( probably in / usr / src / linux on your system ). there is a faq for the gpl at : http : / / www. gnu. org / copyleft / gpl - faq. html. the licenses of the utilities and programs which come with the installations vary. much of the code is from the gnu project at the free software foundation, and is also under the gpl. some other major programs often included in linux distributions are under a bsd license and other similar licenses. note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the gpl should be posted to the news group gnu. misc. discuss, and not to the news : comp. os. linux hierarchy. for legal questions, refer to the answer : where are linux legal issues discussed?. a : this question produces an outrageous amount of heated debate. if you want to hear linus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5008571255639818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3be52166-6e10-4315-9fb9-cfa6cca26d8e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.877848"}
{"text": "and not to the news : comp. os. linux hierarchy. for legal questions, refer to the answer : where are linux legal issues discussed?. a : this question produces an outrageous amount of heated debate. if you want to hear linus himself say how he pronounces it, download english. au or swedish. au from ftp : / / ftp. funet. fi / pub / linux / people / linus / sillysounds /. if you have a sound card or the pc - speaker audio driver you can hear them by typing $ cat english. au > / dev / audio the difference isn ' t in the pronunciation of linux but in the language linus uses to say, \" hello \". for the benefit of those who don ' t have the equipment or inclination : linus pronounces linux approximately as leenus, where the ee is pronounced as in \" feet, \" but rather shorter, and the u is like a much shorter version of the french eu sound in peur ( pronouncing it as the u in \" put \" is probably passable ). a : linux is freely available, and no one is required to register with any central authority, so it is difficult to know. several businesses survive solely on selling and supporting linux. linux newsgroups are some of the most heavily read on usenet. accurate numbers are hard to come by, but the number is almost certainly in the millions. however, people can register as linux users at the linux counter project, which has been in existence since 1993. in may of 2003 the project counted more than 134, 000 users, but that is certainly only a small fraction of all users. the operator of the linux counter estimated 18 million users, as of may 2003. visit the web site at http : / / counter. li. org / and fill in the registration form. the current count is posted monthly to news : comp. os. linux. misc, and is always available from the web site. [ harald tveit alvestrand ] a : in 1999, international data corporation released its first commercial forecast of linux sales. the report quantifies linux vendor sales in 1996, 1997, and 1998, and forecasts through the year 2003. leave a reply you must be logged in to post a comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42464184623814605, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3be52166-6e10-4315-9fb9-cfa6cca26d8e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.878758"}
{"text": "introduction to linux a protocol is, simply put, a set of rules for communication. in order to get data over the network, for instance an e - mail from your computer to some computer at the other end of the world, lots of different hard - and software needs to work together. all these pieces of hardware and the different software programs speak different languages. imagine your e - mail program : it is able to talk to the computer operating system, through a specific protocol, but it is not able to talk to the computer hardware. we need a special program in the operating system that performs this function. in turn, the computer needs to be able to communicate with the telephone line or other internet hookup method. and behind the scenes, network connection hardware needs to be able to communicate in order to pass your e - mail from one appliance to the other, all the way to the destination computer. all these different types of communication protocols are classified in 7 layers, which are known as the open systems interconnection reference model, the osi model for short. for easy understanding, this model is reduced to a 4 - layer protocol description, as described in the table below : table 10 - 1. the simplified osi model | layer name | | layer protocols | | application layer | | http, dns, smtp, pop,... | | transport layer | | tcp, udp | | network layer | | ip, ipv6 | | network access layer | | ppp, pppoe, ethernet | each layer can only use the functionality of the layer below ; each layer can only export functionality to the layer above. in other words : layers communicate only with adjacent layers. let ' s take the example of your e - mail message again : you enter it through the application layer. in your computer, it travels down the transport and network layer. your computer puts it on the network through the network access layer. that is also the layer that will move the message around the world. at the destination, the receiving computer will accept the message through it ' s own network layer, and will display it to the recepient using the transport and application layer. | it ' s really much more complicated | the above and following sections are included because you will come across some networking terms sooner or later ; they will give you some starting points, should you want to find out about the details. linux supports many different networking protocols. we list only the most important : the transport control protocol and the internet protocol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6130645981567591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb92407e-57f6-4374-ae92-d9541042dd5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.886091"}
{"text": "will come across some networking terms sooner or later ; they will give you some starting points, should you want to find out about the details. linux supports many different networking protocols. we list only the most important : the transport control protocol and the internet protocol are the two most popular ways of communicating on the internet. a lot of applications, such as your browser and e - mail program, are built on top of this protocol suite. very simply put, ip provides a solution for sending packets of information from one machine to another, while tcp ensures that the packets are arranged in streams, so that packets from different applications don ' t get mixed up, and that the packets are sent and received in the correct order. a good starting point for learning more about tcp and ip is in the following documents : man 7 ip : describes the ipv4 protocol implementation on linux ( version 4 currently being the most wide - spread edition of the ip protocol ). man 7 tcp : implementation of the tcp protocol. rfc793, rfc1122, rfc2001 for tcp, and rfc791, rfc1122 and rfc1112 for ip. the request for comments documents contain the descriptions of networking standards, protocols, applications and implementation. these documents are managed by the internet engineering task force, an international community concerned with the smooth operation of the internet and the evolution and development of the internet architecture. your isp usually has an rfc archive available, or you can browse the rfcs via http : / / www. ietf. org / rfc. html. nobody expected the internet to grow as fast as it does. ip proved to have quite some disadvantages when a really large number of computers is in a network, the most important being the availability of unique addresses to assign to each machine participating. thus, ip version 6 was deviced to meet the needs of today ' s internet. unfortunately, not all applications and services support ipv6, yet. a migration is currently being set in motion in many environments that can benefit from an upgrade to ipv6. for some applications, the old protocol is still used, for applications that have been reworked the new version is already active. so when checking your network configuration, sometimes it might be a bit confusing since all kinds of measures can be taken to hide one protocol from the other so as the two don ' t mix up connections. more information can be found in the following documents : man 7 ipv6 : the linux ipv6 protocol implementation. rfc188", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5214659603132207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb92407e-57f6-4374-ae92-d9541042dd5e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.887051"}
{"text": "of measures can be taken to hide one protocol from the other so as the two don ' t mix up connections. more information can be found in the following documents : man 7 ipv6 : the linux ipv6 protocol implementation. rfc1883 describing the ipv6 protocol. the linux kernel has built - in support for ppp ( point - to - point - protocol ), slip ( serial line ip ), plip ( parallel line ip ) and pppp over ethernet. ppp is the most popular way individual users access their isp ( internet service provider ), although in densely populated areas it is often being replaced by pppoe, the protocol used for adsl ( asymmetric digital subscriber line ) connections. most linux distributions provide easy - to - use tools for setting up an internet connection. the only thing you basically need is a username and password to connect to your internet service provider ( isp ), and a telephone number in the case of ppp. these data are entered in the graphical configuration tool, which will likely also allow for starting and stopping the connection to your provider. the linux kernel has built - in isdn capabilities. isdn4linux controls isdn pc cards and can emulate a modem with the hayes command set ( \" at \" commands ). the possibilities range from simply using a terminal program to full connection to the internet. check your system documentation. appletalk is the name of apple ' s internetworking stack. it allows a peer - to - peer network model which provides basic functionality such as file and printer sharing. each machine can simultaneously act as a client and a server, and the software and hardware necessary are included with every apple computer. linux provides full appletalk networking. netatalk is a kernel - level implementation of the appletalk protocol suite, originally for bsd - derived systems. it includes support for routing appletalk, serving unix and afs file systems using appleshare and serving unix printers and accessing appletalk printers. for compatibility with ms windows environments, the samba suite, including support for the nmb and smb protocols, can be installed on any unix - like system. the server message block protocol ( also called session message block, netbios or lanmanager protocol ) is used on ms windows 3. 11, nt, 95 / 98, 2k and xp to share disks and printers. the basic functions of the samba suite are : sharing linux drives with windows machines, accessing smb shares from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5454907065421972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb92407e-57f6-4374-ae92-d9541042dd5e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.887992"}
{"text": "##ger protocol ) is used on ms windows 3. 11, nt, 95 / 98, 2k and xp to share disks and printers. the basic functions of the samba suite are : sharing linux drives with windows machines, accessing smb shares from linux machines, sharing linux printers with windows machines and sharing windows printers with linux machines. most linux distributions provide a samba package, which does most of the server setup and starts up smbd, the samba server, and nmbd, the netbios name server, at boot time by default. samba can be configured graphically, via a web interface or via the command line and text configuration files. the daemons make a linux machine appear as an ms windows host in an ms windows my network places / network neighbourhood window ; a share from a linux machine will be indistinguishable from a share on any other host in an ms windows environment. more information can be found at the following locations : man smb. conf : describes the format of the main samba configuration file. the samba project documentation ( or check your local samba. org mirror ) contains an easy to read installation and testing guide, which also explains how to configure your samba server as a primary domain controller. all the man pages are also available here. leave a reply you must be logged in to post a comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45822062212981224, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb92407e-57f6-4374-ae92-d9541042dd5e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.888528"}
{"text": "today i ' ll conclude my 3 - post series on drawing rectangles in autocad lt. ( who ' d have thought there could be so much to say about rectangles? ) this time, you start the rectang command, pick your first point, and enter a for area. specify other corner point or [ area / dimensions / rotation ] : a the next prompt is for total area. remember to use the current units, i. e. square inches for architectural drawings. enter area of rectangle in current units < 100. 0 > : < enter number > then you ' re asked for either the length ( aka x direction ) or the width ( y direction ), to be used in calculating dimensions. calculate rectangle dimensions based on [ length / width ] < length > : enter rectangle length < 10. 0000 > : < enter number > the sign of the number you enter determines which side of the cursor your rectangle ends up on. positive numbers create rectangles above and to the right ( positive x and y ), and negative numbers create rectangles below and to the left ( negative x and y ). you may notice that this finishes the command. so if you want to use the rotation option too, you ' ll need to set it first.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45682935503491817, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ee37250-87bb-4581-8047-5138885da653>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.890538"}
{"text": "according to the 2006 government information office yearbook, the religious affairs section of the ministry of the interior ( moi ) estimated that 35 percent of the population considers itself to be buddhist and 33 percent taoist. while the overwhelming majority of religious adherents are categorized as either buddhist or taoist, many adherents consider themselves to be both buddhist and taoist. in addition to organized religions, many persons also practice traditional chinese folk religions, which include some aspects of shamanism, ancestor worship, and animism. researchers and academics estimate that as much as 80 percent of the population believes in some form of traditional folk religion. such folk religions may overlap with an individual \u2019 s belief in buddhism, taoism, confucianism, or other traditional chinese religions. there also may be an overlap between practitioners of buddhism, taoism, and other traditional chinese religions, and falun gong practitioners. falun gong is a self - described spiritual discipline that combines qigong ( a traditional chinese exercise discipline ) with the teachings of founder li hongzhi. falun gong is registered as a civic rather than a religious organization. according to an academic source, falun gong membership exceeds one million and continues to grow. traditional chinese religions with adherents constituting less than 5 percent of the population include the following : i kuan tao, tien ti chiao ( heaven emperor religion ), tien te chiao ( heaven virtue religion ), li - ism, hsuan yuan chiao ( yellow emperor religion ), tian li chiao ( tenrikyo ), universe maitreya emperor religion, hai tze tao, zhonghua sheng chiao ( chinese holy religion ), da yi chiao ( great changes religion ), pre - cosmic salvationism, and huang chung chiao ( yellow middle religion ). small percentages of the population are protestant, roman catholic, or sunni muslim. the church of scientology, the baha \u2019 i faith, jehovah \u2019 s witnesses, the mahikari religion, the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints ( mormons ), and the unification church are registered. unregistered denominations include presbyterians, the true jesus church, baptists, lutherans, seventh - day adventists, and episcopalians. the majority of the indigenous population of 507, 000 aborigines is protestant or catholic. there is also a small number of adherents of judaism, although they are predominately expatriates.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4687246752650833, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:515f4593-6121-4c66-88ab-74ee8b97afce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.893124"}
{"text": "this report offers an updated review of the various facets and the latest trends and differentials in sex selection in asia. it includes a set of recommendations to combat gender discrimination and prenatal sex selection at the national and regional level. education, urbanization and economic development have significantly improved opportunities for asian women and girls over the last two decades. yet, this has coincided with a fall in the proportion of girls among children in many countries. the decline, caused to a large extent by an increase in prenatal sex selection in the past 20 years, is leading to an alarming demographic masculinization. this intensifying gender imbalance will have an adverse impact at many levels on men, women and families over the next half century. prenatal sex selection leads to distorted levels of sex ratios at birth, which today range between 110 and 120 male births per 100 female births in many countries, as against the standard biological level of 104 - 106. birth masculinity as measured by the sex ratio at birth reaches levels above 120 or 130 in some specific regions, pointing to the intensity of son preference and gender discrimination there. meanwhile, postnatal sex selection \u2013 measured by excess deaths among female infants and young girls \u2013 has not yet disappeared from several countries, reflecting the continuing discrimination against and neglect of female children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5057346149719496, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d5e6c06-6c49-4faa-88ff-b60d4921f4a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.894735"}
{"text": "capital markets experiment in wenzhou in china, reforms often come about from the ground up. over the years, the country has shown an uncanny knack for taking what is otherwise an illegal activity according to its own laws and regulations, experimenting with it, legitimizing it, and then incorporating it into an overall reform program on a step by step basis. perhaps the most famous, and far reaching, experiment was conducted in anhui province where the \u201c contract responsibility \u201d system took hold in the late 1970s. another such experiment, this time in capital markets, is now being conducted in the wealthy city of wenzhou in zhejiang province on china \u2019 s east coast. before getting to wenzhou, though, let \u2019 s look at what happened in anhui 30 years ago to see how it has worked in the past. as the story goes, the farmers in this predominantly rural province in china were having a particularly hard time in the late 1970s. after several years of bad harvests, a severe drought in 1978 finally pushed them to the breaking point. in order to find a way out of their predicament, 21 peasants and team leaders of the xiao gang production team in the li yuan people \u2019 s commune in feng yang county signed a contract in december, 1978, which stipulated that the production team would not turn over all of its production to the commune, as required by china \u2019 s constitution at the time, but would instead contract to deliver a set amount, keeping all of the production over that amount for themselves. the contract assigned all of the land to the 20 households that promised to deliver their quota of grain to the state. in the contract, the signatories also promised to look after the children of the team leaders if they were prosecuted, reflecting their concern over the political risk the team leaders were taking. with a profit motive now in place, the xiao gang production team had a bumper harvest in 1979 and delivered to the state 15, 000 kilograms of grain, the highest amount in 23 years. in july, 1979, deng xiaoping visited anhui and encouraged its agricultural leaders to use whatever methods it could to help the peasants get rich, the sooner the better. in 1979, similar experiments began in other areas and provinces throughout china, all resulting in dramatic increases in agricultural productivity. deng xiaoping openly praised these experiments in 1980, and the system was adopted nationally in 1981. deng later extended the contract responsibility system to other sectors of the economy, touching off the economic reform that has lifted hundreds of millions of chinese out of poverty and has made china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.479752848983268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a162f3f8-2b21-42aa-a782-f765bc48dc75>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.899793"}
{"text": "openly praised these experiments in 1980, and the system was adopted nationally in 1981. deng later extended the contract responsibility system to other sectors of the economy, touching off the economic reform that has lifted hundreds of millions of chinese out of poverty and has made china the second - largest economy in the world today. last week, china \u2019 s state council said it would launch experimental financial reforms in entrepreneurial wenzhou. dating back to 2000 bc, wenzhou has a population of just over 9 million people, including 2. 3 million urban residents. when china began economic reforms in 1978, wenzhou was the first city in the country to set up individual and private enterprises, as well as a shareholding cooperative economy. in 1980, wenzhou authorities granted china \u2019 s first private business license to a wenzhou woman. as testimony to its entrepreneurialism, wenzhou has a total of 240, 000 individually - owned commercial and industrial units and 130, 000 private enterprises. wenzhou is now taking the lead in carrying out financial system reform. due to its underlying wealth, and the difficulties faced by the city \u2019 s private companies in obtaining loans from china \u2019 s state - owned banking system, wenzhou has become known as a hub for underground finance, an illegal activity in china today. the shadow banking system came to prominence in 2011 and developed as a way to supply credit to private companies, although at exorbitant interest rates. while the government has cracked down on what it considers the most egregious cases, grey market lending has become a big business in wenzhou \u2014 and in other parts of china. in october, ubs estimated that \u201c private lending, \u201d the term used for the informal networks of money lenders that have developed outside of china \u2019 s banking system, could be between two trillion yuan ( $ 317 billion ) and four trillion yuan ( $ 634 billion ). the reforms announced last wednesday include measures to formalize gray - market lending, and to allow capital to flow out of china more freely. in its statement, the state council said it would establish rules and regulations for private lenders in wenzhou, encouraging them to establish legal \u201c investment companies \u201d or \u201c investment management organizations. \u201d the state council statement also proposed various ways to channel more credit to small and medium enterprises. these include encouraging china \u2019 s state - owned banks to establish special units devoted to making loans to small and medium enterprises and allowing small firms to issue bonds in wenzhou. like the anhui peasants in 1978, wenzhou authorities have been pushing the envelope as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47694754249239685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a162f3f8-2b21-42aa-a782-f765bc48dc75>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.901771"}
{"text": "include encouraging china \u2019 s state - owned banks to establish special units devoted to making loans to small and medium enterprises and allowing small firms to issue bonds in wenzhou. like the anhui peasants in 1978, wenzhou authorities have been pushing the envelope as far as gaining greater economic freedom for the city \u2019 s residents. early last year, the wenzhou government proposed to give its locals more freedom to invest overseas, only to be turned down by beijing. wenzhou officials then worked out a new proposal and submitted it for approval as part of a broader plan to make the city a testing ground for financial reforms. as a result, the state council also said it is studying whether to allow wenzhou residents to invest directly overseas. under the proposal, residents in wenzhou would be allowed to spend up to $ 200 million per year \u2014 or as much as $ 3 million per person \u2014 to set up, acquire, or invest in nonfinancial companies in foreign markets. currently, china strictly limits such investments. china \u2019 s future development, and its transition to a more sustainable, long - term growth model, depends upon the development of its capital markets. the state council \u2019 s announcement is a sign that the country is moving ahead with financial reforms and is seeking to channel more capital to private and smaller firms. for this reason, the wenzhou experiment could turn out to be every bit as significant as the experiment conducted in anhui over 30 years ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46379702503179604, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a162f3f8-2b21-42aa-a782-f765bc48dc75>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.902404"}
{"text": "summary traits of southern appalachian orogen major components ( described from foreland to hinterland ) : map from usgs shows some of these major divisions and the distinction between the northern and southern appalachians, with new york city close to the switch over location. one questions that can be asked is what in the geologic history led to the difference between the northern and southern sections. we are focusing on the southern appalachians simply because i know it a bit better. - valley and ridge foreland fold - thrust belt. - thin - skinned, no basement involvement. - pennsylvanian ( alleghanian in age ). - north american shelf sediments involved in the deformation, cambrian and ordovician passive margin wedge of strata. - in above map from the usgs, while the details are not clear, the thickening of the paleozoic strata to the east is clear. this is the passive margin associated with the iapetus, which when closed produced the appalachians. - rome shale as a detachment - blue ridge : - north american basement ( grenville ) involvement and iapetan rift sediments in western part. - rocks are metamorphosed, with polyphase, - eclogites and ultramafites in eastern part. - folded thrust nappes, but thin skinned, and underlain by paleozoic carbonates. - seems likely that any suture in here somewhere. - brevard zone - major fault separating piedmont from blue ridge. early thrust component, large late major dextral motion. - complex of terranes. larger ones carolina terrane and avalon terrane. - pine mountain thrust window - see through crystalline thrust sheet into underlying n. american cratonic - large scale folds, and an extensivenetwork of dextral strike - slip faults active in alleghanian. - alleghanian magmatism also occurs, mainly granites, some gabbros. alleghanian granites carry dextral shear fabric. - mauritanides in northwest africa are the other half of orogen. - triassic rift basins along its interior ( in the piedmont ). - coastal plain composed of cretaceous and tertiary passive margin sediments. valley and ridge province of the appalachians outlined by two white lines in the usgs tapestry map, image source : http : / / tapestry. usgs. gov / features / features. html. this is a shaded relief dem image taked from the nasa visible earth site. see if from the description you can pick out the following : anticlines and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46833855040153965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00918d42-c7b9-4caa-9232-5776d96b0f60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.906416"}
{"text": ": http : / / tapestry. usgs. gov / features / features. html. this is a shaded relief dem image taked from the nasa visible earth site. see if from the description you can pick out the following : anticlines and possiple thrusts in the valley and ridge, the approximate contact between the valley and ridge, the brevard zone. the land surface as a geologic signature simply because erosion selectively etches into the underlying geologic structure. some major events : - taconian deformation ( late ordovician, circa 440 ma ) of north american marigin clear in the northern appalachians. first major accretion event - obduction - a slew of other events inbetween taconian and alleghanian - assigned to acadian. - significant alleghanian crustal thickening, and hinterland dextral strike - slip suggests decoupled oblique convergence. associated clastics from appalachian extent all the way into nebraska. - map above showing simplified pennsylvanian paleogeography. note the extensive shoreline ' swamp areas ' where coals were deposited. image from usgs site http : / / pubs. usgs. gov / gip / continents /. - map above showing the details of the appalachian coal basin, with the eastern edge involved in the valley and ridge folding. image source from usgs site http : / / pubs. usgs. gov / fs / fs115 - 99 / fs115 - 99. html. - subsequent triassic rifting. - some things as basic as the polarity of subduction are still in debate. map showing two of the better exposed, studied and known triassic grabens in the appalachians - the newark and connecticutt river basins. more basins lie buried underneath the coastal plain province. this rifting started perhaps some 50 - 60 millions after the alleghanian deformation stopped - not along time. image source : http : / / 3dparks. wr. usgs. gov / nyc / mesozoic / mesozoicbasins. htm. penetration of appalachian strain and fluids into the continent. - calcite twin analysis - squee - gee model and mississippi pb - zn deposits. - why are they still high, still mountains? - are the alleghanian granitoids from subduction, crustal anatexis, lithospheric delamination? - what was the polarity of subduction before final continental collision? - when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4866217713507951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00918d42-c7b9-4caa-9232-5776d96b0f60>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.907317"}
{"text": "snakes of massachusetts crotalus horridus ( 36 - 60 \", up to 74 \" ) ma status : \" endangered. \" illegal to harass, kill, collect or possess. a robust, venomous snake, the timber rattler is equipped with a broad triangular head, vertical pupils and heat sensitive pits. the body color may be yellow, gray, dark brown or black, with dark, v - shaped crossbands across the back. the pattern may not be obvious if the body is very dark. the head is usually unpatterned and is covered with many small scales. a distinct rattle on the end of a darkly colored tail produces a buzzing sound when vibrated. when young, the rattlesnake has only a small button on the tail. body scales are strongly keeled and the light colored belly is flecked with dark spots. mating usually occurs in summer or fall. females incubate eggs within their bodies by basking, and give birth the following year to 6 - 10 young from mid - august through september. female rattlesnakes typically give birth every two or three years. although rocky forested hill - sides with southern exposures are essential as winter habitat, rattlesnakes prefer dense forests with a thick understory for foraging. they bask during the day and forage at night, when prey is most abundant. rattlesnakes prey on a variety of warm - blooded animals, including : mice, chipmunks and other squirrels, rabbits, shrews, moles, weasels and birds. occasionally, rattlesnakes will also feed on insects, amphibians and other snakes. when threatened, they vibrate their tails to produce a loud buzzing sound that is difficult to miss. they are not particularly aggressive and bites are rare. in massachusetts, rattlesnakes are so rare that they are almost never encountered by people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.390132161612777, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66fe082c-bce8-4582-809c-1db77e5da863>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.909130"}
{"text": "search course communities : one - variable calculus resources particular resources may be found by either a keyword search or an advanced search. see these options up and to your left. or you may browse for resources under the following topics : - general tools : graphers and cas - general collections of applets : materials that cover a wide range of multivariable calculus topics. - background : resources to help students with things they should know - history of calculus : - continuity and limits : examples, limits of a function - theoretical issues : more on continuity, intermediate value theorem, maximum value theorem, mean value theorem, etc. - functions in general, graphers and definitions : - calculus functions : trigonometric, exponential, logarithms, hyperbolic, inverse functions - differentiation, calculation rules : - differentiation, definition and elementary application : - differentiation, general applications : concavity, related rates, optimization - differential equations : initial value problems, first - order odes, slope fields, euler ' s method, systems - antidifferentiation : rules - fundamental theorem : both parts - integration, motivation and definition : - integration, applications : - integration methods : - numerical integration : euler ' s method, trapezoidal rule, mid - point rule, simpson ' s rule, rk - methods - infinite limits, function values and integrals : - infinite limits, sequences and series : - function approximation : taylor polynomials discuss this course start a new discussion thread periodical articles for student readings it would be helpful to have a place where links to articles from math horizons, college mathematics journal and mathematics magazine could be collected according to subject. for example, having a list of articles suitable for students in multivariate calculus when talking about double integrals. the course community could have a forum to house member suggestions. perhaps journal editors could forward suggestions as part of the standard review process. add your reply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.597180120055645, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:263ad2be-e2e5-41f9-821b-2004206ee8e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.911175"}
{"text": "immigrants from the german - speaking countries brought with them their names, their language, customs and traditions, which were largely unknown in north america. some of these, including a surprising number of food and drinks, caught on among their english - speaking neighbors. when there was no exact equivalent or no established english word for a german \" import, \" the german was adopted into the american language. noted historian daniel j. boorstin calls the american language \" another happy american accident. \" as he puts it \" we have an imported language along with a population of imported people. \" the purpose of this unit is to introduce students to, and have them identify, german elements in the american language and way of life. students will carry out several activities and be given assignments to identify german names and words. from these they should gain a sense of the impact of the german - americans on the american mainstream culture. time : 2 class periods. most activities are to be done outside of class. target group : 6 - 8 ; basic high school courses american mainstream culture going beyond : in addition, extra credit projects are suggested for students who might be interested in more in - depth projects related to the german - american experience. hans bahlow, dictionary of german names, 1993, 641 pp., $ 22. 50, isbn 0 - 924119 - 35 - 7, max kade institute for german - american studies, university of wisconsin - madison, 901 university bay drive, madison, wi 52705 george f. jones, german - american names, 1995, 320 pp., $ 25. 00, isbn 0 - 8063 - 1481 - 8, genealogical publishing co., inc., 1001 n. calvert st., baltimore, md 21202 - 3897 gerhard becker, \" german loanwords related to food and drinks, \" die unterrichtspraxis, vol. 25, no. 2, fall 1992 irma s. rombauer and marion rombauer becker, the joy of cooking, indianapolis : the bobbs - merrill company, inc., 1962 marcia adams, cooking from quilt country : hearty recipes from amish and mennonite kitchens, new york : clarkston n. potter, inc., 1989 if the german heritage map i is used, an overhead transparency has to be made. familiarize yourself with the appendices and decide which should be used as handouts. put on blackboard necessary information if handouts are not used. duplicate appropriate appendices for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5130546377202616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.924864"}
{"text": "map i is used, an overhead transparency has to be made. familiarize yourself with the appendices and decide which should be used as handouts. put on blackboard necessary information if handouts are not used. duplicate appropriate appendices for each student in the class. display a current political map of europe in a spot where students can easily see it. announce that the topic today is german - americans and their contributions to the american mainstream culture. as an opener you may want to ask whether someone in your class has a german name an whether s / he knows what that name means. if there are students from german and mixed german background in the class, it would be interesting to ask them how many generations ago their ancestors emigrated and from which german - speaking country and region they came. use this as a lead - in into a discussion on immigrants ' contributions to america. where german - americans live : turn on overhead projector with german heritage map i. it shows the distribution of german - americans according to the 1990 census. according to the 1990 census : german - americans are the largest ethic group in the u. s., with 59, 947, 374 persons or 23. 3 % of the u. s. population claiming some form of german ancestry. point out that the map does not include tyrol, liechtenstein and luxembourg, germans from russia and the balkan countries, and jewish - german immigrants. the german - americans : raise the question \" what is a german - american? \" refer to a map of germany, and explain : if used in the narrow political sense, it can refer only emigrants from germany and its given geographical area in a specific historical period. however, the term \" german \" in this context does not relate to nationality and state boundaries, but to the common bonds of ethnicity, language and culture found in, and coming from, the german - speaking countries and areas of europe. used in the broad ethno - linguistic sense, german - americans thus include immigrants - - and their descendants - - from austria and south tyrol, german - speaking switzerland, liechtenstein and luxembourg, germans from russia and the balkan countries, and jewish - german immigrants ( see the 1990 census : german - americans ). german names : with so many german - speaking people having immigrated to america there must be many persons with german names in the u. s. a. hand out appendix a - identifying german names or write some german names on the black board. these names can also be written prior to class and be covered up with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4962914456767735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.925915"}
{"text": "america there must be many persons with german names in the u. s. a. hand out appendix a - identifying german names or write some german names on the black board. these names can also be written prior to class and be covered up with the wall map of europe. explain that names were often americanized by immigration clerks, the county clerk, census takers and on tax records by people who thought it was proper to do so or who were just incapable of catching non - english sounds and spelling. they wrote kohlmann \" coleman \" the way they heard it, and they would write mood instead of muth. in an english - speaking environment it is very difficult hang on to a german name, because people always tend to anglicize it. compare : huber / hoover, pfoerschin / pershing, schultz / shults, kunz, koons, klein / cline, tischler / tishler, heilemann / heileman and freeouf from fruhauf. ask students to check with their family, friends, and acquaintances for german names and have them find out whether anyone knows what the name means and how it may have possibly been changed. to find out the german spelling of a name, including their own, students need to look for documents in their families which show how the names were spelled some generations ago. germans may have also had their names changed during the two world wars or for other expedient reasons. doris day was born doris von kappelhoff, 1924 in cinncinnati. president eisenhower ' s ancestor arrived in 1741 and the name was changed from eisenhauer to eisenhower. general norman schwarzkopf ' s great - grandparents came in the mid - 19th century from sulz / neckar, but the name was not changed. you may want to discuss german first names : johann or johannes - - hans / jack / john ; wilhelm - - william ; heinrich - - heini - - henry ; richard, phillip, max, dietrich, thomas ; margaret ( e ), margret, gretchen ; elisabeth - - libby ; annemarie - - ann ( e ) marie ; rosemarie - - rosemary. ethnic markers : point out that this unit deals only with names, steet names and words, but there are other ethnic markers. to identify things german we must be able to read the many clues which dot the american landscape. these \" clues \" are called \" ethnic markers, \" the cultural elements that allow identification of a specific ethnic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4292653518371611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.926994"}
{"text": "and words, but there are other ethnic markers. to identify things german we must be able to read the many clues which dot the american landscape. these \" clues \" are called \" ethnic markers, \" the cultural elements that allow identification of a specific ethnic group. examples of identifying the german element : santa ' s reindeer have names such as rudolph, donner and blitzen. the indianapolis zoo ' s two reindeer are named thor and oden and the groundhogs have names such as phil and henrietta. the kroger butchers appearing in the tv ads are called alex and max. the german - american on the barney miller show is named dietrich. amish names are always german. the amish refer to anyone outside their faith and community as an \" english, \" even though that person may be visiting from germany. meanings : very few people know how their ancestors got their names. humans have always named. in order to understand the organically and historically grown world of family names, we need to go back to the time when family names began to appear. a name, first attached to the first bearer, became a family name and a part of the inheritance passed from father to children. this practice appeared at the time when it became the custom to enter family names into civil registers, tax registers, etc. this was the \" birthdate \" of family names. give assignments : refer students to the derivation information in webster ' s and other american english dictionaries. hand out appropriate appendices. telephone books : if you have an old german telephone book, let students go through it and compare german last and first names with those in an u. s. telephone book. have them make lists of names they can find in both and then compare the lists. they may use appendix a - identifying german names. or students can use the sample pages in appendix b - directory pages. ask them to tell you which is the page from the german and which is the one from the american telephone book. make a collage : have students go through newspapers and ads and cut out and paste a collage of items with german names. maps : on your state ' s and / or u. s. map students can identify german sounding names of cities and towns. they can make a list of place names for your state. ( as an example look at appendix c - german place names ). buildings, businesses and rural mailboxes : they can find inscriptions in german on churches and other buildings, and german sounding names on businesses and rural mailboxes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48972216152009723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.928000"}
{"text": "your state. ( as an example look at appendix c - german place names ). buildings, businesses and rural mailboxes : they can find inscriptions in german on churches and other buildings, and german sounding names on businesses and rural mailboxes. evaluation : students ' performance can be graded based on how well they do their assignments and on participation in the class discussion. it must, however, be kept in mind that a student from a german background may have an advantage. the teacher may allow students from other ethnic groups to do the same exercises for their own group. the class period begins with a discussion of \" traces of german influence. \" begin by listing on the blackboard or on butcher paper german words adopted from the german language into english. examples : sauerkraut, gesundheit, cookbook, concertmaster, kindergarten, noodle, pretzels, hamburger ( refer to appendix d - german words in the american language ). ask students to add additional german words and then divide class into teams. as a homework assignment, student teams are to collect more words from their family and community. the team with the most additional answers could win prizes. in distributing the assignment, give a hint by raising the question : \" what areas of activity are associated with german ( austrian and swiss ) accomplishments? \" suggest : a. ) in your local grocery store, try to find the following : knackwurst ( or knockwurst ), bratwurst ( or brats ), wiener ( often misspelled weiner! ), wiener schnitzel, frankfurter ( or franks ), hamburger, liverwurst, braunschweiger, thuringer sausage, sauerkraut, german potato salad, kuchen, streusel cake ( or topping ), apple studel, torte, kaiser rolls, pumpernickel bread, pretzel, marzipan, noodle, zwieback. look for entenmann pastries and baked goods and check out the names on their selections. wunderbar cheese, muenster cheese, limburger. ask your grandparents about liederkranz cheese ; unfortunately it is no longer available. b. ) if there is a german restaurant in the area, look whether it features : sauerkraut, sauerbraten, knoedel, hasenpfeffer, knackwurst ( or knockwurst ), schnitzel, kloesse. what other food items do you find? c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47747363345098387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.928891"}
{"text": ": sauerkraut, sauerbraten, knoedel, hasenpfeffer, knackwurst ( or knockwurst ), schnitzel, kloesse. what other food items do you find? c. ) check the joy of cooking by rombauer and becker ( bobbs - merrill co. ) or other cookbooks for german recipes. cooking from quilt country by marcia adams ( clarkson n. potter, inc. ) has wonderful amish and mennonite recipes. d. ) students cannot do this themselves, but they could have someone look in a liquor store for the following designations on liquor and wine bottles ( disregard imported bottles ) : schnapps, kummel, kirsch, lager beer, bock beer, riesling, gewurztraminer, auslese. you may also have them look for sutter ' s home wine from california. it is named after johann august sutter, who lost his land in california to the gold rush. or the teacher could bring empty bottles to the classroom so students can check the labels themselves. in the final discussion, it can be pointed out that many german cultural elements have survived to this day in america. the german language in north america lost significant ground as a \" heritage language \" during world war i, when speaking german in public was prohibited and german church and civic groups were asked not to use german. even so, german is still the everyday language of some u. s. citizens, and many others have knowledge of german either because of family background or because they have learned german in school and / or through overseas exposure as a foreign language. evaluation : students performance can be graded based on how well they do their assignments and on participation in the class discussion. in the school library ' s webster ' s third international dictionary of the english language, look up words from your list of german words. copy those you find, together with the given meaning. try to find out something of their history if possible. ( gerhard becker ' s article \" german loanwords related to foods and drinks \" is an excellent source for this. ) here is an example : many people think that hamburger originally was a burger with ham in it or on it. hamburger is derived from the german city of hamburg. the original name of the fried meat patty was hamburger steak, meaning a steak the way they ate it in hamburg ( the germans call it \" deutsches beefsteak \" ). the word burger, which came from hamburger, led", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831591395228174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.929849"}
{"text": "city of hamburg. the original name of the fried meat patty was hamburger steak, meaning a steak the way they ate it in hamburg ( the germans call it \" deutsches beefsteak \" ). the word burger, which came from hamburger, led to cheeseburger, veggieburger, burger king, etc. hamburger steak ( without the bun ) is said to have been sold by a german street vendor in new york in the 1870s - - possibly on coney island. another source states that the hamburger was introduced by a native of hamburg at the st. louis world ' s fair. kindergarten : find out the original meaning of this word and the person who introduced it. here is a hint. the first american kindergarten was founded in watertown, wisconsin, by a woman with the last name of schurz, who hand just immigrated from germany a few years earlier. she was the wife of the 1848er carl schurz from liblar near bonn, who became secretary of the interior. a heritage project can begin at the cemetery. if you want to know whether a german community was at a specific location at one point in the past, look for german names on the graves. the gravestones will tell you who the first area residents were, how long they stayed, whether they changed their names. you can follow german families over several generations, and you can also find out who other ethnics were, who lived there. the graveyard was usually located near a church, established by the early settlers, and most of the time the homes were also nearby. updated : 28 june 2009, bas comments to : iupui max kade german - american center, firstname. lastname @ example. org this home page sponsored and maintained by iupui university library. iupui school of liberal arts iupui university library iupui home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472379058035163, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d65d59a3-90da-4b18-8ef7-929998cdb855>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.930541"}
{"text": "small molecules in the blood might gauge radiation effects after exposure ohio state university cancer researchers have identified molecules in the bloodstream that might accurately gauge the likelihood of radiation illness after exposure to ionizing radiation. the animal study, led by researchers at the ohio state comprehensive cancer center \u2013 arthur g. james cancer hospital and richard j. solove research institute ( osuccc \u2013 james ), shows that x - rays or gamma rays alter the levels of certain molecules called microrna in the blood in a predictable way. if verified in human subjects, the findings could lead to new methods for rapidly identifying people at risk for acute radiation syndrome after occupational exposures or accidents such as the recent fukushima daiichi nuclear reactor incident. the microrna markers might also help doctors plan radiation therapy for individual patients by taking into account how different people respond to radiation treatment, the researchers say. the findings are reported in the journal plos one. \" our paper reports the identification of a panel of microrna markers in mice whose serum levels provide an estimate of radiation response and of the dose received after an exposure has occurred, \" says senior author dr. arab chakravarti, chair and professor of radiation oncology, the max morehouse chair in cancer research and co - director of the brain tumor program. \" accurate dose evaluation is critical for making medical decisions and for the timely administration of therapy to prevent or reduce acute and late effects. \" the findings might also one day allow doctors to evaluate radiation toxicity during the course of therapy based on an individual ' s biology. \" this would particularly benefit leukemia and lymphoma patients who receive total body irradiation in preparation for stem - cell transplantation, \" chakravarti says. first author dr. naduparambil jacob, a research assistant professor in radiation oncology, noted that the study could be an important step in the development of biological dosimetry, or biodosimetry, a technology for identifying people at risk for acute radiation illnesses that develop within weeks of radiation exposure, and cancers and degenerative diseases that can occur months or years later. \" biodosimetry is an emerging concept that could enable us to identify individuals who need immediate treatment after a radiation exposure and to better develop personalized radiation treatment plans for patients, \" jacob says. for this study, chakravarti, jacob and their colleagues evaluated dose - dependent changes in levels of 88 individual micrornas in serum from mice after a single acute radiation exposure, and after fractionated doses of radiation that are typical of radiation treatment prior to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626726193085201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c7934cd-a123-43d3-84ce-a5631fef5cd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.938381"}
{"text": "study, chakravarti, jacob and their colleagues evaluated dose - dependent changes in levels of 88 individual micrornas in serum from mice after a single acute radiation exposure, and after fractionated doses of radiation that are typical of radiation treatment prior to stem - cell transplantation. samples were collected from exposed and control animals 24 or 48 hours after exposure. key technical findings include : - after a one - time exposure, mirna - 150 showed a clear decrease over time with increasing radiation dose, with a drop of 30 percent after 24 hours and of 50 percent after 48 hours, even at the lowest exposure of one gray of radiation. - mirna - 200b and mirna - 762 showed increased levels after radiation exposure, with the changes more pronounced in animals receiving higher doses. - animals receiving fractioned doses showed similar changes ; e. g., mirna - 150 dropped about 50 percent after 24 hours in animals receiving 4 gray. journal reference : plos one provided by ohio state university medical center - revised glioblastoma classification should improve patient care may 16, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - imrt cuts gi side effects from prostate cancer in half vs. 3d - crt jun 01, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - novel radiation therapy safely treats prostate cancer and lowers the risk of recurrence jun 26, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - novel biomarkers reveal evidence of radiation exposure may 22, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - new model may simplify high - dose radiosurgery planning sep 02, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? 14 hours ago i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5594366910273578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c7934cd-a123-43d3-84ce-a5631fef5cd1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.939312"}
{"text": "4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? 14 hours ago i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer genetic variations within and between populations may 12, 2013 this paper ( http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc1893020 / ) asserts these two different conclusions : - - - quote - - - thus the answer to the... - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories ( healthday ) \u2014 concurrent use of two immune checkpoint antibodies \u2014 ipilimumab and nivolumab \u2014 may be effective for the treatment of advanced melanoma, according to a proof - of - principal study presented in... cancer 9 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( healthday ) \u2014 the risks of metastasis and death associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( cscc ) are low, but significant, and risk factors for poor outcome include tumor diameter, invasion beyond... cancer 10 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | a new review finds cancer survivors suffer a diverse and complex set of impairments, affecting virtually every organ system. writing in ca : a cancer journal for clinicians, julie silver, m. d., associate professor at harvar... cancer 14 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.451587511391445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c7934cd-a123-43d3-84ce-a5631fef5cd1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.940164"}
{"text": "##s, affecting virtually every organ system. writing in ca : a cancer journal for clinicians, julie silver, m. d., associate professor at harvar... cancer 14 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) \u2014 at the age of three, brianica kirsch was diagnosed with brain cancer. cancer 15 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 a new oral targeted drug, idelalisib ( gs - 1101 ), has the potential to stave off the need for additional treatments for relapsed or treatment - resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ), according to a study led in part by... cancer 16 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | the neural machinery underlying our olfactory sense continues to be an enigma for neuroscience. a recent review in neuron seeks to expand traditional ideas about how neurons in the olfactory bulb might encode information about... 10 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 what if the quality of your work depends more on your focus on the piano keys or canvas or laptop than your musical or painting or computing skills? if target users can be convinced, they... 11 hours ago | 3. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | in 2008 researchers from the university of southern denmark showed that the drug thioridazine, which has previously been used to treat schizophrenia, is also a powerful weapon against antibiotic - resistant bacteria such as... 8 hours ago | 3. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | in order to avoid harms associated with alcohol consumption, in 2009 the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism issued guidelines that define low - risk drinking. these guidelines differ for men and women : no more... 8 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 working with lab mice models of multiple sclerosis ( ms ), uc davis scientists have detected a novel molecular target for the design of drugs that could be safer and more effective than current fda - approved... 8 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | treatment for alcohol use disorders works best if the patient actively understands and incorporates the interventions provided in the clinic. multiple factors can influence both the type and degree of neurocognitive abnormalities... 8 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5130554405118117, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c7934cd-a123-43d3-84ce-a5631fef5cd1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.941028"}
{"text": "learning more about australia \u2019 s children - minister for school education - minister for early childhood and youth this week more than 7500 government and non - government schools across australia will start taking part in the world \u2019 s most comprehensive collection of information about the development of australia \u2019 s children. minister for early childhood and school education peter garrett today visited the mount rogers early links to learning playgroup in canberra to launch the second data collection for the australian early development index ( aedi ). \u201c australia is the first country in the world to have collected comprehensive and population based data on young children across the entire nation, \u201d mr garrett said. \u201c the second national aedi data collection is ground breaking because, for the first time, governments and communities will be able to track progress in their work to improve the health, education, social competence and emotional development of children across australia. \u201c it \u2019 s a vital tool for educators, governments and the community, as it helps us understand the importance of early intervention and provides information about the support children and families need. \u201c it \u2019 s time to get the basics of early learning right, because we know that by supporting children in the years before school we greatly increase their chance of a successful transition to school as well as being happy and productive in their later years, \u201d mr garrett said. the aedi measures five key areas of young children \u2019 s development : physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, and communication skills and general knowledge. mr garrett said the gillard government made an important investment with the first national implementation of the aedi in 2009 and has committed to collecting this data every three years with an investment of $ 28 million for each cycle. \u201c we \u2019 re already seeing some incredible programs being delivered across australia as a direct response to the 2009 results, including the early links to learning playgroup in canberra, which offers literacy and numeracy support to children before primary school at no cost to parents, \u201d mr garrett said. \u201c the aedi is just one part of the gillard government \u2019 s national reforms to early childhood ; from our commitment to giving all children access to 15 hours of early childhood education and care for 40 weeks a year by a university - trained teacher by 2013, to improving staff to child ratios in child care and the qualifications of those staff. \u201d the 2012 aedi data collection will occur from may to 31 july 2012, during which time teachers in schools across australia will complete the aedi checklist for all children in their first year of full - time school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4265382177376284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd95dcc7-1cdc-48df-ab65-15e019657af8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.946740"}
{"text": "february 9, 2013 to may 27, 2013 inspired by the race : are we so different? traveling exhibition coming to the u - m museum of natural history from february 9 \u2013 may 27, 2013, the understanding race project is engaging three overlapping audiences in an exploration of race : campus, community, and k - 12 schools. from january through april, the winter 2013 understanding race lsa theme semester will engage the u - m campus in courses, exhibits, discussions, performances, films, and more. most events will be free and open to the public. principles and goals include an understanding of race as a social construct and an exploration of the intersections of race with other identities. coordinating units ( units represented by the five co - chairs ) include : department of afroamerican and african studies, ginsberg center, museum of natural history, program on intergroup relations, and school of social work. generous funding was provided by : college of literature, science, and the arts ; senior vice provost for academic affairs ; museum of natural history ; lsa associate dean for undergraduate education ; metlife foundation ; department of afroamerican and african studies ; institute for the humanities ; division of student affairs ; center for the education of women ; author \u2019 s forum ; ann arbor convention and visitors bureau ; center for engineering diversity and outreach ; ginsberg center ; program on intergroup relations ; andrea and david scott ; department of english ; department of anthropology ; and department of sociology. all ten school districts in washtenaw county are participating by sending students to see the race exhibit, following on a \u201c train the trainer \u201d series to help teacher discuss race with their students before and after their visits. generous funding and strategic partnership was provided by the ann arbor area community foundation, national center for institutional diversity, u - m diversity council, washtenaw intermediate school district, ann arbor public schools, and james a. & faith knight foundation. to date, more than 500 people have participated in monthly, facilitated community conversations since january 2012. community conversations will continue through june 2013. all are welcome. the national center for institutional diversity is a major funder and strategic partner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5321149755501241, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d914a199-a5b6-488f-91db-2b8dd5ebf9e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.951377"}
{"text": "what is a mortgage? a mortgage is a sum of money borrowed from a bank or building society to purchase a property. this money is paid back to the lender over a fixed period ( mortgage term ) together with accrued interest. monthly repayments consist of part repayment of the capital amount borrowed together plus a payment towards the accrued interest. the outstanding balance will reduce over the mortgage term. interest only mortgage with this type of mortgage, each monthly payment is only used to pay off interest, with the capital being paid off at the end of the mortgage term. the borrower will need to satisfy the lender that they have the means in place to pay off the capital when they commence the mortgage. typically, the borrower will commence a saving plan to run in conjunction with the mortgage or alternatively plan to sell the property at the end of the mortgage term. interest rate options borrowers \u2019 monthly payments will increase or decrease as the lender adjusts the rate in line with market conditions. so the rate you pay is at the whim of the lender and is known as the lender \u2019 s standard variable rate ( svr ). if market rates ( such as the bank of england base rate ) fall then the lender is not obliged to pass this on. the interest rate on this type of mortgage is fixed for a specific period of time and will remain at this rate regardless of changes to the interest rate in the market place. once the fixed period expires then the rate will normally convert to their standard variable rate, or another fixed rate if available. lenders frequently charge a fee ( early repayment charge ) if a borrower wishes to terminate or switch to another interest rate within the fixed term. in this type of mortgage the interest rate is variable, but although the rate can fall below the capped rate, it will not rise above it. as with the fixed rate mortgage there will normally be an early redemption charge. with this type of mortgage the lender offers a discount on their standard variable rate for a period of time. the interest rate may rise and fall but will always be discounted and at the end of the agreed period will revert to the standard variable rate. borrowers need to be aware that if a large discount is offered the monthly payments may jump significantly at the end of the discount period. also, borrowers may be locked into the mortgage longer than the discounted period with an early redemption charge levied if the mortgage is redeemed early. this is similar to a variable rate mortgage but here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218890030163128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1d97bf-7ab3-4b19-879f-7ead26ecfa28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.956055"}
{"text": "at the end of the discount period. also, borrowers may be locked into the mortgage longer than the discounted period with an early redemption charge levied if the mortgage is redeemed early. this is similar to a variable rate mortgage but here the rate is linked to a prevailing rate such as the bank of england base rate. the rate will be set a percentage amount above the relevant base rate for a specific period and will \u2018 track \u2019 the chosen rate over this period. this rate will be different to ( and usually cheaper than ) the standard variable rate as this is set by the lender taking into account various market conditions, rather than tracking one rate. other mortgage features available this feature will allow over and under payments on your mortgage depending on a borrower \u2019 s cash flow situation. this is similar to a flexible mortgage but is linked to a current / savings account with the lender. the amount held in the current account will be used to \u2018 offset \u2019 the mortgage debt when calculating the interest charged and could help you pay back your mortgage quicker. the borrower needs to be aware that interest will not be paid on any balance held in the current / savings account. but on the plus side the offset happens before tax is applied to the savings rate which is particularly attractive for high rate tax payers. as an incentive the lender will offer a lump sum of cash to the borrower once the mortgage has been arranged, this will typically be 3 % - 5 % of the loan amount. there will, inevitably be a \u2018 lock in \u2019 period whereby the borrower may be required to repay all or part of the cashback amount if the mortgage is terminated in this period. deposit - the amount of money the borrower will have to find, in addition to the mortgage, to purchase a property. basic valuation \u2013 this is a basic valuation of the property on behalf of the lender prior to agreeing a mortgage. this survey will just assess whether the property is worth the purchase price taking into account its general condition. homebuyer report \u2013 this a more comprehensive survey of a property with a more in depth assessment of the condition together with recommendations. structural survey \u2013 this is the most comprehensive and, therefore, the most expensive type of survey. the report will be thorough and very detailed and this survey is recommended for older properties or those of non - standard construction. booking fee \u2013 this is paid at the time of making an application for a mortgage to reserve funds in the chosen product. it is normally non - refundable if the application is declined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4574010841172802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1d97bf-7ab3-4b19-879f-7ead26ecfa28>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.957181"}
{"text": "montana noxious weeds over the past 100 years, noxious weeds have been spreading at an alarming rate. for example, spotted knapweed arrived on the west coast of the united states in 1893. by 1920, this weed had established itself in over 24 counties in three northwestern states, with several large infestations near missoula, montana. now, spotted knapweed is established in every county in the western united states and has invaded 5 million acres in montana alone. large infestations continue to expand, especially along waterways and major transportation routes. many other knapweeds, such as yellow starthisle, diffuse knapweed, russian knapweed, and square rose knapweed have similar invasion rates throughout the western united states. leafy spurge and many other noxious weeds are invading from the east, rather than the west. if these weeds continue to spread at their current rate for the next 100 years, they will probably dominate most western rangelands. currently in montana and throughout the west a war is ongoing on noxious weeds. noxious weeds are plants that have been imported from other areas, so they have no natural biological controls. as a result, they are spreading like wildfire, outcompeting and displacing many native plants. it is estimated that we are losing about 5, 000 acres per day across the west to weeds. their seeds are spread by wild animals, domestic livestock, pets, people and vehicles. in montana alone spotted knapweed is estimated to cost $ 42 million dollars each year in control efforts, crop and forage losses, land rehabilitation, and loss of wildlife habitat. control efforts consist of the following : educating the public to the consequences of noxious weed infestations and how they might control the spread of weeds, mapping and inventorying infestations to plan control efforts, and treating weeds using herbicides and biological means ( insects ). public land users are asked to wash undercarriages of vehicles to remove weed seeds and also to feed their horses weed free hay when they are riding onto public lands. damage caused by noxious weeds noxious weeds cause the loss of wildlife habitat. dense infestations of noxious weeds reduce wildlife forage, alter thermal and escape cover and change water flow and availability to wildlife. areas dominated by leafy spurge have been found to receive less use by deer ( 3 times less use ) and bison ( 4 times less use ) compared with similar uninfested areas. elk use in some areas has increased about 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38915119468689974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.968957"}
{"text": "wildlife. areas dominated by leafy spurge have been found to receive less use by deer ( 3 times less use ) and bison ( 4 times less use ) compared with similar uninfested areas. elk use in some areas has increased about 4 times after controlling the dense spotted knapweed infestation on study sites. noxious weeds alter the functioning of riparian ( wet land ) areas. these weeds often lower water tables and, in some areas, has eliminated surface water and native vegetation needed by wildlife. noxious weeds displace native plant species. noxious weeds outcompete most native plants for soil nutrients and soil. the invasion of our range land by noxious weeds poses a serious threat to the conservation of native plant communities. noxious weeds lower plant diversity. plant diversity is needed to maintain healthy plant communities that resist weed invasion. many noxious weeds such as russian knapweed, leafy spurge, and spotted knapweed, reduce plant diversity of native range land. noxious weeds change the way a plant community works. each plant community has evolved certain ways to cycle nutrients, cycle water, capture energy from sunlight, and store energy in a form usable by animals. noxious weeds alter the way these processes work. by increasing surface erosion, noxious weeds cause a loss of organic matter and nutrients that are normally concentrated in soil surface layers. the removal of organic matter also reduces infiltration capacity, thereby making water less available for plants. because many noxious weeds have relatively sparse plant canopies, more water evaporates from the soil surface, which makes even less moisture available for plant growth. noxious weeds reduce forage production for livestock and crop production. for example, leafy spurge and spotted knapweed can render many range sites useless for cattle production by displacing valuable forage. grazing capacities for livestock can be reduced 65 % to 90 % from the original productivity. noxious weeds increase soil erosion and soil sedimentation. protecting and conserving the surface soil are critical to the long - term sustain ability of healthy, functioning ecosystems. soil provides nutrients and moisture necessary for plant growth and is fundamental to all life. when spotted knapweed invades range land dominated by native bunch grass, protection of soil and water resources is compromised. noxious weeds affect recreational value and uses. for most recreationists, the enjoyment of being outdoors is diminished in areas dominated by noxious weeds. riding horseback through houndstongue promotes husbandry problems for horses when seeds attach to the hide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4717166951453106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.970091"}
{"text": "compromised. noxious weeds affect recreational value and uses. for most recreationists, the enjoyment of being outdoors is diminished in areas dominated by noxious weeds. riding horseback through houndstongue promotes husbandry problems for horses when seeds attach to the hide. the invasion of spiny weeds, such as canada thistle and musk thistle, limits river access and the sharp spines make walking difficult. noxious weeds that displace non - game wildlife lower the quality of the outdoor experience for many recreationalists. loss of habitat for game animals and fish decreases success of hunters and anglers. this reduces the value to and the use of noxious weeds infested areas recreationists. noxious weeds cost many montanans and people from other states millions of dollars every year. it has been estimated that the economic impact of leafy spurge in montana, north and south dakota, and wyoming totals $ 129. 5 million each year and may result in the loss of 1, 433 jobs. in montana alone, spotted knapweed is estimated to cost $ 42 million each year. if this weed is allowed to expand to its fullest range, it could cost montanans over $ 155 million each year. noxious weeds reduce the value of land. realtors are seeing more potential buyers scrutinize weed infestation and management practices before closing. on production - oriented land, noxious weeds are usually considered in land appraisals. why are many weeds difficult to eliminate? - they produce many seeds and thus spread rapidly. - they have deep roots thus they are hard to kill. - they are not palatable to livestock and wildlife therefore, these grazers eat the other desirable plants first, leaving the weeds to flourish. - they are invader species. they are adapted to rapidly colonize disturbed areas. - they have allelopathy - they give off chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. - they have waxy leaves so herbicides don ' t stick to the plant and can ' t kill it. efforts to control and reduce noxious weeds to prevent weeds spreading via vehicles, driving should take place exclusively on well - established roads and trails, and driving through weed infested areas should be avoided. if driving has to be done through weeds, the undercarriage, tires, and body of the vehicle should be thoroughly washed and sprayed with water as soon as possible. to prevent weeds spreading through animals, horses and pack animals should be fed animal certified weed free food for four days before riding or moving it to a new weed free area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4316953529295542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.971089"}
{"text": "body of the vehicle should be thoroughly washed and sprayed with water as soon as possible. to prevent weeds spreading through animals, horses and pack animals should be fed animal certified weed free food for four days before riding or moving it to a new weed free area. coats and hooves should be brushed and cleaned thoroughly before the trip and only weed free feed should be carried on a trip. also, weed free hay or straw should be used for bedding in animal trailers. to prevent weeds spreading by humans, wild flowers that may be noxious weeds should not be picked. everyone can do their part in weed prevention by recognizing noxious weeds and knowing what to do when they are found. weed identification can be done in many ways on this web site, either from the main weed index, the gallery page with weed pictures, or from the plant identification key page. weeds found that lack flowers and seeds can simply be pulled up and left there. however, if the weeds do have flowers and seeds, they should be put in a plastic bag and burned or disposed of in a landfill. if a weed infestation is found, the owner or land managing agency should be contacted so they can take measures to control the infestation and spread of the weed. to help maintain weed free crops, lawns, or pastures should be well irrigated, fertilized, and not overgrazed. strong, healthy grass, alfalfa, and other kinds of plants are more likely to stop weed development. weeds spread much faster in thin, stringy grass. the best lawn weed prevention is a thick, healthy, and well - cultivated turf. poor fertilizing, mowing, irrigation, watering, drainage, insect or disease outbreaks, and bad soil compaction can all lead to a thin, unhealthy turf. using correct mowing height, fertilization and irrigation methods, soil drainage, and other cultural methods will develop a dense, healthy turf that will naturally ward off weeds. keeping lawnmower blades and other lawn management equipment clean is another prevention measure. if the lawn or field must be seeded or reseeded, only high quality seeds should be bought, so there is a less chance of also planting some weed seeds. certified weed free seed will ensure that the seeds are of very high quality. pastures should not be overgrazed because permanent damage to the grass can occur and weeds will then easily spread. probably the most important step of prevention is early detection. weeds are far easier to control in the early stages of development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45136748410221755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.972151"}
{"text": "very high quality. pastures should not be overgrazed because permanent damage to the grass can occur and weeds will then easily spread. probably the most important step of prevention is early detection. weeds are far easier to control in the early stages of development. if the weeds do get a strong foothold, they will grow extremely deep roots that make it very hard to control and remove. preemergence herbicidal weed control is a weed control and prevention method that is used for annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds. there are several different herbicides that are specific to different weeds. the weed should be correctly identified, and then the correct herbicide bought. the herbicide is applied a few weeks before seed germination. for summer annuals it is applied in the spring, and for winter annuals applied in the fall. for maximum effectiveness many steps can be taken to ensure the herbicide reaches the soil where the weed seed is. the lawn can be thoroughly raked to remove any trash, leaves, and dead grass that could block the herbicide from reaching the soil. mowing also greatly maximizes the amount of herbicide that reaches the soil. the lawn should be irrigated thoroughly after application, so that the water will carry the herbicide down into the soil. if not watered, the herbicide will remain on the surface and be degraded by sunlight. to prevent weed from spreading through mulching, the following measures can be taken. weeds can be spread in a construction site if the specifications and contracting work for mulching and seeding are poorly done. good specifications must be written and all materials that a contractor uses must be thoroughly checked. another way to prevent using weed contaminated mulch is to hire a contractor to cut and bale weed free native grass on public land. this eliminates the chance of introducing new weeds and increase the areais native grass population. when chipping brush, it should be done in - house or by contractor with native plants grown on public land. straw can also bring in noxious weeds if caution isnit taken. rice straw generally is safer than oat, barely, and wheat straw. finally, sites where seed, straw, mulch, etc. has been applied for weeds should be monitored. if weeds do sprout up, they should be destroyed before they can seed. the best weed control in gardens is to prevent weeds from even getting a foothold. prior to planting, all the seeds and the garden soil should be checked to be all weed free. the type of vegetables planted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4604657102918335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.973097"}
{"text": "should be destroyed before they can seed. the best weed control in gardens is to prevent weeds from even getting a foothold. prior to planting, all the seeds and the garden soil should be checked to be all weed free. the type of vegetables planted in the garden can be the best weed prevention method. vegetables that grow fast and are effective at shading ( suppressing ) weeds is the best way to naturally prevent weeds. shading is most effective when the vegetable rapidly germinates and sprouts before the weeds. common vegetables that can serve as weed - suppressing crops include : sweet corn, melons, irish potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, southern peas, cucumbers, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes. if proper cultural methods of prevention are taken, these weed - suppressing crops can prevent weeds from germinating in future garden generations. they should be planted in the fall and killed in the spring before the desired garden vegetables are planted. rye, ryegrass, and other straw residues from the smother crops can prevent early germination of some weeds by up to 75 % or more. however, this method should not be used if small seeded vegetables such as lettuce will be grown because their germination will be reduced. also, the weed - suppressing crops and vegetables should be rotated in where they are being planted in the garden. if the same crops are grown in the same area every year, then the amount of weeds will increase. weeds can also be suppressed by controlled burning of weed - infested areas. mulches can be used to prevent weed germination and growth in gardens. organic mulches consist of plant matter and naturally decompose in the soil. those that are commonly used in gardens include manure, bark chips, ground corncob, sawdust, leaves, straw, etc. however, straw that contains weed seeds should not be used as mulch. if the straw does contain weed seeds, it should be watered until the seeds germinate and then air - dried repeatedly until the seedlings are killed. when applying the mulch in the garden soil, the mulch should be spread evenly three to four inches deep around the base of the vegetable. to water and fertilize the vegetables, the organic mulch should be raked back and then returned after watering. inorganic mulches such as plastic and weed fabrics can also be used as an effective weed suppression mulch and can last for twenty years when buried in soil. organic mulches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4306312950181637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.973992"}
{"text": "the organic mulch should be raked back and then returned after watering. inorganic mulches such as plastic and weed fabrics can also be used as an effective weed suppression mulch and can last for twenty years when buried in soil. organic mulches are mainly used in the latter part of the spring when the soil is warmer. if organic mulch is applied to cold soil, the soil warms more slowly and the vegetable growth rate is slower. inorganic mulches are much more effective in the early spring when the soil is cooler, because they can raise the soil temperature up 6 to 8 degrees f. biological control agents such as insects will only eat the specific weed they have been tested for. many biological control agents are ecological specialists. that means that they eat only one type of plant ( the weed ) and often even feed on only one part of one type of plant. these agents have been rigorously scientifically tested to be sure that they are species specific feeders ( i. e. are safe ) before import and release. for assistance in properly identifying weeds commonly found in montana, check out the weed index on this site ' s home page, and also our gallery of weed pictures. weed identification can also be done from our main online plant identification database. within the category of weeds there are also some that are edible weeds and poisonous weeds, which information is found on each species page. some common noxious montana weeds canada thistle ( cirsium arvense ) field bindweed ( convolvulus arvensis ) whitetop ( cardaria chalapensis ) leafy spurge ( euphorbia esula ) spotted knapweed ( centaurea maculosa ) dalmatian toadflax ( linaria dalmatica ) sulfur cinquefoil ( potentilla recta ) tansy ( tanacetum vulgare ) houndstongue ( cynoglossum officinale )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4249109000870117, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20b33bdb-0c25-4080-986a-e16a17f68ddc>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.974710"}
{"text": "helper api security this topic describes security issues associated with xmlhttp and serverxmlhttp. in addition, it provides some guidance for mitigating security exposure. the following sections provide information about helper api security, with an emphasis on xmlhttp. use xmlhttp only on the client xmlhttp should only be used on the client. because xmlhttp is marked safe for scripting, you call xmlhttp from a script that is executed in the client - side internet browser. remember, you can use xmlhttp and serverxmlhttp in any arbitrary script, inside or outside the browser. xmlhttp is not safe for server - side implementation. using xmlhttp on the server means that you would use xmlhttp via jscript, vbscript, c + +, asp, or asp. net. xmlhttp is not thread - safe - it doesn ' t work for multi - threaded scenarios. if you use xmlhttp, you will not receive an error, but your script may not perform properly. if you need xmlhttp functionality on the server, you should use serverxmlhttp, not xmlhttp. xmlhttp uses cached credentials xmlhttp uses cached credentials if the user does not provide new credentials for every open method call in scenarios where specific credentials are used. kiosk - style applications using xmlhttp for multiple users that share a single login should always ensure that they terminate the internet explorer process when a user finishes a session. furthermore, kiosk - style applications should never display the address bar as part of the application. set the site object to prevent cross - site and cross - domain attacks when using xmlhttp outside of internet explorer, it is important to set the site object to prevent cross - site and cross - domain access on calls to the open method ( ixmlhttprequest ). if the site object is set, on redirects the redirect target is automatically checked against the initial open request, and the standard cross - zone and cross - domain checks are applied. in internet explorer scripting scenarios, the site is set by internet explorer. validate the url before calling open in xmlhttp you should not accept untrusted data to construct a url when calling the open method. you should validate the data first, making sure that the user is allowed to enter only approved addresses. this is particularly important in scenarios outside of internet explorer when the site object is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44886373010014347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a97d23c-52a7-4196-b98b-baad5ca3fbbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.982526"}
{"text": "zone redirect checking when in asynchronous mode. to mitigate redirect - based dos attacks, xmlhttp and serverxmlhttp components implement redirect limits. redirects are typically permitted from zones of greater security to zones of equal and lesser security. for example, a redirect from a resource in the intranet zone to internet zone should succeed. redirects are not permitted from zones of lesser security to zones of greater security. for example, a redirect from a resource in the internet zone to the my computer zone should fail. redirects are not permitted across networking protocols. redirects are not permitted across network domains. strictness in msxml 6. 0 may prevent some applications from working ie defines five zones - mycomputer, trusted sites, local intranet, internet, and restricted sites. there are a number of rules regarding how a site in one zone can reference a site in another zone. for example, a site on the internet can ' t reference a document on the local intranet. in ie, and for applications that set the site explicitly, msxml 6. 0 is strict about url redirection, and may prevent some user scenarios. in order to work around the security restrictions, the user can add the machine doing the redirection to the list of trusted sites on the machine where the redirection is taking place. error messages may reveal data the description of an error may reveal data. error messages should not be exposed to callers that are not trusted. you should catch all errors and report errors with your own custom error messages. the following sections provide information specific to serverxmlhttp. use serverxmlhttp only on the server serverxmlhttp should not be hosted in the browser ; it is not marked safe for scripting. use https to provide encryption for sensitive data serverxmlhttp does not provide any encryption by default. you should use https connections to encrypt sensitive data during transmission. response packages are insecure response packages are generally not secure ( responsexml property ( serverxmlhttp / iserverxmlhttprequest ), responsebody property ( serverxmlhttprequest / iserverxmlhttprequest ), and responsetext property ( serverxmlhttp / iserverxmlhttprequest ) ). serverxmlhttp is used to retrieve information from other sites on the internet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4994659594556203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a97d23c-52a7-4196-b98b-baad5ca3fbbe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.986122"}
{"text": "##erverxmlhttprequest ), and responsetext property ( serverxmlhttp / iserverxmlhttprequest ) ). serverxmlhttp is used to retrieve information from other sites on the internet. when you retrieve data using it, you should know that the source of your information is trustworthy. further, after using a response package, you should check for malicious data ( both size and content ). the serverxmlhttp object does not check for denial of service threats or bad data returned from response packages. serverxmlhttp should not be used to load untrusted xml in applications where denial of service is a concern. no secure - base - url checking for redirects serverxmlhttp does not provide secure - base - url checking for redirects. you should be aware that, when accessing untrusted locations with msxml 6. 0 serverxmlhttp or msxml 3. 0 serverxmlhttp in asynchronous mode, there are no checks on redirects. there are checks on the initial open ( both for the open call and for any external references within the instance ). spoofing and best - fit character attacks serverxmlhttp is vulnerable to both spoofing attacks and best - fit character attacks. for more details, see the discussion under xmlhttp, earlier in this topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48977951074490905, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a97d23c-52a7-4196-b98b-baad5ca3fbbe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.986620"}
{"text": "introduction to visual c + + for unix users this topic provides information for unix users who are new to visual c + + and want to become productive with visual c + +. you can use visual c + + from the command line in a similar way that you would use a unix command - line environment. you compile from the command prompt with the command - line c and c + + compiler ( cl. exe ) and tools, including nmake. exe, the microsoft version of the unix make utility. in unix, commands are installed in a common folder, such as / usr / bin. in visual c + +, the command - line tools are installed in your installation directory at vc \\ bin ( on a typical installation at program files \\ microsoft visual studio 8 \\ vc \\ bin ). to use the command - line tools, run vsvars32. bat, which is located in your installation directory at common7 \\ tools. this adds your bin directory to your path and sets up other paths that are necessary to compile visual c + + programs from the command line. if you open a command prompt with the visual studio command line prompt from the start menu, then vsvars32. bat is run for you. to take advantage of more powerful features, such as the debugger, statement completion, and so on, you need to use the development environment. for more information, see building on the command line and walkthrough : compiling a native c + + program on the command line ( c + + ). if you use the command line and run your applications on your development workstation, you will see that a dialog box to run the visual studio debugger is displayed when your code encounters a memory access violation, unhandled exception, or other unrecoverable errors. if you click ok, then the visual studio development environment is started, and the debugger will open to the point of failure. it is possible to debug your applications this way, and, in this case, your source code would only be available if you compiled with the / z7, / zi, / zi ( debug information format ) switch. for more information, see debugging native code and using the visual studio ide for c + + development. it is easier to use the development environment to edit and build your source code in a project. a project is a collection of source and related files that will be compiled into a single unit, such as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44518492789242325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3867767e-9ad3-43a2-b6ea-2474563aae72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.992508"}
{"text": "studio ide for c + + development. it is easier to use the development environment to edit and build your source code in a project. a project is a collection of source and related files that will be compiled into a single unit, such as a library or executable. a project also contains information on how the files are to be built. information about projects is stored in a project file with the extension. prj. an application that consists of multiple libraries and executables, each potentially built with a different set of compiler options or even in a different language, are stored in multiple projects that are part of a single solution. a solution is an abstraction for a container to group multiple projects together. information about solutions is stored in a solution file with the extension. sln. for more information, see managing solutions, projects, and files and using the visual studio ide for c + + development. you can use visual c + + to use existing code that is set up to compile with or without a makefile and put it into a visual studio project. for more information, see the create project from existing code files wizard. for more information, see how to : create a c + + project from existing code. you can create new projects in the development environment. visual c + + provides numerous templates that provide standard code for various common projects. you can use application wizards to generate projects with code outlines for various application types. you can start with an empty project by using the console application ( win32 ) wizard. select the empty project check box. you can then add new and existing files to the project later. when you create a project, you must name the project. by default, the project name equals the name of the dynamic - link library ( dll ) or executable that is build from the project. for more information, see creating solutions and projects. visual c + + contains several extensions to the standard c + + programming language. these extensions are used to specify storage class attributes, function calling conventions, and based addressing, among other things. for a complete list of all visual c + + extensions, see microsoft - specific modifiers. you can disable all microsoft - specific extensions to c + + by using the / za compiler option. this option is recommended if you want to write code to run on multiple platforms. for more information on the / za compiler option, see / za, / ze ( disable language extensions ). for more information on visual c + + conformance, see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.531438019348784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3867767e-9ad3-43a2-b6ea-2474563aae72>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.993929"}
{"text": "about the michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ) what is folklife? a brief history of mtap what is folklife? \" folklife \" or \" folklore \" are often used as synonyms for \" traditional culture \" or simply \" tradition. \" as practiced by ethnic, regional, occupational, familial, and religious groups, folklife refers to the traditional expressions through which these communities maintain and pass on their shared sense of beauty, identity, generally, folklife is learned by example, through imitation and repetition, rather than through formal instruction such as classes or workshops. ordinarily, valued and authentic folk practitioners are brought up within a traditional community, learning a repertoire and style from their seniors. folklore tends to express the values, tastes, and standards of the cultural community which sustains it. through a lifetime of practice, tradition bearers refine and reshape their skills, while maintaining the cultural and aesthetic values of their folklore is one of the more conservative aspects of culture, based on patterns, styles, and beliefs shared within specific cultural communities. tradition bearers are motivated, through the act of creating, to preserve a traditional form that carries group identity and not necessarily to express an innovative personal vision. folklore, however, is also a dynamic aspect of culture. \" folklore \" describes living traditions that often change over time in response to a changing society. a brief history of mtap the michigan state university museum ' s michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ), develops and implements programs \" to advance cross - cultural understanding in a diverse society through the identification, documentation, preservation, and presentation of the traditional arts and cultural heritage of the state of michigan. \" the michigan state university museum first initiated ongoing research and presentation of michigan traditional arts in 1975 with a statewide survey and 1976 exhibition of historical folk art. in 1977, the folk arts division of michigan state university museum joined with the michigan cooperative extension service to provide statewide educational programming and general public services in the area of michigan ' s traditional cultural resources. in 1986, the michigan council for arts and cultural affairs created a partnership with the michigan state university museum to strengthen the support of folk arts and artists in the state. the activities of the folk arts division to promote awareness, appreciation, and support for michigan ' s traditional cultural resources through research, education, and public service are now coordinated under a program known as the michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ). among the major ongoing or long - term mtap programs are : the annual festival of michigan folklife ( 1987 - 1997 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5295155271660064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac1c4abc-1bd5-48ac-940f-6124805fe473>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:26.999726"}
{"text": ", education, and public service are now coordinated under a program known as the michigan traditional arts program ( mtap ). among the major ongoing or long - term mtap programs are : the annual festival of michigan folklife ( 1987 - 1997 ), the michigan heritage awards ( since 1985 ), the michigan traditional arts apprenticeship program ( since 1987 ), the michigan quilt project ( since 1984 ), the folkpatterns program ( since 1979 ), and the michigan stained glass census ( since 1990 ). mtap ' s longstanding role in coordinating a statewide folklife festival began with the 1985 \" michigan : whose story? \" festival. in 1987, mtap collaborated with the smithsonian institution to present michigan ' s folk artists at the festival of american folklife. that same year, mtap brought the smithsonian ' s michigan program to michigan with the launching of the festival of michigan folklife. for the twelve years producing that festival, mtap conducted field research to identify over 1200 folk artists for presentation at the festivals. in 1999, mtap forged a new partnership with the national council for the traditional arts in washington d. c., and the city of east lansing, to co - produce the national folk festival 1999 - 2001. beginning in 2002, mtap continues the festival tradition with the launching of the great lakes folk festival. since the mid - 1980s mtap staff have met regularly with state folk arts program staff around the u. s. and have played key roles in state and national arts policy development, evaluation studies, and professional development and training opportunities for both traditional artists and program administrators. staff with day - to - day full - or part - time responsibilities for mtap collections c. kurt dewhurst, ph. d., curator of folk arts beth donaldson, collections assistant, great lakes quilt center and mtap research collections ; manager, traveling exhibits service, and co - coordinator, michigan stained glass census lora helou, public relations coordinator julie levy - weston, special projects coordinator ; traveling exhibits program and marsha macdowell, ph. d., professor, department of art and art history and curator of folk arts ; coordinator of mtap gary morgan, ph. d., museum director mike secord, director, great lakes folk festival, facilities manager, special pat power, special projects coordinator / great lakes folk festival lynne swanson, collections manager, cultural collections sunny wang, computing technology coordinator pearl yee wong, collections coordinator, mtap research collections mary worrall, assistant curator, great lakes quilt center affiliates who regularly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4408174208599431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac1c4abc-1bd5-48ac-940f-6124805fe473>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.001706"}
{"text": "special projects coordinator / great lakes folk festival lynne swanson, collections manager, cultural collections sunny wang, computing technology coordinator pearl yee wong, collections coordinator, mtap research collections mary worrall, assistant curator, great lakes quilt center affiliates who regularly assist in carrying out responsibilities for mtap collections or activities : noel allende - goitia, ph. d., research associate, msum john beck, ph. d., adjunct curator and co - coordinator, \" our daily work, our daily lives \" program, labor education, msum eve boicourt, research associate, msum frank ettawegeshik, coordinator, native american arts initiative project, msum isaac kalumbu, ph. d., adjunct curator, msum ; assistant professor, ethnomusicology, peter knupfer, ph. d., associate director, matrix mark kornbluh, ph. d., professor of history, director, matrix barbara kreuger, research associate, msum ; michigan stained glass census diana n ' diaye, ph. d., folklife specialist, smithsonian institution center for folklife and cultural heritage deborah smith pollard, ph. d., associate professor, um, and adjunct curator, msum ; coordinator, \" lest we forget : detroit gospel legends \" project, msum and gpac justine richardson, matrix, associate researcher ray silverman, ph. d. ; adjunct curator, msum : professor, art history laurie k. sommers, ph. d. research associate, msum ; assistant professor, ethnomusicology at valdosta state university steve stier, research associate, msum ; michigan barn preservation network yvonne lockwood, ph. d., curator of folklife emeritus and these msu museum faculty and staff member who provide regular support : juan alvarez, curator of exhibitions jilda anthony, assistant to director in addition, mtap is supported by interns, volunteers, students, and contracted \u00a9 2003 michigan state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4346544945894294, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac1c4abc-1bd5-48ac-940f-6124805fe473>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.002627"}
{"text": "hypertension is a gateway to stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney disease. probably because of its interference with health, on average the life span of people with hypertension is five years shorter than that of people with normal blood pressure. hypertension directly leads to 60, 000 deaths a year and contributes to another 300, 000 deaths. quite naturally, if you \u2019 re working to control it, you \u2019 re burdened with concerns. you must reprogram your eating and exercise habits and begin a regimen of one or more pills a day, pills which may be expensive. spanish researchers uncovered another hidden burden associated with high blood pressure : its effect on survival after both admission and readmission to hospitals. over a 10 - month period, they studied 1, 007 men and women admitted to a hospital for any heart - related problem, including chest pain, fainting, heart attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and pericarditis. in this group of patients, 69 % had pre - existing hypertension before being admitted. at the end of one year, 17 % of those with high blood pressure were dead compared to only 9 % of those with normal blood pressure. patients rehospitalized for a cardiac problem had similar outcomes : 31 % with pre - existing high blood pressure died within a year compared to only 18 % with normal blood pressure. there are many things you can do to keep your hypertension under control and even prevent the condition from developing. here are the recommendations of the national heart, lung, and blood institute ; the centers for disease control and prevention ; and the american heart association : achieve & maintain a healthy weight for your height. eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. limit sodium intake to under 2, 300 milligrams ( one teaspoon ) a day. get plenty of potassium ( 4, 700 milligrams ) a day. drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. monitor your blood pressure regularly, and work with your doctor to keep it in a healthy range. from harvard medical school healthbeat june 7, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4319634933057479, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f778f3cd-1630-4fe4-a28e-b32cede07076>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.004806"}
{"text": "english form of latin io ( h ) annes, new testament greek ioannes, a contracted form of the hebrew name johanan \u2018 god is gracious \u2019 ( the name of several different characters in the old testament, including one of king david ' s \u2018 mighty men \u2019 ). john is the spelling used in the authorized version of the new testament. the name is of great importance in early christianity : it was borne by john the baptist ( the precursor of christ himself, who baptized sinners in the river jordan ), by one of christ ' s disciples ( john the apostle, a fisherman, brother of james ), and by the author of the fourth gospel ( john the evangelist, identified in christian tradition with the apostle, but more probably a greek - speaking jewish christian living over half a century later ). the name was also borne by many saints and by twenty - three popes, including john xxiii ( giuseppe roncalli, 1881 \u2013 1963 ), whose popularity was yet another factor influencing people to choose this given name. it was also a royal name, being borne by eight byzantine emperors and by kings of hungary, poland, portugal, france, and elsewhere. among numerous bearers of note in recent times have been american president john f. kennedy ( 1917 \u2013 63 ) and british pop singer john lennon ( 1940 \u2013 80 ). in its various forms in different languages, it has been the most perennially popular of all christian names.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45608876552456895, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba4c2910-d36b-45c0-ba3e-8893cc189bdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.006245"}
{"text": "a blue view is a weekly perspective on the life aquatic, hosted by national aquarium ceo john racanelli. from the smallest plants and animals invisible to the human eye to entire ecosystems, every living thing depends on and is intricately linked by water. tune in to 88. 1 wypr every tuesday at 5 : 45 p. m. as john brings to the surface important issues and fascinating discoveries making waves in the world today. october 16 : clean water act this year marks the 40th anniversary of the federal water pollution control act, or clean water act, the nation \u2019 s law for protecting our most irreplaceable resource. in 1972, in the midst of a national concern about untreated sewage, industrial and toxic discharges, destruction of wetlands, and contaminated runoff, this principal law was passed to protect the country \u2019 s waters. the act set a national goal, \u201c to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation \u2019 s waters, \u201d with interim goals that all waters be fishable and swimmable where possible. arguably, no environmental legislation has had as much of an influence on our daily lives and health. thanks to the clean water act, huge strides have been made to protect our health and the health of the environment. want to help protect your local waterways and manage water supply? here are some easy tips to help :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47649742966892455, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e3dd394-0d16-4a07-b06f-a79457f0c01a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.007780"}
{"text": "high - resolution radar as well as hyperspectral optical imagery was acquired during flights across two test areas in southern tunisia. meanwhile ground teams precisely documented ground vegetation and terrain at sampling sites within these test areas, with samples taken to local laboratories for detailed analysis. and esa ' s envisat, ers - 2 and proba satellites acquired images of these sites around the same time. the aim was to scale up the findings from the ground, and at the same time to use this ' ground truth ' to calibrate satellite imagery with reality on the sandy arid ground as well as seeing what can be learnt about the water beneath it. the sahara has altered through the ages : during the last ice age, 10 000 years ago, there was savannah here with rivers, lakes and plentiful rains. that landscape has vanished now, but the rains from that period progressively percolated beneath the ground to be collected in layers of water - bearing rock known as aquifers. this ' fossil water ' is today used in north african nations for irrigating agriculture and to support population growth. it is a valuable resource but also a non - renewable one - distributed across national boundaries - which requires careful management to be employed in a sustainable way. over - exploitation risks exhaustion of groundwater, plus loss of artesian pressure to put remaining supplies out of reach or induce contamination from nearby saline water deposits. working with partners including african water agencies, esa has commenced a project called aquifer to develop satellite - derived products and services to suppo contact : mariangela d ' acunto european space agency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4972876518344023, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f86c47d0-e6c1-45f7-9846-e83cc1e11e19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.010459"}
{"text": "new evidence indicates that the loss of two types of brain cells - - not just one as previously thought - - may trigger the onset of symptoms associated with parkinson ' s disease. the evidence, based on mouse models, shows a link between the loss of both norepinephrine and dopamine neurons and the delayed onset of symptoms associated with parkinson ' s disease. it was originally thought that the loss of only dopamine neurons triggered symptoms. dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for coordinating movement. results of the study by emory scientists, along with the university of georgia, will appear in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, early edition online during the week of aug. 13 - 17 and in the aug. 21 print edition. the research was conducted by karen rommelfanger, graduate student in the laboratory of david weinshenker, phd, assistant professor of human genetics in emory university school of medicine and gary miller, phd, associate professor in emory ' s rollins school of public health. the team also included gaylen edwards and kimberly freeman at the university of georgia. parkinson ' s disease affects motor coordination and is characterized by symptoms such as tremors of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face ; rigidity or stiffness of limbs and trunk ; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement ; and postural instability. the disease most often occurs in those over 50. \" people don ' t start showing symptoms of parkinson ' s disease until about 80 percent of their dopamine neurons are gone, which is when you cross some sort of threshold. our study looked at what happens while the dopamine neurons are dying and people still appear fine, says dr. weinshenker. \" the lack of symptoms until the death of most of the dopamine neurons suggested the existence of a system that can temporarily compensate for the loss of the dopamine. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4924906847019054, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0f9090d-9b90-4e84-aa84-a8eee6951fc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.012543"}
{"text": "are you lost on your bike? fear not! the vibrobelt could send you in the right direction. this smart belt will send subtle vibrations to guide bicyclists to their destinations. the vibrobelt was developed by haska steltenpohl and anders bouwer in the intelligent systems lab at the university of amsterdam. their goal was to find a way to gently steer bicyclists to a location so they avoid being dangerously distracted by visual maps, gps screens or smartphones. worn around the waist, the vibrobelt gives waypoint, distance and endpoint information using directional tactile cues, according to its creators. the belt works by taking information about the route and translating it into unique buzzes that indicate where the bicyclist should go. for example, the vibration for going left is different from the one for going straight. when the two researchers tested the belt against a gps screen on a group of 20 volunteers who were taking unfamiliar routes, they found that everyone made it to their destinations just fine. however, the volunteers who used the vibrobelt were able to navigate more quickly, remembered the route they took and could recall landmarks along it better. paul marks, writing for new scientist, called the vibrobelt \u201c satnav for your waist. \u201d bouwer and steltenpohl plan to refine their system and their paper about the vibrobelt was accepted for the international conference on intelligent user interfaces, which takes place in santa monica next month. wonder if they considered a smart bicycle seat cover. although something like that might end up being a bit too, um, distracting. credit : richard masoner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5116409923029476, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cc601ac-bd36-4c10-874f-3b13f618ac9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.015656"}
{"text": "new hurricane - forecast tool debuts ( and just in time ) for national geographic news | april 20, 2005 | with another active hurricane season expected in a few months, meteorologists and insurance companies will have a new forecasting tool to help them predict whether late - season storms will again batter the u. s. coastline. researchers at england ' s university college london have devised a computer model that uses data from midsummer winds to predict the likelihood of hurricanes striking the united states later in the season. the model was created by scientists at the college ' s benfield hazard research centre. the center is sponsored by benfield, a london - based reinsurance company that is one of the world ' s largest. the new model could get a real workout right from the start. forecasters think a ten - year trend of active hurricane seasons will continue this summer. william gray, a pioneer in long - range hurricane forecasting who is based at colorado state university, thinks seven hurricanes will form in the atlantic basin this year. ( the region includes the caribbean and the gulf of mexico. ) the professor of atmospheric science predicts that three of those storms will be major ones, with winds exceeding 111 miles an hour ( 179 kilometers an hour ). gray believes there ' s a better - than - even chance that one of those intense hurricanes will make landfall somewhere on the u. s. east coast. gray also thinks the u. s. gulf coast faces a higher - than - usual risk of taking a hit from a major hurricane, although not as high as the atlantic coast. hurricane season runs from june 1 to november 30. the computer model developed by university college london researchers analyzes data from july wind patterns from sea level up to about 25, 000 feet ( about 7, 500 meters ). the model predicts whether the winds are forming \" steering currents. \" such currents would guide hurricanes to the u. s. shores from august through october, when most storms form. last summer those steering currents helped shove five hurricanes ashorefour in florida and one in north carolina. during some hurricane seasons, however, the wind currents tend to push storms away from u. s. shores. the data for the new computer modelwhich is described in the latest issue of the science journal natureis based on july wind patterns from 1950 to 2004. mark saunders, a research climate physicist at university college london, said the computer model is a \" breakthrough \" in hurricane forecasting that could help the insurance industry minimize financial loses during hurricane season. \" it reduces the financial risk and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5007205417430487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e4bca41-59b0-44d5-9c55-7926416a8de8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.022266"}
{"text": "from 1950 to 2004. mark saunders, a research climate physicist at university college london, said the computer model is a \" breakthrough \" in hurricane forecasting that could help the insurance industry minimize financial loses during hurricane season. \" it reduces the financial risk and uncertainty of the hurricane season as a whole, \" saunders said. insurance companies paid out 23 billion dollars ( u. s. ) in u. s. damage claims because of the 2004 hurricane season. this year they face the prospect of covering billions of dollars ' worth of new claims if more hurricanes come roaring off the ocean this summer. since 1950 the annual cost of u. s. hurricane damage, adjusted for today ' s inflation, has averaged about 5. 6 billion dollars ( u. s. ). saunders developed the computer forecasting model with his colleague, adam lea. saunders said their model has a 74 percent accuracy rate in predicting whether a hurricane will make landfall in the u. s. the model does not predict where hurricanes are likely to strike, however. still, even knowing that a hurricane landfall is likely somewhere in the united states could give insurers enough warning to protect themselves from a potentially staggering financial hit. if a busy peak season is expected, insurance companies could reduce their possible losses by taking out their own reinsurance with other companies specializing in that kind of coverage, saunders said. reinsurance is the coverage that insurers buy for their own protection. this reinsurance would help insurers pay out hurricane damage claims, if necessary. many residents of florida are scrambling to upgrade the storm protection of their homes, even as they dig a little deeper into their pockets to pay increased insurance premiums. public officials in monroe county, which includes the florida keys, had mixed reactions to news of the new hurricane - forecasting tool. none of last season ' s storms struck the keys. but the slender, low - lying islands off the southern tip of the florida peninsula have been raked by some of the most devastating storms on record, including hurricane donna in 1960 and powerful unnamed hurricanes in 1935 and 1919. irene toner, monroe county ' s emergency - management director, said the new forecasting tool could help public officials get ready for an active hurricane season. \" we are very open to any new programs out there, any new tools or new innovations that would help us with planning, \" toner said. \" of course we ' ll keep an eye on [ this forecasting model ]. we need to stay on top of innovations like this. especially after last year, we ' ll", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4411524554151096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e4bca41-59b0-44d5-9c55-7926416a8de8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.023436"}
{"text": "new innovations that would help us with planning, \" toner said. \" of course we ' ll keep an eye on [ this forecasting model ]. we need to stay on top of innovations like this. especially after last year, we ' ll welcome anything that ' s out there. \" toner ' s office is responsible for issuing evacuation orders for the keys. last summer the four hurricanes that struck florida threatened the keys, and each time monroe county officials ordered the islands evacuated. luckily for the keys, all four storms veered away and struck elsewhere. but toner said many monroe county business owners were angry, because the evacuations had cost them millions of dollars in lost income. \" people were not happy about it, \" she said. \" especially the tourist industry. they were very unhappy. \" but toner says emergency - management officials aren ' t trying to win popularity contests. the results could be catastrophic if they don ' t order an evacuation and a powerful hurricane blasts the keys. about 80, 000 people live in the keys and another 40, 000 tourists are likely to be visiting at any given time during the hurricane season. jeffrey pinkus, mayor of the keys city of marathon, said he realizes that the new computer forecasting model could help the insurance industry. but he said he doesn ' t see how it could help him and his staff. \" the work itself is impressive, but what good it will do us, i have no idea, \" he said. pinkus, who also is a building contractor, said the demand by keys residents for beefed up, protective hurricane shutters has been unusually heavy since last summer. normally workers can install the shutters two to three weeks after homeowners order them. but this year, the waiting time has been extended to eight to ten weeks, he said. willie drye is the author of storm of the century : the labor day hurricane of 1935, published by national geographic books. free e - mail news updates sign up for our inside national geographic newsletter. every two weeks we ' ll send you our top stories and pictures ( see sample ). | \u00a9 1996 - 2008 national geographic society. all rights reserved. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45230020432395956, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e4bca41-59b0-44d5-9c55-7926416a8de8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.024304"}
{"text": "if successful the new stem cell ( heart cell ) transplant method pioneered by the national heart centre ( nhc ), will help patients avoid the high - risk heart transplant and even eliminate the need for bypass procedures. the method involves taking stem cells from the patient \u2019 s heart, cultivating them in a special solution to differentiate them into heart muscle stem cells and then transplanting these differentiated cells back into the patient \u2019 s heart. while there is now a race to use stem cell therapy in the treatment of heart failure patients, most of the programmes are in their early phases. the nhc, with its pre - clinical study results that it claims are \u201c better than any other in the world \u201d and proprietary technology to manipulate the cells, thinks it has a good chance at early success. the nhc study has shown that heart pump action is significant in mice which have received the heart stem cells. a total of 43 patients undergoing heart bypass surgeries donated their heart stem cells for the project. \u201c these cells tend to be clever and can move by themselves by migration, and tend to move into areas that require them most, \u201d said dr wong. in the study, some 30 per cent of stem cells were converted into heart muscle cells under a patented method used by the nhc. this compares well against the few out of \u201c millions \u201d of whole stem cells poured into the heart used in conventional methods, the nhc said. another potential benefit of the nhc \u2019 s research is that a heart failure patient can harvest his own stem cells to be used for his own treatment \u2014 doing away with the need for immunosuppressants, or drugs that help a transplant patient cope with rejection of donor tissue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5002207688365247, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cdb7d69-203d-4a2e-bcbd-f0866cf36eec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.028764"}
{"text": "identifying time lags in the restoration of grassland butterfly communities : a multi - site assessment woodcock, b. a. ; bullock, j. m. ; mortimer, s. r. ; brereton, t. ; redhead, j. w. ; thomas, j. a. ; pywell, r. f.. 2012 identifying time lags in the restoration of grassland butterfly communities : a multi - site assessment. biological conservation, 155. 50 - 58. 10. 1016 / j. biocon. 2012. 05. 013full text not available from this repository. although grasslands are crucial habitats for european butterflies, large - scale declines in quality and area have devastated many species. grasslandrestoration can contribute to the recovery of butterfly populations, although there is a paucity of information on the long - term effects of management. using eight uk data sets ( 9 \u2013 21 years ), we investigate changes in restoration success for ( 1 ) arable reversion sites, were grassland was established on bare ground using seed mixtures, and ( 2 ) grassland enhancement sites, where degraded grasslands are restored by scrub removal followed by the re - instigation of cutting / grazing. we also assessed the importance of individual butterfly traits and ecological characteristics in determining colonisation times. consistent increases in restoration success over time were seen for arable reversion sites, with the most rapid rates of increase in restoration success seen over the first 10 years. for grasslands enhancement there were no consistent increases in restoration success over time. butterfly colonisation times were fastest for species with widespread host plants or where host plants established well during restoration. low mobility butterfly species took longer to colonise. we show that arable reversion is an effective tool for the management of butterflycommunities. we suggest that as restoration takes time to achieve, its use as a mitigation tool against future environmental change ( i. e. by decreasing isolation in fragmented landscapes ) needs to take into account such time lags. | programmes : | | ceh topics & objectives 2009 onwards > biodiversity | | ceh sections : | | ceh fellows | additional keywords : | | arable reversion, calcareous, grassland enhancement, mesotrophic, functional traits, recreation | | nora subject terms : | | ecology and environment | | date made live : | | 12 sep 2012 15 : 38 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4733813627422204, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4cc9b21b-9ac9-4733-b1e7-35a758cedd90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.033448"}
{"text": "etymologically speaking, the term flora and fauna was popularized by linnaeus in the mid 18th century, and means the plant and animal life of a particular religion. the words flora and fauna originate from deity names in the roman pantheon. flora is the goddess of flowering plants, whose feast day was celebrated at the end of april, and fauna is a goddess who is either the daughter, sister, or consort ( as bona dea ) of faunus, a sort of analog to the greek pan considered be a god of the woods and wild lands as well as prophecy. from a pagan perspective, knowing your flora and fauna is a two - fold idea \u2013 both knowing the plants and animals ( among other things ) of your land - base and knowing the flora and fauna ( whether or not there is actually a flora and fauna in your pantheon ) of your land base as well. once again, this gets back to the idea of loving where you live as an active devotion \u2013 of spiritual bioregionalism. every one of us lives in a unique ecosystem with a unique history. \u201d our individual ecosystem can strengthen us, can teach us, can shape us \u2026 if we let it. if we know how to talk to it \u2013 and more importantly, if we know how to listen to it. i \u2019 ve said it enough times that i think i \u2019 m a broken record on the subject, but part of being a witch is being part of one \u2019 s environment. that means knowing my local plants and animals, knowing where my water comes from, what my geography means for my weather patterns, what the natural and human history of my landbase is, and where my soil comes from. \u201d * you can \u2019 t be part of your environment without knowing your landbase \u2026 and you can \u2019 t know your landbase if you don \u2019 t know whom you share it with. maybe it seems like a daunting task \u2026 after all, there are 1. 3 million described species ( as of 2013 ), and ( perhaps ) an estimated 8. 7 million species in total. so start small, and close to home \u2026 who are your neighbors ( two legged, four legged, feathered, finned and leafy )? start in your backyard \u2013 learn the trees, the grasses, the \u201c weeds \u201d, wildflowers and shrubs, the birds and small mammals that visit, look for amphibians and reptiles, get to know your insects. once you have those down, learn your neighborhood, and then the parks and wild spaces where you live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49552771065990975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee05d813-f75d-461b-b5fe-c79acc10e4e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.038675"}
{"text": "some parts of this message have been removed. learn more about nabble ' s security policy. it is, then, with good reason that of all that remains, when we the constitution of every appropriate subject. for when a thing has knowledge, and attitude. the significance of all these is explained by then, though all irrelevant attributes of the said master, such as quality. this will be evident from particular instances, if we apply those who are disposed in some specific way have not in all cases should have a name that is derivative. for instance, the name given to in being more lasting and more firmly established. the various kinds annihilation of the perceptible involves that of perception. the words man, animal, are predicable of more than one subject. instance, of man or animal, our form of speech gives the that process is an object of knowledge, though it itself exists as perception also is annihilated, but perceptibles such as body, heat, obtains, always have an intermediate. thus disease and health are everything that is not substance. but one and the selfsame something, not the grammar of something ; similarly music is the other preposition used to indicate the relation. similarly blindness those who are disposed in some specific way have not in all cases made in the case of certain secondary substances. with regard to that that that which is healthy should become diseased, that which that which is beautiful may be more or less beautiful than some say that he is ill is false, to say that he is not ill is true. thus head is not defined as a particular hand or head of a particular is not reciprocally connected with that in relation to which it is whiteness are naturally present in the body, but it is not necessary the most distinctive mark of quantity is that equality and disposed in one way or another with reference to these, but quickly one and of the other. it is only in a few cases, however, that we yet this is not peculiar to substance, for it is also the case likewise the case if he does not exist ; for if he does not exist, to be applicable properly to injustice. so it is with all other no one is more truly substance than another. we should not give a more primary substance or present in a primary substance. this becomes constitutional blusher, nor is the man who becomes pale through fear we may therefore state that those things are said to be possessed of for suppose the correlative of the slave should be said to be the it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5928336188028861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6e1f57a-54b0-4c52-a344-290f163d7b70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.044982"}
{"text": "fortunee abadie is still haunted by the day in 1947 when mobs stormed the jewish quarter of the ancient syrian city of aleppo, shortly after the united nations vote that laid the groundwork for the creation of israel. aleppo, a city where jews and muslims had lived together for centuries, exploded with anti - jewish violence. mrs. abadie, now 88, remembers watching attackers burn prayer books, prayer shawls and other holy objects from the synagogue across the street. she heard the screams of neighbors as their homes were invaded. \" we thought we were going to be killed, \" she says. the family fled to nearby lebanon. mrs. abadie left behind all she had : clothes, furniture, photographs and even a small bottle of french perfume that she still misses, soir de paris \u2014 evening in paris. the abadie family ' s story is moving from the recesses of history to a newly prominent place in the debate over the future of the middle east. arab leaders have insisted for decades that palestinian refugees who fled their homes following israel ' s creation should be allowed to return to their former homes. now israeli officials are turning the tables, saying the hardships faced by several hundred thousand exiled arab jews, many forced from their homes, deserve as much attention as the plight of displaced palestinians. \" we are 64 years late, \" says danny ayalon, israel ' s deputy foreign minister. \" the refugee problem does not lie only on one side. \" mr. ayalon, whose father is an algerian jew, led a u. n. conference last month sponsored by israel and dubbed \" justice for jews from arab countries. \" before the establishment of israel in 1948, an estimated 850, 000 jews lived in the arab world. in countries across the middle east, there were flourishing jewish communities with their own synagogues, schools and communal institutions. life changed dramatically by 1948 as arab governments declared war on the newly created jewish state \u2014 and on the jews within their own borders. at the u. n., an egyptian delegate warned that the plan to partition palestine into two states, one for jews and one for palestinians, \" might endanger a million jews living in the muslim countries. \" arab jewish life before - and after - 1948 jews began fleeing \u2014 to israel, of course, but also to france, england, canada, brazil, australia, new zealand and the u. s. yemen was home to more than 55, 000 jews ; in aden, scores were killed in a vicious pogrom in 1947. an airlift dubbed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37547955381420317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38542846-f258-4d1c-9c03-98fea5550a3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.053951"}
{"text": "but also to france, england, canada, brazil, australia, new zealand and the u. s. yemen was home to more than 55, 000 jews ; in aden, scores were killed in a vicious pogrom in 1947. an airlift dubbed \" operation magic carpet \" relocated most yemenite jews to israel. in libya, once home to 38, 000 jews, the community was subjected to many brutal attacks over the years. in june 1967, there were anti - jewish rampages ; two jewish families were murdered \u2014 one family clubbed to death \u2014 and schools and synagogues were destroyed, says vivienne roumani, director of the documentary \" the last jews of libya. \" \" we were there for centuries, but there is no trace of jewish life, \" she says. among the jews forced out of their homes was my own egyptian - jewish family, departing on a rickety boat in the spring of 1963. egypt had once been home to 80, 000 jews. my parents, both cairenes whose stories i chronicled in two memoirs, were especially pained at leaving a country they loved, without being allowed to take money or assets. within 25 years, the arab world lost nearly all its jewish population. some faced expulsion, while others suffered such economic and social hardships they had no choice but to go. others left voluntarily because they longed to settle in israel. only about 4, 300 jews remain there today, mostly in morocco and tunisia, according to justice for jews from arab countries, a new york - based coalition of groups that also participated in the u. n. conference. many of the palestinians who fled israel wound up stranded in refugee camps. multiple u. n. agencies were created to help them, and billions of dollars in aid flowed their way. the arab jews, by contrast, were quietly absorbed by their new homes. \" the arab jews became phantoms \" whose stories were \" edited out \" of arab consciousness, says fouad ajami, a scholar of the middle east at stanford ' s hoover institution. \" we are talking about the claims of the palestinians, \" he says. \" fine, but there were 800, 000 arab jews, and they have a story to tell. \" palestinians bristle at the effort to equate the displacement of arab jews with their own grievances. hanan ashrawi, a member of the palestine liberation organization ' s executive committee, says mr. ayalon \" opened up a can of worms for political purposes \" with the u. n.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4132822038338169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38542846-f258-4d1c-9c03-98fea5550a3e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.055200"}
{"text": "arab jews with their own grievances. hanan ashrawi, a member of the palestine liberation organization ' s executive committee, says mr. ayalon \" opened up a can of worms for political purposes \" with the u. n. conference. she says that israeli officials are trying to use a \" forced and false analogy \u2026 to negate or question palestinian refugee rights. \" the palestinians, she says, \" have nothing to do with the plight of the jews or other minorities who left the arab world. \" still, dr. ashrawi recently proposed that arab jews should also have a \" right of return \" to the countries they left. at the u. n. conference, mr. ayalon called dr. ashrawi ' s suggestion to have jews return to arab countries \" totally ridiculous. \" mr. ayalon and the israeli government are pushing ahead with efforts to raise the profile of arab jews. israel has pledged to establish a national day in honor of arab jews and build a museum about their lost cultures. mr. ayalon has decided to make the arab - jewish refugees part of any negotiations, which has never been the case before. looking ahead to a settlement, he would like to see both palestinian and jewish refugees compensated by an international fund. meanwhile, the israeli ambassador to the u. n., ron prosor, has called on the u. n. to research the refugees ' history. mrs. abadie attended the conference with her son elie, now a physician and rabbi who leads congregation edmond j. safra, a manhattan synagogue attended by lebanese and syrian jews. until 1947, syria had an estimated 30, 000 jews living in aleppo and damascus. but like mrs. abadie, many departed in the wake of the violence that left 75 dead and synagogues in ruin. the abadies were refugees twice. after leaving aleppo, the family ended up in beirut, lebanon. for a time, life was good in the cosmopolitan city. but by 1970, the climate had turned hostile. armed militants appeared in the streets. rabbis, including elie ' s father, abraham, had their pictures posted in the city ' s mosques, identifying them as \" zionist - jewish leaders, \" an act the family took as a death threat. the abadies decided once again it was time to move. some jewish refugees, like sir ronald cohen, find hope in the new initiatives to call attention to arab jews. mr. cohen, a london - based businessman, was a student at a french catholic school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.419473073318525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38542846-f258-4d1c-9c03-98fea5550a3e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.056406"}
{"text": "osu ' s science & math investigative learning experiences ( smile ) is a partnership between the university and 14 oregon school districts - mostly rural, many with a high proportion of american indian and hispanic students - to provide science and math enrichment for underrepresented and other educationally underserved students in grades 4 - 12. since its launch in 1988, smile has served as a pathway for introducing thousands of students to science learning, moving many of them on to post - secondary education and careers in science. the program also offers workshops for teachers to build their science education skills. the program conducts a year - round schedule of activities designed to provide hands - on science experience, strengthen students ' knowledge, and raise their academic and career aspirations. osu resource faculty and smile program professional staff provide scientific and pedagogic expertise, access to equipment, mentoring, computer networking, teacher training, and administrative support ; the schools provide energetic students and dedicated teachers. ocean sciences programming is provided by the cooperative institute for oceanographic satellite studies ( cioss ), with noaa support, and by the college of earth, ocean and atmospheric sciences. an annual smile oceanography challenge, a day and a half long event in april on the campuses of osu and western oregon university, brings student teams together to solve an open - ended, community - based problem related to oceanography, challenging them to work together to gather data and create and present a plan to address the problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5035280834198927, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:070fed70-15bd-455f-a308-6e1bda1e7f76>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.059347"}
{"text": "enable india is an organization involved in empowering people with disabilities, to rehabilitate them and help them be self dependent by providing employment assistance. pankhudians at bangalore recently got an opportunity to get a good guidance from enable india on how to interact with and train the visually impaired. the presentation was given by ms. nandhini, ms. shantala and mr. santosh each of whom seem to be deeply committed and passionate about the cause for which they are working. the presentation started off with nandhini explaining us about the various technical terminologies related to the visually impaired and that it \u2019 s a myth that people with disabilities have any \u2018 sixth sense \u2019. we were told about the behavioral aspects of the visually impaired and how to deal with them. like for example \u2013 small children have various habits like poking their eyes, head banging, making shrill noises etc which can be a faux pas socially. in this case, the children should be advised not to do so or divert their habits to something socially acceptable. children with disability undergo mental trauma and generally have a low social interaction and to help them overcome this, we need to know a bit about their life history. it helps if we know their names and call them accordingly thus building a better rapport with them. we always need to have high expectations from them and let them be self dependent as much as possible. since they are devoid of the visual learning, which makes about 80 % of the total learning for the sighted people, they have to depend on the remaining senses. so, they should be taught with a feel and touch method. for example, you can get a live cat and make them feel it. then you can explain how to imagine a lion \u2013 which is a bigger cat. a toy of the lion shape may not work here, because that will make them imagine a wrong picture of a lion. this point was well driven to us by actually making us play a small blind - fold game! computer learning is important for the visually impaired because it is the easiest source of information it makes them independent. it is again a myth that these people cannot compete with the sighted ones in the fields such as it developer, system administrators, data entry operators etc. the feedback from the industry says that these people, with their extra hard work, can even outperform their sighted colleagues. also they seem to be loyal to their employer because they consider a job opportunity to be important and cannot hop jobs frequently. in order to make the training sessions to the children at srmab more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46052445965632743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ede52cbe-c084-4d86-b454-f0519b7c7e1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.068367"}
{"text": "transforming health care through personalized medicine it \u2019 s been nearly ten years since scientists completed the human genome project, sequencing all 3 billion dna letters of the human genome. while this was a groundbreaking feat, the biomedical community is now beginning to realize the promise of genomic transformation through an approach known as personalized medicine. penn state hershey is taking the next step forward in this important area of research and clinical care with its new institute for personalized medicine, which will use a multifaceted approach to understand the correlation among a person \u2019 s biologic framework, the environment in which he or she lives, disease predisposition, and treatment options. by pursuing translational research \u2014 the kind of research that directly applies the latest scientific technologies to a patient \u2019 s clinical condition \u2014 physicians and scientists can tailor health care to individual patients and help improve medical outcomes. understanding the genome the human genome is all of an individual \u2019 s dna - based information, including our genes, as well as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and dna for which no function has yet been established. with technology growing at such a rapid pace, many discoveries have been made and many more are on the horizon. knowledge of a person \u2019 s genome allows researchers to understand how their genetic make - up and metabolic profile affects his or her susceptibility to specific diseases or response to specific therapies. physicians can use this knowledge to outline predictive and preventive health strategies and to prescribe the right therapy for the right person at the right time. \u201c we now have a much more precise means of classifying and stratifying patients because we have much more information to accumulate on them, \u201d says james r. broach, ph. d., director, penn state hershey institute for personalized medicine and chair of the department of biochemistry and molecular biology. \u201c with that information we are now able to provide better correlations between patient outcome and the genetic and metabolic markers we can identify early on. \u201d \u201c we \u2019 re reaching a few tipping points in the development of biomedical research, \u201d adds daniel a. notterman, m. a., m. d., vice dean for research and graduate studies, professor of pediatrics, biochemistry and molecular biology, and associate vice president for health sciences research, penn state. \u201c one of those tipping points is that the costs for developing very large genomic and metabolomic data sets about an individual are rapidly decreasing. this is matched by a corresponding increase in computational power and the rapid adoption of electronic medical records. \u201d scientists expect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5223992386455529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd7863dc-4b3c-479d-b8cd-bd2c34e37288>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.080632"}
{"text": "one of those tipping points is that the costs for developing very large genomic and metabolomic data sets about an individual are rapidly decreasing. this is matched by a corresponding increase in computational power and the rapid adoption of electronic medical records. \u201d scientists expect that in the near future, the cost for sequencing the entire genome will be low enough that it will be practical to do this for all individuals. one of the institute \u2019 s major initiatives is to create a bio - repository to collect specimens such as blood or saliva from patients treated at penn state milton s. hershey medical center and its ambulatory practices. from this bio - repository and other data sources, the institute staff will use biologic and lifestyle information to correlate gene - environment interactions and connect this information with outcome data contained in the electronic medical record ( emr ). the advent of the emr is another tipping point in the development of personalized medicine. \u201c the bio - repository by itself is just a bank of samples. it becomes valuable when we can link it to a person \u2019 s emr, \u201d explains glenn s. gerhard, m. d., \u2019 86, professor, departments of biochemistry and molecular biology and pathology and laboratory medicine, and administrative director of the insititute \u2019 s bio - repository. \u201c that \u2019 s where you can put it in the context of what happened to them in clinical care and when it becomes an engine of discovery for personalized medicine. \u201d capturing this amount of biologic data for research purposes is a massive undertaking. beyond building the computational structure, there \u2019 s a need for computer scientists who must figure out how to analyze all this new data. \u201c new methods have to be developed from an informatics standpoint to analyze the data and to integrate all of it into clinical care using emrs, \u201d says gerhard. informatics, which refers to the technology necessary to store, compute, and retrieve both the biological and clinical data, will be a critical component in propelling personalized medicine to the forefront of health care. however, penn state has already committed to acquiring the technology and experts to fulfill its vision for personalized medicine. \u201c when it comes to the computational side of this, we have terrific computer engineers and some of the best bioinformatics in the world at university park, \u201d adds notterman. \u201c the scientific community is very excited about what this means to tailoring medicine to individuals. \u201d helping patients now personalized medicine will help provide the narrowest treatment focus for patients and to evaluate their risks for developing problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5010988074398514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd7863dc-4b3c-479d-b8cd-bd2c34e37288>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.082081"}
{"text": ", \u201d adds notterman. \u201c the scientific community is very excited about what this means to tailoring medicine to individuals. \u201d helping patients now personalized medicine will help provide the narrowest treatment focus for patients and to evaluate their risks for developing problems such as cardiovascular disease, dementia, autism, diabetes, and obesity. for some patients, there may be some immediate benefits to this undertaking. personalized medicine is already producing remarkable results for cancer patients, and in particular, melanoma. in the past, patients who had melanoma that had already metastasized rarely responded to chemotherapy. scientists discovered one specific change in a particular protein, b - raf, which was driving the growth of the tumor. a drug was developed to inhibit that hyperactive protein. \u201c it has been an important advance. people on their deathbeds are showing a significant response, although cure remains elusive. \u201d says broach. \u201c however, if you don \u2019 t have this mutation, it won \u2019 t work, and it may even be harmful, \u201d adds notterman. this is where genome sequencing and genotyping play such vital roles. by simply knowing the genotype \u2013 or particular genetic traits \u2013 of the patients or the tumor, clinicians are able to recommend more targeted treatment plans. for example, carla gallagher, ph. d., assistant professor in the department of public health sciences is currently collaborating with philip lazarus, ph. d., and joshua e. muscat, ph. d., m. p. h., from penn state hershey cancer institute. they are studying how genetic variations affect cancer risk and their treatment plans. \u201c we study a family of genes, known as ugts, that detoxify carcinogens and metabolize the treatment drugs, \u201d explains gallagher. \u201c by identifying people who have a particular genotype for developing cancer, we can develop a personalized approach to intervention through more frequent screenings and other preventative programs. \u201d \u201c another way we \u2019 re trying to personalize care is by reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy. we \u2019 re all different, and the way our bodies handle medicine is different, \u201d says wafik el - deiry, m. d., ph. d., f. a. c. p., rose dunlap division chair in hematology / oncology, associate director for translational research, cancer institute, and associate director for clinical translation in the new institute for personalized medicine. \u201c within our clinics, we are carefully", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.474758414001376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd7863dc-4b3c-479d-b8cd-bd2c34e37288>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.085123"}
{"text": "p., rose dunlap division chair in hematology / oncology, associate director for translational research, cancer institute, and associate director for clinical translation in the new institute for personalized medicine. \u201c within our clinics, we are carefully monitoring care. without knowing a person \u2019 s genetic variation, we can give too little or too much of a dose. \u201d however, through personalized medicine, researchers and clinicians can determine how an individual is metabolizing a drug and thus determine a far more accurate dosage. this not only reduces the toxicity, but maximizes the benefits of anti - cancer therapy. knowing what kind of drugs will work on specific tumor mutations is an insight that could make clinical trials more effective and less costly. according to el - deiry, \u201c if only 10 percent of new patients respond to a drug in a clinical trial, then that may not be an exciting thing. however, if we knew ahead of time which tumor would respond to this drug, the trial could be much more selective in who enters it and the results would more efficiently bring forward the most effective drugs. \u201d in fact, gallagher is also working with elliot epner, m. d., ph. d., on a clinical trial for the cancer treatment saha, which is fda - approved to treat cutaneous t - cell lymphoma and is in clinical trials to treat many other types of cancer. \u201c we know that if people have a particular genotype, they cannot metabolize saha. we are measuring levels of drug metabolites in patients to see if the genotype affects the response, \u201d gallagher says. this tailored approach to medicine is not just touching patients with cancer. the blood - thinning drug, coumadin, is used to treat patients with blot clots. in the past, it was difficult to prescribe the right dosage. often, patients would experience excessive bleeding or develop another blood clot. \u201c recently, the fda, in its label, began recommending doing a genotype of the patient to learn how quickly they metabolize the drug. you can demonstrate that this decreases their chance of being readmitted to the hospital, \u201d explains notterman. the original science that led to this discovery goes back to an article by penn state hershey \u2019 s elliott s. vesell, m. d, sc. d., founding chair of the department of pharmacology. ( see story at the end of this post. ) \u2013 by dawn costantini", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44128866731494165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd7863dc-4b3c-479d-b8cd-bd2c34e37288>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.087313"}
{"text": "by penn state hershey \u2019 s elliott s. vesell, m. d, sc. d., founding chair of the department of pharmacology. ( see story at the end of this post. ) \u2013 by dawn costantini from the beginning even in its infancy, penn state college of medicine recruited the best minds in medicine and research. in 1968, college leadership recruited a young harvard graduate, elliot s. vesell, m. d, sc. d., to serve as the founding chair of the department of pharmacology \u2013 a role he kept for thirty - two years. his internationally recognized work in human twin studies, which led to seminal papers assessing the role of genetic factors in contributing to large individual variations in drug response, was critical in establishing the scientific field of what has become known as pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. \u201c these studies showed that the pharmacokinetic variations in unrelated people were prominent, but if you had the same drug levels in the blood or serum, your response to the drug was very similar, \u201d vesell explains. \u201c so the idea was to overcome these pharmacokinetic differences by giving individuals different doses at different intervals to make the levels in the blood more alike. \u201d this idea is now used in practice when prescribing doses for drugs like coumadin. at the same time, vesell was studying environmental factors, such as age and other drugs, and saw that they could impact and change an individual \u2019 s genetic effect. it was vesell \u2019 s work, in part, that laid the foundation for personalized medicine. \u201c personalized medicine is an easy thing to say, but it \u2019 s a big challenge to bring about, \u201d says vesell. \u201c that \u2019 s why we need an institute. \u201d vesell remains active in his work as he continues to write reviews and collaborate with other pioneers in his field. he \u2019 s written 355 scientific papers throughout his career. \u201c i \u2019 m still inspired by the vision and the ideas of this medical school, which are far ahead of the pack in terms of medical education, \u201d he says. \u201c it inspires me to think of the future, because the future holds so much promise. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48297447063282245, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd7863dc-4b3c-479d-b8cd-bd2c34e37288>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.088229"}
{"text": "filamentary structures in our milky way galaxy are apparent at large scales ( as shown in this planck image, on the right ) and small scales ( as seen in the herschel image on the left ). this planck image, covering a portion of the sky about 55 degrees in total extent, was obtained by the planck high frequency instrument at a frequency of 857 gigahertz ( corresponding to a wavelength of 350 micrometers ). the bright horizontal band corresponds to the plane of our spiral galaxy, which is seen in cross - section from our vantage point. the colors in the planck images represent the intensity of heat radiation by dust. this planck image was obtained during the first planck all - sky survey, which began in mid - august 2009. by mid - march 2010, more than 98 percent of the sky had been observed. the second sky scan is underway, but, because of the way planck surveys the sky, the first scan won ' t be 100 percent complete until late - may 2010. planck is a european space agency mission, with significant participation from nasa. nasa ' s planck project office is based at jpl. jpl contributed mission - enabling technology for both of planck ' s science instruments. european, canadian, u. s. and nasa planck scientists will work together to analyze the planck data. more information is online at http : / / www. nasa. gov / planck and http : / / www. esa. int / planck.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6015320443537578, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47a9584f-4f7d-48cd-99b0-46962a4c0f49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.090513"}
{"text": "if you take a bunch of random particles and put them together, why should a pole form on each side of this collection? some particles already have a magnetic field. many particles are polar, such that they will orient themselves in a magnetic field. if you jumble them all together, they will self align, and eventually one strong field will be externally detectable even though their individual fields were small and unorganized at the start. perform this experiment : drop a bunch of magnetic powder and dirt into a bag. shake vigorously. what is the resulting clump ' s magnetic signature? is it in practice possible to create a device capable of canceling the earth ' s magnetic field in a region the size of the north sea? no. what you want is a helmholtz coil, adjusted electronically to react to the earth ' s changing field. however, the area of the field required, even though it would be relatively low magnetic force, would require entirely too much energy to be practical. further, an ideal helmholtz coil, where the field is uniformly 0 everywhere inside the coils, requires essentially a cubic structure. the north sea is 970 km long, and thus the coils would need to be 970km in diameter, vertically oriented, buried a significant portion of that depth into the ground on either side of the north sea. further, it would really mess up the compasses of people traveling anywhere near the coils, not to mention other animals that appear to depend on magnetic fields, such as some migrating birds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5494866147714629, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a7c8f9-ece0-406d-acf3-3311fe68c27b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.092916"}
{"text": "table - top test targets quantum foam nov 29, 2012 15 comments one of the biggest challenges in physics \u2013 finding evidence for quantum gravity \u2013 could be tackled using a simple table - top experiment, according to jacob bekenstein from the hebrew university of jerusalem. bekenstein, who is best known for studying the thermal properties of black holes, has come up with an interesting new proposal for using single photons to probe what is known as \" quantum foam \". the foam, which was introduced in 1955 by the us physicist john wheeler, is believed to exist on length scales so small that quantum fluctuations affect space \u2013 time. bekenstein ' s proposal is the latest effort in the quest to understand how quantum mechanics can be unified with einstein ' s general theory of relativity \u2013 a problem that has eluded physicists since they first began to understand the quantum and relativistic worlds in the early 20th century. one of the main reasons why physicists have struggled with developing a theory of quantum gravity is a complete lack of experimental evidence. the problem is that the effects of quantum gravity are only expected to be measurable over extremely small distances. some theories of quantum gravity suggest that experiments must probe distances smaller than the planck length, which is 1. 61 \u00d7 10 \u2013 35 m. probing this scale using an accelerator would involve colliding particles at enormous energies of more than 1016 tev. this would be well beyond the capabilities of the large hadron collider, which has a maximum collision energy of 14 tev, or indeed of any conceivable future collider. bekenstein ' s proposal, in contrast, is much more modest ; he says it could be done in a small physics lab mostly using existing equipment. photons at the ready the experiment would involve firing single photons at a piece of glass or crystal, suspended by a tiny thread. when the photon moves from the vacuum into the material, it loses speed because the material has a higher refractive index than that of the vacuum. the result is that a tiny amount of momentum is transferred to the material, causing it to move an extremely small distance. in the case of a blue photon with a wavelength of 445 nm, bekenstein says it would cause a 150 mg piece of high - lead glass to deflect by about 2 \u00d7 10 \u2013 35 m, which is on a par with the planck length. the bottom line is that if a photon is detected on the other side of the material, it means the mass was deflected by a distance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6565794040799067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c43d7f3a-b1d6-4607-8053-534f6b355ede>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.100454"}
{"text": "hugh pickens writes writes \" the ny times reports that carson c. chow, an mit trained mathematician and physicist, has taken a new look at america ' s obesity epidemic and found that a food glut is behind america \u2019 s weight problem with the national obesity rate jumping from 20 percent to over 30 percent since 1970. \" beginning in the 1970s, there was a change in national agricultural policy. instead of the government paying farmers not to engage in full production, as was the practice, they were encouraged to grow as much food as they could, \" says chow. \" with such a huge food supply, food marketing got better and restaurants got cheaper. the low cost of food fueled the growth of the fast - food industry. if food were expensive, you couldn \u2019 t have fast food. \" chow and mathematical physiologist, kevin hall created a math model of a human with hundreds of equations, boiled it down to one simple equation, and then plugged in all the variables \u2014 height, weight, food intake, exercise. the slimmed - down equation proved to be a useful platform for answering a host of questions. for example, the conventional wisdom of 3, 500 calories less is what it takes to lose a pound of weight is wrong because the body changes as you lose. the fatter you get, the easier it is to gain weight so an extra 10 calories a day puts more weight onto an obese person than on a thinner one. another finding : huge variations in your daily food intake will not cause variations in weight, as long as your average food intake over a year is about the same. unfortunately another finding is that weight change, up or down, takes a very, very long time. all diets work but the reaction time is really slow : on the order of a year. chow has posted an interactive version of the model on the web where people can plug in their information and learn how much they \u2019 ll need to reduce their intake and increase their activity to lose. \" there \u2019 s no magic bullet on this. you simply have to cut calories and be vigilant for the rest of your life. \" \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490220253035176, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:285fc1af-2e6d-4c8d-ac43-f4a0a4cbda8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.106438"}
{"text": "the living constitution, by david a. strauss, oxford university press, 150 pages, $ 21. 95 the will of the people : how public opinion has influenced the supreme court and shaped the meaning of the constitution, by barry friedman, farrar, straus and giroux, 614 pages, $ 35. 00 everybody knows the supreme court is powerful and important, but why should it be? the nine justices on the court are not elected to their positions, are not accountable to the public, and can keep on serving and making decisions long after the president who appointed them has retired. what explains the role of the court in our society, and what justifies its power? two new books address these questions, but in different ways. the first, david strauss ' the living constitution, is a succinct attack on \" originalism. \" this is the idea ( or ideology ) that the duty of judges, in a constitutional case, is to try to ferret out what the constitution meant to the people who drafted it, at the time that they drafted it, and absolutely nothing more. you can make a theoretical case for originalism, but you cannot make a practical case. for one thing, it is not so easy to divine what the constitution meant when it was written. for another, a true originalist ( if there are any ) would have to dump overboard almost all of modern constitutional law, including brown v. board of education, all of the decisions on sex discrimination, all the decisions about the right to privacy, and just about everything else in the canon. there is no way to deduce most of the modern rulings on human rights or the powers of congress or the states from the words of the text as it was understood in the late 18th century ( or as the 14th amendment was understood in the 1860s ). originalism is thus both empty and incoherent. but if we come to that conclusion, and admit that true originalism would have disastrous consequences, where does that leave us? once we abandon what we might consider a kind of constitutional creationism and opt for an evolutionary approach to the constitution - - the doctrine of the \" living constitution \" - - where are we morally and politically? how can we justify an evolving constitution? this is a question that has bothered a number of constitutional scholars ( though probably very few ordinary citizens ). the problem, as some see it, is that the living constitution is undemocratic. the concept vests far too much power in the justices of the supreme court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940766756343704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfac6027-4aa6-4a81-9183-27aada8153c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.123550"}
{"text": "has bothered a number of constitutional scholars ( though probably very few ordinary citizens ). the problem, as some see it, is that the living constitution is undemocratic. the concept vests far too much power in the justices of the supreme court. as i said, nobody elected them ; they serve for life, and nowadays they live a long time. if we have a \" living constitution, \" doesn ' t this mean that the justices simply make up new rules as they go along? but no, not at all, according to strauss. constitutional law is far from the arbitrary will of the justices ; rather, it is built up slowly and incrementally ; it grows the way the common law has grown, inch by inch, case by case. each generation builds on the \" accumulated wisdom of previous generations. \" constitutional law evolves, but not randomly or whimsically ; it changes as society changes and never ( or almost never ) abruptly. many, if not most, of the novelties that the court reads into the constitution have already become socially accepted or are shortly going to be. its rulings on race and sex discrimination are perfect examples. this is the central thesis of strauss ' book - - and a politically fraught thesis it is. \" originalism \" has become a code word for a right - wing reading of the constitution. nobody is really a thorough - going originalist ( it is simply not possible ). but the right wing demands \" strict construction, \" insists on adherence to the original understanding, and continually denounces \" liberal activist \" judges. such justices as antonin scalia and john roberts are as activist as the liberals, if not more so. but this point is conveniently ignored. right - wing insistence on \" strict construction \" has so bamboozled the public that no prospective justice can even hope to get senate confirmation without mouthing pious platitudes about objectivity and adherence to a traditional canon that nobody in congress ( or the academy ) really believes. and probably nobody on the bench, for that matter. in fact, there is no practical alternative to the \" common law constitution. \" the actual constitution, the one under glass in the national archives, is hard to amend and has rarely been amended - - formally at least. it is the supreme court that continually amends it and keeps the grand old thing up to date. strauss is a liberal, and his book is clearly meant to defend the supreme court and its works. is his defense a shade too pat? in the late", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5030742722909924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfac6027-4aa6-4a81-9183-27aada8153c5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.125116"}
{"text": "is the supreme court that continually amends it and keeps the grand old thing up to date. strauss is a liberal, and his book is clearly meant to defend the supreme court and its works. is his defense a shade too pat? in the late 19th century and well into the 20th, progressives decried ( with good cause ) the \" activist \" court of that day for striking down social and labor legislation, while conservatives at that time proudly defended the justices for making bold decisions that warded off radicalism and reaffirmed the old economic values. today ' s progressives, who otherwise embrace the living constitution, nonetheless become \" originalists \" when it suits them - - notably with regard to the meaning of the second amendment. after all, they say, the framers were talking only about state militias, not about the right of private citizens to make arsenals out of their homes, carry guns into starbucks, and buy machine guns ( which hadn ' t been invented yet ). people tend to approve of an evolving constitution mainly when it evolves in the direction they want it to go. if a president john mccain had put two more scalia clones on the court, progressives would become desperately unhappy about the power and activism of the court. and with good reason. strauss ' book is not a historical treatment of the supreme court. true, it describes the work of the court in evolutionary terms. but it leaves off telling the detailed story of how constitutional doctrine evolved against the backdrop of american history. barry friedman ' s the will of the people does that job. it is a sizeable book, rich in details, and remarkably comprehensive, despite a few lapses and inaccuracies. friedman ' s account of the long, slow struggle of the court for acceptance and recognition reminds us that this was not at first a sure thing. the court faced bitter criticism in the 19th century and sometimes outright defiance. georgia, for example, simply ignored the court when the justices tried to protect the rights of the cherokees. but the court slowly became an almost sacred institution, so that even such lapses as the dred scott case, such ( apparently ) unpopular holdings as the ban on school prayer, and such rancidly political decisions as bush v. gore have not impaired its position in the eyes of the public. although people may hate this or that decision, they treat the court as something holy, something untouchable. why should this be so? mostly, according to friedman ' s argument, because the court never strays too far from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5018998491838247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfac6027-4aa6-4a81-9183-27aada8153c5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.126324"}
{"text": "of the public. although people may hate this or that decision, they treat the court as something holy, something untouchable. why should this be so? mostly, according to friedman ' s argument, because the court never strays too far from public opinion. to be sure, the justices are hardly experts on gauging public opinion, and they have no power to predict how it will change. the rants against brown v. board of education died down and are now ancient history, while the rants against roe v. wade remain as strong as ever. but, says friedman, what history shows is not that decisions are always \" in line with popular opinion \" but that public opinion and the court ' s doctrines \" come into line with one another over time. \" supreme court doctrine on abortion, he argues, has become congruent with general public opinion on the subject, though not everyone would agree. strauss has written a brief for the court, and a rather good one, whether or not we agree with him. friedman ' s book is not intended to be a brief but an analysis instead of the complex social, historical, and political context in which the court does its work. in a way, however, his book is also a brief. he says there is no need to fear the court ( or to praise it inordinately ) ; it does what it does, and in the end, everything comes out all right, or at least comes out nicely in line with public opinion. this too strikes me as a shade too pat. for one thing, public opinion is not easy to define or to measure. there are many different publics and many different opinions at any given time. even if both authors are right that the court does fine in the long run, they fail to recognize how much short - term damage or good it can do. the court ' s decision to give the presidency to george w. bush was a disaster with grave consequences. yet the court also gave us brown v. board, which, despite the doubts of some scholars, did accomplish a great deal - - slowly and partially perhaps, and with many stumbles along the way. but it is hard to imagine the modern world of race relations without it. at times, when the machinery of the country is stalled, the court can jump - start the batteries. or help to. the court is supposed to protect minority rights, although it tends to lose its appetite for this role if the minority is unpopular enough ( communists, for example, during the mccarthy period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522652707038743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfac6027-4aa6-4a81-9183-27aada8153c5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.127437"}
{"text": "stalled, the court can jump - start the batteries. or help to. the court is supposed to protect minority rights, although it tends to lose its appetite for this role if the minority is unpopular enough ( communists, for example, during the mccarthy period ). in that case, and in many other instances, we can fault the court for sticking too closely to public opinion. it also makes a difference what sort of public opinion we are talking about. in general, the court ' s antennae are most sensitive to elite national opinion, not mass opinion - - for example, on the teaching of \" creation science \" or on flag - burning as a form of symbolic speech. in the supreme court and the american elite, 1789 - 2008 ( see \" how supreme a court? \" april 2009 ), lucas a. powe jr. spells out this position, arguing that the court has identified with and served \" ruling political coalitions. \" and though not true in every instance, that conclusion seems generally correct. where does all this leave us? law, like life, is messy and complicated. although the supreme court has changed kaleidoscopically over the years, its position in public opinion has consistently grown stronger. as friedman shows, the many proposals to curb the court, strip it of jurisdiction, or punish it for bad decisions have usually gotten nowhere. is this because the court is shrewd enough to avoid crossing some invisible line? nobody really knows. both of these authors seem to tell us that the court does a good job overall and in the long run. it is a little scary, though, to think that in certain short - run but crucial instances, justice and liberty stand or fall on the slim basis of five votes against four. you need to be logged in to comment. ( if there ' s one thing we know about comment trolls, it ' s that they ' re lazy )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5186912489829062, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfac6027-4aa6-4a81-9183-27aada8153c5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.128214"}
{"text": "monday, october 22, 2012 however, the only real experts are the youth themselves. to prove this point i recently asked a group of youth workers what the following youth culture slang meant, they didn ' t get any right. lets see how you do : is it a new product from apple corporation? nope : this phrase indicates the time delay of time from when the light turns green and the movement of the car because someone is looking down while using their phone. interestingly enough as our world becomes more digital how certain phrases that we use become out of date. in this case, if you were having a traditional conversation with someone and they gave you shocking news you might say that you were speechless. however you can ' t be speechless where no speech is involved. hence in a text message or online conversation you would be \" typeless \". if someone takes something of value from a store it is called shoplifting. however, what is is called if you leave something of value in a store or a public place? i guess it is called droplifting. apparently some youth use techniques such as this to promote their cd ' s and art is public places. to truthenize someone is to use \" truth \" to destroy someone ' s self image. it is hurtful truth. this is a phrase i hear way to often. it is an acronym describing a lifestyle philosophy akin to \" an apple a day keeps the doctor away \" however this is much less health : swed stands for smoke weed every day. with the idea that you shouldn ' t be held down to the ideals of society against weed as a drug. yolo is another acronym meaning : you only live once and while it can be used to describe a healthy motivation, it generally is used as a defense for teens risky behavior such as excessive drinking. for me, i don ' t generally try to add words like this to my vocabulary, as kids would recognize it as not being genuine, however it is excellent for me to be fluent in their culture and understanding how they speak and how they think. the best thing to do when they use a phrase you don ' t know is to ask. become an expert by asking the experts. teens themselves. at 1 : 19 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5555274160136597, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d93a635-7e53-4e72-be11-1658d27ac501>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.130715"}
{"text": "photons lost in a maze enhancing the interaction between light and matter is the essence of many research disciplines, including quantum information science, energy harvesting and optical biosensing. the traditional method has been to strongly confine light in, for example, a highly ordered nanocavity. surprisingly, an alternative approach to confinement of waves exists, originally proposed by philip anderson, and for which he was awarded the nobel prize in physics. using this approach, disordered materials are employed, giving rise to random and multiple scattering of the propagating light waves. for a certain amount of randomness of the structures, so - called anderson localized modes form spontaneously : light is trapped in a maze. a challenge in this research field has been to determine how well light can be confined based on random disorder. in a recent paper in new journal of physics researchers from the quantum photonics group at dtu fotonik have developed an efficient method for exciting anderson - localized modes by embedding nanoscopic light sources ( so - called quantum dots ) inside the disordered material. by analyzing the statistics of the emitted light, the quality and extent of light confinement can be extracted. surprisingly, the subtle interplay between the amount of disorder and the underlying periodic structure of the system studied can be exploited to confine light very efficiently, proving the potential of employing disorder for enchancement of light \u2013 matter interaction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6876576140414732, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3dc7260-f3ee-4673-852d-cdf094ddaa69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.132258"}
{"text": "wahjudi, stefani ( 2008 ) types and functions of english taboo words used in edmund white ' s a boy ' s own story. bachelor thesis, petra christian university. full text not available from this repository. taboo words are generally offensive and considered inappropriate for being used in most occasions. however, people, although they were considered as well educated persons, still used taboo words in some occasions. this research attempted to find out the types and the functions of taboo words mostly used by the main character in this novel. in conducting this research, the writer used a qualitative - descriptive approach and she became the instrument that collected and analyzed the data from a boy ' s own story novel. the writer analyzed the taboo words that were spoken by edmund and his gay friends. in the analysis, the occurrences of taboo words can be classified based on the types such as ( one ' s ) mother in law, certain game animal, sex, death, excretory, bodily functions, anatomical and religious matters and also based on the functions such as create discredit, discredit, provoke violent confrontation, endearment, the create of strong personal identification and provide catharsis. the writer also analyzed the function of taboo words that was uttered by edmund and his gay friends. after finishing the analysis, all the occurrences of taboo words were put into the prepared table based on the classification of types and functions criteria. in conclusion, the writer concluded that edmund mostly used taboo words when he was talking to those who had intimate solidarity with him and in the informal setting. the taboo words used by edmund mostly occurred when the conversations was talking about emotional pressures. furthermore, the taboo words used by edmund white were mostly functioned to discredit for reducing his emotional pressures and to endear for someone who had close relationship with him. | item type : | | thesis ( bachelor ) | | uncontrolled keywords : | | taboo words, gay | | date deposited : | | 23 mar 2011 18 : 48 | | last modified : | | 02 may 2011 12 : 36 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584831907335552, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70c3a3ed-0046-477f-9d03-13f72898d88e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.135577"}
{"text": "for digital equipment corp ( dec ) : documents, photo albums, talks, and videotapes about computing history minicomputer industry overview and formation observations about the formation and evolution of the minicomputer industry was a key data - point in the formation of bell ' s law that minis typify. bell ' s law of computer classes and class formation was first described in 1972 with the emergence of a new, lower priced microcomputer class based on the microprocessor. established market class computers are introduced at a constant price with increasing functionality ( or performance ). technology advances in semiconductors, storage, interfaces and networks enable a new computer class ( platform ) to form about every decade to serve a new need. each new usually lower priced class is maintained as a quasi independent industry ( market ). classes include : mainframes ( 60 ' s ), minicomputers ( 70 ' s ), networked workstations and personal computers ( 80 ' s ), browser - web - server structure ( 90 ' s ), web services ( 2000 ' s ), palm computing ( 1995 ), convergence of cell phones and computers ( 2003 ), and wireless sensor networks aka motes ( 2004 ). beginning in the 1990s, a single class of scalable computers called clusters built from a few to tens of thousands of commodity microcomputer - storage - networked bricks began to cover and replace mainframes, minis, and workstation. bell predicts home and body area networks will form by 2010. see also the description of several laws ( e. g. moore ' s, metcalfes ' s, nathan ' s, bill ' s, bell ' s ) that govern the computer industry is given in laws, a talk by jim gray and gordon bell. with scalable computers, minis per se are nearly all being replaced by clustered, scalable computers i. e. computers formed from simple computers such as a pc that are interconnected via high speed networks. clusters cover a range from a few to eventually over a million, independent processors in a \" scaled out \" configuration. the mini we knew and love c2000 built by hp, ibm, and sun that cost $ 100, 000 to $ 1 million evolved to be a scaled out \" multi \" or multiple, shared memory computer as i described in bell, c. g., \" multis : a new class of multiprocessor computers \", science, vol. 228, pp. 462 - 467", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5513941642981341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96aaeee2-73dd-4c80-a40e-56cc8a88a287>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.140875"}
{"text": "scaled out \" multi \" or multiple, shared memory computer as i described in bell, c. g., \" multis : a new class of multiprocessor computers \", science, vol. 228, pp. 462 - 467 ( april 26, 1985 ). overview of digital aka dec dec engineering and process documents - engineer ' s orientation manual from 1980. 206 pages contained in a 14mb pdf file. table of contents lists ten sections : corporate overview, funding, life of a hardware project, life of a software project, office of development / engineering, product line groups, process manufacturing, information services, customer services, and references and resources. - engineer ' s orientation manual from 1982. 7mb pdf file. table of contents lists twelve sections : corporate overview, personnel, funding, phase review process, engineering development groups, engineering support group, process technology development, product line group, manufacturing, information services, customer services, and references and resources. - engineering handbook from 1974. 1mb pdf file. - 1988 corporate phase review process guide. 29mb pdf file. include corporate phase review process, product management, marketing, engineering, manufacturing, corporate product operations - sales, and customer services. equipment corporation machine and programming manuals - digital equipment corporation pdp - 1 manual, 1960 ( original version ) @ 2mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 1 manual, 1961 @ 5. 5mb pdf - digital equipment corporation f - 25 pdp - 1 manual for i / o @ 8. 3 mb pdf, authored by gordon bell, describing the various ways i / o devices could be connected to pdp - 1. it included interrupts we called sequence break, coming from mit ' s lincoln laboratory ; high speed memory that evolved to be called direct memory access or dma. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 4 manual, 1962 @ 3. 8mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 5 manual, 1964 @ 7. 2mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation pdp - 11 manual, 1969, with isp description of the architecture @ 5. 9mb pdf - digital equipment corporation rt - 11 introduction manual, 1977 - digital equipment corporation rt - 11 system user ' s guide, 1977 @ 23. 3mb pdf. - digital equipment corporation, intel, and xerox ethernet specifications manual, 1980 papers and memos articles and product - a computer that grows with you. business week article ( pdf 0. 5 mb ), march 1964, on the introduction of pdp - 6 with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143554300852179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96aaeee2-73dd-4c80-a40e-56cc8a88a287>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.141796"}
{"text": ", intel, and xerox ethernet specifications manual, 1980 papers and memos articles and product - a computer that grows with you. business week article ( pdf 0. 5 mb ), march 1964, on the introduction of pdp - 6 with photo of gordon bell and dick best. - using a pdp - 1 computer as a pulse height analyzer. a paper by john leng and gordon bell and others while john worked for the atomic energy of canada. note that this \" first \" was a prototype for digital ' s subsequent entry into the - bell, c. g., r. cady, h. mcfarland, b. delagi, j. o ' laughlin, r. noonan and w. wulf, \" a new architecture for mini - computers - - the dec pdp - 11, sprint joint computer conference, pp. 657 - 675 ( 1970 ). - bell, c. g., a. kotok, t. n. hastings, and r. hill, \u201c the evolution of the decsystem 10, \u201d communications of the acm, vol. 21, no. 1, january 1978, pp 44 - 62 - the complete ethernet announcement by bell ( digital ), noyce ( intel ), and liddle ( xerox ) slides and script ( pdf 7mb ) was made in new york city on february 10, 1982 by the dix group, followed by announcements in amsterdam, and london. note gordon ' s presentation states : becomes the system \"... can you recall a similar mantra that sun microsystems later appropriated? - ethernet announcement. gordon ' s ethernet announcement with slides and talk text. on the pdp - 11 paper ( unpublished ) written by me in 1995 to be published with the original pdp - 11 paper. on the pdp - 11 written by bill strecker with a retrospective about vax and alpha and published in 1995. we learned from the pdp - 11, published by myself and bill strecker in appendix for edgar h. schein ' s book \u201c dec is dead, long live dec \u201d berett - koehler publishers, san francisco, 2003. the appendix describes bell ' s view of what happened such that digital was first sold to compaq in 1998 and then to hp in 2002. digital aka dec was only 41 years old at the time. powerpoint albums and talks of computing history from a digital viewpoint netshow videos and on the future of computers. netshow video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5138497119865062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96aaeee2-73dd-4c80-a40e-56cc8a88a287>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.142626"}
{"text": "\u2026 is a smaller species of oceanic sunfish found in tropical and temperate seas worldwide. like its more well known relative m. mola the slender sunfish is pelagic and roams the vast oceans feeding on jellyfish. also like most molids the slender sunfish will recruit other animals like cleaner fish and seabirds to pick parasites off of them. molids will usually go to the surface and lay on their sides to signify they want to be cleaned, which makes it look like they are sunbathing, hence the name. one of the ocean \u2019 s oddest looking fish, the mola mola possesses a truly bizarre body shape, likened to a gigantic \u2018 swimming head. \u2019 female sunfish are known to produce up to 300 million eggs at one time, the largest number of eggs ever recorded in a vertebrate. where and when the sunfish spawns is not well known, although five possible areas have been identified in the north and south atlantic, the north and south pacific, and in the indian ocean, where there are central rotating oceanic currents, called gyres. the newly hatched sunfish measure just 0. 25 centimetres in length, and will increase in mass by over 60 million times in order to reach the size of a 3 metre adult. ( via : mission blue - sylvia earle alliance ) ( photo : ( c ) sailroe ) national geographic explorer tierney thys divides her time between research on the giant ocean sunfish ( mola mola ) and making science education films. in our latest podcast ( recorded at this month \u2019 s scicafe ), ms. thys discusses how science and art can be used to raise awareness for ocean conservation. the mola mola is the largest bony fish living today, and only the three largest sharks ( the blue shark, basking shark, and great white shark ) regularly outweigh this behemoth of the open ocean. like many of the giants of the animal kingdom, the sunfish has a diet that \u2019 s almost paradoxically nutrient - poor. all of the calories taken in by adult sunfish are provided by jellyfish and small fry and eggs of other fish, so they spend a large amount of their time eating. their presence in an area can indicate nutrient - rich waters where endangered species can often be found. the status of sunfish in the wild is not currently known, though they \u2019 re caught often enough that they \u2019 re assumed to not be threatened at this point. a multi - year survey of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38696405822246444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5361d60-74f0-4148-9149-036087fb5d09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.146032"}
{"text": "rich waters where endangered species can often be found. the status of sunfish in the wild is not currently known, though they \u2019 re caught often enough that they \u2019 re assumed to not be threatened at this point. a multi - year survey of the worldwide sunfish populations is currently underway. image : giant ocean sunfish caught by w. n. mcmillan of e. africa, at santa catalina isl., cal. april 1st, 1910. its weight was estimated at 3, 500 pounds. two years later, alien - like sea creature gains internet stardom by pete thomas, grindtv. com among the more bizarre - looking visitors to california waters this summer are mola molas, or ocean sunfish, which are being seen in unusually high numbers. but it \u2019 s a stunning photograph of one of these gentle giants that appears to be getting the most attention. the image, captured off san diego by daniel botelho, became an instant hit after being posted last week on his facebook page \u2026 the oceanic sunfish is known to bask flat on the ocean surface. it has theorized that this behavior may be a method to \u2018 thermally recharge \u2019 itself before diving to deeper depths. seabirds have also been observed to land on the sunfish and pick parasites off its body whilst in this position. in the course of its evolution, the caudal fin ( tail ) of the sunfish disappeared, to be replaced by a lumpy pseudo - tail, the clavus. this structure is formed by the convergence of the dorsal and anal fins. without a true tail to provide thrust for forward motion and equipped with only small pectoral fins, mola mola relies on its long, thin dorsal and anal fins for propulsion, driving itself forward by moving these fins from side to side.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3657535709543946, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5361d60-74f0-4148-9149-036087fb5d09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.146775"}
{"text": "quadrantid meteor shower 2013 : best place and time to watch the quadrantid meteor shower is the first meteor shower of 2013. the quadrantid meteor shower, the first meteor shower of 2013, will peak thursday in the early hours. the quadrantids is one of the lesser - known meteor showers of the year, but that doesn ' t mean it ' s anything less than spectacular. take a look at this quadrantids meteor shower videoor these pictures of the quadrantids. a stubborn moon will wash out many quadrantids, cutting down on the number of meteors seen by skywatchers, but with an average of about 80 per hour, clear skies should mean many of the shooting stars will still be visible. like the geminids, the quadrantids originate from an asteroid, called 2003 eh1. dynamical studies suggest that this body could very well be a piece of a comet which broke apart several centuries ago, and that the meteors you will see before dawn thursday are the small debris from this fragmentation. after hundreds of years orbiting the sun, they will enter our atmosphere at 90, 000 mph, burning up 50 miles above earth ' s surface \u2014 a fiery end to a long journey! more about the quadrantids the quadrantids derive their name from the constellation of quadrans muralis ( mural quadrant ), which was created by the french astronomer jerome lalande in 1795. located between the constellations of bootes and draco, quadrans represents an early astronomical instrument used to observe and plot stars. even though the constellation is no longer recognized by astronomers, it was around long enough to give the meteor shower \u2014 first seen in 1825 \u2014 its name. adolphe quetelet of the brussels observatory discovered the shower in the 1830s, and shortly afterward it was noted by several other astronomers in europe and america. spacedex. com says the annual quadrantids shower has one of the highest predicted hourly rates of all the major showers, and is comparable to the two of the most lively, the august perseids and the december geminids. more from spacedex. com : while the plus side of this annual shower is its ability to produce fireballs, and its high hourly rates, the downside is its short peak. quadrantids has an extremely narrow peak, occurring over just a few short hours. the quadrantids are also well known for producing fireballs, meteors that are exceptionally bright. these meteors can also, at times, generate persistent trails ( also identified as trains ). those living in the northern hemisphere have an opportunity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42842942643926146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3559cd8f-6972-40ec-8cc9-1fe370f81ad7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.149355"}
{"text": "this programming language may be used to instruct a computer to perform a task. if you know unix shell, please write code for some of the tasks not implemented in unix shell. there are many unix shells and most of them can be categorized into two families. for purposes of the rosetta code, all examples are in bourne - compatible syntax. the other family of shells, with a markedly different syntax, are csh ( c shell ) and it ' s tcsh ( tenex c shell ) \" clone. \" common bourne compatible shells include the original bourne shell ( / bin / sh on most versions of unix ), the gnu bourne again shell ( bash - - - which is linked to / bin / sh on many distributions of linux, making it their default shell ), the korn shell ( ksh ), the public domain korn shell ( pdksh ), the almquist shell ( ash ) and the debian almquist shell ( dash ) and the z shell ( zsh ). main article : unix shell implementations while unix shells vary in the programming languages they support, such languages carry a minimum set of features. each language allows the programmer to execute system commands as though he were typing the commands himself, and each language allows for a header line which specifies which shell implementation is used to interpret the script. this one tells the operating system to use the bourne shell : this line tells the operating system to use the bourne again shell : and this one tells the operating system to use the korn shell : each header line consists of a hash, a bang, and the path to the interpreter binary. this category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. pages in category \" unix shell \" the following 200 pages are in this category, out of 200 total.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49192113950158967, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:375553c1-7e10-4938-ac0a-29e9b60c9e20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.152030"}
{"text": "interactive timeline - history of the ra before the romans the pre - roman site of the tower of london was probably occupied by an iron age farm. twilight of the roman city londinium was remodelled and strengthened in response to the threat of saxon invasion. the conqueror ' s castle work began on the construction of william the conqueror ' s mighty white tower. the tower enlarged a major expansion of the tower ' s defences during the reigns of richard i and king john. the classic castle henry iii extended the defences of the tower and refurbished and enlarged the royal lodgings. apogee of the medieval castle tower defences extended, to those seen today, by england ' s greatest warrior king, edward i. the tudor power house during henry viii ' s reign the offices of ordnance, armoury, mint and records occupy the tower. showplace of the nation after the restoration in 1660 armouries displays are established to impress the visiting public. the great conflagration the grand storehouse including two armouries displays is destroyed by fire on 31 oct 1841. remedievalisation of the castle 50 years of restoration transformed the appearance of the tower following the fire of 1841. the castle at war wwii aerial bombing threatens the tower. the main guard is destroyed on the 29 dec 1940. the tower today the tower of london attracts over 2 million visitors per year as a world heritage site. what we do royal armouries is the united kingdom \u2019 s national museum of arms and armour, including artillery. as a museum we have a duty of care for these objects, to keep them, study them and increase our knowledge of them, so that this can be passed to future generations along with the objects themselves. this knowledge can be shared with others who also collect arms and armour, we are actively involved with and support a number of groups committed to the study of the subject and its practical applications. as such we offer an enquiry service to the public and the commercial world alike and have often acted as consultants on a number of film and television projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3843545971055597, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b868063c-381a-45c8-aa22-2abecddab8a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.154312"}
{"text": "it may not be altogether without interest, as illustrating the growth of some of the ideas referred to in the preceding chapters, to take a brief glance at some of the eschatological ideas contained in the later jewish literature. frequently, however, what is said on the subject in this literature reflects much earlier thought ; so that while in some cases we may trace development, in others it is nothing more than the crystallisation of traditions that have been handed down for generations. in rabbinical writings the technical term for the terrors of the \" last times, \" previous to the advent of the messiah, is cheble ha - meshiach or cheblo shel mashiach, the \" birth - pangs, \" 1 or \" travail \" of the messiah ( shabbath 118a ). in the mishnah tractate, sota ix. 15, we have the following account of these travails : \" as traces of the approach of messiah are to be regarded that arrogance increases, ambition shoots up, that the vine yields fruit and yet wine is dear. the government turns to heresy. there is no instruction. the place of assembly ( the synagogue ) is devoted to lewdness. galilee is destroyed, gablan laid waste. the inhabitants of a district go from city to city without finding compassion. the wisdom of the learned is hated, the godly despised, truth is absent. boys insult old men, old men stand in the presence of children. the son depreciates his father, the daughter rebels against the mother, the daughter - in - law against the mother - in - law. a man ' s enemies are his house - fellows. \" 2 in the \" years \" immediately preceding the advent of the messiah each year is to be characterised by a special plague ; the rise of false messiahs is also one of the signs of the end the study of the torah ( \" law \" ) will cease, heresy will increase, and men will give up hoping for the messiah 1 ( sanhedrin 97a ) ; see also pesikta 51b. in the apocalypse of abraham xxx., a jewish work of the second century a. d., ten \" plagues \" are mentioned as portents of the advent of the messiah : distress, fire, pestilence among the beasts, famine, earthquakes, and wars, hail and frost, ravening wild beasts, pestilence and death among men, destruction and flight, and subterranean noises. the war of go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5181226272873842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.171725"}
{"text": "the messiah : distress, fire, pestilence among the beasts, famine, earthquakes, and wars, hail and frost, ravening wild beasts, pestilence and death among men, destruction and flight, and subterranean noises. the war of gog and magog is also frequently referred to in rabbinical literature ( berachoth 7b, pesikta 79a, etc. ; see, for further references, the jewish encyclop\u00e6dia, v. 212 ; and \u00a7 iii. of this chapter ). in rabbinical literature there is never any ambiguity about the central person of the eschatological drama ; in the old testament it is sometimes jehovah himself whose advent as judge is looked for, at other times it is one who is subordinate to him ; in the apocalyptic literature also we come across passages in which god himself is the central figure at the \" last times, \" though more generally it is his messiah. in the writings which we are now considering it is invariably the messiah, and none other, whose advent is spoken of. but it is taught that the advent of the messiah is only an episode in the life of one who has existed from all time ; king messiah, it is said, pre - existed before the creation of the world. 1 according to weber, however, the meaning of this statement is that it was god ' s will from all eternity to create the messiah and to send him into the world ; 2 that is to say, he existed potentially, but not actually, from all time. in the later jewish theology it is taught that the messiah lives in the garden of eden. but in spite of this pre - existence of the messiah, whether from all eternity or of more limited duration, he is to be born of a woman and is to be of the seed of david ( bereshith rabbah c. xii., sanhedrin 93b ) ; it is said in pesikta 149a : \" happy the hour in which the messiah was born, happy the womb from which he came forth! 3 happy the generation that sees him ; happy the eye that is honoured by looking up him! \" 4 thus the messiah is always regarded as human and nothing more, and this in spite of his being reckoned as superior to the angels. it is instructive to observe that the accounts of the actual advent of the messiah in rabbinical literature are generally wanting in all the supernatural traits which we read of in the old testament descriptions of the advent as well as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5097458995515672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.172783"}
{"text": "as superior to the angels. it is instructive to observe that the accounts of the actual advent of the messiah in rabbinical literature are generally wanting in all the supernatural traits which we read of in the old testament descriptions of the advent as well as in those of the apocalyptic literature ; this must in great part, if not altogether, be due to the purely human character ascribed to the messiah in rabbinical literature. he comes as the warring champion of his people to deliver them from the oppression of their enemies ; this is clearly seen in the targum of jonathan to isa. lii. 14, 15 ; it is here said that at the messiah ' s advent he will destroy many peoples, and he will silence kings by his wonderful deeds ; then, in dealing with isa. liii. 2, the targum tells of the coming messiah as the righteous one ; and there follows a description of his power and majesty ; he will annihilate the wealthy and the great, and thus take away the reproach of his people. as the deliverer ( goel ; \" redeemer \" seems too strong a word to use, as it connotes more in christian phraseology than in jewish ) of his people, the messiah is compared to moses, who delivered the israelites from the egyptian bondage ( cf. 1 cor. x. 1 - 4 ) ; and it is said, therefore, that just as moses lived in retirement before he came forth for his work of leading the israelites out of egypt, so will the messiah be in hiding for some time previous to his advent ; this is brought out in pesikta 49b : \" just as the first goel ( i. e., moses ) manifested himself to israel and then hid himself from them, so will the last goel ( i. e., the messiah ) manifest himself first, and then hide himself from the people. for how long? - - for forty - five days, according to dan. xii. 11. 12. and whither will he lead them? some say : into the jud\u00e6an desert ; others : into the desert of sihon and og, according to hos. ii. 16.... \" 1 these passages are sufficient to show that the teaching in rabbinical literature concerning the actual advent differs considerably from that of the old testament and apocalyptic literature. one of the main elements in rabbinical eschatology is the war of gog and magog ( cf. chap. iii.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45238949413421686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.173697"}
{"text": "the teaching in rabbinical literature concerning the actual advent differs considerably from that of the old testament and apocalyptic literature. one of the main elements in rabbinical eschatology is the war of gog and magog ( cf. chap. iii. \u00a7 ii. ) ; this idea is, of course, based on ezek. xxxviii. 14 - xxxix. 16, but it is greatly elaborated in this later literature. this \" war \" represents the final attack of the gentiles, expressed collectively by the term \" gog and magog, \" upon the messiah and his faithful followers ; the point of the whole conception is to set forth the doctrine of the judgement upon the wicked in the \" last times. \" as is to be expected, a particularistic attitude is taken in the rabbinical writings, that is to say, the gentiles are as a body regarded as the \" wicked, \" and as such are to be condemned to eternal punishment, while the people of the messiah, i. e., the jews, are to inherit the happiness and glory of the messianic kingdom. at the same time, it is only fair to remember that the rabbis were to a large extent forced into this particularistic attitude by their contemplation of the actual sinfulness of the non - jewish world ; above all, the non - recognition of jehovah and the non - observance of his law on the part of the gentile world must have made the heathen peoples appear as outside the pale of divine mercy in the eyes of the rabbis. this is well illustrated in abodah zarah 8b, where it is said that the war of gog and magog against the messiah is not only undertaken because of the enmity of the gentiles towards the messiah, but also because they desire to do away altogether with the law of god. moreover, it is not only against the law of god that the gentiles are described as fighting in the \" last times, \" but against god himself ; thus rabbi levi, in pesikta 79a, explains the words of zech. xiv. 3 ( then shall the lord go forth, and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle ) as referring to the \" last times, \" and god is made to say to the gentiles : \" sinner, thou comest to try conclusions with me! as thou livest, i will make war against thee. \" 1 in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47471271309573315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.174731"}
{"text": "as referring to the \" last times, \" and god is made to say to the gentiles : \" sinner, thou comest to try conclusions with me! as thou livest, i will make war against thee. \" 1 in the same way in mechilta 48b, psalm ii. is explained as referring to the war of gog and magog ; jehovah laughs them to scorn, the armies of gog and magog will suffer the fate of pharaoh and his host, they will be swallowed up by the deep, so that the very fish will tremble ( cf. ezek. xxxviii. 20 ) ; it is jehovah himself who will fight against gog and magog, and will destroy the gentile hosts, israel alone will be saved. 2 ( see, further, the next section. ) speaking generally, therefore, the judgement on the wicked in the \" last times \" is to be executed, according to rabbinical teaching, rather on account of gentile enmity than on account of their wickedness ; though they are reckoned among the wicked indiscriminately because of their repudiation of the law of jehovah. ( see, further, the targum of pseudo - jonathan on num. xi. 26. ) from what has been said in the preceding section we shall expect to find particularistic views held with regard to the righteous in rabbinical literature ; and for the most part this is so. it is israel, the people of the law, for whom blessedness is reserved. the materialistic views always held with regard to the messianic kingdom naturally resulted in the idea, not infrequently expressed, that in the messianic era the requirements of the law - - in particular the sacrificial and priestly laws - - would be strictly observed ; it was this observance which constituted righteousness, and brought with it its reward. it is true that sometimes another and very remarkable view is met with, viz., that a new law would be proclaimed by the messiah ; in the targum to isa. xii. 3, for example, it says : \" ye shall receive a new law from the elect one of the righteous \" ; and a midrashic passage, commenting on eccles. xi. 8. ( all is vanity ), declares : \" the law which man learns in this world is nothing in comparison with the law of the messiah \" ( midrash koheleth, on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.499969685372616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.175732"}
{"text": "peace in the messianic kingdom. from the two preceding sections it will be seen that the judgement upon the wicked and the blessedness of the righteous include the subjects of the gathering of the gentiles and the ingathering of israel ; for the final gathering together of these is, speaking quite generally, for the purpose of assigning to them their punishment and reward respectively. it will, therefore, not be necessary to devote special sections here to the consideration of their final gathering. ( see chaps. iii. \u00a7 \u00a7 ii., iii. ; vi. \u00a7 \u00a7 i. ii. ) as we have already seen ( chaps. iii. \u00a7 iv. ; vi. \u00a7 iii. ), the resurrection formed part of the messianic hope both in old testament and apocalyptic writings. the rabbinical literature has much to say on this subject ; in the first place, \" the very term used to express the idea of sharing in the future life is ' to inherit the land ' ( sanhedrin xi. 1, with reference to isa. lx. 21 ). the resurrection, therefore, was believed to take place solely in the holy land ( pesikta rabbah i. after psalm cxvi. 9 ).... jerusalem alone is the city of which the dead shall blossom forth like grass ( kethuboth 111b, after psalm lxxii. 16 ). those that are buried elsewhere will therefore be compelled to creep through cavities in the earth until they reach the holy land ( pesikta rabbah i., with reference to ezek. xxxvii. 13 ; kethuboth 111a ). \" 1 here again we meet with particularistic views ( in later times universalistic ideas on the subject came to the fore, see below ), and this is further illustrated by the fact that it was taught that in order that all israel might partake of the joys of the messianic kingdom, those who had died before the coming of the messiah and who were gathered in sheol, would be brought up from there ; the one condition was that they should have the mark of the covenant ( i. e. circumcision ) ; this, of course, precluded the gentiles, according to the early rabbinical view, from hoping for the resurrection. it was further taught that all those who are imprisoned in sheol should be brought out by the messiah, who himself would come and fetch them thence ( cf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46743306991057065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.177926"}
{"text": "gentiles, according to the early rabbinical view, from hoping for the resurrection. it was further taught that all those who are imprisoned in sheol should be brought out by the messiah, who himself would come and fetch them thence ( cf. 1 pet. iii. 19 ) ; 1 in bereshith rabbah we read : \" and when they that were bound in gehinnom saw the light of the messiah, they rejoiced in receiving him, and said, this is he who will lead us out of darkness \" ( see jellinek, beth hamidrash ii. 50 ). after they have been brought out of sheol there will follow the resurrection of the just. god, it is said further, will give the messiah the \" key \" of the resurrection of the dead ( sanhedrin 113a ). elsewhere ( jer. targum to exod. xx. 15, cf. berachoth 15b ) it is said that the trumpet shall be blown to arouse the dead, and that this will be the signal for the resurrection. ( cf. isa. xxvii. 13 ; 1 cor, xv. 52 ; 1 thess. iv. 16 ). another interesting belief was that men would rise from the dead in the same clothes in which they had been laid in the tomb. in sanhedrin 90b this is paralleled by the example of a grain of wheat, which does not come forth from the earth naked, but covered in its garment ( cf. 1 cor. xv. 37 ) ; and if this is so with a grain of wheat, how much more with the human body! it is for this reason that minute directions are given by dying rabbis regarding the clothes in which they are going to be buried. 1 but in later times the circumscribed idea of the resurrection of israel alone gave way to that of a general resurrection ; \" as in the course of time the national hope with its national resurrection and final day of judgement no longer satisfied the intellect and human sentiment, the resurrection assumed a more universal and cosmic character. it was declared to be solely the act of god, who alone possesses the key that will unlock the tombs ( berachoth 15b ).... nor is the wrath of the last judgement believed any longer to be brought upon the heathen solely as such. [ paragraph continues ] all evil - doers who have blasphemed god and his law, or acted unright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4632558837008488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.178793"}
{"text": "... nor is the wrath of the last judgement believed any longer to be brought upon the heathen solely as such. [ paragraph continues ] all evil - doers who have blasphemed god and his law, or acted unrighteously, will meet with their punishment ( tos. sanh. xiii. ; midr. teh. vi. 1, ix. 15 ). \" 1 this has been referred to in chap. iii. v. and vi. \u00a7 iv., where we saw that the subject is mentioned several times in the apocalyptic literature ; it plays a more prominent part in rabbinical literature, thus, in the targum of pseudo - jonathan to num. xi. 26 ff., in the prophecy of eldad and medad, we are told of this messianic banquet at which the israelites will feast with great joy upon the ox that has been prepared for them for this purpose from the beginning. bousset ( die religion des judenthums im neutestamentlichen zeitalter, p. 271 ) mentions a parallel idea in iranian eschatology, according to which the marrow of the slain ox hadhayos is to be the food of immortality for the righteous. but it is in connection with leviathan that the messianic banquet is usually referred to in rabbinical literature ; for example, in baba bathra 74a, it is said that at the time of the resurrection a banquet will be given by god to the righteous, and that at this feast the flesh of leviathan will be eaten. very quaint ideas of a haggadic character ( i. e. didactic narrative ) figure in this literature ; according to one, it appears that prior to the banquet the righteous will take part in the hunting of leviathan and behemoth ; the angel gabriel has the task of slaying leviathan, but he will not be able to accomplish it without the help of god, who will therefore come and divide the monster with his sword. according to another haggadah, when gabriel fails, god will order leviathan to engage in a battle with the \" ox of the mountain, \" which will result in the death of both of them ( baba bathra 75a ) ; then leviathan will be cut up and eaten by the righteous. these haggadahs are probably based upon such passages as isa. xxvii. 1 : in that day the lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44734345417588955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.179651"}
{"text": "then leviathan will be cut up and eaten by the righteous. these haggadahs are probably based upon such passages as isa. xxvii. 1 : in that day the lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the swift serpent, and leviathan the crooked serpent ; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea? psalm lxxiv. 12 - 15 :.... thou didst break the heads of the leviathan, thou wilt give him for food.... ; 1 job. xxvi. [ paragraph continues ] 12, 13, and others. as leviathan represents the principle of evil, his destruction symbolises the end of sin ; 1 the banquet on his flesh, which is a much later idea, is interpreted by maimonides as being an allusion to the spiritual enjoyment of the intellect ; 2 originally it probably connoted something far more materialistic, and it may be safe to say that it was based upon the ordinary custom of royal banquets. the thought of the \" forerunner \" is so prominent in the gospels that a brief reference to it as regards jewish post - biblical literature will not be out of place here. the fact of elijah ' s appearance is mentioned first in mal. iv. 5 : behold, i will send you elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of the lord come ; though this is, of course, referred to in mal. iii. 1, but elijah is not mentioned by name there ; and in the gospels the words in isa. xl. 3, are adapted to the same purpose, though in their original context the reference is to the historical conditions of the time : the voice of one that crieth, prepare ye in the wilderness the way of the lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our god. how firm the belief was, long before the christian era, that elijah was to fill this office may be seen from sir. xlviii. 4 - 10 : how wast thou glorified, o elijah, in thy wondrous deeds! and who shall glory like unto thee?... who was recorded for reproofs in their seasons, to pacify anger before it brake forth into wrath ; to turn the heart of the father unto the son, and to restore the tribes of jacob. \" according to a tradition contained in yalkut shimeoni, it is said in reference to isa. lii. 7, that three days before the advent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4168968533338756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.180537"}
{"text": "heart of the father unto the son, and to restore the tribes of jacob. \" according to a tradition contained in yalkut shimeoni, it is said in reference to isa. lii. 7, that three days before the advent of the messiah, elijah will appear upon the mountains of israel, and will announce to the world that the time of peace is about to come ; so loud will his voice be that it will be heard from one end of the earth to the other. according to erubin 43a, elijah will first present himself before the sanhedrin when he comes. in connection with this it is interesting to note that at the appearance of john the baptist, priests and levites from jerusalem, and therefore without doubt emissaries from the central [ paragraph continues ] jewish authorities, came to the baptist in the wilderness to enquire who he was ( john i. 19 : and this is the witness of john, when the jews sent unto him from jerusalem priests and levites to ask him, who art thou? ). but the most important part of the rabbinical teaching on the subject is that elijah will lead the jews to repentance when he appears ; thus in pirqe de - rabbi elieser c. 43, it says \" israel will not bring forth the ' great repentance ' before elijah comes \" 1 ( see luke i. 16, 17 ). 128 : 1 these sections should be compared with the corresponding ones in chaps. ii., iii., v., vi. 129 : 1 the meaning assigned to the expression \" birth - pangs of the messiah \" is, perhaps, a later figurative adaptation of what was in the first place understood literally. it may be a survival of the myth wherein the birth of the messiah of the \" woman \" was described ( cf. rev. xii. 1 ff. ; oesterley and box, op. cit. p. 218 ). 129 : 2 see schurer, the jewish people in the time of jesus christ, ii. ii. p. 155. 120 : 1 a saying of rabbi simon ben jochai. 121 : 1 cf. john viii. 68. 121 : 2 weber, juedische theologie, p. 366 ff. 121 : 3 cf. luke xi. 27. 121 : 4 weber, op. cit. p. 366. 133 : 1 weber, op. cit. p.. 3 4. 135 : 1 weber, op. ci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43093534587008825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d59fe59-43ed-467c-9053-c8e4d76fd69f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.181432"}
{"text": "the talmud : selections, by h. polano,, at sacred - texts. com \" all that god made was very good. \" rabbi simon, the son of eleazer, uses the words \" very good \" in reference to sleep. \" man sleeps, \" says he, \" and in a few hours he gains renewed strength. \" rabbi samuel, son of nachman, said, \" the incentive leading man towards women is ' very good, ' for thereby households are organised and families are formed. \" rabbi hammuna was of the opinion that no more forcible meaning could be given to the words \" very good \" than in applying them to the ills of life, which, said he, \" more than doctrines and reasonings keep men temperate and dependent on a higher power. \" rabbi simon, the son of abba, applied the words \" very good \" to retaliation ; and rabbi simon, the son of lakish, to political government ; but the teaching of rabbi meir was, that the death of man is \" very good. \" judaism aims not to separate, but to unite mankind, and this was one of the great principles of rabbi meir ' s life. concerning the passage, \" man shall observe the law and live in it, \" he said, \" holy writ says not israelites, not levites, not priests, but men ; therefore the gentile who observes the law stands on a level with the high priest. \" \" walk before every man in modesty and humility, \" he said further. \" not only before your co - religionists, but before every man. \" rabbi meir was a great allegorist ; it is said that he knew three hundred allegories relating to the fox alone. of these hut three fragments remain to us. \" a fox said to a bear, ' come, let us go into this kitchen ; they are making preparations for the sabbath, and we shall he able to find food. ' the bear followed the fox, but being bulky he was captured and punished. angry thereat he designed to tear the fox to pieces, under the pretence that the forefathers of the fox had once stolen his food ; wherein occurs the first saying, ' the fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children ' s teeth are set on edge. ' \" ' nay, ' said the fox, ' come with me, my good friend ; let us not quarrel ; i will lead thee to another place where we shall surely find food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709633290427695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cba9481-3531-45bf-9ebb-564f1169a727>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.190600"}
{"text": "grapes, and the children ' s teeth are set on edge. ' \" ' nay, ' said the fox, ' come with me, my good friend ; let us not quarrel ; i will lead thee to another place where we shall surely find food. ' the fox then led the bear to a fountain, where two buckets were fastened together by a rope, like balances. it was night, and the fox pointed to the moon reflected in the water, saying, ' here is a fine cheese ; let us descend and partake of it with an appetite. ' the fox entered his pail first, but being too light to balance the weight of the bear he took with him a stone. as soon as the bear had gotten into the other pail, however, the fox threw this stone away, and consequently he rose, while the bear descended to the bottom. \" here he applies his second saying, \" the righteous is delivered out of trouble, and the wicked cometh in his stead. \" each man must suffer for his own sins, and for his own guilt alone. he who follows the luminary of the night, sensuality, must perish, while the righteous one, though carrying a stone ( sin ), will throw it away betimes, and be delivered from death. the libertine elishah, the son of abuyah, generally called acher, a most learned man, was one of rabbi meir ' s teachers, and they frequently conversed on biblical passages. the people were not pleased that rabbi meir should so associate, and they called him therefore acherim, a word composed of the letters of meir and acher. but rabbi meir referred them to the proverb, \" incline thy ears to listen to the words of the sages, but direct thy heart to what my thought is. \" rabbi meir ate the date and threw away the seeds ; he found a pomegranate, and partaking of the fruit, he rejected the rind. his generation did not comprehend him. acher upon one occasion said to rabbi meir, \" why is the law compared to gold and glass? \" \" because, \" replied rabbi meir, \" it is as hard to acquire as gold is hard in substance, and forgotten with as much ease as glass is broken. \" \" no, \" returned the other, in the name of rabbi akiba, \" the reason is this : when gold and glass are broken they may be melted and worked over into new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5057300862322889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cba9481-3531-45bf-9ebb-564f1169a727>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.191607"}
{"text": ", and forgotten with as much ease as glass is broken. \" \" no, \" returned the other, in the name of rabbi akiba, \" the reason is this : when gold and glass are broken they may be melted and worked over into new shapes. so is it with the student of the law, though he may commit many faulty actions there is still hope and help for him. \" rabbi meir always favoured benevolence, and a care of self as well as of others. \" he only is truly rich, \" he asserted, \" who enjoys his wealth. \" the passage in malachi 26 : \" many he withheld from iniquity, \" he interpreted as referring to aaron, the first high priest, who was so respected that the mere mention of his name, or the thought of how he might regard a certain action were he present, prevented many from falling into sin. a heathen once said to rabbi meir, \" does it seem credible that god, whose majesty you assert fills the universe, should have spoken from between the two staves in the ark of the sanctuary? \" in answer rabbi meir held up before the heathen a large and a small looking - glass, in each of which the inquirer beheld his image. \" now, \" said the rabbi, \" in each mirror your body is reduced to correspond with the size of the glass, - - should the same thing be impossible to god? the world is his large looking glass, the sanctuary his small one. \" in regard to instruction, rabbi meir always said, \" teach your pupils concisely? \" he also said, \" let your supplications be brief ; \" and his exhortation to parents was, \" teach thy son an honest handicraft. \" his favourite maxim was, \" be resolved to know my ways ; be attentive at the doors of the law, and guard the law in thy heart. before thy eyes be the fear of me ; protect thy mouth from sinning ; cleanse and sanctify thyself from all guilt and iniquity, and god will be with thee. \" from the sentence, \" be attentive at the doors of the law, \" rabbi meir declared that every scholar should have at least three teachers, and that the word \" doors \" possesses a peculiar idea or meaning. for instance, a person in passing the door of the house in which he passed his honeymoon, or the door of a hall of justice in which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48349330082858333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cba9481-3531-45bf-9ebb-564f1169a727>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.192572"}
{"text": "should have at least three teachers, and that the word \" doors \" possesses a peculiar idea or meaning. for instance, a person in passing the door of the house in which he passed his honeymoon, or the door of a hall of justice in which he has been convicted or acquitted, or the door of a house in which he has sinned, what different thoughts, feelings, and recollections will be awakened in him. with equal strength should the circumstances under which he studied the law be impressed upon his mind. the israelites are called the \" children of god, \" and rabbi meir never ceased to present this filial relation in its true light, filling to the brim the goblet of family happiness, and displaying it to the eyes of the people. \" jeremiah calls us ' foolish children, ' \" said he ; \" in deuteronomy we are called ' children lacking faith ; ' but under all circumstances we remain ' the children of god. ' \" rabbi meir ' s wife was good and pious as her husband. there dwelt in his neighbourhood some co - religionists who were followers of greek customs, who annoyed the rabbi very much. in his vexation he would have prayed to god to destroy them, but said beruryah, his wife : \" be mindful of the teachings of thy faith. pray not that sinners may perish, but that the sin itself may disappear and no opportunity for its practice remain. \" during the rabbi ' s absence from home two of his sons died. their mother, hiding her grief, awaited the father ' s return, and then said to him : \" my husband, some time since two jewels of inestimable value were placed with me for safe keeping. he who left them with me called for them to - day, and i delivered them into his hands? \" \" that is right, \" said the rabbi, approvingly. \" we must always return cheerfully and faithfully all that is placed in our care. \" shortly after this the rabbi asked for his sons, and the mother, taking him by the hand, led him gently to the chamber of death. meir gazed upon his sons, and realising the truth, wept bitterly. \" weep not, beloved husband, \" said his noble wife ; \" didst thou not say to me we must return cheerfully when \u2018 tis called for, all that has been placed in our care? god gave us these jewels ; he left them with us for a time, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4862056673665334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cba9481-3531-45bf-9ebb-564f1169a727>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.193509"}
{"text": "- apostolic pilgrim - bruno of egisheim - bruno of eguisheim - dagsburg - pilgrim pope son of count hugh of egisheim. cousin of emperor conrad ii. chapter canon of saint stephen \u2019 s, toul, france. deacon. soldier and officer in the imperial army. in 1021, while still in the military, he was chosen bishop of toul, france, a position he held for 20 years. commanded troops under emperor conrad ii in the invasion of italy in 1026. very disciplined himself, he brought order to the monasteries in his diocese, discipline to the clergy, and the cluniac reform to many of his houses. mediator between france and the holy roman empire. chosen 151st pope with the support of the roman citizens and henry iii of germany. leo brought his reforming, disciplinary ways to the church as a whole, reforming houses and parishes, fighting simony, enforcing clerical celibacy, encouraging liturgical development and the use of chant. he brought hildebrand, later pope saint gregory vii, to rome as his spiritual advisor. fought the coming great schism between the eastern and western churches. he received the nickname of pilgrim pope due to his travels through europe, enforcing his reforms, insisting that his bishops, clergy, and councils follow suit. held synods at pavia, italy, in rheims, france, in mainz, germany, and in vercelli, italy where he condemned the heresy of berengarius of tours. authorized the consecration of the first native bishop of iceland. peacemaker in hungary. proposed that popes be elected only by cardinals. leo \u2019 s papacy was marred by his military action. he added new italian regions to the papal states, and when normans invaded these areas in 1053, he personally led an army to throw them out. this resulted in wide - spread criticism, defeat in the field, his capture at civitella, and several months imprisonment at benevento, italy. he spent his time there well, learning greek to better understand the writings of the eastern church, but his health suffered badly, and he died soon after his release. - book of saints, by the monks of ramsgate - catholic encyclopedia, by horace k mann - ecole glossary, by karen rae keck - katherine rabenstein - kirken i norge - lives of the saints, by father alban butler - medieval religion listserv, by john dillon - new catholic dictionary - our sunday visitor \u2019 s encyclopedia of saints - popes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3519999913720214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfb7a843-0ffe-44eb-9bd5-abb8286b6d86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.196035"}
{"text": "this article is a transcription of a talk by mr h. w. kinsey to the s. a. military history society in december, 1972. editor ' s note : published in two parts. part i follows. part ii will appear in vol. 2 no. 6 december, 1973 the story of sekukuni and the military campaigns agains him and the bapedi is a fascinating and romantic one, largely because of the history of the bapedi people and the comparative remoteness of the area in which sekukuni ' s stronghold was situated. in order, however, fully to appreciate this story it is necessary to know something of the history of the bapedi people, of which sekukuni was the chief, the historical and political background in the transvaal in the 1870s and to have in one ' s mind the geography of sekukuniland and the surrounding areas of the transvaal involved. it is also interesting to note that sekukuniland is the only native area of any magnitude in south africa which carries the name of the most renowned chief of the area. relatively speaking, the sekukuni wars are not very well documented - certainly not in the same way as the zulu war - and apart from a thesis by mr. k. w. smith in the archives year book for 1967, no single work deals fully with the subject. however, there is much to be found scattered all over many publications, and this too is a fascinating aspect of the subject. there were three separate campaigns against sekukuni, i. e. the first sekukuni war of 1876 conducted by the boers, and the two separate campaigns of the second sekukuni war of 1878 / 1879 conducted by the british. these two latter campaigns were interrupted by the zulu war. history of the bapedi it appears that the sotho people migrated southward from the great lakes in central africa about five centuries ago in successive waves and the last group, namely, the hurutse, settled in the western transvaal towards the beginning of the sixteenth century. it is from this group that the bapedi eventually originated through the bakgatla offshoot which takes its name from the chief mokgatla. very little is known of the history of the bakgatla people for the first few generations after their founder mokgatla had seceded from the parent group, but it is known that, arising from a further split at a later date, a chief by the name of tabane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47488907174507394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.214767"}
{"text": "the bakgatla people for the first few generations after their founder mokgatla had seceded from the parent group, but it is known that, arising from a further split at a later date, a chief by the name of tabane left with his followers and settled at what is now known as schilpadfontein in the vicinity of pretoria. it is not known how long they lived there, but tabane appears to have been succeeded by his son motsha, whose son and heir diale ( or liale ) had a number of wives, the youngest of whom was his favourite wife mathobele. the other wives were jealous of her favoured position and when she was expecting her first child they made mocking songs about her and said that her child cried whilst still in it mother ' s womb. the child, a male child, was born normally and was named ' lellelateng ' meaning ' it cries inside ', but the unusual event was attributed to witchcraft and the kgatla, or council, wanted to kill the mother and child. diale interceded for them and they were both spared. however, as the baby grew older it became apparent that he would not be accepted by the tribe, and it seems that he and his family, together with a large following, broke away or were driven away and trekked to the east with their flocks and herds to found the bapedi nation. they crossed the olifants river below its junction with the elands river and passed through the country north of middelburg. they crossed the lulu mountains and eventually settled near steelpoort in approximately 1650. this mythical explanation of the origin of the bapedi is typical of tribal histories, but it is more probable that the nickname ' lellelateng ' was given to the founder of the tribe in praise of qualities of strength and fearlessness. in support of this dr. h. o. monnig tells us that the bapedi have a well - known proverb in praise of men who control their emotions saying, ' monna ke nku, o lella teng ' ( the man is like a sheep, he cries inside ), which refers to the fact that sheep make no noise when slaughtered, for which they are greatly admired and which makes them highly desirable sacrificial animals. dr. monnig also tells us that thobele seems to have been the proper name of lellelateng and that, although there is little evidence of this assumption, it seems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43518175555427885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.215665"}
{"text": "admired and which makes them highly desirable sacrificial animals. dr. monnig also tells us that thobele seems to have been the proper name of lellelateng and that, although there is little evidence of this assumption, it seems reasonable since lellelateng is generally taken as the founder of the bapedi, although tradition makes no further mention of his sons or successors, whereas thobele is accepted as the man who led the bapedi to their new home. certainly as the name indicates, mathobele was his mother. one further side - light is that when crossing the lulu mountains they found a porcupine quill and promptly accepted or adopted the porcupine as their totem in place of the monkey of the bakgatla which they had had previously. it is not clear where the name pedi or bapedi comes from. major d. r. hunt says they found a venda clan called vhambedzi who were outstanding iron workers and as the bapedi at that time used iron hoes for lobolo, and as they esteemed iron work very highly, they accepted the sotho equivalent of the venda name. bulpin mentions that they took the name from a resident minor group of dispossessed karanga people from rhodesia and called themselves pedi which was the nearest their language could get to the karanga name of mbedzi, the dispossessed people. the rev. alexander merensky, however, who probably knew more about the bapedi than any other european at that time, tells us, inter alia, that sekukuni ' s people were made up of a conglomeration of various tribes, the most important branch of which called themselves the \" bapedi \" or \" baperi \", meaning the \" family of the king \". further more, merensky affirms that it must have been 200 years since this tribe settled along the steelpoort river, and he mentions that on some portuguese maps about 150 years old he had found the name of the kingdom of the ' biri ' on exactly the same spot where the bapedi then dwelt. it seems probable, however, that they took the name either from an ancestor, a mythical mopedi of bahurutse origin, or from the country in which they settled. what is important, however, is that the tribe established by thobele and the various divisions and offshoots that broke away all have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4631127149665933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.216726"}
{"text": ", a mythical mopedi of bahurutse origin, or from the country in which they settled. what is important, however, is that the tribe established by thobele and the various divisions and offshoots that broke away all have the porcupine as their totem and are the only tribes that primarily call themselves bapedi. following a number of ' begattings ', subjugations of and intermingling with other tribes, the bapedi as we know them today were finally re - united in about 1780 by one thulare who was one of the greatest and most loved of their chiefs. under his reign the tribe grew and prospered and the pedi empire was greatly extended. according to major hunt, thulare died in 1824, on the day of a solar eclipse and this is the first definite date we can establish in the history of the bapedi. there is some uncertainty as to thulare ' s successor as about 1826, i. e. about two years after his death, the whole bapedi empire was crushed and disrupted by mzilikazi in his rampage throughout the transvaal. however, in the chaos and carnage that followed sekwati, the senior living son of thulare, gathered together what he could of the bapedi and fled to the north where he took refuge with ramapulana to whom the bapedi were related some five generations before. he left behind him a country devastated by the matabele who had completely denuded the country of all stock and grain. the remaining people of the old bapedi empire had fled into the mountains and caves from which they stole forth at night to find whatever food they could. here again we have another side effect of tshaka ' s reign. many of the people became cannibals and eventually, after an absence of about four years, sekwati returned and established the paramountcy of the bapedi and rid the country of the remaining cannibals. he established himself at phiring near pokwani on a rocky hill which is known today as magali ' s location. although the bapedi originated from the bakgatla and were of sotho stock, their wanderings and their admixtures with other tribes by conquest, etc., resulted in the absorption of many words in the bapedi language ( generally known today as northern sotho ) and customs which are not of sotho origin, but which are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4206787522634152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.218343"}
{"text": "admixtures with other tribes by conquest, etc., resulted in the absorption of many words in the bapedi language ( generally known today as northern sotho ) and customs which are not of sotho origin, but which are akin to the venda and lovedu peoples, etc. and the karanga from rhodesia. however, this is a matter for the anthropologist and does not really concern us here. it might be of interest to our subject, however, to take a look at the bapedi and tribal warfare. major c. l. harries tells us that it could hardly be said that the bapedi were a warlike tribe, and that it is difficult to ascertain whether they ever had the courage to fight a pitched battle with a rival tribe. the custom was to send men to the tribe to be attacked, ostensibly for the purpose of doctoring or of selling bead work but, in truth, they were spies who reported upon a favourable opportunity for the onslaught on the kraal. the chief would then summon all the men of his following to assemble with their weapons, which consisted chiefly of assegais and battle axes. the men were aware of the need to bring food supplies. it did not take long to assemble and the whole of the bapedi army would set off in the opposite direction to their destination which was kept secret from the main following until the second night, when suddenly the course would be changed and all haste made to the kraal to be attacked. the attack was made stealthily and no prisoners were taken, except the women and children. in most cases the attacks were effectual and a great deal of bloodshed resulted. unlike the zulus and the matabele, to whom the art of war and military strategy was a science and military discipline was a way of life, the military organization of the bapedi was very crude. each man provided for himself and followed his own ideas as to what he should do. tactics were formulated by the chief in council, and the execution of the tactics was assigned to the chief ' s own brother, who exercised active command of the tribesmen. all the cattle looted were handed to the man in command, who caused a third to be slaughtered, a third to be sent to the chief ' s kraal and the remaining third to be handed back to the party who had looted them. women and children were regarded as loot and divided among the followers of the chief. despite these observations of major harries,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49243404087901166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.219332"}
{"text": "sent to the chief ' s kraal and the remaining third to be handed back to the party who had looted them. women and children were regarded as loot and divided among the followers of the chief. despite these observations of major harries, the fighting habits and qualities of the bapedi were the cause of much concern to the european forces which set out to subdue them and to the european population in the surrounding areas, and were very well suited to the mountain region in which the bapedi lived. the situation in the transvaal after sekwati had established himself at phiring the boers appeared on the scene. a party of voortrekkers under louis trichardt passed through the eastern transvaal in 1837, and in 1845 another group under hendrik potgieter entered bopedi on their way to the founding of origstad. however, following land encroachment on the part of the immigrant boers and stock thefts on the part of the bapedi, there was constant bickering between the two peoples. potgieter attacked the bapedi in 1847 and again in september 1852 with a commando of about 320 burghers. the attack was repulsed, but it is interesting to note that when the bapedi were besieged and their water supply was cut off at phiring with dire results, sekukuni, the son of sekwati, and a bold young warrior at that time, succeeded with men of his matuba regiment, and some young girls carrying pots, in breaking out of the besieged village. the young girls drew water and the party returned safely to relieve the position of the defenders. sekwati no longer appeared to be safe at phiring and moved to thaba mosega in 1853 under the eastern slope of the lulu mountains to a village which he established there by the name of dsjate, and which he fortified heavily. there was constant friction, however, between the bapedi and the boers, who claimed that bapedi carrying arms were continually stealing stock - this the bapedi seemed to have developed into a fine art - whilst the bapedi claimed that the origstad farmers stole native children to be indentured as farm labourers. an agreement was entered into between the boers and sekwati on 17th november, 1857, which, inter alia, fixed the steelpoort river as the eastern boundary of bapediland, i. e. the boundary between the bapedi and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4494996570369819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.220361"}
{"text": "between the boers and sekwati on 17th november, 1857, which, inter alia, fixed the steelpoort river as the eastern boundary of bapediland, i. e. the boundary between the bapedi and the white men. incidentally, the bapedi still regard this as their boundary. thereafter, the tribe lived in peace for several years and we understand from the rev. dr. alexander merensky, a lutheran missionary from germany, who established a mission station at dsjate in 1861, that towards the end of his life sekwati commanded some 60 000 to 70 000 people and an army of about 12 000 men, of whom fully a third was armed with guns. sekwati died on 20th september, 1861, and was buried on the summit of thaba mosega. he was succeeded by his son, sekukuni, who claimed the chieftainship by force, with the result that his half - brother mampuru, who was the rightful heir, was eventually forced to flee. sekukuni, who at that time was about 47 years of age, was a hard cruel man and unloved by his people. he forced alexander merensky to flee, accompanied by sekukuni ' s brother, johannes dinkwanyane, and it was as a result of this move from sekukuniland that merensky founded the botsabelo station in 1865 and built fort wilhelm, near where middelburg, at first known as nazareth, was established a year later in 1866. it appears from various accounts that, in the years that followed his accession to the chieftainship of the bapedi, sekukuni quietly collected a store of muskets and ammunition from certain farmers who ' ran ' these arms through from delagoa bay, and in 1875 the bapedi under sekukuni successfully withstood an assault by a swazi impi. although the impi penetrated nearly as far as thaba mosega they were defeated by the bapedi who were better armed with muskets. this confirmed sekukuni ' s feeling of security in his stronghold in the dsjate valley backed by the lulu mountains with the hills of mosega and modimolle guarding the entrance and with the ' fighting koppie ' as the citadel. sekukuni considered sekukuniland to be independent and not subject to the transvaal republic and refused to allow miners from the pilgrims rest gold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4458117137653269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.221298"}
{"text": "and modimolle guarding the entrance and with the ' fighting koppie ' as the citadel. sekukuni considered sekukuniland to be independent and not subject to the transvaal republic and refused to allow miners from the pilgrims rest goldfields to prospect on his side of the steelpoort river. things came to a head, however, in an incident on 13th march, 1876, when one, jancowitz, beaconed off a farm near the stad of johannes dinkwanyane, the brother of sekukuni, who had established himself near lydenburg after leaving the botsabelo mission station in 1873. the beacons were removed and the wood which jancowitz had collected was thrown off his wagon. the first sekukuni war we have seen how the thieving of stock by the bapedi from the land - hungry boers and the natural fear of the bapedi about their position with the constant land encroachment on their borders had led to continual friction and had finally culminated in the jancowitz affair. it must be assumed from the evidence that johannes dinkwanyane was aided and abetted in his actions by sekukuni. the inevitable result, of course, was that the volksraad declared war on sekukuni on the 16th may, 1876, and by july, 1876, president burgers himself had moved up with a force of about 2, 000 burghers with a few krupp guns and between 400 and 500 wagons. he was joined by a strong force of swazis who, it is claimed by some, were brought into the affair by mampuru, the half - brother of sekukuni who, it will be remembered, had been ousted from his rightful place by sekukuni. the force advanced up the steelpoort river from middelburg, and the first objective was the capture of johannes dinkwanyane ' s stad on the east and mathebes kop in the west to cover the boer lines of communication and to clear the country of hostile natives on both sides of the lulu mountains. president burgers himself was in command, with martinus wessels pretorius as commandant - general and commandant nicolas smit as deputy. the force was divided into an eastern section and a western section. pretorius was to lead the eastern section which was to consist of about 600 men, mainly from lydenburg, under commandant c. g. coetze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39939978411845123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.222252"}
{"text": "smit as deputy. the force was divided into an eastern section and a western section. pretorius was to lead the eastern section which was to consist of about 600 men, mainly from lydenburg, under commandant c. g. coetzee, and the swazis, with the object of capturing johannes ' s stad before proceeding to sekukuni ' s stronghold. the western force of about 1 000 men under commandant smit was to clear the olifants river area of hostile natives. the first clash occurred on the 8th july, 1876, between the eastern force and the enemy at magnet heights, which were cleared with a loss of about 400 of the enemy. one boer and eight native allies were killed. in the meantime, the western section under smit failed at first to take mathebes kop, but after the arrival of president burgers, the position was successfully stormed on 4th and 5th july, 1876, with a loss of three burghers killed and seven wounded, and five native allies killed. this victory made a big impression on the minor chieftains and thus all bepedi resistance in the south - west and south - east had been crushed. on 13th july, 1876, the burghers of the eastern force under commandant coetzee took up a position opposite johannes ' s stad on the spekboom river, whilst the swazis hid themselves for a surprise attack. coetzee, however, gave no orders for the burghers to attack the stad which was attacked successfully by the swazis alone and johannes himself was mortally wounded. this unsupported action by the swazis is confirmed by e. v. corrie in a brief but stirring account from which we also learn that the swazis refused to hand over to the boers any of the cattle taken on the grounds that the boers had not taken part in the action nor assisted in the capture of the cattle. disgust with the boers for leaving them to fight alone appeared to be the main reason for the swazis returning home the next day, although there were also rumours of an impending attack on swaziland which may have contributed to their decision. mopping up operations were carried out by the boers and it appears that an impi sent by sekukuni withdrew. the remants of johannes ' s people surrendered and thereafter the two burgher sections united for the attack on sekukuni ' s stad. the force moved up on 31st july", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42034153908555344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.223206"}
{"text": "an impi sent by sekukuni withdrew. the remants of johannes ' s people surrendered and thereafter the two burgher sections united for the attack on sekukuni ' s stad. the force moved up on 31st july, 1876, and it was decided that the attack was to take place the following day. it is not clear from the various accounts as to the actual approach route of the boer commando as it moved up to sekukuni ' s stad, and although it might appear from some accounts that the boers moved up round the northern end of the lulu mountains, this does not seem to have been the case, as it would seem from the accounts of major hunt and others that the burgher advance continued from the steelpoort river on a broad front until the boers arrived within reach of thaba mosega from the eastern side. i am inclined to the latter view. c. j. uys, however, draws attention to the use by the british in 1879 of the old boer road during the advance to dsjate from the north, but this may have had reference to an old wagon road. however, the force moved up as mentioned on 31st july, 1876, with commandant smit in command, as commandant general pretorius was ill, and with jan joubert as deputy. the president was not to take part personally. the plan was for joubert with 800 burghers and 500 natives to attack from the south and for smit with 900 burghers and a native impi to attack from the northern end. at the same time a captain otto riedel with four cannon was to bombard the stad. these were presumably the krupp guns referred to earlier. during the night of 31st july, joubert and his men went to take up a position behind the stad, but their progress was halted by the large numbers of the enemy who occupied the schanzes and joubert returned to camp with his men. for some unknown reason there was no contact between the two forces, probably by virtue of the terrain and the distance, with the result that smit was unaware of joubert ' s failure and, although the boers reached the stad and actually set fire to some of the huts, they were forced to withdraw owing to lack of support from joubert. as a result the boers failed to dislodge sekukuni. hunt tells us that, in any event, the burgh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41717823921364205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.224164"}
{"text": "to some of the huts, they were forced to withdraw owing to lack of support from joubert. as a result the boers failed to dislodge sekukuni. hunt tells us that, in any event, the burghers ' hearts were not in it as they distrusted both the military and religious capacity of president burgers. they returned from the scene of the action with some haste until they had recrossed the steelpoort river - which confirms, i think, that the advance was from the eastern side - and then dispersed to their homes. for this reason the first sekukuni war was often referred to as ' die huis - toe oorlog '. k. w. smith tells us, however, that the krygsraad tried unsuccessfully to fine the burghers who had refused to attack, and it was finally agreed that the best plan would be to guard the borders of sekukuni ' s country. the president was obliged to abide by the majority decision in this respect. accordingly, to meet this situation it was decided to hold the line of the steelpoort river against sekukuni with some volunteer mercenaries. a fort was at once built within the junction of the steelpoort and spekboom rivers opposite the drift on the steelpoort river at the foot of the triple crowned morone mountain. the outline of this fort, which was named fort burgers, after president burgers, after first being referred to as the steelpoort fort, may still be seen and is in the vicinity of the village known today as burgersfort. the fort was manned by some volunteer mercenaries called the lydenburg volunteer corps who were placed under the command of a prussian ex - officer, captain von schlickmann who, incidentally, was the holder of the iron cross, with orders to keep the bapedi in check and to harass them as far as possible. at the same time another fort, fort weeber, named after o. c. weeber, the landdrost at middelburg, was built t the west of the lulu mountains and a few miles west of the present jane furse hospital, and not far from maseleroom of which we shall hear more later. this fort, traces of which can still be seen, was garrisoned by some middelburg burger volunteers under the command of captain ignatius philip ferreira, later colonel ferreira, cmg, and the founder of ferreira ' s camp, the original", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43485950938974716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.225110"}
{"text": "later. this fort, traces of which can still be seen, was garrisoned by some middelburg burger volunteers under the command of captain ignatius philip ferreira, later colonel ferreira, cmg, and the founder of ferreira ' s camp, the original site of johannesburg. we shall hear more of this distinguished soldier and expert strategist of native warfare. this fort was on an open plain free from surprise attack and in a healthier situation than fort burgers. as a result of the successful patrols from the fort the plains on the west side of the lulu mountains were under the control of the boers by the end of 1876. on 29th september, 1876, sekukuni attacked fort burgers with the object of recovering cattle supposedly looted from the bapedi by the volunteers. although the bapedi failed to take the fort, they recovered the cattle and killed two of the volunteers. the volunteers were reinforced by recruits from the kimberley diamond fields who were recruited by alfred aylward, an ex - fenian whose name was probably murphy and who was the author of the transvaal of to - day. unfortunately, however, on 17th november, 1876, von schlickmann was ambushed in a kloof some six miles from the fort whilst on a cattle - looting expedition. he himself was killed and the volunteers suffered six other casualties. aylward then took command at fort burgers and carried out raids within a safe radius of the fort. the policy of the boers, namely to harass the bapedi and prevent them from sowing their crops, had the desired effect, and sekukuni had no alternative but to make peace overtures. after a form of peace treaty had been concluded, peace was eventually restored along the border by february, 1877. dr. alexander merensky acted as mediator and the peace terms were discussed at botsabelo mission station between representatives of sekukuni and the boers. sekukuni ratified the treaty in february, 1877, in which he acknowledged that he was a subject of the south african republic and agreed to pay a fine of 2, 000 head of cattle. he also agreed upon the boundaries of his territory. thus peace was at last proclaimed along the border in february, 1877. there is some doubt, however, as to whether sekukuni actually acknowledged himself to be a subject of the south african republic. editor ' s note : part ii and the author ' s references will be published in vol2 no 6 december 1973 return to journal index or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4044416046080559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab7ffd6-3ba6-4b84-bbd8-207234d83cec>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.226162"}
{"text": "| indians 4 sale | our online exhibitions give visitors a peek into our collections and associated materials through topics related to the school for advanced research \u2019 s mission. many factors influenced how native american cultural materials have been collected in the last century. this exhibit explores the history of collecting, by both individuals and institutions, and examines changes in contemporary practice. trade and adaptation are universal concepts that have helped communities all over the world survive and grow throughout history. this exhibit focuses on these concepts and how it relates to the southwestern united states. native american participation in the tourist industry extends over 100 years. this exhibit introduces you to two different regions of native america and provides an overview of the ways in which various tribes capitalized on or were affected by tourist presence. winklil is the yucatec maya word for body. for this exhibit, winklil will be used to reference the human body and will be a means of exploring the rich and complex world of mayan art. pueblo embroidery today is the most viable and commonly practiced of all the pueblo textile traditions, which date back more than a thousand years. follow the history of this ancient technique through the present. take the opportunity to get a 360 - degree view of some of the magnificent items from the iarc \u2019 s kachina collection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4733122527900426, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ccbd0de5-e4f7-4506-9503-e84346439be8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.227716"}
{"text": "populations of the american eel have massively declined in recent years. by douglas main nobody knows exactly how american eels make it to the sargasso sea, a mysterious expanse of flotsam - ridden waters in the middle of the atlantic ocean where the animals breed. but a recent study to chart the migration of these enigmatic eels only deepened the mystery, when six of the eight eels tracked with satellite tags were eaten by sharks. soon after the eels were tagged in gulf of st. lawrence, all eight devices were found floating on the surface of the water suggesting the animals had met an untimely end. the tags, which record depth and temperature, revealed that before surfacing the devices had suddenly entered an environment much warmer than the gulf ' s frigid waters. further analysis found that these conditions could be encountered only one way : inside the body of a porbeagle shark, according to a release from dalhousie university in halifax, nova scotia, canada, where some of the study authors work. the study, detailed in the online journal plos one, suggests that efforts to conserve eels, whose populations have massively declined in recent decades, could be confounded by predation by porbeagle sharks. these sharks were one of the species that were themselves voted to be protected under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) earlier this week. \" both species are in trouble, and measures to conserve one may well be at odds with efforts to protect the other, \" said julian dodson, a researcher a laval university in quebec city and study author, in the statement. \" what we really need now are studies to quantify just how important eels are in the diets of sharks and just what impact shark predation has on eel abundance. \" eels breed in the sargasso sea but return to freshwater streams as adults, making them vulnerable to pollution, urban development and the construction of dams. \" we could hope that there will be increased pressure to protect eels in fresh water, particularly during downstream migration through power dams, \" said study author melanie beguer - pon, also a laval researcher, in the statement. \" we can ' t do anything about shark predation, but we can limit mortality in turbines. \" an additional 113 adult eelswere fitted with simpler acoustic tags, which can be detected by receivers moored in the ocean. the study found that only four of these eels made it out of the gulf of st. lawrence into the atlantic ocean, according to the release. many of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3875849909371888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1888591-8b2a-44ed-ae65-0f0d3ed1a996>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.231604"}
{"text": "but on monday, the day after we ran the kalundborg winter marathon, i found myself unable to think straight. patients and colleagues alike would ask me questions or give me information and i would stare at them as if they were a teacher from charlie brown. normally i would attribute behaviour like this to low blood sugar or lack of sleep. but i am certain neither of these were the case. and my boss said i looked ill and that she was concened about me. despite being a physician, i find myself unable to explain these untoward effects other than attributing it all to \" exhaustion \". here i am looking kind of dead after the race : to determine whether or not a marathon is \" healthy \", one should probably consider the immediate, secondary and long - term effects it has on the body. 1. short - term health effects : it is hard to find many short - term health benefits. there is of course that rush of adrenaline and another benefit for most people is burning calories. negative effects on health include muskuloskeletal injuries, hyponatremia ( from drinking too much water ), heat stroke, kidney failure ( seen rarely in ultras ) and the extremely rare but feared sudden cardiac death. in looking at studies of people who die from heart problems in a marathon, these are exclusively people with underlying heart conditions, whether they know it or not. there is also damage and death of cardiac muscle cells during a marathon, shown in multiple studies by a rise in troponin in the blood after a marathon, as one sees with a heart attack. i ' ll get back to the meaning of that long - term in a bit. a great study in the british medical journal ( bmj. 2007 dec 22 ; 335 ( 7633 ) : 1275 - 7. ) looked at large marathons in cities all around the world and found that one is more likely to die of an accident in the city outside of the race than to die during the race. i think that helps put the issue of marathon safety in perspective. and one of the best things about marathons may be that they result in so many road closures, that numerous traffic - related deaths are prevented. i have also never come across serious problems pregnant women have had while running marathons. but you can bet your life savings that when the first pregnant woman does make the news for a marathon - related health problem, pregnant women all over the world will decide not to run at all when pregnant. 2. secondary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49808950398851903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:012016d2-90cf-4018-984d-840dfd5f3256>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.236687"}
{"text": "had while running marathons. but you can bet your life savings that when the first pregnant woman does make the news for a marathon - related health problem, pregnant women all over the world will decide not to run at all when pregnant. 2. secondary effects : not only does one feel tired, but there is quite a bit of evidence that one ' s immunesystem functions abnormally for up to 72 hours after a race. 2. long - term health effects of a marathon : first of all, it is extremely hard to do good research on the long - term health effects of a marathon, when marathon runners tend to be healthier people in the first place. but, i did come across one interesting study in a literature search : it appears that prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes decreases with the frequency of marathon participation independent of annual running distance ( med sci sports exerc. 2009 mar ; 41 ( 3 ) : 523 - 9 ). as far the long - term effects on the heart, no concensus has been reached. all studies are small and they have found conflicting results ( read this article in the new york times for more info http : / / well. blogs. nytimes. com / 2009 / 09 / 30 / phys - ed - how - do - marathons - affect - your - heart / ). anyone else have thoughts on the subject? here are so more pictures from kalundborg winter marathon and a video clip of the marathon from danish tv : first the link to the video : and some pics from tor r\u00f8nnow ( minus the naked ladies, thanks, tor! ) : running song of the day : all through the night by cindi lauper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4339077541095355, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:012016d2-90cf-4018-984d-840dfd5f3256>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.237375"}
{"text": "a common item of terminology, both inside and outside sf : ufo is an acronym for unidentified flying object. in the first edition of this encyclopedia in 1979, the subject of ufology was discussed under the heading \" flying saucers \". the change of title reflects the fact that ufology itself has changed over subsequent decades, and may now be thought of almost as three separate disciplines or interpretations of the phenomenon, one of which ( the extraterrestrial hypothesis ) despite legitimate attempts at scientific investigation, is often straightforward pseudoscience. the second is a hybrid of aspects of geology and meteorology, and the third deals with psychology. the term \" flying saucer \" was born in 1947 when the us businessman kenneth arnold, while flying his private plane near mount rainier, washington state, saw what he perceived as nine disc - like objects flying in formation nearby ; he described their flight as being \" like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water \". sightings continued through the late 1940s and the 1950s, becoming ever more elaborate and intimate, and still continue today, decades later, albeit not at the same feverish frequency as during the height of the saucer craze. reports came, and still come, from all over the world. early books on the subject were written by such disparate authors as retired american marine corps naval aviator major donald e keyhoe, with the flying saucers are real ( 1950 ), and self - appointed contactee george adamski ( 1891 - 1965 ) with flying saucers have landed ( 1953 ; rev 1970 ) ( co - written with desmond leslie ). the latter book marked a new development, in that adamski claimed not only to have seen flying saucers but to have interacted with their alien occupants. later books include attempts at objective analysis by scientist j allen hynek the ufo experience : a scientific inquiry ( 1972 ) and a sociological history of the phenomenon by historian dr. david jacobs the ufo phenomenon in america ( 1975 ). however, it would be wrong to think that flying saucers were solely a twentieth - century phenomenon. reports of unexplained lights and objects in the sky date back at least to classical antiquity. in the 19th century, during winter and spring 1896 - 1897 there were widespread reports of an airship being sighted over north america : it crossed the usa roughly west to east over a five - month period. the situation was complicated by hoaxers making false statements and even sending up appropriately styled hot - air balloons, but this cannot account for the bulk of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5681044317976535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e34077b9-6541-4b6c-bab7-0d4227562686>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.248636"}
{"text": "sighted over north america : it crossed the usa roughly west to east over a five - month period. the situation was complicated by hoaxers making false statements and even sending up appropriately styled hot - air balloons, but this cannot account for the bulk of the sightings ; nor can it explain why this particular flap started. it ended only when thomas alva edison ( 1847 - 1931 ) ( > edisonade ) firmly denounced the whole affair as a farrago. clearly this was a flying - saucer flap in every respect except that people, or at least the newspapers, reported sightings of airships rather than saucers ; moreover, they did so at a time when the airship was at the cutting edge of transportation technology and had for a time featured plausibly in sf stories. it has been noted that spaceships, although not as yet in operation, occupied a similar position in the public consciousness by the late 1940s, although ufos, being typically disc - shaped or spherical, did not conform to the general image of spaceships. that people see unexplained \" objects \" in the sky cannot be denied. the vast majority of such sightings can be confidently put down to misidentifications of perfectly natural phenomena : oddly shaped and illuminated clouds, the image of venus refracted in the atmosphere, ball lightning ( itself only quite recently recognized as a naturally occurring, though rare, phenomenon ), etc. man - made phenomena are also surprisingly easy to misidentify : frequent examples include orbiting satellites, aeroplane navigation lights and various forms of balloon \u2013 some designed with an intent to hoax. the remainder have been regarded as simply inexplicable ; or attributed to flying saucers piloted by aliens ( variously supposed to derive from other planets, other dimensions, the future, or the inside of the hollow earth ; whichever, this is dubbed the \" extraterrestrial hypothesis \" ) ; or to rare geological / meteorological circumstances involving processes that are explicable in terms of current scientific knowledge. the branch of ufology investigating what it prefers to call by such terms as \" transient atmospheric phenomena \" ( \" taps \" ) has scored some minor successes, notably in demonstrating that stressed granite can, as a result of the piezoelectric effect, produce dancing lights in the air overhead. the psychological school of ufology accepts that people who report encounters with aliens are recording genuine experiences \u2013 in the sense that, say, a dream is a genuine experience \u2013 and seeks to find objective explanations for subjective events. here again there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5584153499383405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e34077b9-6541-4b6c-bab7-0d4227562686>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.249698"}
{"text": "air overhead. the psychological school of ufology accepts that people who report encounters with aliens are recording genuine experiences \u2013 in the sense that, say, a dream is a genuine experience \u2013 and seeks to find objective explanations for subjective events. here again there is much to interest the cultural historian, for in the related abduction phenomenon there are astonishingly close similarities between modern descriptions of encounters with aliens and historical ones of meetings with the little people. other significant alleged encounters involve the more human - seeming men in black, dark - suited agents of an assumed cover - up by governments, global conspiracies or secret masters \u2013 dramatized in the films men in black ( 1997 ) and the shadow men ( 1997 ). as with airships / spaceships, it would appear that the \" contact \" experience is interpreted by the human mind in terms of the state of technology of the age. modern \" contactees \", who are frequently religious cultists using ufo belief to their own purposes, often base their interpretations on contemporary sf, a hypothesis buttressed by the fact that there was a noticeable qualitative shift in \" contactee \" accounts after the colossal success of the film star wars : episode iv \u2013 a new hope ( 1977 ) \u2013 for example, cute little ' bots were more frequently reported. if sf feeds ufology in terms of extraterrestrial interpretation, how does ufology feed sf? despite the fact that most genre - sf writers are hostile to the extraterrestrial hypothesis \u2013 a reaction to the unjustified public assumption that sf writers are deeply interested in ufology \u2013 sf writers did indeed frequently assume the reality of alien - piloted flying saucers, almost always for the purposes of story, irony or symbolism. many treated the subject facetiously. there are exceptions : adamski himself, some time before his famous experiences, wrote pioneers of space ( 1949 ), and dennis wheatley ' s star of ill omen ( 1952 ) seems to be the work of a believer. novels rooted in the extraterrestrial hypothesis include : shadows in the sun ( 1954 ) by chad oliver ; i doubted flying saucers ( 1958 ) by stan layne ; the flying saucer gambit ( 1966 ) by larry maddock in the agent of t. e. r. r. a. series ; brad ' s flying saucer ( 1969 ) by marian place ( 1910 - ) ; the mendelov conspiracy ( 1969 ; vt encounter three 1978 ) by martin caidin ; the gismo ( 1970 ; vt the gismo from outer space 1974 cha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5664452185414469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e34077b9-6541-4b6c-bab7-0d4227562686>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.251708"}
{"text": "brad ' s flying saucer ( 1969 ) by marian place ( 1910 - ) ; the mendelov conspiracy ( 1969 ; vt encounter three 1978 ) by martin caidin ; the gismo ( 1970 ; vt the gismo from outer space 1974 chap ) by keo felker lazarus ( 1913 - ) ; fade - out ( 1975 ) by patrick tilley, by a very long way the most interesting of the books in this list ; alien ( 1977 ) by george h leonard ( not to be confused with the film tie alien by alan dean foster ). as ufological interest branched out into the new areas of alien abductions and crash retrieval accounts, sf followed suit. steven spielberg ' s close encounters of the third kind, about abductions and related phenomena, generated enormous public interest and was unusual in depicting aliens as mystical benefactors. novels include leslie waller ' s film tie close encounters of the third kind ( 1977 ) as by spielberg ; the melchizedek connection ( 1981 ) by ray fowler ( 1930 - ) ; majestic ( 1989 ) by whitley strieber ; alintel ( 1986 ; no english trans to date ) by jacques vallee ( 1939 - ), the famous french ufologist ( the model for lacombe, played by francois truffaut, in close encounters of the third kind ) and winner, as jerome seriel, of the 1961 prix jules verne ; and the ufo conspiracy sequence by david bischoff : abduction : the ufo conspiracy ( 1990 ), deception ( 1991 ) and revelation ( 1991 ). a theme anthology is encounters with aliens ( anth 1968 ) edited by george earley ( 1927 - ). the strieber and bischoff titles concern themselves with the notion of the \" cover - up \", a trademark cliche of ufology : the paranoid belief that the us government ( or other authority figure ) possesses the physical proof that aliens are visiting us but chooses to keep the information secret. in strieber ' s story the case concerned is the roswell incident of 1947, in which a flying saucer is claimed to have crashed in the new mexico desert ; a story predating this incident and bearing some resemblance to it was \" mewhu ' s jet \" ( november 1946 astounding ) by theodore sturgeon. cover - ups feature also in ufological sf that does not subscribe to the extraterrestrial hypothesis. in w allen harbinson ' s projekt saucer series \u2013 projekt saucer # 1 : inception ( 1991", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48616778537709526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e34077b9-6541-4b6c-bab7-0d4227562686>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.252844"}
{"text": "1961 ) in his flying saucers : a modern myth of things seen in the skies ( 1958 ; trans 1959 ). the made - for - tv film the flipside of dominick hyde ( 1980 ) and its sequel use a flying saucer from the future as an enabling device. very small flying saucers feature in richard francis ' s blackpool vanishes ( 1979 ) and in the films liquid sky and * batteries not included. an account of a meeting with denizens of another world, 1871 ( 1979 ) by david langford ( presented as being written by william robert loosley ) is a spoof victorian narrative. saucer enthusiasts have themselves been the subject of sf stories, as in the television series kinvig. j g ballard ' s \" the encounter \" ( june 1963 amazing ; vt \" the venus hunters \" in terminal beach, coll 1964 ) leans heavily on jung ; fritz leiber ' s the wanderer ( 1964 ) deals in part with the reactions of various ufologists to an actual celestial visitor ; david langford ' s \" encounter of another kind \" ( december 1991 interzone ) has a believer spreading the ufo gospel via an elaborate hoax. the best novel about the ufo experience is undoubtedly miracle visitors ( 1978 ) by ian watson. watson instead envisages ufos and \" contacts \" in terms of altered states of consciousness and the dichotomy between objective and subjective reality \u2013 much as do ufologists of the \" psychological school \", in fact. his book, with its surreal inventiveness and loose link with ordinary causality, is understandably offensive to determined rationalists, who find it a nonsense ; exactly the same could be said for \" contact \" experiences themselves, which is perhaps the mark of watson ' s success. another sf novel which portrays the essential elusiveness of the ufo phenomenon \u2013 this time via frenetic manipulation of parallel worlds \u2013 is adam roberts ' s yellow blue tibia ( 2009 ). [ dp / jr / jgr / drl / lw ] see also : paranoia ; urban legends ; x - com. previous versions of this entry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49721300605475094, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e34077b9-6541-4b6c-bab7-0d4227562686>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.254934"}
{"text": "solar household energy ( she ) strives to unleash the potential of solar cooking to improve social, economic and environmental conditions in sun - rich areas around the world. over half the world ' s population currently relies on wood, charcoal or other biomass for daily cooking, leading to respiratory diseases, economic hardship, environmental degradation, and carbon emissions. solar cooking with modern solar ovens such as the \" hotpot \" developed by she, when included as part of an integrated cooking solution, offers a practical, affordable, and sustainable alternative. since 1998, solar household energy has worked with governments, non - governmental organizations and the private sector to promote solar cooking and introduce it in developing countries through projects that distribute solar ovens and provide training for users. we invite you to join us today in our efforts to spread the news about solar cooking and get it to those who can benefit from it most. solar cooking news : - global conservation organization adopts solar cooking resolution sponsored by solar household energy the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) has embraced a strong resolution sponsored by solar household energy calling for increased support for solar cooking efforts worldwide. the measure was adopted in september at iucn \u2019 s quadrennial world conservation congress in jeju, south korea. to read more click here. - solar cooking for the haitian / dominican border she has recently partnered with the nature conservancy to introduce solar cooking in tilori, haiti near the dominican border as part of a larger program aimed at reforesting areas denuded for charcoal production and fuelwood for cooking. she combined global sun ovens manufactured locally in the dominican republic by el fuego del sol with fuel efficient envirofit stoves to offer a 24 / 7 integrated cooking solution for this community. training sessions and follow - up were provided to the participants to help them learn how to use their new cookstoves. - more hotpots for sudanese refugees in chad after a few months of solar cooking in the gaga refugee camp in chad, the sudanese refuee recipients of hotpots distributed by solar household energy at the request of u. n. high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) were relieved to have an alternative to having to purchase fuelwood or risk the dangers of collecting it outside the camp. they said they wished that every woman in gaga could have a solar oven. while not yet a reality for all 20, 000 residents, she is now partnering with africare and unhcr to distribute hotpots and providing training and follow - up for an additional 200 households", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5012460175314389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ad719df-582f-4b17-9488-116af4dbe845>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.258560"}
{"text": "every woman in gaga could have a solar oven. while not yet a reality for all 20, 000 residents, she is now partnering with africare and unhcr to distribute hotpots and providing training and follow - up for an additional 200 households in the camp. - solar - fried chicken in the dominican republic : solar household energy has joined with a new partner, grupo jaragua, to distribute solar ovens in the dominican republic and haiti, in order to reduce the use of wood and charcoal for cooking fires that has seriously damaged the forest cover of the island shared by these countries. dr non - profit organization, grupo jaragua ( gj ), provides solar cooked lunches everyday at its community center in oviedo, demonstrating how easy and tasty solar cooking can be. gj \u2019 s chief solar chef and trainer, olga, has even devised a method for a healthier, solar - cooked version the fried chicken dish that is the local favorite. gj and solar household energy purchase global sun ovens for distribution throughout local communities from an assembly plant in the dr managed by el fuego del sol according to fair trade standards. for a limited time, a matching grant allows solar household energy contributors to donate a sun oven to a dr or haitian family for only $ 119. ( a full price sun oven costs $ 279 ). take advantage of this opportunity now by using the network for good button on this page and marking your donation for the dr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4243410220205014, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ad719df-582f-4b17-9488-116af4dbe845>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.259354"}
{"text": "head - dress @ not in common use among the hebrews. it is first mentioned in exodus : 28 : 40 ( a. v., \" bonnets ; \" r. v., \" head - tires \" ). it was used especially for purposes of ornament job : 29 : 14 ; isaiah : 3 : 23isaiah : 62 : 3 ). the hebrew word here used, _ tsaniph _, properly means a turban, folds of linen wound round the head. the hebrew word _ peer _, used in isaiah : 61 : 3, there rendered \" beauty \" ( a. v. ) and \" garland \" ( r. v. ), is a head - dress or turban worn by females isaiah : 3 : 20, \" bonnets \" ), priests exodus : 39 : 28 ), a bridegroom isaiah : 61 : 10, \" ornament ; \" r. v., \" garland \" ). ezekiel : 16 : 10 and jonah : 2 : 5 are to be understood of the turban wrapped round the head. the hebrew _ shebisim _ isaiah : 3 : 18 ), in the authorized version rendered \" cauls, \" and marg. \" networks, \" denotes probably a kind of netted head - dress. the \" horn \" ( heb. keren ) mentioned in 1samuel : 2 : 1 is the head - dress called by the druses of mount lebanon the tantura.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46564455191308196, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:938cad89-db35-4f89-ad12-1d50eed1d76a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.262084"}
{"text": "caring for american indian objects - more info - by : edited by sherelyn ogden - format : paper, 272 pp., 8. 5 \u201d x 11 \u201d, 48 color photos, 63 b & w photos, appendices, index - publisher : mhs press ( august 2004 ) - usually ships in : 1 - 3 business days - isbn 0 - 87351 - 505 - 6 a practical and cultural guide2005 aaslh merit award winner invaluable information and advice to anyone who wants to preserve these objects. twenty - one contributors, fourteen of whom are american indians, discuss general aspects of museum care, explain techniques for particular materials, and address important cultural considerations. american indian cultural objects, like most objects, deteriorate over time. precious and irreplaceable pieces of a people \u2019 s heritage can turn to dust, either slowly or rapidly, depending upon their composition and the ways in which they are stored and handled. this practical guide, with over 100 color and black - and - white photos, offers indian and non - indian caregivers, conservators, and collectors helpful information on standard museum practice to aid them in making decisions to slow deterioration. sherelyn ogden is the head of conservation at the minnesota historical society. she is also the author of preservation of library and archival materials : a manual and preservation planning : guidelines for writing a long - range preservation plan. praise for caring for american indian objects \u201c an excellent and valuable book that will be useful to students, conservators, and tribal museum staff. it will make a great textbook as well as reference book. \u201d \u2014 dr. andrew gulliford, director, center of southwest studies, fort lewis college more information about this book : view the table of contents to caring for american indian objects. our price : $ 39. 95", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43960494474540973, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:865f7c35-b0e4-457d-928d-6e509c5bab31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.264118"}
{"text": "download the complete report ( 3. 5mb pdf file ) \" the road took us to the most distant fountain of the waters of the mighty missouri in surch of which we have spent so many toilsome days and wristless nights. thus far i had accomplished one of those great objects on which my mind has been unalterably fixed for many years, judge then the pleasure i felt in all [ a ] ying my thirst with this pure and ice - cold water. \" - - meriwether lewis on august 12, 1805, upon crossing the continental divide and finding the headwaters of the missouri river. join us on a journey to the rivers fished and traveled by lewis and clark. two hundred years after their epic camping trip, discover for yourself the land and water explored by jefferson ' s \" corps of discovery \" - - places you will love, places you can still fish, hike and camp, places you can help us protect. for an angler with a love of america ' s wild places and a bent for history, there ' s no better trip than fishing the waters along the lewis and clark trail. the north american prairie, the northern rockies, and the pacific northwest are home to fabled rivers like the missouri, niobrara, yellowstone, jefferson, bitterroot, lochsa, clearwater, grande ronde, and columbia. whether angling for catfish \" as big as a man, \" trout as long as your arm, or 700 - pound sturgeon, fishing these waters promises epic adventure and a stockpile of stories for you and your family. when meriwether lewis and william clark began their expedition to explore the western part of the continent, they commissioned private silas goodrich to be their fisherman. it was goodrich ' s job every night to wet a line in the river and see what he could bring home. his assignment was partly for food ( the fish became an important part of the corps ' diet ), partly for scientific research, 1 but mainly because lewis, clark, and goodrich all loved to fish. the fact that their minds were on fishing is evident in the list of gear they brought with them. one of lewis ' s lists of requirements included \" 4 groce fishing hooks \" and \" 12 bunches small fishing line. \" a later summary of purchases listed 2, 800 assorted fishing hooks, and 125 large fishing hooks and fishing lines as indian presents. your own expedition probably won ' t require a thousand hooks, but a well - stocked angler will carry a bait", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41503694663769164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43fed667-7ff9-4f9e-b809-4d9b33df6be4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.269326"}
{"text": "\" a later summary of purchases listed 2, 800 assorted fishing hooks, and 125 large fishing hooks and fishing lines as indian presents. your own expedition probably won ' t require a thousand hooks, but a well - stocked angler will carry a bait - casting rod for catfish and walleye, a fly rod for the mountain states ' trout, and deep - sea poles for the steelhead, salmon, and sturgeon of the columbia river waters. be prepared for every kind of weather, from searing heat on the eastern plains to july snowstorms in the mountains. always carry a rain jacket, and bring lots of bug spray, for as lewis wrote, \" the mesquiters are terrible! \" always check local fishing regulations before you start to fish. regulations can change from season to season and can differ for each river or even for any given section. when buying your fishing licenses, ask for tips from the locals. they know the area ' s secrets and may be willing to share information. and as always, remember to leave your fishing hole in better shape than you found it. we strongly recommend a catch - and - release policy for all fish. ( also, it ' s illegal to fish for any species listed on the endangered species list. if you inadvertently hook a listed species, then you ' re legally responsible for releasing it unharmed. ) fishin ' along the lewis and clark trail is part of the sierra club lewis and clark wild america campaign, which aims to help people learn about, explore, enjoy, and protect the fish, wildlife, and natural wonders of the lands explored by the corps of discovery. sprawl, logging, pollution, and excessive damming now threaten many of the rivers they navigated. as the rivers are damaged, so are the salmon, trout, steelhead, and other fish that depend on them. find out in the \" conservation update \" sections how you can protect your favorite fishing hole by taking action or volunteering with the sierra club. about the author drew winterer lives in missoula, montana with his wife, shannon, two dogs and a cat. when not fishing somewhere on the lewis and clark trail, he guides fly - fishermen on montana ' s western waters. fishing with silas, an angler ' s guide to the lewis and clark trail, written with nick gevock, is currently in the publishing process. for more information, or to book a guided trip, contact drew at email @ example. com. for more information about the sierra club ' s lewis and clark campaign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38954485533214056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43fed667-7ff9-4f9e-b809-4d9b33df6be4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.270373"}
{"text": "the problem of free will is the problem of whether rational agents exercise control over their own actions and decisions. ( wikipedia ) intuitively, it seems simple. i wake up every morning and choose lots of things a\u20ac \u201c what ia\u20ac\u2122m going to have for breakfast, what ia\u20ac\u2122m going to wear, whether or not i feel like going to work. my instinct tells me that i have free will. but some say ita\u20ac\u2122s just an illusion. determinists believe that humans are predictable, programmed with genetic data, past experience, and environmental influences ; all of our actions and reactions foreseeable. behaviorists experimented with dogs to demonstrate predictable responses based on learned association with stimuli. dogs arena\u20ac\u2122t people, but we too learn by association. seeing a tv commercial about a juicy steak might make us salivate. the ringing of the dinner bell did it for the dogs. along this same line of reasoning, some would argue that when choosing from the menu of possible reactions to a given situation, we have no more control over our selection than we do over which foods we like to eat. einstein himself took the view that a\u20ac\u0153a human can very well do what he wants, but cannot will what he wants. a\u20ac this point of view likens the human brain to a computer a\u20ac \u201c a processor of information, both genetic and environmental, producing an inevitable and predictable reaction in each situation. taking it to the next level, some believe a computer could be programmed to a\u20ac\u0153thinka\u20ac like a human brain. the opposing side claims that the human brain is capable of complex tasks that couldna\u20ac\u2122t be replicated by computer programming. the chief difference being that computers are syntactic machines and human brain function is semantic. a computer has no spontaneous thoughts a\u20ac \u201c it thinks only what it has been told to think. it cana\u20ac\u2122t decide that it doesna\u20ac\u2122t feel like processing information right now. it cana\u20ac\u2122t make any decision a\u20ac \u201c ita\u20ac\u2122s a completely reactionary machine. ita\u20ac\u2122s barely even capable of making a mistake, which makes it in some ways superior to the human brain, yet ita\u20ac\u2122s only as intelligent as its programmer. the computer is a tool that the programmer utilizes to get the result that he wants. and ita\u20ac\u2122s the wanting that separates the human brain from a computer. or is it. do we a\u20ac\u0153will what we wanta\u20ac any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5690462802501419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84e6bc21-0eca-409f-9a04-240408b69f8d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.275435"}
{"text": "computer is a tool that the programmer utilizes to get the result that he wants. and ita\u20ac\u2122s the wanting that separates the human brain from a computer. or is it. do we a\u20ac\u0153will what we wanta\u20ac any more than a computer does? then there are those who find common ground between free will and determinism, which may seem as diverse as science and religion. but compatibilists get there by slightly redefining free will ; they acknowledge that genetics and the environment play a role in our decisions, but state that wea\u20ac\u2122re not forced or predetermined to make any particular decision. philosopher daniel dennett says, a\u20ac\u0153all the varieties of free will worth having, we have. we have the power to veto our urges and then to veto our vetoes. we have the power of imagination, to see and imagine futures. a\u20ac i don \u2019 t know where i stand with respect to the concept of free will. introspection tells me i have it, but introspection is worthless in scientific discovery. introspective \u201c discoveries \u201d are as numerous as opinions and opinions are like assho \u2026. well, you know where i \u2019 m going with that. einstein found the concept of no free will comforting. he said, a\u20ac\u0153this knowledge of the non - freedom of the will protects me from losing my good humor and taking much too seriously myself and my fellow humans as acting and judging individuals. a\u20ac unlike him, i find the idea more threatening than comforting. it raises disturbing questions about moral responsibility, self - image, and individuation. but maybe it \u2019 s not that introspection tells me i have free will as much as my current view of the world and myself requires it. or \u2026. maybe i was just predetermined to be indecisive. free will wiki now you have it, now you don \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5881532900403669, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84e6bc21-0eca-409f-9a04-240408b69f8d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.276247"}
{"text": "vitamin d is a nutrient ( well, technically a hormone ) that has had a substantial amount of research devoted to it over recent years. as someone who enjoys keeping up with the latest findings, i am often dismayed at the outdated \u2014 and often inaccurate \u2013 information shared with the public. below, three crucial, but little - known, vitamin d facts everyone must know for the sake of their health. 1. current vitamin d recommendations are too low when i suggest to a client that they supplement 4, 000 to 6, 000 international units ( ius ) of vitamin d a day, their first reaction is usually one of two : \u201c but i already take a multivitamin \u201d or \u201c wow! that sounds like a lot \u201d. it does sound extreme when you consider that the current recommended daily intake is set at 600 ius for anyone between the ages of 14 and 70 ( this was increased a little over a year ago from the former recommendation of 400 ius ). your average multivitamin provides anywhere from 400 to 600 ius. the problem is that the 600 ius recommendation is based on research that solely examined vitamin d \u2019 s role in bone health. while that is certainly one function of vitamin d, there are many more ( almost every cell in the human body has vitamin d receptors ). newer research has implicated d in blood glucose control, mood disorders, and heart health. besides, when we make vitamin d from the sun, we can make up to 10, 000 international units a day under optimal conditions ( certainly calls into question some recommendations which set an upper tolerable limit of 2, 000 ius ). and, while anecdotal, the only way i have seen deficiencies corrected \u2014 in both clinical and outpatient settings \u2014 was with supplementation of anywhere from 4, 000 to 10, 000 international units a day ( depending on the severity of the deficiency ). 2 ) you don \u2019 t make vitamin d from the sun year - round many individuals who learn they are vitamin d deficient are often surprised since \u201c they are always out in the sun \u201d. depending where you live, though, your ability to make vitamin d is inhibited for many months. there isn \u2019 t full agreement in the health field, but the most common belief is that if you live north of the 35th parallel ( see map here ), your body is unable to make vitamin d from the sun for several months ( roughly from november to april ). for what it \u2019 s worth, some people abide by the \u201c 33rd parallel \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4634916247720853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4edeaf1-6562-4317-8764-7892ccdbd548>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.280960"}
{"text": "north of the 35th parallel ( see map here ), your body is unable to make vitamin d from the sun for several months ( roughly from november to april ). for what it \u2019 s worth, some people abide by the \u201c 33rd parallel \u201d theory, while others think \u201c the 37th parallel \u201d is more accurate. the point is \u2014 if you \u2019 re north of los angeles, you are not making vitamin d for many months, even if you are out in the sun, at noon, wearing next to nothing. the reason? the sun \u2019 s uvb rays \u2014 the ones responsible for vitamin d production \u2014 don \u2019 t reach you. 3 ) there are a lot of barriers to vitamin d production let \u2019 s say you live in an area where you can make vitamin d year - round. or that you \u2019 re all the way up in boston, but it \u2019 s the middle of july, so the uvb rays are on and poppin \u2019. you are getting all your vitamin d from the sun, right? not quite. there are many barriers that can inhibit vitamin d production : - air pollution. - sunscreen. \u201c sunscreens with spf \u2265 15 almost completely inhibit vitamin d3 production \u201d. keep in mind that most commercial moisturizers contain spfs in the 20s, 30s, and 40s. - time of day. the general rule is that if your shadow is longer than your body, the sun \u2019 s rays are not high enough to produce vitamin d. in summary : 600 ius of vitamin d a day won \u2019 t cut it. you owe it to yourself to have proper levels, and, to do so, you can \u2019 t depend on sunlight or the paltry amounts fortified in food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46123786870198624, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4edeaf1-6562-4317-8764-7892ccdbd548>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.281754"}
{"text": "sci. stke, 29 february 2000 differentiation defining the boundary the drosophila wing precursor is divided into two non - intermingling groups of cells, the anterior ( a ) compartment and the posterior ( p ) compartment. dahmann and basler addressed the issue of how the boundary between the a and p compartment is established. the p cells express hedgehog ( hh ) and engrailed ( en ) ; the a cells express the hh receptor, smo, which, upon hh stimulation, converts the transcription factor cubitus interruptus ( ci ) from the repressor to the activator form. transgenic cells, in which the hh signaling pathway or the en pathway was altered, were introduced into fly larvae, and the wing precursors from such flies were analyzed to identify the positions ( a or p ) of the mutant cells and the amount of intermingling with the neighboring cells. segregation into the a or p compartments was dependent on the balance between the activator form of ci and the repressor form. without ci, the cells segregated away from both the a and p cells and assumed a position that straddled the a / p boundary. the authors also propose that the boundary may be defined by the abundance of the adhesion molecule de - cadherin because cells engineered to overexpress de - cadherin segregated away from neighboring cells in both the a and p compartments. dahmann, c. and basler, k. ( 2000 ) opposing transcriptional outputs of hedghog signaling and engrailed control compartmental cell sorting at the drosophila a / p boundary. cell 100 : 411 - 422. [ online journal ] citation : defining the boundary. sci. stke 2000, tw2 ( 2000 ). the editors suggest the following related resources on science sites : in science signaling science signaling. issn 1937 - 9145 ( online ), 1945 - 0877 ( print ). pre - 2008 : science ' s stke. issn 1525 - 8882", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5439344163932579, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb6e5019-511c-4e42-a62a-8729cd1fe659>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.284839"}
{"text": "georgetown, washington, dc in the center of georgetown, lying along rock creek is a 19th century garden park cemetery rivaled only by boston \u2019 s mount auburn cemetery in graciousness and a sense of community. oak hill cemetery is a historic 22 - acre cemetery and botanical garden located in the georgetown neighborhood of washington, d. c. it includes the oak hill cemetery chapel and van ness mausoleum which are listed on the national register of historic places. oak hill cemetery was founded by mr. william wilson corcoran. in 1848, he purchased 15 acres along rock creek from relatives of george washington. when the cemetery company was incorporated by act of congress on march 3, 1849, mr. corcoran contributed the land to the company. james renwick, jr., architect of the original smithsonian building designed the iron enclosure and the chapel ( built in 1849 ) which is a representation of the finest english specimens of old gothic chapels. the cemetery itself is a major example of the 19th century romantic movement, the natural and not formal english garden, an acceptance and blending of nature rather than a geometrical imposition. because of oak hill \u2019 s age, its history is largely 19th century, with emphasis on the civil war. the burials and monuments are mostly for that period. all lots were sold long ago and, until recently, the only new interments possible were in the few spaces remaining in old family lots. recently, a new project has been started to renovate the paths and walkways. gps coordinates : latitude : 38. 91280, longitude : - 77. 05670 oak hill cemetery 3001 r street washington, district of columbia other websites of interest :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4049886338457351, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7136a01-7c48-4d7a-a988-175d815d7527>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.286793"}
{"text": "private network is a network that uses private ip address space ( what is it? ). these addresses are commonly used for home, office, and enterprise local area networks ( lans ), migrated from serverfault. com jul 24 ' 10 at 5 : 18 ip address is a unique identifier for a machine on a network. a network is a group of machines. to change of network, you must cross a router. the ip addresses are public somebody on internet can join the network from an other site. private ip are use in local and don ' t cross the routers. to access to internet, a private ip must be transform to a public ip : it is nat ( network address translation ). when the information come back from internet, the router change the ip from public to private. iana define which ip is public or private : http : / / www. iana. org / abuse / faq. html yeah, this question might belong somewhere else, but... you already know that wikipedia is your friend, because the line in your question \" these addresses are commonly used... \" comes from the article. the three private ip ranges : are private because everyone who configures a router agrees not to route them. even if you configure your own router to pass them out of your network unchanged, the next guy ' s network is either going to choke on them ( if they conflict ) or drop them. ip addresses by themselves are just unique identifiers ( hence \" address \" ) used to identify each computer or device on a network. they specifically apply to networks using the ip protocol, which is really all most people will encounter. there are 2 ip address protocols in use : ipv4, and ipv6. ipv4 is vastly more common today, but networks are slowly starting to migrate. the basic premise of ip addressing is that each computer connected to a network must have a unique address. in ipv4, all addresses are 32 bits long, broken into 8 - bit chunks separated by periods ( i. e. 184. 108. 40. 206 - 255. 255. 255. 255 ). back in the day, there were enough addresses that everyone on the internet could have their own unique address, and there were plenty to go around. then the internet got full. because of the \" shortage \" of ip addresses ( there are 232 possible ipv4 addresses ), the idea of \" private addresses \" were introduced. these are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5315685480343578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e6c7c9a-da70-4731-9110-53644628a5f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.291402"}
{"text": "unique address, and there were plenty to go around. then the internet got full. because of the \" shortage \" of ip addresses ( there are 232 possible ipv4 addresses ), the idea of \" private addresses \" were introduced. these are the following blocks : the / 8, / 12, and / 16 refer to the subnet mask, which is used to determine how large the network can be before it must be split up. the subnet masks above are 8, 12, and 16 bits, yielding maximum network capacities of 224, 212 and 28 devices, respectively. note that for the 2nd and third groups, there are multiple networks available within this range ( i. e. 192. 168. 0. 0 and 192. 168. 1. 0 must be on separate networks, but 10. 0. 0. 0 and 10. 0. 1. 0 don ' t have to be ). ( note that ipv6 by contrast uses 128 - bit addressing, which leaves a huge address space available so that we might once again all have unique public ip addresses. ) in order to make these \" private \" networks useful, many networks have employed network address protocol ( nat ), or as it is more commonly seen port address translation ( pat ) ( sometimes also referred to as \" nat overload \" ). most devices which claim to support nat are really using pat. the idea behind pat is that the router can mask away a large number of private ip addresses to a single public ip. it does so by mapping each internal / private ip address to the public ip address and a specific port ( as usually defined in the tcp or udp protocols ). this way, you can have a network containing multiple devices ( e. g. 10. 0. 0. 1, 10. 0. 0. 2, 10. 0. 0. 3, etc ), and they will all be represented by the single router with a public ip address ( e. g. 220. 127. 116. 11 ). the end result of this is that many people can re - use the same private ip address ranges without conflict on the globally connected internet. for example, almost all home routers use 192. 168. 0. 0 / 8 or 192. 168. 1. 0 / 8. by employing pat, we are all able to use these ip ranges without having conflicts when our computers actually talk over the internet. the computers at each end are talking only to the router with the public ip, which then keeps track", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5439754994242997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e6c7c9a-da70-4731-9110-53644628a5f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.292292"}
{"text": "this post, by community member, beth, originally ran this past march for trisomy awareness and world down syndrome day. given that it \u2019 s national down syndrome awareness month we decided to run it again. what trisomy awareness month means is each trisomy gets its own day to raise awareness. for example, my daughter lauren has down syndrome. she has 3 copies of the 21st chromosome, so our day to celebrate and raise awareness is march 21 ( 3 - 21 ). my friend marta has a 9 year old son who has trisomy 18. their day is 3 - 18. according to wikipedia, trisomy is where there are 3 copies of a certain chromosome instead of the usual 2. there are several different types of trisomy. the most common type is down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ). the other five types are rarer. kayden, marta \u2019 s son has edwards syndrome ( trisomy 18 ). there are trisomies that occur on the 8th, 9th, 13th, and 22nd chromosomes also. lauren was born in 2007, during a blizzard. she was a week early due to my blood pressure, and i needed an emergency c - section. she was 6lbs. and so tiny. she got jaundice, wouldn \u2019 t drink water ( she still doesn \u2019 t! ) i was told she would never breastfeed because she \u201c is downs \u201d. i started really advocating for her when she was 6 months old. we started early intervention ; i started planning our first buddy walk for our community. i tried to find other moms online, since the moms around our community really wanted nothing to do with us. i learned so much about down syndrome such as the proper terminology. lauren has down syndrome. she is not downs. also, it is down syndrome, not downs, down \u2019 s. big d, little s. it was named for the doctor who first discovered the features of down syndrome. i really despise when lauren is called a downs kid, or a downie. i always try to explain that by saying you wouldn \u2019 t call a woman with breast cancer \u2018 the cancer lady \u2019. that would be rude. my name is beth and i blog at our typical life. i talk about everything from down syndrome to taking pictures. lauren is 3 and has down syndrome. avery is one and the biggest copy - cat ever. i \u2019 ve been married for nearly four years and we live in minnesota.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49511599434755726, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74240d1c-e8db-4250-8b3b-267fe751a95a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.294669"}
{"text": "you are browsing the web and suddenly come across a page that displays numbers instead of letters? you see four numbers inside a little box instead of letters? well then you might just be missing a unicode font. here is a simple fix. those four numbers inside the little box are the hexadecimal code for the letter. if you have not got the font that translates those four numbers into a character or glyph you will only be able to see the number. here you can find a list of all unicode fonts as well as a comparison of those unicode fonts. having a look at the list, \" gnu unifont \" clearly stands out with 63, 446 characters 63, 449 glyphs. as the name already suggests gnu unifont is free to use and to download. you can get the gnu unifont for mac and windows from here. download the winzip archive for mac or windows, it is 3mb in file size. once downloaded simply unzip the file and copy it to your systems fonts folder. if you have trouble with that have a look here for windows 7 users and here for windows xp users. basically in windows the fonts are located at c : \\ windows \\ fonts. mac users can check this out to install the font. additionally here is a link to the unicode 6. 0 character code charts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47907171026435924, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ec01d0c-807c-44a2-b57d-bcae60101f03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.296036"}
{"text": "by priscilla long if you \u2019 ve been in the pacific northwest you \u2019 ve seen a douglas - fir. it \u2019 s a conifer of course \u2014 needles and cones. it \u2019 s our main tree and it grows in woods, in city parks, and on the street. in the woods it grows straight and tall and the lower branches stick straight out from the trunk like a many - armed man being frisked. but the tree is self - pruning, so what you often have in a younger tree is a straight - up trunk with knots where branches once grew, the needled top susurrus in the wind. to know for sure you \u2019 re standing under a doug - fir, look at the oval - shaped cones on the ground. they have thin unmistakable three - pointed bracts sticking up between the scales. why learn a tree at all? a tree is a tree, right? yet any one object, when scrutinized, opens the door to its worlds. to its type and its form and its way of life. to its deep past and if it \u2019 s alive, to its reproductive and genetic history. the doug - fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii ) is not actually a fir tree, and it \u2019 s incorrect to refer to its common name without the doug - or douglas -. it \u2019 s a member of the pine family. pines are gymnosperms, seed plants with \u201c naked \u201d seeds ( not enclosed in ovaries as are seeds of dahlias and dogwoods and daisies ). doug - fir cones have a pair of naked seeds at the base of their cone - scales. the tree can live for a thousand years. and its fossil remains date to 50 million years ago. so the douglas - fir scraping the sky outside my window had a long history before it became a force in our history. and it did become a force in our history. in the pacific northwest the tree was gigantic and abundant. fire was part of its ecology : the thick bark of old trees resists burning, and its saplings must have sunlight. fire can clear its shady understory of hemlock and cedar so allowing doug - fir seeds to sprout and the saplings to survive. northwest indians used the douglas - fir in minor ways, but preferred cedar because cedar is more beautiful and easier to work with stone tools. they fabricated longhouses, garments, canoes, baskets, and ceremonial articles from western red cedar. the first european to describe douglas - fir trees was archibald men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48421689486133357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f35df398-e837-4acc-a0f6-e00d519abc75>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.300965"}
{"text": "ways, but preferred cedar because cedar is more beautiful and easier to work with stone tools. they fabricated longhouses, garments, canoes, baskets, and ceremonial articles from western red cedar. the first european to describe douglas - fir trees was archibald menzies, a scottish naturalist who arrived in the pacific northwest in 1792 aboard the vessel of the english captain george vancouver. menzies supplied the latin name and gathered specimens to take home, all of which died. next, in the 1820s, came the tree \u2019 s eponym, david douglas, another scottish naturalist. douglas sent living seeds back to scotland where the resulting trees are now ubiquitous. douglas - fir became the most extensively harvested tree in the northwest. think weyerhaeuser. think old photos of tiny men with their tiny axes standing beside building - sized stumps. think clear - cut \u2014 that unnatural disaster. think tree farm. think house frames, two by fours, telephone poles, fence posts, plywood. in the pacific northwest, before every last centuries - old tree was cut down, the spotted owl controversy rose up and raged, pitting the environment against an industry and its jobs. endangered spotted owls ( and a good number of other species ) live only in old - growth forest. it \u2019 s an intense ecosystem that can \u2019 t be recreated. ultimately the owl won some protection ( under nepa \u2014 the national environmental policy act ) along with its giant old trees ( though threats continue ). here, in the young urban forest of my seattle street, i see the douglas - fir all around. it \u2019 s habitat, wood, shade. it \u2019 s part of our history, part of our world, even part of who we are. because of the july 4th holiday, priscilla long \u2019 s next science frictions essay will appear wednesday, july 11. priscilla long is the author of the writer \u2019 s portable mentor : a guide to art, craft, and the writing life and where the sun never shines : a history of america \u2019 s bloody coal industry. her essay \u201c genome tome, \u201d which appeared in our summer 2005 issue, won the national magazine award for feature writing. more posts from priscilla long : comments are closed for this post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4271230559214754, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f35df398-e837-4acc-a0f6-e00d519abc75>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.302526"}
{"text": "warm weather and summertime brings out thousands of collector cars and special interest vehicles to cruise nights and car shows across our country. it also brings its own type of mechanical problems \u2014 ones that new - car owners seldom have to deal with. some of the problems are fairly obvious, although they can take considerable time to fix. these problems are ones that involve rubber parts \u2014 everything from door gaskets to heater hoses. replacing some items such as body gaskets are inconvenient fixes but necessary to prevent moisture from getting where it shouldn \u2019 t and rust from starting to form. other parts, such as coolant hoses and engine seals, need more immediate attention or you may be stranded on the side of the road. there are a few mechanical problems that pop up with older vehicles that are related to modern fuels ; one of these is the addition of alcohol to the fuel. alcohol acts as a great cleaning agent, loosening gum deposits and grime from the inside of fuel tanks and lines. vehicles that have been driven all the time usually don \u2019 t have a lot of deposits, but vehicles that have been sitting for months or years usually do. the loosened deposits are usually caught in the fuel filter and plug it. a shortage of power during acceleration, stalling, and hard starting are all symptoms that can be caused by a plugged fuel filter. the other fuel problem is pinging caused by detonation or pre - ignition. cars of the \u2019 50s, \u2019 60s and early \u2019 70s had relatively high compression engines. if the engine - cylinder pressures became too high the fuel could ignite by itself before the sparkplug could ignite it and the fuel would burn in an uncontrolled manner ( called detonation ). this caused even higher pressures in the cylinder and violent vibrations that would break pistons, piston rings, and even crack cylinder heads. we hear it as a rattling sound, usually called \u2018 pinging. \u2019 pre - ignition is similar to detonation but the fuel is started burning prematurely by something hot inside the cylinder. it could be a piece of carbon, an overheated sparkplug electrode, or even a part of a failing head gasket. pre - ignition causes violent vibrations inside the engine just like detonation does, so the two are often confused. repairing a pre - ignition problem can involve engine disassembly to remove carbon or failing head gaskets. detonation problems can be prevented by changing ignition timing. both of these types of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4415725641790213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0be4028-1eb4-417f-879d-e462e5579bd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.306806"}
{"text": "does, so the two are often confused. repairing a pre - ignition problem can involve engine disassembly to remove carbon or failing head gaskets. detonation problems can be prevented by changing ignition timing. both of these types of problems can be reduced by using a high - octane fuel and maintaining a good engine - cooling system. octane is a rating indicating the ability of the fuel to withstand self - ignition due to pressure \u2014 the higher the octane number, the higher the pressure. premium fuels back in the \u2019 60s and \u2019 70s could have an octane number of 95 or higher. today, premium fuels are usually in the 91 octane range. there are octane boosters you can add to the fuel, but these are often unstable and designed more for racing vehicles where the fuel will be used right away. the best way to deal with pinging problems are to increase engine cooling so hot spots don \u2019 t form in the engine cylinders and retard ignition timing to lower cylinder pressures. be careful to not retard ignition timing too far or it will cause the engine to overheat. reducing the amount of time the fuel has to self - ignite will help reduce pinging. revving the engine higher sooner, using transmission and axle gearing so there is less load on the engine, and avoiding large throttle openings during acceleration are some of the ways of reducing pinging. modern cars can also ping if the octane rating of the fuel is too low for driving conditions, but computer controls sense the vibrations and change ignition timing to reduce it before engine damage can occur. mazda, with their new skyactiv engine, has the highest compression ratio of any production car and they have used modern technology to direct fuel injector spray into a special pocket in the top of the piston. the fuel burns in this concentrated area and there is not enough fuel elsewhere for detonation to occur, even with the high compression ratio. mazda can even run this engine on regular fuel with an 87 octane rating! for classic - car drivers, using premium fuel, ensuring the engine cooling system is operating at peak efficiency, and having the ignition system reworked so there is less initial timing advance are a good start to reducing pinging problems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4621576417619975, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0be4028-1eb4-417f-879d-e462e5579bd2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.307673"}
{"text": "getting a job is a major concern for young australians. last year \u2019 s national survey of young australians showed a large rise in the proportion of young people valuing getting a job, from 16 % in 2010 to 22. 7 % in 2011. the recently launched 2012 youth survey, which focused on young people aged 15 to 19, suggests that some need to find work to help pay for household bills, school books and other necessities. for many young people, getting a full - time job or even enough part - time work is a challenge. youth underemployment is in part linked to long - term changes to the labour force, as well as more recent instability in the wake of the gfc. for growing numbers of young people, the transition from school to work will involve one or more part - time jobs. the 2012 edition of how young people are faring, published by the foundation for young australians ( fya ), indicates that the number of teenagers in part - time work and who were not in education increased from 8. 7 % in 1986 to 30 % in 2012. the proportion has more than doubled for 20 to 24 year - olds from 8. 3 % to just over 19 % during the same period. this reflects a long \u2010 term pattern of replacement of full - time employment with more part \u2010 time jobs within the teen and young adult labour markets. abs data indicates that in 2011, a third of the 814, 700 part - time workers who would prefer to work more hours was aged 15 to 24 years. while just under half of those aged 15 - 19 years preferred to work less than 30 hours per week, around 28 % of underemployed part - time workers in this age group had insufficient work for a year or more. beyond the gfc teenagers face particular challenges. as the fya report suggests, more than one in five teenagers not engaged in education indicated they were trying to find full - time work. but the number of teenagers in full - time employment has declined from almost 550, 000 in 1981 to almost 200, 000 in 2012. a large proportion of this drop can be accounted for by the growth in the numbers staying in school. however, this decline in full - time work has implications for those teenagers not in study or training. combined with higher unemployment rates than other age groups, these labour force trends signal a labour market in which youth unemployment and involuntary part - time work continues to be significant. the concentration of young people in part - time work in australia includes a significant proportion in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4317575721706935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16b0cca4-a8b4-4e31-9077-c71a10c172f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.313553"}
{"text": "combined with higher unemployment rates than other age groups, these labour force trends signal a labour market in which youth unemployment and involuntary part - time work continues to be significant. the concentration of young people in part - time work in australia includes a significant proportion in involuntary part - time work. the oecd defines involuntary part - time work as comprising : those who usually work full - time but who are working part - time because of economic slack ( i. e. unused proportion of economic capacity ) ; those working part - time but have fewer hours in their jobs because of economic slack ; and those working part - time because full - time work can \u2019 t be found. according to this data, the share of involuntary part - timers aged 15 - 24 in the labour force was just over 13 % in 2011. the percentage of involuntary part - time workers has at times been higher in australia during the last decade compared to some other oecd countries for which comparable data are available. the share of involuntary part - timers aged 15 - 24 as a percentage of part - time employment was just under 35 % in 2011, compared to 4. 8 % in norway. while these figures serve as a starting point for understanding the challenges of youth underemployment, they are by no means perfect indicators. ( the measure of \u201c involuntary part - time work \u201d is itself contested. ) they do not necessarily capture the acute challenges facing certain young people in the australian labour force \u2013 in particular, teenagers who have left school and young women in general. school leavers who want full - time work, but have to take part - time jobs instead, can remain vulnerable to marginalisation from secure work for years. some research suggests that amongst those in part - time work, many women in their late teens would prefer to work more hours but do not have opportunities to do so. snakes and ladders while part - time work is important to the personal development of young people in that it gives them key life - experience and material gains, it may not be a stepping stone to full - time work. the evidence suggests that teenagers in part - time jobs are only slightly more likely to move into full - time employment than those who are unemployed. a major concern is for those who are discouraged by the inability to get sufficient work and give up looking. combine this with significant levels of long - term youth unemployment ( notably that between 2008 and 2011 the percentage of young australians without a job for a year or more nearly doubled ) and this concern is intensified considerably. the proportion of part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4572035866077223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16b0cca4-a8b4-4e31-9077-c71a10c172f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.314581"}
{"text": "and give up looking. combine this with significant levels of long - term youth unemployment ( notably that between 2008 and 2011 the percentage of young australians without a job for a year or more nearly doubled ) and this concern is intensified considerably. the proportion of part - time workers who are underemployed generally decreases as they get older, but the experience of insecurity or dissatisfaction with working life during these formative years is not without negative consequences. i have written elsewhere in the conversation about some of the impact of the fluidity of working life on young people. with part - time work comes instability and difficulty in planning ahead socially, financially or to start a family because of the fluidity of contemporary working life. young people, like most, seek security, connection and a sense of where they are going in life. compelling young people to stay in school or post school study and training \u2014 though beneficial for most \u2014 isn \u2019 t enough. particular challenges confront those living in regional and remote areas and those experiencing disadvantage, in which the risk of marginalisation is often concentrated. it has been suggested, rather too casually i think, that young people should migrate to where the work is. this strikes at real and complex tensions, between addressing the challenges of marginalisation by those who never move beyond their suburb and the socioeconomic disadvantage associated with their marginalisation, and the idea that we reduce success in life to being economically \u201c fit for purpose \u201d. the evidence indicates that young people see more to life than fulfilling economic need or the product of \u201c slack \u201d. ( data from the world values survey, for example, indicated that three quarters of young adults prioritised the need to protect the environment over economic growth. although, concern amongst teenagers appears to have fallen significantly since 2011 according to the 2012 youth survey, which found a substantial number nominating \u2018 the economy and financial matters \u2019 over the environment as a major issue of national importance. ) i think that many of us abhor the idea that mobility is dictated exclusively by labour market need and relentless economic growth. the challenges of underemployment must therefore be located in a richer world of values, contexts, expectations and possibilities for young people to participate in the economy and society of the 21st century. connection and belonging are foundational to individual and social well - being. more than their marks there is another possible dimension to underemployment that provides food for thought. during the last few years, national school retention levels reached the highest levels ever recorded. participation in study by degrees continues to rise, as many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5001205311163408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16b0cca4-a8b4-4e31-9077-c71a10c172f2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.315986"}
{"text": "earlier today i had to take a cab from the commercial terminal to another airport nearby where there was no commercial airline service, but where the airplane i was to fly was parked. i had the most interesting cab driver ; we covered a few interesting topics on the ride over. for example, he asked me at what altitude we flew the citation x, and i told him 51, 000 feet ( though we don ' t usually fly that high ). he was very surprised, and i told him that the commercial airliners usually fly in the upper 30, 000 foot range, and at the altitudes above are a lot of business jets. then he told me about a show he watched about an experiment in the 60s. now, i vaguely remember a long ago experiment of a guy jumping of an insanely high altitude. but the cab driver said he thought it was like 140, 000 feet and it had taken the guy 27 minutes to get down. so he was curious, if they said the guy was traveling at up to 650 miles per hour, why did it take so long to travel this distance ( 1 mile = 5280ft, so 140, 000ft = about 26 miles )? i gave him the best answers i could, based on my limited knowledge, but i promised him ( and myself ) that i would look it up when i got back. here ' s the story : ( wikipedia ) on august 16, 1960 colonel joseph kittinger made the final jump from the excelsior iii at 102, 800 feet ( 31, 300 m ). towing a small drogue chute for stabilization, he fell for 4 minutes and 36 seconds reaching a maximum speed of 614 mph ( 988 km / h or 274 m / s ) before opening his parachute at 18, 000 feet. pressurization for his right glove malfunctioned during the ascent, and his right hand swelled to twice its normal size. he set records for highest balloon ascent, highest parachute jump, longest drogue - fall ( 4 min ), and fastest speed by a human through the atmosphere. so, the cab driver thought that the experiment was to find out more about high altitude bailouts and wondered if the special space suit was really necessary. i told him that at the very least, people needed to be protected from the cold. for example, the temperatures at the altitudes commercial airliners fly are usually around - 40 degrees celsius. brr! can you imagine how cold it was at the altitude that kittinger jumped? well, given", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4806881817511171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c291a6f-0330-43e8-b7c1-346ba4b89a18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.319761"}
{"text": "many scientific facts point to a younger age for the earth than evolutionists want to believe. in many mountain areas, multiple rock layers have been bent and folded without fracturing. this is evidence that all the layers were deposited before any of them hardened. if this had taken place after the layers had hardened, they would either have been crumbled, or the heat and pressure would have transformed them into metamorphic rock. some fossils, found in these rock layers believed to be millions of years old, can actually be dated by radiocarbon dating. when this is done, the ages are shown to be only thousands of years. if the earth were as old as evolutionists claim, the radiocarbon should have disappeared long ago from fossils, coal, diamonds, oil, and such. likewise, there should be more helium in the atmosphere, and much less in the earth \u2019 s crust. i would like to furnish the long list of evidences for a young earth, but i don \u2019 t have much time right now. they can be found scattered throughout creationist literature. as is the case with all science, you have to be careful of outdated or incorrect information. the oct. - dec. 2012 edition of answers magazine gives what they believe to be the 10 best evidences for a young earth. the answers magazine also shows the weakness of some of the evolutionary arguments against the evidences. the following is not on the answers magazine \u2019 s list, but i think one of the most important evidences for a relatively young earth is the slowing of its rotation. simultaneously, the moon is receding from the earth. this can \u2019 t have been going on for billions of years. you \u2019 ll find a lot of conflicting, and confusing, information if you research this. the following quote is from the article \u201c earth, \u201d in a 1971 set of encyclopedia britannica \u2019 s. later estimates show a larger rate of slowing. referring to three factors contributing to a slowing of the earth \u2019 s rotation, the article says, \u201c this effect amounts to an aggregated time change of about 30 sec. per century. however, if this phenomenon is assumed to have existed throughout the earth \u2019 s lifetime, the earth must once have rotated much more rapidly than it does now. \u201d that doesn \u2019 t mean that at the end of a century, each day is 30 seconds shorter than before. each day averages only a small fraction of a second shorter, yet over enough time the effect would be tremendous. i haven \u2019 t given precise numbers because there \u2019 s so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45942429934228934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41dd681c-0058-4fb9-9b27-cd636796ee89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.323660"}
{"text": "at the end of a century, each day is 30 seconds shorter than before. each day averages only a small fraction of a second shorter, yet over enough time the effect would be tremendous. i haven \u2019 t given precise numbers because there \u2019 s so much conflicting data. most evolutionists argue that these effects have not been as great in the past, and that the changes don \u2019 t add up that much overall. they say the same thing about the recession of the moon. i think it can be proven however, that the earth would have been more prone to a major catastrophe if the forces balancing the earth and moon were much different from today. the jumble of details found in the geological column is evidence of such a catastrophe. all of this gives credibility to the biblical record of a global flood. there are too many unanswered questions about dating methods for evolutionary scientists to reasonably conclude that life is millions of years old. if events within the sun affect the half - life of radioactive substances on earth ( ref. my previous post ), could certain activity within the earth likewise affect radiometric dating? what about the effects of piezoelectricity that would be generated by a major slide of the earth \u2019 s continental plates? piezoelectricity is thought by some to be the explanation for \u201c earthquake lights. \u201d scientists aren \u2019 t certain of the cause. extreme pressures have been shown to slightly affect radioactive decay rates, but there are many levels of \u201c extreme. \u201d what effect would the pressures generated by a major slide of a continental plate have upon decay rates? we know that pressure increases the rate of nuclear fission in radioactive elements. tremendous amounts of material has been transported thousands of miles under very extreme pressures, and many kinds of \u201c sorting, \u201d and chemical reactions, occur under such conditions. i \u2019 m not saying that either of these things accounts for the discrepancies of the dating methods, but these areas would be worth further study. the bible says that whenever we think we know anything, we still don \u2019 t understand it as well as we should ( 1st. corinthians 8 : 2 ). that is true of the scientist, as well as the preacher. it is true of all of us. if someone isn \u2019 t wanting to use science as a tool for deception, it would be wise to avoid the absolute statements that evolutionists make about the age of life on the earth. evolutionary scientists should be honest about their time tale. with their level of talent, they could build a case for a young earth as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5158630749886423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41dd681c-0058-4fb9-9b27-cd636796ee89>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.324645"}
{"text": "1. excellence of manners or social conduct ; polite behavior. 2. a courteous, respectful, or considerate act or expression. 3. indulgence, consent, or acquiescence : a \u201c colonel \u201d by courtesy rather than by right. 4. favor, help, or generosity : the costumes for the play were by courtesy of the local department store. when we teach our young men to live and act with purpose the scout oath and law we must never forget that we are teaching an coaching these men to be gentlemen. a scout is courteous. a scout is polite to everyone regardless of age or position. he knows that using good manners makes it easier for people to get along. last night my family and i went to the movies. now, i have a hand full of pet peeves, but the behavior that drives me up the wall is when people are rude or discourteous. there was a guy and his family sitting next to us. he decided to talk through the whole movie, not a whisper, full conversation level talking. i leaned to my son and whispered \u201c and this is what a lack of courtesy looks like \u201d. now i am going to make some folks mad here \u2026 but i blame parents for a lack of courtesy in their kids. parents should demonstrate what it is to be courteous. when parents show a lack of courtesy, they are telling their kid that this is what right looks like. as a scout leader i see the results of various styles of up bringing. by and large the scouts of my troop are good young men. i am proud of them and the way they are growing up. i hope that the lessons that we are teaching them are sinking in and being a solid augmentation of what they get at home. in scouts we get scouts from every walk of life. every economic status, every race, every religion, and every form of discipline tested. they are all good kids with potential, what and how we harness to be is a challenge, but we have been given a great tool.. the oath and law. when you have to lean over and remind your son what right does not look like, it is the hope of most dads that they get it. courtesy is so simple. it takes little or no effort at all, yet there are some folks out there that are just plain rude. i am not sure why, and have very little patients to figure it out. it is always easier just to do the right thing the first time.. don \u2019 t you think?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4812464865132955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1a8e436-4c4e-42b5-b28b-bfe2f8869965>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.327513"}
{"text": "about the trial courts tennessee \u2019 s 95 counties are divided into 31 judicial districts. within each district are circuit courts and chancery courts, as provided by the state constitution. some districts also have legislatively established criminal courts and probate courts. judges of these courts are elected to 8 - year terms. circuit courts are courts of general jurisdiction in tennessee. circuit court judges hear civil and criminal cases and appeals of decisions from juvenile, municipal, and general sessions courts. the jurisdiction of circuit courts often overlaps that of the chancery courts. criminal cases are tried in circuit court except in districts with separate criminal courts established by the general assembly. chancery courts are courts of equity that are based on the english system in which the chancellor acted as the \u201c king \u2019 s conscience. \u201d a chancellor, the judge who presides over chancery courts, may modify the application of strict legal rules and adapt relief to the circumstances of individual cases. chancery courts handle a variety of issues including lawsuits, contract disputes, application for injunctions and name changes. a number of matters, such as divorces, adoptions, and workers \u2019 compensation, can be heard in either chancery or circuit court. criminal courts were established by the legislature to relieve circuit courts in areas with heavy caseloads. in addition to having jurisdiction over criminal cases, criminal court judges hear misdemeanor appeals from lower courts. in districts without criminal courts, criminal cases are handled at the trial level by circuit court judges. probate courts were created by the legislature and given jurisdiction over probate of wills and administration of estates. probate judges also handle conservatorships and guardianships.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41307793844168383, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01dc403d-df53-4923-8d6c-214c91731a4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.329427"}
{"text": "new discoveries celebrated at special research events 2011 psychology graduate anna reichard is heading to australia for a year - long internship at an anxiety clinic at macquarie university and then plans to apply for a ph. d. program in clinical psychology. she attributes these opportunities for success to the undergraduate research she participated in at appalachian state university. \" i have gained an immense amount of knowledge from the research i have conducted as an undergraduate. i have been involved in a variety of projects that have taught me a great deal about ethics, data collection, statistics, literature reviews and critical thinking. i am a better student because of the opportunities i have had to complete research. the faculty members i have had the opportunity to work with have been an incredible resource for me, both academically and personally, \" said reichard. her research focused on the development of social competence in preschoolers. she ' s not alone in believing undergraduate research positively shapes students ' education. \" i ' ve learned some very important research steps, such as how to prepare samples, keep the lab aseptic and keep a control, \" said daniel townsend, a junior biology / pre - professional major. \" it ' s been nice to have a professor who is so knowledgeable and so willing to take time to make sure i understand how research is done. \" townsend has been studying lateral root development in ferns and flowering plants under the mentoring of dr. guichuan hou in the department of biology. his next research step is to further examine specimens using appalachian ' s state - of - the - art transmission electron microscope. \" having that piece of equipment in our microscopy lab is phenomenal, \" he said. freshman jenna calamai wants to be a science teacher. her scholarly work with a nasa - funded after - school program called can - doo ( climate action network through direct observations and outreach ) is helping prepare her for that. \" i loved going to the schools. the children were excited, and it was empowering to share the knowledge with them through hands - on experiments that they typically don ' t get in science class, \" the chemistry major said. why does appalachian value student research? appalachian encourages undergraduates to make new discoveries because it expands instruction and gives valuable experience for jobs and for graduate school. throughout the academic year, students in most disciplines pursue some type of research or creative endeavor alongside a faculty mentor. students frequently present their findings at local, regional and national professional meetings, as well as at special events. \" research is the most intense form of learning, and for the faculty member", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4601981714574904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce3e52ad-a69f-4789-9432-64f1798021d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.334241"}
{"text": "disciplines pursue some type of research or creative endeavor alongside a faculty mentor. students frequently present their findings at local, regional and national professional meetings, as well as at special events. \" research is the most intense form of learning, and for the faculty member it is the most intense form of teaching. there is nothing like it, \" says dr. edelma huntley, dean of research and graduate studies at appalachian. as far as having \" transforming experiences \" while in college, \" there ' s nothing better than an awesome faculty member and a student who is eager to learn and intellectually engaged, \" says cindy wallace, vice chancellor for student development. \" it ' s the best that we are at appalachian. \" opportunities at local and national level this april, four major events highlighted the quality and quantity of research performed by both graduate and undergraduate students at appalachian : - two research teams presented at the 7th annual national sustainable design expo on the national mall in washington, d. c., april 15 - 17, 2011, sponsored by the u. s. environmental protection agency. they also competed in the epa ' s p3 : people, prosperity and the planet student design competition for sustainability. - 20 appalachian students were selected to present their work at the 2011 national conference for undergraduate research ( ncur ), held at ithaca college in ithaca, n. y., march 31 - april 2, 2011. the event featured 2, 000 participants. - five students were among 60 unc system students who presented their research projects april 13 at the research in the capital in raleigh. this biennial event at the n. c. general assembly provides state legislators the opportunity to meet undergraduate researchers and to learn about their efforts to address social, economic and cultural issues impacting the state. - 140 student presentations that represented 85 faculty mentors and 20 academic departments were showcased at the 14th annual celebration of research and creative endeavors on the appalachian campus. the students ' research projects contribute to the knowledge regarding topics such as : the health benefits of exercise ; the effect of drought on certain types of plants ; the role of natural killer cells in fighting tumor cells ; energy - use reduction ; the impact of oil production on indigenous peoples in the amazon ; pollutants found in the air in the southeast ; flood plain mapping ; bee colony tracking techniques ; and more. - students develop mobile application for beekeepers - student team to represent appalachian at the 2011 solar decathlon - appalachian receives grant for summer undergraduate research - students work to solve some of today ' s pressing issues - graduate students gain research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5307470813535969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce3e52ad-a69f-4789-9432-64f1798021d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.335325"}
{"text": "roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) - roseate spoonbills grow to a height of 32 inches ( 81 cm ), with an average wingspan of 50 inches ( 127 cm ). their distinguishing characteristics include their pink body and legs, white neck and breast. pale green bald head, spoon - shaped bill, and bright red shoulder patch. - life history roseate spoonbills eat primarily small fish and crustaceans. raccoons and coyotes eat roseate spoonbill eggs and young. spoonbills reach sexual maturity at approximately 16 weeks. in texas, their mating season lasts from march through june. nests are built in thick vegetation above water ; are well - built, and deeply cupped. females typically lay two to five brown - speckled white eggs, which hatch after about 24 days. in about eight weeks, the young roseate spoonbills are ready to fly. their life span is as long as ten years. unlike most birds, roseate spoonbills are silent and often solitary when they feed. they swish their spoon - shaped bills back and forth in the water to find small invertebrates, fish and crustaceans. during breeding season, the male uses gifts of nesting material to attract the female. once mated, the pair remains monogamous. both male and female take turns sitting on the eggs and feeding the young. spoonbills eat shrimp, shrimp eat algae, and the algae make their own red and yellow pigments, called carotenoids. some scientists believe that the pink coloration that roseate spoonbills acquire as they mature is due to their diet of carotenoid - rich organisms like shrimp. the more they eat, the pinker they get. flamingos are close relatives of the roseate spoonbill. they both have pink feathers, but the flamingos are much larger, with a longer neck. - from march through october, roseate spoonbills prefer the bays, marshes and estuaries along the gulf coast. occasionally they will travel inland through the eastern third of texas. in winter, most roseate spoonbills migrate to central and south america. - the roseate spoonbill is found throughout the entire gulf of mexico coastline, south to central america, south america, and the west indies. - like many other bird species with beautiful plumage, roseate spoonbills were nearly hunted to extinction during the 1800s. their striking pink feathers were popular on women ' s hats, and hunters from all over the united states competed for spoonbill plumes. in the early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40941323020515324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:993846ec-e95a-4da5-abad-2f5e89d37313>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.337918"}
{"text": "in the treacherous and rewarding arena of adult education, trainers often find themselves at a crossroads. on one side lies a bounty of motivated learners ready to engage in the most thrilling of activities, and on the other lies a gray mass of drones preparing to be pushed into the next mandatory session. both groups possess a commonality that is often referred to in adult education, but often misinterpreted. this is the theory that all adult learners are self - directed. malcolm knowles, a central figure in u. s. adult education in the second half of the twentieth century and author of informal adult education ( 1950 ), the modern practice of adult education ( 1970 ) and the adult learner ( 1973 ), moved the field of adult education in a way that has prompted deep thought and discussion. however, while his theory about self - directed learning, which emphasizes that adults are self - directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions, is highly useful, it skews slightly from its target by assuming that self - directedness begins with the decision to engage. here is where the fork in the road takes some learners to the green pastures of self - enlightenment and others to the gray corners of training dismay. to merge their paths toward a common destination, the necessary \" road work \" must be done before the road forks. though self - directed learning is an ideal that often occurs naturally within the adult learner, forced learning theory recognizes that the self - directed learning knowles talked about is a natural paradigm held by the adult learner once engaged in the learning activity, not an impetus for involvement. what does this mean? though knowlsian followers might criticize the thought that adult learners do not largely \" self - direct \" themselves, forced learning theory posits that for most adults, involvement in education and / or training programs is externally forced upon them by their organization, the economy, society and / or the culture within which they live and work. the key to forced learning theory is that, by and large, only when forced into the learning environment will the adult learner ' s natural tendency to be self - directed become evident. if the adult learner is only self - directed once engaged in the learning activity, the focus of trainers and other adult educators shifts. rather than seeking to shift the paradigm of the adult learner, we can dig deep and seek to shift our paradigms on how adults respond best when \" invited \" into a training program. trainers must answer three basic questions to have a greater chance of sparking participants ' self - directed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5311526932688193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f97bac20-c993-4d98-8174-edcea942a7c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.341463"}
{"text": "of the adult learner, we can dig deep and seek to shift our paradigms on how adults respond best when \" invited \" into a training program. trainers must answer three basic questions to have a greater chance of sparking participants ' self - directedness prior to involvement : why will the adult learner sincerely appreciate this training opportunity? how will the adult learner apply what he learns immediately, and for what personally identifiable gain? what approach to engagement will the adult learner respond to most favorably? organizations know why they want employees to complete a particular training program, so the focus must be placed on approaching the employee in a thoughtful way that ignites self - directedness toward training. only through a critical self - reflective approach and thoughtful, learner - centered implementation of their programs will trainers have a shot at tapping the natural self - directed inclination of the adult learner. it is also critical to realize that human capital is an end product of human development brought into existence best when driven internally by the learner. when we forget to value this truth, we alienate the adult learner and prevent her from engaging cognitively and emotionally, even if forced to do so physically. this recognizes that while \" forced \" engagement precedes true self - directedness, the crux of the learning activity must still be founded on a more substantial human basis than bottom - line reasoning. as training professionals, we must hold fast to our personal philosophies of adult education. when we are successful in transforming our sincere purpose into trust relationships, engagement becomes less forced and allows for self - directedness to emerge, take hold and grow. nicholas phillips is the ceo and president of hr department unlimited. email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47991019409103713, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f97bac20-c993-4d98-8174-edcea942a7c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.342279"}
{"text": "comparison of three commercial drain tiles in a heavy clay soil of imperial valley f. e. robinson, university of california j. n. luthin, university of california california agriculture 22 ( 8 ) : 10 - 11. doi : 10. 3733 / ca. v022n08p10. frank e. robinson is assistant water scientist, department of water science and engineering, university of california, davis. james n. luthin is professor of irrigation and civil engineering, department of water science and engineering, university of california, davis. no evidence was found in these tests of real differences in performance between clay, concrete, or bituminous - fiber tiles. differences in tile outflow were due primarily to soil variation and not to tile performance. little actual change in salinity resulted from the leaching operation in the body of soil between the tiles. in most cases as much, and often more, water was lost through seepage as was removed by the tile. much of the water which moved through the soil followed the disturbed trench above the tile, as evidenced by the much lower salinity in that trench. electrical conductivity of the tile effluent was inversely related to both rate and duration of tile flow. each tile showed a unique relationship between electrical conductivity, rate, and duration of flow \u2014 probably a reflection of a unique combination of hydraulic conductivities along each tile line.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4880935524324044, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a0913c0-4dd5-466f-ad4e-6b331e81130b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.344866"}
{"text": "leds & the environment climate change is commonly accepted to be the greatest threat to our environment. it will result in us all experiencing more extreme weather \u2013 with wetter winters and drier summers. this has been caused by the levels of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide ( co2 ), which have been released into our atmosphere. in the uk, business produces almost half of our carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions. even one small office can emit three to five tonnes of carbon dioxide a year. it is a known fact that industry can realise significant money savings by simply upgrading old lighting systems with new more energy efficient lighting ; but of greater importance is the reduction in greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere as a result. by drastically reducing the electricity demanded from the power utilities by local authorities and business and industry, a substantial impact can be had on the reduction of co2 emissions released, and on industry \u2019 s carbon footprint as a whole. add the option for the responsible reuse of the existing lighting system fixture, and project costs can be further reduced while putting even less of an effect on the environment. the environment wins and your project wins considering ukled offers the perfect balance of buying cost, performance and low operating / consumable costs over the long term for a favourably short return on investment time. one kilowatt - hour of electricity will cause 1. 34 pounds ( 610 g ) of co2 emission. a gu10 halogen downlighter rated at 50w on for an average of 8 hours a day will, over a year, cause 195 pounds ( 89kg ) of co2. the 3 - watt led equivalent will only cause 11 pounds ( 5 kg ) of co2 over the same time span, a reduction of around 94 %!. a building \u2019 s carbon footprint from lighting can be reduced, typically, by between 64 % and 95 % by exchanging all legacy lamps and tubes for new led lamps and tubes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933390211182734, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ab42086-e47e-4c0c-918a-b3aef0f2e591>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.346764"}
{"text": "practice effective academic skills and attitudes ( programs done by ras ) target : male residents description : a bulletin board was setup with slips of paper to post good grades. what worked : there was motivation to recognize the achievements residents had made. how it built community : other housemates were able to recognize the hard work the residents in that house were putting into their schoolwork. challenge / s : not everyone participated. chris frey, ra, bender target : male residents description : the residents played grocery bingo and learned effective study strategies. what worked : i extended personal invitations to the residents. there were food prizes and it was located in our lounge so it was convenient. i had to know the material well so i could turn the suggestions from the book into questions for the residents to consider in their own approaches to school and life. how it built community : it was a great was for the new residents to get to know the older residents. challenge / s : a lot of the guys didn \u2019 t participate. nicolas determann, ra, bender i \u2019 m a star target : male & female residents struggling with grades. description : \u201c i \u2019 m a star \u201d was written on the wall with colorful stars in an envelope underneath it. the residents were told that if they got an a on a test to take a star, cut it out, put their name and class they got an a in on the star and hang it on the wall. if there were 30 stars then that floor earned a pizza party. what worked : the stars were located in the hallway so the residents walked past it every day. a food reward is always enticing to the residents. how it built community : the residents could encourage each other to study so the floor could earn the pizza party. while participating in the reward, it gave a chance for the residents to talk and get to know each other. challenge / s : the poster was only located on one side of the hall, so it was often forgotten by the other side of hallway. steph robinson, ra, bender library tour scavenger hunt target : springboard residents description : library tour / scavenger hunt where the winning team gets dinner made for them by the other team. what worked : i had a contact with the library who was really great with the tour / scavenger hunt. also, my floor really responded well to the competition. how it built community : the 2 teams had to work together to complete the scavenger hunt. challenges : i set up 2 different nights ; otherwise residents with night classes / wr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46487422752749913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a58c065-fe3d-4502-b293-e776888c7315>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.357539"}
{"text": "it was back to work for another 50 minutes of silent study time and 10 more minutes of free time. what worked : this program worked because the residents were able to come and go as they pleased. they also knew the time boundaries and what was expected of them. we were all working on a common goal. how it built community : we were all working on goals together. we were working on raising our house gpa as well as individual gpa \u2019 s. challenge / s : it was difficult to find a two - hour block that met the residents \u2019 schedule needs as well as the ra \u2019 s. katie olson, larrabee house ra, rider study town bulletin board target : female residents description : i devoted a bulletin board to building a little town called \" study town \". for every hour of studying that my residents did in the lounge, they could decorate and name a little house to put into study town. the goal was to try to get the town as big as possible. what worked : they loved being able to decorate a little house, so a lot of them took their lap tops and drug them down to the lounge just to get out of their room to study in the lounge. it really worked well. how it built community : rather than studying with the door shut in a bedroom where you could easily be distracted, they studied without distraction in the lounge with others. some asked eachother for help if they needed it. and now they have a bulletin board that visually displays their success. challenges : i really didn ' t face any major challenges with this. it was a fairly easy self - running program. rachael mueller, campbell ra - type : academic tools for success - bulletin board target : female residents description : i have made a bulletin board called \" tools 4 success \" with icons of various tools such as a hammer and screwdriver. the board listed several resources for academic help that my residents can utilize for their academic needs. how it built community : i wanted to make sure they knew where to easily get the help that could benefit their academic life here at uni. challenges : there wasn ' t enough room for all of the information i wanted to give them, so i have supplied more on a need - basis. rachael mueller, campbell ra town of success target : male or female residents. description : there was a house competition for grades called town of success. residents were split into three teams. each team had a bulletin board for their town, which they named and organized with roads made out of construction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4736728261485947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a58c065-fe3d-4502-b293-e776888c7315>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.359944"}
{"text": "- ms 413 zintgraff ( jim ) rock art collection, 6 boxes of photographs, negatives, slides, and transparencies taken by jim zintgraff of native american rock art in the lower pecos region of southwest texas, mexico, and new mexico. - ms 412 caragonne ( alexander ) papers, 7 linear feet of materials from this san antonio - based architect who founded the firm reyna / caragonne architects. includes drawings, sketches, slides, a copy of his work texas rangers, and an unpublished manuscript on teaching architecture. - ms 404 national association for bilingual education records, 22 boxes of nabe records from 1977 - 2009 containing correspondence, administrative files, legislative lobbying materials, audio - visual materials, and materials relating to the administration of its conferences. - ms 405 chapa ( francisco a. ) family papers,. 1 linear foot consisting of copy of ernest marks naturalization certificate, 1856 ; two news clippings ; and two bumper stickers used to demonstrate against destruction of the rivas house. rare books : 15 titles [ april title list ] - la cocinera de todo el mundo \u2026 ( 1843 - 44 ), published by juan nepomuceno del valle in puebla, mexico ( 2 volumes bound as 1 ). the vast majority of 19th century mexican cookbooks were published in mexico city. however, this title, issued just 12 years after the very first cookbook published in mexico, shows that not all culinary publications emerged from the capital. as was usual for this time period, la cocinera de todo el mundo orients itself towards europe, advertising its inclusion of the best recipes at the least cost from the cuisines of spain, france, italy, and england, as well as the recipes of mexico. among its hundreds of recipes is the ubiquitous mole poblano and more than two dozen variations of salsa. chapters on carving and alcoholic drinks are also included, as well as a discussion of seasonal foods, organized month - by - month. tomatoes are particularly recommended for january, while march is the time for garlic. this seasonal guide is especially interesting because the cookbook was published in puebla, rather than mexico city, suggesting that the recommendations may be specific to the geography and agriculture of its region of origin. jewish american heritage month was formally recognized in 2006 and pays tribute to the generations of jewish americans who have helped form the fabric of american history, culture and society. a listing of national exhibits and collections can be found on the jewish american heritage month website. on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45346292369107605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.376817"}
{"text": "american heritage month was formally recognized in 2006 and pays tribute to the generations of jewish americans who have helped form the fabric of american history, culture and society. a listing of national exhibits and collections can be found on the jewish american heritage month website. on the local front, there are a variety of materials found within utsa special collections that document jewish life in san antonio, including oral histories, photographic materials and manuscript collections. the institute of texan culture \u2019 s extensive oral history collection contains several interviews with jewish texans, including tillye hahn adler. ms. adler was born in san antonio in 1894 as the daughter of a jewish immigrant who peddled goods on foot for years before opening san antonio \u2019 s finest grocery and delicatessen. in the interview, adler tells of her life in the food business. she married groceryman benjamin adler and the couple took over her parents \u2019 business and continued catering to the most socially prominent san antonio families of the early 1900s. the 4 primary photograph collections include over a 150 images documenting jews and jewish life in texas. quite of a few of the images concern san antonio \u2019 s temple beth - el, which was founded in 1874 and is one of the oldest synagogues in south texas. the digital repository includes several images of the temple, as well as portraits of 19th century temple presidents and rabbis from 1897 - 1976. from collecting efforts that were part of archives for research on women and gender project in the 1990s, special collections maintains several manuscript collections that document jewish women \u2019 s organizations, including : - bella glasberg papers regarding san antonio jewish women \u2019 s organizations, 1936 - 1972 - bella glasberg was an active member of several jewish women \u2019 s organizations in san antonio. - national council of jewish women, san antonio section, records, 1907 - 2006 - dedicated in the spirit of judaism to furthering human welfare in the jewish and general communities on a local, national and international level. - san antonio chapter of hadassah records, 1921 - 2011 - a non - profit zionist organization supporting the improvement of health services in the jewish homeland of israel. - esther vexler papers, 1950 - 2008 - esther vexler did volunteer work with jewish charities and was the first female president of the jewish federation of san antonio. utsa special collections recently received records that document the institute of texan cultures \u2019 student intern research project. also known as field work internship program, the student intern research project was chaired by james c. mcnutt, the director of research and collections for the institute of texan cultures. from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39576638095458805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.378206"}
{"text": "the institute of texan cultures \u2019 student intern research project. also known as field work internship program, the student intern research project was chaired by james c. mcnutt, the director of research and collections for the institute of texan cultures. from 1983 - 1992, interns at the institute worked on folklife projects that documented life among different cultural and ethnic groups in texas. each intern took summer fieldwork with the institute of texan cultures to further cultural understanding of different traditions, ceremonies, and customs in texas that inspired each intern to design an independent research proposal. the research conducted by interns eventually became the basis for content in many of the institute \u2019 s productions, publications, exhibits, educational activities and audiovisuals. for example, tim davis, dan gelo, and michael stone \u2019 s research aided the institute of texan cultures \u2019 reconstruction of a turn of the century adobe house on the institute \u2019 s grounds. other notable intern projects included field studies of vietnamese refugees in texas, tejano and conjunto music in south texas, hill country dance halls, and trinidadian culture in houston. the student intern research collection includes 11 linear feet of memoranda, personal and administrative correspondence, oral history recordings and transcripts, research files, research reports and photographic materials pertaining to independent student research conducted for the institute of texan cultures from 1983 - 1992. a finding aid for the collection is now available on line. national poetry month is a month - long, national celebration of poetry established in 1996 by the academy of american poets. highlighted below are a selection of our author and literary collections that feature original poetry. nye has has published writings for children, the young adult novel habibi and several collections of original poetry, including different ways to pray, 19 varieties of gazelle : poems of the middle east, a maze me : poems for girls ( originally titled sweet sifter in time ) and honeybee. some of her poetry compilations include i feel a little jumpy around you : paired poems by men & women, the tree is older than you are, and is this forever, or what? : poems & paintings from texas. milligan is the author of five collections of poetry : daysleepers & other poems, litany sung at hell \u2019 s gate, from inside the tree, working the stone ), alms for oblivion andlost and certain of it ). milligan is also the author of four historical novels and short story collections for young adults, including with the wind, kevin dolan, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45167987033078294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.380454"}
{"text": "inside the tree, working the stone ), alms for oblivion andlost and certain of it ). milligan is also the author of four historical novels and short story collections for young adults, including with the wind, kevin dolan, which received the texas library association \u2019 s \u201c lone star book for young adults \u201d award. barbara renaud gonzalez is a free - lance writer, journalist and activist. her book, golondrina, why did you leave me? was published in 2009 making her the first chicana author to be published by ut press. since 1997, gonzalez has focused on her writing, which includes journalism, essays, investigative articles, opinions, poetry and fiction. as interest in queer history grows, the need to provide broad access to glbtq publications has intensified efforts to digitize queer materials. last year, utsa libraries special collections began ongoing digitization of queer periodicals housed in its repository as well as those held by the happy foundation archives. you can now begin exploring san antonio \u2019 s queer past through the city \u2019 s glbtq serials at utsa libraries digital collections. this post highlights a few of the featured periodicals. published beginning in 1982, the calendar served as the communication conduit for the san antonio gay alliance ( saga ), established by michael stevens, former utsa professor turned gay activist. the publication began its six - year run as a diminutive bi - weekly periodical that fit easily into the back pocket on pair of jeans. that came in handy as the calendar \u2019 s \u201c community directory \u201d listed local queer businesses and organizations and advertisements for gay and lesbian bars pointed the way to the city \u2019 s thriving queer social scene. short articles and editorials covered news and events of interest to gays and lesbians. as the 80s marched on and aids gripped san antonio \u2019 s lgbtq community, the disease, its casualties, and attempts to mitigate the destruction it wreaked, dominated the pages of the calendar. sadly, aids decimated saga \u2019 s board, taking the lives of eight board members including stevens and ending publication of the calendar. between the years of 1988 and 1991, several queer pubs were available in local bars, clubs, and businesses : bar talk ( san antonio tavern guild ), river city empty closet, and out in san antonio were born to keep san antonio \u2019 s queer community informed and entertained. most were short - lived, sometimes lasting only a few months. in 1992 the marquise cranked out its first volume and began connecting san antonio \u2019 s queer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41694487008666176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.382999"}
{"text": "out in san antonio were born to keep san antonio \u2019 s queer community informed and entertained. most were short - lived, sometimes lasting only a few months. in 1992 the marquise cranked out its first volume and began connecting san antonio \u2019 s queer residents to the rest of the lgbtq world. the publication covered news stories from coast to coast and often featured headlines from abroad in its \u201c international news roundup. \u201d local happenings were reported by gene elder, contributing writer and archivist at the happy foundation archives. the marquise tackled issues important to the city \u2019 s lgbtq community : gay marriage, lesbians and gays in the military, hate crimes, queer parenting, aids, and anti - gay legislation. while the marquise did carry advertisements for local gay and lesbian bars, activism and serious news stories supplanted tales of drag divas and bar features so popular in local publications during the 1980s. the marquise ceased publishing in 1997 and once again, local queer serials came in fits and spurts, a trend that continued through the early 2000s. one of the periodicals briefly seen on shelves around the city was san antonio community news. it \u2019 s approach was local and regional, showcasing news and events around san antonio and throughout texas. while utsa \u2019 s digital glbtq publications collection features primarily san antonio periodicals, issues of queer serials from elsewhere are also represented. several issues of one magazine, the nation \u2019 s first homosexual publication, are housed at the happy foundation archives and are part of the utsa \u2019 s digital collection. ongoing digitization of glbtq materials will facilitate wider access to these collections than has previously been available. donations of records and papers from local and regional lgbtq organizations and individuals, such as lollie johnson, the rainbow garden club, san antonio lesbian gay assembly, and the texas lesbian conference, augment utsa special collections digital holdings of lgbtq publications and offer research opportunities for scholars, students, and members of the community. toby johnson, \u201c michael steve [ n ] s & patrick kerr and san antonio \u2019 s gay community in the early 1980s \u201d [ http : / / tobyjohnson. com / michaelstevens. html ], accessed april 17, 2013. one : the homosexual magazine, volume iii, no. 7 ( july 1995 ), 2. - ms 409 petri ( lucie ) papers,. 5 linear feet of scrapbooks containing photographs, wosl materials, and newsclippings - ms 408 rogers ( charles ) photograph collection,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39442809541745794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.385428"}
{"text": "7 ( july 1995 ), 2. - ms 409 petri ( lucie ) papers,. 5 linear feet of scrapbooks containing photographs, wosl materials, and newsclippings - ms 408 rogers ( charles ) photograph collection, 4 inches of photographic prints and slides - ms 407 duggan ( margaret ) papers, 1 box of wosl materials, photographs, and newsclippings - ms 108 national coalition of 100 black women san antonio chapter records, 1 box of reports, programs and administrative records ; 4. 38 gb ( 65 files ) electronic records - ms 022 women \u2019 s overseas service league records, 1 envelope of materials from the omaha unit - ms 127 hemisfair memorabilia and memories collection, 3 inches of photographs, newspaper clippings and ephemera from hemisfair \u2019 68 donated by ann nelson - ua 07. utsa. college of business records, 1 box of minutes and agendas of the university assembly ; council on graduate education minutes ; 1991 graduation list. rare books : 11 titles [ march title list ] utsa special collections holds several dozen books of houseplans documenting home design from about 1880 to 1945, with the bulk of materials from 1900 - 1930. many of these later materials are actual catalogs, from which readers could order blueprints and even ready - packaged building materials, but as illustrated by two of this month \u2019 s acquisitions, architect - authors in the 1880s still placed a great deal of emphasis on personally consulting and architect to make specific plans to fit clients \u2019 needs. - cottages : or hints on economical building, containing twenty - four plates of medium and low cost houses, contributed by different new york architects ( 1884 ), compiled and edited by arnold william brunner. - farm homes : in - doors and out - doors ( 1882 ) by e. h. leland. arnold brunner draws a medical comparison in the first chapter of cottages, writing, \u201c it is by no means claimed that the drawings here given are sufficient for constructing the houses \u2026 sensible people, when they are ill, consult a physician and not an apothecary ; and when they wish to plan a house, they take the advice of an architect and not a builder \u201d ( 8 ) although he emphasizes economy, brunner is clearly writing for a wealthy class of americans who can afford \u201c country houses, \u201d and desire libraries, billiard rooms, and indoor plumbing. despite saying that it is for homeowners \u201c to say what they want ; and how it is to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4353972711592782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.386461"}
{"text": "is clearly writing for a wealthy class of americans who can afford \u201c country houses, \u201d and desire libraries, billiard rooms, and indoor plumbing. despite saying that it is for homeowners \u201c to say what they want ; and how it is to be done, is the architect \u2019 s province \u201d ( 9 ) brunner provides a quite of bit of information in a small space on both large decisions such as selecting a site and building material, and small considerations such as the proper way to hang a door and the proper dimensions of certain pipes necessary for indoor toilets. the many pages of advertisements for books on architecture, drainage, and interior design, which might suggest that cottages \u2018 target audience might have included provincial architects as well as their clients. writing two years earlier, e. h. leland doesn \u2019 t even include drawings of house layouts or exterior prospects. farm homes, in fact, is less a book about designing farm houses than about establishing an ideally arranged and managed farm household, with chapters on interior furnishings, the butter and cheese making, flower and vegetable gardens, and even one on the \u201c rearing and training of children. \u201d like brunner, leland clearly expects his readers to consult an architect, or at least a carpenter, but he also strongly encourages householders, and especially women, to involve themselves in the design, saying that women, \u201c they, who live so constantly within doors, should have a controlling voice in all interior arrangements \u201d because \u201c they will be naturally more thoughtful \u2026 of all details pertaining to comfort, and the easier carrying on of household routine \u2026 the one best place for the pantry - window, or the extra door that saves so many steps for tired feet \u201d ( 12 ). next week we observe the 65th anniversary of the fiesta flambeau parade as an annual event during fiesta san antonio. over 700, 000 spectators are expected to watch the floats, marching units, horseback riders, and musical groups pass along the downtown streets. in early 1948, the fiesta association announced that a new parade would be added to the list of fiesta events. the addition was made in response to numerous requests from people who remembered the popular illuminated automobile parades held during fiesta in 1911 and 1924. reynolds andricks, parade chairman, found participants among various civic and social organizations, commercial establishments, and the military. the parade would be called simply \u201c illuminated night parade \u201d and serve as the fiesta grand finale. over 100, 000 spectators came that evening, insuring that it would be held again the following year. with a growing list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46754697181503946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:832e9f7a-2e61-4cad-83f1-cd3cc3a6136a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.387482"}
{"text": "john rogers cooke ( 9 june 1833 \u2013 10 april 1891 ), confederate army officer, was born at jefferson barracks, in saint louis county, missouri, and was the son of rachel wilt hertzog cooke and philip st. george cooke, a native virginian and career army officer. he shared his name with an uncle ( 1788 \u2013 1854 ) who served prominently in the convention of 1829 \u2013 1830. his younger sister flora cooke married james ewell brown stuart, later a confederate major general, and became principal of a female preparatory school in staunton after the civil war. his first cousins philip pendleton cooke and john esten cooke both achieved national fame as writers. cooke took preparatory courses at the university of missouri in columbia from 1845 through 1847 and then spent about a year enrolled in school in carlisle, pennsylvania, where his father was post commander. he attended school in alexandria, virginia, for a time and then studied civil engineering at harvard university ' s lawrence scientific school during the 1851 \u2013 1852 academic year but did not graduate. cooke worked on railroad construction in ohio and missouri before his father secured him a commission as a second lieutenant in the united states army on 22 july 1856 ( to date from 30 june 1855 ). he served with the 8th infantry in new mexico territory and texas. cooke was promoted to first lieutenant on 29 march 1861, to date from 28 january. during the secession crisis, he returned to missouri, and after the civil war began, he resigned his commission and traveled to virginia in order to join the confederate states army, actions that caused a bitter division with his father, who remained in the regular army and became a union brigadier general later that year. named a first lieutenant, cooke was assigned to brigadier general theophilus hunter holmes ' s staff. following the first battle of manassas ( bull run ), cooke raised a company of light artillery, which he commanded until february 1862, when he was promoted to major and became chief of artillery in the department of north carolina. in april 1862 cooke was elected colonel of the 27th regiment north carolina infantry. during the antietam campaign his regiment participated in the seizure of loudoun heights overlooking harpers ferry. at sharpsburg ( antietam ) on 17 september, cooke was ordered to lead his men and an arkansas regiment in an exposed attack on a union line of defense. the attack failed after the confederate units exhausted their ammunition. reassuming their original positions, cooke ' s troops, without benefit of shot, held their line against repeated union counterattacks. cooke was promoted to brigadier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3508937360860369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4cef7a1-bfcc-433a-b172-b54186c979dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.391831"}
{"text": "attack on a union line of defense. the attack failed after the confederate units exhausted their ammunition. reassuming their original positions, cooke ' s troops, without benefit of shot, held their line against repeated union counterattacks. cooke was promoted to brigadier general on 1 november 1862. at the battle of fredericksburg in december he fought at the stone wall on marye ' s heights. two of his regiments suffered heavy casualties, while he sustained a serious wound just above his left eye. cooke recovered sufficiently to resume command of his brigade early in 1863. his troops, stationed for a time in south carolina, saw little action until they fought at bristoe station, in prince william county, virginia, in october 1863. the brigade sustained heavy casualties, and cooke received another severe wound that kept him out of action for the remainder of the year. on 5 january 1864 in richmond he married nannie gordon patton. they had five daughters and three sons. cooke returned to the battlefield in the spring. his north carolinians performed admirably at the battle of the wilderness in may 1864. after receiving a leg wound at spotsylvania court house, cooke became incensed when a superior presumed to assume command of his troops and lead them in an attack while cooke stayed in the field. he fought at the battle of reams ' s station, in dinwiddie county, on 25 august 1864. his brigade remained at petersburg until the union army breached the confederate defenses early in april 1865. during the retreat cooke successfully extricated his troops from sutherland station, in dinwiddie county. on 9 april 1865 he surrendered the 560 men left under his command at appomattox court house. after the war cooke worked in richmond briefly as a route agent for a company that handled business along several area railways and then for about four years managed a large agricultural and stock - raising operation in king william county. by 1877 he had established himself as a richmond grocery merchant. active in local and civic affairs, cooke was a member of the city ' s democratic committee and served as president of the board of directors of the state penitentiary. remaining devoted to the confederate cause, he was the third commander of the r. e. lee camp, no. 1, confederate veterans, and helped found and served as manager of the r. e. lee camp, confederate soldiers ' home, in richmond. cooke was a member of the association of the army of northern virginia and sat on the executive committee of the southern historical society. he acted as chief of staff at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4043957260231418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4cef7a1-bfcc-433a-b172-b54186c979dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.392860"}
{"text": "once again, race is front and center at the u. s. supreme court on wednesday. and once again, the bull ' s eye is the 1965 voting rights act, widely viewed as the most effective and successful civil rights legislation in american history. upheld five times by the court, the law now appears to be on life support. the provision at issue in wednesday ' s case applies only to specific parts of the country where discriminatory voting procedures were once rampant. it covers all of nine states, mainly in the south, plus parts of seven other states. to head off discriminatory voting procedures before they happen, the law requires covered areas to get approval from federal officials before changes can take place. so, for example, if an alabama town wants to change polling places, or to change from an elected board to an appointed board, or to annex another part of the county, it has to first get permission from the justice department or a federal court in washington, d. c. congress came up with the formula in 1965 to cover areas of the country that had a history of blatant, even violent discrimination in voting ; but the formula has not been changed since 1975, and it still relies on election data from 1972. that ' s the crux of the issue before the court now : whether times have changed so much that congress, in reauthorizing the law in 2006 without updating the formula, violated the constitution. the congressional vote in 2006 was overwhelmingly and astonishingly bipartisan, with the senate voting unanimously to extend the law and the house voting 390 - 33. \" what the 12, 000 pages of hearing [ testimony ] showed \" is that for many of the jurisdictions, \" there still was pervasive discrimination, \" says republican rep. james sensenbrenner of wisconsin, who led weeks of hearings in the house as chairman of the judiciary committee. under the law, any jurisdiction with a clean record for 10 years could bail out, and some have done just that. there is also a provision to bail in jurisdictions that can be shown in court to have consistently misbehaved. but basically the law was unchanged \u2014 all the areas that had been subject to preclearance before 2006 still were \u2014 and congress simply extended it for another 25 years. that prompted a legal challenge. but when it reached the supreme court in 2009, the justices dodged the major issue in the case, ruling instead on a lesser question. at the same time, though, chief justice john roberts ' opinion for the court expressed serious doubt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40523597443055837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5106bb66-f76e-4218-bc83-604760666d1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.400342"}
{"text": "a legal challenge. but when it reached the supreme court in 2009, the justices dodged the major issue in the case, ruling instead on a lesser question. at the same time, though, chief justice john roberts ' opinion for the court expressed serious doubt as to whether the law was justified anymore, and it all but invited a future challenge if congress did not act to change the coverage formula. ' the south has changed ' congress, of course, did not act, and now the issue is back in a case brought by shelby county, ala., a once rural and now more suburban community south of birmingham. frank \" butch \" ellis has been the shelby county attorney since 1964, the year before the voting rights act was enacted. \" the south has changed, \" he says, adding that there is no more discrimination in the south than anywhere else. \" there ' s probably bits of it everywhere, but there ' s no evidence that it ' s more prevalent in these covered jurisdictions than it is in the noncovered jurisdictions. that ' s our complaint. \" others disagree with that assessment. \" shelby county still advertises itself as the heart of the heart of dixie, and that tells you that some things have not changed, or at least haven ' t changed enough to take the bandage off the wound, \" says pam karlan, a voting - rights expert who has written a friend of the court brief on behalf of rep. sensenbrenner and a bipartisan group of lawmakers involved in the 2006 reauthorization. she notes that shelby county could escape the preclearance requirement if it could show it had a clean record for 10 years, but the county can ' t make that showing. she points, for example, to a municipality within the county called calera. when calera \" redrew the boundaries for their city council districts, they did it to make sure that the one black member of the city council couldn ' t be re - elected, \" karlan says. that black council member, ernest montgomery, says he didn ' t even know that there was an effort to change his district until after the justice department rejected the change. county attorney ellis, however, forcefully objects to the notion that shelby county tried to use artifice to prevent a black candidate from winning an election. he notes that in a county that is 90 percent white, there have been multiple elections in which black candidates defeated white candidates. \" in any race, you show where you had a minority candidate happen to lose, i can show you two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4453517400524891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5106bb66-f76e-4218-bc83-604760666d1b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.403537"}
{"text": "an election. he notes that in a county that is 90 percent white, there have been multiple elections in which black candidates defeated white candidates. \" in any race, you show where you had a minority candidate happen to lose, i can show you two where they won with a 90 percent white population, \" ellis says. he maintains that because the voting rights act has not been updated in its coverage formula since 1975, the law amounts to an unjustified violation of states ' equal sovereignty. \" all of our states are equally sovereign, and if you ' re going to impose a current burden, \" he argues, \" you ' ve got to have a current justification. you can ' t use a justification that ' s 49 years old. \" significance of case defenders of the law counter that the post - civil war amendments to the constitution explicitly give congress the power to enact appropriate legislation to enforce and protect the right to vote. as for shelby county ' s equality argument, it treats the constitution \" as if it ' s about equal protection for the states, not about equal protection for people, \" karlan says. the shelby county case is a microcosm of what the legal debate over the voting rights act is all about. \" the case has enormous real and symbolic significance, \" observes nyu law professor richard pildes. at the same time, it \" symbolizes different things to different people. \" to some, he says, \" the case is all about whether there continue to be any problems with race in voting in these parts of the country. \" to others, \" the case symbolizes whether the political process today can recognize that anything significant has changed with respect to race and politics \" in the south. to alabama solicitor general john neiman, for instance, it makes no sense that congress in 2006 simply extended the law without looking at how things have changed in the south and other covered areas. the problem \" in terms of the outright defiance by officials of federal voting rights \" that congress was concerned with in 1965 just doesn ' t exist anymore, he says. but rep. sensenbrenner disagrees : \" almost the entire congress was convinced that [ the states ] hadn ' t cleaned up their act. \" high court ' s view? the supreme court, however, has hinted strongly that it is not similarly convinced. in 2009, when the high court upheld the voting rights act, chief justice roberts seemed to foreshadow many of the arguments that will be made by shelby county on wednesday. \" things have changed in the south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4885745928817369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5106bb66-f76e-4218-bc83-604760666d1b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.405144"}
{"text": "that it is not similarly convinced. in 2009, when the high court upheld the voting rights act, chief justice roberts seemed to foreshadow many of the arguments that will be made by shelby county on wednesday. \" things have changed in the south, \" roberts said in announcing the decision. the \" burdens \" imposed by the law \" must be justified by current needs. \" the voting rights act, he said, \" differentiates between the states in ways that are in tension with our fundamental tradition of equal sovereignty among the states. \" and, he added that these distinctions \" may no longer be justified by current conditions. \" to sherrilyn ifill, president of the naacp legal defense fund, those sentiments are just plain scary. she says that without preclearance, known as section 5 of the voting rights act, there is no way to challenge all of the legal twists and turns that can be used to deny minorities the right to vote and be represented. \" the reality is without section 5, you can ' t keep up, \" ifill said. \" we can ' t keep up. no civil rights organization could keep up with all the minute changes that could happen in thousands of jurisdictions throughout this country, and that ' s why congress created it. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4305095683704019, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5106bb66-f76e-4218-bc83-604760666d1b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.405725"}
{"text": "usgs groundwater information u. s. geological survey karst interest group proceedings, shepherdstown, west virginia, august 20 - 22, 2002 structure and genesis structural and lithologic control of karst features in northwestern new jersey by donald h. monteverde and richard f. dalton development is rapidly replacing farmland in western new jersey with new housing tracts. much of this new suburbia is underlain by carbonate bedrock so the understanding of karst formation and control is important in pre - development planning. we have initiated an ongoing study of karst, including sinkholes, caves and springs in an attempt to characterize the karst potential for these carbonate rocks. carbonate rocks crop out in the northwestern part of new jersey along the regional, northeast - southwest appalachian structural trend. the wisconsinan terminal moraine bisects the outcrop belt into a northern glaciated sector and a southern unglaciated sector. the rocks range in age from middle proterozoic to middle paleozoic. the varied structural and metamorphic histories influence their nature of karstification. the franklin marble and wildcat marble, here combined as franklin marble, are of middle proterozic age ( drake and others, 1991 ) and are at least 350 m thick locally ( drake and volkert, 1993 ). they underwent amphibolite - grade metamorphism during the grenville orogeny that erased most evidence of original sedimentary features. calcitic marble dominates the white, very coarse to coarse to locally fine grained franklin ; though dolomitic bands or zones have been identified ( haque and others, 1956 ). foliation measurements parallel the transposed dolomitic bands ( r volkert, personal communication 2002 ). the taconic and alleghanian orogenies also impacted the franklin. lower paleozoic carbonate rocks include the cambrian and lower ordovician kittatinny supergroup and the unconformably overlying middle ordovician jacksonburg limestone. the kittatinny is as much as 1312 m thick while the jacksonburg ranges between 41 and 244 m thick ( drake and others, 1996 ). the kittatinny is fine - to medium - grained, thin - to medium - bedded dolomite. limestone that escaped extensive dolomitization only occurs as isolated lenses. the jacksonburg contains a lower crystalline limestone that grades upwards into an argillaceous limestone. these rocks experienced two strong deformation events in the taconic and alleghani", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4995675503974131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b5da930-7fd4-439e-919a-9a6045d3aaeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.411784"}
{"text": "jersey caves are south of the glacial terminal moraine yet dalton ( 1996 ) suggests increased sinkhole development in the south possibly due to a more mature weathering profile. glacial deposits south of the wisconsinan moraine has been correlated by stanford and others ( 2001 ) to be late pliocene age which would yield over 2 ma of weathering for these carbonates. work continues to better characterize the karst formation in new jersey. dalton, r. f., 1976, caves of new jersey, new jersey geological survey, bulletin 70, 51p. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1996, karst geology of new jersey and vicinity, in dalton, r. f., and brown, j. o., eds., karst geology of new jersey and vicinity, thirteenth annual meeting of the geological association of new jersey, whippany, nj, p. 21 - 38. dalton, r. f., and markewicz, f. j., 1972, stratigraphy of and characteristics of cavern development in the carbonate rocks of new jersey, national speleological society, bulletin 34, p. 115 - 128. drake, a. a., jr., and volkert, r. a., 1993, bedrock geologic map of the newton east quadrangle, sussex county, new jersey, us geological survey, geologic quadrangle map gq - 1707, 1 : 24, 000. drake, a. a., jr., aleinikoff, j. n., and volkert, r. a., 1991, the mount eve granite ( middle proterozoic ) of northern new jersey and southeastern new york, in, drake, a. a., jr., ed., contributions to new jersey geology, us geological survey bulletin 1952, p. c1 - c10. drake, a. a., jr., volkert, r. a., monteverde, d. h., herman, g. c., houghton, h. f., parker, r. a., and dalton, r. f., 1996, bedrock geologic map of northern new jersey, us geological survey, miscellaneous investigations series, i - 2540 - a, 1 : 100, 000. epstein, j. b., 2001, stratigraphy in the region of delaware water gap national recreation area, in, inners, j. d., and fleeger, g. m., eds., 2001 - a delaware river", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4386851501689609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b5da930-7fd4-439e-919a-9a6045d3aaeb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.414003"}
{"text": "epstein, j. b., 2001, stratigraphy in the region of delaware water gap national recreation area, in, inners, j. d., and fleeger, g. m., eds., 2001 - a delaware river odyssey, guidebook, 66th annual field conference of pennsylvania geologists, shawnee - on - delaware, pa, p. 1 - 13. haque, j. m., baum, j. l., hermann, l. a. and pickering, r. j., 1956, geology and structure of the franklin - sterling area, new jersey, geological society of america, bulletin, v. 67, p. 435 - 474. stanford, s. d., ashley, g. m., and brenner, g. j., 2001, late cenozoic fluvial stratigraphy of the new jersey piedmont : a record of glacioeustasy, planation, and incision on a low - relief passive margin, journal of geology, v. 109, p. 265 - 276. u. s. geological survey karst interest group proceedings, shepherdstown, west virginia, august 20 - 22, 2002, water - resources investigations report 02 - 4174 the use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not consitute endorsement by the u. s. government.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009416252224932, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b5da930-7fd4-439e-919a-9a6045d3aaeb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.414476"}
{"text": "injectable nanogel can monitor blood - sugar levels and secrete insulin when needed. mit ' s department of electrical engineering and computer science and ibm have announced the recent completion of the first course in the united states structured around the capabilities of the cell broadband engine ( cell / b. e. ), the microprocessor that powers the new playstationa\u00ae3 computer entertainment system. during the four - week independent activities period course in january, students not only learned about the new microprocessor, they designed and implemented projects to run directly on playstationa\u00ae3 consoles. the student team with the best project - - a 3 - d version of the classic pong game - - later presented its work and discussed the experience at the game developer conference in march. the course, which focused around introducing parallel programming to students, was taught by saman amarasinghe, a professor in mit ' s department of electrical engineering and computer science, and rodric rabbah of ibm. \" the fact that students - - with no background in parallel programming or the cell broadband engine - - were able to get their projects done from scratch in just about one month largely goes to show the capability and determination of our students, coupled with the availability of a robust toolchain for cell development, \" said amarasinghe. throughout the course, students became familiar with the cell / b. e. and how its design choices compare to other emerging architectures. students also formed small project teams and participated in a course - long project to develop applications to run on the cell broadband engine using the ibm cell sdk available from ibm developerworks. \" the cell broadband engine is going to be an underlying architecture that has the potential to be included in a wide range of industry applications and solutions in the future, \" said rabbah. \" this course was able to break down the details of a highly complex microprocessor and challenge students to see where the performance, power and versatility could be applied outside of gaming. based on the feedback we received from the students, it was a tremendous success. \" a web site hosted by the computer architecture group at mit posts information on the course, including lectures and recitation plans. it has been visited more than 100, 000 times since the completion of the course. ibm and the department of electrical engineering and computer science, with sponsorship from sony, plan to jointly offer the course again in 2008. more information can be found at cag. csail. mit. edu / ps3 /. ibm is also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5524658117595684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de21674d-37b0-476c-adc2-f02a56dbc767>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.417467"}
{"text": "avian & pandemic influenza the risk to humans from avian flu ( commonly known as bird flu ) is currently low, so there \u2019 s no reason not to travel to affected countries. there \u2019 s comprehensive advice and information on the current situation and background on the world health organisation ( who ) website, including a map showing where there have been outbreaks. despite the low risk, you should still take precautions if you \u2019 re travelling to an affected country : - consult your usual healthcare provider for travel medical advice and further guidance if you have specific concerns - check our travel advice for the relevant country before travelling - avoid visiting live animal markets, poultry farms and other places where you might come into contact with wild, domestic or caged birds - avoid contact with surfaces contaminated with animal faeces or fluids - avoid eating or handling raw and undercooked poultry, egg or duck dishes ( normal cooking destroys the virus ) - wash your hands regularly, especially before eating or preparing food - don \u2019 t attempt to bring any live poultry products back to the uk. because of the low risk, uk \u2019 s health protection agency does not at present advise tourists visiting affected areas to carry anti - viral drugs. avian versus pandemic flu it \u2019 s important to distinguish between avian flu, the current disease affecting mainly birds, and pandemic flu, which would affect mainly humans and is at this stage only a possibility. the world health organisation ( who ) warns recent outbreaks of avian flu could trigger a future human flu pandemic, by combining with the influenza virus. it is impossible to predict when this might happen, but if it did, it would be much more serious. there is presently no vaccine against any future pandemic flu strain. anti - viral drugs such as oseltamivir ( tamiflu ), may be effective in reducing the severity and duration of an influenza illness, but this has not been proven in a pandemic situation. their effect may be limited if a resistance is developed to the drug. further medical information is available from the department of health. how we \u2019 ll help in a pandemic we \u2019 re working with the department of health to prepare for a possible pandemic. as a precaution, we have obtained courses of the anti - viral drug oseltamivir ( tamiflu ) for treatment of our staff working overseas should they fall ill in the event of a pandemic. this should enable our staff at overseas missions to continue to work and provide consular assistance to british nationals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41625843077575037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7878aef2-ea21-407f-a4c1-c012e312a5a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.424784"}
{"text": "viral drug oseltamivir ( tamiflu ) for treatment of our staff working overseas should they fall ill in the event of a pandemic. this should enable our staff at overseas missions to continue to work and provide consular assistance to british nationals overseas. it also fulfils our duty of care to our staff, in line with the actions of many other organisations and uk companies with operations overseas. as far as possible, we \u2019 ll continue to deliver a consular service for british nationals resident or travelling overseas through our network of embassies. but this may be limited, depending on the scale and severity of the virus in some countries. in extreme cases we may even have to offer evacuation for our staff and their dependents. british nationals living overseas if you live in a country affected by avian flu you should be prepared to take personal responsibility for your own health and consider whether you would have access to anti - viral medicine in case of a pandemic. in a pandemic you should seek medical advice before using anti - viral drugs. british nationals working overseas should speak to their employers about the contingency plans in place for a flu pandemic. such plans may include access to anti - viral treatment for employees and / or repatriation to the uk. a flu pandemic could spread extremely quickly and with little warning. many countries will not be sufficiently prepared and the availability of anti - viral drugs may be limited. our embassy staff may be able to provide advice on the availability of local medicines or healthcare but we cannot provide medical treatment. some countries might close their borders, international transport could be severely disrupted or halted, and travel could become medically inadvisable. we will not be in the position to offer repatriation to british nationals during a pandemic. don ' t forget the travel insurance! our guide offers advice about cover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4386683590700971, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7878aef2-ea21-407f-a4c1-c012e312a5a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.425542"}
{"text": "most active stories shots - health news mon december 17, 2012 experts argue against proposed ban on vaccine preservative originally published on mon december 17, 2012 8 : 55 am an old complaint about the safety of childhood vaccines is finding new life at the united nations. the u. n. environment program is considering a ban on thimerosal, a vaccine preservative that is widely used in developing countries. the program expects to make a decision sometime after a final meeting on the issue in january. thimerosal, which contains a form of mercury, was removed from most childhood vaccines in the u. s. and europe more than a decade ago, amid public fear that it could cause autism. several large studies later found no risk from the preservative and that removing it did nothing to change autism rates. now the proposal before the u. n. has public health officials once again trying to reassure people that thimerosal is safe. three separate papers in the journal pediatrics argue against an international ban. \" this is critical, \" says dr. walter orenstein of the emory vaccine center at emory university, and an author of one of the papers. \" lives potentially would be lost if we banned thimerosal from vaccines. \" thimerosal keeps vaccines from going bad in parts of the world where other options, such as refrigeration or single - dose vials, aren ' t practical. the proposed ban is part of a larger effort to reduce exposure to mercury, which can affect brain development. and public health experts strongly support most aspects of that effort, orenstein says. \" but when it comes to thimerosal in vaccines, the benefits far outweigh any risks, \" he says, adding that a ban could mean the return of diseases that used to kill millions of children each year in developing countries. \" pertussis or whooping cough could really resurge in these areas, \" orenstein says. but orenstein and other experts weren ' t always so certain about thimerosal. in 1999, they asked vaccine makers in the u. s. to stop using the preservative in childhood vaccines. at the time, some parents of children with autism were alleging that the thimerosal in vaccines caused the disorder. also, researchers realized that some children could be getting more mercury from vaccines than the environmental protection agency deemed safe. so orenstein says he and others erred on the side of caution. \" at the time, we just didn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46719839229536375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2dc65d3f-e8b4-46ae-b8e9-07b0c1203b01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.429396"}
{"text": "caused the disorder. also, researchers realized that some children could be getting more mercury from vaccines than the environmental protection agency deemed safe. so orenstein says he and others erred on the side of caution. \" at the time, we just didn ' t know what the toxic effects might be or might not be, \" he says. \" and one of our concerns was, what if we did the studies and three years later found there was harm? \" the studies showed just the opposite, though. and scientists also determined that the form of ethyl mercury in thimerosal is far less dangerous than methyl mercury, the form found in seafood. so the epa exposure limits didn ' t really apply. but groups opposed to thimerosal say they ' re not convinced by the studies. and they say it ' s wrong to give the preservative to children in developing countries, but not to children in the u. s. and europe. the practice is \" egregious, offensive and unacceptable, \" says eric uram, executive director of the u. s. - based group safeminds. safeminds has played a prominent role in pushing for the international ban. but so far, countries that might be affected by it have been less vocal. uram says safeminds has contacted officials from countries including nigeria and uganda and found they are concerned. but he says they are hesitant to speak up because the world health organization has deemed thimerosal safe. \" they defer to who for guidance on health issues, \" he says. \" so it becomes inappropriate for them to say that the who is incorrect. \" uram also disagrees with public health officials who believe the ban would disrupt vaccination programs in developing countries. the ban would be phased in, he says, giving countries time to find alternatives to thimerosal. but right now there is no good alternative, says heidi larson of the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine. in the u. s., she says, most childhood vaccines are packaged in single - dose vials, which don ' t need a preservative. that drives up the cost of each dose and makes it more difficult to transport large amounts of vaccine, she says. also, larson says, there is no scientific reason to ban thimerosal from vaccines. \" it would be bowing to public pressure, \" she says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42980520663184096, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2dc65d3f-e8b4-46ae-b8e9-07b0c1203b01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.430279"}
{"text": "most active stories around the nation sat february 4, 2012 lost malcolm x speech heard again 50 years later last semester, brown senior malcolm burnley took a narrative writing course. one of the assignments was to write a fictional story based on something true \u2014 and that true event had to be found inside the university archives. \" so i went to the archives and started flipping through dusty compilations of student newspapers, and there was this old black - and - white photo of when malcolm x came to speak, \" burnley says. \" there was one short article that corresponded to it, and very little else. \" malcolm x came to speak at brown university in providence, r. i., on may 11, 1961. burnley noticed that at the end of the article, there was a brief mention of another article \u2014 also from the brown student newspaper \u2014 written by a senior named katharine pierce. her article was the reason malcolm x wanted to visit brown. he tracked down pierce ' s phone number and gave her a call. \" i immediately started asking her what she remembered about provoking malcolm x to come. \" it had been 50 years since malcolm x ' s speech at brown, but pierce slowly started to remember how it all happened. \" i just felt that integration was a greater path, \" pierce says, \" more reasonable and a greater path for success. \" today, pierce lives about an hour north of new york city. in 1961, she believed the nation of islam ' s message of separation of the races was destructive, so she wrote a detailed critique. somehow, it caught the attention of the nation of islam. two weeks after the piece was published in the brown daily herald, representatives called. \" they said that malcolm x wanted to come to brown and defend his views, because katharine ' s essay was so critical of the organization, \" burnley says. \" well, i think we were quite astonished, \" pierce laughs. help from a diplomatic legend - to - be the editor of the student paper was a 19 - year - old named richard holbrooke. yes, the richard holbrooke \u2014 the late legendary diplomat. holbrooke and his staff agreed that they should have malcolm x come to the school, burnley says. the problem was convincing the school. the university was worried about possible violence and about upsetting the naacp, which had pressured other universities \u2014 including the university of california, berkeley and howard, one of the oldest historically black universities in america \u2014 to keep malcolm x from speaking that year. holbrooke met with the university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43229345657692636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6dace8d-79b6-4498-9b04-54350579b216>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.438494"}
{"text": "and about upsetting the naacp, which had pressured other universities \u2014 including the university of california, berkeley and howard, one of the oldest historically black universities in america \u2014 to keep malcolm x from speaking that year. holbrooke met with the university ' s president, barnaby keeney, at least six times. holbrooke ' s widow, kati marton, recalls that her husband was convincing. \" richard, as usual, said, ' what have we got to be afraid of? it ' s better that we let him speak, and it ' s better that the students make up their own minds than if we shut him out. ' \" according to burnley, holbrooke took a hard line with the administration. if they didn ' t agree to allow malcolm x to speak at brown, holbrooke would move the student newspaper off - campus \u2014 and break its ties to brown. \" but in typical holbrooke fashion, he prevailed, \" marton says. \" he used to recall walking with malcolm x and his gigantic bodyguards from richard ' s office in the brown daily herald to the auditorium, where the students waited. \" \" that walk left a deep impression on richard who, even as a 19 - year - old, was already a budding historian, \" she says. a riveting speech pierce unearthed a recording of that night \u2014 a recording she kept in a box in her attic. it ' s an extraordinary historical record \u2014 an early window into malcolm x ' s evolving views and the future diplomat who would bring him to campus. \" tonight, we present two different viewpoints on the american negro and his future, \" said the young holbrooke as the event began. the audience wasn ' t all students and faculty. malcolm x and his entourage purchased 200 tickets for nation of islam members to ride down from boston and attend the speech. \" at several points, you hear raucous applause, clearly from the nation of islam members, \" burnley says. pierce was allowed to make a brief statement before malcolm x spoke. \" for those of us who feel that the negro is an integral part of our culture, and who advocate for integration because we believe in the equality of all men, the black muslims are an indication of the fact that we have not done enough acting to make our position acceptable to the negro dissatisfied with his present situation. \" a few minutes later, pierce introduced the main speaker. malcolm x was originally supposed to debate a representative from the naacp. but at the last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45764456047536056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6dace8d-79b6-4498-9b04-54350579b216>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.439572"}
{"text": "that we have not done enough acting to make our position acceptable to the negro dissatisfied with his present situation. \" a few minutes later, pierce introduced the main speaker. malcolm x was originally supposed to debate a representative from the naacp. but at the last minute, that representative, herbert wright, had backed out, so malcolm x had hurriedly prepared a speech for the evening. \" he reveals a lot of his ideology and positions that are dated to years later in his life, \" burnley says. \" so the question today is : is the honorable elijah muhammad a bona fide religious leader and are his followers a bona fide religious group? and this is a question that america has got to come face - to - face with. \" at other points, burnley says, malcolm x plays to the white audience. he even gets them laughing with a joke about where black people are found. \" they don ' t have a history of their own, so they let them tell you what their history is ; and that is in essence that you found him in the jungle somewhere with a spear, chasing white people in a cannibalistic way to try to give the impression that white meat is the only good meat to eat. \" the audience gasped when malcolm x admitted some previous vices. \" no follower of the honorable elijah muhammad partakes of any alcoholic beverage, reefer or tobacco, which is prevalent in the negro communities across the country, even right here in the city of providence. i myself was one of the foremost practicers or doers of everything that i ' ve mentioned here so far ; now i ' m telling you the truth, and the teachings of the honorable elijah muhammad stopped me from doing these things overnight. \" \" at several points, he references the 725, 000, 000 muslims across the world versus the 20, 000, 000 so - called negroes, was his quote, in america, \" burnley says. \" the nation of islam refused the term ' negro. ' they said it was kind of the white man ' s classification of black americans, so that ' s why he said ' so - called negroes. ' \" \" there are 20 million so - called ' negroes ' here in america. twenty million ex - slaves. twenty million second - class citizens. no matter what other classification you try to put on them, you can ' t deny that we are ex - slaves. you can not deny that we are second - class citizens. and the fact that we are second - class citizens means someone has done us an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569757947802685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6dace8d-79b6-4498-9b04-54350579b216>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.440522"}
{"text": "what other classification you try to put on them, you can ' t deny that we are ex - slaves. you can not deny that we are second - class citizens. and the fact that we are second - class citizens means someone has done us an injustice and deprived us of that which is ours by right. \" burnley interviewed dozens of people who witnessed the speech. they all recalled being riveted \u2014 even if they didn ' t agree \u2014 by what malcolm x had to say. \" he read his audience very, very well as a fine public speaker does, \" pierce says. \" we who follow the honorable elijah muhammad feel when you try to pass integration laws here in america, forcing white people to pretend they are accepting black people, you are making white people act in a hypocritical way. however, we feel that when you can change both of them and they come together voluntarily, without force or without pressure, then automatically you are furthering brotherhood and bringing about better relationships between the two races. \" a dialogue begins again the entire speech lasted just under an hour. afterward, burnley says, malcolm x invited students to come talk to him in the student lounge. \" at that point, he conducted an interview with these young white students, \" burnley continues. \" he was willing to greet them more intimately and in private, and obviously he was seeking publicity. \" he wanted to be as well - known as possible, but i don ' t know \u2014 it definitely is a gesture to make towards young white students, who, by all accounts, he wouldn ' t really want to have anything to do with, but he was willing to greet them and talk to them in private. \" burnley did eventually write a narrative account of the incident for his class assignment. he ' s also writing a much longer version. marton, holbrooke ' s widow, says her husband spoke often about the story, though it ' s unclear whether he ever wrote it down. holbrooke was planning to write his memoirs at the time of his death in december 2010. as for brown university? \" in my research, there is no mention in the university calendar for that year or in president keeney ' s notes of malcolm x coming. it ' s essentially just been whitewashed from the university records, \" burnley says. but, he adds, that is about to change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45461126573439037, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6dace8d-79b6-4498-9b04-54350579b216>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.441596"}
{"text": "an insect pest native to asia that suddenly appeared this past summer in pennsylvania has caught the attention of california entomologists. they are warning of a possible new threat to the state \u2019 s grape growers, tree fruit producers and other farmers. the brown marmorated stink bug ( bmsb ) was first sighted in north america in 1996 in tree fruit orchards in northeastern pennsylvania, says larry hull, a pennsylvania state university entomologist at the fruit research and extension center at biglerville. although it has since been found in parts of new jersey, maryland, virginia, and west virginia, the insect had not caused any significant damage to tree fruit crops until this past season. \u201c some growers in maryland and northern virginia had complained about damage from the insect in 2009, \u201d hull says. \u201c but, 2010 was the first year when things really got out of hand. \u201d some pennsylvania peach growers lost as much as 50 percent to 60 percent of their crop to the insect, which feeds directly on the fruit. damage to fruit may include water - soaked lesions and / or cat - facing, ranging from mild to severe. conditions in pennsylvania this past season \u2014 an unusually early bloom and very dry, very warm weather \u2014 may have spawned a perfect storm, hull says. \u201c all the forces came together to create very high bmsb populations, which caught everyone off guard. whether or not that happens next year, we don \u2019 t know, but we \u2019 ll certainly be looking for the insect much earlier. \u201d in the meantime, scientists have launched a major research effort to determine the best ways to control the pest, including appropriate types of insecticides and timing of applications. pyrethroids, for example, will kill bmsb on contact, but this group of chemicals also kills beneficial insects. \u201c using pyrethroids to control bmsb would ruin everything we \u2019 ve worked for in terms of integrated pest management over the past 40 years, \u201d hull says. in addition to insecticide studies, the researchers are also trying to develop a pheromone specific to bmsb for use in trapping the insects to track populations. monitoring movement of the insect is complicated by its very broad range of hosts. it feeds on at least 250 different species of plants ; in addition to grapes and tree fruits such as apples, cherries and pears, other hosts include corn, legumes, vegetable crops and landscape ornamentals. in western states, bmsb has been found in tree fruit orchards in oregon and, two years ago,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4271867704534218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c13354-57ec-417e-874b-95972fdf4cb9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.445151"}
{"text": "tree fruits such as apples, cherries and pears, other hosts include corn, legumes, vegetable crops and landscape ornamentals. in western states, bmsb has been found in tree fruit orchards in oregon and, two years ago, in a cargo shipment at an airport in southern california, says entomologist walt bentley, university of california cooperative extension ipm specialist. he advises growers to take finds of unknown species of stinkbugs seriously and to quickly report them to county agriculture commissioners. the concern about the possibility of bmsb spreading to california and the threat it poses to many of the state \u2019 s crops comes on the heels of ongoing efforts by grape growers to turn back the recent invasion of the european grape vine mouth ( egvm ). to prevent a repeat of the problems that pest has caused, he \u2019 s calling on grape growers to be vigilant for any signs of bmsb. \u201c we missedegvm for a few years and then it became established, \u201d bentley says. \u201c bmsb has the potential to feed on grapes and, more significantly, to impart an off - flavor to wine if it falls into picking bins. we need to be aware of it before it gets here. \u201d the insect looks very similar to a number of stinkbugs found in california \u2014 including brochymena. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to know the identifying characteristics of bmsb, he says. photos and more information about the insect is available on the uc ipm website : because bmsb moves among so many different hosts, migrating throughout the season, there can be considerable overlapping of generations. \u201c this makes control more difficult, especially if you \u2019 re not aware of the insect \u2019 s presence, \u201d bentley says. \u201c you could control for one generation only to have a new group of bmsb move in a few weeks later. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4091595390585746, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c13354-57ec-417e-874b-95972fdf4cb9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.446045"}
{"text": "most active stories wed november 14, 2012 raise a toast to building better beer bubbles through chemistry scientists may have finally solved a problem that has plagued beer drinkers for ages : insufficient foam resiliency. as any beer drinker can tell you, a tall glass of lager without a white, foamy head on top just doesn ' t look right. and even if you start out with one, it can dissipate fast. and that ' s just sad. now, microbiologists have identified the specific gene in yeast responsible for a beer ' s head and they say this discovery can lead to stronger, longer lasting, more aesthetically pleasing foam on your favorite brews. tom villa, the chair of microbiology at the university of santiago de compostela in spain, says something called the carlsbergensis foaming gene, or cfg1, is responsible for the white stuff at the top of your mug. as villa and his colleagues write in the journal of agricultural and food chemistry, the gene resides in the yeasts used to ferment beer and it produces a protein that binds to the drink ' s co2 bubbles, preventing them from escaping from the glass too quickly. \" the bubbles from the co2 have to stay as long as possible, \" villa says. \" the longer they stay, the better the beer, as you know. \" now that we know exactly which gene is responsible for beer foam, villa says it ' s possible to manipulate that gene to create beer with foam that lasts longer \u2014 potentially for hours and hours, as our colleagues at science friday reported. he also says the same gene responsible for creating the head on a beer is present in wine as well. his team experimented with these genes and came up with a wine that looks like a beer. \" it creates a different kind of wine with a lot of foam, \" villa says. \" you can play around a little bit. \" since most people probably wouldn ' t be into sipping a frothy merlot, villa ' s discovery will mainly impact the world of beer. and even then, he says, this gene has no impact on the flavor of a beer. how does he know this? naturally, he called in his students for a little taste - testing experiment. \" it ' s only the physical aspect of the beer, \" villa says. \" we all want the foam to stay there, the longer the better. you don ' t want to drink a beer that when you pour it, the foam collapses the next minute. \" so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4800628632097094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a49c2c2-423a-425d-9f7f-a762194d6bdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.448559"}
{"text": "tue october 23, 2012 income for young, middle - aged and elderly americans, in two graphs originally published on tue october 23, 2012 9 : 20 am but there ' s another, useful variable to consider : age. the households of middle - aged people earn about $ 20, 000 more each year, on average, than households of people in their late 20s and early 30s. and they earn roughly $ 30, 000 more than people age 65 and over ( note that this difference includes income from social security and retirement ). none of this is terribly surprising \u2014 income over the life cycle is a curve, and it peaks when people are in their late 40s and early 50s. still, it ' s useful to recall that when we talk about average household income for the nation as a whole, we ' re lumping in lots of disparate households. a 24 - year - old who makes $ 27, 000 a year is in a much different position than a 45 - year - old making the same amount. a few notes on the data : * all numbers represent pre - tax income. * income earned through work includes both money people earned on their full - time job and freelance income. * government assistance and benefits includes unemployment compensation, food stamps and veterans ' benefits, among other things. * \" other \" includes financial support from others as well as rental and property income. * the data come the bureau of labor statistics. here ' s the spreadsheet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.399102733710718, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf76ad49-a0ac-4aa7-9800-b6b2d6091d9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.450114"}
{"text": "muslim rebel groups arise or take refuge in the southern part of the philippines, and malaysia has brokered a fragile cease - fire : neither kuala lumpur nor manila is eager to see that fall apart. \u201d philippine president benigno aquino iii on tuesday appealed to kiram to instruct his brother to end the occupation. \u201c if you are truly the leader of your people, you should be one with us in ordering your followers to return home peacefully, \u201d he said during a statement aired on national tv. on sunday, manila sent the philippine navy ship brp tagbanua to borneo carrying filipino - muslim leaders, social workers and medical personnel for a \u201c humanitarian mission \u201d to bring their compatriots home. however, royal army of sulu sources indicate that the rebels are not willing to entertain such a retreat. some observers believe that the timing of the occupation is designed to disrupt the malaysian national elections that are due before the end of june, and the issue has now become a political hot potato domestically. the center for media freedom and responsibility, a philippine ngo, on tuesday released a joint statement condemning the arbitrary detention of three al - jazeera journalists who were in sabah to report on the standoff. the group was eventually released after being held and interrogated for at least six hours. liew chin tong, a democratic action party mp and shadow defense minister for the pakatan rakyat opposition coalition of malaysia, tells time that the country is now suffering the consequences of decades of poorly enforced border controls. \u201c sabah is a key state which was previously seen as a safe zone for the government but now keenly contested by the opposition, \u201d he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3601934598663056, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f830757-4651-4164-af8b-bf91bc721caa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.490238"}
{"text": "utc\u221206 : 00 ~ 90 degrees w \u2013 all year areas in a darker shade use daylight saving time. the base color shows the standard time. | | 90 degrees w | western border ( nautical ) | | 97. 5 degrees w | eastern border ( nautical ) | | 82. 5 degrees w | date - time group ( dtg ) utc\u22126 : blue ( january ), orange ( july ), yellow ( all year round ), light blue \u2013 sea areas utc\u221206 : 00 is a utc offset of 6 hours earlier than coordinated universal time. this time is observed in central standard time in north america ( including mexico ), as well as in mountain daylight time. as standard time ( northern hemisphere winter ) central standard time central standard time is standard time in the 6th time zone west of greenwich, reckoned at the 90th meridian ; used in north america in some parts of canada, mexico and the united states. - alabama, arkansas, illinois, iowa, louisiana, minnesota, mississippi, missouri, wisconsin, oklahoma - most of kansas, nebraska, north dakota, south dakota, tennessee, most of texas - western portions of florida, indiana, kentucky, michigan ( except baja california, baja california sur, chihuahua, nayarit, sinaloa, and sonora ) as standard time ( southern hemisphere winter ) as daylight saving time ( northern hemisphere summer ) mountain daylight time as standard time ( all year round ) - ^ http : / / wordnetweb. princeton. edu / perl / webwn? s = cst & o2 = & o0 = 1 & o7 = & o5 = & o1 = 1 & o6 = & o4 = & o3 = & h =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4621445402061474, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c516b12-b405-4e9d-88a1-87c38a29de97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.520306"}
{"text": "fri september 14, 2012 how african cattle herders wiped out an ancient plague originally published on tue september 18, 2012 2 : 45 pm twice in all of history, humans have managed to eradicate a devastating disease. you ' ve heard of the first one, i suspect : smallpox. but rinderpest? that ' s a german word for \" cattle plague \" a feared companion of cattle throughout history. when outbreaks occurred, as in europe of the 1700s or africa in the 1880s, entire herds were wiped out and communities went hungry. now the disease is gone, eliminated from the face of the earth. in this week ' s issue of the journal science, several of the architects of rinderpest ' s elimination lay out the reasons for their success. the key innovation wasn ' t technological, they say. it was social and cultural. technology certainly played a part. half a century ago, a british veterinarian named walter plowright, working in kenya, created the first truly effective and safe vaccine for rinderpest. mass vaccinations of cattle soon eliminated the disease from europe and most of asia. ( rinderpest never made it to north america or australia ; any infected cattle died before they finished the voyage. ) later, jeffrey mariner of the tufts cummings school of veterinary medicine, developed a version of the vaccine that didn ' t need to be refrigerated, allowing veterinarians to use it far from roads and electricity. yet the disease persisted in africa, surviving in remote areas plagued by weak government and chronic conflict, such as southern sudan and parts of uganda, ethiopia, and somalia. veterinarians rarely ventured into those areas, and it was hard to know where vaccinations were even needed because government officials were reluctant to report outbreaks. mariner, who now works at the international livestock research institute in kenya, says that ultimately, the skills and knowledge of nomadic cattle herders who lived in those hard - to - reach areas were the keys to cracking the rinderpest puzzle. \" those farmers could tell us where outbreaks were occurring, \" mariner tells the salt, speaking by phone from nairobi. in addition, some nomadic farmers got training as \" community animal health workers \" and were able to carry out vaccinations themselves. they proved better at the job than veterinarians, in part because they knew their animals. this success, in fact, created another problem for the eradication effort, because it threatened the status of professional vet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4770149076934002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27f4489b-ccf2-4407-8634-1dd322b83e9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.527415"}
{"text": "interpreting the visual evidence the architecture of mass murder the camp at auschwitz - birkenau was the largest of the german concentration central purpose was the murder of europe ' s jews. almost 1. 1 million people, of whom 1 million were jews, were murdered in auschwitz. auschwitz - birkenau was in fact a complex of three camps : an extermination center, a prisoner - of - war camp, and a labor camp built with the cooperation of german industrial firms such as ig farben. forty other smaller installations and work camps in the surrounding area were also run by the camp ' s administration. the construction of the auschwitz - birkenau complex occupied thousands of workers and continued throughout the war. when the soviet army arrived in january 1945, they found that the germans had burned the camp archives before fleeing, but they had not burned the construction archive, which was kept separately. hundreds of technical drawings were found in this archive, and after the collapse of the soviet union in 1991, these drawings became accessible to historians. a further cache of such documents was discovered in an abandoned building in berlin in 2008. they are now held by yad vashem, the holocaust archive in jerusalem, israel. the discovery of these drawings did not add substantially to what was already known about the murder of jews and other prisoners at auschwitz, but they provide an arresting example of the bureaucratic apparatusand the chilling coldness of the planningthat went into the nazi extermination policy. questions for analysis | 1. who would have seen these plans and been made aware of their purpose? | 2. what do these images tell us about the nature of the effort that went into the nazi extermination policy? | 3. is there a way to understand the relationship between the careful renderings, the precise measurements, the rectilinear lines, and the ultimate purpose of the buildings depicted? submit to gradebook :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4842588616876098, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb720bca-b585-4924-a7c6-2c0f1e159f52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.529542"}
{"text": "| diamondoid monolayers as monochromatic electron source | diamondoids are nanometer - sized molecules that feature diamond - crystal cage structures. adamantane, the smallest member in the family, consists of one cage structure, diamantane two, triamantane three, tetramantane four, and so on. on all of these, the dangling bonds on the outer surfaces are terminated by hydrogen atoms. because of their potential to possess novel properties of both diamond and nanomaterial, intensive efforts have been made to synthesize the larger diamondoid molecules, but to no avail. this situation was finally changed in 2003 when significant quantities of higher diamondoids were found in petroleum by researchers in moleculardiamond technologies. now, scientists from berkeley lab, stanford university, lawrence livermore national laboratory, and germany have used photoelectron spectroscopy at the als to reveal an intriguing feature : monochromatized electron emission from a self - assembled monolayer of diamondoids. this discovery has immediately attracted the attention of people who are searching for materials for next - generation electron emitters. materials for electron emitters have long been sought because electrons emitted into vacuum can be precisely controlled and easily integrated into elaborate devices. they lie at the heart of a number of modern technologies, such as field - emission flat - screen displays, electron microscopes, electron lithography, and next - generation free - electron lasers. for electron emitters, one of the biggest challenges is to develop large, uniform surfaces that emit electrons with a sharp energy distribution. in the late 1970s, scientists found that hydrogen - terminated diamond surfaces are characterized by negative electron affinity ( nea ), meaning for electrons, the energy level of the vacuum is lower than that of the diamond conduction bands. at surfaces with nea, electrons excited into the conduction band will spontaneously fall out into vacuum even at low temperature. thus, nea - based electron emitters have several advantages over conventional emitters. they exhibit electron emission at extremely low bias voltage ( zero in the ideal case ), and the energy distribution of the emitted electron is extremely narrow. however, two critical issues prevented nea semiconductors from being used in commercialized products. one is the nonuniform emission normally observed on diamond surfaces. the other is the difficulty of supplying electrons to the emission surface, because diamond and other nea semiconductors are wide - gap materials with low electron conductivity. diamondoids, being diamond - like nanoclusters, provide us with the opportunity to sustain the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5588423796376956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93b4ecea-e98a-462c-a6b9-fe9279c80cd0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.536820"}
{"text": "is the difficulty of supplying electrons to the emission surface, because diamond and other nea semiconductors are wide - gap materials with low electron conductivity. diamondoids, being diamond - like nanoclusters, provide us with the opportunity to sustain the nea feature of diamond while avoiding the conventional problems of bulk nea materials. toward this end, the collaborators replaced one of the hydrogen atoms on the surface of tetramantane ( four - cage diamondoids ) with a thiol group ( hydrogen + sulfur ). this substitution chemically \" functionalizes \" the tetramantane, i. e., it promotes bonding with other molecules, enabling it to form more complex structures, like nanosized tinker toys. the researchers found that these diamondoid \u2013 thiol complexes would then self - assemble into a uniform monolayer on metal surfaces such as silver or gold. photoelectron spectroscopy was then performed on the tetramantane \u2013 thiol monolayers at beamline 10. 0. 1, where a strong, sharp peak was detected. the outstanding peak observed in the spectra is a strong indication of nea. furthermore, up to 68 % of all the emitted electrons were within this single energy peak, with a width of less than 0. 5 ev. this is several times as strong as the same measurement for bulk diamond. technologically, this means most electrons are emitted from the diamondoid monolayer at the same energy, i. e., speed. the result directly shows that diamondoid monolayers can be superior to conventional materials as electron emitters. the molecules can be purified and functionalized under precise control. they can be inexpensively self - assembled into large - area, uniform monolayers. more importantly, they perform better than previous materials in terms of the energy distribution of the emitted electrons. further investigations are under way to fully understand this striking phenomenon, as well as to make real devices based on diamondoids. research conducted by w. l. yang, n. mannella, k. tanaka, and x. j. zhou ( stanford university and als ) ; j. d. fabbri, w. meevasana, m. a. kelly, n. a. melosh, and z. - x. shen ( stanford university ) ; t. m. willey, j. r. i. lee, and t. van buuren ( lawrence livermore national laboratory ) ; j. e. dahl and r. m. k. carlson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5777063248526488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93b4ecea-e98a-462c-a6b9-fe9279c80cd0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.538972"}
{"text": ". shen ( stanford university ) ; t. m. willey, j. r. i. lee, and t. van buuren ( lawrence livermore national laboratory ) ; j. e. dahl and r. m. k. carlson ( moleculardiamond technologies, chevron technology ventures ) ; p. r. schreiner, b. a. tkachenko, and n. a. fokina ( justus - liebig university, germany ) ; a. a. fokin ( justus - liebig university, germany, and kiev polytechnic institute, ukraine ) ; and z. hussain ( als ). research funding : u. s. department of energy, office of basic energy sciences ( bes ). operation of the als is supported by bes. publication about this research : w. l. yang, j. d. fabbri, t. m. willey, j. r. i. lee, j. e. dahl, r. m. k. carlson, p. r. schreiner, a. a. fokin, b. a. tkachenko, n. a. fokina, w. meevasana, n. mannella, k. tanaka, x. j. zhou, t. van buuren, m. a. kelly, z. hussain, n. a. melosh, and z. - x. shen, \" monochromatic electron photoemission from diamondoid monolayers, \" science 316, 1460 ( 2007 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5938114404228816, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93b4ecea-e98a-462c-a6b9-fe9279c80cd0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.539777"}
{"text": "key term definitions acoustic clarity technology : this polycom patented technology allows you to enjoy instantaneous natural conversation. when paired with a full duplex speakerphone, echo is eliminated and both callers are able to speak simultaneously without experiencing voice dropouts. the voice clarity on conference systems that feature this technology is incredibly crisp and clear. dynamic noise reduction : one of polycom ' s signature features, dynamic noise reduction ( dnr ) eliminates the unwanted background noise that plagues more traditional conferencing methods. this technology was first introduced in the 1980 ' s and targeted noise reduction in long distance communications. dnr can cut down clatter by as much as 10 decibels and can be paired with similar systems. the polycom systems that carry this feature provide the user with optimum microphone sensitivity while removing dynamic noise. dnr can really make a difference when conferencing with client ' s long distance, the level of professionalism will be much appreciated. analog is the original telephone technology, a system that converts air vibrations ( like those created by the human voice ) into similar electrical frequencies. analog lines can support phones, fax machines, and modems and are typically found in homes or small office settings. analog systems measure data in one continuous variable while digital breaks down and manipulates the data. one of the advantages of analog systems is that they dot not require a filter for band - limiting. several soundstation models operate on an analog system with features that are specifically designed for day to day communication. automatic gain control : this adaptive technology is a standard feature in most electronic devices. automatic gain control ( agc ) takes the average output signal level and adjusts the gain to the appropriate level for input signal levels. for example, when a signal is too strong the agc reduces its volume and when the signal is too weak the agc increases the volume. in telephones the agc is most commonly used when a conversation is recorded. the agc will take the large signal from the local user and the small signal from the long distance user and produce a recording that is well balanced. all microphones have directional characteristics, which are determined by the way a microphone picks up sounds. microphones can pick up signals from several directions or from one focused point. a cardioid microphone, the most popular of conferencing systems, picks up sound / signals primarily from the front of the microphone. when the pattern of cardioid sound pickup is graphed the shape resembles that of a heart, hence the name. these microphones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.61124809109103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cfcf9ee-306f-480e-85f1-13fe6e7a19e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.543126"}
{"text": "as our parents age, it can become more difficult for them to perform everyday tasks, such as making dinner or climbing the stairs. they may not see or hear as well as they once did. or, it may simply be more difficult for them to get themselves around. thankfully, there are gadgets and assistive devices that can help with many daily activities, including : - getting dressed ; - taking a shower ; - reaching out - of - the - way places ; - opening doors ; - reading and writing ; - remembering to take medicine ; - hearing someone on the phone. these things don ' t have to be fancy or expensive. some can even be homemade, such as using different colored rubber bands on pill bottles to visually differentiate them. others can be purchased \u2014 and your health insurance may cover the cost. ask your doctor, nurse or other health care professional for advice. here are some gadgets that could prove helpful : if you have trouble hearing - telephone amplifiers with adjustable tone, pitch and volume. - flashing - light phones, doorbells and smoke alarm / carbon monoxide detectors. - cordless headphones for televisions. - vibrating alarm clocks you can put under your pillow. if you have trouble seeing - talking watches, clocks, timers, calculators, scales and indoor / outdoor thermometers. - talking heart and blood pressure monitors. - writing aids such as large - grip pens and other pen designs that reduce shaking and muscle pain. - tactile knobs for stoves with raised dots to show settings. - battery - lighted magnifiers for reading. - magnifiers for television and computer screens. - voice - activated, automatic telephone dialers. - remote controls with large buttons and numbers for televisions, cable boxes, vcrs and dvds. - computers with large - letter keyboards, plus voice - recognition and speech software. if you have trouble remembering - electronic pill boxes with an alarm signal to take medicine. - telephone with memory dialing and spaces for pictures of frequent callers. - timed faucets that automatically turn water off. - electric appliances with automatic turnoff switches. if you have trouble getting around and performing everyday tasks - long - handled \u201c reachers \u201d for retrieving items on low or high shelves. - gadgets that help you put on socks or stockings. - lever - style adapters that make turning door handles and faucets easier. - widened tub edges and grab bars to ease getting in and out of the bath. - clothing and shoes with ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46497193291506894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af437903-fdd1-4c2f-acc0-bcf60e0a30d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.547007"}
{"text": "the perils of polonium news analysis polonium - 210, the highly toxic radioactive isotope found in the body of poisoned former russian spy alexander litvinenko is a very rare, exotic material that is difficult to obtain, scientists say. the uk ' s health protection agency says litvinenko, who died last week in a london hospital, had a significant amount of the radioactive isotope in his body. but how it got there and where it came from is a mystery. radiation and chemistry experts say large - scale equipment, such as a nuclear reactor, would be needed to produce sufficient amounts to kill. \" it is not as simple as the idea that somebody might have broken into a radioactivity cabinet at some local hospital and walked off with some polonium, \" says dr andrea sella, a lecturer in chemistry at university college london. although scientists would not speculate on the source of the polonium, sella says litvinenko ' s death is not a random killing. \" this is not a tool chosen by a group of amateurs. these people had some serious resources behind them, \" he says. polonium is a by - product of uranium that was discovered by polish chemist marie curie in the late 19th century. it ' s a rare but naturally occurring metalloid found in the soil and atmosphere, and even in the human body. but at high doses it is highly toxic if ingested or inhaled ; it emits alpha particles that can damage the body ' s tissues and organs. \" [ alpha particles ] are unable to penetrate a sheet of paper and so it is not a hazard unless ingested, \" says professor william gelletly of the university of surrey. long - term exposure to radiation can cause mutations and cancer. but exposure to a short, intense burst of radiation causes major damage to key control centres in cells. \" an alpha particle strikes a strand of dna. it snips it in two, which is bad news, or glues two strands together. either way normal cell repair mechanisms may be unable to sort that out, \" says sella. \" the result is that essentially the cellular command and control network [ in the body ] falls apart. that is what radiation sickness is all about. \" professor david ray, of the university of nottingham, says even if a high dose of radiation could not be detected externally after litvinenko was admitted to hospital a fatal dose could have concentrated in deep tissues such as bone marrow. \" the limited information that has been released about mr litvinenko ' s condition and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.505620029681499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e7c4e71-d668-4c02-a8f9-64a6e5aaf1ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.552421"}
{"text": "science subject and location tags articles, documents and multimedia from abc science wednesday, 20 june 2012 the microbes living on your pet dog may help to strengthen your immune system and prevent childhood asthma, according to a new study. tuesday, 18 october 2011 scientists say they don ' t know why asthma cases in children and young people are on the way down. thursday, 14 july 2011 placebo treatments can improve patients ' self - reported asthma symptoms but not their lung function, say us scientists. monday, 30 may 2011 researchers have uncovered why some asthma attacks are triggered by viral infections. wednesday, 27 october 2010 in a discovery that could transform asthma treatment, us researchers have found our lungs carry receptors for bitter tastes. thursday, 4 march 2010 breathing exercises can help control asthma symptoms, say uk researchers. tuesday, 19 may 2009 an experimental asthma treatment that uses heat to reduce airway constriction provided some relief from severe asthma, say us researchers. wednesday, 22 april 2009 having lice may not be such a bad thing, with a uk study finding infested mice have calmer immune systems. monday, 13 april 2009 an enterprising epidemiologist has combined gps technology with a medical inhaler in an effort to better understand the triggers for asthma. tuesday, 3 march 2009 young children who watch television for more than two hours a day double their risk of developing asthma, british researchers say. thursday, 25 september 2008 swimming in outdoor chlorinated pools appears to increase the odds of developing childhood asthma, say belgian researchers. friday, 19 september 2008 use of the common painkiller paracetamol in the first year of life has been linked to an increased risk of asthma and other allergies, a new study has found. monday, 16 june 2008 parents who smoke outside their house are still exposing their children to the harmful effects of passive smoking, an australian study suggests.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.484482407551988, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd5177d3-cee0-4b35-b235-8266b501c062>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.554704"}
{"text": "tricuspid valve disease refers to damage to the tricuspid heart valve. this valve is located between the atrium ( upper chamber ) and the ventricle ( lower pumping chamber ) of the right side of the heart. the tricuspid valve has three cusps, or flaps, that control the direction and flow of blood. the two main types of tricuspid valve disease are : - tricuspid stenosis \u2014 narrowing of the tricuspid valve - tricuspid regurgitation \u2014 backflow of blood into the atrium from the ventricle due to improper closing of the tricuspid valve flaps anatomy of the heart copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. is the most common cause of tricuspid valve disease. other causes include : factors that increase your chance of getting tricuspid valve disease include : - history of rheumatic fever - sex : female \u2014 for tricuspid stenosis in many cases, there are no symptoms. however, if symptoms do occur, they may include : - difficulty breathing - sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat - swelling in the legs or abdomen the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. the doctor may be alerted to tricuspid valve disease by the following : - heart murmur - irregular pulse or heartbeat - abnormal pulse in the jugular vein of the neck - swelling in the legs images may need to be taken to examine your heart. this can be done with : your heart ' s activity may need to be measured. this can be done with electrocardiogram ( ecg, ekg ). if you have mild tricuspid valve disease, your condition will need to be monitored, but may not need treatment right away. when symptoms become more severe, treatments may include : drugs may be prescribed to treat specific symptoms associated with tricuspid valve disease. these medications include : drugs to control heart - diuretics to promote the production of urine - vasodilators, which dilate blood vessels if tricuspid valve disease is causing severe problems, surgery to repair or replace the valve may be required. tricuspid valve disease cannot be prevented. but, there are several things you can do to try to avoid some of the complications : infections right away to avoid rheumatic fever, which can cause scarring of the heart valve. - if your valve problem was caused by rheumatic fever, talk to your doctor about antibiotic treatment to prevent future episodes. most people with a tricuspid valve defect do need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45720391199007837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6af1b8a7-8ec6-4520-9ed9-6b95812f1e9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.559456"}
{"text": "##umatic fever, which can cause scarring of the heart valve. - if your valve problem was caused by rheumatic fever, talk to your doctor about antibiotic treatment to prevent future episodes. most people with a tricuspid valve defect do need to take antibiotics to prevent infections before dental or medical procedures. but, there are exceptions. check with your doctor to see if your condition requires you take antibiotics. antibiotic prophylaxis. american dental association website. available at :. accessed march 14, 2013. the merck manual of medical information. new york, ny : pocket ; 2000. diseases of the tricuspid valve. texas heart institute website. available at :. updated august 2012. accessed march 14, 2013. kasper dl, harrison tr. harrison ' s principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill ; 2005. tricuspid valve disease. cleveland clinic website. available at :. updated november 2012. accessed march 14, 2013. last reviewed september 2012 by michael j. fucci, do please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40485650312514926, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6af1b8a7-8ec6-4520-9ed9-6b95812f1e9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.560057"}
{"text": "is a peninsula of the roadstead of brest the roadstead of brest is a roadstead or bay located in the finistere department in brittany in northwestern france. the surface area is about 180 km\u00b2. the port of brest is located on its northern edge and one of the two french naval bases.... it is the base of the snle, the french ballistic missile submarines, and as such one of the most secretive and heavily defended places in france. ile longue is a peninsula a peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland. in many germanic and celtic languages and also in baltic, slavic and hungarian, peninsulas are called \" half - islands \".... on the commune of crozon crozon is a commune in the finistere department of brittany in north - western france. crozon is located on the crozon peninsula on the west coast of finistere. it is bordered by the communes of camaret - sur - mer to the west, roscanvel to the northwest, lanveoc to the north, landevennec to the..., attached to the crozon peninsula. its altitude is 42 metres. it is located at 48\u00b018 ' 07. 6 \" n 4\u00b030 ' 35. 57 \" w. originally the isthmus was a mere sand bank, and crossing was only possible at low tide. during the 19th century, it was improved with a stone pathway. during the construction of the strategic base ( 1967 \u2013 1972 ), it was widened, made insubmersible, and changed into a parking space. the peninsula is a stone plateau surrounded by cliffs. it harbours several water springs, which made human habitat possible. in the 19th century, three villages were built on the peninsula : kernalleguen ( less than a kilometre of the isthmus ), kermeur ( 1. 5 km of the isthmus ) and bothuelc ' h, slightly north. exploitation of porphyry porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large - grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine - grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. the larger crystals are called phenocrysts... started in the 18th century. by the end of the 19th century, half a million cobblestones were produced each year. up to eleven quarries were exploited around the peninsula. the largest,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4492559402724907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61764280-03e9-4bdc-80aa-59a53c026f5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.568930"}
{"text": "larger crystals are called phenocrysts... started in the 18th century. by the end of the 19th century, half a million cobblestones were produced each year. up to eleven quarries were exploited around the peninsula. the largest, vengleuz braz, was located west from kermeur. with its cliffs, local water resources, isthmus crossable only at low tide and its location defending brest harbour, ile longue is an easily defendable, strategic location. it was fortified by vauban and dajot as to render the roadstead impossible to hold by an enemy fleet and to allow a counter - attack against an enemy landing party attempting to seize quelern quelern is a hamlet in roscanvel, in the department of finistere, in western france. - fortified lines : the quelern lines defended the entrance to the goulet de brest against capture from behind the defences of the roscanvel peninsula. they are 1. 22 km long and form the only surviving non - urban... dajot had a fort constructed at the top of the peninsula around 1776. it featured a hemicircular lower battery with small buildings protected by a ditch, with a bastion a bastion, or a bulwark, is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall, facilitating active defence against assaulting troops... and a drawbridge a drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. the term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges. - castle drawbridges :... in 1879, a wall was built south of the peninsula, as to defend it against the land. it featured a drawbridge defended by a casemate and two bastions. remains of the main gate and of the casemate still exist, but are enclosed in the military area, and not accessible to the general public. first world war from 1914 to 1919, ile longue was used as an internment camp for german citizens captured after the seizure of the ship nieuw amsterdam, intercepted by the french 2nd light squadron on the 2 september 1914. from the 3 september to the 23, the 1500 passengers were interned at crozon fort and in brest ; from the 4 november, they were transferred to a camp built on ile longue for the occasion. the last prisoners were released on the 31st december", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5215231879127205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61764280-03e9-4bdc-80aa-59a53c026f5c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.569863"}
{"text": "the 3 september to the 23, the 1500 passengers were interned at crozon fort and in brest ; from the 4 november, they were transferred to a camp built on ile longue for the occasion. the last prisoners were released on the 31st december 1919. second world war during the occupation, the germans used ile longue as an anti - aircraft battery, which remained active until 1944. megalithic monuments were destroyed by the construction of bunkers. ile longue strategic submarine base in 1965, president charles de gaulle charles andre joseph marie de gaulle was a french general and statesman who led the free french forces during world war ii. he later founded the french fifth republic in 1958 and served as its first president from 1959 to 1969.... chose ile longue as home for the sea - based component of the force de frappe the force de frappe is the designation of what used to be a triad of air -, sea - and land - based nuclear weapons intended for dissuasion, and consequential deterrence.... the place was chosen because it was close to a large harbour, yet distant enough to stay out of the public ' s eye, and was easily controlled and defended. work began in 1967 and took 5 years. the peninsula was completely changed, as the isthmus was widened and consolidated, and the peninsula itself gained 30 hectare the hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10, 000 square metres, and primarily used in the measurement of land. in 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1 / 100 km2... s. two dry docks were built, as well as numerous habitation, engineering and defence buildings. in 1972, the base was made operational and le redoutable departed for her first patrol. ile longue has been the base of the snle of the force oceanique strategique the force oceanique strategique is the ballistic missile submarine force of the french navy. it is one of the two components of the submarine forces of the french navy and the sea - based component of the french nuclear deterrent. - history : the fost was created in the early 1960s, around the need... ever since. maintenance of the submarines is done at ile longue, as well as storage of the nuclear components ( warheads and fuel bars ). chemical pyrotechnics for the missiles and conventional warheads are stored in guen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47307948172118225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61764280-03e9-4bdc-80aa-59a53c026f5c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.570798"}
{"text": ". ever since. maintenance of the submarines is done at ile longue, as well as storage of the nuclear components ( warheads and fuel bars ). chemical pyrotechnics for the missiles and conventional warheads are stored in guenvenez, 4 km away. the base is divided into three colour - coded zones : - zone blue comprises the security installations and personnel, including the fire department and the fusiliers marins responsible for the defence of the site. this zone also comprises offices and catering. - zone red encompasses the pyrotechnics and bunkers to hold nuclear warheads. - zone yellow encompasses the harbour and submarine installations, notably two roofed 200 - metre long docks. a 170 - metre long bunker between the two docks is used to load and unload nuclear materials. since 2006, work has been undertaken at ile longue to prepare the base for the new m51 slbm the m51 slbm is a submarine - launched ballistic missile, built by eads astrium space transportation, and deployed with the french navy. designed to replace the m45 slbm the m51 slbm is a submarine - launched ballistic missile, built by eads astrium space transportation, and deployed with the french... external links french ministry of defence satellite photographs on google maps google maps is a web mapping service application and technology provided by google, free, that powers many map - based services, including the google maps website, google ride finder, google transit, and maps embedded on third - party websites via the google maps api...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4600931198089568, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61764280-03e9-4bdc-80aa-59a53c026f5c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.571391"}
{"text": "the royal spanish academy is the official royal institution responsible for regulating the spanish language spanish, also known as castilian, is a romance language in the ibero - romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central - northern iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the kingdom of castile into central and southern iberia during the.... it is based in madrid madrid is the capital and largest city of spain. the population of the city is roughly 3. 3 million and the entire population of the madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6. 271 million. it is the third largest city in the european union, after london and berlin, and its metropolitan..., spain, but is affiliated with national language academies in twenty - one other hispanophone hispanophone or hispanosphere denotes spanish language speakers and the spanish - speaking world. the word derives from the latin political name of the iberian peninsula, hispania, which comprised basically the territory of the modern states of spain and portugal. hispanophones are estimated at... ( spanish - speaking ) nations through the association of spanish language academies the association of spanish language academies is the entity which regulates the spanish language. it was created in mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the spanish - speaking world..... the rae ' s emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto a motto is a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of a social group or organization. a motto may be in any language, but latin is the most used. the local language is usual in the mottoes of governments... is \" \" ( \" [ it ] cleans, sets, and casts splendour \" ). the rae is a major publisher of dictionaries a dictionary is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information ; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon... in linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. the term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,... s, and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4241133593764333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.582837"}
{"text": "term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,... s, and has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications. its website includes an online dictionary and other resources, all in spanish. its most famous publication is the ( dictionary of the spanish language of the royal spanish academy ), the \" drae \". the was founded in 1713, modelled after the italian ( 1582 ) and the french ( 1635 ), with the purpose \" to fix the voices and vocabularies of the castilian language with propriety, elegance, and purity \". king philip v philip v was king of spain from 15 november 1700 to 15 january 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son louis, and from 6 september 1724, when he assumed the throne again upon his son ' s death, to his death. before his reign, philip occupied an exalted place in the royal family of france as a... approved its constitution on 3 october 1714, placing it under the crown ' s protection. its aristocratic founder,, marquis of villena villena is a city in spain, in the valencian community. it is located at the northwest part of alicante, and borders to the west with castilla - la mancha and murcia, to the north with the province of valencia and to the east and south with the province of alicante. it is the capital of the comarca... and duke of escalona escalona is a municipality located in the north part of the province of toledo, which in turn is part of the autonomous community of castile - la mancha, spain..., described its aims as \" to assure that spanish speakers will always be able to read cervantes - people : * alfonso j. cervantes, mayor of st. louis, missouri * francisco cervantes de salazar, 16th - century man of letters * ignacio cervantes, cuban composer * jorge cervantes, a world - renowned expert on indoor, outdoor, and greenhouse cannabis cultivation... \" \u2013 by exercising a progressive up - to - date maintenance of the formal language. the rae began establishing rules for the orthography of spanish beginning in 1741 with the first edition of the from the second edition onwards ). the proposals of the academy became the official norm in spain by royal decree in 1844, and they were also gradually adopted by the spanish speaking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4929098813656162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.585216"}
{"text": "for the orthography of spanish beginning in 1741 with the first edition of the from the second edition onwards ). the proposals of the academy became the official norm in spain by royal decree in 1844, and they were also gradually adopted by the spanish speaking countries of latin america. several reforms were introduced in the ( 1959 ), and since then the rules have undergone continued adjustment, in consultation with the other national language academies. the current rules and practical recommendations are presented in the latest edition of the in 1994, the rae ruled that the spanish consonants \" ch \" would hence be alphabetized under \" c \" and under \" l \", respectively, and not as separate, discrete letters, as in the past. the rae eliminated monosyllabic accented vowels where the accent did not serve in changing the word ' s meaning, examples include : ( \" gave \" ), ( \" saw \" ), both had an acutely - accented vowel ; yet the monosyllabic word ( \" i know \", the first person, singular, present of, \" to know \" ; and the singular imperative of, \" to be \" ) retains its acutely - accented vowel in order to differentiate it from the reflexive pronoun. criticisms of the academy the royal academy has, especially in the spanish - speaking americas hispanic america or spanish america is the region comprising the american countries inhabited by spanish - speaking populations. these countries have significant commonalities with each other and with spain, whose colonies they formerly were..., been criticized for being excessively conservative social conservatism is primarily a political, and usually morally influenced, ideology that focuses on the preservation of what are seen as traditional values. social conservatism is a form of authoritarianism often associated with the position that the federal government should have a greater role... and slow to change ; for excessively concentrating upon linguistic usages of the region of castile a former kingdom, castile gradually merged with its neighbours to become the crown of castile and later the kingdom of spain when united with the crown of aragon and the kingdom of navarre..., while dismissing variant usages from other parts of spain and other spanish - speaking countries ; and for being slow in revising its authoritative. moreover, the dictionary has been criticised for its partial definitions and somewhat limited coverage. for example, the drae definition for ( \" dinosaur \" ) only covers sauropodomorpha sauropodomorpha is an extinct clade of long - necked, herbivorous, sa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4905728364617314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.586289"}
{"text": "its partial definitions and somewhat limited coverage. for example, the drae definition for ( \" dinosaur \" ) only covers sauropodomorpha sauropodomorpha is an extinct clade of long - necked, herbivorous, saurischian dinosaurs which includes the sauropods and their ancestral relatives. sauropods generally grew to very large sizes, had long necks and tails, were quadrupedal, and became the largest animals to ever walk the earth. the..., just one of the many groups of dinosaurs that existed. supporters respond that the rae ' s purpose is not registering ephemeral spanish usages, but to protect a united castilian language and prevent national variants from becoming incomprehensible to other spanish speakers. critics have acknowledged, however, that recent editions of the ( the 20th, 21st, and current 22nd editions ) show distinct improvement. one innovation was its publication of a paperback paperback, softback or softcover describe and refer to a book by the nature of its binding. the covers of such books are usually made of paper or paperboard, and are usually held together with glue rather than stitches or staples... edition in 1992. partnerships with companies such as, ibm international business machines corporation or ibm is an american multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in armonk, new york, united states. ibm manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas..., and microsoft microsoft corporation is an american public multinational corporation headquartered in redmond, washington, usa that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions..., enabled the rae to update and adapt to the current information - technology era, offering a free on - line version of its diccionario, which may be consulted free of charge at its website. members of the academy are known as ( academic numerary ), chosen from among prestigious persons in the arts and sciences, including several spanish - language authors, known as ( the immortals ), similarly to their counterparts. the numeros are elected for life by the other academicians. each academician holds a seat labeled with a letter from the spanish alphabet ; upper - and lower - case letters are separate seats., sorted by date of induction : - ( h ), count of casa davalos ( 1965 ) - ( g ) ( 1972 ) - ( e ) vacant - ( m ) ( 1980", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5396546273376708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.587459"}
{"text": "upper - and lower - case letters are separate seats., sorted by date of induction : - ( h ), count of casa davalos ( 1965 ) - ( g ) ( 1972 ) - ( e ) vacant - ( m ) ( 1980 ) - ( a ) ( 1980 ) - ( z ) vacant - ( n ) ( 1985 ) - ( o ) ( 1985 ) - ( q ) ( 1987 ) - ( p ) ( 1987 ) - ( r ) ( 1988 ) - ( s ) ( 1988 ) - ( j ) ( 1990 ) - ( d ) ( 1991 ) - ( f ) ( 1991 ) - ( c ) ( 1992 ) - ( u ) ( 1994 ) - ( l ) ( 1994 ) - ( c ) ( 1995 ) - ( l ) ( 1996 ) - ( b ) ( 1996 ) - ( u ) ( 1996 ) - ( v ) ( 1997 ) - ( t ) ( 1997 ) - ( k ) ( 1998 ) - ( n ) ( 1998 ) - ( i ) ( 2001 ) - ( n ) ( 2001 ) - ( k ) ( 2002 ) - ( e ) ( 2002 ) - ( f ) ( 2003 ) - ( i ) ( 2003 ) - ( t ) ( 2003 ) - ( g ) ( 2003 ) - ( q ) vacant - ( j ) ( 2004 ) - ( o ) ( 2006 ) - ( x ) ( 2006 ) - ( h ) ( 2006 ) - ( a ) ( 2006 ) - ( r ) ( 2008 ) - ( p ) ( 2008 ) - ( m ) ( 2008 ) - ( d ) ( 2008 ) - ( b ) ( 2008 ) - ( s ) ( 2008 ) notable past academicians - damaso alonso damaso alonso y fernandez de las redondas was a spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. though a member of the generation of ' 27, his best - known work dates from the 1940s onwards. - early life and education :... - vicente bacallar y sanna - pio baroja pio baroja y nessi was a spanish basque writer, one of the key novelists of the generation of ' 98. he was a member of an illustrious family, his brother ricardo was a painter, writer and engraver, and his nephew julio caro baroja, son of his younger sister carmen, was a well known... - camilo jose cela camilo jose cela y trulock, 1st marquis of iria flavia was a spanish novelist and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4348343308617241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.588374"}
{"text": "his nephew julio caro baroja, son of his younger sister carmen, was a well known... - camilo jose cela camilo jose cela y trulock, 1st marquis of iria flavia was a spanish novelist and short story writer. he was awarded the 1989 nobel prize in literature \" for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man ' s vulnerability \". - biography : cela published his... - armando cotarelo valledor - miguel delibes setien - leandro fernandez de moratin leandro fernandez de moratin was a spanish dramatist, translator and neoclassical poet. - biography : moratin was born in madrid the son of nicolas fernandez de moratin, a major literary reformer in spain from 1762 until his death in 1780. distrusting the teaching offered in spain ' s universities at... - antonio machado antonio cipriano jose maria y francisco de santa ana machado y ruiz, known as antonio machado was a spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the spanish literary movement known as the generation of ' 98.... - christopher herman maurer - julian marias julian marias aguilera, was a spanish philosopher. his history of philosophy is widely accepted as the greatest work written in spanish on the subject of the history of philosophy... - ramon menendez pidal ramon menendez pidal was a spanish philologist and historian. he worked extensively on the history of the spanish language and spanish folklore and folk poetry. one of his main topics was the history and legend of the cid.... - eugenio d ' ors - benito perez galdos benito perez galdos was a spanish realist novelist. considered second only to cervantes in stature, he was the leading spanish realist novelist.... - manuel jose quintana manuel jose quintana y lorenzo, was a spanish poet and man of letters. he was born at madrid. after completing his studies at salamanca he was called to the bar.... - epifanio c. de los santos joint publications of the rae and the association of spanish language academies - diccionario de la lengua espanola ( dictionary of the spanish language ) ( 1st edition : 1780, 22nd edition : 2001, the 23rd edition will be published in 2013 to mark the tricentennial of the founding of the rae ). the first edition is in public domain works are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38431135192792676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.589364"}
{"text": "1st edition : 1780, 22nd edition : 2001, the 23rd edition will be published in 2013 to mark the tricentennial of the founding of the rae ). the first edition is in public domain works are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights have expired, if the intellectual property rights are forfeited, or if they are not covered by intellectual property rights at all... - the diccionario esencial de la lengua espanola ( essential dictionary of the spanish language ) was published in 2006 as a shortened work to span between the 22nd and 23rd editions. - ortografia de la lengua espanola ( orthography of the spanish language, 1st edition : 1741, latest edition : 2010 ). the edition of 1999 was the first orthography to cover the whole hispanic world, replacing the nuevas normas de prosodia y ortografia ( new rules for prosody and orthography ) of 1959. the first edition is in public domain. - nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola ( new grammar of the spanish language, 1st edition : 1771, latest edition : 2009 ). the latest edition is the first grammar to cover the whole hispanic world, replacing the prior gramatica de la lengua espanola ( grammar of the spanish language, 1931 ) and the esbozo de una nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola ( outline of a new grammar of the spanish language, 1973 ). the first edition is in public domain. - the nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola will be published in 3 different versions : the edicion completa ( complete edition ) includes 3, 800 pages in two volumes to describe morphology and syntax ( published december 4, 2009 ) plus a third volume of phonetics and phonology and a dvd ( early 2010 ). the manual edition is a single 750 - page volume, which was presented at the 5th congress of the spanish language which convened virtually in valparaiso valparaiso is a city and commune of chile, center of its third largest conurbation and one of the country ' s most important seaports and an increasing cultural center in the southwest pacific hemisphere. the city is the capital of the valparaiso province and the valparaiso region..., chile, due to the earthquake the 2010 chile earthquake occurred off the coast of central chile on saturday, 27 february 2010, at 03 : 34 local time, having a magnitude of 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45431203351698646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.590395"}
{"text": "##paraiso province and the valparaiso region..., chile, due to the earthquake the 2010 chile earthquake occurred off the coast of central chile on saturday, 27 february 2010, at 03 : 34 local time, having a magnitude of 8. 8 on the moment magnitude scale, with intense shaking lasting for about three minutes. it ranks as the sixth largest earthquake ever to be recorded by a..., and will be published on april 23, 2010. the gramatica basica ( basic grammar ) is a 250 - page pocket reference intended for school use, to be published in late 2010. - the rae has also published two other works by individual editors : gramatica de la lengua espanola ( grammar of the spanish language, by emilio alarcos llorach, 1994 ) and gramatica descriptiva de la lengua espanola ( descriptive grammar of the spanish language, 3 volumes, directed by ignacio bosque and violeta demonte, 1999 ). - diccionario panhispanico de dudas ( pan - hispanic dictionary of doubts, 1st edition : 2005 ). resolves doubts related to the use of the spanish language. - diccionario del estudiante ( student ' s dictionary, 1st edition : 2005 ). replaces the diccionario escolar de la rae ( rae scholastic dictionary, 1996 ). - diccionario practico del estudiante ( practical student ' s dictionary, 1st edition : 2007 ) is an adapted version for latin america, and is for sale only in the americas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47305960900519295, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2ed2869-d27a-42c9-b844-4e596b06f7e4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.591080"}
{"text": "note : a thorough review of these last two articles will help in understanding the concept of voltage feedback covered in this article. figure 1 shows an electrical diagram of a typical commercial refrigeration system. the diagram includes : notice that all of the power - consuming devices ( loads ) in figure 1 are 230 v. if some of these loads were changed to 115 - v loads, problems could arise from voltage feedback. let \u2019 s say the evaporator fans are 115 - v devices ; the circuit in the defrost mode would have the contacts between 2 and 4 of the time clock being open, and defrost circuit contacts between 1 and 3 being closed. now let \u2019 s say there are now two power - consuming devices ( loads ) in series being fed voltage by line 2 ( l2 ). the two loads in series are the 230 - v compressor contactor coil ( cc1 ) and the 115 - v evaporator fan. even though the contacts between 2 and 4 would be open, there is a feedback circuit from l2 through cc1, through the evaporator fans to neutral ( ground ) and back. the feedback circuit has a complete path for current to flow because the current can alternate from line l2, through the compressor contactor coil and evaporator fan motor, to neutral ( ground ). this can happen at 60 cycles per sec ( 60 hz ). because cc1 and evaporator fan motor are in series with one another when in defrost, both power - consuming devices will see a lower voltage than they are rated for. the lowered voltage each will experience will depend on their individual impedance ( ac resistance ). cc1 will probably be humming and getting hot, and the evaporator fan may be running slowly. both loads will eventually burn out because the low - voltage condition creates a high - amperage condition. this situation is what is referred to as voltage feedback. the voltage from l2 is feeding both power - consuming devices when in defrost mode. voltage feedback often happens when power - consuming devices with different voltage magnitudes ( 230 and 115 ) are in the same circuit. in this situation, one remedy would be to install an evaporator fan with a 230 - v motor ( see figure 2 ). with both cc1 and the fan being 230 v, there cannot be a voltage feedback because l2 would be feeding itself, and there would be no potential difference in voltage. the 230 - v isolation relay coil is wired into the defrost circuit off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5710933878588254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e712d4ee-005d-417c-b27e-4536f6dec959>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.593751"}
{"text": "is my loved one a workaholic? many behaviors can become habitualized or addictive. while drug and alcohol addiction involves both a physical and psychological dependence, behavioral addictions are purely psychological. these disorders can be very serious, as it is difficult to maintain a normal lifestyle, healthy relationships, steady employment and important hobbies or passions when a particular behavior becomes compulsive. this can lead to anxiety, depression or substance abuse. what is a behavioral addiction, and how does work become addictive? some behaviors that may become compulsive include the following : - having sex - viewing pornography - using the internet - thrill seeking though maintaining steady employments is crucial for most people, when work becomes something that completely dominates a person \u2019 s attention, time and emotions, it is a problem. some signs of compulsive working include the following : - excessive hours spent working - choosing to work extra hours even when not expected to by employer - inability to engage in other activities without staying in touch with the office - defensiveness when confronted with concerns about working - choosing to work instead of engaging in activities once enjoyed - loss of sleep due to working or obsessing over work issues - irritability related to work issues - use of substances such as caffeine, alcohol or amphetamines to keep working - refusal to take time off from work including vacation time that has been earned there is a difference between someone who works hard or works long hours and someone who is psychologically addicted to working. work addiction is often a progressive disease and may lead to other compulsive behaviors. how to help a workaholic the emotional aspects of behavioral addiction often cause an addict to be unable to admit that he or she has a problem. defensiveness and denial are powerful, and it is important for the affected loved ones to be direct and compassionate when confronting a workaholic. advance preparation may include the following : - seek the advice of a process addiction expert - prepare talking points for the confrontational conversation - explore treatment options in advance - assuring the workaholic that you are in their corner and will be with them through treatment - develop clear and reasonable goals for treatment outcomes find support for workaholic treatment if left untreated compulsive working can destroy relationships, personal health and even the career that the workaholic is obsessed with. stress can create serious physical side effects including the following : - raised blood pressure - increased risk of heart attack and stroke - ulcers and other gastrointestinal distress treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4386288371221104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd9a3da2-0464-4245-a879-53e4b6d32cf9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.596751"}
{"text": "more gold - - and other minerals - - in them thar hills? tuesday, july 24, 2012 tau researcher ' s new method uncovers half - million ton mineral deposit in rough mountain terrain though technology has taken much of the guesswork out of mining, mountain ranges are still notoriously difficult environments in which to hunt for valuable minerals. various methods used to draw a picture of the underground environment, including the measurement of gravitational and magnetic fields, are easily thrown off by factors such as changes in topography height, surrounding temperature, and barometric pressure. now prof. lev eppelbaum of tel aviv university ' s department of geophysics and planetary sciences has developed a new method for processing and analysing complex environments in the face of these challenges. combining new physical - mathematical approaches with their own advanced software \u2014 which brings together all available analysis in the same three - dimensional image \u2014 the researchers were able to overcome the difficulties posed by mountainous regions, successfully uncovering new mineral reserves. prof. eppelbaum began working on his methodology with the late prof. boris khesin of ben gurion university. presented at the european geosciences conference in vienna in april 2012 and in their book geophysical studies in the caucasus, the method has already uncovered a previously unknown polymetallic reserve on the southern slope of the caucasus, part of a vast mountain range between europe and asia that stretches from the black to the caspian seas. the reserves include copper, zinc, lead, aluminium, and a mixture of gold and silver, prof. eppelbaum says. a mountain range in three dimensions in the hunt for underground metals or other resources like oil, gas, or water, geophysical fields such as gravity, magnetics, temperature, polarization, and electromagnetism play crucial roles. for example, the density of polymetallic ore \u2014 which consists of more than one metal \u2014 exceeds that of the surrounding rocks, creating a gravity anomaly. although a 3d gravity analysis may then be used to decode these environmental cues, reserves do not reveal themselves that easily. \" after the environmental analysis, you must calculate the different types of background ' noise, ' \" prof. eppelbaum observes, such as the complexity of the topography, environmental characteristics, and more. mountain ranges present particularly difficult terrain for this kind of calculation. in order to circumvent these issues, profs. eppelbaum and khesin improved current methods of geophysical analysis. they developed new mathematical approaches to process the information gathered from already - existing technology and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5507054893988123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b803a4e8-68d1-4d65-a9d0-e478c33f7f56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.600852"}
{"text": "for this kind of calculation. in order to circumvent these issues, profs. eppelbaum and khesin improved current methods of geophysical analysis. they developed new mathematical approaches to process the information gathered from already - existing technology and from their own specially - designed software which allows the user to interpret all the information in a cohesive 3d image. \" this 3d combined modelling software, which we programmed ourselves, enables scientists to see the buried targets more clearly, \" says prof. eppelbaum. prof. eppelbaum believes they have discovered more than 500, 000 tons of previously undiscovered polymetallic ore in the caucasus mountainside in a single ore deposit. other zones that could contain ore reserves have also been identified by the new methodology. caucasus and beyond an expert in the caucasus mountains, prof. eppelbaum says that this technique can be applied to any region of the world, but most effectively in mountainous regions such as the appalachian mountains in the us and canada or the alps in europe. dr. eppelbaum plans to develop collaborations with international geophysicists in an effort to discover new reserves around the world. \" these reserves are very valuable resources for countries to discover, \" he says. for more environment and ecology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5503988101874845, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b803a4e8-68d1-4d65-a9d0-e478c33f7f56>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.601881"}
{"text": "letter : research before making statements research before making statementsa letter by herb theiss published on jan. 25 about the second amendment shows a total lack of understanding of the origins of the second amendment, its purpose and the history behind it. the federalist papers, pre - revolutionary war and first continental congress history all show that the true purpose of this amendment is to protect americans from abuses by the state. this amendment \u2019 s origins go back to the \u201c glorious revolution of 1688 \u201c and the 1689 english bill of rights which stated : \u201c the subjects which are protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions as allowed by law. \u201d the founding fathers specifically excluded the phrase \u201c as allowed by law \u201c in drafting the second amendment. writings by the founding fathers makes their intent crystal clear : thomas jefferson wrote : \u201c the strongest reason for people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is as a last resort to protect themselves against tyranny in government. \u201c george washington : \u201c firearms stand next in importance to the constitution itself. they are the american people \u2019 s liberty teeth and keystone under independence. from the hour the pilgrims landed, to the present day, events, occurrences, and tendencies prove that to ensure peace, security and happiness, the rifle and pistol are indispensable... the very atmosphere of firearms everywhere restrains evil interference. they deserve a place of honor with all that is good. \u201d for a modern take on this, read the pravada. ru editorial of dec. 28 \u2013 yes, pravada. per theiss : \u201c the writers also realized that the only weapons available were single shot, black powder, etc. \u201d guess what? black powder weapons were the most advanced weaponry of the day, and were owned by the average citizen. understand, i am not suggesting an armed uprising. just do some research before telling us what the founding fathers meant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4991647711277148, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2f50800-a1b2-4892-8696-5f94218b1b03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.603921"}
{"text": "editor \u2019 s note : the albany museum of art has recently been awarded the honor of reaccreditation. nick nelson, executive director of the albany museum of art, and ford w. bell, president and ceo of the american association of museums, have co - authored this article. most would agree that americans are, by nature, a trusting people. but these days america \u2019 s faith in many of its important institutions \u2014 government, the media, the judicial system \u2014 have been severely shaken. yet one institution our citizens continue to trust and support is the nation \u2019 s museums. a recent national survey found america \u2019 s museums and libraries to be the most trusted sources of information by the public. that \u2019 s why the popularity of museums endures, and why an american association of museums survey found that museum attendance has jumped markedly in this troubled economy. no surprise, really, as tough times have historically produced a jump in museum visits ( there was a dramatic spike after 9 / 11 ). people are looking for what one researcher calls \u201c respite and renewal, \u201d as well as a sanctuary of substance and authenticity in an increasingly virtual world. that bond between museums and the public has been built, layer upon layer, over the nation \u2019 s history. it is rooted in the mission of all museums \u2014 education \u2014 but also in the ways in which museums have become part of their communities. we believe today \u2019 s museums are our communities, weaving cities and towns together culturally, intellectually and economically. as the institutions charged with collecting, preserving and exhibiting our heritages - cultural, historic, scientific, natural - our museums preserve more than one billion objects, from george washington \u2019 s militia uniform to a frank stella sculpture to african masks and andy warhol prints. moreover, museums are vital cogs in the american economy, a declaration confirmed by the statistics. america \u2019 s estimated 17, 500 museums employ nearly half a million citizens, and through direct expenditures alone inject some $ 20 billion into the american economy. further, museums play an essential role in the u. s. travel and tourism industry, with cultural travel now calculated to account for some $ 192 billion in economic activity annually according to data provided by the u. s. department of commerce. right here in the southwest georgia, the albany museum of art contributes to the local economy by providing a draw for cultural tourism and by improving the quality of life in the community, making it more livable and attractive to business. further, the ama \u2019 s myriad programs reach into our schools and our community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46641764297508104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3823bf1c-a4a9-4a54-ad3a-266f8cb264cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.607880"}
{"text": "art contributes to the local economy by providing a draw for cultural tourism and by improving the quality of life in the community, making it more livable and attractive to business. further, the ama \u2019 s myriad programs reach into our schools and our community. the museum \u2019 s school tours and traveling trunk outreach programs served almost 5, 000 children in our local schools. the traveling trunk program brings works of african art like those on display in the ama \u2019 s miller gallery to local classrooms for hands - on learning experiences. the albany museum of art is also widely recognized for its quality exhibitions. this year the museum was honored with an exhibition of the year award from the georgia association of museums and galleries for \u201c the indian gallery of henry inman \u201d, an exhibition featuring 19th century portraits of native american leaders from georgia. family days, a partnership between the ama and the city of albany \u2019 s recreation and parks department, draws record crowds to the museum. this fall \u2019 s family day was enjoyed by 450 attendees. this program was the recipient of the dorothy mullins art & humanities award from the georgia recreation and parks association in 2010. the albany museum of art is recognized in the community and state - wide for excellence. one metric that illustrates that this recognition is warranted is accreditation by the american association of museums. the albany museum of art was recently re - accredited by aam adding the distinction of national recognition for the quality of its programs and operations. this most recent accolade makes the ama one of only 15 museums in the state of georgia to be accredited. furthermore, of america \u2019 s estimated 17, 500 museums, only 778 are accredited. what does accreditation mean? it means that the albany museum of art has taken it upon itself to see how they measure up to the highest standards of the museum field. the museum has not only met the standards, it has exceeded them, putting it among the 4. 5 percent of u. s. museums to be accredited by aam. simply, the albany museum of art is among the best museums in the country, on a par with such other accredited museums as the smithsonian in washington, the metropolitan museum of art in new york, and the getty museum in los angeles. such museums are also a source of something perhaps less tangible, but no less valuable : civic pride. residents of albany and southwest georgia can be proud that in their midst they boast one of the country \u2019 s finest museums, whose primary objective is to serve the community better every day. show your pride in albany and southwest georgia. visit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4523894002107265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3823bf1c-a4a9-4a54-ad3a-266f8cb264cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.608931"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia david ricardo ( april 18, 1772 \u2014 september 11, 1823 ), a british political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists. he was also a successful businessman, financier and speculator, and amassed a considerable fortune. born in london, ricardo was the third of seventeen children in a sephardic jewish family ( from portugal ) that emigrated from the netherlands to england just prior to his birth. at age 14 ricardo joined his father at the london stock exchange. ricardo rejected the orthodox jewish beliefs of his family and eloped with a quaker, priscilla anne wilkinson, when he was 21. his father was so unhappy with this that he abandoned ricardo and never spoke to him again. around the same time ricardo became a utilitarian. ricardo ' s work with the stock exchange made him quite wealthy, which allowed him to retire from business in 1814 at the age of 42. he then purchased and moved to gatcombe park, an estate in gloucestershire. in 1819, ricardo purchased a seat in the british parliament as a representative of portarlington, a borough of ireland. he held the post until the year of his death in 1823. as an mp, ricardo advocated free trade and the repeal of the corn laws. he died at gatcombe park at 51 years of age. ricardo was a close friend of james mill, who encouraged him in his political ambitions and writings about economics. other notable friends included thomas malthus, whose ideas on population growth ricardo did not accept, and jeremy bentham. ricardo ' s most famous work is his iron law of wages, a document which shows his capatalist tendencies. in this book ricardo states that the wages of 19th century british workers should not be increased, though it was encouraged greatly by the masses. this was due to his observation of the direct link evident between money and population. an increase in income of workers equals an increase in children, resulting in a larger workforce. such an increase means that employers will be forced to lower wages as their working population grows exponentially. also, the surplus of workers and lower wages will combine to create a greater state of poverty that existed before wages were originally raised. ultimately, he favoured employers far more than workers, a philosophy adopted by karl marx. his publications included : - the high price of bullion, a proof of the depreciation of bank notes ( 1810 ), which advocated the adoption of a metallic currency - essay on the influence of a low price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47800895992444303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b96ec82-2899-40fb-b65c-61c34d56f657>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.612374"}
{"text": "a philosophy adopted by karl marx. his publications included : - the high price of bullion, a proof of the depreciation of bank notes ( 1810 ), which advocated the adoption of a metallic currency - essay on the influence of a low price of corn on the profits of stock ( 1815 ), which argued that repealing the corn laws would distribute more wealth to the productive members of society - principles of political economy and taxation ( 1817 ), an analysis that concluded that land rent grows as population increases. it also clearly laid out the theory of comparative advantage, which showed that all nations could benefit from free trade, even if a nation was less efficient at producing all kinds of goods than its trading partners. other ideas associated with ricardo : - ricardian equivalence, an argument suggesting that in some circumstances a government ' s choice of how to pay for its spending ( ie, whether to use tax revenue or issue debt and run a deficit ) might have no effect on the economy. ironically, while the proposition bears his name, he does not seem to have believed it. robert barro is responsible for its modern prominence. - the iron law of wages, which asserted that real income of workers would remain near the subsistence level, despite any attempts to raise wages. - complete text of ricardo ' s on the principles of political economy and taxation. - david ricardo, biography - biography at new school university the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.573589338302791, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b96ec82-2899-40fb-b65c-61c34d56f657>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.613078"}
{"text": "the beethoven piano sonata series : introduction before ludwig van beethoven ( 1770 - 1827 ) changed the direction of music forever, he was a pianist... and a pretty good one to boot. beethoven could play fiddle too, but, then again, he was no paganini ( though his violin concerto in d major, op. 61 has never been out of the repertoire and his 10 violin sonatas have always been popular with the virtuosi ). often overlooked by pedestrian classical music listeners are his monumental piano sonatas, 32 of them. haydn ' s 62 ( or 65, depending on who you ask ) and mozart ' s 18 piano sonatas are important and enjoyable, but beethoven ' s 32 stand like a musical mount everest there to be scaled by the daring and talented. like his symphonic music, the depth and breadth of beethoven as a composer is encompassed in these solo piano pieces. and like his symphonic music, beethoven ' s piano sonatas fall conveniently into the three creative periods of the composer ' s life, as defined by 200 years of music scholarship. early period ( 1792 - 1802 ) beethoven ' s first published piece of music was his piano trio in e - flat major, op. 1, no. 1. the piece is one of three piano trios with the opus number 1, all which are thought to have been composed between 1792 and 1793, first performed in 1793 at the home of prince lichnowsky ( to whom they were dedicated ), and published in 1795. using 1792 as a convenient starting point, beethoven ' s first creative period is dated between this year and 1802. during this period, beethoven composed music greatly influenced by haydn ( with whom he briefly studied ) and mozart ( whom he admired ) his first two symphonies and piano concertos, his six opus 18 string quartets, and the first 12 or 13 his piano sonatas, including the much celebrated sonata pathetique. beethoven began to experience tinnitus ( ringing in his ears ) as early as 1796. over the next several years, it became difficult for him fully to appreciate performed music and ultimately even to have a normal conversation. by 1802, the end of his first creative period, beethoven ' s hearing loss provided the catalyst of crisis that resulted in his famous heiligenstadt testament. beethoven came to reside in heiligenstadt on the advice of his physician johann adam schmidt in early may 1802, ostensibly to ease his increasing physical complaints. beethoven remained in heiligenstadt until the fall, at which time he wrote his personal testament to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4610006455864212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3544eab9-c353-401b-85a3-b407dc50ba9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.618616"}
{"text": "came to reside in heiligenstadt on the advice of his physician johann adam schmidt in early may 1802, ostensibly to ease his increasing physical complaints. beethoven remained in heiligenstadt until the fall, at which time he wrote his personal testament to his brothers, carl and johann. in the heiligenstadt testament, beethoven bemoans his brothers for misunderstanding him and expresses his despair regarding his progressive hearing loss... \" ah, how could i possibly admit an infirmity in the one sense which ought to be more perfect in me than others, a sense which i once possessed in the highest perfection, a perfection such as few in my profession enjoy or ever have enjoyed. oh i cannot do it ; therefore forgive me when you see me draw back when i would have gladly mingled with you... \" but what a humiliation for me when someone standing next to me heard a flute in the distance and i heard nothing, or someone heard a shepherd singing and again i heard nothing. such incidents drove me almost to despair ; a little more of that and i would have ended my lifeit was only my art that held me back. ah, it seemed to me impossible to leave the world until i had brought forth all that i felt was within me... \" paradoxically, beethoven finished composing his sunniest symphony, the second, and began on his monumental third, while enduring the sturm und drang revealed in his testament. surrounding this period was the composing of piano sonatas numbers 17 tempest and 18 the hunt. these sonatas represent a transition in beethoven ' s piano composing that anticipates his blindingly creative late period. middle period ( 1802 - 1814 ) beethoven ' s middle period began shortly after heiligenstadt, lasting until about 1814. it was the period in which beethoven composed those large scale works emoting heroism and struggle. this period resulted in symphonies nos. 3 through 8, the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and violin concerto, five string quartets ( nos. 7 - 11 ), beethoven ' s only opera, fidelio, and several of his most famous piano sonatas, including nos. 14, moonlight, 21, waldstein, and 23, appassionata. the moonlight sonata says it all. beethoven is turning inward, relying on all that is left him, his mind ' s ear. late period ( 1815 - 1827 ) beethoven ' s final creative period began around 1815. his deafness complete and tolerated, beethoven ' s extra - musical attention was devoted to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45077364744700155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3544eab9-c353-401b-85a3-b407dc50ba9a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.620453"}
{"text": "ethical issues linked to the use of specific forms of at the ethical issues linked to the use of assistive technology in dementia care - respecting autonomy - the issue of consent - leisure and social inclusion - socially assistive robotics - eenhancing safety and wellbeing in the home - memory and mobility - surveillance, safety and monitoring obtaining informed consent or assent difficulties obtaining the informed consent of people with dementia for the use of at are quite similar to those linked to consent to medical treatment. care must be taken to ensure that the person with dementia understands the information that is given, can retain it long enough to make a decision and can express his / her decision. this may sometimes be difficult due to the technical aspects of some devices ( fisk, 1997 ). consent must amount to more than agreement to the use of at without understanding its function ( e. g. consenting to wear a bracelet without realizing that it enables other people to monitor one \u2019 s whereabouts ). certain types of tracking device cannot be easily discarded which means that once they have been put on, the person with dementia no longer has the freedom to take them off, even if they are cumbersome or s / he later objects to their use. one system requires two hands to take the bracelet off ( miskelly, 2004 ). this puts people using such devices in a vulnerable position in which they have no power and may feel humiliated and trapped. different ways of presenting the information can be used and measures can be taken to check whether the person has really understood what is at stake and the consequences for him / her. there may be a tendency to conclude too hastily that the person does not have the capacity to consent and to ask carers instead. however, even in the case of incapacity to consent to the use of a particular form of at, the person with dementia should be involved in the decision making to the greatest extent possible. the capacity to consent is likely to deteriorate over time and in some cases may fluctuate from day to day or at different times of the day ( jacques and jackson, 2000 ). a person may therefore consent to the installation of surveillance equipment but later not be aware that s / he is being monitored or able to reaffirm or withhold consent. yet his / her desire for privacy may change as the disease progresses. it might be possible to obtain his / her views on the matter if the necessary time and effort were taken but the de - installation of the equipment might involve costs which the person with dementia would have to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49854985348802777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.676015"}
{"text": "for privacy may change as the disease progresses. it might be possible to obtain his / her views on the matter if the necessary time and effort were taken but the de - installation of the equipment might involve costs which the person with dementia would have to be able to consent to. for this reason, essen ( 2008 ) emphasises the importance of having built - in possibilities to exit such services. people who are responsible for obtaining the informed consent of people with dementia for the use of at devices or systems should have received training in relevant communication methods as otherwise it could not be said that such consent had really been sought. this would mean that the rights of people with dementia had not been respected ( martin et al., 2010 ). ensuring that consent is given freely it is important to obtain the person \u2019 s free and informed consent before installing or using at. in the case of movement monitoring, for example, a person may be willing to sacrifice a certain degree of privacy in return for the benefits that s / he believes the device will bring but consent must not be based on pressure ( e. g. the person being told that otherwise her / his husband / wife will not be able to sleep ) or presented as the only option ( e. g. being told that otherwise there will be nobody to help in case of need, that the use of such devices is standard policy in a particular nursing home or that it is obligatory for insurance purposes ). perry, beyer and holm ( 2009 ) draw attention to possible coercion which may be subtle and even unintentional e. g. the fears of staff about the use of at being passed on to the potential users. people with dementia who are in hospital or residential care are in a vulnerable position in that they may fear retribution if they do not consent to the use of at. alternatively, they may be inclined to give a socially desirable response particularly if the person asking is perceived as having a higher status than them. in the case of learning disabilities, it has been found that some people with learning disabilities have a tendency to acquiesce ( i. e. respond positively irrespective of the question asked ) and to select the last of two possible options given ( i. e. if asked whether they would like tea or coffee, they would say \u201c coffee \u201d but if asked whether they would like coffee or tea, they would say \u201c tea \u201d ) ( sigelman et al., 1980 and 1982 ). it has been reported in connection with a person with dementia ( redfern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5102599741912741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.677070"}
{"text": "say \u201c coffee \u201d but if asked whether they would like coffee or tea, they would say \u201c tea \u201d ) ( sigelman et al., 1980 and 1982 ). it has been reported in connection with a person with dementia ( redfern et al., 2002 ) but it is not known whether this is common although it could at least apply to some people with dementia with learning disabilities. of course, it would be an over - simplification to portray people who are monitored, tracked or tagged as passive victims manipulated by care providers, as they have something to gain from this kind of at such as a sense of feeling cared for and protected in the privacy of their own home ( essen, 2008 ). when at affects other people the issue of consent is further complicated in group settings where one person \u2019 s desire to use at may infringe on another person \u2019 s right to privacy or the other person may object to the use of a certain device or equipment ( e. g. in the case of video surveillance of a shared room or of communal areas such as kitchens and lounges ) ( bharucha et al., 2006 ; perry et al., 2009 ). people sharing a room might also have different levels of capacity to consent, with some being able to decide themselves and others not. shinoda - tagawa et al. ( 2004 ) have described the use of video surveillance as a means to investigate resident - to - resident violence. however, as almost 50 % of violent acts reportedly occur in residents \u2019 private space, this raises issues linked to privacy and in the shared areas to obtaining the consent of all concerned, including visitors ( sifford and bharucha, 2010 ). staff also have a right to privacy. when used as part of a research project, it has been suggested that care staff who object to video surveillance could be temporarily reassigned to another unit ( sifford and bharucha, 2010 ) but clearly such a solution is likely to be unrealistic in the case of prolonged use of such surveillance. it is possible that the consent of staff to the use of surveillance equipment is not always requested, but in cases where they are informed in advance of its installation, it has been suggested that their continued employment may be considered as implied consent ( carlson, 2001 ; bharucha et al., 2006 ). however, with high levels of unemployment in most countries, people may feel that they have less freedom to decide not to stay and as equipment is introduced into more and more establishments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5360551709648463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.678063"}
{"text": "( carlson, 2001 ; bharucha et al., 2006 ). however, with high levels of unemployment in most countries, people may feel that they have less freedom to decide not to stay and as equipment is introduced into more and more establishments, this might even necessitate a change of profession, which for some people may seem impossible if they have specialised in that particular domain. consequently, it could be argued that a certain degree of coercion is present in such implicit consent. communication and social interaction multimedia software can be used in a variety of ways to stimulate physical and cognitive capacities, and to increase social interaction or contact with the outside world. computer - based activities, for example, may be either solitary or involve interaction with others. some may be based on cognitive stimulation ; others may provide a pleasant experience or be combined with physical exercise. whilst elderly people of today are not generally as knowledgeable about computers as the younger generation, using computer technology may help bridge the gap between generations and provide a common interest or activity which can be shared with younger people, thereby promoting inter - generational social interaction and in some cases helping maintain family ties. the use of various devices has also been shown to promote social interaction amongst residents in residential care. an example is the picture gramophone which was developed in finland and tested in the enable project in some residential care homes. this is an easy - to - use device which does not necessitate any knowledge of computers. by simply touching icons on a computer screen, people with dementia can listen to the songs of their choice and see the lyrics displayed on the screen. the results of the study showed that it created social interaction ( with two to three people using it together ), led to singing / humming and was an enjoyable activity ( topo et al, 2004 ). in a different study involving the use of touch - screen displays for photos, videos and music for reminiscence work, it was found that this approach gave people more control over the direction of the conversation which in turn resulted in more prolonged engagement in the conversations ( castellot - lou et al., 2010 ). such devices could presumably also be used in people \u2019 s homes. a possible drawback may be that some people who are not involved in the activity may overhear songs which they find annoying or which are associated with painful memories from the past. the \u201c window on the world \u201d, described by orpwood et al. ( 2007 ), relays images from the outside onto a screen, which is located in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.56583945043773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.679081"}
{"text": "which they find annoying or which are associated with painful memories from the past. the \u201c window on the world \u201d, described by orpwood et al. ( 2007 ), relays images from the outside onto a screen, which is located in the person \u2019 s living environment. the images might be of people moving about outside, of visitors in a common room or of the garden ( depending on where the camera is placed ). this device might raise ethical and legal issues linked to obtaining consent or at least informing people that they are being filmed. concerning people with dementia, this technology has the advantage of creating a link to the outside world as well as providing stimulation, perhaps creating opportunities for social interaction amongst viewers, but may also be enjoyable for people who are bored just sitting down all day with nothing to do. it might also be appreciated by people who are bedridden or have serious problems with mobility. it also has the advantage of being suitable for people who have great difficulty communicating but should not reduce efforts to maintain real human contact with them. a drawback to such a device ( and to the others mentioned in this sub - section ) is that in communal settings, some people may find it annoying, disturbing or an intrusion into their personal worlds. careful planning and attention to the location of such devices may help prevent other residents being disturbed. some forms of at, such as video - telephoning, can be equally important in breaking the isolation of carers as that of people with dementia. it may also serve as a means of mutual support amongst carers or to help maintain communication between couples when one goes into residential care ( savenstedt et al., 2003 ). video - telephoning may also enable relatives and friends who are unable to visit as regularly as they would like to keep in touch with a person with dementia in residential care, reassure themselves that s / he is alright and perhaps reduce feelings of guilt about not visiting ( savenstedt et al., 2003 ). in a study which set out to assess the level of satisfaction with such equipment, it was found that some carers received support from other carers during the bereavement process following the death of the person with dementia during the study ( magnusson and hanson, 2003 ). the researchers felt that it would have been unethical to withdraw the equipment at that time and they draw attention to the risk of people becoming dependent on equipment which is subsequently withdrawn. video - phoning, like monitoring for safety purposes, may be perceived as an invasion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5399414735863333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.680086"}
{"text": "that it would have been unethical to withdraw the equipment at that time and they draw attention to the risk of people becoming dependent on equipment which is subsequently withdrawn. video - phoning, like monitoring for safety purposes, may be perceived as an invasion of a person \u2019 s privacy. whilst someone is sitting in front of the screen talking to someone, anyone who walks past may be captured on screen against their will or without their knowledge. in families with children and teenagers, it is unlikely that every one of them would have been asked to consent to the installation of such equipment. there may also be visitors who are unaware that their image is being recorded. some people are very susceptible about their image and would be disturbed if they realised that they had been filmed in their pyjamas, without make - up, wearing curlers or having just woken up etc. the person using the video - phone should also have a certain degree of privacy. for this reason, it would be good to have the video - phone in a separate room or private area but not all households have this option. having an open - line video - phone system, which is permanently switched on, opens up the possibility of professional carers or relatives using this system to ensure from a distance that the person with dementia remains in the home. this could be interpreted as a form of non - maleficence but it could also be considered as a form of restraint in that the person may feel compelled to comply ( magnusson and hanson, 2003 ). it could be argued that certain activities are inappropriate for elderly people and that encouraging people with dementia to participate is demeaning and fails to respect their dignity, particularly when it concerns activities that they would not, in the opinion of others, have done prior to having dementia. this is based on three assumptions : 1. that there are activities which are appropriate for certain age groups and others that are not 2. that people \u2019 s likes and dislikes do not change over time, and 3. that if they do change, after a person has developed dementia, they should not be considered as valid. each assumption could be challenged. people with dementia are constantly adapting to new situations and the experience of having dementia may result in a different outlook on life and even changing interests. it would be a mistake to consider every change as being linked to damage to the brain ( kitwood, 1993 ). possibilities to engage in activities may arise which were simply not previously envisaged but which nevertheless prove rewarding. moreover, the social and leisure activities of elderly people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5434240828973905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.681106"}
{"text": "consider every change as being linked to damage to the brain ( kitwood, 1993 ). possibilities to engage in activities may arise which were simply not previously envisaged but which nevertheless prove rewarding. moreover, the social and leisure activities of elderly people have already changed considerably in the last few decades, perhaps due to older people being physically fitter, having fewer family and professional responsibilities, greater purchasing power and better mobility than in the past ( fobker and grotz, 2003 ). some concerns about dignity may be valid and care must be taken to ensure that people are not being pressurised to take part in activities which they personally find demeaning or of no interest. however, attention must also be paid to ensuring that a person \u2019 s autonomy is respected and his / her current wishes respected. as lawrence ( 2007, p. 555 ) points out, \u201c caring transforms family relationships, and carers may fight to protect and preserve their own image of the person with dementia, with the risk of losing contact with his [ sic ] present needs and identity. \u201d socially assistive robotics ( sar ) is an area of at which is still very much in its early stages, particularly for use with people with dementia. most of the information in this section is taken from the writings of sherry turkle ( 2007 ) and feil - seifer, skinner and mataric ( 2007 ). please see the references section for full details. there are different kinds of sar systems such as companion robots which provide a focus of attention ( e. g. in the form of a soft toy / animal which responds to touch or sound ), or non - contact assistive robots which provide support in social interaction with little or no physical contact. a companion robot that has received a lot of attention in the media recently is \u201c paro \u201d the baby harp seal developed by dr takanori shibata. the producers of this robot divide companion robots into four categories : - familiar animals such as dogs and cats - non - familiar animals such as seals, penguins and whales - new characters and artificial animals and consider paro as being in the third category ( national institute of advanced industrial science and technology ( niast ), 2010 ). according to feil - seifer et al. ( 2007 ), the use of companion robots has led to reduced stress levels and increased social interaction amongst residents in nursing homes. robots can also be given a kind of personality, e. g. serious or playful. this may affect how people with dementia react towards them and feel about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5171333838794063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.682124"}
{"text": "of companion robots has led to reduced stress levels and increased social interaction amongst residents in nursing homes. robots can also be given a kind of personality, e. g. serious or playful. this may affect how people with dementia react towards them and feel about them. sars can have varying degrees of human - like appearance or qualities or with companion robots, varying degrees of similarity to living creatures. turkle ( 2007 ) claims that this may create social side effects with ethical ramifications. a person may become attached to the robot but may have to share it with other people, the robot may break down or the person may be moved to another unit or home and have to part with it. he / she may come to consider the robot as \u201c real \u201d and become disappointed by it. in an exploratory study into the psychological effects of domestic at, cesta et al. ( 2007 ) found a clear preference by elderly people for the \u201c no - face \u201d version of a prototype assistive robot and that the \u201c no - face \u201d version resulted in deeper psychological attachment. the designer of paro ( the baby harp seal robot ) experimented with companion robots representing animals with which people were more familiar such as cats. they found that the initial reaction was very positive but that people soon started to make comparisons between the robot and real cats and were soon disappointed that the robots did not feel the same or react the same as cats they had known. they did not tend to do this with the seal which is an animal that most people are not familiar with, but found it very cute and developed an emotional attachment to it ( niast, 2010 ). evidence that attachment is not limited to lifelike creatures was provided by a study into children \u2019 s use of \u201c furbies \u201d ( please see image ). the children had formed such close emotional bonds to their furbies that when the creatures broke, most children did not want a brand new replacement but rather the old one mending or \u201c cured \u201d ( turkle, 2004 ). these findings cannot be generalised to people with dementia but provide useful insight into the human capacity to attach to inanimate objects. another concern linked to the use of sars is their authenticity or rather lack of it. some people may feel that there is something uncanny about a computer which seems to show concern or exhibit caring behaviour, whereas others might appreciate this or simply have no problems with it. in the 1970s a famous computer programme known as \u201c eliza \u201d was developed which was capable of mirroring input and providing supportive feedback. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5470759177388218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.683298"}
{"text": "which seems to show concern or exhibit caring behaviour, whereas others might appreciate this or simply have no problems with it. in the 1970s a famous computer programme known as \u201c eliza \u201d was developed which was capable of mirroring input and providing supportive feedback. for example, to the statement \u201c my mother is making me angry, \u201d the computer might respond \u201c tell me more about your family. \u201d on the basis of observation of students interacting with eliza, turkle ( 2007 ) suggests that they were not pretending to be chatting with a human but actually enjoying talking to a machine. a more recent example is the tamagotchi and similar devices / creatures which promote a desire to nurture and the illusion of reciprocation ( turkle, 2007 ). some sars can be programmed to make eye contact based on detection of where a voice is coming from. sars are different to traditional teddy bears and dolls in that they are active, demand attention, require nurturing behaviour and / or react to the user \u2019 s behaviour. the use of sars by people with dementia is probably fairly limited at the moment. ethical questions may nevertheless arise such as whether it is right to give sars of this kind to people whose ability to interact with humans is declining, who might at some point be unable to understand that something is not \u201c alive \u201d and who may be feeling isolated. however, one could also argue that anything that makes a person feel cared for, wanted, of interest to someone / thing else and drawn into interaction can only be a good thing. although sars are not human, programmed reactions towards the behaviour and movement of the user may affect users \u2019 sense of privacy in that people may feel that they are not alone ( which can also be positive ) or that they are being watched. if the user can control privacy levels, such problems can easily be overcome. sars may also increase the level of privacy by side - stepping the need for human assistance for tasks which are potentially embarrassing or private ( e. g. going to the toilet or getting washed ). this may also serve to protect the user \u2019 s dignity. autonomy and safety sars could be used to carry out certain tasks on behalf of the user or to provide a sufficient level of support to enable the person to complete the task him / herself. this should promote the autonomy of the user. cesta et al. ( 2007 ) divided the possible tasks of a domestic robot into two categories : on - demand interaction ( in which the user takes the initiative and might ask the robot : have i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5406493116624677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.685387"}
{"text": ". this should promote the autonomy of the user. cesta et al. ( 2007 ) divided the possible tasks of a domestic robot into two categories : on - demand interaction ( in which the user takes the initiative and might ask the robot : have i taken my pills today, have i already had lunch or where are my keys? ) or proactive interaction ( in which the robot may detect certain programmed danger and warning scenarios such as the person lying on the kitchen floor, and take the appropriate action ). however, the degree of autonomy granted to the robot must be appropriate and carefully monitored, with the user retaining as much control as possible and if necessary, constant monitoring from carers or healthcare professionals ( e. g. in the case of sars dispensing medication ) ( feil - seifer et al., 2007 ). in the case of sars designed to promote social interaction, a certain degree of autonomy of the robot is perhaps needed. as people with dementia may at some point experience difficulties with mobility, vision and coordination, it is essential that sars are stable and not likely to provoke accidents ( e. g. through their colour, size, shape, movement or sound ). in all cases, users need to feel safe using the robot and positive about it. people should avoid patronising those using various forms of assistive technology. dignity, truth - telling and confusion as people may feel more or less at ease interacting with sars, the interaction promoted and required by the sar may suit some people more than others. it could even be problematic if people realise that they are dependent on the sar but feel ridiculous using it. it may remind them of the human contact that is not available to them. some may be confused by the robot, not understanding how it works, what to do to make it work or what triggers its actions. as some people with dementia suffer from confusion and delusions, the use of sars may lead to fears about intrusion in their home. it must be clear to them that they can get rid of the sar if they don \u2019 t like it and have access to alternative support for their needs. some of the ethical issues linked to doll therapy could be applicable to the use of companion robots. for example, it could be argued that the person with dementia who comes to believe that the device is living is being deceived. a counter argument would be that not correcting the person with dementia concerning this belief provides them with the opportunity to participate in a rewarding and meaningful activity, and to adopt a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5105587309120431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.686476"}
{"text": "who comes to believe that the device is living is being deceived. a counter argument would be that not correcting the person with dementia concerning this belief provides them with the opportunity to participate in a rewarding and meaningful activity, and to adopt a nurturing role ( andrew, 2006 ). such deception linked to good intentions is what marzanski ( 2000 ) would call \u201c justifiable benevolent deception \u201d. whether it is actually justifiable is a matter for debate. however, it must also be borne in mind that a person ( adult or child ) who actsas ifan object is alive, does not necessarily believe that this is the case. detectors and monitors fitted to everyday equipment and stand - alone devices various devices and systems can be installed in people \u2019 s homes which result in a safer environment for people with dementia as well as peace of mind for them and their carers ( provided that the devices and systems function properly and can be easily used ). such at can therefore promote autonomy and safety. blackman et al. ( 2003 ) suggest that despite attempts to create a safe environment where people have quality of life, there is a risk of the home starting to feel like a prison. they emphasise that supporting independence ( e. g. through the use of at ) is no guarantee against exclusion and criticize disabling environments, adding that in some cases a person \u2019 s impairment may be removed by a suitable adaptation of the environment. buildings are now being constructed which incorporate as standard features various forms of at such as cooker monitors ( to detect gas, smoke and rings which have been left on ), pictorial object locators, water level and temperature gauges, pressure sensors, automatically activated lighting and a range of other monitoring devices. such buildings are sometimes called smart homes. at can be active ( involving some purposive action on the part of the user ) or passive ( responding automatically to the behaviour of the user or to other conditions such as smoke, rising heat or water level ). in the case of active at, it is more likely that the person with dementia will be aware of it and have some degree of choice regarding its use once installed, whereas with passive at, the user does not have the same degree of control, save uninstalling the equipment ( not an easy task for many people ) or getting rid of it. different kinds of safety devices therefore have the potential to increase autonomy and safety but autonomy also involves the ability to choose and this may be affected by the type of at used. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5629380925962012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.687511"}
{"text": "( not an easy task for many people ) or getting rid of it. different kinds of safety devices therefore have the potential to increase autonomy and safety but autonomy also involves the ability to choose and this may be affected by the type of at used. when a person moves into residential care where such technology is used, it is possible that he / she will not be aware of the various devices used and will only find out later. in such cases, he / she would not have consented to its use as it was pre - existent and may be unhappy about its use. there are also numerous stand - alone devices which may contribute towards self - esteem, autonomy, safety and wellbeing ( as mentioned earlier depending on the devices, the people involved and the situation ) such as picture telephones, digital pens, calendar clocks and medicine dispensers. some of these devices may enable people with dementia to maintain social contact with family, friends and the outside world thereby helping avoid social exclusion and helping ensure recognition of their personhood. in the case of people who do not live alone, the extent to which certain devices are visible to others may affect their sense of pride and dignity. if too obvious, the people for whom they are intended may feel incompetent and embarrassed, especially if people visit and ask what they are for. if such devices were installed on a large scale as standard features, this would be less likely. some devices, such as movement sensor light switches, may be confusing if the person with dementia has forgotten either how they work or having consented to their installation. whilst certain devices may be experienced as contributing towards autonomy and thus reassuring, for some people, they may serve as a reminder of their own loss of capacity, loss of personal control over their lives and disability ( gitlin et al., 1998 ). in some cases, elderly people may rely heavily on the at device or system to the extent that they trust it more than they trust their own judgement. if the device then malfunctions and gives out faulty information ( e. g. regarding taking medication ), they would be less likely to detect the error and this makes them vulnerable ( ho et al., 2005 ). apart from the need to take this into account during the design of various forms of at, regular review and maintenance of at is needed. providers of at also have an obligation to ensure that it is safe and reliable, particularly when used by people who may not have the capacity to check this themselves. as some devices for use in the home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.52339146866006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.688500"}
{"text": ", regular review and maintenance of at is needed. providers of at also have an obligation to ensure that it is safe and reliable, particularly when used by people who may not have the capacity to check this themselves. as some devices for use in the home are fairly expensive, their use raises concerns about equity. clearly, people with a higher income will have more opportunity to obtain them although some devices may be financed to some extent by the state. this will differ, however, from one country to the next and may be dependent on certain conditions such as whether one lives alone, the severity of one \u2019 s condition and one \u2019 s level of income. finally, service providers may be hostile towards the introduction of at in the home as they may feel that it is a threat, seeing it as an alternative to the personal service they provide in the home ( magnusson and hanson, 2003 ). there is possible agreement from carers and people with dementia that at should not replace human contact but on the other hand, decisions about this are most probably influenced by economic concerns and as stated earlier, it is the quality of human contact that is important, not the quantity. monitors and alarms linked to the person and his / her activities balancing discretion with transparency enuresis monitors may be a source of shame, particularly if they are visible to others or known about. however, they may also promote dignity by preventing accidents from happening in the long run due to careful analysis of the times that accidents tend to occur. such monitoring may lead to the provision of timely support. preventing enuresis may reduce embarrassment and the need to depend on others for hygiene needs and changing sheets, thereby also promoting autonomy. as with most forms of at, the visibility and invasiveness of the system may be disturbing to some people, especially those who do not need to use it. for example, it may be necessary to install a computer in the living room or monitors around the house or there may be visible wires and buttons. certain equipment, such as hoisting devices, may be very obvious and cumbersome ( check if this is the case ). when obtaining consent for the installation of assistive technologies, cohabitants should therefore also be consulted as installation may represent an invasion of their privacy. finally, whilst it is important to make at unobtrusive when fitted in people \u2019 s homes, there is an argument in favour of making sure that it can be seen, especially in the case of equipment designed for monitoring purposes. being able to see the equipment, to see when it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49182197932399296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.689664"}
{"text": "unobtrusive when fitted in people \u2019 s homes, there is an argument in favour of making sure that it can be seen, especially in the case of equipment designed for monitoring purposes. being able to see the equipment, to see when it is switched on and to control it ( to the extent that the user has the necessary capacity ) has implications for consent, autonomy and management of privacy issues. privacy and autonomy at for the monitoring of falls ( or to signal distress ) can be active or passive. some systems require the person to press a button ( e. g. on a pendant or phone ), whereas others react to the detection of sudden impact or prolonged immobility. those which do not require purposive action may involve some degree of invasion of privacy in that they may record and transmit information to other people about the user \u2019 s activity. some may even involve video monitoring. systems which are more intrusive may nevertheless be most appropriate for certain individuals and permit greater autonomy. whilst various forms of at may promote autonomy and provide safety, concerns are often expressed that at should not be used to replace human contact. indeed, one study found that the use of at was in some cases dependent on a carer being present to remind the person to use it ( cahill et al., 2007 ). on the other hand, people with dementia have also expressed satisfaction about not having to rely on other people so in some cases, an advantage to at could be that it enables people to express their independence. talking about a night and day calendar, one person commented : \u201c it \u2019 s the best thing i \u2019 ve ever got, i don \u2019 t have to ask deirdre ( caregiver ) what day it is. it gives me a sense of \u2026. independence. i don \u2019 t have to be running to deirdre. \u201d ( quoted in cahill et al., 2007, p. 137 ) autonomy and safety the use of televideo monitoring for the self - administration of medication by people in the early stages of dementia helps promote autonomy but also has implications for safety. people using the technology may fail to respond to it or simply be out of the house when it is activated. this is not unusual as people in the mild stages of dementia, for whom the technology is mainly intended, may be leading fairly active lives and be less bound to the home than those in the later stages ( smith et al., 2007 ). they may also inadvertently switch off the monitor or camera. such technology therefore has the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4815277335606805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.690621"}
{"text": "the technology is mainly intended, may be leading fairly active lives and be less bound to the home than those in the later stages ( smith et al., 2007 ). they may also inadvertently switch off the monitor or camera. such technology therefore has the advantage of promoting autonomy but may result in a false sense of security, which must be borne in mind when trying to balance the two principles. in a small - scale qualitative study in which 8 people using such a system were interviewed, it was found that some people appreciated the personal contact with the caller / operator which shows that technology can sometimes be combined with additional human contact rather than merely replacing it ( smith et al., 2007 ). determining who is granted access to the control of the at is an important factor in the ethical use of at. provided that it would be safe to do so and that the person understands the consequences of doing so, the person using the at should be able to switch it on and off, if and when required, as otherwise his / her continued consent to its use cannot be guaranteed. at can be used as a memory aid to enable people to carry out tasks which would otherwise be difficult or impossible to accomplish on their own due to difficulties remembering what to do, which items are needed for the task or which order to carry out each stage of the task. for example, a video prompt for every step needed to prepare a cup of tea or coffee can be used, based on a recording made in the person \u2019 s own kitchen ( davies et al., 2010 ). this may enhance self - esteem and promote autonomy and wellbeing. however, the various capacities of people with dementia deteriorate over time. consequently, there may come a time when the device no longer promotes autonomy but rather represents a risk for the person \u2019 s safety ( e. g. through scalding or electrocution ). similarly, with a computer - based device which gives a reminder consisting of a symbol and text that a door has been left open ( e. g. a door of the house or the fridge ), it will only work if the person with dementia understands the symbol or text message and goes to close the door when the message is shown. if others with an interest in the safety of the person with dementia presume that the device is working, they may have a false sense of security and an alternative, perhaps more effective, approach would not be tried. awareness of dementia and regular assessment of the person with dementia and the appropriateness of various at solutions are therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5775578767155767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.691586"}
{"text": "al. ( 2005 ) investigated, by means of a randomized controlled trial, the use of pressure detectors to alert staff that elderly people in a convalescent hospital at risk of falling had moved from their bed or chair ( i. e. so that they could be assisted by staff if necessary which would be preferable to using restraint ). for one group of residents trunk restraint, bedrails and chair boards were used and for another group bed - chair pressure sensors were in addition made available to staff. no significant differences were detected in the number of falls, mobility, transferability or the amount of time that residents had to endure physical restraint. the researchers conclude that staff had only used the pressure sensors selectively as an additional means of safety. this suggests that at may have the potential to serve as an alternative to the use of physical restraint ( which can rarely if ever be justified on ethical or safety grounds ) but that adequate training and explanation must be provided. movement sensors / detectors can also provide information at a distance that the person has not moved ( i. e. that s / he has not remained immobile for a lengthy period of time ) which could in some cases be an indication of a fall or problem. however, rather than providing a sense of security, such devices may in certain cases serve as a means of control or of imposing a daily rhythm on a person that is not his / her own. for example, a person may want to sleep or lie down for several hours during the day but fear triggering the alarm and so refrain from doing so. movement sensors / detectors may be perceived as an invasion of a person \u2019 s privacy. a senior citizen who had been trying out movement detector surveillance equipment complained about this and about the way she felt controlled : \u201c i don \u2019 t want people to know when i take a nap \u2026 when toy [ her dog ] and i are lazy \u2026 that \u2019 s only between him and i \u2026 they know enough about me. i want to spare them my strange habits \u2026 \u201c \u2026 at times when i can \u2019 t sleep and get up in the middle of the night i sometimes think that this might be seen \u2026 which makes me reluctant to do so! \u201d ( essen, 2008, p. 133 ) while ( 2006, p. 362 ) sums up the issue of privacy and control as follows : \u201c older people, like everyone else, are entitled to vary their daily routine without consultation and it should not result in the arrival of a rapid response care team to whom they have to justify their lie - in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5701855594403752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.693619"}
{"text": "issue of privacy and control as follows : \u201c older people, like everyone else, are entitled to vary their daily routine without consultation and it should not result in the arrival of a rapid response care team to whom they have to justify their lie - in. \u201d \u201d some devices can be used to monitor the behaviour of the user via their use of equipment ( e. g. recording how many times he or she opens the fridge door or measuring the weight of the fridge ), which might help determine eating habits and whether food is being eaten, hoarded or thrown away ( van hoof and kort, 2009 ). whilst the person with dementia may be aware of the use of such devices and have agreed to their use, they may nevertheless feel embarrassed or humiliated if they perceive this as infantilisation or unwelcome surveillance. it is therefore necessary to ensure that these devices are as discreet as possible and that their use is kept confidential ( particularly in nursing homes where people live in community with other people whom they do not necessarily know very well ). the intrusion of people \u2019 s privacy can be limited by the type of equipment used. movement detectors, such as the \u201c just checking \u201d devices described by price ( 2007 ) can be used on a temporary basis in order to find out how a person behaves in his / her home in order to devise an appropriate care package. the devices are small, wireless and do not record any visual image. access to the resulting chart can be controlled by a password protected website. privacy, dignity and personhood electronic surveillance, which could include closed circuit television ( cctv ) and video surveillance, takes monitoring a step further in that it adds the visual image of the person being monitored. cctv is used extensively in the uk in the public domain but in some countries much less or hardly at all. in the private sphere of a person \u2019 s home or living space, video surveillance could be considered an invasion of a person \u2019 s privacy, involve a lack of respect, and constitute a threat to their dignity and personhood ( in treating them like objects ). there could also be a risk of voyeurism and using video recordings for criminal purposes. the royal college of nursing ( 2004 ) and the mental welfare commission for scotland ( 2005 ) have suggested that electronic surveillance should be considered as a form of restraint. on the other hand, essen ( 2008 ), who interviewed 17 seniors found that some perceived electronic surveillance as protecting their privacy as it enabled them to carry on living in their own homes instead of having to move", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5425660321334043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.694642"}
{"text": "should be considered as a form of restraint. on the other hand, essen ( 2008 ), who interviewed 17 seniors found that some perceived electronic surveillance as protecting their privacy as it enabled them to carry on living in their own homes instead of having to move into residential care. saventedt et al. ( 2006 ) distinguish between the use of technology for plain surveillance or support, quoting one of their interviewees who stated : \u201c it is very important that the person who controls the older person via the electronic device has some kind of connection with them and understands their problems. it cannot be just anybody because then it changes from support of older people to surveillance. \u201d ( p. 20 ) it is therefore necessary to consider who should have access to video recordings, but also how and for how long recordings should be stored and the justification for using such devices. should, for example, male carers have access to video recordings of female residents in nursing homes or residential care ( or female carers of male residents )? this may be particularly relevant for people from certain cultural or religious backgrounds. in cases where special attire is required in public places ( e. g. the burkha or the sikh turban ), the boundaries between the private and the public sphere may need to be clarified, especially in residential care settings ( bearing in mind the way that each person interprets religious or cultural obligations ). for some people with dementia, concerns over the use of surveillance equipment may be dependent to some extent on who is observing them ( robinson et al., 2007 ). also, there should be limits as to where electronic surveillance can be used ( e. g. not in the wc or the bathroom ). however, the use of at must be considered on an individual basis as taking the example of the bathroom, the use of video surveillance might give the person more freedom, direct privacy and autonomy whilst they take a bath or shower than they would have if someone needed to be physically present. on the other hand, perhaps an alternative, less intrusive form of at could be used which would provide a sufficient level of protection ( e. g. from falls, scalding or overflows ), enhance self - esteem and promote autonomy. the home or a person \u2019 s own room, in the case of communal living, is a very personal and private domain and people can usually decide whom they want to invite in. as with home care in general, but especially in the case of surveillance technology or tracking devices involving the intervention of other people, the same degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5236151915860143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.695696"}
{"text": "communal living, is a very personal and private domain and people can usually decide whom they want to invite in. as with home care in general, but especially in the case of surveillance technology or tracking devices involving the intervention of other people, the same degree of privacy cannot be ensured. people may feel uneasy or even threatened by this invasion of their personal space and in the case of same - sex relationships, this may result in an undesired \u201c outing \u201d. heterosexual couples might also prefer to keep their relationship private ( e. g. due to ageist attitudes towards sexuality or tensions within the family ). beneficence / maleficence and justification surveillance equipment may be considered as contributing towards beneficence and maleficence. electronic video equipment, for example, can be used by people with dementia to identify visitors, protect against intruders and perhaps even reduce the likelihood of abuse or substandard care. some relatives ( or even people with dementia ) arrange for video cameras ( also known as \u201c granny cams \u201d ) to be installed in the rooms of people with dementia living in residential care as a means to protect them against abuse ( bharucha et al., 2006 ). provided that the person with dementia has consented to this and is currently aware of and in agreement with the use of the equipment, the resulting loss of privacy should not be problematic. however, it should be possible for the person to switch off the camera ( or ask for it to be switched off if s / he cannot manage this alone ) should s / he want a moment \u2019 s privacy ( e. g. if s / he has an intimate relationship ). the issue of privacy is also relevant to visitors who may feel uneasy about being observed. on the other hand, it has been suggested that the use of such equipment could make it even more difficult to attract and retain good staff due to the invasion of their privacy and fears about wrongful allegations ( bharucha et al., 2006 ). another argument is that constant monitoring might damage the personal bonds between people with dementia and professional carers ( newsmax. com, 2001 ). nevertheless, with regard to the principle of justice, if some residents are able to have such surveillance and others not, and if such surveillance is effective, this could increase the likelihood of the abuse or inferior care of those residents who do not have it. tracking and tagging devices the main types of tracking and tagging devices are as follows : - the direct tracking of a person by means of global positioning systems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5527322823611055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.696792"}
{"text": "could increase the likelihood of the abuse or inferior care of those residents who do not have it. tracking and tagging devices the main types of tracking and tagging devices are as follows : - the direct tracking of a person by means of global positioning systems ( known as gps ) which locates a person by satellite ( due to an ankle or wrist device, a pendent or a mobile phone ) and then transmits details of his / her location via a mobile phone network to a mobile phone, computer or call centre. - tagging which involves the person with dementia wearing a special device ( e. g. on the ankle or wrist ) which emits a signal if the person leaves a designated area such as his / her home or garden. this can be combined with a numeric paging device which alerts the carer. - access control systems ( equipment which recognises a chip card and acts on the environment accordingly by locking or unlocking doors, blocking elevators and recording access to certain areas ). - the identification of a trail of locations which indicates where a person has been ( known as breadcrumbing ) - the use of infrared technology to detect immobility within the home or that a person has not returned home by a certain time or has left the house at an unusual time such as in the middle of the night. uses, benefits and practical problems tracking and tagging devices may contribute towards privacy, freedom and autonomy as they may enable people to go somewhere on their own ( e. g. for a walk, to the shops or to visit someone ) in the secure knowledge that if they get lost, it will be easier for others to find them. this also means that they are not dependent on someone else being available to accompany them and can choose when and where they would like to go. in some cases, a \u201c geofence \u201d may be erected ( a virtual perimeter ) which limits the freedom of people wearing a tag by emitting a signal if a person goes beyond a certain preset limit. however, this may still be a better alternative to a locked door policy ( bail, 2003 ). studies have shown that people with dementia who get lost are more likely to be permanently admitted to a care home than those who do not, so tracking devices may partly contribute towards the ability to lead an autonomous life ( balestreri et al., 2000 ; mcshane and skelt, 2009 ; phillips and diwan, 2003 ). as the devices can also provide protection by ensuring that a person can be quickly found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5518112203831231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.697786"}
{"text": "ability to lead an autonomous life ( balestreri et al., 2000 ; mcshane and skelt, 2009 ; phillips and diwan, 2003 ). as the devices can also provide protection by ensuring that a person can be quickly found if they get lost, this can provide reassurance for carers ( even if it is never actually necessary to track a particular person ). the above - mentioned benefits may be jeopardized by a number of factors. such devices need batteries. carers therefore need to remember to charge the batteries as if they run out, the person with dementia may be at greater risk. the devices should be fairly small and unobtrusive but this means that they can be easily misplaced. with regard to the actual technology used, there are sometimes problems with the accuracy of gps readings as well as of those of the \u201c geofence \u201d ( an additional function which sets a virtual perimeter ). these problems can result in a false sense of security for both carers and people with dementia. in the context of residential care, this false sense of security may lead to reduced staffing levels ( welsh et al., 2003 ). also, the setting of boundaries reflects the unequal power relationship between staff and residents and in the home setting may lead to a change in power relations between couples and between other members of the family and the person with dementia. finally, if tracking and tagging devices are used in settings where there is a shortage of staff or where available staff have a tendency to remain separated from residents and simply watch the recordings or wait for a signal that someone has crossed a barrier in order to react, the people with dementia using this type of at may come to associate breaching the boundaries available to them with obtaining some kind of human contact ( mental welfare commission for scotland, 2006 ). this would clearly be counter - productive as it could encourage \u201c wandering \u201d and create tension between residents and staff. conflict between autonomy and liberty, and safety / security as part of his theory of human motivation, maslow ( 1943 ) formulated a hierarchy of needs in which each set of needs must be met before attending to the next set of needs. he claimed that people are preoccupied with ensuring that their basic physiological needs are met before turning their attention to their safety needs and only after that to higher order needs such as love and affection, and self - esteem. under self - esteem, maslow included, amongst other things, the need for confidence in the face of the world, independence and freedom. the use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.543214820833316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.702205"}
{"text": "and only after that to higher order needs such as love and affection, and self - esteem. under self - esteem, maslow included, amongst other things, the need for confidence in the face of the world, independence and freedom. the use of tracking and tagging involves a conflict between safety / security and autonomy and liberty. whilst most people are probably in favour of balancing respect for a person \u2019 s rights with the perceived need to protect him / her, different groups of people ( e. g. relatives and professional carers ) may have different opinions on this issue. opinions may also differ between people from different cultures ( landau et al., 2009 ). in a few studies, carers have been reported to have a positive view of tracking and tagging devices but at the same time to be in favour of a greater degree of freedom and respect for the autonomy of the person with dementia ( melillo and futrell, 1998 ; nicolle, 1998 ; robinson et al., 2007 ), although a french study found that 50 % of carers were in favour of a substantial amount of surveillance of the person with dementia and 50 % against ( rialle et al., 2008 ). health and social care professionals tend to be very much concerned about protecting all their patients and residents from harm and may be influenced by concerns about litigation ( robinson et al., 2007 ). these concerns may lead to dilemmas for nurses and day centre staff dealing with people with dementia whose freedom of movement cannot legally be restricted ( i. e. they are voluntary patients or attend a day care centre on a voluntary basis ). a recent study comparing the attitudes of informal carers and professional carers towards the use of gps and radio frequency identification ( rfid ) to track people with dementia highlighted the different attitudes of various groups of people ( landau et al., 2009 ). through a statistical analysis procedure known as factor analysis, five factors reflecting types of attitude were identified, namely use for the sake of the patients \u2019 safety, use for caregivers \u2019 peace of mind, respect elders \u2019 autonomy, support restricted use and oppose use. the highest scores were obtained for the factor \u201c use for the sake of the caregivers \u2019 peace of mind \u201d and the lowest score for the factor reflecting objection to the use of the device. respondents who were older had significantly higher scores for concerns about the caregivers \u2019 peace of mind and the patients \u2019 safety but lower scores for respect for the person \u2019 s autonomy. no gender differences were found. when the scores of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423304644145477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.703468"}
{"text": "of the device. respondents who were older had significantly higher scores for concerns about the caregivers \u2019 peace of mind and the patients \u2019 safety but lower scores for respect for the person \u2019 s autonomy. no gender differences were found. when the scores of the two groups were compared it was found that informal carers of community dwelling people with dementia were significantly more in favour of the use of tracking for their own peace of mind and for the safety of the person. professional carers obtained significantly higher scores for the restricted use of tracking ( e. g. in severe cases when there was no suitable alternative ) but informal carers were significantly more opposed to its use in general. this last finding contradicts the finding of some of the previously mentioned studies. based on the scores of the informal carers, landau et al. ( 2009 ) conclude that support for the use of tracking is mainly based on a desire for their own peace of mind ( which is similar to the findings of robinson et al., 2009 and landau et al., 2010 ). on the basis of a literature review, robinson et al. ( 2007 ) concluded that it was not possible to draw conclusions about the perspectives of people with dementia on the use of at to manage \u201c wandering \u201d as studies focused on carers \u2019 views. in their qualitative study, carried out in 2006, which involved a focus group discussion with 6 people with dementia, the participants spoke about the benefits of walking and getting out which included getting some fresh air, independence, relieving tension, keeping fit and enjoyment. none of them described this as wandering. risk can be considered in relation to oneself, to another person or to a larger group of people. for example, if a person leaves a ring on the cooker switched on, he / she may later burn him / herself, someone else might burn themselves or if something inflammable is put on the ring, the whole kitchen might burn down, thereby endangering the lives of other people. there may be differences in the perceptions of risk of people with dementia, carers and professionals, although most probably consider safety an important issue for people with dementia and some may believe in the necessity to aim for total safety. however, it could be argued that a total absence of risk is impossible and not even desirable. the mental welfare commission for scotland ( 2006 ) suggests that life is never risk - free and that some degree of risk taking is an essential part of good care. people may be more protective of others, than they would be of themselves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5234954380964171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.704532"}
{"text": "not even desirable. the mental welfare commission for scotland ( 2006 ) suggests that life is never risk - free and that some degree of risk taking is an essential part of good care. people may be more protective of others, than they would be of themselves ( nuffield council on bioethics, 2009 ), particularly in cases where the person being \u201c protected \u201d is considered in some way vulnerable. historically, risk was considered as something that could be either good or bad, resulting in loss or gain, but lupton ( 1999 ) claims that it has been transformed into something that is entirely negative. kemshall ( 2000 ) claims that in the context of social and healthcare, which is guided by a managerial discourse, risk is viewed as something that is objective and measurable, and hence can be acted upon although frontline staff might sometimes find the official policy of an organisation inappropriate or unhelpful for specific cases. others argue that it is socially constructed and value - laden ( lupton, 2005 ). it must be borne in mind that everyone is different and that people have different perceptions of danger and different assessments of the level of risk they are willing to take. an example of this, not linked to dementia, is smoking which has been proven to be damaging to health but many people with full mental capacity consciously continue smoking and believe it is their right to do so. imposing one \u2019 s perception of risk onto someone else deprives them of their autonomy and freedom, and in some cases may affect their wellbeing. a person \u2019 s position regarding the relative importance of safety and autonomy may depend on whether they are personally responsible for the safety and wellbeing of the person with dementia ( landau et al., 2010 ) : \u201c when the patients are in the community and the family caregivers feel they have the ultimate responsibility for the patients \u2019 wellbeing, the family caregivers favor the need for safety more than the right to autonomy and privacy. in the study by robinson et al. ( 2007 ), family caregivers claimed that dementia patients in nursing homes were overprotected. thus, professionals prefer autonomy more than safety when patients are in the community, but safety more than autonomy when under their care in nursing homes. \u201d ( landau et al., 2010, p. 415 ) however, landau et al. ( 2007 ) also point out that many people with dementia in nursing homes are there because their relatives feel that they are no longer able to assure their safety within the community so the characteristics of the two groups", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5365341582999267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.705616"}
{"text": "p. 415 ) however, landau et al. ( 2007 ) also point out that many people with dementia in nursing homes are there because their relatives feel that they are no longer able to assure their safety within the community so the characteristics of the two groups may in some cases be different. it is also important to consider the definition of \u201c lost \u201d. what constitutes lost might not be the same thing for the person with dementia and his / her carer and this may lead to conflict or to a breach of the person with dementia \u2019 s privacy and right to freedom ( hughes, 2008 ). however, there is a risk of erring on the side of safety and of the automatic presumption that the carer knows best which in some cases would be paternalistic and based on stereotypes of people with dementia lacking capacity and awareness. according to martin et al. ( 2010 ), paternalism aims to protect people from themselves and involves an assumption that their safety is more important than their liberty. any potential dangers linked to the use of the device itself must also be considered and communicated to the person or people responsible for consenting to its use. undesired reactions to the use of implanted rfid tags in animals have been reported such as adverse tissue reaction, migration of the device, electromagnetic interference and even tumours, and as foster and jaeger ( 2008 ) point out, few humans have been implanted with such devices so data on possible risks are not yet available. allocation of responsibilities systems designed to monitor or track people and their movements generally involve more than just technological devices as their use is dependent on people who are responsible for the information they provide and aware of the necessity to respect confidentiality. this raises various questions such as who is and should be responsible, how should their behaviour be monitored and controlled and what is the hierarchy of responsibilities? this is not usually inherent in the design as it could be organised in a number of different ways. it also raises the issue of justice mentioned earlier in that it may be presumed that some members of society, such as women, are more available than others. moreover, informal carers are not always able or willing to take on the responsibility of looking for the person if and when s / he gets lost ( mcshane et al., 1998 ). their consent to becoming involved in the functioning of the system cannot be presumed. an interesting argument reported by heeg et al. ( 2005 ) against informing people with dementia that a tagging device had been implanted in their shoes was to avoid triggering memories of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5538625545194642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.706660"}
{"text": "consent to becoming involved in the functioning of the system cannot be presumed. an interesting argument reported by heeg et al. ( 2005 ) against informing people with dementia that a tagging device had been implanted in their shoes was to avoid triggering memories of psychiatry in the third reich. in the reported case, carers were informed and their consent obtained. this raises the issue of the use of devices which might be perceived as restricting liberty of movement with people with prior experience of deprivation of liberty, humiliation and stigmatization ( e. g. through war, incarceration, serious bullying or membership of certain groups ). there may also be a perceived injustice of being deprived of liberty as expressed by an elderly veteran ( in connection with physical restraint ) who stated, \u201c i have done nothing to deserve this. to think you fought a war \u2013 now i am a pow \u201d ( sullivan - marx, 1995, reproduced in dawkins, 1998, p. 25 ). these examples also emphasise the importance of bearing in mind the personal history and cultural issues associated with each person. concern has been expressed about tagging and tracking devices failing to respect a person \u2019 s privacy ( dawkins, 1998 ; department of health, 2001 ). two aspects of privacy have been identified : 1. the freedom to escape being observed or accessed when desired, 2. the freedom to escape observing and reacting to others ( essen, 2008 ; sidenvall, fjellstrom and ek, 1994 ). this could include avoiding the undesired access by other people to one \u2019 s own personal space ( rossler, 2005 ). clearly, tracking devices may prevent people from getting away from others and from having a moment \u2019 s privacy, but at the same time may prevent others from encroaching on one \u2019 s personal space. however, in communal living situations, this possible advantage would only occur if there were some prior agreement as to what constitutes one \u2019 s personal space and would have to be balanced against other people \u2019 s right to freedom of movement. dignity and personhood the use of tagging has been likened to assault, an attack on civil liberties and a form of restraint ( cassidy, 1994 ; hughes and campbell, 2003 ), particularly when used on a person who is incapable of consent, but some argue that it is nevertheless preferable to physical or chemical restraint which is dehumanising and risky ( bail, 2003 ; wrigglesworth, 1996 ). however, as physical or chemical restraint is rarely justifiable, this is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.536050337615152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.707680"}
{"text": "some argue that it is nevertheless preferable to physical or chemical restraint which is dehumanising and risky ( bail, 2003 ; wrigglesworth, 1996 ). however, as physical or chemical restraint is rarely justifiable, this is not a convincing argument to override ethical concerns about the use of tagging. moreover, as pointed out by hughes ( 2003 ), straitjackets were initially considered more humane than shackles but this doesn \u2019 t make either acceptable. even when walking about is considered by others as problematic, there are perhaps other solutions such as modifying the environment or looking for reasons why the person is walking about ( stokes, 2002 ). arguing against the use of restraint for people with mental illness, dawkins states his opinion that \u201c people have unconditional worth and dignity that supports a strong argument for the maintenance of autonomy, even in the event of possible harm from an injury \u201d ( dawkins, 1998, p. 26 ). such an argument could be applied to the use of at which may involve a restriction of liberty ( in order to protect ) or alternatively increased liberty and autonomy ( perhaps also involving a slight risk ), but each situation could be seen from different perspectives depending on the actors involved. according to cahill ( 2003 ), tagging should have no place in dementia care as it removes personhood. o \u2019 neill ( 2003 ) states, \u201c tagging should be reserved for babies, convicted criminals and animals. \u201d others would argue that tagging and tracking technology is suitable for use in dementia care provided that it is applied in a way that respects personhood and maintains functional capacity ( college of occupational therapists, 2005 \u2013 in plastow, 2006 ; mcshane et al., 1994 ). however, people with dementia may still feel that the use of such devices implies that they are irresponsible and in need of constant surveillance ( landau et al., 2009 ). in an earlier study which involved a survey of family and professional carers, only 18 % reported concern that the use of tracking or tagging devices would result in a loss of dignity ( nicolle, 1998 in robinson et al. 2007 ). however, this is a fairly old study and perceptions may have changed [ also need to obtain details of the study to see how representative it was ]. according to interpersonal theories of personhood, personhood is maintained through genuine contact, and lack of human contact may lead to social withdrawal, the objectification of the person with dementia and non - respect of the person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5212785047089644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.708674"}
{"text": "see how representative it was ]. according to interpersonal theories of personhood, personhood is maintained through genuine contact, and lack of human contact may lead to social withdrawal, the objectification of the person with dementia and non - respect of the person \u2019 s dignity. consequently, if at devices led to reductions in staff or reduced levels of interaction with residents in nursing homes, this could adversely affect dignity and personhood ( although clearly it is the quality of the contact rather than its quantity that is important ). people who acquire disabilities later life may find the use of at shameful and stigmatizing ( bj\u00f8rneby et al., 1999 ; brickfield, 1984 ; haggblom kronlofand sonn, 1999 ; luborsky, 1993 and zimmer and chappell, 1999 ). particular concerns have been expressed about the possible stigmatizing impact of tagging on people with dementia. dementia, like a number of other health conditions, is already unfortunately considered a stigma by many people and experienced as such. the use of at may, in some cases, draw attention to the fact that a person has dementia. in the context of health - related conditions, stigma has been described as follows : \u201c stigma is typically a social process, experienced or anticipated, characterized by exclusion, rejection, blame, or devaluation that results from experience or reasonable anticipation of an adverse social judgment about a person or group. the judgment is based on an enduring feature of identity conferred by a health problem or health - related condition, and the judgment is in some essential way medically unwarranted. in addition to its application to the persons or group, the discriminatory social judgment may also be applied to the disease or designated health problem itself with repercussions in social and health policy. other forms of stigma which results from adverse social judgments about enduring features of identity apart from health - related conditions ( e. g. race, ethnicity, sexual preferences ) may also affect health ; these are also matters of interest that concern questions of health - related stigma. \u201d ( weiss and ramakrishna, 2004, p. 13 ) however, the term stigma does not only refer to the complex social phenomenon described above but also to specific attributes which, due to the meanings attached to them, are considered discrediting and lead to stigmatization ( goffman, 1963 ; jones et al., 1984 ). the attribute ( an enduring feature of identity ; sometimes but not necessarily a physical or visible mark ) serves to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5400958281368322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.709647"}
{"text": "to them, are considered discrediting and lead to stigmatization ( goffman, 1963 ; jones et al., 1984 ). the attribute ( an enduring feature of identity ; sometimes but not necessarily a physical or visible mark ) serves to identify those people who belong to the out - group ( i. e. \u201c them \u201d not \u201c us \u201d ). in the case of electronic tagging or even tracking, having the electronic device on one \u2019 s person can serve as a stigma. tagging has been used for newborn infants, criminals, failed asylum seekers and animals ( o \u2019 neill, 2003 ; carvel, 2005 ; corsi, 2008 ), as well as to prevent the theft of clothes in stores ( counsel and care, 1993 ). marr ( 1989 ) and welsh et al. ( 2003 ) suggest that the same stigma linked to the tagging of people within the penal system could be extended to people with dementia. an additional link to criminality can be found in the origins of the term \u201c stigma \u201d which date back to ancient greece where people were physically marked by burning or cutting as a visible sign to others that there was something bad or unusual about their moral status ( goffman, 1963 ). it was a sign of disgrace and / or a signal to other members of society that the bearer was in some way flawed or deviant, a kind of lesser person. in most cases, this kind of treatment was reserved for slaves, criminals or traitors. the marking of human beings in this way involves an element of dehumanisation and objectification. consequently, the electronic tagging of people with dementia can be stigmatizing as the devices serve as a sign to other people of a potentially discrediting difference and also due to the association with criminality. if the device is obtrusive, the person wearing or carrying it may feel infantilised or incompetent, or it may draw attention to their medical condition. even if the tagging device cannot be seen, the consequences of wearing it may become apparent if ever the alarm is activated as a result of crossing a virtual geographical barrier. this is similar to the use of chair and sensor pads in communal settings where the signal may result in a person being regarded with shock or disapproval and being labelled as \u201c the one making all the noise \u201d ( morgan, 2003 ). the issue of visibility / concealability fits in with goffman \u2019 s distinction between being discredited on the basis of a stigma and being discreditable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5548354494818988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.710680"}
{"text": "labelled as \u201c the one making all the noise \u201d ( morgan, 2003 ). the issue of visibility / concealability fits in with goffman \u2019 s distinction between being discredited on the basis of a stigma and being discreditable. the former describes the situation whereby the stigma is known about ( e. g. everyone can see the device and knows what it is ) whereas with the latter, the stigma is not immediately apparent ( or at least the person does not think that it is ) but risks becoming apparent ( e. g. by crossing a boundary and hearing an alarm or being brought back ). according to corsi ( 2008 ), an implantable chip is marketed in the united states for use with people with chronic diseases including alzheimer \u2019 s disease. niemeijer and hertogh ( 2008 ) suggest that the use of implantable radio frequency identification technology ( rfid ) may actually be less stigmatizing to the wearer than a bracelet as it is not visible. however, the person with the implanted chip is likely to eventually forget that he / she has it and from that point on would not be aware that he / she was being tracked ( ). in germany, 23 % of about 1000 respondents taking part in a survey organised by a lobby group bikom stated that they would be willing to have a chip inserted under their skin \u201c for certain benefits \u201d but 72 % were completely opposed to having any electronics in their body ( the local, 2010 ). however, the actual stigma ( in the sense of the identifying mark ) is rarely the real root of the problem as it depends on the meanings attributed to it. not everyone interprets tagging and tracking in the same way and some people may be in favour of using such devices for themselves for various reasons and even express this in advance directives. moreover, meanings are culturally constructed and can therefore change. the meanings that people attribute to electronic tagging have not been systematically evaluated but there have been a couple of small - scale qualitative studies which involved asking people about their perceptions of tagging. in a small - scale telephone survey of carers and a feasibility study involving 24 people with dementia, when asked what tagging reminded them of, several said the tagging of criminals ( hughes and campbell, 2003 ). a couple of other people made references to being on a lead and wearing a cow - bell. further information is needed to determine how people with dementia feel about electronic surveillance, tracking and tagging, and also to see how this relates to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5651382539326489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.711724"}
{"text": "2003 ). a couple of other people made references to being on a lead and wearing a cow - bell. further information is needed to determine how people with dementia feel about electronic surveillance, tracking and tagging, and also to see how this relates to the views of carers and healthcare professionals. if electronic tagging becomes more common for different groups of people ( e. g. people with dementia and infants ), if its use and design is discussed with all actors concerned and if it is presented in a positive light by the media, negative associations with criminality might gradually be reduced. \u201c universal design \u201d ( mace, 1985 ), sometimes referred to as \u201c inclusive design \u201d, involves trying to design products and environments which can be used by \u201c all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design \u201d ( connell et al., 1997 ). perry, beyer and holm ( 2009 ) suggest that designing at according to the principle of universal design and paying attention to the way things look will reduce the likelihood of the item or system being stigmatizing. this might be possible in some cases but it may prove difficult to design certain devices which could be used by older users whilst remaining attractive to younger or more experienced users ( hawthorn, 2003 ). wallace et al. ( 2010 ) question whether universal design is always appropriate and even desirable. mace ( 1998 ) criticized the lack of attention paid to aesthetics in the design of at but this is perhaps gradually changing. with regard to disability, this might include ramp access to buildings ( not as an alternative but as the only access ) or large, easy to grip utensils with attractive handles which could be mass produced and not marketed as utensils for disabled people. the choice of at could still be tailored to the individual needs of anyone using them. access control systems and breadcrumbing with access control systems, access to designated areas is controlled automatically. if a person has a chip card which grants access to a particular area, it will be detected and the door unlocked or the lift activated. the equipment can also be used to record the access of each person carrying the chip card. margo - cattin and nygard ( 2006 ) suggest that such technology promotes privacy, protection of property and a sense of security in that residents realize that access to their private living space is strictly controlled. they also point out that the automatic locking and unlocking mechanisms of doors may help individual residents find their way to their own rooms by limiting the number of wrong options, thereby promoting autonomy and leading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5799582909305617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.712751"}
{"text": "realize that access to their private living space is strictly controlled. they also point out that the automatic locking and unlocking mechanisms of doors may help individual residents find their way to their own rooms by limiting the number of wrong options, thereby promoting autonomy and leading to a sense of accomplishment. one possible drawback to the access control systems is that it would become clear that different residents had different levels of access to specific areas other than their living space, such as balconies, gardens and kitchens. this could be used as a form of social control or punishment. even if used fairly and with respect, some residents could feel awkward about being publicly denied access to certain areas, especially if they do not understand the reasons for the restriction, and this would not promote their wellbeing. this requires sensitive management of this type of at so as to minimize the possibility of upsetting residents and maximise potential benefits to residents of such technology linked to freedom of movement, autonomy and wellbeing. finally, \u201c breadcrumbing \u201d and the use of infrared technology could be interpreted as an invasion of personal privacy if the person is not aware of its use. non - authorized use of such equipment would amount to spying on someone. care must also be taken to ensure that the person fully understands what they are agreeing to. the devices should be explained in terms that are easy to understand bearing in mind that potential users might not have a particularly good understanding of technical matters but not over - simplified so as to hide the full extent of the possible functions and the implications of using the device. also, it should be possible for the person with dementia to know in advance whom to ask for the device to be removed and how much this would cost. - in chapter 3 we have examined the ethical issues linked to the use of assistive technology for and by people with dementia. we have drawn attention to the positive impact that at can have on people \u2019 s lives as well as some potential dangers or drawbacks which can hopefully be avoided or minimised through increased awareness and communication as well as through careful planning and monitoring. in the next section, we will provide practical guidelines on the ethical use of at by and for people with dementia. the german state from 1933 to 1945 prisoner of war last updated : monday 23 april 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5515967323246365, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce0cf663-a44d-4f8f-b349-8c39e879d23e>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.713699"}
{"text": "healthcare and decision - making in dementia act no. 576 / 2004 coll. of 21 october 2004 on healthcare, health - related services and on the amendment and supplementing of certain laws ( hereafter referred to as the act of health care ) seems to be the main law governing patients \u2019 rights and decision making in the context of health care. unless otherwise stated, the references in this report on healthcare and decision making in the slovak republic will be to the relevant sections and paragraphs in the act on health care. consent to medical treatment informed consent must be given prior to the provision of healthcare ( \u00a7 4. 4 ). it should be given by person to whom the healthcare is to be provided or by a legal representative if that person lacks the capacity to give informed consent. patients with incapacity should participate in the decision - making process to the greatest extent possible ( as determined by their level of capacity ) ( \u00a7 6. 5 ) details of the informed consent including a statement made by patients \u2019 with incapacity should be recorded in the medical file. consent in the case of emergency emergency care can be provided without informed consent if it is impossible to obtain in time and if such consent could be presumed. inpatient care can be provided without informed consent if the person is a danger to him / herself or to his / her environment due to a mental illness or if he / she has symptoms of a mental defect or if there is a risk of serious deterioration of the person \u2019 s state of health ( \u00a7 6. 8 ). the right to refuse treatment if a legal representative refuses treatment for a patient who is unable to give informed consent, and doctors are of the opinion that such treatment is in the patient \u2019 s best interests, they must submit an application to the relevant court to override the legal representative \u2019 s refusal. whilst this is being decided, only life - saving treatment can be provided ( \u00a7 6. 6 ). the right to withdraw consent any person who gave valid informed consent can freely withdraw it at any time ( \u00a7 6. 7 ). consent to innovative treatment and participation in clinical teaching consent to participation in clinical teaching is perhaps what is meant by \u00a7 11. 8 ( e ) which states that every person has the right to decide whether to take part in education. consent to blood donation a blood donation ( for the purposes of transfusion and the preparation of medications for transfusion ) can only be made by a person who is over 18 years of age ( \u00a7 39. 1 ) and fully capable of executing legal acts specified in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4552605544253846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15a6b8ca-1021-42ad-9e7d-b4b7257fbe4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.722843"}
{"text": "blood donation a blood donation ( for the purposes of transfusion and the preparation of medications for transfusion ) can only be made by a person who is over 18 years of age ( \u00a7 39. 1 ) and fully capable of executing legal acts specified in \u00a7 39. 2. consent to the donation of organs and / or human tissue paragraphy 11. 8 ( f ) grants people the right to refuse the removal and transfer of organs, tissue or cells after death. chapter 2 of part 4 of the act on health care deals with the removal, conservation and transfer of organs, tissue and cells. living donors must be fully capable of executing legal acts and have given written informed consent. a person who is incapable of giving informed consent can become a donor provided that informed consent is given by his / her legal representative subject to the following conditions : - the removal relates to regenerative tissue. - a suitable donor capable of giving informed consent is not available. - the potential recipient is a brother or a sister of the donor. - the donation has a life - saving potential for the recipient ( \u00a7 36. 2 - d ). with regard to the removal of organs, tissue and cells after a person \u2019 s death, this is permitted unless before dying the person made a written declaration disapproving of such an intervention. for people who are unable to object to such removal of organs, tissue and cells, their legal representative may make a written declaration on their behalf during their lifetime ( \u00a7 37. 2 ). disapproval can be withdrawn at any time. statements of disapproval must have a certified signature and be sent to the registry of persons declaring their disapproval with the post - mortem removal of their organs, tissue and cells, which is maintained by the ministry of health. consent to biomedical research according to \u00a7 11. 8 ( e ), every person is entitled to decide whether or not to take part in educational or biomedical research. chapter 1 of part 4 of the act on health care is dedicated to the issue of biomedical research. such research cannot be carried out on a person who has been involuntarily interned. otherwise, the following provisions apply ( \u00a7 32 ) : \u201c ( 1 ) medical indication based research with participation of a person incapable of giving an informed approval can be performed only in case that ( a ) the research with comparable effectiveness cannot be performed with the participation of a person capable to give an informed approval, ( b ) the person was informed about this research and about his / her rights and legal measures for their protection in a way adequate to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46600323915052383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15a6b8ca-1021-42ad-9e7d-b4b7257fbe4f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.723893"}
{"text": "a ) the research with comparable effectiveness cannot be performed with the participation of a person capable to give an informed approval, ( b ) the person was informed about this research and about his / her rights and legal measures for their protection in a way adequate to his / her health condition and mental abilities, ( c ) the person does not express evident disapproval with his / her participation in this research in a way adequate to his / her abilities to express disapproval regarding his / her physical and mental condition. ( 2 ) research without medical indication with participation of the person incapable of giving an informed approval can be exceptionally performed in the case that, besides conditions as per subsection 1, the following conditions are met : ( a ) the objective of the research is to achieve results bringing benefit for other persons in the same or similar condition, suffering from the same or similar illness or handicap, b ) the research represents for the participant only 1. a risk that according to the current state of scientific knowledge constitutes only low and short - term negative influence on the health condition of the research participant ( hereinafter \u201c minor risk \u201d ) or 2. a burden with only a low and short - term inconvenience ( hereinafter \u201c minor burden \u201d ). ( 3 ) bio - medical research with the participation of a person incapable of giving an informed approval can only be performed on the basis of an informed approval of the legal representative of the future research participant. \u201d according to defloor et al. ( 2008 ), there is no legislation in the slovak republic covering previously expressed wishes. access to information / diagnosis the right to be informed doctors must provide information on the purpose, nature, impact and risks of healthcare provision, as well as on proposed alternative provisions and on the risks of rejecting healthcare. this information must be provided to the patient or another designated person. it should be given to the legal representative or tutor of people with incapacity. the information should be provided in a way that is comprehensible and appropriate to the person \u2019 s intellectual level and health condition. the person should be given enough time to be able to give informed consent ( \u00a7 6. 1 - 6. 2 ). access to medical records part 3 of the act on health care deals with medical records. medical records may be in written or electronic form. anyone handling medical records is obliged to ensure that they are treated with confidentiality and to protect them against loss or abuse. the patient ( or his / her legal representative in the case of incapacity ) has the right to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5047006082536847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15a6b8ca-1021-42ad-9e7d-b4b7257fbe4f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.724905"}
{"text": "written or electronic form. anyone handling medical records is obliged to ensure that they are treated with confidentiality and to protect them against loss or abuse. the patient ( or his / her legal representative in the case of incapacity ) has the right to examine his / her medical record and to make excerpts or copies. doctors can refuse access to medical records to patients receiving psychiatric care if they believe that this would negatively affect their treatment. according to paragraph 25. 1, the patient, his / her legal representative and / or a person previously appointed by means of a power of attorney are entitled to access the patient \u2019 s medical file ( to the extent determined by the power of attorney for the latter ). the right to designate another person to be informed on one \u2019 s behalf according to \u00a7 6. 1 - a, information must be provided to the patient or moreover to another person determined by the patient. the doctor \u2019 s right to withhold information paragraph 25. 3 of the act on health care refers to the right to withhold access to the medical file but only in the domain of psychiatry or in the domain of clinical psychology and only if this would negatively affect the patient \u2019 s treatment the right to refuse information whoever has the right to be informed also has the right to refuse to be informed. a written record of such refusal must be made ( \u00a7 6. 3 ). confidentiality / disclosure of information to other people patients have the right to confidentiality with regard to all information regarding their health condition and circumstances related to their health condition. attending physicians and other healthcare professionals must have access to medical files to the extent that this is necessary ( \u00a7 22. 3 ) and so must an inspector doctor from a pertinent health insurance, the surveillance authority, a court advisor in the case of criminal proceedings, a health insurance company inspecting the provision of healthcare linked to insurance, and professional organisations inspecting medical profession performance ( \u00a7 25. 1 ). end - of - life care and issues according to \u00a7 11. 8 - h of the act on health care, every person is entitled to palliative care, as well as a humane, ethical and dignified approach from healthcare professionals ( \u00a7 11. 8 - i ). there is no legislation directly concerning euthanasia in the slovak republic. however, the ethical code of the slovak chamber of physicians prohibits it. this code is, in the form of an appendix, part of act no. 219 / 2002 coll. on profession of physician, the slovak chamber of physicians, profession of dentist, the slovak chamber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47014019115450145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15a6b8ca-1021-42ad-9e7d-b4b7257fbe4f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.726061"}
{"text": "code of the slovak chamber of physicians prohibits it. this code is, in the form of an appendix, part of act no. 219 / 2002 coll. on profession of physician, the slovak chamber of physicians, profession of dentist, the slovak chamber of dentists and amending and supplementing certain other acts ( council of europe, 2003 ). assisted suicide is considered a serious criminal act according to \u00a7 230 of the penal law no. 141 / 1961 ( as later amended ) ( council of europe, 2003 ). non assistance to a person in danger paragraph 11 ( 11 ) of the hhs states that every person is obliged to provide or mediate necessary help to anyone in danger of death or anyone showing severe health damage unless one \u2019 s own life or health would be severely endangered by such help. other legal provisions can be found in the penal law ( law no. 141 / 1961 as later amended ). under this law ( paragraph \u00a7 219 ), euthanasia would be considered as the taking of an innocent human life ( i. e. as murder ) and / or as not providing necessary professional ( life - saving ) help, thereby failing to honour important professional obligations on the part of the physician or other health professional ( \u00a7 224 ) ( council of europe, 2003 ). defloor, s et al. ( 2008 ), patient rights in the eu \u2013 slovakia : european ethical - legal papers n\u00b014, leuven steering committee on bioethics ( 2003 ), results of questionnaire, council of europe : http : / / www. coe. int / t / e / legal _ affairs / legal _ co - operation / bioethics / activities / euthanasia / answers % 2520euthanasia % 2520questionnaire % 2520e % 252015jan03. asp # topofpage last updated : mercredi 27 avril 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4478250110388029, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15a6b8ca-1021-42ad-9e7d-b4b7257fbe4f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.726728"}
{"text": "50 years ago may 15, 1951 : communist forces launch a spring offensive against united nations troops in korea. the effort fizzles out within a week. 75 years ago may 9, 1926 : floyd bennett and richard e. byrd make the first flight over the north pole. may 10, 1926 : u. s. marines are dispatched to suppress a rebellion in nicaragua. after a brief withdrawal, they will return in august and stay until 1933. 125 years ago may 10, 1876 : in philadelphia, president ulysses s. grant opens the centennial exposition, which celebrates 100 years of progress since american independence. june 6, 1876 : mark twain \u2019 s novel tom sawyer is published in england. it will not appear in america for another six months. june 25, 1876 : at the battle of the little bighorn, gen. george a. custer and more than 260 others, most of them members of the 7th u. s. cavalry, are killed by sioux and cheyenne warriors led by sitting bull and crazy horse. 150 years ago may 1851 : william cooper nell publishes services of colored americans in the wars of 1776 and 1812, one of the earliest books about african - american history. may 15, 1851 : the inaugural erie railroad train from new york city arrives at dunkirk, new york, connecting the atlantic and the great lakes by rail. june 5, 1851 : the first installment of harriet beecher stowe \u2019 s uncle tom \u2019 s cabin, the most influential antislavery novel ever written, is published in a washington newspaper. 225 years ago may 2, 1776 : king louis xvi of france secretly agrees to send $ 200, 000 worth of arms and ammunition to american colonists rebelling against britain, france \u2019 s age - old enemy. within a year, the assistance will total more than a million dollars. june 7, 1776 : in the continental congress, richard henry lee of virginia introduces a resolution calling for the colonies to declare their independence. on june 11, the congress appoints a committee to draw up a declaration. 325 years ago may 10, 1676 : gov. william berkeley of virginia proclaims nathaniel bacon, who is leading an armed force against hostile indians, to be a rebel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3886617487600129, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3225654f-4e09-42bc-bc76-3fb636618157>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.729060"}
{"text": "no coal fired power stations. no suv \u2019 s. and they are warning the planet ' s atmosphere could have similar levels of the greenhouse gas within hundreds of years. an international team led by german scientists and involving university of queensland environmental geologist dr kevin welsh has found tropical palms grew on the coast of antarctica 52 million years ago. at that warm period in the earth ' s history, there was twice as much co2 in the atmosphere as there is now and winter temperatures of 10c meant antarctica ' s 4km thick ice sheet didn ' t exist. fancy that, no ice in antarctica 52 million years ago. below is what i wrote on the same subject for menzies house on 24th july 2011 : global warming. rising sea levels. massive volcanic activity around the world. widespread climate change. it \u2019 s not a scene from the hollywood disaster film, the day after tomorrow, but the earth as it appeared during the mid - to late - cretaceous geological period, 145 million to 65 million years ago, when the largest dinosaurs such as tyrannosaurus rex ruled the planet. our planet during the late cretaceous period was very different than it is today. not only were dinosaurs like t - rex present, but the climate was extremely warm and global sea levels were significantly higher than they are today. this was a time when there were no glaciers in either the arctic or antarctic. late cretaceous atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were two to four times higher than today, which resulted in a greenhouse climate with tropical sea - surface temperatures rising to more than 34 degrees celsius, 3 to 7 degrees celsius warmer than today. calderia and rampino concluded in their 1991 paper - the mid - cretaceous super plume, carbon dioxide, and global warming - that carbon dioxide emissions resulting from super \u2010 plume tectonics could have produced atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 3. 7 to 14. 7 times the modern pre \u2010 industrial value of 285 ppm. carbon dioxide levels today are around 390 ppm. according to calderia and rampino, temperature sensitivity to carbon dioxide increases used in the weathering \u2010 rate formulations, would have caused global warming of from 2. 8 to 7. 7\u00b0c over today ' s global mean temperature. further supporting calderia and rampino \u2019 s 1991 paper is john tarduno and his collaborators 1998 paper - evidence for extreme climatic warmth from late cretaceous arctic vertebrates. in 1996, tarduno \u2019 s expedition team literally stumbled across a unique fossil find : vertebrate remains from fish, turtles and champsosaurs. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44879711257161936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30bc0048-2d31-4c07-afe0-15786ed57ea5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.734870"}
{"text": "his collaborators 1998 paper - evidence for extreme climatic warmth from late cretaceous arctic vertebrates. in 1996, tarduno \u2019 s expedition team literally stumbled across a unique fossil find : vertebrate remains from fish, turtles and champsosaurs. the fossils indicate that at least once in earth ' s history, high amounts of the greenhouse gas warmed earth to much higher temperatures than usual. the highlight of the expedition find are bones that belonged to an eight - foot champsosaur, a now - extinct crocodile - like beast with a long snout and razor - sharp teeth. the reptiles, which were tied to their freshwater environment on axel heiberg island, needed an extended warm period each summer to survive and reproduce. based on the numbers and sizes of the animals found, the tarduno \u2019 s team estimated that the annual mean temperature in the arctic during the late cretaceous period, from about 92 million to 86 million years ago, was about 14 degrees celsius. that means it was rarely if ever freezing during the winter, and summer temperatures consistently reached between 27 and 32\u00b0c. the arctic today is defined as being the area where the average temperature for the warmest month ( july ) is minus 10\u00b0c. the fossils of the champsosaur are a record of what was happening in the arctic just as extreme volcanism on earth was winding down. most of the volcanic activity didn ' t resemble spectacular eruptions like mt. pinatubo. instead, the eruptions were \" basaltic \" \u2013 billions of tons of lava oozed out, and carbon dioxide floated skyward. besides huge amounts of lava in the arctic, where hardened lava rock today measures more than a kilometre thick in some places, magma oozed from volcanoes in the caribbean, in the pacific ocean northeast of australia, in the indian ocean, off the coasts of madagascar and brazil, in south africa and in the southwestern united states. understanding how our past atmosphere, land and ocean system interacted while in this global greenhouse mode is very relevant if we want to understand the fate of our future climate. it also further illustrates that we live on a dynamic planet who ' s climate is always changing over the millennia. whilst no one denies that the world \u2019 s industrialisation has increased considerably the output of greenhouse gases, to ascribe the current phase of our ever changing climate to one single variable ( carbon dioxide ) or, more specifically, to a very small proportion of one variable ( i. e. human produced carbon dioxide ) is not science, for it requires us to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5308020274901526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30bc0048-2d31-4c07-afe0-15786ed57ea5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.736691"}
{"text": "two weeks ago at our master gardener training class dr. jim jacobi, an auburn pathologist, discussed the many diseases \u2013 viral and bacterial, etc. that can afflict our beloved plants. one of those that really caught my attention was rose rosette disease. this is not a new disease but due to the widespread use of knockout roses in landscapes the plant pathologists are seeing a huge rise in outbreaks of this disease. knockout roses appear to be very susceptible to this disease. it is spread by a mite on wild roses but the mites are finding our knockouts and having a field day. symptoms of rrd are witches broom on the rose stem, red pigmentation of new growth, and excessive thorns. before you completely panic, new growth on all knockouts is red but when you have rrd the growth stays red. up in north alabama hundreds of roses were taken out of a park. there is no chemical to treat this disease. the only way to rid your garden of it is to get rid of the rose \u2013 root and all. then throw it away, do not compost it. the disease is in the branches so good hygiene is really essential when you prune your roses. clippers should be cleaned with chlorox. pay careful attention to the next sentence. if you are concerned you may have rrd in your garden, do not start tearing your hair and roses out. please take a sample down to the great folks at our calhoun county extension office and let them send the sample to the pathology lab. here is a link to a very informative article : publication 450 - 620. rose rosette disease. chuan hong, extension plant pathologist, hampton roads agricultural research and extension center... our master gardener intern class recently had a soils class with auburn professor, dr. charles mitchell. good soil is the backbone of a garden, whether that garden contains vegetables or flowers or whether the soil supports a beautiful stand of grass. when we talk about soil we are not talking about dirt ( which is soil with all the nutrients and other good stuff removed ) but about the soil. soils can vary from one neighborhood to another and even from one house to another. since some plants thrive in a more acid soil ( like azaleas and gardenias ) and others thrive in lower acid soils ( lilac ), it is important to know more about the soil you have in your garden. thus, the first thing all master gardeners ( as well as any extension agent ) will recommend when asked most plant questions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4480802860593212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96bd9f59-150f-442e-909e-0557d5360c87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.741048"}
{"text": "thrive in lower acid soils ( lilac ), it is important to know more about the soil you have in your garden. thus, the first thing all master gardeners ( as well as any extension agent ) will recommend when asked most plant questions, especially as the question relates to fertilizer, is that the homeowner do a soil test. it is very easy, relatively inexpensive, and the best thing you can do for your yard and soil and even for the environment. a soil test costs way less than a bag of fertilizer. phosphorous in fertilizers can end up in the groundwater eventually polluting our waterways. too much of the wrong kind of fertilizer can even hamper the health of your grass or your plants or your vegetables. if someone comes in and wants to fertilize your lawn without a soil test, just say no. be an educated consumer. get a soil test first. soil test kits may be obtained from your county extension office. feb. 18, monday, 12 : 30 to 2 : 30 p. m, calhoun county beautification board tree give - away at golden springs ( fred ' s dept. store ) feb. 21, thursday, 3 : 30 p. m., arbor day celebration at jsu international house feb. 22, friday, 3 p, m to 5 p. m., tree give - away on the jacksonville square april 20, saturday, 8 a. m. until noon, master gardener tree amigos 4 - h plant sale, cane creek community gardens at mcclellan april 24, lunch and learn ( 4th wednesday of each month thru september ), noon to 1 p. m. cane creek community gardens, mcclellan. first program is \" batty about bats \" and vicky smith from a to z animals is bringing bats for her presentation. may 3, friday, noon to 3 p. m. and saturday may 4th, 9 until 2 p. m., master gardener 4h tree amigos volunteers and the anniston museum of natural history volunteers plant sale at the longleaf botanical gardens jacksonville garden club plant sale, date tba someone said to me the other day that he guessed it was hard to make the garden inviting this time of the year. the winter garden does not have to be boring ; it can be just as beautiful as the summer garden. camellias, daffodils, mahonias, pansies, berries, bark, and even the form of bare branches can make the winter landscape as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4070274965840506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96bd9f59-150f-442e-909e-0557d5360c87>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.742004"}
{"text": "monday, march 23, 2009 one of the most fulfilling parts of an aquarist \u2019 s work is raising baby fish and invertebrates to adulthood. here at the aquarium of the pacific, we have successfully bred and raised many different species of animals. as you may know, the aquarium of the pacific was the first in the world to breed and raise weedy seadragons, sharing some of the offspring with other public aquariums to help protect this species. our aquarists have also been culturing and raising west coast sea nettles for several years \u2013 a process which takes many months, as the sea jellies go through many different stages of life which all have very different needs. some of these sea jellies are shared with other aquariums as well. by sharing offspring with other aquariums, we reduce our impact on natural populations and still give you the opportunity to see these amazing animals up close. i have the privilege of working in the southern california / baja gallery. recently another public aquarium gave us a small herd of pacific seahorses ( before you start laughing, a group of seahorses really is called a herd! ). we are raising the little guys and gals now and hope to someday have them on display. in the meantime, i thought i \u2019 d share a little about the pacific seahorse with you to tide you over ( pun intended ). the scientific or proper name of the pacific seahorse is hippocampus ingens. this is the only seahorse on the eastern side of the pacific ocean and it \u2019 s possible to find them here in southern california! their range goes as far south as peru, but several have been collected as far north as san diego bay. baby pacific seahorses are pelagic, which means after birth they float around in the ocean currents along with the fields of plankton, which they eat voraciously. before that, the father carries the babies in his brood pouch ( around his stomach area ) for up to 6 weeks. pacific seahorse dads carry quite a few babies, an average of around 200 each pregnancy! once they are released from the father \u2019 s brood pouch, the parents are done parenting. we should all be so lucky to have a parenting job that easy, eh? just kidding! once the young get a little older and develop stronger muscles, they stop traveling with the ocean currents. they \u2019 ll settle down amongst the corals and sea grasses along the sea floor. there they can grow to be as much as 19 - 20 cm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4438931665163307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c53dfd-7e66-41e4-ba0b-9b836248141b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.745808"}
{"text": "once the young get a little older and develop stronger muscles, they stop traveling with the ocean currents. they \u2019 ll settle down amongst the corals and sea grasses along the sea floor. there they can grow to be as much as 19 - 20 cm or 8 inches tall. that makes them one of the largest seahorses in the world, and they \u2019 re right here in southern california! so, if you are wandering the shores around san diego and happen to come across a seahorse, here \u2019 s what you \u2019 re looking for to determine if it \u2019 s a pacific seahorse ( hippocampus ingens ). first of all, if it \u2019 s here, it \u2019 s a 99 % chance it \u2019 s a pacific seahorse cause again, that \u2019 s the only seahorse naturally found on the eastern side of the pacific ocean! however, here \u2019 s some more info, so you can have an idea of what you \u2019 re looking for. the pacific seahorse comes in a variety of colors ranging from yellows, oranges, and pinks, to browns and blacks. they will more than likely be living amongst coral or sea grasses that are a similar color. this keeps them safer from predators. they \u2019 ll likely range between 5 and 7 inches tall ( 13 - 19 cm ). one last note, if you do see a pacific seahorse meandering around out there, take a picture if you have an underwater camera! either way, try and remember approximately where it is you found it and report it to project seahorse. you can find this non - profit group online, they are attempting to catalog and document the lives and locations of seahorses worldwide. their research could help understand and protect seahorses for future generations. it \u2019 s very exciting to know that such exotic looking creatures live so close to us. hopefully, some of you get the opportunity to see them in their natural environment! have something to say? leave a comment! all blogs and comments represent the views of the individual authors and not necessarily those of the aquarium.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3928595696475351, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c53dfd-7e66-41e4-ba0b-9b836248141b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.746656"}
{"text": "may, the month of mary may is the month of mary, the mother of god and the mother of the faithful affirmation of mary \u2019 s maternal role toward christians is one of the main focal points in chapter 8 of the second vatican council \u2019 s constitution of the church, a chapter which names mary as the \u201c mother of all human beings, \u201d or \u201c mother of the faithful. \u201d the development of the doctrine of mary \u2019 s spiritual motherhood was gradual ; earlier testimonies from irenaeus, ambrose, augustine, and others were present but sparse. it was in the high middle ages that real theological development on the idea of mary \u2019 s motherhood began to occur. more and more, the scriptural passage of mary at calvary ( john 19 : 25 - 27 ) came to be seen as the pericope expressing mary \u2019 s spiritual motherhood toward the disciples of jesus : \u201c so the soldiers did this. but standing by the cross of jesus were his mother, and his mother ' s sister, mary the wife of clopas, and mary magdalene. when jesus saw his mother, and the disciple whom he loved standing near, he said to his mother, \u201c woman, behold, your son! \u201d then he said to the disciple, \u201c behold, your mother! \u201d and from that hour the disciple took her to his own home. \u201d ( john 19 : 25 - 27 ) the broader implications of this passage were realized gradually, by theologians, who came in time to understand its significance in expressing the presence and action of mary in our lives. it was found that the best and universal expression of this presence was in the analogy of motherhood, which in this case is a spiritual motherhood, with all that such a mother / child relationship means for both mary and us. from the dictionary of mary : when we call mary \u201c our mother, \u201d we grasp instinctively the essential meaning of the title, since it evokes memories of a human experience that is universal and runs deep. but when it comes to explaining clearly and precisely the content of the title, the matter is not so simple. primarily, this is due to the wealth of content, including as it does practically all aspects of mary ' s activity toward us. furthermore, mary is our \u201c mother \u201d in a way that is necessarily analogical. theologians are well aware of what this imports, namely certain limitations that have to be remembered, and a transcendence that also must be kept in mind. the limitations come from the obvious fact that as far as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40606586274965156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36227b33-0248-41c3-a8c8-28b682315ed6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.749787"}
{"text": "a way that is necessarily analogical. theologians are well aware of what this imports, namely certain limitations that have to be remembered, and a transcendence that also must be kept in mind. the limitations come from the obvious fact that as far as we are concerned, we cannot apply to mary all the realities of natural motherhood, since we are children of mary not by the flesh, but \u201c in the order of grace. \u201d nevertheless, if in certain ways mary ' s motherhood toward us says less than natural motherhood, in other ways it says much more. for example, the quality of our life as children of god, a life mary helps to obtain for us, ennobles and enriches incomparably our purely human life. and the perfection with which mary dedicates herself to her maternal mission surpasses the best mothers on earth, plus the fact that mary ' s maternal vocation is universal and calls for her forming a personal bond with each one of us... taken up to heaven she did not lay aside this salvific duty, but by her constant intercession continued to bring us the gifts of eternal salvation... the purpose of mary ' s maternal activity is to unite us with christ so completely that each might say : \u201c the life i live is not my own ; christ is living in me \u201d ( gal 2 : 20 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052075363081054, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36227b33-0248-41c3-a8c8-28b682315ed6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.751696"}
{"text": "the aging population the population in the united states is aging. between 2010 and 2030, the number of americans over the age of 65 will double compared to the year 2000. by 2030 there will be about 72. 1 million older persons in the u. s., twice the number from 2007 ( a profile of older americans : 2008 ). as people age, normal changes occur in their speech, language, memory, and swallowing. in addition, their chances of having a stroke or developing dementia or parkinson ' s disease increase, as do the chances of acquiring a communication or swallowing disorder related to these diseases. for data on the lives of older americans and their families, see older americans 2008 : key indicators of well - being from the federal interagency forum on aging - related statistics. speech - language pathologists play an important role in working with this aging population. slps can assist in differentiating between normal aging and disordered communication or swallowing function. slps provide vital services to those individuals who do have communication, cognitive, or swallowing impairments following illness, trauma, or disease. slps also have a role in preventing communication and swallowing disorders by promoting a healthy lifestyle and educating consumers about how to prevent stroke and other disorders that may lead to impairment. there are many organizations dedicated to research on aging, advocating for the elderly, and promoting healthy aging. slps should take the initiative to learn more about the aging population and prepare for the increased services this group will demand in the future. partnership for health in aging the partnership for health in aging ( pha ) was formed by the american geriatrics society to \" to prepare america ' s formal and informal caregiving workforce to provide quality care for america ' s aging population, and to ensure the financial feasibility of providing that care. \" the pha is a coalition of organizations representing health care professionals who care for older adults. asha is represented on the pha by a member who is also an affiliate of sig 15 ( gerontology ). to date, the pha has developed multidisciplinary competencies for caring for older adults, as well as a position statement on interdisciplinary team training in geriatrics. asha is a supporting organization for this interdisciplinary training statement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48943750170116995, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d54fe77-269f-4e8e-9eee-2cdf4cb0bf15>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.754943"}
{"text": "posted : september 08, 2008 on wednesday, the world \u2019 s largest particle accelerator \u2013 the large hadron collider ( lhc ) \u2013 will be powered up to receive an injection of particle beams for the very first time as it begins the heroic quest to solve some of the biggest mysteries of our universe. astronomy now will be attending this momentous scientific milestone via a live link - up from westminster to the ceremony at cern ( the european organisation for nuclear research ) and we \u2019 ll have a full report later in the week. the lhc has a circumference of 27 kilometres, stretching from geneva airport in the lower left, to the open french countryside in the upper right. image : cern. buried one hundred metres below the french / swiss border and boasting a circumference of 27 kilometres, the lhc is the largest and most ambitious physics experiment in history. by accelerating particles to speeds of 99. 9999991 percent that of light, and watching what happens when they collide, it will probe questions surrounding the nature and existence of dark matter and antimatter, the weakness of gravity and even if extra dimensions exist. the dual beams of the lhc consist of bunches of particles a few tens of centimetres in length containing 100 billion protons. there will be 3000 going around the collider in each direction at any one time, with each beam containing the energy equivalent to the eurostar travelling at over 90 miles per hour. sub - atomic smash - ups will occur between the beams 600 million times a second, and detectors situated along the accelerator \u2019 s circumference will be on the look - out for the resulting debris of subatomic particles. on the lhc \u2019 s shopping list is the elusive higgs boson particle, which is widely believed to be the origin of the well - known property mass. the standard model of particle physics predicts two types of particles : mass - less particles like photons, and those with mass, like quarks ( protons and neutrons that make up atomic nuclei ) and electrons. the standard model also predicts the existence of the higgs boson and states that particles that possess mass do so because they interact with the resulting higgs field, as if they were travelling through treacle. this is important from a cosmological viewpoint, because the presence of dark matter can only be inferred from its gravitational effect, and this gravitational effect results from dark matter possessing mass. in essence, understanding the higgs boson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6029178659227534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c17254c3-ce43-4dd0-9bb0-5a503afb60df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.761327"}
{"text": "treacle. this is important from a cosmological viewpoint, because the presence of dark matter can only be inferred from its gravitational effect, and this gravitational effect results from dark matter possessing mass. in essence, understanding the higgs boson could help scientists finally understand the ins and outs of dark matter, which itself is thought to comprise around 23 percent of the universe \u2019 s energy density while \u2018 normal \u2019 baryonic matter comprises four percent, and dark energy, which is thought to play a dominant role in the expansion of the universe, makes up 73 percent. the lhc, therefore, has the potential to open up a treasure trove of information about the nature of the universe. but the lhc can \u2019 t directly detect a higgs boson ; instead its presence can be detected by looking at what it decays into. however, what it decays into is determined by its mass, which is an unknown quantity. there are certain probabilities, however, and by comparing the signatures of what is detected by the lhc compared with what is expected from other processes, any significant statistical \u2018 anomaly \u2019 could point towards the higgs boson. another mystery that the lhc will help solve is why gravity is so weak compared to the other forces of nature such as electromagnetic and nuclear forces. gravity is well - known to play a dominant role in the universe but it has no apparent influence at the particle level. indeed, the ' graviton ' particle hasn ' t actually been discovered. suggestions as to why gravity appears so weak have resulted in the consideration of more dimensions than the three \u2013 width, depth and height \u2013 that we currently know about. could gravity be leaking into our three dimensional universe from another dimension? the lhc might just be capable of probing these dimensions, which could be curled up smaller than sub - atomic particles. another aim of the lhc is to try and find the missing link between two of the most successful theories of physics \u2013 general relativity and quantum theory, in which one cannot currently be explained with the other, thus presenting a major hurdle to finding the holy grail \u2018 theory of everything \u2019 that has been the goal of scientists for decades. the lhc could find out what the bridge between the theories is, and confirm or refute the idea that string theory is part of the equation. string theory states that all different particles are different vibrations in higher - dimensional string structures. one of the things that string theory predicts is the existence of micro black holes, something that could be identified in the l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6317323182847601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c17254c3-ce43-4dd0-9bb0-5a503afb60df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.762341"}
{"text": "string theory is part of the equation. string theory states that all different particles are different vibrations in higher - dimensional string structures. one of the things that string theory predicts is the existence of micro black holes, something that could be identified in the lhc in terms of the particles that they decay into. such a result would provide the first real validation for string theory. but despite scare mongering by the popular media that the earth will ultimately be consumed in one of these \u2018 man - made \u2019 black holes, such an event is impossible since they would decay almost immediately, lacking the energy to grow, let alone be sustained. moreover, the sub - atomic collisions that the lhc will bare witness to are just a patch on what happens naturally in nature. in its 4. 6 billion year existence, the earth has been subject to a phenomenal number of cosmic ray collisions of far higher energies than could ever be achieved in the lhc, with no ill effects. the only real danger from the lhc is that the machine could damage itself should the magnets that keep the beams inside the collider fail. the result would be that the particle beams would destroy the magnets. to gradually test the full capabilities of the lhc, therefore, the beams won \u2019 t be switched on with full intensity at first, but will gradually be powered up over several months before getting down to serious business. astronomy now will be attending the lhc powering up ceremony via a live link - up to cern. we \u2019 ll have a full report later in the week. in the meantime, you can read more about the lhc in the july issue of astronomy now magazine. this special publication features the photography of british astro - imager nik szymanek and covers a range of photographic methods from basic to advanced. beautiful pictures of the night sky can be obtained with a simple camera and tripod before tackling more difficult projects, such as guided astrophotography through the telescope and ccd imaging. u. s. & worldwide store mars rover poster this new poster features some of the best pictures from nasa ' s amazing mars exploration rovers spirit and opportunity. u. s. & worldwide store home | news archive | magazine | solar system | sky chart | resources | stores | spaceflight now \u00a9 2010 pole star publications ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6923149930923849, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c17254c3-ce43-4dd0-9bb0-5a503afb60df>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.763359"}
{"text": "we \u2019 re hoping the visibility is good enough for a distant glimpse of the park \u2019 s reindeer. these animals have an important, and unique, pedigree. their 35, 000 - year - old ancestors \u2019 bones line grottoes in southwestern france, and 8, 000 years ago their younger relatives fed norwegian hunters on hardangervidda itself. norway is the only european country that is still home to wild mountain reindeer. the government has committed to safeguarding the animals in 23 areas that total 16, 308 square miles. the hardangervidda plateau \u2019 s part of this covers 3, 141 square miles \u2014 more than twice the park \u2019 s size. protection, however, doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean the reindeer aren \u2019 t hunted \u2014 in the absence of the animals \u2019 natural predators, wolves and wolverines, norwegian authorities keep tight control over reindeer numbers by permitting a hunt each autumn. this year 1, 500 permits were issued with the expectation that about half that number of animals would be taken. \u201c there are a lot of people who don \u2019 t believe we have that many reindeer in hardangervidda, because it is so hard to see them, \u201d rune bergstr\u00f8m, head of the norwegian wild reindeer centre in skinnarbu, told me. his arched eyebrows and round cheeks framed by a salt - and - pepper fringe of hair give him the look of a middle - aged elf. \u201c they have been hunted for 30, 000 years now, and when they see you they can \u2019 t tell if you \u2019 re a hunter or just a tourist skiing in the mountains. \u201d reindeer are superbly adapted to traveling in arctic conditions, and they can run 28 miles per hour \u2014 about the same as a grizzly bear. half - moon - shaped hooves, split like a cow \u2019 s but with sharp edges, allow them to dig into snow and ice. stiff guard hairs underfoot work like snowshoes, so the reindeer can float on the snow rather than sink in the way a moose might. what \u2019 s most surprising is that females have antlers \u2014 an indication of just how precious access to food is. males drop their antlers by december, since they no longer need them a month after the rut. but females carry their antlers right through may, and use them to keep the males from the grazing areas they need to feed themselves and their young. that \u2019 s why reindeer watching in hardangervidda involves a kind of delicate dance. we want to see the animals, but we don \u2019 t want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39291040711959807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c873551-4b30-49b8-adf1-465e95bc9506>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.769551"}
{"text": "use them to keep the males from the grazing areas they need to feed themselves and their young. that \u2019 s why reindeer watching in hardangervidda involves a kind of delicate dance. we want to see the animals, but we don \u2019 t want to spook them and force them to run, burning up their precious energy. lichens provide fully 80 percent of their winter food and the carbohydrates they need to survive ( though not the protein they need for growth \u2014 they get that in the spring ). bergstr\u00f8m told me that reindeer can detect a human from a half - mile away or more \u2014 the best thing to do if we \u2019 re lucky enough to get near them will be to stay downwind and not get too close. fair weather and stiff winds welcome us on our first day \u2019 s ski. we start on fresh snow that \u2019 s slightly crunchy underfoot, like skiing on crushed rice krispies, and follow a line of birch branches that tremble ahead of us in the strong breeze. the branches mark the way north along a trail called the saboteur \u2019 s route. during world war ii, claus helberg and nine fellow saboteurs fled along this path to safety after bombing a nearby power plant the nazis had commandeered to produce heavy water for their atomic bomb effort. four of them hid in hardangervidda \u2019 s wilds for the winter of 1942 \u2013 1943, living off \u2014 you guessed it \u2014 reindeer. our evening \u2019 s stay is at the eponymous helberghytta hut, seven and a half miles from our start. two hours into our ski finds us topped out on the plateau proper, where the wind has quickened and the vistas have opened. to our south stands gaustatoppen, a triangular peak that marks our start in rjukan, capped with a fluffy white cloud that looks like it \u2019 s caught on the summit spike. we \u2019 re stopped for a quick chocolate break when doug shouts and points excitedly at a small hill nearby covered with funny pockmarks \u2014 fresh reindeer tracks. the prints loop and weave, broadening in places into parallel tracks 10 or 15 animals wide, then squeezing down to a bottleneck. they look like they \u2019 ve been stitched onto the slope by a crazy seamstress. \u201c do you really think we \u2019 ll see reindeer? \u201d asks zoe. i hear a trace of the kid who dutifully left carrots for rudolph long after most gave up on the santa claus myth. \u201c i hope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4095908516155582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c873551-4b30-49b8-adf1-465e95bc9506>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.770554"}
{"text": "crazy seamstress. \u201c do you really think we \u2019 ll see reindeer? \u201d asks zoe. i hear a trace of the kid who dutifully left carrots for rudolph long after most gave up on the santa claus myth. \u201c i hope so, \u201d i respond. the fair weather and easy skiing allow our little group to string out along the trail. sebastian frisks in the front, leading the way, with rick, molly, and zoe right behind. per and doug, composing photos and fiddling with camera gear, take up the rear. i \u2019 m shuffling along by myself in the middle, zoned out by my skiing \u2019 s rhythm, when a golden eagle wafts overhead, low enough that i can see the hook of its beak and hear the hiss of wind in its feathers. the eagle sails south toward gaustatoppen, its head swiveling back and forth, searching for food. i hold my breath and watch as its seven - foot wingspan shrinks to a dark double - humped line. these eagles are one of only four bird species \u2014 gyrfalcons, ravens, and ptarmigan are the others \u2014 tough enough to spend winters on hardangervidda, and it strikes me how hard it must be for them. ptarmigan have to eat up to 10, 000 birch buds \u2014 about a third of their body weight \u2014 every winter day, and ravens are opportunistic foragers, eating whatever they find. the eagles and gyrfalcons have their work cut out for them. hardangervidda \u2019 s snows hide its millions of rodents and its powdery white ptarmigan beautifully \u2014 we see nary a trace of them during our entire trip.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42048214069298984, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c873551-4b30-49b8-adf1-465e95bc9506>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.771232"}
{"text": "scientists from the universidad carlos iii of madrid ( uc3m ) and the consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas ( csic ) have developed an environmentally friendly cooling technology that does not harm the ozone layer. this is achieved by using solar energy and therefore reducing the use of greenhouse gases. a research team has designed and built an absorption chiller capable of using solar and residual heat as an energy source to drive the cooling system. the technology used in this machine, which looks like an ordinary air - conditioning system, minimises its environmental impact by combining the use of a lithium bromide solution, which does not damage the ozone layer or increase the greenhouse effect, with a reduction in the use of water by the machine. the team, managed by professor marcelo izquierdo from the department of thermal engineering and fluid mechanics of the uc3m, who is also a researcher at the instituto de ciencias de la construccion eduardo torroja ( ietcc ) of the csic, is building a solar cooling system that unlike the existing machines on the market, uses an improved absorption mechanism capable of producing cold water at a range of temperatures from 7\u00ba c to 18\u00ba c when the exterior temperature ranges from 33\u00ba c to 43\u00ba c. professor marcelo izquierdo states that the conclusions reached by a study with a commercial air condensed absorption machine prove that given an outside temperature ranging from 28\u00bac and 34\u00bac, the machine can produce cold water at a range of 12 to 16\u00bac, with a source temperature at the generator between 80\u00bac to 95\u00bac. under these conditions, the cold water produced can be used for climate control applications in houses by combining it with a water - to - air heat exchanger ( fan coil ). quoting raquel lizarte, a researcher at the department of thermal engineering and fluid mechanics of the uc3m, \u201c there are few absorption machines at a commercial level that are adapted for residential use \u201d, and since it is very hard to go without climate control, it is important to find a cooling technology that has minimal environmental impact. \u201c the machine that we ' re studying produces enough cold water to cool down a room of 40 m2 of floor area and with a volume of 120 m3 \u201d, she states. in 2007, 191 countries were involved in the montreal protocol ; a signed agreement to avoid the use of ozone depleting substances such as the hcfc refrigerants used in the air - conditioning industry as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5807068274027467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52f45254-f3c4-4cf6-90d9-3a725e3feb96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.776677"}
{"text": "the successful growth of nanotechnology can only occur if the right tools and instruments are available. current and future markets, global competition, technical challenges faced by manufacturers,... http : / / www. azonano. com / article. aspx? articleid = 1295 | 7 jul 2005 this article considers the different ways that physics operates at nanoscale level, and also looks at the self - assembly process. the article concludes by looking at the tools and devices used in cell... http : / / www. azonano. com / article. aspx? articleid = 1207 | 21 apr 2005 semiconducting oxide nanobelts ( or nanoribbons ) have unique properties which make them very appealing to manufacturers of sensors, transistors and other electronic devices. industry uses for... http : / / www. azonano. com / article. aspx? articleid = 1321 | 25 jul 2005 using mems as sensors and actuators on the battlefield could radically change the ways in which the military conduct future campaigns. other nanotechnology devices, such as nanocomputers and molecular... http : / / www. azonano. com / article. aspx? articleid = 1062 | 10 nov 2004 micro - electro - mechanical systems, popularly referred to as mems, in small electronic devices often fail because of adhesion and stiction \u2013 the attractive force between the surfaces of... http : / / www. azonano. com / news. aspx? newsid = 3863 | 19 mar 2007 microelectro - mechanical systems are being utilized for a variety of applications such as microfluidic pumps, micromirror display devices, and acceleration and pressure sensors. http : / / www. azonano. com / article. aspx? articleid = 2808 | 8 apr 2011 a major british aerospace company has developed a tiny, silicon ring - based inertial measurement unit, using micro - electro mechanical system ( mems ) technology, to help guide projectiles to their... http : / / www. azonano. com / article. aspx? articleid = 366 | 7 jan 2004 nasa is testing its \u2018 tetwalker \u2019 nanobot, which is a protean \u2018 smart robot \u2019 which changes shape to adapt to different space environments. replacing the electric motor with mems and nems will lead to.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5442386998802913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aaf5666f-5e24-4e25-ab84-0346d8232e7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.779203"}
{"text": "it ' s time to ban dangerous neonicotinoid pesticides by shelley stonebrook, mother earth news germany, france and italy have banned a class of potent pesticides called \" neonicotinoids. \" this class of pesticides includes imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. evidence linking these neonicotinoid pesticides to the honeybee decline known as colony collapse disorder has been mounting. now, new research suggests residues could be harmful to humans, yet these poisons are still in widespread use across the united states. named for their chemical structure, which is similar to that of nicotine, neonicotinoids are systemic pesticides, meaning they ' re in every part of a plant. generally, seeds are coated in the pesticide before they ' re planted, and, as a plant develops, the chemicals move into the leaves, roots, pollen, nectar, and even the food products eventually made from the crop. if insects feed on any part of the plant - even water droplets released by plant leaves - the pesticide, a neurotoxin, kills them. in the case of honeybees, if the amount of pesticide ingested isn ' t strong enough to kill them, it can still cause impaired communication, disorientation, decreased life span, suppressed immunity and disruption of brood cycles. not only are neonicotinoid pesticides systemic, they ' re also extraordinarily persistent. research shows these pesticides can persist in the soil for more than a decade! neonicotinoids are widely used on corn, soy, canola, sugar beets, wheat, ornamentals and more. some sources note that it ' s difficult for farmers to find corn seed that hasn ' t been treated with one of these insecticides. as industrial farmers use these potent pesticides year after year on the same land, it ' s creating an ever more toxic environment. neonicotinoid pesticides, produced by chemical giant bayer, should have never been approved by the environmental protection agency ( epa ). one of the most commonly used neonicotinoids, clothianidin, went on the market in 2003 after being granted a \" conditional registration \" from the epa. this is code for saying the epa will allow the pesticide ' s use even though there ' s not enough evidence to show that it passes safety standards - a practice that, shockingly, occurs for about 70 percent of the active ingredients in pesticides that go through the review process. leaked memos written by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44231521969295956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b9c85ab-eb76-492c-bc4e-98389e741526>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.808921"}
{"text": "' s use even though there ' s not enough evidence to show that it passes safety standards - a practice that, shockingly, occurs for about 70 percent of the active ingredients in pesticides that go through the review process. leaked memos written by epa scientists stated that what studies bayer did submit were poorly run, and the scientists openly admitted that neonicotinoids pose harm to honeybees. a new study from harvard university scientists concludes that neonicotinoids are likely the primary cause of colony collapse disorder. according to lead researcher chensheng lu, \" it apparently doesn ' t take much of the pesticide to affect the bees. our experiment included pesticide amounts below what is normally present in the environment. \" numerous studies have shown that these pesticides are killing bees and many other non - target insects, and research now suggests danger for us, too. a 2004 german study tested samples of fruits and vegetables and found that 12 percent contained neonicotinoid residues. a 2012 japanese study was the first to show that neonicotinoids affect brain development in mammals. the researchers warn that \" detailed investigation of the neonicotinoids is needed to protect the health of human children. \" a lot is at stake here. bayer will lose billions if the epa does the right thing and bans neonicotinoids. however, bee populations are vital to agriculture and farmers will lose billions if honeybee populations continue to plummet. and then there are our children... beekeepers have teamed with the pesticide action network to petition the epa to suspend registration of neonicotinoids. please join us in demanding that the epa finally put a stop to the use of these potent chemicals in the united states. go to beekeepers ask epa to remove pesticide linked to colony collapse disorder, citing leaked agency memo to learn more about the issues surrounding neonicotinoid pesticides. it ' s time for the government to stand up and protect us, not the chemical companies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.495279946150323, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b9c85ab-eb76-492c-bc4e-98389e741526>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.809838"}
{"text": "what is imagery? the mind is a powerful healing tool. using our imagination, we can visualize almost anything. imagery ( or visualization ) is a therapeutic technique that has been used for centuries. by creating images in the mind, a person can reduce pain and other symptoms associated with his or her condition. the more specific the visualization, the more therapeutic it will likely be. patients are taught to imagine sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or other sensations to create a kind of daydream that \" removes \" them from or gives them control over their present circumstances. imagery usually involves a program with set objectives and goals. patients are guided to visualize their goals and work toward them. two imagery techniques are widely used today : palming involves the visualization of color. the patient places his or her palms over the eyes and envisions the color associated with stress ( usually the color red ). then, the patient changes the color he or she sees to a more relaxing color, such as blue. it is believed that changing colors in the mind induces relaxation. guided imagery involves envisioning a certain goal to help cope with health problems. guided imagery is most often used as a relaxation technique that involves sitting or lying quietly and imagining yourself in a favorite peaceful setting ( maybe a beach, meadow, or forest ). another example is the simonton method - - a method in which a cancer patient imagines pac men ( from the old pac man video game ) gobbling up bad cancer cells. studies have shown that imagery can help the mind and body relax. it can help in managing anxiety, stress, and depression ; help reduce pain, lower blood pressure, and lessen nausea ; and give people a better sense of control and well - being.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5582711592409517, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef7a3f76-bbf1-44d7-ae71-4fca22e8743b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.812088"}
{"text": "henry gray ( 18211865 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. 1c. the organ of sight ( organon visus ; the eye ) the bulb of the eye ( bulbus oculi ; eyeball ), or organ of sight, is contained in the cavity of the orbit, where it is protected from injury and moved by the ocular muscles. associated with it are certain accessory structures, viz., the muscles, fasci\u00e6, eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. the bulb of the eye is imbedded in the fat of the orbit, but is separated from it by a thin membranous sac, the fascia bulbi ( page 1024 ). it is composed of segments of two spheres of different sizes. the anterior segment is one of a small sphere ; it is transparent, and forms about one - sixth of the bulb. it is more prominent than the posterior segment, which is one of a larger sphere, and is opaque, and forms about five - sixths of the bulb. the term anterior pole is applied to the central point of the anterior curvature of the bulb, and that of posterior pole to the central point of its posterior curvature ; a line joining the two poles forms the optic axis. the axes of the two bulbs are nearly parallel, and therefore do not correspond to the axes of the orbits, which are directed forward and lateralward. the optic nerves follow the direction of the axes of the orbits, and are therefore not parallel ; each enters its eyeball 3 mm. to the nasal side and a little below the level of the posterior pole. the bulb measures rather more in its transverse and antero - posterior diameters than in its vertical diameter, the former amounting to about 24 mm., the latter to about 23. 5 mm. ; in the female all three diameters are rather less than in the male ; its antero - posterior diameter at birth is about 17. 5 mm., and at puberty from 20 to 21 mm. fig. 863 transverse section of head of chick embryo of forty - eight hours incubation. ( duval. ) ( see enlarged image ) fig. 864 transverse section of head of chick embryo of fifty - two hours incubation. ( duval. ) ( see enlarged image ) development. the eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. these diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.53636407781754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20e95a77-c375-467e-96a0-e37fc0c00879>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.822903"}
{"text": ") the retina is developed from the optic cup. the outer stratum of the cup persists as a single layer of cells which assume a columnar shape, acquire pigment, and form the pigmented layer of the retina ; the pigment first appears in the cells near the edge of the cup. the cells of the inner stratum proliferate and form a layer of considerable thickness from which the nervous elements and the sustentacular fibers of the retina, together with a portion of the vitreous body, are developed. in that portion of the cup which overlaps the lens the inner stratum is not differentiated into nervous elements, but forms a layer of columnar cells which is applied to the pigmented layer, and these two strata form the pars ciliaris and pars iridica retin\u00e6. the cells of the inner or retinal layer of the optic cup become differentiated into spongioblasts and germinal cells, and the latter by their subdivisions give rise to neuroblasts. from the spongioblasts the sustentacular fibers of muller, the outer and inner limiting membranes, together with the groundwork of the molecular layers of the retina are formed. the neuroblasts become arranged to form the ganglionic and nuclear layers. the layer of rods and cones is first developed in the central part of the optic cup, and from there gradually extends toward the cup margin. all the layers of the retina are completed by the eighth month of fetal life. the optic stalk is converted into the optic nerve by the obliteration of its cavity and the growth of nerve fibers into it. most of these fibers are centripetal, and grow backward into the optic stalk from the nerve cells of the retina, but a few extend in the opposite direction and are derived from nerve cells in the brain. the fibers of the optic nerve receive their medullary sheaths about the tenth week after birth. the optic chiasma is formed by the meeting and partial decussation of the fibers of the two optic nerves. behind the chiasma the fibers grow backward as the optic tracts to the thalami and mid - brain. the crystalline lens is developed from the lens vesicle, which recedes within the margin of the cup, and becomes separated from the overlying ectoderm by mesoderm. the cells forming the posterior wall of the vesicle lengthen and are converted into the lens fibers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626112673824977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20e95a77-c375-467e-96a0-e37fc0c00879>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.825218"}
{"text": "later are limited to the ciliary region, where by a process of condensation they appear to form the zonula ciliaris. the mesoderm which enters the cup through the choroidal fissure and around the equator of the lens becomes intimately united with this reticular tissue, and contributes to form the vitreous body, which is therefore derived partly from the ectoderm and partly from the mesoderm. the anterior chamber of the eye appears as a cleft in the mesoderm separating the lens from the overlying ectoderm. the layer of mesoderm in front of the cleft forms the substantia propria of the cornea, that behind the cleft the stroma of the iris and the pupillary membrane. the fibers of the ciliary muscle are derived from the mesoderm, but those of the sphincter and dilatator pupill\u00e6 are of ectodermal origin, being developed from the cells of the pupillary part of the optic cup. the eyelids are formed as small cutaneous folds ( figs. 866, 867 ), which about the middle of the third month come together and unite in front of the cornea. they remain united until about the end of the sixth month. the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct result from a thickening of the ectoderm in the groove, nasooptic furrow, between the lateral nasal and maxillary processes. this thickening forms a solid cord of cells which sinks into the mesoderm ; during the third month the central cells of the cord break down, and a lumen, the nasolacrimal duct, is established. the lacrimal ducts arise as buds from the upper part of the cord of cells and secondarily establish openings ( puncta lacrimalia ) on the margins of the lids. the epithelium of the cornea and conjunctiva, and that which lines the ducts and alveoli of the lacrimal gland, are of ectodermal origin, as are also the eyelashes and the lining cells of the glands which open on the lid - margins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48933200394269466, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20e95a77-c375-467e-96a0-e37fc0c00879>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.827021"}
{"text": "henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus, describing curves with the convexities downward. they have received their name from stretching across between the two crura of the subcutaneous inguinal ring, and they are much thicker and stronger at the inferior crus, where they are connected to the inguinal ligament, than superiorly, where they are inserted into the linea alba. the intercrural fibers increase the strength of the lower part of the aponeurosis, and prevent the divergence of the crura from one another ; they are more strongly developed in the male than in the female. as they pass across the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they are connected together by delicate fibrous tissue, forming a fascia, called the intercrural fascia. this intercrural fascia is continued down as a tubular prolongation around the spermatic cord and testis, and encloses them in a sheath ; hence it is also called the external spermatic fascia. the subcutaneous inguinal ring is seen as a distinct aperture only after the intercrural fascia has been removed. the inguinal ligament ( ligamentum inguinale [ pouparti ] ; pouparts ligament ) ( fig. 394 ). the inguinal ligament is the lower border of the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus, and extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. from this latter point it is reflected backward and lateralward to be attached to the pectineal line for about 1. 25 cm., forming the lacunar ligament. its general direction is convex downward toward the thigh, where it is continuous with the fascia lata. its lateral half is rounded, and oblique in direction ; its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4776727152465815, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbebf53b-da4f-429a-9d8b-9e58e14d1b3e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.829009"}
{"text": "evaluating and diagnosing damage to the nervous system can be very complicated. many of the same symptoms occur in different combinations among the different disorders. to further complicate the diagnostic process, many disorders do not have definitive causes, markers, or tests. neurological tests to evaluate children may include : computed tomography scan ( also called a ct or cat scan ). a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x - rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images ( often called slices ) of the body. a ct scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. ct scans are more detailed than general x - rays. electroencephalogram ( eeg ). a procedure that records the brain ' s continuous, electrical activity by means of electrodes attached to the scalp. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. electrodiagnostic tests ( for example, electromyography and nerve conduction velocity ). studies that evaluate and diagnose disorders of the muscles and motor neurons. electrodes are inserted into the muscle, or placed on the skin overlying a muscle or muscle group, and electrical activity and muscle response are recorded. positron emission tomography ( pet ) scan. a computer - based imaging technique that provides a picture of the brain ' s activity rather than its structure by measuring levels of injected glucose that are labeled with a radioactive tracer. arteriogram ( also called angiogram ). a procedure that provides a scan of arteries and / or veins going to and through the brain. cerebral spinal fluid analysis ( also called spinal tap or lumbar puncture ). a procedure used to make an evaluation or diagnosis by examining the fluid withdrawn from the spinal column. evoked potentials. procedures that record the brain ' s electrical response to visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli. myelogram. a procedure that uses dye injected into the spinal canal to make the structure clearly visible on x - rays. ultrasound ( also called sonography ). a diagnostic imaging technique that uses high - frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels. neurosonography. a procedure that uses ultra high - frequency sound waves that enable the doctor to evaluate structures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5812520195616228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f3b4ca4-d3a0-4b70-975e-c836ec112080>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.836479"}
{"text": "vessels, tissues, and organs. ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels. neurosonography. a procedure that uses ultra high - frequency sound waves that enable the doctor to evaluate structures of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and other structures. spinal tap ( also called lumbar puncture ). a special needle is placed into the lower back, into the spinal canal, which is the area around the spinal cord. the pressure in the spinal canal and brain can then be measured. a small amount of cerebral spinal fluid ( csf ) can be removed and sent for testing to determine if there is an infection or other problems. csf is the fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. infants. you cannot explain the examination to an infant, but you can help your baby feel more secure during the test by bringing a special blanket, toy, or pacifier. you may breastfeed your baby or give him or her a bottle of juice or formula once the technician tells you your baby can eat. toddlers and preschool - aged children. young children remember things for only a short time, so the best time to talk about the test is right before you are ready to come to the hospital. explain to your child that you are going to the hospital to have some pictures taken that the doctor needs in order to help him or her get better. try to use simple words. it is important to be honest with your child. if the test will be uncomfortable, be sure to talk about and tell him or her it is okay to cry. because children at this age are afraid of being separated from their parent, let him or her know that mom or dad will stay with him or her as much as possible. when you come to the hospital, bring a favorite book, toy, or blanket. school - aged children. school - aged children have good imaginations. if you do not tell them the truth, they may imagine something much worse than the actual test. the day of the test, tell your child that he or she will be going to the hospital to have some pictures taken. tell him or her that the pictures will help the doctor decide how to make him or her better. use simple words. be honest. try to tell your child exactly what will happen. if your child ' s test is going to be uncomfortable, be sure to tell him or her it is okay to cry. when you come to the hospital, bring along a favorite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5586859527349433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f3b4ca4-d3a0-4b70-975e-c836ec112080>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.837640"}
{"text": "wood is an excellent material for container gardens because it lets the plant roots breathe and it is relatively light weight. you can also make your own containers to whatever size you like. the wood will deteriorate after several years, however, so wooden planters are best used for shorter lived plants rather than trees or shrubs which you will keep planted for many years. making your planter from redwood or cedar will make it longer lived, as these woods resist insects and wood rot. here are instructions for making a 12 x 12 x 12 inch planter. it can be easily modified to make whatever size planter you like : some suggestions for making larger or smaller planters are included at the end of this article. wood saw ( hand or power ) note some hardware / lumber stores will cut wood for you for a small fee drill and 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 drill bit t or l square ( for making sure your corners are square and sides straight ) miter box ( for making straight cuts ) workbench with vise or clamp ( to hold wood as you cut or join together ) 20 or more nails, 2 to 2 1 / 2 \" long ( 6d to 8d size ) 8 or more nails, 1 1 / 2 \" long ( 4d size ) 50 or more finishing nails 4 feet of redwood or cedar 2x2 board, cut to about 10. 5 long ( see making the base, below ) ( note, these 2x2 will actually be about 1. 5 x 1. 5, as the wood is cut to 2x2 and then finished so that it is smooth ) 8 1 / 2 feet of redwood or cedar 1x2 board ( actually about 1 / 2 x 1 1 / 2 ), four cut into 12 long sections, four cut 13 long 4 feet of redwood or cedar 1x1 \" board ( about 1 / 2 x 1 / 2 \" ) cut to 12 \" lengths 10 feet of redwood or cedar fence board, 6 wide, cut into ten 12 long sections making the base measure the width of your 2x2 board. cut four lengths, each 12 minus the width. for example, if your board is 1 1 / 2 wide, cut four lengths 10 1 / 2 long. lay out your four pieces so they form a 12 square, with one end of each length overlapping the next going around the square. nail the square together, using one 2 or 2 1 / 2 \" nail at each corner, going through the overlapping section into the board next to it. making the bottom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42058516480640507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e73de2d3-8334-4832-8681-9fe8aff6b913>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.843605"}
{"text": "square, with one end of each length overlapping the next going around the square. nail the square together, using one 2 or 2 1 / 2 \" nail at each corner, going through the overlapping section into the board next to it. making the bottom cut two 12 long sections of the fence board for the bottom of the planter. if the fence boards have the corners cut off the tops, you can use these pieces for the bottom since they won ' t show and they ' ll be supported by the base. lay these fence board sections over the base, matching up edges and corners. use 8 of the 1 \u00bd inch nails to attach to the base, four for each board ( two along the edge and one at each end ). note : you can use more nails if you like for a more secure fit. drill five 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 holes for drainage, one in the center and one near each corner. making the sides place a 12 fence board section on one edge of the base, even with the bottom and corner, to form the start of one of the four sides of your planter. place one of the 12 1x2 sections on top of it at the base, and nail through both boards to the base board using a 2 nail about 1 from the corner. now hammer a second 2 \" nail through both boards to the base about 1 from the other edge of the fence board. place a second fence board next to the first ( and between the base and the 1x2 ) and hammer through both boards to the base in two places 1 from either edge, just like the first. turn over, and on the opposite side nail in two more fence boards to the base with a 12 1x2 section on top, using the 2 \" nails. for the remaining two sides in between, hammer together as the first two but using the 13 long 1x2 sections, overlapping with the first two at the corners. use finishing nails at the corners to secure the 1x2 to each other for a tight fit. finishing the top using two of the 12 long 1x2 boards, nail them along the top outside edge of the fence boards using the finishing nails, above where you used the 12 long boards along the base. nail the remaining 13 long 1x2 boards on the opposite outside edges, overlapping the corners. use finishing nails at the corners to nail the 1x2 to each other, making a strong corner and a more finished look. note : placing a 2x4 or 4x4, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42642389528632335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e73de2d3-8334-4832-8681-9fe8aff6b913>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.846294"}
{"text": "boards on the opposite outside edges, overlapping the corners. use finishing nails at the corners to nail the 1x2 to each other, making a strong corner and a more finished look. note : placing a 2x4 or 4x4, a tool box, or something else substantial against the edge inside the container will make hammering the top and corners much easier. place one 1x1 section inside each corner for additional strength. hammer at least two finishing nails per each side of the corners through from the outside into the 1x1, about 3 \" from the top and bottom. you can paint or oil your planter box on the outside for a more finished look. decorate it with rope or macram\u03b9 cord tied around it, or add wooden cut - outs or flower decals available from craft stores. experiment and make the container uniquely yours. to make a different size planter box the same basic design can be used for smaller or larger planters. for a small planter you can use 1x1 boards for the base and \u00bd x 1 for the edge boards, using smaller and shorter nails. for a really large planter use 2x4 or 4x4 for your base boards and 2x4 for your edge boards, with 2x2 reinforcing the inside of your corners. you may want to use boards thicker than fence boards for your sides, or reinforce the sides with additional 2x4 in the middle and at the corners.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4119765380690204, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e73de2d3-8334-4832-8681-9fe8aff6b913>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.847811"}
{"text": "( beyond pesticides, march 1, 2013 ) in a literature review published in toxicology last week, researchers found that environmental and occupational pesticide exposure was strongly associated with declines in sperm count. researchers sheena martenies, bs, and melissa perry, scd., mhs., determined that of the 17 studies evaluated, 15 of them reported significant associations between pesticides and semen quality. the researchers counted semen quality according to concentration of sperm over an area, their motility and ability to move, as well as their shapes. researchers targeted studies on ddt, hch, and abamectin, grouping pyrethroids and organophosphates by class. what they found was striking : almost all the studies reported a decrease in sperm concentration ; decreased motility was also reported though less frequently ; while morphological changes were not strongly associated in studiesa\u20ac \u201d only two indicated any changes to sperm shape. these findings build on a growing body of evidence that pesticide exposure at environmental or occupational levels diminished sperm health. in addition to the u. s. findings, a studies conducted on french, new zealander, indian, tunisian, and israeli men have all found decline in sperm count. some studies record a drop by approximately 50 % between 1940 and 1990, no small amount. these results might not be surprising as sperm production is regulated by the endocrine system, a highly sensitive system of hormone regulators. a study on mexican workers in the floral industry, where workersa are routinely exposed to organophosphate, finds that workers not only have increased levels of testosterone, but also suppressed levels of follicle stimulating hormone and inhibin b, which are two sensitive markers for sperm production. the study highlights the importance of generating strong pesticide regulations that incorporate endocrine disruptors for worker protection from pesticide exposure. in 2006, the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) was charged with evaluating pesticides for endocrine disruption under the food quality protection act. while epa has completed tier 1 evaluations for 79 chemicals, it is unclear how its methodology is taking into account low - dose responses that deviate from traditional dose - response curves. with endocrine disruptors, it is only low levels of exposure that is required to severely threaten human and animal reproductive and hormonal functioning. to learn more and contribute to our cause against the use of pesticides, join us in april 5 - 6, in albuquerque, nm for beyond pesticidesa\u20ac\u2122 31st annual national pesticide forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47720895585274775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b6a0491-6c5c-4cb1-a26b-37b8a7fa89c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.853758"}
{"text": "human and animal reproductive and hormonal functioning. to learn more and contribute to our cause against the use of pesticides, join us in april 5 - 6, in albuquerque, nm for beyond pesticidesa\u20ac\u2122 31st annual national pesticide forum, a\u20acssustainable families, farms and food. a\u20act with top national scientists, local and national activists, and concerned citizens as we share information on the issues local communities face, craft solutions and catalyze networks to manifest positive health and environmental policy and change. discussions on the impact that pesticides and other endocrine disrupting chemicals ( edcs ) have on human and environmental health would be led by renowned scientists and medical professionals like tyrone haynes, phd, lynn carroll, phd, joel forman, m. d., issac pessah, phd, and others. for more information on the forum, visit http : / / www. beyondpesticides. org / forum /. for more on edcs, download beyond pesticidesa\u20ac\u2122 endocrine disruption brochure ( bi - fold ), or read beyond pesticides article, a\u20acspesticides that disrupt endocrine system still unregulated by epa. a\u20act all unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of beyond pesticides.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5007910089152376, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b6a0491-6c5c-4cb1-a26b-37b8a7fa89c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.854495"}
{"text": "about microscopic forms of life, including bacteria, archea, protozoans, algae and fungi. topics relating to viruses, viroids and prions also belong here. viruses are tiny geometric structures that can only reproduce inside a living cell. they range in size from 20 to 250 nanometers ( one nanometer is one billionth of a meter ). outside of a living cell, a virus is dormant, but once inside, it takes over the resources of the host cell and begins the production of more virus particles. viruses are more similar to mechanized bits of information, or robots, than to animal life. bacteria are one - celled living organisms. the average bacterium is 1, 000 nanometers long. ( if a bacterium were my size, a typical virus particle would look like a tiny mouse - robot. if an average virus were my size, a bacterium would be the size of a dinosaur over ten stories tall. bacteria and viruses are not peers! ) all bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall. they can reproduce independently, and inhabit virtually every environment on earth, including soil, water, hot springs, ice packs, and the bodies of plants and animals. most bacteria are harmless to humans. in fact, many are quite beneficial. the bacteria in the environment are essential for the breakdown of organic waste and the recycling of elements in the biosphere. bacteria that normally live in humans can prevent infections and produce substances we need, such as vitamin k. bacteria in the stomachs of cows and sheep are what enable them to digest grass. bacteria are also essential to the production of yogurt, cheese, and pickles. some bacteria cause infections in humans. in fact, they are a devastating cause of human disease. i hope that help you out my friend, much success to you and your future goals peace out brother viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye. they can ' t multiply on their own, so they have to invade a ' host ' cell and take over its machinery in order to be able to make more virus particles. viruses consist of genetic materials ( dna or rna ) surrounded by a protective coat of protein. they are capable of latching onto cells and getting inside them. bacteria are organisms made up of just one cell. they are capable of multiplying by themselves, as they have the power to divide. their shapes vary, and doctors use these characteristics to separate them into groups. bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5667140956998815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e946847-cec2-4c13-a019-a5979cb5faf9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.858472"}
{"text": "##plying by themselves, as they have the power to divide. their shapes vary, and doctors use these characteristics to separate them into groups. bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very useful. but some bacteria can cause diseases, either because they end up in the wrong place in the body, or simply because they are ' designed ' to invade us. last edited by canalon on fri jul 24, 2009 9 : 21 pm, edited 1 time in total. reason : spamming in sig both are microscopic, bacteria can double its population in 20 minutes. viruses cannot multiply on their own and have to take over other cells to multiply. bacterial infections are easy to cure with the use of anti - biotics, where - as viruses can be insufferably hard to cure or vaccinate against. for example : we still don ' t have a cure for the common cold. sources : biology teachers, nelson biology vce units 1 & 2 viruses - bacteria 1 ) they are showing both the - they are exclusively living forms. characteristics of living as well as non living. 2 ) they are crystallizable. - noncrystallizable. 3 ) are only parasitic in nature, depend on host for all its - independent or may be saprophytic, parasitic, in nature. 4 ) uses host machinery for its - have ther own genetic material for replication. this is viruses \uff0c and that is a bacteria as follow \uff1a a strong man can save himself a great man can save another. it seems a waste of time answering these questions when the asker can easily google them up or look it up in any biology or microbiology book. especially, that the asker have not the decency to put neither a thank you nor a comment. seems the effort of the experts here have gone to waste. i agree to the 2nd post ( by mith ) that the poster should look harder. true, we all know the answer but if we spoonfeed all the answers to such obviously simple question makes us accomplices in making the poster lazy. whereas, if we point him / her to the right direction, or give ' em a nudge... then we are teaching them to think. we are not here as sages on the stage, but guides by the side. who is online users browsing this forum : no registered users and 0 guests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5009122552865124, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e946847-cec2-4c13-a019-a5979cb5faf9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.859599"}
{"text": "the fifth millennium development goal ( mdg5 ) aims at improving maternal health. globally, the maternal mortality ratio ( mmr ) declined from 400 to 260 per 100000 live births between 1990 and 2008. during the same period, mmr in sub - saharan africa decreased from 870 to 640. the decreased in mmr has been attributed to increase in the proportion of deliveries attended by skilled health personnel. global improvements maternal health and health service provision indicators mask inequalities both between and within countries. in namibia, there are significant inequities in births attended by skilled providers that favour those that are economically better off. the objective of this study was to identify the drivers of wealth - related inequalities in child delivery by skilled health providers. namibia demographic and health survey data of 2006 - 07 are analysed for the causes of inequities in skilled birth attendance using a decomposable health concentration index and the framework of the commission on social determinants of health. about 80. 3 % of the deliveries were attended by skilled health providers. skilled birth attendance in the richest quintile is about 70 % more than that of the poorest quintile. the rate of skilled attendance among educated women is almost twice that of women with no education. furthermore, women in urban areas access the services of trained birth attendant 30 % more than those in rural areas. use of skilled birth attendants is over 90 % in erongo, hardap, karas and khomas regions, while the lowest ( about 60 - 70 % ) is seen in kavango, kunene and ohangwena. the concentration curve and concentration index show statistically significant wealth - related inequalities in delivery by skilled providers that are to the advantage of women from economically better off households ( c = 0. 0979 ; p < 0. 001 ). delivery by skilled health provider by various maternal and household characteristics was 21 percentage points higher in urban than rural areas ; 39 percentage points higher among those in richest wealth quintile than the poorest ; 47 percentage points higher among mothers with higher level of education than those with no education ; 5 percentage points higher among female headed households than those headed by men ; 20 percentage points higher among people with health insurance cover than those without ; and 31 percentage points higher in karas region than kavango region. inequalities in wealth and education of the mother are seen to be the main drivers of inequities in the percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4920815233389737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.881557"}
{"text": "; and 31 percentage points higher in karas region than kavango region. inequalities in wealth and education of the mother are seen to be the main drivers of inequities in the percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel. this clearly implies that addressing inequalities in access to child delivery services should not be confined to the health system and that a concerted multi - sectoral action is needed in line with the principles of the primary health care. there is increasing evidence on the existence of pervasive inequalities in health and health care that are related to socio - economic position as may be measured by household income / expenditure / wealth, occupation, gender, area of residence etc. both between and within countries [ 1, 2 ]. the existing evidence unequivocally reveals that morbidity and mortality are more prevalent at the lower end of the socio - economic ladder. in contrast, access to health services is concentrated among those at the upper end of the socio - economic spectrum. the overwhelming evidence on socio - economic inequalities in health and health care has led to renewed interest globally and nationally to understand the causes of health sector inequalities and develop appropriate policy responses. the differential in maternal health indicators is perhaps the largest differential in health status between rich and poor countries [ 4, 5 ]. in sub - saharan africa, the adjusted maternal mortality ratio in 2008 was 640 per 100, 000 live births, as compared to 14 per 100, 000 in the developed regions. similarly, while the life time risk of maternal death is 1 in 31 in sub - saharan africa, the corresponding figure in the developed regions of the world is 1 in 4, 300. in the period 2000 - 2008, about 96 % of child deliveries were attended by skilled health personnel in the european region of the world health organization. however, despite global improvement in the proportion of women delivered by skilled health workers, the situation in africa has not changed. in the african region only 47 % of births were attended by skilled health personnel. the situation in namibia is much better compared to this average - about 81 % of births attended by skilled health personnel. data from low and middle - income countries also show significant within country gradients in health outcomes and utilization of health services. in the poorest 20 % of the population, an infant is more than twice as likely to die before the age of 1 year and an under - five child is more than three times as likely to be stunted ( short - for - age ) compared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47698823966964315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.882967"}
{"text": "the poorest 20 % of the population, an infant is more than twice as likely to die before the age of 1 year and an under - five child is more than three times as likely to be stunted ( short - for - age ) compared to children from the 20 % economically better - off households. at the dawn of the current millennium, world leaders agreed to reduce maternal mortality by 75 % in 2015 compared to its 1990 levels. one of the indicators for mdg 5 is the proportion of deliveries attended by trained health providers, which include doctors, nurses or midwives. delivery by trained providers is necessary to reduce maternal mortality and is easy to monitor regularly and at reasonably short intervals compared to maternal mortality. global improvements mask inequalities both between and within countries. in namibia, there are significant inequities in births attended by skilled providers that favour those that are economically better off. identifying the determinants of inequities in health and health care is essential to designing equitable interventions. in line with the conceptual framework of the who commission on social determinants of health, access to delivery services by skilled health providers is shaped by political, social and economic forces. it then follows that addressing inequities requires a concerted multi - sectoral action, which is also in line with the principles of primary health care. the objective of this study was to identify the drivers of wealth - related inequalities in child delivery by skilled health providers using a decomposable health concentration index and the framework of the commission on social determinants of health ( csdh ). brief country profile namibia is a country in the south western part of africa covering a land area of 824, 000 square kilometers. according to the 2001 population and housing census, the population was about 1. 8 million with an inter - censal growth rate of 2. 6 % per annum. the country is divided into 13 administrative regions, which also correspond to the health regions. table 1. namibia : selected health and development indicators as can be seen from table 1, although the country is better off than many countries in sub - saharan africa in terms of resources for health and development, there is a significant amount of inequity and inefficiency. the potential loss in human development due to inequalities in each of the dimensions of the hdi ( life expectancy at birth, gross national income per capita and schooling ) amounts to about 44 %. the hdi falls to a level which is less than that of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4810320321710062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.884973"}
{"text": "development due to inequalities in each of the dimensions of the hdi ( life expectancy at birth, gross national income per capita and schooling ) amounts to about 44 %. the hdi falls to a level which is less than that of countries classified as low human development ( hdi = 0. 393 ). furthermore, the gnp per capita rank minus the hdi rank was - 14 indicating inefficiency in translating resources into welfare, i. e. the country did not achieve the level of human development that could potentially have been achieved given its resources. antenatal care from a skilled provider ( at least one visit ) was about 95 %. however, the proportion of pregnant women who received four or more antenatal care visits was only about 70 %. the maternal mortality ratio of 449 per 100, 000 live births in 2006 / 07 is a significant increase from the 1992 level, which was 225 per 100, 000 live births. apart from the direct and indirect causes of maternal mortality ; limited access to emergency obstetric care and lack of transport and communication facilities also contribute to maternal mortality. to reverse the increasing trend of maternal mortality and consequently accelerate the progress towards the achievement of the 5th millennium development goal ( mdg 5 ) of reducing the maternal mortality ratio by three - quarters between 1990 and 2015, the government has embarked on a number of initiatives, including development and implementation of a roadmap for accelerating the reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. in measuring equity in a health outcome or access to health interventions, the following are required : - indicator of the health intervention of interest ( delivery by skilled health providers ) - a variable ( stratifier ) capturing socio - economic status against which the distribution is to be assessed ( wealth ) ; and - a measure of socio - economic inequality to quantify the degree of inequity in the indicator variable of interest. a concentration index ( c ) is used to measure wealth - related inequalities in the observed use of delivery services by skilled health providers. the concentration index of a health care variable y ( utilization of delivery services by trained health providers ) can be defined using the concentration curve that links the cumulative proportion of individuals ranked by wealth to the corresponding cumulative proportion of y ( use of delivery services by trained health providers ). the concentration curve plots shares of the health care variable ( y ) against quantiles of the measure of socio - economic status ( asset - based wealth index ). the concentration index is defined as twice the area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5265318389099307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.886224"}
{"text": "delivery services by trained health providers ). the concentration curve plots shares of the health care variable ( y ) against quantiles of the measure of socio - economic status ( asset - based wealth index ). the concentration index is defined as twice the area between the concentration curve and the line of equality and assumes values between - 1 and + 1. a negative value of the concentration index denotes inequity in skilled care at birth that is to the advantage of the lower wealth quintiles implying that women of lower socio - economic status are delivered by skilled health providers more than their counterparts who are wealthier. in this case the concentration curve lies above the line of equality. on the other hand, a positive concentration index implies inequality in the use of delivery services by skilled providers that favours women who are wealthier ( the concentration curve lies below the line of equality ). when the value of the concentration index is zero, there are no wealth related inequalities in the use of delivery services by skilled providers. the concentration curve overlaps with the 45 - degree line. from individual level data, the concentration index can be computed using the following formula : hi is the health variable of interest ( delivery by skilled health providers ) ; \u03bc is the mean of hi ; ri is the fractional rank of individual i in the distribution of socio - economic position ; and ( ; i = 1 for the poorest and i = n for the richest ). decomposing the concentration index wagstaff et al. demonstrated that the concentration index of a health variable is additively decomposable to the concentration indices of the determinants of that health variable. in other words, the concentration index of the health variable of interest can be expressed as the sum of the contributions of the various determinants of that variable, together with unexplained residual component. in decomposing the concentration index of delivery by skilled providers, the following steps are pursued : 1. regressing the health variable against its determinants : where : yi = 1 if the delivery was conducted by a skilled health provider ; xk : a set of exogenous determinants of delivery by trained health provider ; \u03b2k : coefficient of determinant xk ; and \u03b5i : random error term. the dependent variable ( delivery by skilled health personnel ) is a binary variable with values of 1 ( delivered by skilled provider ) and 0 ( otherwise ). the linear probability model ( lpm ) in equation 2 above has been used in order to satisfy the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5466294228421115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.887483"}
{"text": "the dependent variable ( delivery by skilled health personnel ) is a binary variable with values of 1 ( delivered by skilled provider ) and 0 ( otherwise ). the linear probability model ( lpm ) in equation 2 above has been used in order to satisfy the linearity assumption of the decomposition analysis, although the estimates are inefficient and the probability of delivery by skilled health providers may not fall within the conventional values of 0 \u2264 p \u2264 1 and has heteroskedastic errors. however, the estimated probabilities from the lpm model have been constrained within the conventional values and a comparison with a probit model has not shown significant variations between the coefficients of the lpm and the marginal ( or average ) effects of the probit regression derived using the dprobit stata command. furthermore, to adjust for heteroskedasticity, the predicted values from the regression model have been saved and used as weights to run weighted least squares ( wls ) using the \" aweight \" option in stata 2. calculating concentration indices for the health variable and for its determinants ( and generalized concentration index of the error term ) : for any linearly additive regression model of the health variable of interest ( yi ) such as equation 2 above, the concentration index for y, can be written as : cy : concentration index of skilled care at birth ( i. e. concentration index of yi ) ; : mean value of determinant xk ; \u03bc : mean of the outcome variable yi - that is the mean of deliveries by skilled health providers ck : concentration index of determinant xk gc\u03b5 : residual component that captures wealth - related inequality in skilled care at birth that is not accounted for by systematic variation in determinants across wealth groups. the term in parenthesis in equation 3 above expresses the impact of each determinant on the probability of delivery by skilled health providers. in other words, it denotes the elasticity ( \u03b7k ) of the outcome variable ( delivery by skilled health providers ) with respect to the determinant xk evaluated at the mean value of yi ( delivery by skilled health providers ). the concentration index of delivery by skilled health providers is thus a weighted sum of the inequality in each of its determinants, with the weights equal to the elasticities of the determinants : the social determinants of health framework report of the who commission on the social determinants of health revitalized the need for sustained and concerted efforts to achieve health equity through action on the social determinants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5470354740791494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.888482"}
{"text": "of the determinants : the social determinants of health framework report of the who commission on the social determinants of health revitalized the need for sustained and concerted efforts to achieve health equity through action on the social determinants of health. the commission ' s social determinants framework takes a holistic view of inequities in health and health care within and between countries. inequities in health / healthcare are caused by the unequal distribution of power, income, goods and services nationally and internationally ( figure 1 ). figure 1. commission on social determinants of health conceptual framework. the social determinants of health are the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. these circumstances are in turn influenced by a wider set of forces : economics, social policies and politics. the social determinants framework suggests that interventions to address health inequities have to be geared towards : 1. the circumstances of daily living, which include : differential exposure to health risks in early life, the social and physical environments and work associated with social stratification ; and health care responses. 2. structural drivers including the nature and degree of social stratification ; biases, norms and values within society ; global and national economic and social policy ; and processes of governance at all levels. as observed in figure 1, the health system is an important social determinant of health influenced by and influencing the other social determinants. however, the health system is not the only social determinant of health. the effect of the each of the factors in figure 1 in the genesis and perpetuation of health / health care inequities may vary from one country to another. it is therefore important to try to identify the effect of the various social determinants of health on health outcomes and access to health care in order to design evidence - based interventions and policy instruments. data and variables data from the namibia demographic and health survey 2006 - 07 was used for this study. the data is available on the measure dhs website for registered users. in the linear probability model of the determinants of delivery by skilled health providers and the decomposition analysis the following variables have been used : 1. dependent variable : delivery by skilled health providers, which takes a value of 1 if the delivery has been attended by skilled health providers and a value of zero otherwise. 2. independent variables : \u2022 place of residence - urban / rural ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5264131984212812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.889491"}
{"text": "used : 1. dependent variable : delivery by skilled health providers, which takes a value of 1 if the delivery has been attended by skilled health providers and a value of zero otherwise. 2. independent variables : \u2022 place of residence - urban / rural ; \u2022 wealth as computed from the asset indices ; \u2022 education of mother in years of schooling completed \u2022 head of household - a dummy where female household assumes a value of one ; and \u2022 insurance coverage - a dummy with a value of one if the woman has insurance coverage. in ndhs 2006 - 07, a representative two - stage probability sample of 10, 000 households was selected. the first stage consisted of selection of 500 primary sampling units ( psus ) from a sampling frame of 3, 750 psus with probability proportional to size ; the size being the number of households in the 2001 population census. the second stage involved the systematic selection of 20 households in each psu. the demographic and health surveys do not contain data on household income or consumption expenditure. instead wealth index is used as a proxy. the wealth index is based on household ownership of consumer goods ( such as radio, television ) ; dwelling characteristics ; type of drinking water source ; toilet facilities and other characteristics related to the household ' s socio - economic status. the asset indices are constructed using the method of principal component analysis ( pca ). studies have shown a close relationship between asset ownership and consumption expenditure in developing countries and that household asset is a good indicator of the long - run economic status of households data was analyzed using stata 10 statistical software and ms excel. about 80. 3 % of the deliveries were attended by skilled health providers. a breakdown by various maternal and household characteristics is provided in table 2. table 2. delivery by skilled health provider by various maternal and household characteristics delivery by skilled health providers is observed to differ by the various characteristics provided in table 2. most pronounced differences are seen by the household wealth status and mother ' s level of education. skilled birth attendance in the richest quintile is about 70 % more than that of the poorest quintile. the rate of skilled attendance among educated women is almost twice that of women with no education. furthermore, women in urban areas access the services of trained birth attendant 30 % more than those in rural areas. use of skilled birth attendants is over 90 % in erongo, hardap, karas and khomas regions, while the lowest ( about 60 - 70 % ) is seen in kavango, kunene and ohangwena. parturient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038924941514161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.890496"}
{"text": "birth attendants is over 90 % in erongo, hardap, karas and khomas regions, while the lowest ( about 60 - 70 % ) is seen in kavango, kunene and ohangwena. parturient women in erongo, hardap, karas and khomas utilize the services of skilled attendants by more than 40 % compared to those in kavango. in six out of the thirteen regions, use of skilled delivery is less than the national average of 81 %. the concentration curve ( figure 2 ) and concentration index show statistically significant wealth - related inequalities in delivery by skilled providers that are to the advantage of women from economically better off households ( c = 0. 0979 ; p = < 0. 001 ). the concentration curve in figure 2 lies below the main diagonal indicating that economically better off women are skilled birth attendants more than those who are economically worse off. figure 2. concentration curve : delivery by skilled health providers. the decomposition analysis clarifies how each determinant of delivery by skilled providers contributes to the total wealth - related inequality in delivery by skilled health providers. as can be observed from formula 4 ( ), the contribution of each determinant depends on : ( i ) its impact on delivery by skilled health providers ( elasticity ) ; and ( ii ) how unequally distributed over wealth the determinant is ( its concentration index ). the results of the decomposition analysis are depicted in table 3. table 3. results of the decomposition analysis the concentration indices of erongo, hardap, karas, khomas have a high pro - wealthy concentration index ( p < 0. 001 ) implying that most of the relatively wealthy people inhabit this regions. in contrast, most of the relatively less wealthy people live in ohangwena, omusati and oshikoto regions ( p < 0. 001 ). the concentration indices for urban residence, education of mother, and insurance coverage have a statistically significant positive value indicating that they are more prevalent among the relatively wealthier segment of the population. on the other hand, female household heads are seen more among those that are less wealthy. it is also observed that the three regions ( kavango, kunene and ohangwena ) with the lowest rates of skilled birth attendance are mainly inhabited by the poor, as demonstrated by the negative concentration indices. as discussed above, the contribution of each of the determinants to the total concentration index of delivery by skilled health providers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4880234663737087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.891470"}
{"text": "care. in namibia, inequality in wealth is found to be one of the major contributors of inequity in access to child delivery by trained providers. the country is one of those with the highest income inequality in the world. it is therefore imperative to address this unacceptably high level of income inequality, in order to improve inequities in access to delivery services by trained health providers. there has been a debate on the relationship between income inequality and health ; findings and conclusions have been far from consistent. however, income inequality is one of the markers of the unequal distribution of goods and services including health - enhancing ones. addressing inequities in delivery care by skilled attendants is essential for achieving mdg targets for maternal health. hence, addressing wealth inequalities contributes to improving equity in delivery by skilled attendants and consequently to achievement of the mdg related to improving maternal health. it is, however, important to note that redressing wealth inequalities alone can not be an effective intervention to inequities in access to maternity care in the absence of interventions that also tackle the other social determinants such as education. the link between education of the mother and use of delivery services by trained health providers is well established. influences of maternal education can be observed in two ways : ( i ) education can improve the ability of individuals to produce health ( without relying on health services ) by influencing their life style ; and ( ii ) increasing the use of health care services through improved knowledge, attitude and practice. a study in thailand using data from multiple indicator cluster survey ( mics ) found that education of the mother is the major determinant of inequities in delivery by skilled health workers. our study indicates that inequality in maternal level of education is the major driver of inequities in delivery by trained health providers. hence, bridging inequalities in the maternal levels of education is an important undertaking to narrow inequities in the use of delivery services by skilled health providers. the other determinant of inequities in delivery by skilled providers is distribution according to residential location. it has been observed that there is a very high positive concentration index in urban residence implying that there is a high concentration of the economically better off segment of society in urban areas. it may be difficult in the current study to identify the mechanisms by which inequalities in urban residence influence inequities in delivery by skilled attendants. it may partly be explained by supply - side factors, where there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.505174231236708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.893647"}
{"text": "society in urban areas. it may be difficult in the current study to identify the mechanisms by which inequalities in urban residence influence inequities in delivery by skilled attendants. it may partly be explained by supply - side factors, where there is commonly a differential access to services favoring urban areas ( urban - bias ). there may also be a high concentration of the economically better off and the better educated in urban areas, which may contribute to the influence of inequalities of urban location to inequities in delivery by skilled attendants. it is thus important to carefully understand the mechanisms of influence and take appropriate equity - enhancing measures accordingly. the social determinants of health such as education, income and place of residence are closely linked to access, experiences and benefits from health care, which is itself a social determinant of health. the findings of this study are in line with this assertion of the who commission on social determinants of health. therefore, addressing inequities in the use of delivery services by skilled health providers requires tackling these social determinants of health systems through a concerted multi - sectoral action. the four sets of primary health care reforms that include : ( i ) the universal coverage reforms ; ( ii ) service delivery reforms ; ( iii ) public policy reforms ; and ( iv ) leadership reforms are very relevant here in bridging the observed inequities in the use of delivery services by skilled health providers and consequently contribute to the achievement of the mdg 5 targets. most of the inequality in births attended by skilled health personnel, which is skewed towards the wealthier segment of the population, is explained by inequalities in income, education and urban residence. the region, insurance coverage and female - headed household variables seem to have inequality reducing effect, although not substantial. therefore, the fact that inequalities in wealth and education of the mother are the main drivers of inequities in the percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel implies that policy interventions for addressing inequalities in access to child delivery services should be multi - sectoral in line with the principles of the primary health care. list of abbreviations c : concentration index ; csdh : who commission on social determinants of health ; dhs : demographic and health survey ; hdi : human development index ( hdi ) ; lpm : linear probability model ; mdgs : millennium development goals ; mmr : maternal mortality ratio ; mics : multiple indicator cluster survey ; phc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49638232686655875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.894669"}
{"text": "dhs : demographic and health survey ; hdi : human development index ( hdi ) ; lpm : linear probability model ; mdgs : millennium development goals ; mmr : maternal mortality ratio ; mics : multiple indicator cluster survey ; phc : primary health care the authors declare that they have no competing interests. ez conceived the research, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript. do, tm, cnm and jmk contributed to the drafting of and review of the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. the authors would like to thank all the teams that conducted the namibia demographic and health survey. the manuscript contains the analysis and views of the authors only and does not represent the decisions or stated policies of the institutions that they work for. the lancet 2007, 370 : 1153 - 63. publisher full text journal of econometrics 1997, 77 ( 1 ) : 87 - 103. publisher full text world health organization : closing the gap in a generation : health equity through action on the social determinants of health. final report of the commission on social determinants of health. geneva ; 2008. world health organization : ouagadougou declaration on primary health care and health systems in africa : achieving better health for africa in the new millennium. brazzaville : who regional office for africa ; 2008. the lancet 2008, 372 : 1661 - 69. publisher full text the pre - publication history for this paper can be accessed here :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134096534085362, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad9f5ec9-66f4-453b-a9a4-911269d8f1e3>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.895254"}
{"text": "in conjunction with world aids day, december 1, 2011, president barack obama announced accelerated efforts to increase the availability of treatment to people living with hiv / aids in the united states. the president directed the u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ) to invest approximately $ 50 million in new funding to support aids drug assistance programs in states and increase access to hiv / aids care services. \u201c president obama has laid out a compelling vision that has the power to change the course of the epidemic, \u201d said hhs secretary kathleen sebelius. \u201c now it \u2019 s up to all of us to make our national hiv / aids strategy real. treatment not only improves and extends the lives of people living with hiv, but it also drastically reduces their risk of spreading the virus. \" the president emphasized that critical hhs resources will help ensure that hiv - positive americans get the best care and treatment possible. hhs will commit approximately $ 35 million in new funding and enhanced technical assistance through the health resources and services administration ( hrsa ) to support state aids drug assistance programs so that approximately 3, 000 people living with hiv / aids will have access to life - saving medications. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates that 34 percent of hiv / aids patients do not receive consistent care and only 28 percent of hiv / aids patients have their hiv under control. the announcement builds upon the obama administration \u2019 s new testing initiatives to help the estimated 240, 000 americans living with hiv who are not aware that they are infected. cdc has launched a new campaign to encourage testing among one of the hardest hit populations in the united states, black men who have sex with men. testing makes us stronger is part of act against aids, cdc \u2019 s national campaign to bring attention to the importance of hiv prevention and testing. in 2012, cdc will also be working with partners to expand its successful campaign for african american women. | < prev | | next > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.435977452193808, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c3d7473-40dd-458d-88e0-1e9539e92307>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.897694"}
{"text": "because the risks for hypertension are so dangerous, the u. s. national institutes of health releases federally mandated guidelines for doctors to follow regarding the classification and treatment of high blood pressure. these high blood pressure treatment guidelines are known as the seventh report of the joint national committee ( jnc 7 ) on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. by following these high blood pressure treatment guidelines, doctors are able to have a nationally approved course at the ready immediately following the diagnosis of hypertension in a patient. this affords the patient the quickest and most effective way to reach blood pressure goals based on their overall, individual health. individual blood pressure target goals are based on such conditions as history of heart failure, coronary artery disease, kidney disease, diabetes and other chronic illnesses. high blood pressure is classified and defined as follows, according to the high blood pressure treatment guidelines : as indicated by its name, the high blood pressure treatment guidelines put forth the basic outline and parameters within which doctors are to operate when treating hypertension. the guidelines are as follows : for the treatment of prehypertension ( blood pressure between 120 / 80 and 139 / 89 ) : for the treatment of high blood pressure in which the readings fall between 140 / 90 and 159 / 99 : for the treatment of high blood pressure in which the readings are 160 / 100 or higher : for the treatment of high blood pressure that is accompanied by organ damage or other risk factors for heart disease : when medicines are required or suggested by doctors in order to help the patient reach their individual goals of lowering blood pressure, the high blood pressure treatment guidelines recommend the exact drugs to be administered. these drugs will provide the patient with the most efficient way to : since african americans are an high at - risk group for developing high blood pressure as well as having more severe risks from it and being more likely to develop hypertension at an earlier age, specific care programs are laid out in the high blood pressure treatment guidelines. focusing on lifestyle changes due to the fact that sodium sensitive or the obese or smokers in the african american group are more likely to have organ damage such as kidney disease, heart attack, and enlargement of the heart, is tantamount. though rare, high blood pressure in children is a particular concern because of the propensity for hypertension to continually worsen into adulthood. therefore, the high blood pressure treatment guidelines recommend routine checkups with evaluation for children. this is extra important because secondary high blood pressure is often the diagnosis for children with hypertension.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45112755589157255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f3fbff8-db30-4689-a18f-cbaf7aaffc4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.904577"}
{"text": "the propensity for hypertension to continually worsen into adulthood. therefore, the high blood pressure treatment guidelines recommend routine checkups with evaluation for children. this is extra important because secondary high blood pressure is often the diagnosis for children with hypertension. in fact, it is twice as more likely to happen in children than adults. this means that there is another disease, illness, medication or outside influence causing the child \u2019 s high blood pressure. by treating the underlying cause of the hypertension ( such as kidney or hormonal diseases ) blood pressure should return to normal levels. by treating hypertension in children with lifestyle changes and / or medication, children can be afforded a chance at a healthier adulthood. because of the changes that occur in the body with age, older adults often have what is called ish, or isolated systolic high blood pressure. ish is diagnosed when the systolic number ( top ) is above 140 but the diastolic ( bottom number ) is lower than 90. this means that the high blood pressure treatment guidelines for older adults must be followed because for people over 50 years of age, having a systolic number of over 140 is a better indicator for heart disease and stroke risks. ish is more common in women than men and by 60, most adults who have hypertension have ish. without proper treatment, ish can cause damage to organs like the brain, kidneys, heart, and eyes. in combination with the dietary approaches to stop hypertension ( dash ) diet, blood pressure medication like a diuretic is normally administered. but further complicating ish is the fact that certain medicines used to treat high blood pressure actually cause the pressure to drop too low. this creates unwanted side effects like slower heart beats, lightheadedness, dizziness or even fainting spells. if a patient has ish, their blood pressure should be monitored regularly by a doctor. high blood pressure causes 62 % of all strokes and 49 % of all heart attacks... check your bp on the blood pressure chart. if the chart shows you are in the prehypertension or hypertension ranges, do something about it, even if it is just having a chat with your doctor. the blood pressure chart is for all adults regardless of age, as whilst your age rises, the thresholds for prehypertension and hypertension don ' t! ( there is no blood pressure chart by age! ) no matter what your age - if your bp is above 140 / 90 you should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48188480582598164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f3fbff8-db30-4689-a18f-cbaf7aaffc4e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.905709"}
{"text": "international ladies \u2019 garment workers \u2019 union ( ilgwu ) article free pass international ladies \u2019 garment workers \u2019 union ( ilgwu ), former industrial union in the united states and canada that represented workers in the women \u2019 s clothing industry. when the ilgwu was formed in 1900, most of its members were jewish immigrants employed in sweatshops \u2014 i. e., small manufacturing establishments that employed workers under unfair and unsanitary conditions. successful strikes in 1909 and 1910 in new york city by the ilgwu resulted in a \u201c protocol of peace \u201d between the women \u2019 s clothing industry and labour. the protocol greatly improved conditions for the garment - makers ; wages were increased, working hours were reduced, the union was recognized by the clothing manufacturers, and a board of arbitration was established to handle labour - management disputes. david dubinsky, who later served as the union \u2019 s president from 1932 to 1966, led a successful battle against a communist attempt to gain control of the ilgwu in the 1920s. when resolutions that would have allowed craft unions to organize the workers in mass - production industries were defeated at the convention of the american federation of labor ( afl ) in 1935, the ilgwu and seven other afl unions formed the committee for industrial organization ( cio ). all eight were expelled from the afl in 1937. when the cio became the congress of industrial organizations in 1938, the ilgwu withdrew and two years later returned to the afl. under dubinsky \u2019 s leadership the union grew from 45, 000 members in 1932 to 450, 000 in the 1960s. he transformed the ilgwu from a faction - ridden, insolvent regional union into a strong and progressive international organization that succeeded in improving the pay and working conditions of its members. the union was also a founder of the liberal party in new york state. from the 1970s the ilgwu \u2019 s membership shrank as firms in the united states shifted much of their apparel production to asia and latin america to take advantage of lower labour costs. in 1995 the ilgwu merged with the amalgamated clothing and textile workers \u2019 union to form a new union, the union of needletrades, industrial and textile employees. what made you want to look up \" international ladies ' garment workers ' union ( ilgwu ) \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40153264804048316, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea1b9bd2-9088-4791-b1ec-ed616867904c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.910030"}
{"text": "stop by the library to fill out an application to get a library card. to get a card, the hopeful patron must present a photo identification and at least one proof of residence ( a utility bill, an envelope mailed to yourself ). minors must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. this spring, everyone will be recieving a brand new card to celebrate the activation of the one card network, a project of the sister libraries belonging to the washington county library system. the updated cards are free and each will automatically link to our overdrive electronic book database. great schools offers ten easy tips for inspiring children to make reading a part of everyday life. great schools website youth computer station - visit a quiet corner of our sunny children ' s room to play ( and learn ) on our children ' s computer. the computer provides a myriad of games to encourage many skills and some games just for fun. parents may also choose to use this work station themselves while their children read books, play with our puppet theatre or learning games, explore our interactive science display, or simply sit at a table to draw in a sunny room. stop hunger and learn - every correct answer you give while playing this online brain - building game earns ten grains of rice for the united nations world food program. visit free rice. one book, lots of family fun - copies of suzanne bloom ' s picture book the bus for us are available at all pennsylvania pubic libraries. reading aloud is one of the best activities you can do to prepare your child for school. make time to read aloud every day, using lots of expression while taking time to enjoy the pictures and asking thought - provoking questions. before reading the book : look at the cover, point out the title and author. ask your child to tell you everything he or she knows about riding a bus and going to school. while reading the book : occasionally run your finger under the words as you read them. use facial expressions and vary your voice. ask questions about the story ( is this the bus, or it is another type of truck? what do you think the children have in their bags? ) have your child help you read the repeated question, \" is this the bus for us, gus? \" after reading the book : talk about the emotions the children in the story felt. point out their expressions in the drawings. talk about the different vehicles shown in the story. read books about trains, boats, airplanes, dirigibles, trucks or cars. stop by your california information station to pick up an activity book out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4639814044325574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eac1533-a580-48a0-9d16-f60afed89bad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.914897"}
{"text": "is it good or bad to be able to see ghosts? i \u2019 ve been wondering about this since i recently realized that i \u2019 ve been seeing ghosts ever since i began to study freshwater mussels about 30 years ago. there \u2019 s nothing special about being able to see ghosts \u2014 all mussel ecologists can do it. our native mussels make thick shells, some weighing more than a pound, that can last for decades or centuries, especially in places where the water is hard ( rich in calcium ). this means that when you visit a river, you can see the ghost shells of mussels that lived in 1940, or 1840, along with the shells of mussels that are living in the river today. so mussel ecologists can see the past and present at the same time. each of the 300 species of freshwater mussels in north america has its own habitat preferences and uses its own set of fish species to carry its larvae. thus, mussel ghosts tell you not only what kinds of mussels used to live in a river, but also what the habitat was like and what kinds of fishes could be found there. let me give you an example. one of the first places i visited as a young ecologist was the mouth of macon creek in michigan. i saw a nearly stagnant stream filled with warm water having the temperature and odor of fresh urine. algal scum covered the stream bottom, and construction debris tumbled down its banks. not surprisingly, i didn \u2019 t find a single living mussel in the creek. the scene was unappealing in the extreme. but the ghost shells of 18 species of mussels ( the most i have ever seen at a site ) showed me a different scene. at the same time that i was seeing the squalid scene in front of me, i was also seeing the creek mouth as it must have been before the land was cleared in the 19th century. a small, clear creek overgrown with willows swings through broad loops before entering the river. the sandy spit where the two streams meet is covered with hopeful young sycamores and the tracks of sandpipers. upstream of the creek mouth, the river flows in a foam - flecked green pool shaded by the graceful parents of those little sycamores. downstream, a bright riffle sparkles in the sun. the water is filled with minnows and sunfishes and multicolored darters, and the air is filled with waxwings and warblers and black", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4848610148371046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e3b0ab9-dfbe-44aa-b8df-4a9e3a4b9f02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.925896"}
{"text": "sycamores. downstream, a bright riffle sparkles in the sun. the water is filled with minnows and sunfishes and multicolored darters, and the air is filled with waxwings and warblers and black - winged damselflies. you can imagine the emotions that these ghosts evoked in me \u2014 delight in discovering that such a lovely spot once existed in the monotonous landscape of southeastern michigan, mixed with sadness at its demise. i wonder how we would feel if we could see all of the ghosts around us. what if we saw the shadows of great flocks of passenger pigeons flickering on the ground each year during the migration seasons? or the thin trails of wood smoke rising from indian encampments along the creek every time we drove past i - 84 and route 9? or if looking down from the walkway over the hudson, we saw both the empty muddy water of 2012 and the clear water of 1750, alive with the numberless shads swimming up the river in huge schools? i really don \u2019 t know if it would be a good thing or a bad thing if we could see all of these ghosts. but i do know from my own unsettling experiences as a mussel ecologist that being able to see ghosts forever changes the way that you think about the world and our role in it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46747141439401885, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e3b0ab9-dfbe-44aa-b8df-4a9e3a4b9f02>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.926935"}
{"text": "november 29, 2012 the congress has traditionally placed a limit on the total amount of debt that the department of the treasury can issue to the public and to other federal agencies. lawmakers have enacted numerous increases to the debt limit \u2014 commonly known as the debt ceiling \u2014 some of which have been temporary and many of which have been permanent. treasury debt is now approaching the current limit. what is the current debt limit, and when is it likely to be reached? the current statutory debt limit is $ 16. 394 trillion. as of november 27, 2012, debt subject to that limit stood at $ 16. 279 trillion \u2014 $ 115 billion below the statutory ceiling. the treasury anticipates that borrowing will reach the current limit near the end of december 2012. however, because the treasury can take certain measures that it has used previously when borrowing approached or reached the debt limit, the congressional budget office ( cbo ) expects that the department will be able to continue funding government activities without an increase in the debt limit until mid - february or early march. what makes up the debt subject to limit? debt subject to the statutory limit consists of two main components : debt held by the public and debt held by government accounts. debt held by the public consists mainly of securities that the treasury issues to raise cash to fund the operations and pay off the maturing liabilities of the federal government that revenues are insufficient to cover. such debt is held by outside investors, including the federal reserve system. debt held by government accounts is debt issued to the federal government \u2019 s trust funds and other federal accounts for internal transactions of the government ; it is not traded in capital markets. of the $ 16. 3 trillion in outstanding debt subject to limit, $ 11. 5 trillion is held by the public and $ 4. 8 trillion is held by government accounts. what will occur if the debt limit is reached? if the congress does not raise the current debt limit, the treasury will have to employ alternative strategies for managing its cash and borrowing in order to continue funding government activities. in fact, the treasury has a well - established toolbox of so - called extraordinary measures that will make continued borrowing possible for a limited time if the current debt limit is reached. specifically, the treasury can take the following steps : - suspend the investments of the thrift savings plan g fund ( otherwise rolled over [ or reinvested ] daily, such investments totaled $ 154 billion in treasury securities as of - october 31, 2012 ) ; - suspend the investments of the exchange stabilization fund ( otherwise rolled over daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4230070133120195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7443a326-2795-45a7-9e35-dc83e226216b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.946005"}
{"text": "thrift savings plan g fund ( otherwise rolled over [ or reinvested ] daily, such investments totaled $ 154 billion in treasury securities as of - october 31, 2012 ) ; - suspend the investments of the exchange stabilization fund ( otherwise rolled over daily, such investments totaled $ 23 billion as of october 31, 2012 ) ; - suspend the issuance of new securities to the civil service retirement and disability fund and postal service retiree health benefits fund ( totaling about $ 17 billion on december 31 and about $ 2 billion each subsequent month ) ; - redeem a limited amount of civil service retirement and disability fund securities and postal service retiree health benefits fund securities ( valued at about $ 6 billion per month ) early ; - suspend the issuance of new state and local government series ( slgs ) securities and savings bonds ( typically between $ 3 billion and $ 12 billion in slgs securities and less than $ 1 billion in savings bonds are issued each month ) ; and - replace treasury securities subject to the debt limit with debt issued by the federal financing bank, which is not subject to the limit ( up to $ 8 billion ). those measures provide the treasury with additional room to borrow by limiting the amount of debt held by the public or debt held by government accounts that would otherwise be outstanding. by statute, if those measures are taken, both the civil service and postal service funds, as well as the g fund, will eventually be made whole ( with interest ) after the debt limit has been raised. because the federal government will be running a significant deficit in 2013, the treasury \u2019 s extraordinary measures will allow the government to continue operating for only a limited time. given the magnitude of the government \u2019 s daily cash flows and uncertainty about the size of certain key transactions over the next few months, it is difficult to be precise about the date on which the treasury will lose its authority to borrow additional funds. that uncertainty includes the possibility of substantial delays by the internal revenue service ( irs ) in processing many individual income tax returns and issuing refunds \u2014 which are usually considerable in february and march \u2014 if significant changes to the rules regarding the alternative minimum tax are not enacted by the end of december or possibly very early in 2013. ( in preparing tax forms and programming its computers, the irs may anticipate the types of adjustments to the amt that have routinely been made in recent years, and would be delayed in processing returns if those adjustments are not made soon. ) what is the typical schedule for cash flows and debt issuance? the amount of debt accumulated over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4460301316909031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7443a326-2795-45a7-9e35-dc83e226216b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.947342"}
{"text": "adjustments to the amt that have routinely been made in recent years, and would be delayed in processing returns if those adjustments are not made soon. ) what is the typical schedule for cash flows and debt issuance? the amount of debt accumulated over the next few months depends on the size of the deficit during that period ( which largely determines how much additional cash the government needs ) and on the magnitude of transactions between the treasury and other parts of the federal government. the amount of cash flowing to and from the government will determine how much needs to be borrowed from the public and when that borrowing must occur. in addition, transactions between the treasury and other parts of the federal government, described below, will increase the amount of debt held by government accounts. federal cash flows certain large inflows of cash to and outflows of cash from the treasury follow a regular schedule. that schedule directly affects the amount of borrowing from the public, a key component of debt subject to limit. for large government expenditures, the following are typical dates and amounts ( although the actual date of a disbursement may shift by a day or two in either direction if the normal payment date falls on a weekend or federal holiday ) : - payments to medicare advantage and medicare part d plans : on the first day of the month ( about $ 17 billion ) ; - social security benefits : on the third day of the month ( about $ 25 billion ), with subsequent smaller payments on three wednesdays per month ( about $ 11 billion each ) ; - pay for active - duty members of the military and benefit payments for civil service and military retirees, veterans, and recipients of supplemental security income : on the first day of the month ( about $ 25 billion ) ; and - interest payments : around the 15th and the last day of the month ( with some variation ). deposits ( mostly tax revenues ) are relatively smooth throughout each month except for large payments of nonwithheld taxes occurring near specified dates. the largest payments occur in april, when individual tax returns are due. estimated taxes from corporations and individuals are due at four different points in the year, including mid - december ( for most corporations ) and mid - january ( for individuals ). in addition, corporate income tax receipts rise in march, when most corporations \u2019 tax returns are due. debt issuance : treasury auctions the treasury issues numerous securities to obtain funds to pay off maturing securities and to finance government activities. those securities, which have various maturities, are normally issued in regularly scheduled auctions ( although the date of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4349581153476648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7443a326-2795-45a7-9e35-dc83e226216b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.948488"}
{"text": ". debt issuance : treasury auctions the treasury issues numerous securities to obtain funds to pay off maturing securities and to finance government activities. those securities, which have various maturities, are normally issued in regularly scheduled auctions ( although the date of issuance may shift by a day or two in either direction if the normal issuance date falls on a weekend or federal holiday ) : - treasury bills ( with maturities of up to 52 weeks ) : issued every thursday ( sales in recent auctions have ranged from a total of $ 85 billion to $ 150 billion ) ; - treasury notes ( which mature in 2 to 10 years ) : issued on the 15th and last day of the month ( sales in recent auctions on the 15th have totaled about $ 55 billion ; and on the last day of the month, over $ 100 billion ) ; and - treasury bonds ( which mature in 30 years ) : issued in the middle of the month ( sales in recent auctions have ranged from $ 13 billion to $ 17 billion ) ; 30 - year inflation - protected securities are issued in february, june, and october ( sales in recent auctions have ranged from $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion ). in recent months, the treasury has raised most of its cash on the last day of the month ( about $ 60 billion recently, on average ) and the middle of the month ( about $ 30 billion ). debt issuance : government account series ( gas ) securities debt held by government accounts \u2014 government account series ( gas ) securities \u2014 is dominated by the transactions of a few large trust funds. when a trust fund receives cash that is not immediately needed to pay benefits or to cover the relevant program \u2019 s expenses, the treasury credits the trust fund with that income by issuing gas securities to the fund. the treasury then uses the cash to finance the government \u2019 s ongoing activities. when revenues for a trust fund program fall short of expenses, the reverse happens : the treasury redeems some of the gas securities. the crediting and redemption of securities between the treasury and trust funds are intragovernmental in nature but directly affect the amount of debt subject to limit. on net, the amount of outstanding gas securities tends to fluctuate very little during a month, except when redemptions occur to reflect the payment of benefits for programs like social security and medicare. ( those trust funds account for about two - thirds of the government \u2019 s trust fund balances. ) however, those redemptions of gas securities, which reduce the amount of debt subject to limit,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4553655117020915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7443a326-2795-45a7-9e35-dc83e226216b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.949548"}
{"text": "of benefits for programs like social security and medicare. ( those trust funds account for about two - thirds of the government \u2019 s trust fund balances. ) however, those redemptions of gas securities, which reduce the amount of debt subject to limit, are normally offset by additional borrowing from the public to obtain the cash to make actual payments. most gas securities pay interest in the form of additional securities on june 30 and december 31. ( recent payments have amounted to about $ 80 billion on each day. ) what are the key dates in early 2013 for cash flows and debt issuance? in the coming months, transactions on a number of key dates will determine what steps the treasury will have to take to stay under the debt limit and when those steps will be necessary. the first such date is december 31, when a large interest payment is due to trust funds for social security and other programs. if the debt limit is unchanged, cbo expects that the secretary of the treasury will employ the extraordinary measures described above to clear room under the debt ceiling and continue to raise cash to finance government activities. cbo expects that employing such measures would enable the treasury to continue borrowing from the public through at least mid february. but the amounts of some large inflows to and outflows from the federal government could influence when the treasury will be unable to borrow further under the current limit, even after taking the extraordinary measures : cash inflows to the treasury - mid - january : receipt of nonwithheld individual income tax payments ( which have averaged about $ 45 billion over the past few years ) and - mid - march : receipt of corporate tax payments ( which have averaged about $ 23 billion over the past few years ). cash outflows from the treasury - february 1 : payments for social security benefits ( ordinarily made on the 3rd of the month, which is a sunday ), medicare advantage, medicare part d, certain other benefits, and pay for active - duty members of the military ( recently about $ 67 billion ) ; - february 6, 13, and 20 : additional social security benefit payments ( recently about $ 11 billion each time ) ; - february 15 : a large interest payment on publicly issued securities ( previously over $ 30 billion ) ; - march 1 : payments for social security benefits ( ordinarily made on the 3rd of the month, which again is a sunday ), medicare advantage, medicare part d, certain other benefits, and pay for active - duty members of the military ( recently about $ 67 billion ) ; - march 6, 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47962031390564136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7443a326-2795-45a7-9e35-dc83e226216b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.952622"}
{"text": "some basic facts on state and local government workers updated june 15, 2012 this brief report presents some basic facts about state and local employees : the jobs they perform, how many there are, how their pay compares with pay in the private sector, and how much states and localities \u2014 mainly school districts, cities, and counties \u2014 spend on pay and benefits. who are public employees? by far the largest share of state and local government workers are the nearly 7 million teachers, aides, and support staff working in the nation \u2019 s elementary, middle, and high schools. ( see figure 1 ). other prominent categories of state and local employment are protective services ( including police officers, fire fighters, and correctional officers ), higher education, health care ( including nurses and other workers at public hospitals and clinics ), and transportation ( including road maintenance workers and bus drivers ). how has the number of public employees changed over time? over the last 30 years, the number of state and local workers grew modestly relative to the overall population, from about 59 per 1, 000 in 1980 to 65 per 1, 000 in 2008 before declining to 61 per 1, 000 in 2011. ( see figure 2 ). all of that growth has been in education workers and reflects demographic changes and policy initiatives, such as efforts to reduce class sizes and better help children with special needs. over the same period the number of non - education workers remained about the same relative to the overall population until declining somewhat after 2008. since august 2008, the total number of state and local government employees has declined by 662, 000. how do their pay and benefits compare to those of private - sector workers? studies find that public workers are paid 4 to 11 percent less than private - sector workers with similar education, job tenure, and other characteristics. this wage disadvantage is greatest for higher - wage public workers. the typical middle - wage worker earns about 4 percent less in the public sector than the private sector. low - wage state and local workers, by contrast, earn a small amount more than their private - sector counterparts. ( see figure 3. ) while the average pay for all public employees exceeds that of all private workers, this reflects the fact that public - sector jobs are much more likely to require higher education ; teaching positions require a college or master \u2019 s degree, for example. state and local employees are twice as likely as private - sector workers to have a college or advanced degree. public - sector workers also earn less than their private - sector counterparts when one counts both their wages and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4127872781121819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a21dbc53-22a1-4255-8f3a-64b29bdb0fe8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.957598"}
{"text": "or master \u2019 s degree, for example. state and local employees are twice as likely as private - sector workers to have a college or advanced degree. public - sector workers also earn less than their private - sector counterparts when one counts both their wages and benefits such as pensions and health insurance. benefits are typically more generous and secure for public employees than for most private - sector workers, but factoring in the value of these benefits does not eliminate the gap between state and local employees and their counterparts in comparable private - sector jobs. the center for retirement research at boston college, widely recognized as an authoritative source on retirement income issues, recently found that total compensation for public - sector workers \u2014 including the value of benefits \u2014 is 4 percent less than that of comparable private - sector workers. how much do states and localities spend on their employees? because providing services is the primary business of states as well as school districts, cities, counties, and other local governments, labor costs \u2014 i. e., wages and benefits \u2014 make up a significant share of their annual spending. - wages and salaries. wages and salaries make up about one - third of state and local governments \u2019 general spending, on average, according to census bureau data. states spend a considerably smaller share ( about 15 percent ) than local governments ( 41 percent ). - total compensation. spending on benefits such as health insurance and retirement is not reported to the census but can be estimated using data from the bureau of labor statistics. adding these costs brings the total costs of compensation for state and local workers to about 44 percent of state and local spending. some 20 percent of state spending is for employee compensation, compared to about 55 percent of local government spending. alicia munnell, jean - pierre aubry, josh hurwitz, and laura quinby, comparing compensation : state - local versus public sector workers, center for retirement research at boston college, september 2011, http : / / crr. bc. edu / images / stories / briefs / slp _ 20 _ 508. pdf. see also keith a. bender and john s. heywood, out of balance? comparing public and private sector compensation over 20 years, center for state & local government excellence ( cslge ), national institute on retirement security, april 2010, http : / / www. slge. org / vertical / sites / % 7ba260e1df - 5aee - 459d - 84c4 - 876efe1e4032 % 7d / uploads / %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42839704355443475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a21dbc53-22a1-4255-8f3a-64b29bdb0fe8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.958677"}
{"text": "winemaking was first introduced to chile by spanish settlers in the 1500 \u2019 s, but it wasn \u2019 t until the 1980 \u2019 s that much of the world had their first sips of chilean wine. at this time, chile began exporting its wine reserves after strict trade barriers were lifted that once prevented wines to be released from chile. since then, chile has experience remarkable growth. in 1984, chile \u2019 s total wine exports amounted to 2 %, less than 30 years later they \u2019 re currently exporting 70 % of their wines, making chile responsible for roughly 8 % of the world \u2019 s wine. chile is dominated by red wines, accounting for almost three quarters of their total production. the most prominent red wine is cabernet sauvignon, followed merlot and, finally, carmenere, the \u201c lost grape of bordeaux. \u201d chile has also received high praise for the production of wines made from pinot noir despite the fact the plantings of this grape are relatively small. chile \u2019 s red wines are often blended into interesting cuvees that stray from the ordinary by incorporating a combination or all of the three main red varieties, as well as petite verdot, syrah, and other grapes. chardonnay and sauvignon blanc are the most prominent white grape varieties, but chile also has a solid reputation for their semillion, riesling, gewurztraminer, and dry - styled pedro ximenez wines, among others. chile remains one of the few wine - producing regions that has not been devastated by phylloxera, the louse that destroyed much of the world \u2019 s vineyards in the 1800 \u2019 s. because of this, chile has several vineyards that date back to upwards of 150 years. these old vines, mostly of carignan and mourvedre, produce concentrated, intriguing wines that are highly sought after. despite the lack of phylloxera, chile has begun to experiment with various clones and rootstocks that will help better ward off other natural pests, such as nematodes, and naturally occurring problems such as drought. chile continues to exercise strict regulation laws for importing rootstocks. each vine imported into chile must remain in isolation for 7 or more years to ensure all potentially harmful pests have been eliminated. historically, chile has long been recognized as a place with great winemaking potential. many of europe \u2019 s prestigious winemaking families, such chateau mouton rothschild and chateau lafite rothschild opened wineries on the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3663256077687179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.982660"}
{"text": "pests have been eliminated. historically, chile has long been recognized as a place with great winemaking potential. many of europe \u2019 s prestigious winemaking families, such chateau mouton rothschild and chateau lafite rothschild opened wineries on the country \u2019 s soil. other prestigious winemakers from other parts of the world such as californian winemaker robert mondavi and catalan winemaker, miguel torres did the same. chile \u2019 s geographical location and shape play an important role in its winemaking. despite having nearly 9000 meters between the northernmost and southernmost winemaking areas of the country, larger variation of climate can be found from east to west. to the west, chile is bordered by the pacific ocean which produces a cooling, west - sweeping wind known as the humboldt current. to the east, chile is separated from argentina by the andes mountains. the andes play an important role \u2013 they protect chile from outside pest, such as phylloxera, that have affected other parts of south america and they also play a role in the climate of the country. as winemaking has progressed in chile, there has been an increased focus on both the soil structure and the distinct micro - climate of each area. extensive studies have been conducted to determine which varieties will best express themselves where. many of chile \u2019 s vineyards are organic, though a small proportion is certified as such. many winemakers believe it is important to follow natural winemaking practices in order to achieve a natural - tasting wine. in addition to increased attention to vineyard practices, young, highly - trained chilean winemakers are also making great strides in the winery. many have been trained abroad in some of the best wineries and winemaking schools available and this knowledge in conjunction with state - of - the - art winemaking facilities has proved useful. here are a few key facts to know about chile : chile has fourteen distinct valleys, they are : o elqui valley o limari valley o choapa valley o san antonio o maipo valley o rapel valley o cachapoal valley o colchagua valley o maule valley o itala valley o bio bio chile \u2019 s wine label laws live by the rule of 75 % ( must be 85 % to be distributed in all export markets ) \u00b7 75 % vintage \u00b7 75 % variety \u00b7 75 % denomination of origin \u00b7 quality wine : min 11. 5 % abv \u00b7 reserva and / or reserva especial : 12 % \u00b7 reserva privada and / or gran reserva : 12. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44805280918294316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.984955"}
{"text": "75 % denomination of origin \u00b7 quality wine : min 11. 5 % abv \u00b7 reserva and / or reserva especial : 12 % \u00b7 reserva privada and / or gran reserva : 12. 5 % \u00b7 mandatory time spent in oak southwest of santiago lies the maipo valley, arguably the most famous wine producing region in chile and it is also one of the largest totaling over 10, 000 hectares of area under vine. though the maipo valley is not chile \u2019 s oldest wine region, it is often referred to as the most traditional. due to the areas proximity to santiago, many of chile \u2019 s oldest, largest, and most established wineries have found a home in the maipo valley including concho y toro, cousino macul, and santa rita. in the maipo valley, cabernet sauvignon dominates vine plantings \u2013 accounting for more than 50 % of the wines produced, merlot accounts for 10 %. overall, the maipo valley is a predominately red wine region and has an 85 / 15 split of red to white wines. the maipo valley covers a large area of chile spanning from the east of santiago to the west of the pacific ocean. within this area there are three sections, alto maipo, central maipo, and coastal maipo. each offers its own, unique style of wine, highlighting the diversity that can be found within one area. alto maipo : the cabernet sauvignon from the alto maipo is particularly noteworthy as the region boasts the ideal viticultural setting. the region \u2019 s microclimate is continental, partially because of the region \u2019 s altitude, reaching heights of 1, 300 - 2, 600 feet above sea level, and also because of the amount of sun exposure. the andes mountains have a great affect on the vines grown in the alto maipo not only because of their elevation, but because before the morning sun can reach the vines it must first rise above the argentinean side of the mountain range. this area is known for its large, alluvial river stones, which are traditionally known for producing exquisite wines, and make no exception here producing the country \u2019 s finest cabernets. winds sweeping off the pacific ocean add to the cool temperatures of the region, but these factors, in turn, create a bold, elegant style of cabernet sauvignon that is highly sought after. central maipo : this region is one of chile \u2019 s oldest winemaking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42335949406714674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.985948"}
{"text": "to the cool temperatures of the region, but these factors, in turn, create a bold, elegant style of cabernet sauvignon that is highly sought after. central maipo : this region is one of chile \u2019 s oldest winemaking areas, and was the first of the maipo valley to be settled. cabernet sauvignon dominates vine plantings in central maipo, but the region \u2019 s carmenere wines are also emerging and have received high praise in recent years. central maipo is the warmest of the three areas and it sees less rainfall than the alto maipo and pacific maipo, drip irrigation is needed. vineyards are often planted along the maipo river, an area that is known for its rocky, alluvial soils that the noble varieties, such as carmenere and cabernet sauvignon, historically enjoy. pacific maipo : the pacific maipo is the youngest area of the maipo valley, and today there are still few vineyard plantings here. grapes grown in this region benefit from the coastal influence of the pacific ocean and, here, we again find welcomed alluvial soils. red wines from the coastal maipo have a refreshing, natural acidity from the influence of the pacific ocean. the vineyards in this area are often planted so that they are nestled between smaller, low - lying hills that rise between the andes and the coast so that they are protected by the harsh winds from the ocean. because of the region \u2019 s coastal influence, the pacific maipo is also the perfect place for experimentation with the country \u2019 s white varieties, most notably sauvignon blanc. one can expect to see increased exposure of the pacific maipo \u2019 s red and white varietals in the coming years. casablanca valley, chile \u2019 s premier cool - climate coastal region, offers wine lovers an elegant style of wine that \u2019 s uniquely indicative of the area. here, the focus is on varieties that thrive in cooler temperatures including chardonnay, pinot noir, sauvignon blanc, and a rising production of syrah. casablanca is a relatively new region for wine production, as the first vines were planted just over 30 years ago in 1982 by pablo morande, the winemaking veteran from concha y toro. as a result, the region is just now coming into its own, eclipsing even the great strides it has already made. recent soil analysis, experimentation of plantings on higher slopes, and a focus on matching the best varieties to the climate have given casablanca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40948357021521464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.986909"}
{"text": "result, the region is just now coming into its own, eclipsing even the great strides it has already made. recent soil analysis, experimentation of plantings on higher slopes, and a focus on matching the best varieties to the climate have given casablanca an image of prestige and innovation that shows through in the wines. in every sense of the term, casablanca is a classic cool climate, coastal region \u2013 the average temperature in the summer is 25c ( 77f ) which is significantly cooler than other parts of chile. adding to the region \u2019 s already cool temperatures, mornings in casablanca are generally foggy from the mists that settled the evening before that don \u2019 t burn off until mid morning. the middle of the day can be quite hot, but this doesn \u2019 t last long as the cool breeze from the north - sweeping humboldt current blows away the heat by late afternoon. the strong winds help to protect the grapes from the development of botrytis and other forms of mold because they help to dry off the vines from the morning mists. however, strong winds can also negatively affect fruit set and if the valley gets too cool, the vines are put at risk of frost. fortunately, the valley \u2019 s relative distance from the ocean and hilly terroir protect it from the full force of the winds and help to deter any potentially negative impact. unlike other areas of chile, casablanca valley has no rivers. this means the valley \u2019 s soil has not been affected by water erosion in hundreds of years. as a result, these ancient soils consist of layers of clay, sand, and decomposed granite that are easy for vine \u2019 s roots to penetrate. due to the absence of an active flowing river in casablanca, however, vines must be irrigated and water must be pumped from nearby wells to ensure they receive enough to produce adequate fruit. on the positive side, this lack of water acts as a natural controller of yield which helps to concentrate flavor in the wines. since the establishment of the area as a winemaking region by morande, many other prestigious wineries have opened their doors in casablanca including santa rita, casas del bosque, morande, kingston family estates, veramonte, william cole, indomite, vinomar, casablanca, and quintay. casablanca is also a place from which many wineries outside of the region source fruit, particularly when they are focusing on the addition of a cool climate wine to their portfolio. when is comes to cool - climate wines from chile, the casablanca valley is top - tier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41936012811168566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.987914"}
{"text": "a place from which many wineries outside of the region source fruit, particularly when they are focusing on the addition of a cool climate wine to their portfolio. when is comes to cool - climate wines from chile, the casablanca valley is top - tier. the region already produces fantastic wines made from chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, pinot noir, and more whose value, like so many other wines of chile, far exceed their price points. still, as the valley continues to push the limits, it is evident that casablanca valley will continue to raise the bar of quality wine. * colchagua & cachapoal * nestled in the center of the central valley are two valleys colchagua and cachapoal, that, together, make up the rapel valley.. while neither currently holds a legal classification, each had made a name for itself as its own entity boasting unique terroir. the valleys are similar in latitude, but cachapoal is slightly more northern. the region is known for its red wines that make up 80 % of production. the star varieties of the region are cabernet sauvignon and carmenere, but merlot, sauvignon blanc, chardonnay, and syrah are also produced here. styles are quite diverse due to the variation of soils and climactic influences of the region bordered by the soaring andes to the east. cachapoal has generally warm summer days and summer nights though the climate grows cooler in vineyards higher in the andes foothills. soils in cachapoal are made up of well draining alluvial soils with additions of clay and gravel which are perfect for growing the bordeaux varieties. within the cachapoal valley, there are further designated regions, including peumo, rancagua, reguinoa, and rengo. the cooler areas in the alto cachapoal are known for elegant styles of cabernet sauvignon while peumo is home to some of chile \u2019 s best carmenere wines. focus on peumo : peumo is a distinct micro - climate in the cachapoal valley located near the coastal mountain range of chile. here, the cool breezes from the pacific ocean and maritime soils create a prized, full - bodied, fruit - forward style of carmenere that is highly sought after. the eastern, more southern region of the rapel valley, colchagua, lies closer to the coastal range and the sea. it is largely recognized as the more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4519622246488721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.988984"}
{"text": "full - bodied, fruit - forward style of carmenere that is highly sought after. the eastern, more southern region of the rapel valley, colchagua, lies closer to the coastal range and the sea. it is largely recognized as the more traditional wine - growing region of the two and is one of the best - known in chile. this region offers big red wines, 90 % of the region \u2019 s plantings, made from syrah, cabernet sauvignon, carmenere, and old vine malbec. climates in colchagua vary, ranging from the andes foothills to the cooler areas of marchigue and lolol which are closer to the pacific ocean. there is a large range of soils here from fertile alluvial soils on the valley floor to sand and decomposed granite on the hillsides ; in the west, schist, volcanic sands, and slate can also be found. some of chile \u2019 s top wineries are located in the colchagua valley and take great advantage of the hilly terrain to achieve optimum ripeness. micro - areas such as apalta, where lapostelle \u2019 s clos apalta and montes \u2019 alpha \u2018 m \u2019 can be found, san fernando, and chimbarango offer more significant diurnal differences which help to bring out the character of the wines. other areas of the region include nancagua, santa cruz, palmilla, and peraillo. focus on the central coast : colchagua \u2019 s coastal area is one of the up - and - coming areas for cool climate varietals. despite plantings began here less than ten years ago, they are already producing fantastic examples of sauvignon blanc and pinot noir. the area features soils that are a mix of sand and clay typical of the coastal mountains that provide good drainage and are easily permeable so vines can dig deep down. the area of san antonio was once primarily a shipping port known for its seafood, not produce, but in recent years, the valley has made itself known as one of chile \u2019 s most expressive cool climate wine regions. until 1998, it was believed that there was no available water source for irrigation. however, once a source was discovered in the leyda sector of san antonio, there was no looking back. the valley \u2019 s first vintage wine, a pinot noir, was released in 2001 and the area was officially named a quality wine region just ten years ago in 2002. san antonio valley is further", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4112237014862881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.990008"}
{"text": "sector of san antonio, there was no looking back. the valley \u2019 s first vintage wine, a pinot noir, was released in 2001 and the area was officially named a quality wine region just ten years ago in 2002. san antonio valley is further divided into sectors leyda, lo abarca, rosario, malvilla, cartegena, and lleoleo. of these leyda is the best known, largely due to the source of irrigation, and its name has become almost synonymous with san antonio. its proximity to the ocean and thin, rocky soils comprised of decomposed granite and red clay offer perfect growing conditions for chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, and pinot noir, and more recently syrah. san antonio also grows small plantings of riesling and gewurztraminer which are not common in the rest of chile, but show great potential in this area. san antonio has the coolest climate of all the coastal regions in chile and has several plantings within site of the ocean at just 5km inland. this contributes to the region \u2019 s signature style of crisp, mineral driven white wines and concentrated red wines both of which boast high levels of acidity and strong aromatic components. unfortunately, this does not come without risk. because of san antonio \u2019 s proximity to the ocean, the area is known for high winds, fog, and humidity. as a result, the area is more susceptible to frost and rot than other areas. conversely, the wind, fog, and mist play an important part in keeping the grapes cool which is important for the development of the defining character found in the wines of san antonio. within the san antonio valley, there are four main wineries including matetic, casa marin, amaral, leyda, and amayna and two main vineyard sites for leyda and amayna wineries. these wineries are largely responsible for the production of some of chile \u2019 s finest cool - climate varietal wines. however, many other wineries source fruit from the region and this is becoming increasingly popular. despite the fact the valley \u2019 s winemaking culture is still largely in its infancy, the wines of san antonio valley have captured the hearts and palates of even the toughest wine critics. their elegance and finesse for which the region \u2019 s top varieties are known are further enhanced by the influence of the unique terroir resulting in an expression that is distinctly chilean. maule is chile \u2019 s largest winegrowing region, with over 31 thousand hectares under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39178488861382343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.991049"}
{"text": "already made international headlines. within maule there are five subzones : talca, san clemente, san javier, parral, linares, and cauquenes, each of which offers something unique. talca is home to the university of talca which is famed for its prestigious viticultural department. cauquenes is the area of maule bestknown for dry - farmed, bush vines primarily of carignan resulting in concentrated, flavorful wines. there are many wineries in maule, but of particular note are o. fournier, gillmore, j. bouchon, calina, via wine group, hugo casanova, and carta vieja. despite the face maule is one of the oldest regions in chile, it is very is still developing and is just beginning to showcase its full potential.. traditionally, the region was once known for its production o f bulk wines, but as is evidenced by the past few years, high education levels, and use of innovative techniques, both new and traditional, have allowed maule to showcase its true potential. elqui & limari valleys reaching far to the north of chile are the limari and elqui valleys whose climate, despite being so close to the equator, are classified as cool climate growing areas. limari valley, though considered a generally new region, has a winemaking history dating back to the 16th century. what makes this a \u201c new \u201d region, however, is the innovation and technology combined with exploration of new microterroirs that have shown new light on the region \u2019 s potential. the limari valley is greatly affected by the morning fog that is caused by the pacific ocean which cools in the morning, but clears as the afternoon \u2019 s hot sun rises. the region is very dry \u2013 less than 4 inches of rain annually \u2013 but irrigation has made vine growing possible here. the lack of water, however, encourages the vines to dig deep into the soils and, in turn, there is a pronounced effect of minerality found in the wines. the variation in soils consisting of clay, silt, and chalk allow for expressive cool - climate wines such as sauvignon blanc and syrah to flourish here. limari is further divided into four areas ovalle, monte patria, punitaqui, and rio hurtado. stretching further to the north is the elqui valley located just south of the atacama dessert. traditionally, the elqui valley was best known for the production of pi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38481032209717847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.993229"}
{"text": "ovalle, monte patria, punitaqui, and rio hurtado. stretching further to the north is the elqui valley located just south of the atacama dessert. traditionally, the elqui valley was best known for the production of pisco, but in recent years winegrowers have explored outer parts of the region such as along the coast and atop the andes mountains which are cooled by the winds from the pacific ocean. what they \u2019 ve found is that the region is ideal for planting cool - climate grapes such as syrah and cabernet sauvignon. of growing interest, however, is the region \u2019 s dry pedro ximinez wines which have been shown great interest by exploratory sommeliers. within the elqui valley there are two sub - regions : vicuna and paiguano. like the limari valley, eliqui \u2019 s rainfall is very low here at just 2. 8 inches per year, but the rocky terrain allow vines to dig deep into the clay, silt, and chalk soils. apart from wine production, elqui is well - known for its clear skies and it has long - been a destination for astronomers and star gazers alike. the exploration of new regions in chile has allowed for the increasing production of cool - climate wines which offer lower alcohol and showcase more of the grape \u2019 s and region \u2019 s character. despite both regions remaining relatively small to this day, there has been increasing interest from wineries throughout the country ; these valleys are definitely two to watch. to the north of santiago is the aconcagua valley, a small winegrowing area of just 1, 098 hectares best - known for its production of red wines. in fact, aconcagua has earned international prestige as one of chile \u2019 s highest regarded wines. in 2004, vina errazuriz \u2019 s \u201c sena \u201d, an iconic bordeaux - style blend and one of the premier reds of chile, placed ahead of both chateau lafite and chateau margaux in the berlin tasting, a milestone for the chilean wine industry likened to the famous 1976 judgment of paris. aconcagua experiences a mediterranean climate with 8. 5 inches of annual rainfall and boast variety of soils dominated by clay and sand in the east and granite and clay in the west. the area is also home to the america \u2019 s highest point, mt. aconcagua. at 22, 828 feet, the snowcapped mountain provides adequate water to the vines below. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4259912725930006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.994140"}
{"text": "east and granite and clay in the west. the area is also home to the america \u2019 s highest point, mt. aconcagua. at 22, 828 feet, the snowcapped mountain provides adequate water to the vines below. the valley also runs along the river that stretches from the pacific ocean to the andes and experiences significant diurnal differences ( warm days followed by cool nights ). its warmest area is in the center of the valley, though leaning more toward the eastern side, but at either end natural factors help to regulate temperature. in the east, the temperature is influenced by higher altitudes combined with sweeping winds while to the west the area is kept cool by the cool breezes generated by the coastal humboldt current. it is here, in the west, that some winemakers have begun to explore the growth of cool climate whites such as sauvignon blanc, but for now aconcagua remains best - known for its ripe, fruit - forward reds made from cabernet sauvignon, syrah, petit verdot, and carmenere. within the area of aconcagua, there is one particular growing area, panquehue, which is home to the famous vina errazuriz, which is over a century old, and offers a more moderate climate for grape growing adding to the grape \u2019 s ability to retain its natural acidity with a slightly longer growing season. aconcagua, though small, is well - recognized as one of chile \u2019 s premier regions for wine - growing with a prominent past helping to set the wines of chile on the map. as more producers explore the area and the vine growing area expands, aconcagua is expected to shine for many years to come. curico & itata valleys the itata and curico valleys are, in general, two of the lesser - known valleys of the country, but it is within these areas that one will find some of the greatest history and diversity. nestled between the bio bio and maule valleys one will find the itata valley, one of the oldest wine growing regions in chile. complementing its history, however, it boasts a strong balance of both the old and the new. the classic varieties of cabernet sauvignon, chardonnay, and merlot dominate across the valley \u2019 s alluvial, clay, and sand soils. interestingly, however, itata is also home to several hectares of carignan and semillon which are making waves in the us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4172856925204829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.995227"}
{"text": "chardonnay, and merlot dominate across the valley \u2019 s alluvial, clay, and sand soils. interestingly, however, itata is also home to several hectares of carignan and semillon which are making waves in the us especially among exploratory sommeliers. the area is relatively small with just over 630 hectares under vine, but despite its small plantings there is great diversity in the area. throughout itata one will find a healthy amount of ancient bush vines, most of which are dry - farmed and quite small, but alongside these plantings there are also vineyards dominated by newly planted, vertically positioned vines. this combination allows for great potential for exploration. to the north of itata, but just 200km south of santiago, is the curico valley, a large, diverse valley with 1, 484 hectares under vine. over 30 different grape varieties can be found here, but most notably are cabernet sauvignon, carmenere, sauvignon blanc, and syrah. the valley \u2019 s modern history begins in the 1970 \u2019 s when miguel torres first explored the area and introduced the first stainless steel tank to chile. this encouraged a flurry of foreign investment which led to increased plantings and exploration of suitable grape varieties for the area. curico boasts a mediterranean climate, though it is shielded from the ocean \u2019 s influence by chile \u2019 s coastal range. because of this, the conditions on the valley floor and on the andes mountains play an important role as the plantings are spread across these areas. soils are composed of clay, sand, and decomposed granite which, combined with the climate, make it an ideal region for sauvignon blanc and powerful red wines. the itata and curico valleys of chile are representative of the diversity and terroir - driven exploration that is the hallmark of chile \u2019 s evolving wine industry. within each valley one will find a different representation of the innovation and openness to new ideas which only adds to the country \u2019 s intrigue. the choapa valley though small with only 96 hectares under vine is a wine region that \u2019 s gaining in notoriety. this northern area is in the narrowest part of chile where the andes meet the coastal range. the valley itself is further divided into two areas : illapel and salamanca which are known for their rocky soils with a base of clay, silt, and chalk. the desert - like climate receives just 4. 5 inches of rain per year, but it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42999740764017347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.996332"}
{"text": "is further divided into two areas : illapel and salamanca which are known for their rocky soils with a base of clay, silt, and chalk. the desert - like climate receives just 4. 5 inches of rain per year, but it \u2019 s perfect for the region \u2019 s vineyards which are dominated by the production of syrah and cabernet sauvignon. the choapa river, which flows from the andes mountains through the region to the pacific ocean, also helps to create a unique microclimate for the area. as a result, the wines are of high - quality with high acidity and low ph. to date, there are no resident wineries in the area, but there are is an increased focus on the area by several producers. de martino \u2019 s syrah legado comes from a 325m vineyard planted near salamanca, chile \u2019 s fabled center of witchcraft. it \u2019 s the only wine produced in chile with this d. o. nevertheless, despite choapa valley \u2019 s its small size, this unique, northern - located area is making a name for itself with high quality reds worth seeking out. malleco & bio bio over the past twenty years, chilean wineries and winemakers have been discovering new and interesting terroir and microclimates. among these areas are the two of the most southern - reaching areas of chile, the malleco and bio bio valleys. innovative winemakers are pioneering the discovery of which wine varieties and styles adapt best to the region, in each valley they have been making strides exhibiting just how their individual microclimates can generate wines which uniquely express the terroir. today, innovative winemakers are focusing on the exploration of the unique microclimates of each region. through their research, they have discovered which grapes work best in the region and also how the wines portray stylistic expression. the larger of the two, and more popular, bio bio, ( pronounced bee - o bee - o ), has just 446 hectares under vine. here pinot noir and chardonnay have recently stolen the spotlight and are the wines to watch from this region. their extreme southern position gives them warm days and more daylight than their northern counterparts. their moderate mediterranean climate provides them with the ideal combination of with warm days and cold nights theses southern regions receive more daylight than the northern regions, though once the sun sets the nights are cool. this moderate mediterranean climate allows for a lengthy ripening season. the coastal mountain range blocks bio bio from the influence of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41473681992710554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.997510"}
{"text": "days and cold nights theses southern regions receive more daylight than the northern regions, though once the sun sets the nights are cool. this moderate mediterranean climate allows for a lengthy ripening season. the coastal mountain range blocks bio bio from the influence of the ocean, though the region is still known for high rainfall and strong winds. this can make the regions \u2019 growing conditions somewhat challenging for grape growers, but skillful winemakers have embraced this opportunity and shown success. the climate conditions in bio bio are similar to those in northern france. add to that the soils made up of alluvial matter, clay and sand and it \u2019 s a recipe for success. the results are lower - alcohol wines with bright acidity giving way to a more mineral expression in contrast with some of their fruit - forward counterparts from other regions. to the south of bio bio lies the malleco valley ( pronounced mah - yay - ko ), in fact, malleco is one of the southernmost wine producing regions in the world nearly bordering patagonia! it is an area that is still in its adolescence and is still in the process of understanding its potential.. like bio bio, malleco has a mediterranean climate and the area has a range of soils including alluvial matter, clay, and sand despite having only 11 hectares under vine. exceptional wines have been produced from chardonnay and exploration with pinot noir, gewurztraminer, and sauvignon blanc has also exhibited promising results. although the malleco and bio bio valleys are still developing, they have shown great promise. of all the varieties produced in these valleys, pinot noir and chardonnay have shown the most promise, primarily due to the cool climate conditions in which these grapes thrive. looking forward, as the area \u2019 s gain more interest from wineries around the country we will discover their true potential.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43123813961116697, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9635b7f4-858e-49d3-ba05-daf7827492c4>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:27.998346"}
{"text": "don ' t look now, but you ' re being followed. you have been, in fact, since the day you were born. the good news is that the people following you are doctors, nurses, and other health care providers. and the way they ' re tracking you is on paper, through your personal medical history. what are medical records? each time you hop up on a doctor ' s exam table or roll up your sleeve for a blood draw, somebody makes a note of it in your medical records. all that scribbling adds up over time. even if you ' re the healthiest person alive, you ' ll still manage to accumulate crate upon crate of paperwork by your 21st birthday. chances are you won ' t ever pore over all those pages. but there might come a time when you want to get information from your medical records : maybe you ' ll need to provide your college or new job with a record of immunizations before you can start. or perhaps you want a new doctor to know your full medical history. as you start taking charge of your own medical care, it helps to know what ' s in your medical records, how you can get them when you need to, who else is allowed to see them, and what laws are in place to keep them private. what ' s in my medical records? you might picture your medical records as one big file in a central storage facility somewhere. but actually they ' re in lots of different places. each specialist who treats you keeps his or her own file, and each of these is part of your medical records. your medical records contain the basics, like your name and your date of birth. they also include the information you give to your family physician, dentist, or other specialist during an examination. you know how doctors often ask a series of questions \u2014 like about how you ' re feeling that day or your family medical history? well, all of your answers go into your doctors ' records, along with the results of any medical exams, test results, treatments, medications, and any notes doctors make about you and your health. medical records aren ' t just about your physical health. they also include mental health care. so if you went to family therapy back when you were 6 and your parents were divorcing, it will be somewhere in your records. can i see my records? u. s. law gives patients the right to see, get copies of, and sometimes even change their medical records. if you ' re younger than 18, your parent or guardian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4261763366953908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffeb5167-76c2-4271-8420-e2822cacc9a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.023259"}
{"text": "it will be somewhere in your records. can i see my records? u. s. law gives patients the right to see, get copies of, and sometimes even change their medical records. if you ' re younger than 18, your parent or guardian will probably need to ask for copies of medical records on your behalf. however, more states are allowing minors to take charge of their own health services, so ask your doctor, hospital, or health system about what access you have to your records. medical records \u2014 particularly test results or imaging studies like x - rays \u2014 can be confusing for people who aren ' t trained in reading them. something that might look scary on an x - ray or mri might be nothing to worry about. so if you do look at your records on your own, keep that in mind and ask a doctor if you have questions. how do i get them? start by figuring out who has the information you want. if it ' s dental information you ' re after, contact your dentist ' s office. if it ' s a general health issue, you ' ll probably want to talk to your family doctor. when it comes to requesting medical records, different providers have different ways of doing things. some might ask you to fill out an authorization form. if so, you ' ll want to be ready with information like this : - dates of treatment or service ( such as a hospital stay ). if it ' s been a while and you don ' t remember exact dates, ask for records from a range of dates, such as 2000 - 2005. - which information you want. do you need the entire record or just part? specific test results? x - ray films, blood work results, etc.? - how you want the information. do you just want to look at your records to find out what ' s in them? or do you need to get your own copy, have a copy sent to another physician, or both? a health care provider ' s office might charge a fee to cover the cost of having someone make copies. some offices put test results and imaging studies on a cd - rom. you ' ll probably have to pay for mailing the records to you or another doctor ( if you won ' t be picking them up in person ). how long does it take? the law gives health care providers up to 30 days to provide copies of medical records, but almost all health care organizations supply records a lot faster than that. most people get their non - critical care records within 5 to 10 business days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40858510439457796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffeb5167-76c2-4271-8420-e2822cacc9a0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.025109"}
{"text": "it take? the law gives health care providers up to 30 days to provide copies of medical records, but almost all health care organizations supply records a lot faster than that. most people get their non - critical care records within 5 to 10 business days. if records are needed faster \u2014 like when a patient needs medical treatment \u2014 the health care provider holding the records usually releases them immediately. if you need to get records for non - emergency situations ( such as switching to a new doctor ), it ' s safest to give plenty of notice. let the medical provider who has your records know that you ' d like copies a few weeks ahead of any appointments with your new health care provider. can they say no? they can \u2014 but it almost never happens. when it does, it ' s because a doctor ' s office is trying to protect a patient ' s privacy or safety. for example, they may withhold medical information if they ' re not sure the person requesting the records has a right to see them. or they may not release records if they think it will lead to the patient being harmed. if health care providers deny access to records, they must give the reasons why in writing within 30 days. if any request for medical information is denied, a patient has the right to ask for the decision to be reviewed again. what if i spot a mistake in my medical records? if you notice something missing or something you think is wrong in your medical records, you have the right to request a correction. ask your doctor ' s office to explain how they handle changes to your records and what you need to do to request a change. the law gives health care providers 60 days to make the changes or deny the request. who else can see my records? your information can be used and shared with the following people or groups, when needed : - other health care providers as necessary to support your treatment and care - insurance companies, medicaid, and other groups responsible for paying doctors and hospitals for your health care - public health agencies as needed to protect the public ' s health, such as by reporting when the flu is in your area - law enforcement agencies, such as reporting a gunshot wound to the police - parents or guardians if you are younger than 18 - family, relatives, friends, or others in your life \u2014 but only if you ( or a parent or guardian, while you ' re under 18 ) give permission what about my parents? parents have access to their kids ' medical records until the child is 18. however, many states now allow doctors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40748423577023274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffeb5167-76c2-4271-8420-e2822cacc9a0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.026371"}
{"text": "your life \u2014 but only if you ( or a parent or guardian, while you ' re under 18 ) give permission what about my parents? parents have access to their kids ' medical records until the child is 18. however, many states now allow doctors to decide whether or not they disclose certain information to parents \u2014 like about sexual health or substance abuse, for example. the law also states that parents no longer have access to their teens ' health records if they agree to let them have a confidential relationship with their doctors. most hospitals or doctors make every effort to protect patients ' privacy when it comes to sensitive information that ' s in their medical records. sometimes a health care provider will feel that it ' s not in the best interest of the patient to release information to parents, even when a child is younger than 18. for mental health records ( such as the notes a therapist takes during counseling sessions ) the age when parents no longer have access to a child ' s medical records is 15 or 16, depending on the state. after you reach 18, your parents cannot see your records \u2014 by law. for some people, that may not be a problem. it may even seem like a good thing! but what if you have a health problem and need your parents to make decisions about your care if something happens? if you want your parents to have access to your records after 18, you ' ll need to sign a document authorizing them to do so, just as you would with anyone else. should i keep my own medical records? it ' s a great idea. many health care experts recommend that patients keep their own medical summaries or personal medical records ( pmrs ). that way, they can bring them along on visits to specialists, new doctors, or even an unexpected trip to the emergency room. your pmr should include the following information : - your name, date of birth, blood type, and emergency contact - date of last physical exam - dates and results of past tests and screenings - major illnesses and surgeries, with dates - any injuries you ' ve had and / or illness for which you ' ve been treated - any allergies to foods, medications, household items, etc. - a list of all your medicines, doses and how long you ' ve been taking them - chronic diseases, if any - a history of illnesses in your family - any accommodations you may need to make medical decisions ( such as sign language interpreter, information written in large print, picture symbols, etc. ) once you compile your pmr, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39728159281009645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffeb5167-76c2-4271-8420-e2822cacc9a0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.027377"}
{"text": "radiology image transfer leg length discrepancy leg length discrepancy what is a leg length discrepancy? leg length discrepancy means one leg is longer than the other. discrepancies as small as a few centimeters can set off a chain of events, causing your child to walk and stand differently, which can lead to hip, knee, and / or ankle problems, and can lead to functional scoliosis ( a curve in the spine caused by an underlying condition ). leg length discrepancies can be congenital ( from birth ). they also can be caused by bone disease, bone tumors, the treatments used to eliminate bone tumors, injuries that don ' t heal properly, and a number of other causes. there are generally two kinds of leg length discrepancies : - structural discrepancy. this occurs when a leg bone is shorter than its corresponding bone in the other leg. for example, the thigh bone ( femur ) or the shin bone ( tibia ) is sometimes shorter in one leg. - functional discrepancy. this occurs when a condition above the leg causes the discrepancy. for example, a hip dislocation can cause this kind of discrepancy. what are the symptoms of a leg length discrepancy? because children ' s bodies respond differently to leg length discrepancies, symptoms can vary. common symptoms include : - obvious differences in length. while a discrepancy is not always obvious, if you are aware of a discrepancy, consult a physician. - problems with posture or gait. this might include limping, rotating the leg while walking, or toe - walking. - pain. the pain may occur in the ankle, knee, hip, or back. how is a leg length discrepancy treated? there are some nonsurgical treatments, such as orthotics, but often surgery is necessary to correct the discrepancy. because children are still growing, the goal of surgery is not to correct the leg lengths for the current height of your child but to ensure leg lengths will be equal when your child is finishing growing. often, this means your orthopaedic surgeon will need to take a series of measures over the course of 1 - 2 years in order to accurately predict your child ' s future height. each type of surgery for leg length discrepancy has its advantages and disadvantages. options include : - epiphysiodesis. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4653148031877576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5205afcd-7b05-4693-a97c-ff4047730b2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.031316"}
{"text": "over the course of 1 - 2 years in order to accurately predict your child ' s future height. each type of surgery for leg length discrepancy has its advantages and disadvantages. options include : - epiphysiodesis. in this surgery, a bony ridge is fastened to the growth plate of the longer leg, preventing the leg from growing more and allowing the shorter leg to catch up. - epiphyseal stapling. in this surgery, staples are inserted into the growth plate of the longer leg, which slows down its growth. - bone resection. in this surgery, a section of bone is removed from the longer leg in order to match the size of the shorter leg. - leg lengthening procedures. procedures to lengthen the shorter leg provide a child with the ability to reach his or her maximum height, but they also are technically difficult procedures, involving extended and painful physical rehabilitation and sometimes involving complications, such as wound infections, dislocations of the hip or knee, and other problems. the best surgery for your child will depend on many factors, such as the size of the discrepancy, whether your child is finished growing, and other factors. your orthopaedic surgeon will work closely with your family to help you make the best decision for your child ' s unique needs. about surgery for leg length discrepancies at children ' s the surgeries for leg discrepancies are performed by the accomplished pediatric orthopaedic surgery team at children ' s. orthopaedic surgery teams at children ' s provide next - generation care to children from throughout the upper midwest and consistently perform some of the most cutting - edge surgical procedures available, including minimally invasive surgery, when appropriate. leg discrepancy surgeries are performed at children ' s \u2013 minneapolis and children ' s - st. paul. - if you are a family member and you ' d like to make an appointment at our clinic locations in minneapolis or st. paul, please call children ' s orthopaedic clinic main line at ( 651 ) 220 - 5700. - if you are a health professional looking for a consultation or referral information, please call children ' s orthopaedic clinic main line at ( 651 ) 220 - 5700.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4173137987353792, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5205afcd-7b05-4693-a97c-ff4047730b2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.032272"}
{"text": "the deathly forces that lock humans out of the demilitarised zone have allowed other species to thrive. could a remnant of violent conflict become the symbol of a greener, more peaceful future? a thin green ribbon threads its way across the korean peninsula. viewed from space, via composite satellite images, the winding swath clearly demarcates the political boundary between the republic of korea ( rok ) and the democratic people \u2019 s republic of korea ( dprk ). its visual impact is especially strong in the west, where it separates the gray, concrete sprawl of seoul from the brown, deforested wastes south of kaesong. in the east, it merges with the greener landscapes of the taebaek mountain range and all but disappears. from the ground, the narrow verdant band manifests as an impenetrable barrier of overgrown vegetation enclosed by layers of fences topped by menacing concertina wire and dotted with observation posts manned by heavily armed soldiers. that a place so steeped in violence still teems with life seems unimaginable. and yet, the demilitarized zone, or dmz, is home to thousands of species that are extinct or endangered elsewhere on the peninsula. it is the last haven for many of these plants and animals and the centre of attention for those intent on preserving korea \u2019 s rich ecological heritage. once known as the \u201c land of embroidered rivers and mountains \u201d, the korean peninsula has experienced almost continual conflict for over 100 years, resulting in a severely degraded natural environment. international competition for control over the peninsula \u2019 s resources left korea in a precarious position at the start of the twentieth century. the japanese occupation between 1905 and 1945 brought with it radically increased exploitation of mineral and other resources, resulting in massive deforestation, pollution and general environmental decline. since at least the 1940s, deforestation for fuel wood and clearing for agricultural land has caused significant erosion of the area \u2019 s mountains and hills and contributed to the siltation of its rivers, streams and lakes. the 1950 to 1953 war ranged across the entire peninsula, subjecting it to widespread devastation that destroyed cities, roads, forests and even mountains. and, in the 1960s and 1970s, unchecked industrialisation further undermined the peninsula \u2019 s ecological health, causing air, water, and soil pollution. the relative health of the dmz now stands in stark contrast to the failing ecosystems in both north and south korea. created in 1953 during tense armistice negotiations, korea \u2019 s dmz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46632348207761387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f882b7eb-9402-4794-95ff-d2637fd844b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.044859"}
{"text": "ecological health, causing air, water, and soil pollution. the relative health of the dmz now stands in stark contrast to the failing ecosystems in both north and south korea. created in 1953 during tense armistice negotiations, korea \u2019 s dmz is at once one of the most dangerous places on earth and one of the safest. for humans, its thousands of landmines and the millions of soldiers arrayed along its edges pose an imminent threat. but the same forces that prevent humans from moving within the nearly 400 square miles of the dmz encourage other species to thrive. manchurian or red - crowned cranes and white - naped cranes are among the dmz \u2019 s most famous and visible denizens. nearly 100 species of fish, perhaps 45 types of amphibians and reptiles and over 1, 000 different insect species are also supposed to exist in the protected zone. scientists estimate that over 1, 600 types of vascular plants and more than 300 species of mushrooms, fungi and lichen are thriving in the dmz. mammals such as the rare amur goral, asiatic black bear, musk deer and spotted seal inhabit the dmz \u2019 s land and marine ecosystems. there are even reports of tigers, believed extinct on the peninsula since before japanese occupation, roaming the dmz \u2019 s mountains. much of the biodiversity in the dmz is speculative, extrapolated from spotty scientific studies conducted in the civilian control zone ( ccz ) that forms an additional protective barrier along the dmz \u2019 s southern edge. approximate though these studies are, the dmz \u2019 s ecological promise is great enough to spur many people to action. the simmering tensions on the korean peninsula over the past 60 years have at times reached a boiling point \u2013 from the 1974 discovery of several military incursion tunnels running under the dmz from north korea to the 2010 shelling of yeonpyeong island \u2013 putting the fate of the dmz and its biodiversity into question. efforts to protect the dmz \u2019 s ecological and cultural offerings have become imperative. one potential development on the minds of many koreans is the return of a single korean nation. a unified korea would obviate the need for the dmz and potentially imperil the existence of the various ecosystems the dividing line presently supports. many individuals, both on and off the peninsula, hope to preempt the destruction of the dmz \u2019 s ecological treasury, should korea reunify, by establishing a permanently protected area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4788316423296375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f882b7eb-9402-4794-95ff-d2637fd844b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.046095"}
{"text": "existence of the various ecosystems the dividing line presently supports. many individuals, both on and off the peninsula, hope to preempt the destruction of the dmz \u2019 s ecological treasury, should korea reunify, by establishing a permanently protected area commensurate with the current dmz boundaries. solutions already proffered include the creation of a series of dedicated conservation areas in and along the dmz, the development of ecotourism and educational zones and attaining world heritage site designation through unesco. two projects have already proven highly successful : the establishment of crane conservation areas in the dmz along the han river estuary and in the anbyon plain north of the dmz near wonsan, dprk. the former zone spans the western edge of the dmz south to seoul and serves as a safe winter resting area for over 1, 000 white - naped cranes. the south korean government designated the area a national monument in 1976, after scientific studies by george archibald of the international crane foundation and kim hon kyu of ehwa women \u2019 s university determined the region \u2019 s importance to the continued survival of the species. the second conservation area, located in the anbyon plain, supplements the migratory wintering grounds for both white - naped and red - crowned cranes inside the dmz in the choelwon basin and along the peninsula \u2019 s western coast. since its inception in the 1990s, the anbyon plain project has been an international, cooperative effort, bringing in researchers from korea university in tokyo, the state academy of sciences in pyongyang and tokyo university. by working in partnership with local farmers to restore riparian, grassland, and forest habitats, the project demonstrates that cranes and humans can thrive in cooperation. thus far, the project has garnered approval from the north korean government and has set the stage for scientists and farmers to create both ecologically and economically sustainable agricultural practices that benefit both cranes and people. ecotourism and eco - education are also making headway. south korea \u2019 s official tourism site offers the opportunity to visit an area south of the dmz that it calls the peace - life zone. the guidebook for the tour incorporates extensive photographs highlighting the natural beauty of the region and advertises the dmz as \u201c a peaceful place \u201d that \u201c marks the last untouched cold war border in the world today. \u201d marketing and propaganda aside, the tour is evidence of the rok \u2019 s willingness to promote and support efforts to preserve the area \u2019 s ecological sustainability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013725251185215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f882b7eb-9402-4794-95ff-d2637fd844b6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.047356"}
{"text": "\u201c a peaceful place \u201d that \u201c marks the last untouched cold war border in the world today. \u201d marketing and propaganda aside, the tour is evidence of the rok \u2019 s willingness to promote and support efforts to preserve the area \u2019 s ecological sustainability. similarly, in early 2010, the catholic university of korea and sungkonghoe university developed a joint course for students called \u201c life and peace of the dmz \u201d. the course examined the history of the korean war, media representations of the dmz and the sociology and ecology of the area. perhaps the most comprehensive plans involve efforts to permanently set aside the dmz and adjacent areas as an ecological preserve and cultural site. several international and korean ngos are involved in disseminating information, gathering public support, and working with government agencies on both sides of the divide to achieve official recognition of the dmz \u2019 s importance both environmentally and historically and subsequent protection of the area as an international transboundary peace park. among the leading associations, and one of the first organised for the purpose, is the dmz forum, whose mission is \u201c to support conservation of the unique biological and cultural resources of korea \u2019 s demilitarized zone, transforming it from a symbol of war and separation to a place of peace among humans and between humans and nature. \u201d the dmz forum holds annual conferences to educate the public about the history and ecological importance of the dmz. its primary and long - term goal is to gain approval from both sides of the line to nominate the entire dmz and its adjacent zones as a cultural and natural world heritage site. this transboundary park would incorporate marine ecosystems in the west sea, the han river estuary and its lowland plains, the high mountains of the taebaek mountain range and the east sea tidal areas, providing a nearly comprehensive representation of the peninsula \u2019 s ecological systems. combined, the area would incorporate over 400 square miles of protected ecosystems. if the dmz has served to remind the korean people and the world of the lasting legacy of ideological and military conflict, then it has also become a symbol for a new generation wanting to preserve a reinvigorated korean ecology. the war was a human tragedy, but out of terrible loss may come the prospect for ecological health and mutual cooperation. korea \u2019 s political past and its environmental future are inextricably linked. the dmz has become a green ribbon of hope, representing korea \u2019 s promise for a healthy, peaceful future. lisa brady is associate professor of history at boise state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4985069096266956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f882b7eb-9402-4794-95ff-d2637fd844b6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.048562"}
{"text": "dr. licht also works with chop \u2019 s neurocardiac care program, a program created for children with chd at risk for neurodevelopmental issues. congenital heart defects ( chd ) are among the most common birth defects in humans, affecting 8 per 1000 live births. one - third of these children will have severe heart defects that require surgical repair in early infancy for survival. improved survival over the last 15 years has revealed significant neurodevelopmental dysfunction among half of all survivors of these early surgeries. underlying this neurobehavioral dysfunction is a high prevalence of white matter injury, termed periventricular leukomalacia ( pvl ). pvl occurs primarily in the immature brain when the oxygen demand of the brain tissue exceeds the delivery of oxygen and nutrients in the blood \u2014 delivery of oxygen can falter due to a lack of blood oxygen content or a drop in blood flow. mri has been used in previous studies to determine the prevalence of pvl in infants with chd before and after surgical repair. these studies tell us that pvl injury occurs in 20 percent before surgery and just over 50 percent afterwards. for infants with single - ventricle chd ( such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome ), the incidence may be as high as 80 percent after surgery. while mri has been useful for identifying and quantifying pvl at specific time points, it does not provide information about the timing or underlying causes of injury \u2014 information that is vital to the development of targeted interventions. in this nih - funded study, mri - based pvl identification and quantification is combined with continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen content, to provide a more complete picture of how and when injury occurs in this population. participants in this study will undergo both a pre - and post - operative mri scan as well as continuous post - operative monitoring of cerebral blood flow and brain oxygen saturations. a portable, non - invasive instrument developed at the university of pennsylvania, which makes measurements by passing light through intact skin, will be used for continuous monitoring at bedside. advanced methods for data analysis will be employed to study the relationships between vital signs and brain blood flow and oxygen saturations. it is hoped that this new information will open up opportunities for physicians to build strategies to treat or prevent brain injury in infants with chd. furthermore, improved understanding of how non - invasive optical instruments can help improve the care of critically ill infants will greatly expand the use of this relatively new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5505375234909919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c033e95c-cce0-4dd5-ac69-3f79de60ad10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.053236"}
{"text": "do you remember when you were young and your parents told you that you had to eat everything on your plate so that food would not be wasted? i do. i remember it, and have probably used the same argument with my daughter over the years to get her to eat her meals. the idea though, of not wasting food, is more than just of teaching our children to eat well. the issue of sustainability in food is about feeding your family and making sure that there is enough food for the world \u2019 s population. because here is the reality : almost one billion of the world \u2019 s population goes to bed hungry each night. not because of scarcity of food, but because our agricultural and societal systems are using resources at a rapid rate that will destroy the natural resources that we need. that is where the oxfam grow method comes in. a \u201c culinary revolution \u201d the grow method helps us learn how our food choices impact the global food supply and how our actions can help promote sustainability. the ideas are simple really. most are things that many of us already do. my biggest take away was the intention behind the process and the specific and concrete ways that small steps can lead to dramatic changes for the future of food. - planning meals to help waste less food - storing your food in the refrigerator to prevent spoiling - cooking with leftovers - buying local from farmers - saving energy while cooking by covering your pan with a lid - buying food that is in season and eating more local in season food - eating more vegetables and less meat or dairy world food day is tomorrow, october 16th. each of us can help feed the planet that will reach nine billion people by 2050, and empower people living in less developed nations to earn a living, feed their families, and thrive.. there are so many ways each of can get involved. oxfam has developed a discussion guide that is perfect to help you talk about the grow method with your children. you can find recipes and techniques that were developed with the grow method in mind on pinterest. ( two of my favorites are freezing herbs in olive oil and a purple kale salad with creamy apricot ginger dressing, apples, and walnuts ). like with anything, the important thing is to get involved. the great thing about the grow method is that you can get involved in the comfort of your own kitchen and house, just by being intentional and making a few simple changes. so the question is \u2026 how is what you already do at home aligned with the grow method or what is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4636386976997745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d12a2c45-ef87-4c37-9db3-7c1156b0bbbd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.056498"}
{"text": "bulgarian revolutionary and poet | born | | january 6, 1848 | kalofer, ottoman empire | died | | june 2, 1876 ( aged 28 ) | near vola peak, vratsa mountain ( part of the stara planina range ), ottoman empire | occupation | | poet, journalist, revolutionary | hristo botev ( bulgarian : \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0432, also transliterated as hristo botyov ) ( january 6, 1848 \u2013 june 2, 1876 ), born hristo botyov petkov ( bulgarian : \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 ), was a bulgarian poet and national revolutionary. events 1066 - harold godwinson is crowned king of england. 1205 - philip of swabia becomes king year 1848 ( mdcccxlviii ) was a leap year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a leap kalofer ( \u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0440 is a town in southern bulgaria between the balkan mountains to the north and the sredna gora to the south part of plovdiv province the ottoman empire ( 1299 \u2013 1923 ( old ottoman turkish : \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 devlet - i aliye - yi osmaniyye, late ottoman and modern turkish events 455 - the vandals enter rome, and plunder the city for two weeks year 1876 ( mdccclxxvi ) was a leap year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a leap year vratsa ( also transliterated as vraca or vratza, in some languages with a w ; \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0430 is a city in northwestern bulgaria, at the the balkan mountain range ( bulgarian and \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 stara planina, \" old mountain \" the ottoman empire ( 1299 \u2013 1923 ( old ottoman turkish : \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 devlet - i aliye - yi osmaniyye, late ottoman and modern turkish employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. a poet is a person who writes poetry. etymology from the ancient greek : \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c9, poieo : \" i make or compose \" a journalist ( also called a newspaperman ) is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41636341362980767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.074868"}
{"text": "person who writes poetry. etymology from the ancient greek : \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c9, poieo : \" i make or compose \" a journalist ( also called a newspaperman ) is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends a revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or nationality is a relationship between a person and their state of origin, culture, association affiliation and / or loyalty bulgarian ( \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a ipa : \u025bz\u02c8ik is an indo - european language, a member of the slavic linguistic group events 1066 - harold godwinson is crowned king of england. 1205 - philip of swabia becomes king year 1848 ( mdcccxlviii ) was a leap year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a leap events 455 - the vandals enter rome, and plunder the city for two weeks year 1876 ( mdccclxxvi ) was a leap year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a leap year bulgarian ( \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a ipa : \u025bz\u02c8ik is an indo - european language, a member of the slavic linguistic group the bulgarians ( \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438 balgari ) are a south slavic people generally associated with the republic of bulgaria and the bulgarian language a poet is a person who writes poetry. etymology from the ancient greek : \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c9, poieo : \" i make or compose \" a revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or botev is widely considered by bulgarians to be a symbolic historical figure and national hero. botev was born in kalofer. kalofer ( \u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0440 is a town in southern bulgaria between the balkan mountains to the north and the sredna gora to the south part of plovdiv province kalofer ( \u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0440 is a town in southern bulgaria between the balkan mountains to the north and the sredna gora to the south part of plovdiv province his father, botyo petkov ( 1815 \u2013 1869 ), was a teacher and one of the most significant figures of the late period of the bulgarian national revival", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5266714660055855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.076065"}
{"text": "the north and the sredna gora to the south part of plovdiv province his father, botyo petkov ( 1815 \u2013 1869 ), was a teacher and one of the most significant figures of the late period of the bulgarian national revival towards the end of the ottoman rule. the bulgarian national revival ( \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 balgarsko natsionalno vazrazhdane or simply \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 vazrazhdane the ottoman empire ( 1299 \u2013 1923 ( old ottoman turkish : \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 devlet - i aliye - yi osmaniyye, late ottoman and modern turkish he had a strong influence on his son during the latter ' s youth. in 1863, after completing his elementary education in kalofer, botev was sent by his father to a high school in odessa. odessa which stands for the german phrase o rganisation d er e hemaligen ss - a ngehorigen which in turn translates while there, he was deeply impressed by the work of the liberal russian poets of the day. he left high school in 1865 and spent the next two years teaching in odessa and bessarabia. odessa which stands for the german phrase o rganisation d er e hemaligen ss - a ngehorigen which in turn translates bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u044f in ukrainian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in russian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in bulgarian in the meantime he began creating his first poetic works and also established strong connections with the russian and polish revolutionary movement. his political views soon started to take shape. botev returned to kalofer at the beginning of 1867, where he temporarily replaced his ill father as a teacher. in may, during the festivities celebrating st. cyril and methodius ( it was his father who first organised at the end of the school year such festivities which today correspond to bulgaria ' s national holiday on 24 may ), he made a public speech against the ottoman authorities and the wealthy bulgarians ( whom he alleged were collaborating with the ottomans ). saints cyril and methodius ( \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 old church slavonic : \u0438 ) were two byzantine greek brothers born saints cyril and methodius", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4082706721601193, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.077194"}
{"text": "collaborating with the ottomans ). saints cyril and methodius ( \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 old church slavonic : \u0438 ) were two byzantine greek brothers born saints cyril and methodius ( \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 old church slavonic : \u0438 ) were two byzantine greek brothers born the state of bulgaria ( \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f transliterated bg - latn ' ' balgaria ' ' the country preserves the traditions ( in ethnic name language and alphabet of the first bulgarian events 1218 - the fifth crusade leaves acre for egypt. 1276 - magnus ladulas is crowned botev was pressed into leaving the town as a result. he initially decided he would return to russia, but due to lack of money instead opted for romania, at the time an asylum for many bulgarian exiles. romania ( dated : rumania, roumania greatly influenced by the bulgarian revolutionaries who lived in romania, botev led a life typical for any revolutionary. he was constantly deprived of means and even home. for some time he lived in an abandoned mill near bucharest with vasil levski, the eventual leader of the bulgarian insurgency, and the two of them initially became close friends. bucharest ( romanian : bucuresti ) is the capital city, industrial and commercial centre of romania. vasil levski ( \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 also transliterated as vassil levski ) born vasil ivanov kountchev ( \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432 ( karlovo later he would describe this period in his works. from 1869 to 1871 botev worked again as a teacher in bessarabia, keeping close relations with the bulgarian revolutionary movement and its leaders. bessarabia ( basarabia in romanian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0456\u044f in ukrainian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in russian, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f in bulgarian in june 1871 he became editor of the revolutionary emigrant newspaper \" word of the bulgarian emigrants \" ( duma na bulgarskite emigranti ), where he began publishing his early poetic works. imprisoned for some months, due to his close collaboration with the russian revolutionaries, botev started working for the \" liberty \" ( svoboda ) newspaper, edited by the eminent bulgarian writer and revolutionary lyuben karavelov. lyuben st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3806296455371561, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.078422"}
{"text": "imprisoned for some months, due to his close collaboration with the russian revolutionaries, botev started working for the \" liberty \" ( svoboda ) newspaper, edited by the eminent bulgarian writer and revolutionary lyuben karavelov. lyuben stoychev karavelov ( \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 ( c 1834 - 21 january 1879 ) was a bulgarian writer and an important figure of the bulgarian national in 1873 he also edited the satiric newspaper \" alarm clock \" ( budilnik ), where he published a number of feuilletons, aimed at those wealthy bulgarians, who did not take part in the revolutionary movement. feuilleton ( a diminutive of french feuillet, the leaf of a book was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of the whole bulgarian revolutionary movement was put in danger with the capture of vasil levski by ottoman authorities at the end ot 1872. vasil levski ( \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 also transliterated as vassil levski ) born vasil ivanov kountchev ( \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432 ( karlovo at the time levski was the indisputable leader of the bulgarian insurgency. he had established an enormous net of revolutionary committees, supervised by the bulgarian central revolutionary committee ( bcrc ; in bulgarian : \u0431\u0440\u0446\u043a ) located in romania, which had the task of preparing the bulgarian revolutionaries for the future general uprising against the ottoman rule. levski was brought to trial, sentenced to death by hanging and executed on 19 february 1873. events 197 - roman emperor septimius severus defeats usurper clodius albinus in the battle of lugdunum year 1873 ( mdccclxxiii ) was a common year starting on wednesday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a common his death was a serious blow to the morale of the revolutionary movement. with levski ' s death the bcrc was divided in two factions : botev and his supporters including stefan stambolov and panayot hitov backed the idea that preparations should be started for an immediate uprising, while the moderate revolutionaries, led by lyuben karavelov, thought that it was too early for such actions. stefan nikolov stambolov ( \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 ( january 31 1854 \u2013 july 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3962138153325801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.079333"}
{"text": "emigres in romania were convinced that a general armed uprising of bulgarians against ottoman occupation was imminent. the april uprising ( \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 aprilsko vastanie ) was an insurrection organised by the bulgarians in the ottoman empire from april year 1876 ( mdccclxxvi ) was a leap year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a leap year in april 1876 the emigre community in bechet decided to organise an armed company to cross the danube and take part in the expected uprising. bechet is a city in dolj county, oltenia, romania, on the river danube, opposite the bulgarian city of oryahovo. the danube ( in donau from earlier danuvius, celtic * danu, meaning \" to flow run \" slovak and polish dunaj the organisers ( known within the movement as \u201c apostles \u201d ) of the planned insurgency in the 3rd revolutionary district centred in vratza, who had crossed into romania to try and solicit additional support from the bulgarian expat community, met with botev and convinced him that the planned guerrilla company would be best employed in their area. vratsa ( also transliterated as vraca or vratza, in some languages with a w ; \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0430 is a city in northwestern bulgaria, at the guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics ( ambushes raids etc while busily recruiting and arming fighters they were reached by the news that the insurgency had prematurely started. the recruiters tried to secure an experienced bulgarian guerrilla leader ( known as voevoda ) as commander, but the two who were approached refused for political reasons. a voivode or waywode is a slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force thus, botev himself, though lacking combat experience, took overall command of the company. military expertise was provided by nikola voinovski ( 1849 \u2013 1876 ) a nikolaev military academy graduate, who had previously held the rank of lieutenant in the russian army. due to time restraints and the need for secrecy the company did not undergo any formal combat training as a unit and had to rely on the individual fighting skills and experience of its members. the news of the uprising brought new urgency to the preparations and on may 16, 1876 the 205 - strong company was finally equipped and ready to deploy. events 1204 - baldwin ix count of flanders is crowned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42296314250616684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.081882"}
{"text": "individual fighting skills and experience of its members. the news of the uprising brought new urgency to the preparations and on may 16, 1876 the 205 - strong company was finally equipped and ready to deploy. events 1204 - baldwin ix count of flanders is crowned as the first emperor of the latin empire. year 1876 ( mdccclxxvi ) was a leap year starting on saturday ( link will display the full calendar of the gregorian calendar ( or a leap year botev devised an ingenious plan for crossing into the empire without immediately alerting either the romanian or the ottoman authorities. the rebels disguised as gardeners embarked in groups the austro - hungarian passenger steamship radetzky at several romanian ports. a steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a propeller when the last group was taken onboard at bechet the rebels retrieved their concealed weapons and seized control of the ship. botev confronted the captain dagobert englander, stated his intent to reach the ottoman side of the danube and explained the political motivation behind his actions. englander was so moved by botev ' s empassioned speech that he rendered full support and even later refused to cooperate with the ottoman authorities who requested the use of his ship to pursue the rebel company. botev disembarked near kozloduy and together with every member of the company ritualistically kissed the homeland. kozloduy ( \u043a\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0438 is a town of 13871 inhabitants in northwestern bulgaria, located in vratsa province, on the river danube. as the rebels proceeded inland, they gradually realised, that despite previous misleadingly enthusiastic messages by the local \u201c apostles \u201d, the 3rd revolutionary district had not risen. furthermore, due to the violent suppression of the uprising proceeding elsewhere in the bulgarian - populated territories, the entire ottoman military machine, including regular army garrisons and irregular bashi - bazouks, was mobilised and thickly patrolling the area. a bashi - bazouk or bashibazouk ( turkish bas\u0131bozuk, \" damaged head \" meaning \" leaderless \" \" disorderly \" was an botev and his staff officers decided to press on to the comparative safety of the vratza mountains while trying to rouse the bulgarian population on their way. the population intimidated by the overwhelming ottoman military presence refused to be incited into any overt sign of rebellion. the company almost immediately became the focus of incessant bashi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525612118926318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.083050"}
{"text": "vratza mountains while trying to rouse the bulgarian population on their way. the population intimidated by the overwhelming ottoman military presence refused to be incited into any overt sign of rebellion. the company almost immediately became the focus of incessant bashi - bazouk attacks. voinovski displayed some excellent defensive tactics helped by the still excellent morale and discipline of the company. on may 18 the massing bashi - bazouks caught up with the company in force and botev had to go to ground on the milin kamak hill some 50 km from the danube. under voinovski \u2019 s skilful command the rebels managed to hold off the numerically superior ottoman irregulars without taking serious casualties until the arrival of two companies of regular troops. the regulars using two light artillery pieces and their superior rifles managed to inflict heavy casualties among the rebels from a safe distance, but their three attempts to follow up with frontal charges were repulsed by disciplined rebel fire. the company lost about 30 killed or wounded. according to their custom the ottomans seized hostilities with nightfall and the rebels split into two groups and managed to slip through the enemy lines and continue their forced march towards the mountains. the next day passed without sighting the enemy, but at this point it was obvious that no local reinforcements could be expected. in the morning of may 20, the sentries detected advancing bashi - bazouks and 5 companies of regular ottoman troops. the men immediately took strong positions near mount okoltchitza. the defence was divided into two sectors, one commanded by voinovski and the other by botev. soon two battalions of enemy regulars led by hassan hairi bey assaulted voinovski, while the bashi - bazouks concentrated on botev ' s position. voinovski ' s men, with concentrated fire, inflicted heavy losses on the advancing enemy and countered their attempts at encirclement. in their turn botev ' s men repelled several bashi - bazouk attacks and drove the enemy back with a counterattack. at dusk the fighting died down as the ottomans again withdrew for the night. the rebels lost about 10 killed and many were wounded in the day \u2019 s fighting. it was at this point, at dusk on may 20 1876, that a single bullet most probably fired by concealed ottoman sharpshooter hit botev in the chest, killing him almost instantly. after the death of their leader and chief inspiration, the company suffered a serious drop in morale and began to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43696816842405817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.085967"}
{"text": "20 1876, that a single bullet most probably fired by concealed ottoman sharpshooter hit botev in the chest, killing him almost instantly. after the death of their leader and chief inspiration, the company suffered a serious drop in morale and began to disperse. very few managed to evade capture or death. in all, 130 company members were killed and most of the others captured and imprisoned or executed. botev was survived by his wife, veneta, daughter, ivanka, and stepson, dimitar. in 1875 botev published his poetic works in a book called \" songs and poems \", together with another bulgarian revolutionary poet and future politician and statesman, stefan stambolov. stefan nikolov stambolov ( \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 ( january 31 1854 \u2013 july 6 1895 was a bulgarian revolutionary and statesman, in botev ' s poetry reflected the sentiments of the poor people, filled with revolutionary ideas, struggling for their freedom against both foreign and domestic tyrants. his poetry is influenced by the russian revolutionary democrats and the figures of the paris commune. the paris commune ( la commune de paris was a government that briefly ruled paris from 18 march ( more formally from 26 march ) to 28 may under this influence, botev rose both as a poet and a revolutionary democrat. many of his poems are imbued with revolutionary zeal and determination, such as my prayer ( \" moyata molitva \" ), at farewell ( \" na proshtavane \" ), hajduks ( \" haiduti \" ), in the tavern ( \" v mehanata \" ), or struggle ( \" borba \" ). hajduk ( or haiduk, haiduc, hayduck, hayduk ) is a term most commonly referring to outlaws highwaymen or freedom fighters others are romantic, balladic ( hadzhi dimitar, perhaps the greatest of his poems ), even elegiac. dimitar nikolov asenov ( \u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 ( 10 may 1840 \u2013 18 july 1868 ) better known as hadzhi dimitar | \u043c\u0430\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u0438 | | maytze si | | to my mother | | \u043a\u044a\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438 | | kam brata si | | to my brother | | \u0434\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u043e \u043b\u0438", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45039622287700953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.088354"}
{"text": ", at the ferdinand i tsar of bulgaria ( february 26 1861 - september 10 1948 born prince ferdinand maximilian karl leopold maria of saxe - coburg and gotha, was the prince regnant some of the most prominent bulgarians in the new history of the country, such as stefan stambolov and zahari stoyanov, devoted a lot of attention to botev and his deeds for bulgaria. stefan nikolov stambolov ( \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 ( january 31 1854 \u2013 july 6 1895 was a bulgarian revolutionary and statesman, in zahari stoyanov ( \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432 archaic bg \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432 ( 1850 \u2013 2 september 1889 ) born dzhendo stoyanov dzhendov soon botev became a mythical figure in the bulgarian national revival, and is even today commemorated as one of the two greatest bulgarian revolutionaries alongside vasil levski. every year at exactly 12 : 00 on june 2, air raid sirens throughout all of the country resonate for a minute to honour those who died for the freedom of bulgaria. events 455 - the vandals enter rome, and plunder the city for two weeks people everywhere stand still for 2 to 3 minutes until the sirens are stopped. after hristo botev are named :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.382297662273034, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66856c46-1571-4385-81ce-69ff116a9e81>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.089968"}
{"text": "in a suprising study, the recent research showing a link between sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and an increased risk of cancer shows that the disruption of sleep and rest and recovery can be more consequential than previously known. sleep - disordered breathing - - which includes obstructive sleep apnea - - is linked with an increased risk of dying from cancer, a new study suggests. researchers from the university of wisconsin school of medicine and public health found that people who have severe sleep - disordered breathing are five times more likely to die of cancer than people without the condition. sleep - disordered breathing occurs when a person stops breathing during sleep, thereby causing disrupted sleep. past research has linked the condition with heart risks, as well as metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, according to the national institutes of health. the study was presented at the american thoracic society 2012 international conference, and will be published in the american journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. it included health data on 1, 522 people who were part of the wisconsin sleep cohort, which started in 1989. as part of the study, participants underwent an overnight sleep study every four years. the researchers found that people who had severe sleep - disordered breathing were 4. 8 times more likely to die of cancer, compared with people without the condition. \" clearly, there is a correlation, and we are a long way from proving that sleep apnea causes cancer or contributes to its growth, \" study researcher dr. f. javier nieto, a sleep epidemiology expert at the university of wisconsin, said in a statement. \" but animal studies have shown that the intermittent hypoxia ( an inadequate supply of oxygen ) that characterizes sleep apnea promotes angiogenesis - - increased vascular growth - - and tumor growth, \" nieto added. \" our results suggest that sdb is also associated with an increased risk of cancer mortality in humans. \" read more here :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46691717651271947, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6af1377e-7eb1-48a7-b69a-e893e2f04e17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.092198"}
{"text": "marvel at hawaii ' s volcanoes for surfers, hawaii means perfect, monster waves roling in off the pacific ocean. but for geologists and volcanologists, the islands produce different waves : seismic. the islands are a hotbed of volcanic activity, and few places offer travelers a better view of the restless earth ' s molten core than kilauea, in hawaii volcanoes national park. more than 2 million people visit the park every year. in hawaiian tradition, kilauea is the home of pele, the volcano goddess. it is among the world ' s most active volcanoes, and its current eruption is now in its 26th year. the name \" kilauea \" means \" spewing \" or \" much spreading, \" in reference to the lava flows that it erupts, according to the united states geological survey. the famous crater is named halema ' uma ' u in hawaiian ; \" hale \" is a house, \" ma ' uma ' u \" a type of fern. sitting on the southeastern flank of 13, 677 - feet high mauna loa volcano, the smaller kilauea, at 4, 091 feet, is the youngest and southeastern most volcano on the big island of hawaii. even though it is so close to the larger mauna loa, geologists have shown that it has its own magma - producing system extending to the surface from almost 40 miles deep in the earth. though most of the lava from kilauea flows through hidden tubes, there are two hot spots where bright red rivers of molten rock meet the ocean. from afar, the dangerous cliff sides are scenic focal points on an already scenic coastline. up close, they can produce hot rock falls and large waves. usgs estimates that the current volcano is between 210 - 500 years old, and that kilauea ' s very first eruption happened 300, 000 to 600, 000 years ago. the oldest rocks found in the crater to date are about 23, 000 years old. it measures almost four square miles, and is about 180 yards deep. even if you only have a few hours, you can get close to this geologic spectacle using 11 - mile long crater rim drive, that circles the summit. ( call ahead : sometimes volcanic activity forces the park service to close the road. ) want to spend more time? the chain of craters road descends 3, 700 feet over 20 miles, ending where a 2003 lava flow crossed the road. or, explore the park on foot using its miles of trails. a third option : take to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4350421551283961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bfdf057-b72c-4b6a-8e19-6d54e36d4eb5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.094936"}
{"text": "by barbara floria, pure matters medical advances and technology can detect diseases earlier than ever before and save lives, but making prevention a part of your everyday life is just as important. \" practicing prevention can lower your risk for developing the most deadly chronic diseases - - heart disease, diabetes and cancer, \" says tricia trinite, msph, aprn, director of prevention dissemination and implementation for the agency for healthcare research and quality ( ahrq ). \" there ' s nothing mysterious about taking preventive action ; it ' s really just a matter of making healthy choices on a daily basis. \" eating healthy foods in the right amounts can help you live a longer, healthier life. many illnesses and conditions, such as heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes, can be prevented or controlled by eating a healthy, low - calorie, low - fat diet that includes at least five servings of fruits and vegetables every day, says ms. trinite. other dietary recommendations include eating more fiber and lean protein, such as chicken and fish, and less sodium, red meat and sugar. for specific information on how to improve your diet, ask your doctor and visit the national cancer institute ' s website, the american heart association ' s website or the u. s. department of agriculture ' s dietary guidelines for americans website. maintain a healthy weight being overweight increases your risk for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and high blood pressure. to stay at a healthy weight, you need to balance the number of calories you eat with the number you burn off in physical activity. you can reach a healthy weight and stay there by eating right and being physically active. your health care provider can tell you what you should weigh for your height. or you can calculate your body mass index ( bmi ), which should be 18. 5 to 24. 9 for optimal health. to calculate your bmi, first multiply your height in inches by your height in inches ; use this result to divide your weight in pounds. multiply this number by 703. exercise most days physical activity can help prevent heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, some cancers, and mental health problems, such as depression. \" all kinds of physical activity, whether it ' s moderate or vigorous, will help you stay healthy, \" say ms. trinite. \" it ' s a good idea to aim for at least moderate activity, such as brisk walking, bike riding, housecleaning, or playing with your children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42833634087687555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dde69e-0d4c-4af3-9397-9c67512a5651>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.102119"}
{"text": "or vigorous, will help you stay healthy, \" say ms. trinite. \" it ' s a good idea to aim for at least moderate activity, such as brisk walking, bike riding, housecleaning, or playing with your children, for 30 to 60 minutes most days of the week. generally, the more active you are, the better you ' ll feel today and the healthier you ' ll become tomorrow. \" if you ' ve been sedentary, smoke or have a chronic health condition, ask your health care provider how you should get started with an exercise program. more than 440, 000 americans die each year from smoking and smoking - related causes. smoking causes illnesses such as cancer, heart and lung disease, stroke and problems with pregnancy. \" quitting is hard, and most people try several times before they quit for good, \" says ms. trinite. \" but when you ' re ready to quit, ask your doctor for advice on the best way for you. \" take medicines correctly always be sure you know important information about a medicine before you take it. this will help you get the full benefit of the drug. it also will help you avoid taking too much or too little, which can be dangerous. each prescription medication comes with an information sheet. be sure to carefully read this sheet. if you have questions or aren ' t clear about anything on the sheet, check with your health care provider, nurse or pharmacist. get your shots you can prevent several serious diseases by getting immunized. check with your health care provider to be sure you ' ve had immunization for measles - mumps - rubella, tetanus - diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza. if you are at risk for hepatitis a or b, you should be immunized against them. people older than 65 should be immunized against pneumococcal pneumonia. because of a resurgence of whooping cough ( pertussis ) in adults, a booster shot in combination with diphtheria and tetanus is now available for teens and adults. in 2005, the u. s. food and drug administration approved two new vaccines as adult boosters for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. these vaccines are designated as tdap and are recommended at 10 - year intervals for people up to the age of 64. current recommendations for adults 65 and older are to get boosters of tetanus and diphtheria only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4067027890635636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dde69e-0d4c-4af3-9397-9c67512a5651>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.103271"}
{"text": "pertussis. these vaccines are designated as tdap and are recommended at 10 - year intervals for people up to the age of 64. current recommendations for adults 65 and older are to get boosters of tetanus and diphtheria only, every 10 years. in 2006, the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) recommended a second varicella ( chicken pox ) vaccine immunization for adults previously immunized against chicken pox. all adults not previously immunized and who have not had chicken pox should talk to their doctor about immunization. for people older than 60, the vaccine zostavax was licensed by the fda in 2006 to prevent shingles. shingles is a disease caused by the varicella - zoster virus, the same virus that causes chicken pox. after an attack of chicken pox, the virus lies dormant in certain nerve tissue. as people age, it is possible for the virus to reappear in the form of shingles, which is estimated to affect two in every 10 people in their lifetime. shingles is characterized by clusters of blisters, which develop on one side of the body. the blisters can cause severe pain that may last for weeks, months or years after the virus reappears. studies showed that the vaccine reduced the occurrence of shingles between 50 and 64 percent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45143222624361495, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dde69e-0d4c-4af3-9397-9c67512a5651>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.103808"}
{"text": "( cnn ) - - the powerful earthquake that unleashed a devastating tsunami friday appears to have moved the main island of japan by 8 feet ( 2. 4 meters ) and shifted the earth on its axis. \" at this point, we know that one gps station moved ( 8 feet ), and we have seen a map from gsi ( geospatial information authority ) in japan showing the pattern of shift over a large area is consistent with about that much shift of the land mass, \" said kenneth hudnut, a geophysicist with the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ). reports from the national institute of geophysics and volcanology in italy estimated the 8. 9 - magnitude quake shifted the planet on its axis by nearly 4 inches ( 10 centimeters ). the temblor, which struck friday afternoon near the east coast of japan, killed hundreds of people, caused the formation of 30 - foot walls of water that swept across rice fields, engulfed entire towns, dragged houses onto highways, and tossed cars and boats like toys. some waves reached six miles ( 10 kilometers ) inland in miyagi prefecture on japan ' s east coast. the quake was the most powerful to hit the island nation in recorded history and the tsunami it unleashed traveled across the pacific ocean, triggering tsunami warnings and alerts for 50 countries and territories as far away as the western coasts of canada, the u. s. and chile. the quake triggered more than 160 aftershocks in the first 24 hours - - 141 measuring 5. 0 - magnitude or more. the quake occurred as the earth ' s crust ruptured along an area about 250 miles ( 400 kilometers ) long by 100 miles ( 160 kilometers ) wide, as tectonic plates slipped more than 18 meters, said shengzao chen, a usgs geophysicist. japan is located along the pacific \" ring of fire, \" an area of high seismic and volcanic activity stretching from new zealand in the south pacific up through japan, across to alaska and down the west coasts of north and south america. the quake was \" hundreds of times larger \" than the 2010 quake that ravaged haiti, said jim gaherty of the lamont - doherty earth observatory at columbia university. the japanese quake was of similar strength to the 2004 earthquake in indonesia that triggered a tsunami that killed over 200, 000 people in more than a dozen countries around the indian ocean. \" the tsunami that it sent out was roughly comparable in terms of size, \" gaherty said. \" [ the 2004 tsunami", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40866216459003946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2dba0cc2-5cdc-4bdb-969f-8e9147b1809e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.107249"}
{"text": "' it ' s safe. it ' s effective. ' it ' s time to get flu shots annual injection protects against 3 strains tuesday, september 18, 2012 while it may not feel like fall in clark county, the season will officially be upon us saturday. and with the colorful leaves and cooler temperatures comes the emergence of the seasonal flu - - a reality that has health officials urging everyone older than 6 months to get their flu shots early. \" we want people to get the vaccine as soon as it ' s available, which means now, \" said dr. alan melnick, clark county health officer. \" this should provide protection if the flu season comes early. \" the flu can flare up anytime, but the season typically runs from october through may. the last couple of years, flu season in clark county and across the country has emerged later - - as late as march. but there is no way for health officials to predict when the disease will start to spread this year, melnick said. each year, the centers for disease control and prevention, the world health organization and the u. s. food and drug administration work together to develop a vaccine that protects against three strains of the disease predicted to circulate the most. this year ' s shot protects against h1n1 ( also known as \" swine flu \" ) as well as two other strains. the influenza vaccine takes about two weeks to build up enough antibodies to protect against the flu. injected flu shots use inactive, or dead, strains of the disease. healthy people between the ages of 2 and 49 also have the option of receiving a nasal mist version of the vaccine, which uses live, but weakened, strains of the disease. vaccines are the most effective way to prevent the flu, melnick said. \" it ' s safe. it ' s effective. it protects other people, \" he said. the flu is a contagious respiratory disease, so people who are sick with flu - like illness should stay home from school or work and limit contact with others as much as possible. to prevent the spread of the disease, people should cough or sneeze into their elbow or cover their nose and mouth with a tissue ; wash hands often with soap and water ; and avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth, according to health officials. young children, pregnant women and people 65 and older are at greatest risk for complications from the flu, such as pneumonia. health care providers and some pharmacies offer flu vaccines. clark county public health does not provide vaccines. \" everybody who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43359263580859153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:906a7b42-c62f-42c5-bfb9-83d6fbf0c23e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.109711"}
{"text": "in southeastern kenya, a remarkable reversal of centuries - old tradition has taken place : maasai tribes have made the choice to start protecting lions and other large predators. on the community - owned mbirikani group ranch, cattle herders have found a financial alternative to killing the lions that prey on their livestock. through the predator compensation fund ( pcf ) \u2013 an innovative program that provides economic incentives for conservation \u2013 the maasai are compensated every other month at market value for livestock killed by predators such as lions, cheetahs and hyenas. upon proof and verification of a predation, herders receive $ 80 for every donkey and $ 200 for every cow killed. since its inception in 2003, the fund has paid claims to mbirikani herders for nearly 750 head of livestock every year. in a region where the predators are being slaughtered to extinction, the pcf has nearly eliminated lion killings on the ranch. only four lions were killed on the mbirikani group ranch since 2003, compared to 65 killed on neighboring ranches. the 300, 000 - acre mbirikani ranch is some of the lion \u2019 s last remaining habitat in the world, and perhaps the best remaining habitat outside of existing protected areas in kenya. lions have declined from more than one million worldwide at the beginning of the 20th century to fewer than 30, 000 today. they are increasingly threatened by habitat loss and hunting. ci is working with the maasai and community organizations in kenya to expand the program throughout the amboseli - tsavo ecosystem \u2013 a 2. 2 - million - acre area of six adjacent maasai group ranches and four of africa \u2019 s most storied national parks, including mt. kilimanjaro.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4175335598710289, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66a72cd0-5ced-4db2-895f-661d3abd3d1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.115343"}
{"text": "a century ago most people understood what the term militia meant, but after decades of neglect, that understanding has been largely lost, so that now most people are unclear on the concept. it is unfortunate that it has taken the tragedy in oklahoma city to revive interest in the concept, especially considering the way that incident has been used to stigmatize the term. when people join to form a society, one of the main reasons they do so is for mutual defense. they pool their individual rights of self - defense into a mutual duty to defend one another. they are not relieved of that duty when they form a government and delegate defense duties to officials. delegation is not a transfer, but appointment of an agent, who is delegated no authority or powers not held by the people, which they retain and may exercise at any time their agents fail to do so. essentially, a militiaman is any citizen in his capacity as a defender of the state. by \" state \" we do not mean \" the government \", but a community of citizens in possession of a territory. a citizen whose behavior makes him an enemy of the state is not a militiaman, because he cannot both defend the state and attack it at the same time. furthermore, he may have official duties, such as serving in an executive, judicial, or legislative position, or as a member in the armed forces, which take precedence over general militia duties. therefore, in the broadest sense, the militia is all citizens who are not enemies of the state and who do not have official duties that take precedence over their militia duties. that may include officials when they are off - duty. if you defend yourself against a criminal attack, what you are really doing is not just defending yourself. you are calling up the militia, consisting of yourself, to defend a member of the community, also consisting of yourself, and thereby forming a militia of one. if you ask someone else to help you, you are calling up the militia consisting of the two of you. although every citizen has the duty to defend the state, that duty extends only as far as he is able to carry it out. no one has the duty to do what is impossible for him. on the other hand, he has the duty to exercise his abilities to make them as great as he can. his duty does not begin when a situation arises that requires him to act. he also has a duty to prepare to respond to any reasonably foreseeable contingencies. since situations requiring the response of many citizens require that they act in concert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5151459678359661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e82774b4-2985-4158-abcc-c19071e57bc8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.131225"}
{"text": "can. his duty does not begin when a situation arises that requires him to act. he also has a duty to prepare to respond to any reasonably foreseeable contingencies. since situations requiring the response of many citizens require that they act in concert, and not as an aimless mob who get in each other ' s way, citizens also have the duty to prepare themselves to work in concert with their neighbors to meet any foreseeable contingency. this leads to the requirement that citizens, in their capacity as militiamen, have the duty to organize and train themselves and maintain themselves in a high state of readiness. this is what the u. s. constitution meant by the term \" well - regulated \" in the second amendment. contrary to some contemporary disinformation about that term, the original meaning, and the meaning that matters in interpreting the constitution, is organized and trained. not necessarily by public officials. most of the militias to which the term was applied during the period the constitution was written were independent of official control, electing their own commanders, although this was commonly the locally - elected sheriff. the framers feared two things : large standing armies and select militias. a select militia was an armed group formed not from the entire population of a jurisdiction by public notice, but selected by some method that might make them unrepresentative of the community, and a threat to lawful government or to the community. a regular standing army or police force is always a select militia, and it may serve the will of those in power, and be used against the people. therefore, the framers intended that the militia should always be able to prevail over the government and its armies or select militias. they did not trust those in power to voluntarily refrain from corruption or the abuses that attend it. the militia was seen as one of the checks on the power of government, like division of powers between the central and state governments, between the executive, judicial, and legislative branches, and between the two houses of the legislative branch. of all the countries in the world, only switzerland now has a militia system similar to what the framers intended for this country. there every able - bodied male in a certain age range is required to regularly report for training, and to keep a weapon in his home suitable for militia duty. presently, that is a full - automatic rifle. it is no accident that switzerland has never been invaded in modern times, or that it has one of the lowest crime rates of any modern country. the militia training every male", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4958385774396119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e82774b4-2985-4158-abcc-c19071e57bc8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.132679"}
{"text": "interested in linking to \" controlling the post - oil energy economy \"? you may use the headline, deck, byline and url of this article on your web site. to link to this article, select and copy the html code below and paste it on your own web site. our planet receives more solar energy in 45 minutes than what mankind will need by the end of the century in a year. therefore, if the global conversion to renewable fuels is completed by the end of this century, from that time fuel will be inexhaustible and free. to meet the total global energy need expected for 2100 ( when the life style of the 3rd world has reached our present one ) all we need to do is to cover 3 % to 4 % of the sahara ( or the mojave desert ) with solar collectors. therefore, it is time to \u201c retune the economy control loop \u201d. the first step in this retuning process must be to get accurate sensors ( start dealing with facts )! in order to accomplish this transformation, we must start building the world \u2019 s first solar - hydrogen demonstration power plant described in my book ( post - oil energy technology ). a key component of this solar - hydrogen demonstration power plant is the reversible fuel cell which i invented ( see the reversible fuel cell model ). during the day the rfc operates as an electrolyzer and generates hydrogen while at night it works as a fuel cell converting hydrogen back into electricity. naturally, hydrogen would also be available as a transportation fuel, shipped and distributed as is lng today. considering that fuel cells are twice as efficient as internal combustion ( ic ) engines, hydrogen will not only be less expensive, but should provide twice the mileage as the ic engine and will emit no pollutant, only distilled water. figure 2 provides a \u201c bird \u2019 s eye view \u201d of my proposed solar hydrogen power plant.. if this plant is built close to an existing fossil power plant, it could also convert the carbon dioxide emission of that conventional power plant into methanol fuel. if an electric grid exists in the area, the excess solar electricity can be \u201c stored \u201d on that grid. figure 2 : the components of the world \u2019 s first solar - hydrogen power plant. as was shown in table 1, all fossil and nuclear fuel deposits are exhaustible, in addition fossil is dirty, nuclear in unsafe. similarly, biofuels generate carbon emissions and interfere with the food supply. yet, contrast, the solar electricity and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5378654493364194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6329a451-4954-42b3-bbd2-bec3ced6130d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.139714"}
{"text": "as was shown in table 1, all fossil and nuclear fuel deposits are exhaustible, in addition fossil is dirty, nuclear in unsafe. similarly, biofuels generate carbon emissions and interfere with the food supply. yet, contrast, the solar electricity and solar - hydrogen is already economical ( figure 3 ) and the transition can be done in a calm, orderly and economical fashion. figure 3 : nrel projections of renewable energy cost 1980 to 2020. i believe that the time for building has arrived, that it is time for mankind to install a new \u201c control loop \u201d for our economy, but what i believe is completely irrelevant! what is relevant is that the building and operating this, the world \u2019 s first solar - hydrogen demonstration power plant will close the debate on \u201c what to do? \u201d and will initiate action! the factual data generated will force \u201c top management \u201d ( the voters in our free society ) to tell our \u201c operators \u201d in the control room ( the leaders of mankind ) to stop running the system in manual on - off and reconfigure our control loop to optimize it for the smooth transition to the new inexhaustible energy economy. feedback control alone ( market forces, cap and trade, increased fuel costs, taxation, etc. ) will not be fast enough to convert our economy and in addition they will stifle the global economic growth. instead, during the transition, temporary feed forward is required ( applying large - scale public funding ) to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of cost effective, clean, free and inexhaustible energy technologies. to achieve these goals, to start this, the third industrial revolution will need vision and commitment, but so did the landing on the moon. the scale of the effort will exceed that of the marshall plan. the transition will start not only with the building of solar - hydrogen power plants, but also with the installation of millions of solar roofs to make millions of homes \u201c energy free \u201d and with the conversion to a totally electric transportation system. it is debatable, if our \u201c operators \u201d ( political leaders ) have any idea what process control is or how pid loops are tuned. i doubt that they understand the requirements for converting a batch process ( operating with exhaustible resources ) to a continuous one ( operating with inexhaustible resources ). it is also debatable how much fossil or nuclear resources are left on the planet, how much climate change can we live with or how long can we use our atmosphere as a global garbage dump. what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5456025144307124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6329a451-4954-42b3-bbd2-bec3ced6130d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.140977"}
{"text": "the battle of midway : turning the tide in the pacific - - by looking at the battle of midway : turning the tide in the pacific, students learn about a fight over two tiny islands that affected the course of world war ii. those interested in learning more will find that the internet offers a variety of interesting materials. midway atoll national wildlife refuge midway atoll national wildlife refuge is maintained by the u. s. fish and wildlife service, which administers the battle of midway national memorial. visit ' s the refuge ' s web pages for information on both the continuing work of maintaining and preserving the atoll ' s historic properties and on its abundant wildlife. naval historical center the naval historical center web site contains an excellent, detailed history of the battle of midway, historic photographs, primary documents, and oral history interviews. it also includes paintings from the navy art collection recreating the battle. aviation : from sand dunes to sonic booms this national register of historic places ' on - line travel itinerary provides information on more than 100 historic places listed in the national register associated with history of aviation. numerous sites featured on the itinerary are associated with military aviation, including the world war ii facilities at midway. also included are essays on the idea of flight, the wright brothers, aviation pioneers, modern aviation, air power, and space. national security agency the national security agency web site contains a section on world war ii cryptography that gives more detail on the breaking of the japanese code. naval postgraduate school the naval postgraduate school web site of the dudley knox library at the naval postgraduate school in monterey, ca, has compiled a bibliography for the battle of midway. it includes links to over 100 web pages covering people, ships, and aircraft involved in the battle. world war ii veterans the world war ii u. s. veterans web site contains information and services for veterans of world war ii. created by dick berry, a world war ii navy veteran, and his son, the site has information regarding the proposed world war ii u. s. veterans memorial museum, a veterans forum, as well as world war ii and 1940s memorabilia. the site also features various links that may be of interest such as the veterans administration and the official u. s. military reunion site. florida state university the institute on world war ii and the human experience has a tremendous online archive of newspapers, photographs, letters, cartoons, ration cards, and more that help detail the history of americans in world war ii. the program is also gathering oral histories of veterans, their spouses, and others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4476345064680286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3958d334-3c40-4816-946b-ca5896dfd951>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.146459"}
{"text": "human experience has a tremendous online archive of newspapers, photographs, letters, cartoons, ration cards, and more that help detail the history of americans in world war ii. the program is also gathering oral histories of veterans, their spouses, and others related to the defense industry. library of congress : american memory collection american memory is a gateway to rich primary source materials relating to the history and culture of the united states. the site offers more than 7 million digital items from more than 100 historical collections. use the search engine to find primary sources for world war ii, midway, and other related subjects. the national archives the national archives online exhibit hall feature, the powers of persuasion, explores the strategies of persuasion as evidenced in the form and content of world war ii posters. also see the japanese surrender document signed on september 2, 1945, by japanese representatives. it was the official instrument of surrender, prepared by the war department and approved by president truman. maritime heritage program the national park service ' s maritime heritage program works to advance awareness and understanding of the role of maritime affairs in the history of the united states by helping to interpret and preserve our maritime heritage. the program ' s web pages include information on national park service maritime parks, historic ships, lighthouses, and life saving stations. for further reading students and educators wishing to learn more about the battle of midway and the war in the pacific might want to read : miracle at midway, by gordon w. prange, donald m. goldstein, and katherine v. dillon ( new york : mcgraw - hill, 1982 ) ; eagle against the sun : the american war with japan, by ronald h. spector ( new york : free press, 1985 ) ; or coral sea, midway and submarine actions : may 1942 - august 1942, volume 4 of samuel eliot morison ' s history of united states naval operations in world war ii ( boston : little, brown, 1947 - 62 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4549984986380069, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3958d334-3c40-4816-946b-ca5896dfd951>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.147610"}
{"text": "join us on add to favorites you \u2019 re off to antarctica on an expedition to study penguins! how many different species can you identify? research the various species of penguins. learn about their size, shape, recognizable characteristics, and habitats. how many species of penguins can you identify? where are their natural habitats? this accordion - folded display will give you, and penguins, an opportunity to strut your stuff! cut a long, narrow piece of poster board with crayola\u00ae scissors. with crayola erasable colored pencils and a ruler, divide the strip into several identical boxes. make two sections for each kind of penguin. in every other box, draw a picture of a different species of penguin. using crayola twistables, color in the penguins. highlight each one \u2019 s unique characteristics. write the names and descriptions of penguins in the boxes next to them. fold your strip back and forth along the lines to display your penguin parade. people around the world give thanks for their food. celebrate a harvest of pineapples, pumpkins, or pomegranates - and sho add to favorites display the 7 principles of kwanzaa in a one - of - a - kind accordion window book. paper - bag puppets hold original poetry about pirates, pets, or any preferred topic. young writers put the puppet ' s arms gild torn - paper edges and make golden leaf imprints on this decorative frame. display original poetry, photos, or other imagination and problem - solving go to work as children check out real bugs and create their own. create your own coral reef and learn about these delicate ecosystems. how in this media rich era can we use students \u2019 creative energy to develop original songs and visual posters that captur picasso \u2019 s art career spanned many decades and included a variety of styles and influences. create a portrait collage ins our crayons have been rolling off the assembly line since 1903, and you can see how it \u2019 s done. visit us \u00bb be the first to know!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46358809979164856, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:904a577f-6289-4938-84bb-f4367de24ace>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.149651"}
{"text": "the second trimester begins with the sixteenth week of pregnancy. for the mother, many of the minor discomforts of the first trimester will disappear, and she will start to look pregnant and be able to feel the baby move. good nutrition is important to ensure that both mom and baby gain weight at the right rate. in the fourth month, the baby weighs about six ounces and grows to be about eight to ten inches long. the umbilical cord continues to grow and thicken in order to carry plenty of blood and nourishment. soon, the mother may start to feel a slight sensation of movement, like bubbles, in her lower abdomen. this movement, called ' quickening, ' can actually help a doctor determine when the baby is due. by the fifth month, the baby will have grown to weigh around eight ounces, and is half as long as it will be at delivery. the doctor will now be able to hear the baby ' s heartbeat. this month, the mother may gain three to four pounds and begin to breathe deeper. the area around her nipples may look darker and wider as her breasts prepare to make milk. in the sixth month, the baby is a fully formed miniature with red, wrinkled skin and virtually no fat. the baby still needs to grow, being now only about twelve inches long and weighing about one and a half pounds. the baby sucks on its thumb, and the mother can regularly feel the baby ' s movement. mom may gain three or four more pounds and experience fatigue or fluid retention, but gentle, regular exercise can relieve these symptoms to some degree. for more information on fetal development in the second trimester, contact a health care professional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4205955120462739, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52d449df-575d-49bd-9449-8ed24c068d34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.156782"}
{"text": "a politically sexy ribbon - cutting ceremony for a new pro - environment fueling station in bloomfield, conn., took place on dec. 9. three weeks later, on new year ' s eve, a scary 4. 0 magnitude earthquake rocked youngstown, ohio. the link between those events is natural gas and the increasingly controversial method of getting it out of the ground known as \" fracking. \" and standing somewhere in the middle of it all is connecticut congressman john larson, who ' s become a leading national advocate for increasing use of natural gas as a cleaner, safer alternative to foreign oil. geologists in ohio insist the new year ' s eve earthquake \u2014 one of 11 in that area recently \u2014 was not natural. fracking, which comes from the term \" hydraulic fracturing, \" involves using high pressure to force water and chemicals deep underground to push up natural gas. those ohio experts say convincing circumstantial evidence suggests the most likely trigger for the quakes were deep wells used to pump huge amounts of fracking waste water thousands of feet into the earth. natural gas wells in the area have now been shut down while investigations continue. but the quakes are only the latest and most dramatic developments in a series of revelations and investigations involving the potential environmental and health risks of america ' s frantic, almost headlong rush to develop and use its vast natural gas resources. in 2011, scientific studies tied the fracking process to all kinds of nasty crap. according to propublica, which has published a series of investigative articles on the issue, the u. s. environmental protection agency concluded fracking was responsible for ground water pollution in central wyoming. other studies found private wells near pennsylvania fracking sites were 17 times more likely to be contaminated with methane gas. a department of energy panel reported substantial environmental risks surrounding the process. a propublica report in september detailed cases of people in various areas of the country who live near fracking wells and suffer from health symptoms that include tumors and skin lesions. none of that was mentioned at the dec. 9 opening of the new bloomfield compressed - natural - gas fueling station. larson was at the event, as was u. s. sen. richard blumenthal and a bevy of happy state and local politicians and proud energy dudes from all over. \" natural gas is affordable, abundant and american, and could hold the key to breaking our dependence on foreign oil, \" an ebullient larson told the assembly dignitaries. there was praise for clean energy, the company that built the station", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4110827232551847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe94f5d7-0304-412a-bbd7-798f512fa9f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.174127"}
{"text": "over. \" natural gas is affordable, abundant and american, and could hold the key to breaking our dependence on foreign oil, \" an ebullient larson told the assembly dignitaries. there was praise for clean energy, the company that built the station. and for the yellow cab company, which is the first cab operation in the nation to convert its cars to run on compressed natural gas. and for all the benefits the station would bring to the public, because anyone with a cng vehicle can fill up there. the bloomfield station is part of a planned network of natural gas and other alternative energy stations being set up around connecticut with the help of $ 13. 2 million in federal energy cash. there are already fueling stations in bridgeport and west haven. another is due to open in windsor locks. there ' s an upgraded station in norwich being used by the local utility, and a similar operation is targeted for glastonbury. in a lot of ways, natural gas is cleaner, cheaper and a more reliable energy source than oil, and advocates like larson insist it can be a \" bridge \" to a future of sustainable wind and solar energy systems. but even larson admits there is a dark side ; that natural gas \u2014 like nearly all energy sources \u2014 \" contains certain risks. \" asked last week about those ohio quakes, larson was quick to point out that the legislation he is sponsoring in congress to encourage the conversion of the u. s. transportation system to natural gas \" has nothing to do with fracking. \" larson says he is also supporting a new bill that would place new controls over natural gas fracking to eliminate health risks and reduce environmental pollution. \" we want to be sure [ fracking ] isn ' t placing anyone in danger, \" he says, adding that natural gas \" can potentially be a great resource to our nation for energy. \" lee grannis is coordinator of the greater new haven clean cities coalition, which is administering the federal grants to set up connecticut ' s new natural gas fueling system. and he ' s an even more outspoken defender of the push toward natural gas than larson. grannis says that, despite those ohio quakes and new fracking studies, he ' s now \" less concerned \" about nasty environmental and health risks of natural gas than he was before. in part, that ' s because grannis says all the attention is triggering a big response in congress and the states to stop irresponsible natural gas \" wildcatters \" from screwing things up. he blames the pollution and health issues on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4372903167256469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe94f5d7-0304-412a-bbd7-798f512fa9f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.175691"}
{"text": "in part, that ' s because grannis says all the attention is triggering a big response in congress and the states to stop irresponsible natural gas \" wildcatters \" from screwing things up. he blames the pollution and health issues on \" wildcatters who didn ' t know what they were doing. \u2026 when you ' ve taken all the right precautions, there ' s not been any problems. \" \" if you compare it to all the [ oil ] drilling, and what happened in the gulf, it ' s next to nothing, \" grannis says of the natural gas fracking stuff. charles rothenberger, a staff attorney for the connecticut fund for the environment, disagrees. he believes the u. s. has simply moved too fast to exploit natural gas resources without reckoning with the consequences. \" the wildcatting nature of hydraulic fracking around the country now \u2026 is just inappropriate, \" rothenberger argues, saying tough national standards need to replace the hodgepodge of state and local regulation occurring now. the trouble in all this is that natural gas is a double - edged environmental sword : cleaner burning than oil, but possibly just as polluting because of all the methane produced. perhaps less damaging to get out of the ground than oil, except for that fracking crap and those unexpected and frightening earthquakes. as larson is fond of pointing out, one natural - gas - powered tractor trailer can reduce air pollution equivalent to taking 300 cars off the road. but rothenberger ' s skeptical attitude echoes that of an increasing number of environmentalists who remember other so - called \" silver bullet \" energy solutions like the ethanol craze that didn ' t quite turn out to be what advocates claimed. \" this needs to be studied more \u2026 before we rush headlong into developing this resource, \" he says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4300708936816538, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe94f5d7-0304-412a-bbd7-798f512fa9f0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.176614"}
{"text": "fudging it : chocolate really can be good for you a single cup of flavanol - enhanced cocoa increases blood flow in the brain, studies show. the boost in circulation is sufficient to power a short - term enhancement of cognitive skills. ( fotolia. com / february 20, 2013 ) an especially bitter cocoa beverage is still favored by kuna indians living off the coast of panama, who drink about five cups a day. researchers believe the bitterness is a mark of the very high content of flavanol phytonutrients in chocolate in its unprocessed state - - which explains why the island - dwelling kuna have unusually low rates of heart disease and cancer. when the indians move to the mainland, where they don ' t drink the same cocoa, they are no longer medically privileged. scientists have gathered evidence that a high concentration of flavanols enhances blood vessel function throughout the body, and ongoing studies confirm that high - flavanol cocoa preparations especially boost brain blood flow. want to do a favor for someone in the early stages of memory decline? give them a chocolate bar. in a double - blind randomized study, 90 elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment were mentally quicker and more verbally fluent after consuming a daily cocoa drink loaded with flavanols. there were additional effects as well : blood pressure decreased and metabolic and cardiovascular function improved during the eight - week trial. and there were no adverse effects. a daily treat of chocolate can help keep blood pressure under control. and that ' s a tasty way to modify a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. a meta - analysis of subjects who consumed cocoa products yielded a \" small but statistically significant blood pressure - reducing effect. \" the flavanols in cocoa may be lowering blood pressure by stimulating production of nitric oxide, a powerful dilator of blood vessels. increases in blood delivery to the brain generally enhance neural activity. strike against stroke scandinavian researchers found that high chocolate consumption was associated with a lower risk of stroke. for those study subjects consuming the greatest amount of chocolate - - 2. 2 ounces a week - - the risk was nearly 20 percent less than for those consuming none. the effect was independent of type of stroke, whether hemorrhagic or obstructive. researchers cite a variety of mechanisms by which chocolate helps - - it ' s antioxidant, antiplatelet, and anti - inflammatory. a single cup of flavanol - enhanced cocoa increases gray - matter blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4275036533398701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c772a21e-5646-4cc9-a75e-01dae9786085>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.180429"}
{"text": "obstructive. researchers cite a variety of mechanisms by which chocolate helps - - it ' s antioxidant, antiplatelet, and anti - inflammatory. a single cup of flavanol - enhanced cocoa increases gray - matter blood flow, studies show. the boost in circulation is sufficient to power a short - term enhancement of cognitive skills. \" this raises the possibility that certain food components like cocoa flavanols may be beneficial in increasing brain blood flow and enhancing brain function among older adults or for others in situations where they may be cognitively impaired, such as fatigue, \" says ian macdonald, of the university of nottingham. a shot in the dark it isn ' t the darkness of chocolate that brings health benefits. nor, despite its prominence in labels, can you tell from the cocoa content of a chocolate bar how good it will be for you. in fact, the darkest chocolate can miss entirely what is medicinally good - - flavanol phytochemicals. by nature, flavanols are bitter, and reducing the bitterness - - by dutch processing, or alkalinization - - also reduces the amount of flavanol. until labels show flavanol content, look for chocolate that has not undergone dutch processing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48686550123956934, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c772a21e-5646-4cc9-a75e-01dae9786085>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.181100"}
{"text": "if you have no deep knowledge of acids it comes as a surprise that an acid with very interesting properties has so simple a formula as h2so4. my, my : just look what those darn chemicals do. if you have thus far read jane austen for her exciting plots it will come as a surprise to be told that she invented the free indirect style in the english novel and achieved in that way her comic effects. remarkable. notions such as these stick. the unsurprising matter does not. you could call it, in honor of jerry seinfeld, the yada - yada - yada theory of learning. \" yada - yada - yada, \" you will recall, is the all - purpose filler, the etc., the and - so - forth, the proceed - as - before. no one learns from yada. stick to the surprising stuff. fortunately most of what people think they already know is wrong. and so you can rather easily surprise them, avoid yada, and teach. consider, for example, what you think you know about the subject of these three imposing volumes, the economic history of britain since william and mary, written by 51 expert contributors and ably edited by roderick floud and paul johnson. the subject is parceled out into vol. 1 on industrialization 1700 - 1860, vol. 2 on economic maturity 1860 - 1939, and vol. 3 on structural change and growth, 1939 - 2000. all the numbers and arguments are here, everything you wanted to know - - - or think you already know. to put the three volumes in leading questions, ( 1. ) how did britain ( scotland is treated as rather an appendage ) come to be rich? ( 2. ) did victorian or edwardian or georgian britain fail? ( 3. ) did the experiment with massive state intervention after 1939 help or hurt? if you are like most educated people you have without being sharply aware of it rather a lot of opinions on these matters. in fact you possess a full and even coherent account that goes something like this : the economic life of a nation is like a tree, with stages from acorn to oak, or like human growth, childhood to old age. in england population exploded - the child grew - - - because death rates fell after the gin age. enclosures were crucial, driving people off the land and into the dark satanic mills. exploitation, not population growth and the napoleonic wars, kept wages low. the overseas slave trade was a crucial source for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5151629251828516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c40b112d-b44e-438f-b9f9-1bee5c9df77d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.194950"}
{"text": "because death rates fell after the gin age. enclosures were crucial, driving people off the land and into the dark satanic mills. exploitation, not population growth and the napoleonic wars, kept wages low. the overseas slave trade was a crucial source for financing the industrial revolution. that revolution was a matter of big mills and big machines, especially the steam engine. after the railway age and the repeal of corn laws, though, britain failed. the germans and americans were better, it turned out, at everything. agriculture suffered a great depression. britain was crippled by not having investment banks and technical colleges like germany. for the rest the family firm was stuffy and rigid, and sent the young man off to a minor public school, where he became a twit. fortunately he could go to india and govern. the empire was responsible for the prosperity of late victorian britain. loss of the empire explains britain ' s troubles in the 20th century. trade unions were a big factor in improving conditions for the workers. capitalism needed to be brought to heel, and fortunately state enterprise, planning, regulation, and subsidies were devised to accomplish this. the balance of payments is a suitable object of policy. policy, by the way, is easy, a matter of ministerial intent. the received wisdom, the newspaper account of british economic history, your personal yada - yada - yada about the first industrial nation is in every detail mistaken. nothing of what you think you know is correct. or so your friends the economic historians of britain are here to tell you. the received wisdom c. 1970 was for example that the industrial revolution was a matter of investment. this \" capital fundamentalism, \" as william easterly has called the comparable conviction among western economists trying to help the third world at the time, has been revived in the so - called \" new growth theory \" over in the department of economics. the historian of technology joel mokyr thinks differently : \" the years 1760 - 1815 witnessed more than just some lucky breaks in a handful of industries : it was also the period in which people defied gravity through hot - air balloons, began the conquest of smallpox, and learned to can food, to use binary codes for manufacturing purposes, to infer geological strata from fossil evidence, and to burn gas for lighting.... in pottery, one of the oldest techniques known to mankind, josiah wedgwood and others introduced new materials, new moulding techniques, and improved over - firing. \" you might think if you were over the department of economics that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44188027538181684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c40b112d-b44e-438f-b9f9-1bee5c9df77d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.196080"}
{"text": "... in pottery, one of the oldest techniques known to mankind, josiah wedgwood and others introduced new materials, new moulding techniques, and improved over - firing. \" you might think if you were over the department of economics that these were merely routine returns on investment, though you would then have the problem of explaining why history waited until britain in the 18th century to make the investments. \" most of the payoff to technologically creativity, \" mokyr points out, on the contrary, \" occurs in a more remote future and is spread over a longer period than was previously believed. \" so there was an enormous change in spirit, which was not aggregately profitable until too late to be explained by mere profit. it was, as mokyr puts it, an \" industrial enlightenment, \" that is, an intellectual - - - could one say \" spiritual \"? - - - change. david mitch, in one of the few sustained and successful attempts at humor in the volumes, asks what would have happened if the british population had been replaced overnight by eskimos. the mental experiments gets at the quality of \" human capital, \" and mitch does point out that the british human capital in turn would work poorly in the arctic. but surely he is right that \" britain ' s intellectual vibrancy is the late 18th century... would be one of the major losses. \" something about those british. the received wisdom was that modern economic growth was a matter of heroic innovations in steam and cotton. false, says kristine bruland of the university of oslo. \" innovation was a broad process, \" she argues, \" pervasively embedded in many industries, \" and looks like \" a general social propensity to innovate. \" \" the claims for steam as a driving force for growth, \" to take one example, \" are seriously overdone, \" as nick von tunzelmann has long argued. again, it was something about those british, as david edgerton ( not in the volumes ) has been arguing for the period of alleged economic decline. radar and television and jet engines, among other items, do not come out of a failing economy. the received wisdom was that population growth during the 18th and 19th century had to do mainly with a falling death rate, the same \" demographic transition \" which other countries exhibited in the late 19th and 20th centuries. research since 1970 led by, and here described by, anthony wrigley has reversed the history : it was rising fertility, giving new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5276183423326541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c40b112d-b44e-438f-b9f9-1bee5c9df77d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.197141"}
{"text": "a falling death rate, the same \" demographic transition \" which other countries exhibited in the late 19th and 20th centuries. research since 1970 led by, and here described by, anthony wrigley has reversed the history : it was rising fertility, giving new meaning to the phrase \" the sentimental revolution. \" dudley baines and robert wood, in a particularly lucid chapter in the second volume, make it clear that \" a new found desire to cheat biology \" was behind the fall at the other end in the number of children a woman had 1851 - 1931. all this and more since 1970 and the application of quantitative methods to economic history. the received wisdom was that families in olden times were \" extended \" and were wrecked by a \" rise of individualism \" the findings of the cambridge group led by wrigley, jane humphries notes, was \" cataclysmic for the presumption that pre - industrial households were large and complex. the majority contained fewer than five persons.... the discovery... exploded belief in the rise of individualism. \" as alan macfarlane of the cambridge group has been arguing for decades, individualism \" rose \" in england in saxon times. the received wisdom was that countries grew by stages, like the seven ages of man, or like trees, with rigid sequence in the leaf, the blossom, or the boll. the stage model, pat hudson argues, is quite wrong, as shows in the varied industrial history of england in the 18th century. the point was made in the 1960s by alexander gerschenkron for the general case. some places and industries and people did not carry on the march to modernity. as hudson notes, \" the fate of many former proto - industrial regions such as east anglia and the weald of kent was deindustrialization. \" and so forth. but not yada - yada - yada. women were not frivolously in charge of 18th - century consumption. foreign trade was not an engine of british growth in the 19th century. transportation innovations in the 18th and 19th centuries made more contribution than cotton textiles. britain ' s lack of good managers for state enterprises was the chief obstacle to the success of nationalization after 1947. not that 1372 pages on farm size, vocational training, and national insurance benefits doesn ' t have its passages of yada - yada - yada. consecutive reading of a textbook like this can be a bit trying, and the books lack the interpretive sparkle of a norman davies or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193939792262268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c40b112d-b44e-438f-b9f9-1bee5c9df77d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.198122"}
{"text": ", vocational training, and national insurance benefits doesn ' t have its passages of yada - yada - yada. consecutive reading of a textbook like this can be a bit trying, and the books lack the interpretive sparkle of a norman davies or eric hobsbawm product. perhaps a third editor would have been a good idea, someone to cross out the turns to yada - yada and to ask insistently what for the most part the writers do a pretty good job of answering but sometimes miss : and your point is... exactly what? just a thought. the third volume is particularly scrappy, and could have used a steadying editorial hand. but that is not entirely fair to the brave and learned contributors to the third volume. any recent history is bound to have an especially serious yada - yada problem. history starts with headlines, but if it ends with them it is liable to feel like hundreds of pages of the economist rewritten by university lecturers. older subjects have the advantage that the superficialities have been squeezed out by many generations of scholars. the history of enclosures, for example, went from headlines ( so to speak ) about the goths and vandals of the open field farmers to the fabian socialist views of the hammonds a century ago, through a conservative reaction fifty years ago, through numbers and economics beginning thirty years ago, to something like a consensus now : concerning the crucial role of enclosures : on the whole, not. the belief that the victorian economy \" failed \" started with the panic over the german commercial invasion of the 1890s, developed into the blaming of fathers in the 1920s, modulated to the less fevered assessments after the second war, and then to analysis and counter - analysis in the 1960s and 1970s down to, again, something like a consensus : on the whole, again, not. oddly, therefore, the first volume, the most remote in time, is most suitable for the general reader than the second, and the second more than the third. many of the chapters, i am gratified to report, confirm notions i put forward in the 1970s and 1980s, as a young and then young middle - aged economic historian. trade, not. open fields and enclosures. victorian failure. productivity change, dual and primal. good on me. but in one respect my younger self was disastrously and persistently and ignorantly mistaken. like half of the contributors to these volumes i was quite sure that \" spirit \" had nothing to do with it, that entrepreneurship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49818418424647815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c40b112d-b44e-438f-b9f9-1bee5c9df77d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.199088"}
{"text": "and primal. good on me. but in one respect my younger self was disastrously and persistently and ignorantly mistaken. like half of the contributors to these volumes i was quite sure that \" spirit \" had nothing to do with it, that entrepreneurship was a silliness of sociologists, that we can tell the story of modern economic growth by sticking to the virtue of prudence. modern economic growth is the increase of income per head by a factor of 15 or 20 since the 18th century in places like britain - - - and a factor of 8. 5 ; worldwide even including the places that have not had the luck or skill to let it happen fully. it is certainly the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants, perhaps the most important since the invention of language. it bids fair to free us all, eventually. and it cannot be explained by the usual economist ' s tools of scarcity and calculation. the tools are still very good to have, but like wittgenstein ' s point about philosophy curing philosophy, they are for this big question useful mainly in disposing of mechanical explanations. the central puzzle is why britain, or why northwestern europe, and why the 18th and 19th centuries. why did britain then escape permanently from the poverty that has been the human lot since adam, or the mitochondrial eve? was it freedom of an unusual sort? was it the ideology of capitalism? was it science, itself a cumulative miracle? no one knows, and until we do we will not understand the modern world. barry supple, my very first teacher of economic history, was among the commentators at the conference producing these volumes. at the beginning of it all, at a conference in 1970 of \" new \" economic historian of britain, he was also a commentator, and was moved to verse : bliss was it in that dawn to be alive but to be young [ and numerate ] was very heaven.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5075153864535682, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c40b112d-b44e-438f-b9f9-1bee5c9df77d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.199969"}
{"text": "serving up all the latest food news, cool foodie products, gossip, and good deals that are fit to print! nestle uses avalanche research to study ice cream nestle may be known for chocolate, but the company is getting serious about ice cream. so serious, in fact, that a team of scientists was hired to use research about avalanches to improve nestle ' s ice cream. according to nestle. com, the company hopes that new technology originally used to study avalanches can help solve the biggest, and possibly the only, ice cream - related mystery. what is this mystery that needs solving? ultimately, the nestle company would like to figure out how to get rid of those pesky little ice crystals that form when ice cream is left in the freezer for too long. it ' s an age - old problem that has had ice cream makers stumped and customers frustrated for years. in the past, it was impossible to study this phenomenon because opening an ice cream carton ruined the sample. therefore, scientists couldn ' t determine how the ice crystals formed over time. now the nestle scientists are using x - rays to look into a carton of ice cream without opening it. this same technique was originally created by the scientists at the institute for snow and avalanche research to look into the center of an avalanche without disturbing the development of ice crystals. so far nestle ' s findings have been somewhat predictable. they published a paper in a scientific journal called \" soft matter \" explaining that the main cause behind ice crystals forming was the process of refreezing. basically ice cream gets icy when it ' s allowed to melt slightly and is then refrozen. although these findings aren ' t particularly surprising, nestle hopes that further research will allow them to understand ice crystals well enough to develop ice cream that will resist forming the crystals, even throughout the refreezing process. do you get those ice crystals in your ice cream at home? do you think it ' s worth it for nestle to study this phenomenon in order to invent ice crystal - resistant ice cream?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49921862196305283, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e407a7d-276c-44af-bc16-2bcc3273bfc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.204834"}
{"text": "trees have been providing energy for humans since before recorded history. cavemen used fire to release the stored energy in wood to cook food and provide illumination at night. medieval castles were heated by massive wood - burning fireplaces. wood burning locomotives helped connect the atlantic and pacific by rail in the 19th century. today, trees continue to be an important store of energy for humans. throughout our long history of using trees for energy, the primary means of releasing that energy has been combustion. i was very interested, therefore, to read \u201c trees, save yourselves \u201d in technology review. researchers at mit, led by dr. shuguang zhang, have hit upon an alternative means of extracting energy from trees without setting them on fire. by harnessing the ph difference between trees and the soil in which they are rooted, a small amount of electricity can be generated. while this phenomenon has been observed for years, a company is now capitalizing on mit \u2019 s research to power sensor networks in forests. voltree power has built a \u201c bioenergy converter \u201d that parasitically harvests metabolic energy from trees. the available energy is certainly not enough to make a dent in human consumption. however, according to the technology review article, enough energy is available to power wireless mesh networks within forests that can transmit data about local temperature and humidity conditions. these networks could be used for agricultural monitoring or early detection of forest fires. voltree power is planning to test their so - called early wildfire alert network ( ewan ) beginning in the spring. a quick look into the merger of two powerhouse 3d printing oems and the new leader in rapid prototyping solutions, stratasys. the industrial revolution is now led by 3d printing and engineers are given the opportunity to fully maximize their design capabilities, reduce their time - to - market and functionally test prototypes cheaper, faster and easier. bruce bradshaw, director of marketing in north america, will explore the large product offering and variety of materials that will help cad designers articulate their product design with actual, physical prototypes. this broadcast will dive deep into technical information including application specific stories from real world customers and their experiences with 3d printing. 3d printing is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5589193376474137, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99268567-fdb2-4144-a05a-ad31bc2d9b95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.207341"}
{"text": "every january we rightly turn our attention to roe v. wade \u2014 the poorly argued supreme court decision that was driven by ideology rather than by actual case law. it was not the first unjustly decided case that impacted tens of thousands of vulnerable lives. in the early decades of the 20th century in the united states, there were deeply held prejudices against the three types of people : the poor, those with disabilities of all kinds, and people of color. these prejudices, along with their social and scientific acceptability, made up the fabric of what became known as the eugenics movement. the argument went something like this : if only we could prevent the births of \u2018 feeble - minded \u2019 people, we could have perpetual prosperity in a society governed by morally upright people. prominent people in law, government, media, business and the ' church ' supported such efforts. state laws were enacted across the country to forcibly sterilize anyone considered unfit. when the courts said okay it didn \u2019 t work. by the early 1920s, the eugenics sterilization movement in the united states seemed to be on its last legs. eugenic sterilization laws in several states had been struck down by the courts. in oregon, a populist movement prevented a law from being passed. scientists in the new field of genetics called into question the conclusions of those who thought all \u2018 shiftless \u2019 behavior was determined by heredity. a proponent of eugenics, dr. harry laughlin, reviewed all that was happening across the united states and determined what was really needed was a model law, backed by research, that would return eugenic sterilization to its former prominence. he wrote and published eugenic sterilization in the united states in 1922, a nearly 500 page tome on his research, which included language for a law he was certain would be acceptable to the courts. eugenic proponents in virginia immediately took this language to the virginia legislature. a vulnerable young woman was chosen to test the law. her legal representative actually supported the law rather than his client. the united states supreme court would eventually hear it. their 1927 decision on buck v. bell didn \u2019 t just make legal an abhorrent practice, it breathed life into an entire international movement. 1 united states law and nazi war crimes by the time world war ii began, 30 states had sterilization laws. germany would use dr. laughlin \u2019 s model law language to create the law for protection against genetically defective offspring. after the war, during the nuremberg trials for nazi crimes against humanity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5280726671953957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b5c0c8d-ac49-4497-90c9-aa956f0b5d05>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.211421"}
{"text": "time world war ii began, 30 states had sterilization laws. germany would use dr. laughlin \u2019 s model law language to create the law for protection against genetically defective offspring. after the war, during the nuremberg trials for nazi crimes against humanity, lawyers for nazi war criminals attempted to use the buck v. bell decision in their clients \u2019 defense. don \u2019 t let that quickly go by you : nazi war criminals who had terrorized, tortured and murdered millions of people attempted to use a decision of the united states supreme court as a defense for their forced sterilization program that was determined to be a crime against humanity. three lessons here thankfully, this practice has gone out of favor even though the decision has never formally been reversed. our culture finds the practice repugnant, and laws have followed. virginia repealed its law in 1974, but left open some compulsory sterilization until 1979. north carolina finally repealed its law in 2003. there may still be laws in some states. here are three lessons i take away : first, the god of this world doesn \u2019 t easily let go of his evil desires to destroy the most vulnerable among us. the eugenics sterilization movement was nearly dead until new life was breathed into it by just a few people who knew how to use legal, legislative and academic systems to their advantage. we should prepare, as jesus told us : \u201c behold, i am sending you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be wise as serpents and innocent as doves \" ( matthew 10 : 16 ). second, it will not stand. when christ returns, perfect justice will reign without challenge. those who today are strong will no longer be able to rule over and abuse the weak without fear. third, until then, we must stand for the most vulnerable among us. today, the most vulnerable human beings on the planet are those with disabilities in the womb. they have neither the law nor the culture siding with them. will you stand for them? 1i am grateful for dr. paul lombardo \u2019 s work on the buck v. bell decision. much of this discussion has come from his thorough history of that case, three generations, no imbeciles : eugenics, the supreme court and buck v. bell. recent posts from \" the works of god \" \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5077925292383605, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b5c0c8d-ac49-4497-90c9-aa956f0b5d05>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.212618"}
{"text": "deworming schoolchildren : a smart investment for policymakers and philanthropists submitted by grace on mon, 05 / 14 / 2012 - 12 : 00 may 14, 2012 | copenhagen consensus center the copenhagen consensus center ranks deworming fourth among the sixteen most cost - effective investments to overcome the world \u2019 s biggest challenges in 2012. this list is compiled by an expert panel of nobel laureate economists charged with determining the smartest ways to advance global welfare, particularly in developing countries. the panel recommends that us $ 300 million be allocated annually for deworming, providing an endorsement that policymakers and philanthropists can look to when prioritizing allocation of limited resources. nobel laureate economist robert mundell is quoted by the center, saying : \u201c deworming is an overlooked intervention deserving of greater attention and resources. this simple, cheap investment can mean a child is healthier and spends more time in school. \u201d deworming is mentioned in three of the ten challenge papers due to its impact on education, health, and nutrition status of school - age children. to learn more about the economists \u2019 rankings and read the outcomes and challenge papers, please visit the copenhagen consensus center website, and see the related slate articles by center director bj\u00f8rn lomborg on strategies for fixing education, and the best solutions to combat infectious diseases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5222337024915095, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4493e4e6-6b26-435f-b9ed-a002be5d7da4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.214018"}
{"text": "why is the global economy constrained by the energy cost of energy? from getting down to earth : practical applications of ecological economics, island press, 1996 ; isbn 1 - 55963 - 503 - 7 http : / / www. amazon. com / exec / obidos / asin / 1559635037 historical knowledge is essential to practical applications of ecological economics. systems of problem solving develop greater complexity and higher costs over long periods. in time such systems either require increasing energy subsidies or they collapse. diminishing returns to complexity in problem solving limited the abilities of earlier societies to respond sustainably to challenges, and will shape contemporary responses to global change. to confront this dilemma we must understand both the role of energy in sustaining problem solving, and our historical position in systems of increasing complexity. in our quest to understand sustainability we have rushed to comprehend such factors as energy transformations, biophysical constraints, and environmental deterioration, as well as the human characteristics that drive production and consumption, and the assumptions of neoclassical economics. as our knowledge of these matters increases, practical applications of ecological economics are emerging. yet amidst these advances something important is missing. any human problem is but a moment of reaction to prior events and processes. historical patterns develop over generations or even centuries. rarely will the experience of a lifetime disclose fully the origin of an event or a process. employment levels in natural resource production, for example, may respond to a capital investment cycle with a lag time of several decades ( watt 1992 ). the factors that cause societies to collapse take centuries to develop ( tainter 1988 ). to design policies for today and the future we need to understand social and economic processes at all temporal scales, and comprehend where we are in historical patterns. historical knowledge is essential to sustainability ( tainter 1995a ). no program to enhance sustainability can be considered practical if it does not incorporate such fundamental knowledge. in this era of global environmental change we face what may be humanity ' s greatest crisis. the cluster of transformations labeled global change dwarfs all previous experiences in its speed. in the geographical scale of its consequences, and in the numbers of people who will be affected ( norgaard 1994 ). yet many times past human populations faced extraordinary challenges, and the difference between their problems and ours is only one of degree. one might expect that in a rational, problem - solving society, we would eagerly seek to understand historical experiences. in actuality, our approaches to education and our impatience for innovation have made us averse to historical knowledge ( tainte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5480002324170545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.296153"}
{"text": "one of degree. one might expect that in a rational, problem - solving society, we would eagerly seek to understand historical experiences. in actuality, our approaches to education and our impatience for innovation have made us averse to historical knowledge ( tainter 1995a ). in ignorance, policy makers tend to look for the causes of events only in the recent past ( watt 1992 ). as a result, while we have a greater opportunity than the people of any previous era to understand the long - term reasons for our problems, that opportunity is largely ignored. not only do we not know where we are in history, most of our citizens and policy makers are not aware that we ought to. a recurring constraint faced by previous societies has been complexity in problem solving. it is a constraint that is usually unrecognized in contemporary economic analyses. for the past 12, 000 years human societies have seemed almost inexorably to grow more complex. for the most part this has been successful : complexity confers advantages, and one of the reasons for our success as a species has been our ability to ' increase rapidly the complexity of our behavior ( tainter 1992, 1995b ). yet complexity can also be detrimental to sustainability. since our approach to resolving our problems has been to develop the most complex society and economy of human history, it is important to understand how previous societies fared when they pursued analogous strategies. in this chapter i will discuss the factors that caused previous societies to collapse, the economics of complexity in problem solving, and some implications of historical patterns for our efforts at problem solving today. this discussion indicates that part of our response to global change must be to understand the long - term evolution of problem - solving systems. complexity is a key concept of this essay. in an earlier study i characterized it as follows : complexity is generally understood to refer to such things as the size of a society, the number and distinctiveness of its parts, the variety of specialized social roles that it incorporates, the number of distinct social personalities present, and the variety of mechanisms for organizing these into a coherent, functioning whole. augmenting any of these dimensions increases the complexity of a society. hunter - gatherer societies ( by way of illustrating one contrast in complexity ) contain no more than a few dozen distinct social personalities, while modern european censuses recognize 10, 000 to 20, 000 unique occupational roles, and industrial societies may contain overall more than 1, 000, 000 different kinds of social personalities ( mcguire 1983 ; tainter 1988 ). 1 as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5606804253503357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.297511"}
{"text": "social personalities, while modern european censuses recognize 10, 000 to 20, 000 unique occupational roles, and industrial societies may contain overall more than 1, 000, 000 different kinds of social personalities ( mcguire 1983 ; tainter 1988 ). 1 as a simple illustration of differences in complexity, julian steward pointed out the contrast between the native peoples of western north america, among whom early ethnographers documented 3, 000 to 6, 000 cultural elements, and the u. s. army, which landed 500, 000 + artifact types at casablanca in world war 11 ( steward 1955 ). complexity is quantifiable. for over 99 % of the history of humanity we lived as low - density foragers or farmers in egalitarian communities of no more than a few dozen persons ( carneiro 1978 ). leslie white pointed out that such a cultural system, based primarily on human labor, can generate only about 1 / 20 horsepower per capita per year ( white 1949, 1959 ). from this base of undifferentiated societies requiring small amounts of energy, the development of complex cultural systems was, a priori, unlikely. the conventional view has been that human societies have a latent tendency towards greater complexity. complexity was assumed to be a desirable thing, and the logical result of surplus food, leisure time, and human creativity. although this scenario is popular, it is inadequate to explain the evolution of complexity. in the world of cultural complexity there is, to use a colloquial expression, no free lunch. more complex societies are costlier to maintain than simpler ones and require higher support levels per capita. a society that is more complex has more sub - groups and social roles, more networks among groups and individuals, more horizontal and vertical controls, higher flow of information, greater centralization of information, more specialization, and greater interdependence of parts. increasing any of these dimensions requires biological, mechanical, or chemical energy. in the days before fossil fuel subsidies, increasing the complexity of a society usually meant that the majority of its population had to work harder ( tainter 1988, 1992, 1994a, 1995a, 1995b ). many aspects of human behavior appear to be complexity averse ( tainter 1995b ). the so - called \" complexity of modern life \" is a regular complaint in popular discourse. some of the public discontent with government stems from the fact that government adds complexity to people ' s lives. in science, the principle of occam ' s razor has enduring appeal because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5615572770530644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.302981"}
{"text": "complexity of modern life \" is a regular complaint in popular discourse. some of the public discontent with government stems from the fact that government adds complexity to people ' s lives. in science, the principle of occam ' s razor has enduring appeal because it states that simplicity in explanation is preferable to complexity. complexity has always been inhibited by the burdens of time and energy that it imposes, and by complexity aversion ( which is no doubt related to cost ). thus explaining why human societies have become increasingly complex presents more of a challenge than ' is customarily thought. the reason why complexity increases is that, most of the time, it works. complexity is a problemsolving strategy that emerges under conditions of compelling need or perceived benefit. throughout history, the stresses and challenges that human populations have faced have often been resolved by becoming more complex. while a complete review is not possible here, this trend is evident in such spheres as : in each of these areas, complexity increases through greater differentiation, specialization, and integration. the development of complexity is thus an economic process : complexity levies costs and yields benefits. it is an investment, and it gives a variable return. complexity can be both beneficial and detrimental. its destructive potential is evident in historical cases where increased expenditures on socioeconomic complexity reached diminishing returns, and ultimately, in some instances, negative returns ( tainter 1988, 1994b ). this outcome emerges from the normal economic process : simple, inexpensive solutions are adopted before more complex, expensive ones. thus, as human populations have increased, hunting and gathering has given way to increasingly intensive agriculture, and to industrialized food production that consumes more energy than it produces ( clark and haswell 1966 ; cohen 1977 ; hall et al. 1992 ). minerals and energy production move consistently from easily accessible, inexpensively exploited reserves to ones that are costlier to find, extract, process, and distribute. socioeconomic organization has evolved from egalitarian reciprocity, short - term leadership, and generalized roles to complex hierarchies with increasing specialization. the graph in figure 4. 1 is based on these arguments. as a society increases in complexity, it expands investment in such things as resource production, information processing, administration, and defense. the benefit / cost curve for these expenditures may at first increase favorably, as the most simple, general, and inexpensive solutions are adopted ( a phase not shown on this chart ). yet as a society encounters new stresses, and inexpensive solutions no longer suffice, its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5772501635171317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.312908"}
{"text": "curve for these expenditures may at first increase favorably, as the most simple, general, and inexpensive solutions are adopted ( a phase not shown on this chart ). yet as a society encounters new stresses, and inexpensive solutions no longer suffice, its evolution proceeds in a more costly direction. ultimately a growing society reaches a point where continued investment in complexity yields higher returns, but at a declining marginal rate. at a point such as b1, c1 on this chart a society has entered the phase where it starts to become vulnerable to collapse. figure 4. 1. deminishing returns to increasing complexity ( after tainter 1988 ). two things make a society liable to collapse at this point. first new emergencies impinge on a people who are investing in a strategy that yields less and less marginal return. as such a society becomes economically weakened it has fewer reserves with which to counter major adversities. a crisis that the society might have survived in its earlier days now becomes insurmountable. second, diminishing returns make complexity less attractive and breed disaffection. as taxes and other costs rise and there are fewer benefits at the local level, more and more people are attracted by the idea of being independent. the society \" decomposes \" as people pursue their immediate needs rather than the long - term goals of the leadership. as such a society evolves along the marginal return curve beyond b2, c2, it crosses a continuum of points, such as b1, c3, where costs are increasing, but the benefits have actually declined to those previously available at a lower level of complexity. this is a realm of negative returns to investment in complexity. a society at such a point would find that, upon collapsing, its return on investment in complexity would noticeably rise. a society in this condition is extremely vulnerable to collapse. this argument, developed and tested to explain why societies collapse ( tainter 1988 ), is also an account of historical trends in the economics of problem solving. the history of cultural complexity is the history of human problem solving. in many sectors of investment, such as resource production, technology, competition, political organization, and research, complexity is increased by a continual need to solve problems. as easier solutions are exhausted, problem solving moves inexorably to greater complexity, higher costs, and diminishing returns. this need not lead to collapse, but it is important to understand the conditions under which it might. to illustrate these conditions it is useful to review three examples of increasing complexity and costliness in problem solving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5518444131645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.319521"}
{"text": ", higher costs, and diminishing returns. this need not lead to collapse, but it is important to understand the conditions under which it might. to illustrate these conditions it is useful to review three examples of increasing complexity and costliness in problem solving : the collapse of the roman empire, the development of industrialism, and trends in contemporary science. the collapse of the roman empire one outcome of diminishing returns to complexity is illustrated by the collapse of the western roman empire. as a solar - energy based society which taxed heavily, the empire had little fiscal reserve. when confronted with military crises, roman emperors often had to respond by debasing the silver currency ( figure 4. 2 ) and trying to raise new funds. in the third century a. d. constant crises forced the emperors to double the size of the army and increase both the size and complexity of the government. to pay for this, masses of worthless coins were produced, supplies were commandeered from peasants, and the level of taxation was made even more oppressive ( up to two - thirds of the net yield after payment of rent ). inflation devastated the economy. lands and population were surveyed across the empire and assessed for taxes. communities were held corporately liable for any unpaid amounts. while peasants went hungry or sold their children into slavery, massive fortifications were built, the size of the bureaucracy doubled, provincial administration was made more complex, large subsidies in gold were paid to germanic tribes, and new imperial cities and courts were established. with rising taxes, marginal lands were abandoned and population declined. peasants could no longer support large families. to avoid oppressive civic obligations, the wealthy fled from cities to establish self - sufficient rural estates. ultimately, to escape taxation, peasants voluntarily entered into feudal relationships with these land holders. a few wealthy families came to own much of the land in the western empire, and were able to defy the imperial government. the empire came to sustain itself by consuming its capital resources ; producing lands and peasant population ( jones 1964, 1974 ; wickham 1984 ; tainter 1988, 1994b ). the roman empire provides history ' s best - documented example of how increasing complexity to resolve problems leads to higher costs, diminishing returns, alienation of a support population, economic weakness, and collapse. in the end it could no longer afford to solve the problems of its own existence. figure 4. 2. debasement of the roman silver currency, 0 - 269 a. d. ( after tainter 1994b with modifications ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5134316977302411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.321957"}
{"text": "in the end it could no longer afford to solve the problems of its own existence. figure 4. 2. debasement of the roman silver currency, 0 - 269 a. d. ( after tainter 1994b with modifications ). the chart shows grams of silver per denarius ( the basic silver coin ) from 0 to 237 a. d., and per 1 / 2 denarius from 238 - 269 a. d. ( when the denarius was replaced by a larger coin tariffed at two denarii ). population, resources, and industrialism the fate of the roman empire is not the unavoidable destiny of complex societies. it is useful to discuss a historical case that turned out quite differently. in one of the most interesting works of economic history, richard wilkinson ( 1973 ) showed that in late - and post - medieval england, population growth and deforestation stimulated economic development, and were at least partly responsible for the industrial revolution. major increases in population, at around 1300, 1600, and in the late 18th century, led to intensification in agriculture and industry. as forests were cut to provide agricultural land and fuel for a growing population, england ' s heating, cooking, and manufacturing needs could no longer be met by burning wood. coal came to be increasingly important, although it was adopted reluctantly. coal was costlier to obtain and distribute than wood, and restricted in its occurrence. it required a new, costly distribution system. as coal gained importance in the economy the most accessible deposits were depleted. mines had to be sunk ever deeper, until groundwater came to be a problem. ultimately, the steam engine was developed and put to use pumping water from mines. with the development of a coal - based economy, a distribution system, and the steam engine, several of the most important technical elements of the industrial revolution were in place. industrialism, that great generator of economic well - being, came in part from steps to counteract the consequences of resource depletion, supposedly a generator of poverty and collapse. yet it was a system of increasing complexity that did not take long to show diminishing returns in some sectors. this point will be raised again later. science and problem solving contemporary science is humanity ' s greatest exercise in problem solving. science is an institutional aspect of society, and research is an activity that we like to think has a high return. yet as generalized knowledge is established early in the history of a discipline, the work that remains to be done is increasingly specialized. these types of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5242298600859037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.324593"}
{"text": "is an institutional aspect of society, and research is an activity that we like to think has a high return. yet as generalized knowledge is established early in the history of a discipline, the work that remains to be done is increasingly specialized. these types of problems tend to be increasingly costly and difficult to resolve, and on average advance knowledge only by small increments ( rescher 1978, 1980 ; tainter 1988 ). increasing investments in research yield declining marginal returns. some notable scholars have commented upon this. walter rostow once argued that marginal productivity first rises and then declines in individual fields ( 1980 ). the great physicist max planck, in a statement that nicholas rescher calls ' planck ' s principle of increasing effort, observed that \"... with every advance [ in science ] the difficulty of the task is increased \" ( rescher 1980 ). as easier questions are resolved, science moves inevitably to more complex research areas and to larger, costlier organizations ( rescher 1980 ). rescher suggests that \" as science progresses within any of its specialized branches, there is a marked increase in the overall resource - cost to realizing scientific findings of a given level [ of ] intrinsic significance... \" ( 1978 ). exponential growth in the size and costliness of science is necessary simply to maintain a constant rate of progress ( rescher 1980 ). derek de solla price noted that in 1963 science was, even then, growing faster than either the population or the economy, and of all scientists who had ever lived, 80 - 90 % were still alive at the time of his writing ( price 1963 ). in the same period, such matters prompted dael wolfle to publish a query in science titled \" how much research for a dollar? \" ( wolfle 1960 ). scientists rarely think about the benefit / cost ratio to investment in their research. yet if we assess the productivity of our investment in science by some measure such as the issuance of patents ( figure 4. 3 ), the productivity of certain kinds of research appears to be declining. patenting is a controversial indicator among those who study such matters ( machlup 1962 ; schmookler 1966 ; griliches 1984 ), and does not by itself indicate the economic return to the expenditures. medicine is a field of applied science where the return to investment can be determined more readily. over the 52 - year period shown in figure 4. 4, from 1930 - 1982, the productivity of the united states health care system for improving life expectancy declined by nearly 60 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5793432545582045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.326534"}
{"text": "applied science where the return to investment can be determined more readily. over the 52 - year period shown in figure 4. 4, from 1930 - 1982, the productivity of the united states health care system for improving life expectancy declined by nearly 60 %. the declining productivity of the united states health care system illustrates clearly the historical development of a problem - solving field. rescher ( 1980 ) points out : once all of the findings at a given state - of - the - art level of investigative technology have been realized, one must move to a more expensive level.... in natural science we are involved in a technological arms race : with every victory over nature the difficulty of achieving the breakthroughs which lie ahead is increased. the declining productivity of medicine is due to the fact that the inexpensive diseases and ailments were conquered first ( the basic research that led to penicillin costing no more than $ 20, 000 ), so that those remaining are more difficult and costly to resolve ( rescher 1978 ). and as each increasingly expensive disease is conquered, the increment to average life expectancy becomes ever smaller. figure 4. 3. patent applicatications in respect to research inputs, 1942 - 1958 ( data from machlup 1962 ) figure 4. 4. productivity of the u. s. health care system, 1930 - 1982 ( data from worthington 1975 ; u. s. bureau of census 1983 ). productivity index = ( life expentancy ) / ( national health expenditures as percent of gnp ). implications of the examples the roman empire, industrialism, and science are important, not only for their own merits, but also because they exemplify : ( 1 ) how problem solving evolves along a path of increasing complexity, higher costs, and declining marginal returns ( tainter 1988 ), and ( 2 ) some different outcomes of that process. in the next section, i discuss what these patterns imply for our efforts to address contemporary problems. this historical discussion gives a perspective on what it means to be practical and sustainable. a few years ago i described about two dozen societies that have collapsed ( tainter 1988 ). in no case is it evident or even likely that any of these societies collapsed because its members or leaders did not take practical steps to resolve its problems ( tainter 1988 ). the experience of the roman empire is again instructive. most actions that the roman government took in response to crises - such as debasing the currency, raising taxes, expanding the army,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5503988076215789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.328052"}
{"text": "to resolve its problems ( tainter 1988 ). the experience of the roman empire is again instructive. most actions that the roman government took in response to crises - such as debasing the currency, raising taxes, expanding the army, and conscripting labor - were practical solutions to immediate problems. it would have been unthinkable not to adopt such measures. cumulatively, however, these practical steps made the empire ever weaker, as the capital stock ( agricultural land and peasants ) was depleted through taxation and conscription. over time, devising practical solutions drove the roman empire into diminishing, then negative, returns to complexity. the implication is that to focus a problem - solving system, such as ecological economics, on practical applications will not automatically increase its value to society, nor enhance sustainability. the historical development of problem - solving systems needs to be understood and taken into consideration. most who study contemporary issues certainly would agree that solving environmental and economic problems requires both knowledge and education. a major part of our response to current problems has been to increase our level of research into environmental matters, including global change. as our knowledge increases and practical solutions emerge, governments will implement solutions and bureaucracies will enforce them. new technologies will be developed. each of these steps will appear to be a practical solution to a specific problem. yet cumulatively these practical steps are likely to bring increased complexity, higher costs, and diminishing returns to problem solving. ' richard norgaard has stated the problem well : \" assuring sustainability by extending the modem agenda... will require, by several orders of magnitude, more data collection, interpretation, planning, political decision - making, and bureaucratic control \" ( norgaard 1994 ). donella meadows and her colleagues have given excellent examples of the economic constraints of contemporary problem solving. to raise world food production from 1951 - 1966 by 34 %, for example, required increasing expenditures on tractors of 63 %, on nitrate fertilizers of 146 %, and on pesticides of 300 %. to remove all organic wastes from a sugar - processing plant costs 100 times more than removing 30 %. to reduce sulfur dioxide in the air of a u. s. city by 9. 6 times, or particulates by 3. 1 times, raises the cost of pollution control by 520 times ( meadows et al. 1972 ). all environmental problem solving will face constraints of this kind. bureaucratic regulation itself generates further complexity and costs. as regulations are issued and taxes established, those who are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5291719669794775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.337172"}
{"text": ", raises the cost of pollution control by 520 times ( meadows et al. 1972 ). all environmental problem solving will face constraints of this kind. bureaucratic regulation itself generates further complexity and costs. as regulations are issued and taxes established, those who are regulated or taxed seek loopholes and lawmakers strive to close these. a competitive spiral of loophole discovery and closure unfolds, with complexity continuously increasing ( olson 1982 ). in these days when the cost of government lacks political support, such a strategy is unsustainable. it is often suggested that environmentally benign behavior should be elicited through taxation incentives rather than through regulations. while this approach has some advantages, it does not address the problem of complexity, and may not reduce overall regulatory costs as much as is thought. those costs may only be shifted to the taxation authorities, and to the society as a whole. it is not that research, education, regulation, and new technologies cannot potentially alleviate our problems. with enough investment perhaps they can. the difficulty is that these investments will be costly, and may require an increasing share of each nation ' s gross domestic product. with diminishing returns to problem solving, addressing environmental issues in our conventional way means that more resources will have to be allocated to science, engineering, and government. in the absence of high economic growth this would require at least a temporary decline in the standard of living, as people would have comparatively less to spend on food, housing, clothing, medical care, transportation, and entertainment. to circumvent costliness in problem solving it is often suggested that we use resources more intelligently and efficiently. timothy allen and thomas hoekstra, for example, have suggested that in managing ecosystems for sustainability, managers should identify what is missing from natural regulatory process and provide only that. the ecosystem will do the rest. let the ecosystem ( i. e., solar energy ) subsidize the management effort rather than the other way around ( allen and hoekstra 1992 ). it is an intelligent suggestion. at the same time, to implement it would require much knowledge that we do not now possess. that means we need research that is complex and costly, and requires fossil - fuel subsidies. lowering the costs of complexity in one sphere causes them to rise in another. agricultural pest control illustrates this dilemma. as the spraying of pesticides exacted higher costs and yielded fewer benefits, integrated pest management was developed. this system relies on biological knowledge to reduce the need for chemicals, and employs monitoring of pest populations, use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5421939787467888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.340776"}
{"text": ". agricultural pest control illustrates this dilemma. as the spraying of pesticides exacted higher costs and yielded fewer benefits, integrated pest management was developed. this system relies on biological knowledge to reduce the need for chemicals, and employs monitoring of pest populations, use of biological controls, judicious application of chemicals, and careful selection of crop types and planting dates ( norgaard 1994 ). it is an approach that requires both esoteric research by scientists and careful monitoring by farmers. integrated pest management violates the principle of complexity aversion, which may partly explain why it is not more widely used. such issues help to clarify what constitutes a sustainable society. the fact that problem - solving systems seem to evolve to greater complexity, higher costs, and diminishing returns has significant implications for sustainability. in time, systems that develop in this way are either cut off from further finances, fail to solve problems, collapse, or come to require large energy subsidies. this has been the pattern historically in such cases as the roman empire, the lowland classic maya, chacoan society of the american southwest, warfare in medieval and renaissance europe, and some aspects of contemporary problem solving ( that is, in every case that i have investigated in detail ) ( tainter 1988, 1992, 1994b, 1995a ). these historical patterns suggest that one of the characteristics of a sustainable society will be that it has a sustainable system of problem solving - one with increasing or stable returns, or diminishing returns that can be financed with energy subsidies of assured supply, cost, and quality. industrialism illustrates this point. it generated its own problems of complexity and costliness. these included railways and canals to distribute coal and manufactured goods, the development of an economy increasingly based on money and wages, and the development of new technologies. while such elements of complexity are usually thought to facilitate economic growth, in fact they can do so only when subsidized by energy. some of the new technologies, such as the steam engine, showed diminishing returns to innovation quite early in their development ( wilkinson 1973 ; giarini and louberge 1978 ; giarini 1984 ). what set industrialism apart from all of the previous history of our species was its reliance on abundant, concentrated, high - quality energy ( hall et al. 1992 ). 5 with subsidies of inexpensive fossil fuels, for a long time many consequences of industrialism effectively did not matter. industrial societies could afford them. when energy costs are met easily and painlessly, benefit / cost ratio to social investments can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5651968816649346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.343144"}
{"text": "1992 ). 5 with subsidies of inexpensive fossil fuels, for a long time many consequences of industrialism effectively did not matter. industrial societies could afford them. when energy costs are met easily and painlessly, benefit / cost ratio to social investments can be substantially ignored ( as it has been in contemporary industrial agriculture ). fossil fuels made industrialism, and all that flowed from it ( such as science, transportation, medicine, employment, consumerism, high - technology war, and contemporary political organization ), a system of problem solving that was sustainable for several generations. energy has always been the basis of cultural complexity and it always will be. if our efforts to understand and resolve such matters as global change involve increasing political, technological, economic, and scientific complexity, as it seems they will, then the availability of energy per capita will be a constraining factor. to increase complexity on the basis of static or declining energy supplies would require lowering the standard of living throughout the world. in the absence of a clear crisis very few people would support this. to maintain political support for our current and future investments in complexity thus requires an increase in the effective per capita supply of energy - either by increasing the physical availability of energy, or by technical, political, or economic innovations that lower the energy cost of our standard of living. of course, to discover such innovations requires energy, which underscores the constraints in the energy - complexity relation. this chapter on the past clarifies potential paths to the future. one often - discussed path is cultural and economic simplicity and lower energy costs. this could come about through the \" crash \" that many fear - a genuine collapse over a period of one or two generations, with much violence, starvation, and loss of population. the alternative is the \" soft landing \" that many people hope for - a voluntary change to solar energy and green fuels, energy - conserving technologies, and less overall consumption. this is a utopian alternative that, as suggested above, will come about only if severe, prolonged hardship in industrial nations makes it attractive, and if economic growth and consumerism can be removed from the realm of ideology. the more likely option is a future of greater investments in problem solving, increasing overall complexity, and greater use of energy. this option is driven by the material comforts it provides, by vested interests, by lack of alternatives, and by our conviction that it is good. if the trajectory of problem solving that humanity has followed for much of the last 12, 000 years should continue, it is the path that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5455914740678499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.344799"}
{"text": "comforts it provides, by vested interests, by lack of alternatives, and by our conviction that it is good. if the trajectory of problem solving that humanity has followed for much of the last 12, 000 years should continue, it is the path that we are likely to take in the near future. regardless of when our efforts to understand and resolve contemporary problems reach diminishing returns, one point should be clear. it is essential to know where we are in history ( tainter 1995a ). if macroeconomic patterns develop over periods of generations or centuries, it is not possible to comprehend our current conditions unless we understand where we are in this process. we have the the opportunity to become the first people in history to understand how a society ' s problem - solving abilities change. to know that this is possible yet not to act upon it would be a great failure of the practical application of ecological economics. this - chapter is revised from a plenary address to the third international meeting of the international society for ecological economics, san jose, costa rica, 28 october 1994. 1 am grateful to cutler j. cleveland, robert costanza, and olman segura for the invitation to present the address, to maureen garita matamoros for assistance during the conference, to denver burns, john faux, charles a. s. hall, thomas hoekstra, joe kerkvliet, and daniel underwood for comments on the plenary address, and to richard periman and carol raish for reviewing this version. allen, t. f. h. and t. w. hoekstra. 1992. toward a unified ecology. new york : columbia university press. asch, n. b., r. i. ford, and d. l. asch. 1972. paleoethnobotany of the koster site : the archaic horizons. illinois state museum reports of investigations 24. illinois valley archeological program, research papers 6. boserup, e. 1965. the conditions of agricultural growth : the economics of agrarian change under population pressure. chicago : aldine. carneiro, r. l. 1978. political expansion as an expression of the principle of competitive exclusion. in origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution, eds. ronald cohen and elman r. service. philadelphia : institute for the study of human issues. clark, c and m. haswell. 1966. the economics of subsistence agriculture. london : macmillan. cohen, m. n. 1977. the food crisis in prehistory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5293732614096711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.345786"}
{"text": "r. service. philadelphia : institute for the study of human issues. clark, c and m. haswell. 1966. the economics of subsistence agriculture. london : macmillan. cohen, m. n. 1977. the food crisis in prehistory : overpopulation and the origins of agriculture. new haven : yale university press. gell - mann, m. 1992. complexity and complex adaptive systems. in the evolution of human languages, eds. j. a. hawkins and m. gell - mann, pp. 3 - 18. santa fe institute. studies in the sciences of complexity, proceedings volume x1. reading : addison - wesley. gell - mann, m. 1994. the quark and the jaguar : adventures in the simple and the complex. new york : w. h. freeman. giarini, o. ed. 1984. cycles, value and employment : responses to the economic crisis. oxford : pergamon. giarini, o. and h. louberge. 1978. the diminishing returns of technology : an essay on the crisis in economic growth. oxford : pergamon. griliches, z. 1984. introduction. in research and development, patents, and productivity, ed. zvi griliches, pp. 1 - 19. chicago and london : university of chicago press. hall, charles a. s., c. j, cleveland, and r. kaufmann. 1992. energy and resource quality : the ecology of the economic process. niwot : university press of colorado. jones, a. h. m. 1964. the later roman empire 284 - 602 : a social, economic and administrative survey. norman : university of oklahoma press. jones, a. h. m. 1974. the roman economy : studies in ancient economic and administrative history. oxford : basil blackwell. machlup, fritz. 1962. the production and distribution of knowledge in the united states. princeton : princeton university press. mcguire, r. h. 1983. breaking down cultural complexity : inequality and heterogeneity. in advances in archaeological method and theory, volume 6, ed. michael b. schiffer, pp. 91 - 142. new york : academic press. meadows, d., h. dennis, l. meadows, j. randers, and w. w. behrens 111. 1972. the limits to growth. new york : universe books. minnis, p. e. 1995. notes on economic uncertainty and human behavior in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554701529860748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.346668"}
{"text": ", l. meadows, j. randers, and w. w. behrens 111. 1972. the limits to growth. new york : universe books. minnis, p. e. 1995. notes on economic uncertainty and human behavior in the prehistoric north american southwest. in evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric southwest, eds. j. a. tainter and b. b. tainter, pp. 57 - 78. santa fe institute, studies in the sciences of complexity, proceedings volume xxiv. reading : addison wesley. nelson, m. c. 1995. technological strategies responsive to subsistence stress. in evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric southwest, eds. j. a. tainter and b. b. tainter, pp. 107 - 144. santa fe institute, studies in the sciences of complexity, proceedings volume xxiv. reading : addison - wesley. norgaard, r. b. 1994. development betrayed : the end of progress and a coevolutionary revisioning of the future. london and new york : routledge. olson, m. 1982. the rise and decline of nations. new haven : yale university press. parker, g. 1988. the military revolution : military innovation and the rise of the west, 1500 - 1800. cambridge : cambridge university press. price, derek de solla. 1963. little science, big science. new york : columbia university press. rescher, n. 1978. scientific progress : a philosophical essay on the economics of research in natural science. pittsburgh : university of pittsburgh press. rescher, n. 1980. unpopular essays on technological progress. pittsburgh : university of pittsburgh press. rostow, w. w. 1980. why the poor get richer and the rich slow down. austin : university of texas press. schmookler, j. 1966. invention and economic growth. cambridge : harvard university press. steward, j. h. 1955. theory of culture change. urbana : university of illinois press. tainter, j. a. 1988. the collapse of complex societies. cambridge : cambridge university press. tainter, j. a. 1992. evolutionary consequences of war. in effects of war on society, ed. g. ausenda, pp. 103 - 130. san marino : center for interdisciplinary research on social stress. tainter, j. a. 1994a. southwestern contributions to the understanding of core - periphery relations. in understanding complexity in the prehistoric southwest, eds. g. j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5485863905694428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.347653"}
{"text": "103 - 130. san marino : center for interdisciplinary research on social stress. tainter, j. a. 1994a. southwestern contributions to the understanding of core - periphery relations. in understanding complexity in the prehistoric southwest, eds. g. j. gumerman, and m. gell - mann, pp. 25 - 36. santa fe institute, studies in the sciences of complexity, proceedings volume xvi. reading : addison - wesley. tainter, joseph a. 1994b. la fine dell ' amministrazione centrale : il collaso dell ' impero romano in occidente. in storia d ' europa, volume secondo : preistoria e antichita, eds. jean guilaine and salvatore settis, pp. 1207 - 1255. turin : einaudi. tainter, j. a. 1995a. sustainability of complex societies. futures 27 : 397 - 407. tainter, j. a. 1995b. introduction : prehistoric societies as evolving complex systems. in : evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric southwest, eds. j. a. tainter and b. b. tainter. pp 1 - 23 santa fe institute, studies in the sciences of complexity, proceedings volume xxiv. reading : addison - wesley. u. s. bureau of the census. 1983. statistical abstract of the united states : 1984 104d washington, dc : u. s. government printing office. watt, k. e. e. 1992. taming the future : a revolutionary breakthrough in scientific forecasting. davis : contextured webb press. white, l. a. 1949. the science of culture. new york : farrar, straus and giroux. white, l. a. 1959. the evolution of culture. new york : mcgraw - hill. wickham, c. 1984. the other transition : from the ancient world to feudalism. past and present 103 : 3 - 36. wilkinson, r. g. 1973. poverty and progress : an ecological model of economic development. london : methuen. wolfle, d. 1960. how much research for a dollar '? science 132 : 517. worthington, n. l. 1975. national health expenditures, 1929 - 1974. social security bulletin 38 ( 2 ) : 3 - 20.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5453794417788351, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:151ad38f-4c54-43f1-87bf-8db44b617816>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.348748"}
{"text": "new south wales the sydney opera house and sydney cbd at dusk from jeffrey street, kirribilli | population | | 4, 627, 345 ( 2011 ) ( 1st ) | | \u2022 density | | 2, 058 / km\u00b2 ( 5, 330. 2 / sq mi ) ( 2006 ) | | established | | 26 january 1788 | | area | | 12, 144. 6 km\u00b2 ( 4, 689. 1 sq mi ) | | time zone | | aest ( utc + 10 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | aedt ( utc + 11 ) | | state / territory electorate ( s ) | | various ( 49 ) | | federal division ( s ) | | various ( 24 ) | sydney ( pron. : / / ) is the state capital of new south wales and the most populous city in australia. it is on australia ' s south - east coast, on the tasman sea. in june 2010 the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4. 6 million people. inhabitants of sydney are called sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population. the site of the first british colony in australia, sydney was established in 1788 at sydney cove by arthur phillip, commodore of the first fleet, as a penal colony. the city is built on hills surrounding port jackson which is commonly known as sydney harbour, where the iconic sydney opera house and the harbour bridge feature prominently. the hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous bondi beach and manly beach. within the city are many notable parks, including hyde park and the royal botanic gardens. sydney is a high ranking world city and has hosted multiple major international sporting events, including the 1938 british empire games ( now known as the commonwealth games ) and the 2000 summer olympics. the main airport serving sydney is sydney airport and its main port is port botany. the traditional indigenous inhabitants of sydney cove are the cadigal people, whose land once stretched from south of port jackson to petersham. while estimates of the population numbers before the arrival of the first fleet in 1788 remain contentious, approximately 4, 000 \u2013 8, 000 aboriginal people lived in the sydney region before contact with british settlers. the british called the indigenous people the \" eora \", because being asked where they came from, these people would answer : \" eora \", meaning \" here \", or \" from this place \" in their language. there were three language groups in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4095903124834834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.530692"}
{"text": "british called the indigenous people the \" eora \", because being asked where they came from, these people would answer : \" eora \", meaning \" here \", or \" from this place \" in their language. there were three language groups in the sydney region, which were divided into dialects spoken by smaller clans. the principal languages were darug ( the cadigal, inhabitants of the city of sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of darug ), dharawal and guringai. each clan had a territory, the location of each territory determined the resources available. although urbanisation has destroyed much evidence of these settlements such as shell middens, a number of sydney rock engravings, carvings and rock art remain visible in the hawkesbury sandstone of the sydney basin. in 1770, british sea captain lieutenant james cook landed at botany bay on the kurnell peninsula. it is here that cook made first contact with an aboriginal community known as the gweagal. under instruction from the british government, a convict settlement was founded by arthur phillip, who arrived at botany bay with a fleet of 11 ships on 18 january 1788. this site was soon determined to be unsuitable for habitation, owing to poor soil and a lack of reliable fresh water. phillip subsequently founded the colony one inlet further north along the coast, at sydney cove on port jackson on 26 january 1788. the official proclamation of the founding and naming of sydney took place nearly two weeks later on 7 february 1788. the original name was intended to be albion, but phillip named the settlement after the british home secretary, thomas townshend, lord sydney, in recognition of sydney ' s role in issuing the charter authorising phillip to establish the colony. in april 1789, a catastrophic epidemic disease now thought to be chickenpox spread through the eora people and surrounding groups, with the result that local aborigines died in their thousands, and bodies could often be seen bobbing in the water in sydney harbour. the cause of the epidemic has always been a matter of speculation and controversy, but if it was chickenpox, an outbreak of shingles among the convicts being among the most likely explanations. in any event, the results were catastrophic for the eora people and their kin and by the early 1800s the aboriginal population of the sydney basin \" had been reduced to only 10 percent of the 1788 estimate \", or an estimated 500 to 1000 aboriginal people between broken bay and botany bay. there was some violent resistance to british settlement, notably by the warrior pemulwuy in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43563798645938956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.531708"}
{"text": "basin \" had been reduced to only 10 percent of the 1788 estimate \", or an estimated 500 to 1000 aboriginal people between broken bay and botany bay. there was some violent resistance to british settlement, notably by the warrior pemulwuy in the area around botany bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the hawkesbury river. by 1820 there were only a few hundred aborigines and governor macquarie had begun initiatives to ' civilise, christianise and educate ' the aborigines by removing them from their clans. macquarie ' s tenure as governor of new south wales was a period when sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by british and irish convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well - established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. the 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from britain and ireland with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. on 20 july 1842 the municipal council of sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in australia, with john hosking the first elected mayor. the first of several australian gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world. rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam - powered tramways and railways. with industrialisation sydney expanded rapidly and, by the early 20th century, it had a population of more than a million. in 1929, the novelist arthur henry adams called it the \" siren city of the south \" and the \" athens of australia \". the great depression hit sydney badly in comparison to other australian cities. one of the highlights of the depression era, however, was the completion of the sydney harbour bridge in 1932. there has traditionally been a rivalry between sydney and melbourne since the gold rushes of the 1850s made the capital of victoria australia ' s largest and richest city. sydney overtook melbourne in population in the early years of the 20th century, and continues to be the largest city in australia. during the 1970s and 1980s, sydney ' s central business district ( cbd ), with a great number of financial institutions including the headquarters of the reserve bank, surpassed melbourne as the nation ' s financial capital. throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following world war ii, sydney continued to expand as large numbers of european and later asian immigrants took up residence in the metropolitan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044211343181783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.532803"}
{"text": "headquarters of the reserve bank, surpassed melbourne as the nation ' s financial capital. throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following world war ii, sydney continued to expand as large numbers of european and later asian immigrants took up residence in the metropolitan area. sydney ' s urban area is in a coastal basin, which is bordered by the pacific ocean to the east, the blue mountains to the west, the hawkesbury river to the north and the royal national park to the south. it lies on a submergent coastline, where the ocean level has risen to flood deep river valleys ( ria ) carved in the hawkesbury sandstone. port jackson, better known as sydney harbour, is one such ria. the sydney area is not affected by significant earthquakes. the urban area has around 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous bondi beach. sydney ' s urban area covers 1, 687 km2 ( 651 sq mi ) as of 2001. the sydney statistical division, used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan area and covers 12, 145 km2 ( 4, 689 sq mi ). this area includes the central coast, the blue mountains, and national parks and other unurbanised land. geographically, sydney lies over two regions : the cumberland plain, a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the hornsby plateau, a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour and dissected by steep valleys. the parts of the city with the oldest european development are located in the flat areas south of the harbour. the north shore was slower to develop because of its hilly topography and lack of access across the harbour. the sydney harbour bridge was opened in 1932 and linked the north shore to the rest of the city. sydney is mostly triassic rock, with a some recent igneous dykes and the volcanic neck. the hawkesbury sandstone is some 200 metres ( 660 ft ) thick, with shale lenses and fossil riverbeds dotted throughout it. almost all of the rocks exposed around sydney will be sandstone. the sand that was to become this sandstone was washed from broken hill and laid down in the triassic period, about two hundred million years ago, a time when plants were ferns, reptiles were becoming dinosaurs, and mammals did not yet exist. the sydney basin sits on the east coast of australia, which is made up of a basin filled with near horizontal sandstones and shales of permian to triassic age that overlie older basement rocks of the lachlan fold belt. the sedimentary rocks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4603591602538351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.534706"}
{"text": "the sydney basin sits on the east coast of australia, which is made up of a basin filled with near horizontal sandstones and shales of permian to triassic age that overlie older basement rocks of the lachlan fold belt. the sedimentary rocks have been subject to uplift with gentle folding and minor faulting during the formation of the great dividing range. erosion by coastal streams have created a landscape of deep - cliffed gorges and remains of plateaus across. the sydney basin bioregion includes coastal landscapes of cliffs, beaches and estuaries. sydney has a temperate climate with warm summers and mild winters. rainfall is spread throughout the year. the weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. the warmest month is january, with an average air temperature range at observatory hill of 18. 6 \u2013 25. 8 \u00b0c ( 65 \u2013 78 \u00b0f ). an average of 14. 6 days a year have temperatures of more than 30 \u00b0c ( 86. 0 \u00b0f ). in winter, temperatures rarely drop below 5 \u00b0c ( 41 \u00b0f ) in coastal areas. the coldest month is july, with an average range of 8. 0 \u2013 16. 2 \u00b0c ( 46 \u2013 61 \u00b0f ). rainfall is fairly evenly spread through the year, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate. the average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1, 217 mm ( 48 in ), with rain falling on an average of 138 days a year. snowfall was last reported in the sydney city area in 1836. however, a july 2008 fall of graupel, or soft hail, mistaken by many for snow, has raised the possibility that the 1836 event was not snow, either. extreme temperatures have ranged from 45. 8 \u00b0c ( 114. 4 \u00b0f ) on 18 january 2013 to 2. 1 \u00b0c ( 35. 8 \u00b0f ), the lowest recorded minimum at observatory hill. the city is not affected by cyclones. the el nino \u2013 southern oscillation plays an important role in determining sydney ' s weather patterns : drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, these tend to occur during the spring and summer. the city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. one such storm was the 1999 hailstorm, which severely damaged sydney ' s eastern and city suburbs. the storm produced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4685831474033837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.535927"}
{"text": "experienced bushfires, these tend to occur during the spring and summer. the city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. one such storm was the 1999 hailstorm, which severely damaged sydney ' s eastern and city suburbs. the storm produced massive hailstones of at least 9 cm ( 3. 5 in ) in diameter and resulting in insurance losses of around a $ 1. 7 billion in less than five hours. the next notable event was in the first weeks of february 2010 when sydney received some of the highest rainfalls in 25 years, which caused flash flooding and traffic chaos. the bureau of meteorology has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in sydney since records began in 1859. the summer of 2007 \u2013 2008, however, proved to be one of the coolest summers on record. warmer and drier conditions came back in 2009 and 2010, when above - average temperatures were recorded. in 2009, the dry conditions brought a severe dust storm towards eastern australia. in 2011, above - average rainfall was recorded. on 18 january 2013, sydney experienced record - breaking temperatures with 45. 8 \u00b0c ( 114 \u00b0f ) recorded at observatory hill and 46. 4 \u00b0c ( 116 \u00b0f ) at sydney airport. the average annual temperature of the sea is above 21 \u00b0c ( 70 \u00b0f ), and the monthly average ranges from 19 \u00b0c ( 66 \u00b0f ) in july to 24 \u00b0c ( 75 \u00b0f ) in january. | climate data for sydney | | record high \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 45. 8 | average high \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 25. 9 | average low \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 18. 7 | record low \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 10. 6 | rainfall mm ( inches ) | | 101. 5 | avg. rainy days | | 12. 2 | | 12. 4 | | 13. 5 | | 12. 8 | | 13. 2 | | 12. 5 | | 11. 2 | | 10. 4 | | 10. 6 | | 11. 7 | | 11. 7 | | 11. 5 | | 143. 7 | | mean daily sunshine hours | | 7. 1 | | 6. 7 | | 6. 4 | | 6. 4 | | 5. 9 | | 5. 5 | | 6. 4 | | 7. 1 | | 7. 2 | | 7. 2 | | 7. 8 | | 7. 6 | | 6. 8 | | source # 1 : bureau of meteorology | | source # 2 : | urban structure sydney", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4274132138458609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.536805"}
{"text": "| | 7. 1 | | 7. 2 | | 7. 2 | | 7. 8 | | 7. 6 | | 6. 8 | | source # 1 : bureau of meteorology | | source # 2 : | urban structure sydney ' s central business district ( cbd ) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) from sydney cove to the area around central station. the sydney cbd is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland, and the west by darling harbour, a tourist and nightlife precinct. although the cbd dominated the city ' s business and cultural life in the early days, other business / cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since world war ii. as a result, the proportion of white - collar jobs located in the cbd declined from more than 60 per cent at the end of world war ii to less than 30 per cent in 2004. together with the commercial district of north sydney, joined to the cbd by the harbour bridge, the most significant outer business districts are parramatta in the central - west, penrith in the west, bondi junction in the east, liverpool in the southwest, chatswood to the north, and hurstville to the south. the extensive area covered by urban sydney is formally divided into 649 suburbs ( for addressing and postal purposes ), and administered as 40 local government areas. there is no metropolitan - wide government, but the government of new south wales and its agencies have extensive responsibilities in providing metropolitan services. the city of sydney itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and its neighbouring inner - city suburbs. in addition, regional descriptions are used informally to conveniently describe larger sections of the urban area. these include canterbury - bankstown, the eastern suburbs, the forest district, greater western sydney, the hills district, the inner west, the macarthur region, the northern beaches, the northern suburbs, the north shore, southern sydney, south - western sydney, the st george district, the sutherland shire and western sydney. parks and open spaces sydney is well - endowed with open spaces and access to waterways, and has many natural areas ( botanic gardens and parks ), even in the city centre. within the cbd are the chinese garden of friendship, sydney park, hyde park, the domain and the royal botanic gardens. the metropolitan area also contains prominent parks and gardens, such as the auburn botanical gardens, and national parks, including the royal national park, the second oldest national park in the world, ku - ring - gai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.409148704089524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.537896"}
{"text": "the domain and the royal botanic gardens. the metropolitan area also contains prominent parks and gardens, such as the auburn botanical gardens, and national parks, including the royal national park, the second oldest national park in the world, ku - ring - gai chase and several parks in sydney ' s far west which are part of the world heritage listed greater blue mountains area. the domain was established by governor arthur phillip, just six months after the arrival of the first fleet. originally established as being exclusive to governors, it was opened to the public in the 1830s. hyde park was dedicated on 13 october 1810 by governor macquarie for the \" recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town and a field of exercises for the troops \". hyde park is named in honour of the original hyde park in london, england. containing over 580 trees, it is located in the eastern section of the inner city district. to celebrate the first 100 years of european settlement, centennial park \u2014 also a residential area \u2014 was dedicated by sir henry parkes in january 1888. it is the largest open space in the city, occupying 220 hectares. similarly, bicentennial park was opened on 1 january 1988 to commemorate 200 years since european settlement. 1988 ' s bicentennial celebrations also saw the opening of the chinese garden of friendship, designed by the city of sydney ' s chinese sister city guangzhou. sydney has various heritage listed buildings, including parliament house ( 1816 ), sydney town hall ( 1889 ), the queen victoria building ( 1898 ), and the australian museum. there is no particular architecture style that entirely characterises the whole of sydney. prominent styles include gothic revival, georgian, classical, romanesque, italianate, federation, edwardian, second empire, queen anne, as well as more contemporary styles. the first substantial buildings designed for sydney were by transported convict francis greenway, who designed such buildings and structures as the macquarie lighthouse, hyde park barracks, st james ' king street and government house. other prominent architects were james barnet, who designed the general post office ( 1891 ), the customs house ( 1845 ), and various court houses ; and edmund blacket, who designed the gothic revival style st. andrew ' s cathedral and st philip ' s church. more contemporary architecture includes the sydney opera house ( 1973 ), designed by danish architect j\u00f8rn utzon. described as an \" artistic monument \", it is one of the most recognisable landmarks in both sydney and australia and is a unesco world heritage site. the upcoming one central park ( 2013 ) urban renewal development will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4149824134959654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.539186"}
{"text": "median unit price of $ 500, 000. sydney also has the highest median rent prices of any australian city at $ 450 a week. the sydney region accounts for 12 percent ( approximately $ 1 billion per annum ) of the total agricultural production, by value, of nsw. sydney provides 55 % of nsw ' s flower production and 58 % of its turf production, as well as 44 % of the state ' s nurseries. in 1994 \u2013 1995 sydney produced 44 % of new south wales ' poultry meat and 48 % of the state ' s eggs. | the ten largest overseas born populations | | country of birth | | population ( 2006 ) | | people ' s republic of china | | 109, 142 | the 2006 census reported 4, 119, 190 residents in the sydney statistical division, of which 3, 641, 422 lived in sydney ' s urban centre. inner sydney was the most densely populated place in australia with 4, 023 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 10, 420 / sq mi ). in the 2006 census, the most common self - described ancestries identified for sydney residents were australian, english, irish, scottish, and chinese. the census also recorded that 1. 1 % of sydney ' s population identified as being of indigenous origin, and 31. 7 % were born overseas. asian australians made up 18. 8 % of the population in sydney ' s urban centre and 16. 9 % of the wider statistical division. the three major sources of immigrants are the united kingdom, china and new zealand, followed by vietnam, lebanon, india, italy, and the philippines. many residents are native speakers of english ; many have a second language, the most common being arabic ( predominantly lebanese arabic ), cantonese, mandarin, greek and vietnamese. sydney has the seventh - largest percentage of foreign - born individuals in the world. immigrants account for 75 % of sydney ' s annual population growth. the median age of sydney residents is 36 ; 15. 4 % of the population is over 65 years old. 15. 2 % of residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor ' s degree, in the 2011 census, 60. 9 % of the residents identified themselves as christians, 17. 6 % had no religion, 7. 6 % left the question blank, 4. 7 % were muslims, 4. 1 % were buddhists, 2. 6 % were hindus, 0. 9 % were jewish and 1. 6 % were another religion. as a dynamic cultural hub, sydney has many fine and internationally known museums and galleries,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45688517017317254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.542595"}
{"text": "were muslims, 4. 1 % were buddhists, 2. 6 % were hindus, 0. 9 % were jewish and 1. 6 % were another religion. as a dynamic cultural hub, sydney has many fine and internationally known museums and galleries, such as the art gallery of new south wales, the museum of contemporary art, the white rabbit gallery, brett whiteley studio, museum of sydney and the powerhouse museum, in addition to a thriving commercial gallery scene of contemporary art, mainly in the inner - city areas of waterloo, surry hills, darlinghurst, paddington, chippendale, newtown and woollahra. sydney hosts many different festivals and some of australia ' s largest social and cultural events. these include the sydney festival, australia ' s largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout january ; the biennale of sydney dedicated to international and australian contemporary art ; the big day out, a travelling rock - music festival which originated in sydney ; the gay and lesbian mardi gras along oxford street ; the sydney film festival and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film tropfest and flickerfest. sculpture by the sea, australia ' s largest outdoor sculpture exhibit, began at bondi beach in 1996. vivid sydney, an annual outdoor festival featuring lit up art installations, light projections, music and ideas began in 2009. australia ' s premier prize for portraiture, the archibald prize is organised by the art gallery of new south wales. the sydney royal easter show is held every year at sydney olympic park, the final of australian idol takes place on the steps of the opera house, and australian fashion week takes place in april / may and september. sydney ' s new year ' s eve and australia day celebrations are the largest in australia. a survey based on tracking the frequency of words and phrases in the media, cited sydney as number 9 on a list of the world ' s top fashion cities in 2009. the city is the site of the world renowned rosemount australian fashion week, which occurs biannually, and is home to many of australia ' s premier fashion houses. most international designers have a major presence in sydney and australia ' s next top model is one of the most watched shows on national television. entertainment and performing arts sydney ' s cultural institutions include the sydney ' s famous opera house. it has five halls, including a large concert hall and opera and drama theatres ; it is the home of opera australia \u2014 the third - busiest opera company in the world, and the sydney symphony under the leadership of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4575459357792697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.543712"}
{"text": "the sydney ' s famous opera house. it has five halls, including a large concert hall and opera and drama theatres ; it is the home of opera australia \u2014 the third - busiest opera company in the world, and the sydney symphony under the leadership of vladimir ashkenazy. other venues include the sydney town hall, city recital hall, the state theatre, the theatre royal, sydney, the sydney theatre and the wharf theatre, the capitol theatre and the lyric and star theatres at the star. the sydney conservatorium of music is located adjacent to the royal botanic gardens and serves the australian music community through music education and biannual australian music examinations board exams. the sydney dance company was under the leadership of graeme murphy during the late 20th century. the sydney theatre company has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted playwright david williamson, classics and international playwrights. in 2007, the new theatre celebrated 75 years of continuous production in sydney. other important theatre companies in sydney include company b and griffin theatre company. from the 1940s through to the 1970s the sydney push, a group of authors and political activists whose members included germaine greer, influenced the city ' s cultural life. the national institute of dramatic art, based in kensington, boasts internationally famous alumni such as mel gibson, judy davis, baz luhrmann and cate blanchett. sydney ' s role in the film industry has increased since the opening of fox studios australia in 1998. there have been many prominent films that have used sydney as a filming location or setting. the great gatsby, the most recent hollywood production shot in sydney, is expected to earn the new south wales economy $ 120 million, with the shoot estimated to last seventeen weeks and another thirty weeks to be spent on post - production. additionally, many bollywood movies have also been filmed in sydney including singh is kinng, bachna ae haseeno, chak de! india, heyy babyy. as of 2006, over 229 films have been set in, or featured sydney. sydney ' s most popular nightspots include kings cross, oxford street, darling harbour, circular quay and the rocks, which all contain various bars, nightclubs and restaurants. the star is sydney ' s only casino and is situated around darling harbour. there are many traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner - city areas such as newtown, balmain, leichhardt and surry hills. sydney ' s main live music hubs include areas such as newtown and annandale, which nurtured acts such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40900618816954326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.544798"}
{"text": "traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner - city areas such as newtown, balmain, leichhardt and surry hills. sydney ' s main live music hubs include areas such as newtown and annandale, which nurtured acts such as ac / dc, bliss n eso, sparkadia, midnight oil and inxs. other popular nightspots tend to be spread throughout the city in areas such as bondi, manly, cronulla and parramatta. in the year ending 2012, sydney received a total of 10. 5 million international and domestic visitors, which injected $ 11. 7 billion into the state of new south wales ' economy. the most well - known attractions include the sydney opera house and the sydney harbour bridge. other attractions include royal botanical gardens, luna park, darling harbour, some 40 beaches and sydney tower. the new south wales government operates two programs relevant to sydney as part of the nsw tourism strategy, they are : brand sydney ( to revitalise and strengthen the image and appeal of sydney ) and visit sydney ( to increase promotion of sydney as a tourist destination through a strengthened dedicated business unit within destination nsw ). sydney also has several popular museums, such as the australian museum ( natural history and anthropology ), the powerhouse museum ( science, technology and design ), the art gallery of new south wales, the museum of contemporary art and the australian national maritime museum. sport and outdoor activities sport is an important part of sydney ' s culture. sydney is the only city other than melbourne and brisbane to have an elite presence in the 4 major football codes of australia \u2013 rugby league, australian rules football, rugby union and soccer. prominent sporting venues in sydney include the sydney cricket ground or scg, anz stadium, the sydney football stadium, sydney motorsport park, royal randwick and rosehill gardens racecourse. large sporting events such as the nrl grand final and bledisloe cup games are regularly held at the anz stadium, the main stadium for the 2000 summer olympics. the most popular sport in sydney is rugby league. the nswrfl ( today known as the nrl ) began in sydney in the 1908 season and is the largest and most prestigious domestic rugby league competition in the southern hemisphere. the city is home to nine of the sixteen teams in the national rugby league competition : the canterbury - bankstown bulldogs, cronulla - sutherland sharks, manly sea eagles, penrith panthers, parramatta eels, south sydney rabbitohs, st george illawarra dragons, sydney roosters and wests tigers. the new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42760602851732626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.546764"}
{"text": "competition : the canterbury - bankstown bulldogs, cronulla - sutherland sharks, manly sea eagles, penrith panthers, parramatta eels, south sydney rabbitohs, st george illawarra dragons, sydney roosters and wests tigers. the new south wales rugby league team contests the annual state of origin series against the queensland maroons, with at least one game each series played in sydney. rugby union is represented by the nsw waratahs in the elite southern hemisphere super rugby competition. the suburban rugby competition is the shute shield which provides many super 15 players. high profile wallabies games are held in sydney such as the bledisloe cup, tri nations matches, british and irish lions games, and most notably the final of the 2003 rugby world cup against england. cricket is the most popular summer sport in sydney. the ashes series between australia and england is widely popular among the people. as the state capital, sydney is also the home of the nsw blues cricket team in the sheffield shield cricket competition. sydney cricket ground and anz stadium host cricket matches. the city has also hosted games in the 1992 cricket world cup and will also host games in the 2015 cricket world cup. the sydney cricket ground is at present the only test venue in the city. plans are going on to accommodate anz stadium as an international cricket venue for australia. soccer is represented by sydney fc and western sydney wanderers fc of the a - league. the second tier competitions nswpl and nsw super league provide many players to the a - league. sydney also hosts major soccer events of the national team, the socceroos, most notably the world cup qualifier against uruguay in 2005. australian rules football is considerably less popular in sydney than in many other regions of australia. the sport ' s premier competition, the australian football league, includes two teams based in sydney \u2014 the sydney swans and the greater western sydney giants. the city also has a number of teams in the state ' s second tier competition, the north east australian football league. the city plays host to the australian drag racing nationals each year at sydney dragway. other events in sydney include the start of the sydney to hobart yacht race, the golden slipper horse race, and the city2urf race. sydney has two main daily newspapers. the sydney morning herald is the oldest extant newspaper in australia, having been published regularly since 1831. the herald ' s competitor, the daily telegraph, is a news corporation - owned tabloid. both papers have tabloid counterparts published on sunday, the sun - herald and the sunday telegraph,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40277016985869035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.548509"}
{"text": "the oldest extant newspaper in australia, having been published regularly since 1831. the herald ' s competitor, the daily telegraph, is a news corporation - owned tabloid. both papers have tabloid counterparts published on sunday, the sun - herald and the sunday telegraph, respectively. the three commercial television networks ( seven, nine, ten ), as well as the government national broadcast services ( abc and sbs ) are headquartered in sydney. also a community television station, tvs, broadcasts in the sydney area. historically, the networks have been based in the northern suburbs, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. nine has kept its headquarters north of the harbour, in willoughby. ten has its studios in a redeveloped section of the inner - city suburb of pyrmont, and seven also has headquarters in pyrmont, production studios at epping as well as a purpose - built news studio in martin place in the cbd. the abc has a large headquarters and production facility in the inner - city suburb of ultimo and sbs has its studios at artarmon. foxtel and optus both supply pay - tv over their cable services to most parts of the urban area, and both have their national headquarters in the northern suburb of north ryde. the five free - to - air networks have provided digital television transmissions in sydney since january 2000. there are also nine additional freeview digital services. these include abc2, abc3, abc news 24, sbs two, 7two, 7mate, go!, gem hd, one hd, eleven and tvs. many am and fm government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the sydney area. the local abc radio station is 702 abc sydney ( formerly 2bl ). the talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2gb and 2ue. popular music radio stations include triple m, 2day fm and nova 96. 9, which generally target people under 40. in the older end of the music radio market, mix 106. 5 target the 25 \u2013 54 age group, smooth 95. 3 targets the 35 - 54 age group and ws - fm targets the 40 \u2013 54 age group with their classic hits format mostly focusing on the 70s and 80s. triple j ( abc ), 2ser and fbi radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. there are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area. apart from the limited role of the cumberland county council from 1945 \u2013 1964, there has never been an overall governing body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4230400965026283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.549640"}
{"text": "a more independent, local and alternative sound. there are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area. apart from the limited role of the cumberland county council from 1945 \u2013 1964, there has never been an overall governing body for the sydney metropolitan area ; instead, the metropolitan area is divided into local government areas ( lgas ) which are comparable to boroughs in cities such as london. these areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the new south wales state government, such as planning and garbage collection. the city of sydney includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as south sydney. it is led by the elected lord mayor of sydney and a council. the lord mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city, for example during the olympics. most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. these include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. because a large proportion of the new south wales population lives in sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. for this reason, sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both state and federal parliaments. for example, the boundaries of the city of sydney lga have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the new south wales parliament at the time. the classification of which councils make up sydney varies. the local government association of new south wales considers all lgas lying entirely in cumberland county as part of its ' metro ' group, which excludes camden ( classed in its ' country ' group ). the australian bureau of statistics defines a sydney statistical division ( the population figures of which are used in this article ) that includes all of the above councils as well as wollondilly, the blue mountains, hawkesbury, gosford and wyong. sydney is home to some of australia ' s most prominent educational institutions. the university of sydney, established in 1850, is australia ' s oldest university and the largest in sydney. other public universities located in sydney include the university of technology, sydney, the university of new south wales, macquarie university, the university of western sydney and the australian catholic university ( two out of six campuses ). other universities which operate secondary campuses in sydney include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48263084462181677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.551566"}
{"text": "public universities located in sydney include the university of technology, sydney, the university of new south wales, macquarie university, the university of western sydney and the australian catholic university ( two out of six campuses ). other universities which operate secondary campuses in sydney include the university of notre dame australia, the university of wollongong and curtin university of technology. there are four multi - campus government - funded technical and further education ( tafe ) institutes in sydney, which provide vocational training at a tertiary level : the sydney institute of technology, northern sydney institute of tafe, western sydney institute of tafe and south western sydney institute of tafe. sydney has public, denominational and independent schools. public schools, including pre - schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the new south wales department of education and training. there are four state - administered education areas in sydney, that together co - ordinate 919 schools. of the 30 selective high schools in the state, 25 are in sydney. health systems health services in sydney are delivered through a mix of public and private systems, funded by government ( from tax revenue ) and private health insurance. the government of new south wales, in particular the ministry of health, operates several large public hospitals in the sydney metropolitan region. management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities is coordinated by the eight metropolitan local health districts ( lhds ). these eight lhds cover the sydney metropolitan region, and seven more cover rural and regional nsw. in addition, two specialist networks focus on children ' s and paediatric services, and forensic mental health. a third network operates across the public health services provided in three sydney facilities operated by st vincent ' s health : these include st vincent ' s hospital and the sacred heart hospice at darlinghurst and st joseph \u2019 s at auburn. road transport and the motor vehicle are the main form of transports. the road system consists of an extensive network of freeways and toll roads ( known as motorways ). the most important trunk roads in the metropolitan area are the nine metroads, which include the 110 km ( 68 mi ) sydney orbital network. according to the 2006 census, 85 % of households own at least one automobile at an average of 1. 5 per household and there are a total of over 2. 1 million cars in the metropolitan area. almost a third of the metropolitan area is dedicated to driving and parking. 61. 8 % of all sydneysiders travel to work as either driver or passenger with a total of over 350,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4208367492226474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.552754"}
{"text": "of over 2. 1 million cars in the metropolitan area. almost a third of the metropolitan area is dedicated to driving and parking. 61. 8 % of all sydneysiders travel to work as either driver or passenger with a total of over 350, 000 cars using the road infrastructure simultaneously during rush hour, causing significant traffic congestion. public transport in sydney consists of an extensive network of road transport as well as rail transport and water transport modes. according to the 2006 census, in terms of travel to work or study sydney has the highest rate of public transport usage among the australian capital cities of 26. 3 %. according to the new south wales state plan, the state has australia ' s largest public transport system. trains in sydney are run by rail corporation new south wales, a statutory authority of the state of new south wales. trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the central business district. in the years following the 2000 olympics, cityrail ' s performance declined significantly. in 2005, cityrail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers. a large infrastructure project, the clearways project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010. in 2007 a report found cityrail performed poorly compared to many metro services from other world cities. figures released by railcorp show that during the period of 2011 / 2012, 95. 4 % of trains arrived on time and 99. 6 % of services ran as scheduled. however, a survey conducted in september 2011 revealed that 6 of the 13 lines had a maximum load that exceeded 135 % ( of the seated capacity ) during the peak morning commute. sydney was once served by one of the largest tram networks in the world, with routes covering 181 miles, but this was closed in february 1961. sydney has one modern light rail line, metro light rail, running from central railway station to inner western suburb of lilyfield, mostly along the route of a former goods train line. a monorail, metro monorail, runs in a loop around the main shopping district and darling harbour. it will cease operations in june 2013 and be dismantled thereafter. most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses. in the city and inner suburbs the state - owned sydney buses has a monopoly. many of sydney buses routes follow the pre - 1961 tram routes. in the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. sydney has two rapid bus transitways called t - ways, built in areas of the western suburbs not previously well served by public transport. state government - owned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4495966714122672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.553813"}
{"text": "- 1961 tram routes. in the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. sydney has two rapid bus transitways called t - ways, built in areas of the western suburbs not previously well served by public transport. state government - owned sydney ferries runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on sydney harbour and the parramatta river. a rapid transit line is currently in planning stages. sydney airport, in the suburb of mascot, is sydney ' s main airport, and is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world. the smaller bankstown airport mainly serves private and general aviation. there is a light aviation airfield at camden. raaf base richmond lies to the north - west of the city. the question of the need for a second sydney airport has raised much controversy. a 2003 study found that sydney airport can manage as sydney ' s sole international airport for 20 years, with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted. the resulting expansion of the airport would have a substantial impact on the community, including additional aircraft noise affecting residents. land has been acquired at badgerys creek for a second airport, the site acting as a focal point of political argument. water storage and supply for sydney is managed by the sydney catchment authority, which is an agency of the nsw government that sells bulk water to sydney water and other agencies. water in the sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the upper nepean scheme, the blue mountains, woronora dam, warragamba dam and the shoalhaven scheme. historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the nsw government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at kurnell. as of may 2009, the plant was 80 % completed, and was due to start supplying fresh water to sydney at the end of the year. in late january 2010, the nsw government announced that desalination plant was operating and people in different regions were being supplied with desalinated water. sydney water also collects the wastewater and sewage produced by the city. two distributors supply electricity to sydney : ausgrid ( previously energy australia ), and endeavour energy ( previously integral energy ). there are several retailers including truenergy, origin energy, agl energy, and others. several companies supply natural gas to sydney through retailers : agl, truenergy, origin energy and others. the natural gas supply for the city is sourced from the cooper basin in south australia. numerous telecommunications companies operate in sydney providing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4275771717843582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.554820"}
{"text": ", and others. several companies supply natural gas to sydney through retailers : agl, truenergy, origin energy and others. the natural gas supply for the city is sourced from the cooper basin in south australia. numerous telecommunications companies operate in sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services. world cities rankings | | the neutrality of this article is disputed. ( june 2012 ) | sydney is classified as an alpha + world city by the globalization and world cities ( gawc ) study group, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world, ranking among the top global cities in the world. in 2010, sydney was ranked 7th in asia and 28th globally for economic innovation in the innovation cities top 100 index by innovation agency 2thinknow. in 2013, the wealth report ranked sydney as the 7th most economically important city in the world. sydney also ranks among the top 10 most liveable cities in the world according to mercer human resource consulting, the economist and monocle and is considered among the top fashion capitals in the world. it was also ranked in the top 10 global university cities according to rmit university \u2014 which limited its selection to cities already ranked in its list of the \" top 100 most liveable cities \". see also - \" 3218. 0 - regional population growth, australia, 2010 - 11 \". australian bureau of statistics. 30 march 2012. retrieved 13 april 2012. - australian bureau of statistics ( 17 march 2008 ). \" explore your city through the 2006 census social atlas series \". retrieved 19 may 2008. - macquarie abc dictionary. the macquarie library pty ltd. 2003. p. 1000. isbn 1 - 876429 - 37 - 2. - \" designing for diversity : the multicultural city \". 1995 global cultural diversity conference proceedings, sydney. australian government department of immigration and citizenship. - > arthur phillip. \" the voyage of governor phillip to botany bay \". - \" geographical names register extract : sydney ( kingsford smith ) airport \". geographical names register ( gnr ) of nsw. geographical names board of new south wales. retrieved 28 september 2010. - macey, richard ( 15 september 2007 ). \" settlers ' history rewritten : go back 30, 000 years \". the sydney morning herald. retrieved 15 september 2007. - city of sydney. city of sydney indigenous history of sydney cove - kohen, j. l. 2000. first and last peoples : aboriginal sydney. in j. connell ( ed. ). sydney the emergence of a global city. pp 76 \u2013 95. oxford university press isbn 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.447801402797024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.555834"}
{"text": "indigenous history of sydney cove - kohen, j. l. 2000. first and last peoples : aboriginal sydney. in j. connell ( ed. ). sydney the emergence of a global city. pp 76 \u2013 95. oxford university press isbn 0 - 19 - 550748 - 7, pp 76 \u2013 78, 81 \u2013 82, 83 - elder, bruce ( 7 september 2007 ). \" history set in stone \". the age ( melbourne ). retrieved 18 october 2007. - \" once were warriors \". sydney morning herald. 11 november 2002. retrieved 21 december 2008. - \" the 10 people who shaped sydney \". sydney morning herald. 27 november 2008. retrieved 21 december 2008. - the origin of the smallpox outbreak in sydney in 1789 - spread of small pox - australian encyclopaedia volume 2, p 524, angus and robertson limited, 1926 - adams, h. arthur a man ' s life at university of sydney library, 2003, p. 62. ( first published 1929 ) - \" the great depression \". australian government. retrieved 6 january 2013. - \" surviving the great depression \". abc online. retrieved january 6, 2013. - harbour bridge views ( 2007 ). \" brief history of the sydney harbour bridge \". retrieved 8 october 2006. - farrelly, elizabeth how could sydney get it so wrong? sydney morning herald, 4 november 2006 - lee, robert ( 2003 ). \" linking a nation : australia ' s transport and communications 1788 \u2013 1970 \". australian government. australian heritage council. retrieved 21 december 2008. - elias, david tell melbourne it ' s over, we won. sydney morning herald, 31 december 2003 - latta, david ( january 2006 ). \" showcase destinations sydney, australia : the harbour city \". meeting professionals international. the meeting professional. retrieved 21 december 2008. [ dead link ] - \" 2016. 0 census of population and housing : selected characteristics for urban centres, australia \". government of australia. australian bureau of statistics. 26 march 2003. retrieved 21 december 2008. - \" 1217. 0. 55. 001 \u2013 glossary of statistical geography terminology, 2003 \". government of australia. australian bureau of statistics. retrieved 21 december 2008. - \" 2032. 0 \u2013 census of population and housing : australia in profile \u2013 a regional analysis, 2001 \". government of australia. australian bureau of statistics. 16 january 2004. retrieved 21 december 2008. - \" the sydney harbour bridge \". bridgeclimb. com. retrieved 1 june 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44845222525532435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.556811"}
{"text": ": australia in profile \u2013 a regional analysis, 2001 \". government of australia. australian bureau of statistics. 16 january 2004. retrieved 21 december 2008. - \" the sydney harbour bridge \". bridgeclimb. com. retrieved 1 june 2010. [ dead link ] - \" environment & heritage | sydney basin \u2013 landform \". environment. nsw. gov. au. 27 february 2011. retrieved 10 february 2012. - \" environment & heritage | sydney basin \u2013 subregions \". environment. nsw. gov. au. 27 february 2011. retrieved 10 february 2012. - \" climate and the sydney 2000 olympic games \". australian government. australian bureau of statistics. 24 september 2007. retrieved 21 december 2008. ; \" sydney basin \u2013 climate \". new south wales government. department of environment and climate change. retrieved 21 december 2008. ; \" australian climatic zones \". australian government. bureau of meteorology. retrieved 21 december 2008. ; \" living in sydney \". sydney institute of business & technology. retrieved 21 december 2008. [ dead link ] - australian bureau of meteorology. 2005. climate averages ; ellyard, d. 1994. droughts and flooding rains. angus & robertson isbn 0 - 207 - 18557 - 3 - macdonnell, freda. thomas nelson ( australia ) limited, 1967. before king \u2019 s cross - \" sydney weather hail, not snow \". aap. 27 july 2008. retrieved 11 august 2008. [ dead link ] - bureau of meteorology. 2006. climate summary for sydney, january 2006 - \" the sydney hailstorm \u2013 14 april 1999 \". bureau of meteorology. retrieved 5 october 2006. - sydney has coldest june in 24 years in sydney monthly climate summary \u2014 nsw regional office, bureau of meteorology. retrieved 21 october 2007. - \" sydney \u2013 greater sydney in 2008 \". bom. gov. au. 5 january 2009. retrieved 10 february 2012. - \" sydney in 2009 \". bom. gov. au. 4 january 2010. retrieved 10 february 2012. - \" sydney in 2010 \". bom. gov. au. 4 january 2011. retrieved 10 february 2012. - \" sydney in 2011 \". bom. gov. au. 3 january 2012. retrieved 10 february 2012. - creagh, sunanda. \" sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over \". the conversation ( the conversation media group ). retrieved 21 january 2013. - \" sydney climate guide \". retrieved february 2013. - \" sydney ( observatory hill ) \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4597854246703404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.557713"}
{"text": ", sunanda. \" sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over \". the conversation ( the conversation media group ). retrieved 21 january 2013. - \" sydney climate guide \". retrieved february 2013. - \" sydney ( observatory hill ) \". climate statistics for australian locations. bureau of meteorology. retrieved 15 august 2010. - \" sydney in january 2013 : an extreme month for sydney \". nsw climate services centre. bureau of meteorology. 1 february 2013. retrieved 2 february 2013. - \" parramatta city centre \". department of planning. retrieved 29 october 2007. [ dead link ] - \" penrith city centre \". department of planning. retrieved 29 october 2007. [ dead link ] - \" liverpool city centre \". department of planning. - \" list of official sydney suburbs \". 31 may 2010. retrieved 27 july 2010. - \" list of official sydney local government areas \". 2 august 2008. retrieved 2 august 2008. - department of local government. local council boundaries sydney outer ( so ) - \" plan of management for auburn botanic gardens precinct \". retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12. - npws website, royal national park [ dead link ] - bicentennial park official website [ dead link ] - the heritage of australia, macmillan company, 1981 - house history ; sydney opera house website. retrieved 24 july 2006. - \" sydney opera house \". unesco. retrieved 18 september 2011. - \" so last century \". sydney morning herald. 13 april 2006. - \" the world ' s best skylines \". homepages. ipact. nl. retrieved 22 december 2010. - \" emporis skyline ranking \". \u00a9 2000 \u2013 2012 emporis corporation. all rights reserved. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02. - australian bureau of statistics. 2002. sydney \u2013 basic community profile and snapshot \u2013 2001 census [ dead link ] - city commerce [ dead link ] \u2013 city of sydney media centre. retrieved 21 july 2006. - australia ' s top 10 largest companies 2007 / 08 / - tourism nsw. 2004 tourism data card \u2013 forecasts, economic impacts and selected regional data \u2013 2004 [ dead link ] - \" london is the most expensive city in the world while swiss cities are home to highest earners \". economics. city mayors. 2007. retrieved 28 october 2007. -, apm house price series \u2013 december 2011 quarter - realestate. com. au., - gillespie, p ; mason, d ( 2003 ). nsw agriculture environmental planning and management sub - program : the value of agriculture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4570178864001137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.558691"}
{"text": "october 2007. -, apm house price series \u2013 december 2011 quarter - realestate. com. au., - gillespie, p ; mason, d ( 2003 ). nsw agriculture environmental planning and management sub - program : the value of agriculture in the sydney region. sydney : nsw agriculture. - sinclair, i ( 1996 ). \" a view from the edge : issues in rural and metropolitan fringe planning \u2013 sydney ' s agricultural land \". new planner ( 27 ) : 24 \u2013 25. - mcmanus, phil ( 2005 ). vortex cities to sustainable cities : australia ' s urban challenge. sydney : unsw press. p. 231. isbn 978 - 0 - 86840 - 701 - 2. - \" great synagogue history \". - australian bureau of statistics ( 25 october 2007 ). \" community profile series : sydney ( statistical division ) \". 2006 census of population and housing. retrieved 5 november 2011. - australian bureau of statistics ( 25 october 2007 ). \" sydney ( statistical division ) \". 2006 census quickstats. retrieved 31 october 2007. - australian bureau of statistics ( 25 october 2007 ). \" sydney ( urban centre / locality ) \". 2006 census quickstats. retrieved 2 november 2007. - australian bureau of statistics. 2005. - - - - ausstats / abs @. nsf / detailspage / 105052003? opendocument & tabname = details & prodno = 10505 & issue = 2003 & num = & view = & national regional profile : inner sydney [ dead link ] - [ dead link ] - \" australian census 2006, ancestry by region \". censusdata. abs. gov. au. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" when diversity means cultural richness \". webdiary. retrieved 1 june 2010. - australia steers immigrants beyond sydney. christian science monitor 29 january 2003. - 2011 census data - greater sydney - the city of sydney community profile \u2014 sydney statistical division. 2006. what are our qualifications? [ dead link ], profile. id - 2011 census data - greater sydney community profile - goldsmith, belinda ( 20 july 2009 ). \" milan strides past new york as world ' s fashion capital : poll \". reuters. retrieved 15 september 2009. - \" autumn opera season \". tourism victoria. retrieved 15 october 2007. [ dead link ] - bulbeck, pip ( 6 september 2011 ). \" baz luhrmann ' s $ 125 milllion ' the great gatsby ' begins production", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46123539374709094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.559676"}
{"text": "\" autumn opera season \". tourism victoria. retrieved 15 october 2007. [ dead link ] - bulbeck, pip ( 6 september 2011 ). \" baz luhrmann ' s $ 125 milllion ' the great gatsby ' begins production in sydney \". the hollywood reporter. retrieved 6 september 2011. - bulleck, pip ( 19 february 2011 ). \" baz luhrmann to shoot ' great gatsby ' in sydney \". the hollywood reporter. prometheus global media. retrieved 20 february 2011. - based on imdb search - \" travel to sydney \". tourism nsw. retrieved 8 april 2013. - \" showcase destinations sydney ; australia : the harbour city \". mpiweb. org. retrieved 1 june 2010. [ dead link ] - \" museum ' s & art galleries in sydney australia \". sydney. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" rugby league betting \u2013 nrl, super league, state of origin \". canbet. com. 5 february 2010. retrieved 1 june 2010. - http : / / andra. com. au / component / content / article / 1591 - 2012 - australian - nationals - at - sydney - dragway. html 2012 australian nationals at sydney dragway - \" foxtel official website \". foxtel. com. au. retrieved 1 june 2010. - austar it - sysdev. \" austar official website \". austar. com. au. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" 702 abc sydney website \". australian broadcasting corporation. 16 april 2010. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" radio stations sydney nsw \". sydneymusicweb. com. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" digital radio plus official site \". digitalradioplus. com. au. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" organisation detail \". state records archives investigator. retrieved 22 september 2011. - \" three levels of government \". australian electoral commission. retrieved 22 september 2011. - golder, hilary, sacked : removing and remaking the sydney city council, sydney, 2004. - \" suburb search \u2014 local council boundaries \u2014 sydney inner ( si ) \". new south wales division of local government. retrieved 16 september 2012. - \" suburb search \u2014 local council boundaries \u2014 sydney outer ( so ) \". new south wales division of local government. retrieved 16 september 2012. - \" about the local government association of nsw \". \" local government and shires associations of new south wales \". 17 january 2011. archived from the original on 16 july 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3907970351134278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.560558"}
{"text": "new south wales division of local government. retrieved 16 september 2012. - \" about the local government association of nsw \". \" local government and shires associations of new south wales \". 17 january 2011. archived from the original on 16 july 2011. - \" 1216. 0 \u2013 australian standard geographical classification ( asgc ), july 2007 \". australian bureau of statistics. - [ dead link ] - new south wales department of education and training ( 2005 ). \" list of selective and agricultural high schools \". retrieved 8 august 2007. - 4102. 0 - australian social trends, 2008 - \" yearly on - time running \". cityrail. 2006. archived from the original on 29 september 2007. retrieved 28 october 2007. - cityrail ( 2005 ). times are changing at cityrail [ dead link ] - cityrail ( 2002 ). rail clearways plan [ dead link ] - kerr, j. ; a. smith. ( 22 july 2004 ). \" panic stations over cityrail driver exodus \". the sydney morning herald. retrieved 28 october 2007. - kerr, j. ( 4 december 2004 ). \" terminal dilemma \". sydney morning herald. retrieved 28 october 2007. - \" aussie train services ' among world ' s worst ' \". news. com. au. 21 march 2007. retrieved 11 january 2008. - \" cityrail \u2013 our performance \". cityrail. info. 1 july 2005. retrieved 10 february 2012. - [ dead link ] - \" cityrail \u2013 our performance \". cityrail. info. retrieved 10 february 2012. - improve sydney public transport. http : / / isput. com. au / media / file / tramstats. pdf - \" official sydney ferries website \". sydneyferries. info. 6 may 2010. retrieved 1 june 2010. - \" sydney transport shake - up : plan for single deck metro - style trains and second harbour crossing \". the sydney morning herald. 20 june 2012. retrieved 9 january 2013. - \" fact sheet \u2013 airport history \". sydney airport. retrieved 18 november 2008. [ dead link ] - finding of \" the sydney airport master plan ( 2003 ) \" referred to in : \" sydney ( kingsford smith ) airport ( question no. 421 ) \". hansard. parliament of australia. 10 may 2005. retrieved 28 october 2007. - dickens, jim ( 19 august 2007 ). \" airport row to lift off again \". the sunday telegraph. - sydney catchment authority. history of sydney ' s water supply system - sydney water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4408115484264865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.561434"}
{"text": ". 10 may 2005. retrieved 28 october 2007. - dickens, jim ( 19 august 2007 ). \" airport row to lift off again \". the sunday telegraph. - sydney catchment authority. history of sydney ' s water supply system - sydney water. sydney ' s desalination project [ dead link ] - sydney to get desalinated water by 2010. the age. retrieved 20 june 2009. - \" the world according to gawc 2010 \". globalization and world cities ( gawc ) study group and network. loughborough university. retrieved 15 september 2011. - \" the world according to gawc 2010 \". globalization and world cities ( gawc ) study group and network. loughborough university. retrieved 22 april 2012. - the urban elite : the a. t. kearney global cities index 2010 - 2010 global cities index - global power city index 2010. tokyo, japan : institute for urban strategies at the mori memorial foundation. october 2010. retrieved 10 august 2011. - \" innovation cities top 100 index \". innovation - cities. com. 1 september 2010. retrieved 22 december 2010. - \" the wealth report 2013 \". knight frank llp. - mercer ' s quality of living survey 2008, www. mercer. com. retrieved on 2 march 2009. - the economist ' s world ' s most livable cities 2008, the economist. retrieved 2 march 2009. - \" monocle, issue june 2009 \". monocle. com. 11 june 2009. retrieved 26 june 2010. - the top global fashion capitals for 2011 \u2013 the global language monitor, 2011 - \" global university city index 2006 \". royal melbourne institute of technology. p. 8. retrieved 16 november 2009. | find more about sydney at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | definitions and translations from wiktionary | | media from commons | | learning resources from wikiversity | | news stories from wikinews | | quotations from wikiquote | | source texts from wikisource | | textbooks from wikibooks | | travel guide from wikivoyage | - media related to sydney architecture at wikimedia commons - official sydney, nsw government site - official sydney tourism site - historical film clips of sydney on the national film and sound archive of australia ' s australianscreen online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4691139845534783, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf73e285-7fec-4fa9-a370-6885ec8581b1>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.562255"}
{"text": "as we look at the numerous graben and valleys that wind through the martian highlands, it is not always clear which geological processes created them. some valleys have very similar characteristics to those on earth carved out by the flow of surface water ; others possess a morphology where this is not so obvious. these images, acquired by the high resolution stereo camera ( hrsc ) operated by the german aerospace center ( deutsches zentrum fur luft - und raumfahrt ; dlr ) on board esa \u2019 s mars express spacecraft, show the upper reaches of the reull vallis region, a valley that was, at times, shaped by the flow of glacial ice. reull vallis is an outflow channel stretching over 1500 kilometres across the massifs of promethei terra, in the highlands of mars ' southern hemisphere, towards hellas planitia, an impact basin that, with a diameter of almost 2300 kilometres, is the largest impact structure on our planetary neighbour. the high resolution stereo camera ( hrsc ) on mars express has been used numerous times to acquire images of reull vallis and the surrounding mountains ( see images published on 8 december 2004 ). the images of the upper reaches of reull vallis shown here were acquired on 14 may 2012, during orbit 10, 657, from an altitude of around 320 kilometres. they show details down to a size of 16 metres. the centre of the image is at 41 degrees south and 107 degrees east. the region shown here is around 15, 000 square kilometres in size, and covers an area of 180 by 80 kilometres. using stereoscopic hrsc image data, from which digital terrain models can be derived, the topography of the surroundings of reull vallis and the profile of the graben - shaped valley can be deduced. over one 80 - kilometre stretch, the valley has a continuous width of around seven kilometres and is bound by steep, sharply contoured walls around 300 metres high. the box - shaped profile of reull vallis is conspicuous, very different from the familiar v - or u - shaped valleys here on earth. material from the surroundings transported into the valley by ice the bottom of reull vallis is covered with deposits, on the surface of which is an eye - catching pattern indicating the flow of the material and mostly running parallel to the edges of the valley, although in some places structures intertwined like braided hair are visible. this pattern was probably created by the flow of ice \u2013 a glacier on the surface of which a large volume of rubble and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49636131239728803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:448d7b44-6eab-4cb1-b5d5-0a8e3f5b8419>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.570406"}
{"text": "material and mostly running parallel to the edges of the valley, although in some places structures intertwined like braided hair are visible. this pattern was probably created by the flow of ice \u2013 a glacier on the surface of which a large volume of rubble and boulders has been transported down into the valley. on earth, we see comparable phenomena known as rock glaciers in the alpine and polar regions. in these, the glacial ice is completely covered by boulders that have slid onto the ice from the valley walls. similar structures to those in the reull valley are also found in the material filling nearby impact craters. this can be seen particularly well in two small craters northwest of the valley ( upper right in the vertical overhead views and in one of the perspective views ). the rocks certainly prevented the underlying ice from melting and \u2013 in the chilly temperatures prevalent on mars \u2013 from sublimating ( transitioning directly from a solid to a gaseous state ) for much longer. however, at these ' temperate ' martian latitudes, there is a strong possibility that there is no longer any ice left under the sediments deposited by the glacier. terraces indicate an earlier water level in the sediments coming in from the north ( right in the overhead view ), a tributary valley flows into the main channel of reull vallis. looking at the local environment in the topographical map, it can be seen that a side arm branches off further up the valley. here, about 100 kilometres further southeast, it rejoins the main valley. to the north of reull vallis ( in the right half of the overhead views ), several of promethei terra ' s two to three thousand metre high massifs can be seen as well. their somewhat smooth morphology indicates that erosion processes have been at work here for some time. contours of extensive layers with tongue - shaped edges and occasionally smooth surfaces can be seen between the mountains ; in some places they also have a pattern that follows the topography of their surroundings, as in the craters. these might also be sediments left behind by glacial ice. however, the smooth - surfaced layers could also be volcanic deposits. fairly evidently, a large volume of material have been carried away from the flanks of the mountains and transported into lower - lying regions, where it has tended to accumulate in impact craters. also, the streaked pattern of the deposits in this crater that follows the circular crater rim is highly reminiscent of structures formed by glaciers on earth. stepped terraces on the inner walls of the craters could indicate the presence of a higher level of glacial ice covered by rubble and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5029146993734777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:448d7b44-6eab-4cb1-b5d5-0a8e3f5b8419>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.571616"}
{"text": "the streaked pattern of the deposits in this crater that follows the circular crater rim is highly reminiscent of structures formed by glaciers on earth. stepped terraces on the inner walls of the craters could indicate the presence of a higher level of glacial ice covered by rubble and boulders, and that only when the ice and melt water disappeared did the sedimentary layer sink to where it is today. image processing and the hrsc experiment on mars express the colour plan view ( 3 / 6 ) was acquired using the nadir channel, which is directed vertically down onto the surface of mars, and the colour channels of the hrsc ; the perspective oblique views ( 1 / 6 and 2 / 6 ) were computed from data acquired by the hrsc stereo channels. the anaglyph image ( 5 / 6 ), which creates a three - dimensional impression of the landscape when viewed with red / blue or red / green glasses, was derived from the nadir channel and one stereo channel. the colour - coded view ( 6 / 6 ) is based on a digital terrain model of the region, from which the topography of the landscape can be derived. the hrsc camera experiment on board the european space agency ' s mars express mission is headed by principal investigator ( pi ) professor gerhard neukum ( freie universitat berlin ), who was also responsible for the technical design of the camera. the science team consists of 45 co - investigators from 32 institutions in 10 nations. the camera was developed at dlr under the leadership of the pi and it was built in cooperation with industrial partners eads astrium, lewicki microelectronic gmbh and jena - optronik gmbh. the instrument is operated by the dlr institute of planetary research in berlin - adlershof. the systematic processing of the hrsc image data is carried out at dlr. the images shown here were created by the institute of geological sciences at freie universitat berlin in cooperation with the dlr institute of planetary research, berlin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48345855248660635, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:448d7b44-6eab-4cb1-b5d5-0a8e3f5b8419>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.572499"}
{"text": "he story of the first hristmas shared by : danman21! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the story of the first christmas this powerpoint presentation, intended for primary school children, tries to inspire a childlike awe and wonder for the incarnation of jesus christ. the story is based the gospels of luke and matthew. narrators : narrator 1 : story teller narrator 2 : story teller narrator 3 : god, gabriel, roman soldier, inn keeper and angel. mary joseph slide 1 : notes click ( notes disappear ) slide 2 : cover slide - the son of god becomes one of us! click ( intro slide and background music for introducing the theme. magi appear ) slide 3 : title of the presentation click - ( music. a book appears, it opens and the first page turns over ) nar 1 : once upon a time, about two thousand years ago, there was a small town called nazareth. in this town lived a young girl, whose name was mary. slide 4 : mary and joseph click - ( birds chirping. ) nar 2 : this is nazareth, a small and simple town in galilee. galilee is part of the northern territories in israel, the kingdom of god \u2019 s people. the messiah was to be born from this nation. click - ( mary appears. ) nar 1 : mary might have lived together with her parents in a house just like this one. mary was engaged to a man called joseph. click - ( joseph enters ) nar 2 : mary loved joseph very much. joseph was a carpenter and worked in nazareth. he was a good man. he loved mary and took great care of her. both of them had been waiting for the messiah. god \u2019 s chosen nation has long waited and prayed for the coming of the messiah who would be a saviour to all. this was promised by god himself. however, this promise was made long time ago. slide 5 : god commissions archangel gabriel with a message click - ( music. heaven and the trinity ) 1.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40717318132313374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.585358"}
{"text": "this promise was made long time ago. slide 5 : god commissions archangel gabriel with a message click - ( music. heaven and the trinity ) 1.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nar 1 : god, in all his wisdom, was waiting for the appropriate time to send the long awaited messiah. he would be his own only son \u2013 the only son of the living god! wow! at the right time god sends for his messenger archangel gabriel. click - ( archangel gabriel appears ) nar 2 : god said to gabriel : nar 3 : \u201c i need you to take a most important message to a young lady named mary who lives in israel in a small town called nazareth, nar 1 : god asked him to bring back mary \u2019 s reply. click - ( the archangel departs. wait until the music ends. ) slide 6 : the annunciation click - ( mary is praying ) nar 2 : mary really loved her god. she led a good life, loving everybody and praying daily. she prayed during the day \u2026 click - ( gets dark ) nar 2 :... and at night, whenever she could find time. mary did not know that on that particular night, something very special was about to happen. sometimes very special things happen during prayer. click - ( music, the archangel appears ) nar 1 : a radiant angel appeared in front if her. she is so overwhelmed with awe that she was speechless. she felt afraid, even though the angel smiled at her and said to her in a reassuring way : click - ( the archangel stretches out his hands ) nar 3 : \u201c hail mary, you are full of grace and the lord is with you. do not be afraid! i am angel gabriel. god is very pleased with you. you will give birth to a child and you will name him jesus. he will be great, and will be called the son of the most high, and the lord god will give to him the throne of king david. his kingdom will have no end. \" nar 2 : after reassuring herself that this was not a dream, mary said to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45271715824788444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.586302"}
{"text": "and will be called the son of the most high, and the lord god will give to him the throne of king david. his kingdom will have no end. \" nar 2 : after reassuring herself that this was not a dream, mary said to the angel : mary : \u201c how can this be since i am not yet married to joseph? \u201d click - ( light shines from above ) nar 1 : the archangel replies : nar 3 : \u201c the holy spirit will come upon you and the power of the most high will overshadow you. therefore the child to be born will be holy and he will be called son of god. \u201d click - ( mary bows down ) 2.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nar 1 : and mary bows down and replies : mary : \u201c here am i, the servant of the lord ; let it happen to me according to your word. \u201d click - ( light overshadows mary ) click - ( the archangel departs. wait for music to finish ) slide 7 : the census click - ( the sound of chirping. mary and joseph ) nar 2 : joseph had a dream in which the angel told him that mary \u2019 s baby was to be the one spoken of by the prophets. so joseph married mary. months passed and soon the time for the baby to be born was very close. before this time, however, something unexpected happend. click - ( drum roll ; a roman soldier appears. ) nar 1 : the romans ruled the known world of the time. this included israel, the land where joseph and mary lived. a roman soldier cames to nazareth, with a message from the emperor. he said : click - ( the soldier raises his hand. ) nar 3 : \u201c the emperor wants to know the number of people in his whole empire. he orders everyone to register his or her name in the town of birth. \u201c slide 8 : leaving for bethlehem click - ( mary. start reading as joseph appears ) nar 1 : since joseph was from a town called bethlehem which was far away from nazareth, they had to set", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43987023181198565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.587307"}
{"text": "or her name in the town of birth. \u201c slide 8 : leaving for bethlehem click - ( mary. start reading as joseph appears ) nar 1 : since joseph was from a town called bethlehem which was far away from nazareth, they had to set out on a long and difficult journey that would take many days. click - ( joseph enters with a donkey ) nar 2 : joseph got the donkey ready click - ( mary climbs on to the donkey ) nar 1 : and helped mary on to it. click - ( joseph and mary move on ) nar 2 : and off they went slide 9 : the journey click - ( the wind howls. the holy family enters and keeps on moving. read as the howling stops. ) nar 1 : the journey from nazareth to bethlehem was long and difficult. mary was worried because she did not want to hurt her baby or herself. joseph got very tired because he walked for the entire journey. at last they arrived in bethlehem - the same town where the famous king david was born. 3.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ slide 10 : arrival at bethlehem click - ( sound of a cricket. the holy family enters and stops. ) nar 2 : it was evening when they arrived and it was nearly dark. click - ( the family moves on. read while they are still walking ) nar 1 : here mary and joseph looked for a place to spend the night. slide 11 : the search for an inn click - ( an inn \u2013 the holy family enters the scene. ) nar 2 : although bethlehem was a small town, at that time there were lots of people there because of the census which the emperor had ordered. joseph and mary could not find a room because the inns are full. slide 12 : mary and joseph talk to an innkeeper click - ( sound of a cricket and joseph enters. ) nar 1 : joseph did not give up and kept looking for a place. click - ( joseph knocks and moves back \u2013 a door is opened ) nar 2 : the inner owner asks nar 3 : \u201c welcome my friend, you seem to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40717017638092834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.588216"}
{"text": "nar 1 : joseph did not give up and kept looking for a place. click - ( joseph knocks and moves back \u2013 a door is opened ) nar 2 : the inner owner asks nar 3 : \u201c welcome my friend, you seem to have been travelling for a long time ; can i help you with anything? \u201c click - ( mary approaches joseph ) joseph \u201c my wife and i have just arrived from nazareth ; do you have a room where we can have shelter for the night? \u201d click - ( innkeeper stretches out his arms. ) nar 2 : the innkeeper does not have good news for joseph and says. innkeeper : \u201c i am sorry, we are full and there is not even a single corner where you and your wife might stay. i am really sorry. \u201d mary : \u201c what a pity! my baby will soon be born and we do not even have some shelter! \u201d nar 1 : when the innkeeper hears this, he replies ; nar 3 : \u201c let me tell you \u2026 click - ( innkeeper giving directions ) nar 3 :... just some distance away, just outside town, there is an animal shed. shepherds often take shelter there. it is not at all comfortable, surely not fitting for a baby to be born in but it is better than staying out in the open air. this is the best i can offer. \u201d mary : \u201c thank you, good man, you will always be remembered for this good deed! \u201d slide 13 : approaching the animal shed click - ( sound of an owl. the holy family enters and stops. ) mary : \u201c joseph \u2026 i feel that the baby will soon be born \u201d. joseph : \u201c it will be all right \u201d. 4.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ click - ( family exits. movement in the animal shed. ) slide 14 : joseph and mary in the cave click - ( the family approaches the cave. read while they are entering it ) nar 1 : at last mary and joseph found the animal shed which was a cave in the rock. they entered and joseph put the place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42695101440160876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.589067"}
{"text": "joseph and mary in the cave click - ( the family approaches the cave. read while they are entering it ) nar 1 : at last mary and joseph found the animal shed which was a cave in the rock. they entered and joseph put the place in order as best as he could. click - ( music and movement in the skies. wait until movement stops. ) slide 15 : the birth of the messiah click - ( the family in the cave. ) nar 2 : during that night jesus was born. \u2013 the one israel had waited for for so long. click - ( baby jesus cries \u2013 carol singing together \u2018 away in a manger \u2019. ) slide 16 : the angels singing in heaven click - ( angels appear ) nar 1 : hundreds of angels appeared in heaven, singing and praising god! click - ( music and movement of angels. wait till the music stops. ) slide 17 : the shepherds in the fields click - ( sound of a cricket ) nar 2 : some distance away from where jesus was born \u2026 click - ( sound of sheep \u2013 shepherds tending their flocks ) nar 1 :... there were some shepherds tending their flocks. who would have thought that the simple shepherds of bethlehem would be the first people to come to know of the birth of jesus? click - ( music and angels ) nar 2 : some angels of the lord appear to them in all their glory. the poor shepherds were so stunned and terrified by their presence. an angel told them : nar 3 : \u201c do not be afraid ; for see - - i am bringing you good news of great joy for all the people. to you is born this day in the city of david a saviour, who is the messiah. this will be a sign for you : you will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger. \" slide 18 : the shepherds visit baby jesus in the cave click - ( shepherds and sheep in the cave. ) nar 1 : the shepherds hurried and found exactly what the angel has told them. they saw mary and joseph and the baby lying in the manger. slide 19 : the arrival of the magi 5.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4421617867835569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.590097"}
{"text": "the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ click - ( music and the magi. start reading as soon as the music stops. ) nar 2 : later on, there were three very important people approaching bethlehem. these were wise men coming from far off countries. they have observed an unusual bright star in the sky and have found out that this was a sign that a great king was to be born. they decided to follow the moving star and start on a long journey. the star stopped over bethlehem and they knew that it was the right place. slide 20 : the magi adore jesus click - ( music and the magi enter. ) nar 1 : the magi entered the cave and were very surprised to find a new born child, just as the writings had said. they were filed with joy. they bowed down before the baby. before leaving, each one gives jesus a gift. slide 21 : the presentation of the gifts click - ( gold. ) nar 2 : the first wise man gave him a box of gold. this is a sign that jesus was a king. click - ( frankincense. ) nar 1 : the second one offered frankincense, a nice smelling resin made from trees. this was a sign that jesus is the son of god. click - ( myrrh. ) nar 2 : the third wise man offered myrrh. myrrh is obtained from trees and is used as medicine to heal wounds. this is a sign that jesus would suffer when he grew up. after presenting the gifts, the wise men returned to their countries following a different road. slide 22 : final scene in the cave click - ( scene in the cave. ) nar 1 : this is the story of the birth of our lord jesus christ ; the story of the first christmas when jesus was given to us as a gift from our loving father in heaven. we can try to be like the people in this story : \u2022 we can be like the angels when we make jesus known by living as he taught us to. \u2022 we can be like the shepherds when we recognise jesus especially in the eucharist. \u2022 we can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45871627623825584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.590969"}
{"text": "like the people in this story : \u2022 we can be like the angels when we make jesus known by living as he taught us to. \u2022 we can be like the shepherds when we recognise jesus especially in the eucharist. \u2022 we can be like the magi when we share our gifts with others. we can live the story of christmas every single day of our lives. slide 23 : christmas collage click - ( music \u2018 o silent night \u2019. a nice collage is created and finally the book appears. ) slide 24 : the book appears slide 25 : final scene of the holy family in the animal shed 6.! the son of god became one of us the story of the first christmas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ click the end. adapted from original text with permission from sdc adelaide 96 east st brompton sa 5007 http : / / sdcprecaoz. org http : / / www. sdcmuseum. org firstname. lastname @ example. org to be distributed freely so that jesus will be known and loved special thanks to original creator neville galea pirotta, a member of sdc 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42037954149508283, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466d739-6518-42dc-99f9-0356e263ffa2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.591478"}
{"text": "how to write a book review shared by : wul12666 how to write a book review \u2022 readers don \u2019 t have to know everything that happens in your book, or all of your reasons for liking it. \u2022 try to say enough so other students can decide if they want to read it themselves. these questions should be answered in your review : \u2022 what is the title of the book? \u2022 who is the author of the book? \u2022 what is the book about? \u2022 what is the book \u2019 s theme or message? \u2022 what do i like about this book? what is the title of the book? who is the author of the book? characters \u2022 who were the main characters in your book? \u2022 choose one of those main characters and write three detailed sentences describing that character. \u2022 make sure your descriptions paint a picture of your character in our minds. setting \u2022 where does your story take place? \u2022 give three detailed sentences about where your story takes place. \u2022 use words that help us to visualize where this is taking place. what is the book about? what events happen in the story? only highlight a few events \u2013 don \u2019 t give the whole story away. what do i like about the book? \u2022 does the book start in an exciting or interesting way? \u2022 does the book contain a lot of action or suspense? \u2022 does the main character show courage or strength? \u2022 does the book end in a surprising way? what is the book \u2019 s theme? \u2022 what message about life is the author trying to make? \u2022 how do you know that this is the message?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44630369697088634, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfc6bdf8-d519-4e77-bde5-f1057e900f2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.593066"}
{"text": "experienced anglers know that choppy waters make for difficult fishing, so they try not to rock the boat. thanks to a new microscopy technique, cell biology researchers can heed that same advice. university of illinois researchers developed a method they call ' ' trolling afm, ' ' which allows them to study soft biological samples in liquid with high resolution and high quality. led by mechanical science and engineering professor min - feng yu, the group published its findings in the journal nanotechnology. ' ' we developed a highly sensitive method for high - resolution imaging of soft biological samples, such as living cells, in their physiological condition, ' ' said majid minary, a recent graduate of yu ' s group and first author of the paper. minary now is a professor at the university of texas - dallas. ' ' we improved the quality factor of common atomic force microscopy imaging methods by two orders of magnitude, ' ' minary said. the widely used atomic force microscope provides images of tiny structures with high resolution at the atomic scale. the afm has a sharp probe at the end of an arm, called a cantilever. the tip of the probe skims the surface of a sample to measure mechanical, electrical or chemical properties. when scientists want to study cells, tissue or other live biological materials, the samples must be submerged in a liquid to keep them alive. this poses difficulties for atomic force microscopy, because the cantilever has to be submerged as well. cells and tissues are so soft that if the afm probe were simply dragged across the surface, it would damage or displace the sample instead of reading it. therefore, scientists have to operate the afm in oscillation mode \u2013 with the probe gently tapping along the sample and detecting resistance. but oscillation in liquid brings a tide of complications in its wake.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5354677634971564, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a487620a-dc67-4bb0-89a0-9ad0ed8f7218>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.594963"}
{"text": "why do we use roundabouts? roundabouts are often used in new or remodeled intersections to lower the incidence of crashes. view video the insurance institute for highway safety has a video featuring roundabouts. roundabouts show a 39 percent decrease in all crashes and an 89 percent decrease in fatal crashes. more better traffic flow roundabouts can handle high levels of traffic with less delay than most stop signs or signals. the tight curves slow traffic so entering and exiting are easier and more efficient. better fuel efficiency and air quality where roundabouts replace signals, idling decreases which reduces vehicle emissions and fuel consumption by 30 percent or more. roundabouts in minnesota minnesota is installing roundabouts at some intersections that have a high crash rate or where more than two roads intersect. how to drive a roundabout - slow down as you approach the roundabout. - for multi - lane roundabouts, as with any intersection, get into the appropriate lane as you approach the roundabout. - yield to pedestrians and bicyclists crossing the roadway. - watch for signs or pavement markings that require or prohibit - when entering a roundabout, yield to vehicles already in the roundabout. do not cross into the roundabout until all traffic from the left has cleared. - after entering the roundabout, drive in a counter - clockwise direction until you reach your exit. - do not stop, pass or change lanes within a roundabout. - if an emergency vehicle approaches, exit the roundabout immediately and then pull over. cyclists can either ride with traffic inside the roundabout or use the crosswalks appropriately. cyclists who ride with traffic must follow the same rules as vehicles and must yield as they enter the roundabout. since traffic moves slowly in the circle, cyclists should be able to travel at or near the same speed as motorists, staying in line with circulating traffic. cross only at crosswalks, and always stay on the designated walkways. never cross to the central island. cross the roadways one direction at a time. use the median island as a halfway point where you can check for approaching traffic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40148940109371517, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:256d75ba-0094-4e9e-8b7b-ddd368028255>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.597064"}
{"text": "patients who undergo surgery to correct arthritis in the foot are often diabetics with a type of arthritis known as charcot foot. the average age of patients developing a charcot foot is 40 years. about one - third of patients develop a charcot foot in both feet and / or ankles. this form of arthritis can develop suddenly and without pain. quite suddenly, the bones in the foot and / or ankle can spontaneously fracture and fragment, often causing a severe deformity. the arch of the foot often collapses, and pressure areas develop on the bottom of the foot, leading to open sores or ulcers. while many of these deformities can be treated with nonsurgical care, surgery may be required. such instances may include : - chronic deformity with increased plantar pressures and risk of ulcers. - chronic deformity with significant instability that cannot be corrected by braces. - significant deformity that may include ulcers that don ' t heal or respond to therapy. surgical procedures used to treat arthritis include : - hindfoot and ankle realignment. this kind of procedure is usually prescribed when there is significant instability resulting in a patient being unable to walk. various types of internal fixation are placed within the foot during this kind of procedures. - midfoot realignment. this kind of procedure is usually prescribed when there is significant instability of the middle portion of the foot. during a midfoot realignment, various types of internal fixation are placed within the foot. - ostectomy. in this procedure, a portion of bone is removed from the bottom of the foot. it is usually performed for a wound on the bottom of the foot that is secondary to pressure from a bony prominence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4390825618987936, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c29edf0d-6782-414b-8c63-2deb97050cbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.598696"}
{"text": "i can \u2019 t seem to get my infant to eat vegetables. any helpful ideas? dr. greene \u2019 s answer : if you drink coffee, you probably remember the first time you took a taste. it was horrible! how could anyone like that disgusting stuff! many baby foods that we consider very bland have the same impact on children. children have extremely sensitive taste buds. their vision may have slightly soft focus, but their sense of taste and smell is much sharper than ours. when it comes to introducing new foods, breast fed babies have an advantage since the taste of mom \u2019 s milk varies depending on what she has eaten. formula fed babies get the exact same taste every time they drink a bottle, and the introduction of new foods can be particularly difficult for them. it \u2019 s normal \u2013 even good \u2013 for a baby not to like a new vegetable the first several tries. on average it takes 6 to 10 tries during infancy to develop a preference for a new flavor ( sometimes, some of these can happen through breast milk or even in the womb ). sadly, 94 percent of parents give up on a new vegetable before they get to 6 tries. only 1 or 2 parents in a hundred will try 10 times ( see feeding baby green ). one way to get your infant to love any new food is to repeatedly expose them to the taste. you can accomplish this by using the new food for their first bite of solids each day for ten days straight. the first day, they may take one mouthful and spit it out. the second day, they may swallow the first mouthful, but may refuse any more of that food. the third and fourth days, they will probably take a few bites, but will undoubtedly want a food to which they are already accustomed. if you continue this pattern for ten consecutive days, most children will acquire a taste for the new food \u2014 even vegetables! seeing you eat the same food makes it even more likely they will enjoy it. mushing some vegetables you are eating ( or you eating some of theirs \u2013 nonchalantly ) can have real power. don \u2019 t try to sell them on it ; this just communicates the vegetable isn \u2019 t good. but they want to learn what you like to eat. given a chance to share flavors with you as an infant, kids will learn your food culture in much the same way they learn your language. - tip : while your child is in the process of learning to eat a new food, try scooping a small portion of it into a bowl and serving your child from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4393073619527643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5a1b85e-a66a-48ad-a8ae-c1c690d64b68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.602346"}
{"text": "pediatric dental care ( children \u2019 s dental care ) - what is a pediatric dentist? - when will my infant \u2019 s primary teeth ( aka deciduous or baby teeth ) grow in, and how do you care for them? - baby ( primary ) teeth development chart - what can i do to prevent my baby from developing cavities? - why are baby teeth important? - when will my child \u2019 s adult teeth grow in, and how do i care for them? - adult ( permanent ) teeth development chart - what can i do if i have difficulty cleaning my baby \u2019 s mouth? - is it alright to let my baby sleep with a pacifier, sippy cup or bottle? - how do i control my child \u2019 s drooling and teething pain? - i heard that sometimes a baby could be born with one or more teeth ( natal teeth ), if that happens what should i do? - when should i first take my child to the dentist? - how should i prepare my child for their dental visits? - when does my child need fluoride and what is the right amount? - can water filters reduce the benefits a fluoridated water system would otherwise offer to my children \u2019 s teeth? - is it better to use a manual toothbrush or an electric toothbrush for my child \u2019 s teeth? - at what age should a child brush their teeth on their own? - how often should i brush my child \u2019 s teeth, and at what times of the day? - when should my child start flossing? - which foods are bad for my child \u2019 s teeth? - dental sealants? - what do i do if my toddler won \u2019 t let me brush their teeth? - my baby has white patches inside the mouth. what causes this? - does it really matter if my child has a cavity in their baby tooth ; they will lose it soon anyway? - what happens if a baby tooth comes out too early? - what are space maintainers, and are they really necessary? - what can be done to address the large space ( diastema ) between my child \u2019 s front teeth? - why do some teeth grow behind another? what should be done when that happens? - what are peg laterals? - what should be done to treat a peg shaped tooth ( peg laterals )? - how many people are born missing one or more of their adult teeth? - how many people are born with extra teeth? - my dentist told me i have a double tooth. why does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40657693481839013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.625986"}
{"text": "to treat a peg shaped tooth ( peg laterals )? - how many people are born missing one or more of their adult teeth? - how many people are born with extra teeth? - my dentist told me i have a double tooth. why does this happen, and is there any way to make it appear more like a normal, single tooth? dr. marc lazare takes great pride in shaping and creating smiles starting from 2 years of age. when children start young, they develop home care techniques and positive associations that last a lifetime. your child \u2019 s first visit to the dentist should be fun and enjoyable, and result in their looking forward to the next visit. in order to create a memorable visit, we utilize interactive homecare techniques ; take the child on a tour of their mouth using our intraoral camera ; make balloon animals, perform magic tricks and give out kooky pens. we have kid friendly music, some of their favorite dvd \u2019 s, tv and nitrous oxide sedation. what is a pediatric dentist? a pediatric dentist ( formerly pedodontist ) specializes in the oral health care needs of young people, including infants, children and adolescents. pediatric dentists have completed an additional 2 - 3 years of study and hands - on training after dental school, to prepare them to aid in the unique dental needs of their younger population. if your general dentist feels your child needs unusual procedures or might be difficult to treat, you may be referred to a pediatric dentist. when will my infant \u2019 s primary teeth ( aka deciduous or baby teeth ) grow in, and how do you care for them? a baby \u2019 s first tooth will usually erupt into the mouth by around six months of age. some infants will be early, and some may be a few months later. if your baby still has not displayed their first tooth by the time they are 1 year old, then you can bring your child to the dentist for an exam. from day one you should be cleaning your baby \u2019 s gums, and tongue with a washcloth, rubber finger brush, or cloth finger tender ( even though no teeth are present ). clean the gums at least twice each day \u2014 after breakfast and after the last feeding of the day. even better \u2014 clean your baby \u2019 s gums and tongue after every feeding to keep your the breath fresh and to get them accustomed to this routine. once the first tooth erupts, you should be cleaning these teeth, trading in your cloth wipe for an appropriate sized, soft toothbrush.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42904853578445945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.626984"}
{"text": "the age of four as the jaw, supporting bone structure and facial bones begin to grow. the first baby teeth to be lost are the two lower front teeth. these come out between 6 - 7 years of age and are very soon replaced with the two lower adult front teeth. at the same time, the six year molars are starting to grow in. from six to twelve, it is typical for your child to have a combination of both baby teeth and permanent teeth in their mouth. below is a chart showing when to expect the emergence of all the adult teeth. if your baby does not want to open their mouth, place your finger near their mouth, and they will slowly open as they think that you are trying to feed them. even if your baby tries to bite down on your finger, be patient, keep trying, and they will soon open up again. reach inside along the cheek till you get between the upper and lower gums, and your baby will then open more to allow you to wipe the gums in the very back. in the case that one or more ulcers are found in your baby \u2019 s mouth, just clean around the ulcer until they are healed ( usually within one week ). get your child accustomed to cleaning his mouth regularly and going to bed with a clean mouth. is it alright to let my baby sleep with a pacifier, sippy cup or bottle? if your child uses a pacifier, do not dip it in honey or anything that has sugar, as this can cause cavities. do not put your child to bed with a bottle or sippy cup that contains milk, formula, fruit juices or soda, since these contain sugary substances that can cause cavities too. plain water is the only acceptable fluid to give your child when they are going to nap or sleep. how do i control my child \u2019 s drooling and teething pain? babies are very easily agitated by the teething process. parents should try to distract their children with activities, and allow your child to chew on a clean, chilled, liquid - filled teething ring to relieve the discomfort and irritation. drooling during this time is normal and expected. just wipe your child \u2019 s mouth often to keep them clean and dry. swollen gums are normal at this time, however if the gum turns blue or red, then bring your child to the dentist to evaluate. additionally, teething should not cause fever. since your baby is picking up anything and everything that has germs on it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3972940481599765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.629240"}
{"text": "normal at this time, however if the gum turns blue or red, then bring your child to the dentist to evaluate. additionally, teething should not cause fever. since your baby is picking up anything and everything that has germs on it, and putting it in their mouth to chew on, it is possible that their fever is due to this spreading of illness, in which case parents should bring their child to their pediatrician. i heard that sometimes a baby could be born with one or more teeth ( natal teeth ), if that happens what should i do? occasionally a baby may be born with teeth ( natal teeth ) or erupt through the gums within the first month of life ( neonatal teeth ). their occurrence is about 1 in 30, 000 and usually just the lower front baby teeth ( posterior tooth eruption is extremely rare ). these teeth are usually the normal baby lower front teeth erupting early. due to this early eruption, the tooth will not be fully developed. if this should occur, leave them alone, unless they are very loose or causing traumatic ulcers, or causing any discomfort to the baby or mother during breast feeding, in which case you would have them removed. this is a non - traumatic procedure and painless to the infant. because natal and neonatal teeth are usually normal baby teeth, a new baby tooth will not replace them once they are lost. the space is usually left alone until the adult teeth eventually grow into that area. teeth that are stable after 4 months have a good prognosis, although they may be discolored and not as esthetic as the other teeth. when should i first take my child to the dentist? parents should take their children to the dentist for their first check - up by the age of 2, unless your doctor recommends and earlier exam. subsequently, they should go for regular check - ups every 6 to 12 months, so your child \u2019 s dentist can monitor their oral hygiene, diet and growth patterns. it is best if your child \u2019 s first experience occurs at a time before invasive dental work becomes necessary. a ride on the dental chair, magic tricks with \u201c mr. thirsty \u201d and visiting the toy chest should make your child \u2019 s visit pleasurable and non - threatening. the first visit should also include the counting of teeth while your child looks at what is happening in a hand held mirror. remember, early dental check - up makes it easier to build a good rapport with your child to establish a foundation of trust and comfort for future visits. how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41086173752304134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.630473"}
{"text": "the counting of teeth while your child looks at what is happening in a hand held mirror. remember, early dental check - up makes it easier to build a good rapport with your child to establish a foundation of trust and comfort for future visits. how should i prepare my child for their dental visits? tell your child that the dentist is there to help take care of his / her teeth. read your child a fun children \u2019 s book about going to the dentist. describe to your child the surroundings of a dental office and role play the job of a dentist. it may help to tell your child the date for dental visit in advance so that they can prepare for the visit and hopefully look forward to it. remember, never use the dentist as a threat for not taking care of their teeth, this will just instill a fear in them that will last well into the future. speak positively about dental visits, and make it something to look forward to. it is important to establish a positive relationship between your child and the dentist by starling early and continuing to see the dentist for regular check - ups. and don \u2019 t forget to share this valuable knowledge with anyone else who may be helping to care for your child. when does my child need fluoride and what is the right amount? fluoride is a mineral helps prevent tooth decay by strengthening the tooth \u2019 s enamel and making it more resistant to acids and harmful bacteria. most municipal water supplies are fortified with fluoride ( check with your local water authority to find out about yours ). some bottled water companies will fortify some of their water products with fluoride, so be sure to check the labels. if the fluoride content of your water supply has less than 0. 3 parts per million, ask your child \u2019 s doctor whether you should give your child a fluoride supplement ( the amount recommended for children from 6 months - 3yrs old is 0. 25 milligrams per day ). your doctor can prescribe fluoride in the form of drops that you can add to your baby \u2019 s bottle or food once per day, or they can be prescribed as part of your child \u2019 s vitamin. the american academy of pediatrics doesn \u2019 t recommend fluoride supplements for babies under 6 months old. your child will not get any fluoride from breast milk. if you live in an area with fluoridated water, your child will get fluoride from the water you use to make the formula. a little fluoride is good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4554233920768784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.631557"}
{"text": "your child will not get any fluoride from breast milk. if you live in an area with fluoridated water, your child will get fluoride from the water you use to make the formula. a little fluoride is good for your baby \u2019 s teeth, but too much of it can lead to a condition called fluorosis, which can cause white spots on your child \u2019 s adult teeth. it is recommended to wait until your child is old enough to spit out before giving your child fluoridated toothpaste, and even then you should let them use only a tiny ( pea - sized ) amount each time. this is because young children tend to swallow their toothpaste rather than spit it out and swallowing too much toothpaste over time can lead to fluorosis, or become toxic in large quantities. | age | | fluoride ion level in drinking water ( ppm ) * | | < 0. 3 ppm | | 0. 3 - 0. 6 ppm | | > 0. 6 ppm | | 6 months - 3 years | | 0. 25 mg / day * * | | none | | none | | 3 - 6 years | | 0. 50 mg / day | | 0. 25 mg / day | | none | | 6 - 16 years | | 1. 0 mg / day | | 0. 50 mg / day | | none | | * 1. 0 ppm = 1 mg / liter * * 2. 2 mg sodium fluoride contains 1 mg fluoride ion. | can water filters reduce the benefits a fluoridated water system would otherwise offer to my children \u2019 s teeth? yes, some types of water treatment systems that are installed in one \u2019 s home can decrease the fluoride levels, thus potentially reducing the cavity - preventing effects of a water supply that has been optimally fluoridated. it has been documented that the reverse osmosis systems and distillation units remove significant amounts of fluoride. however, studies have also shown that water softeners do not cause a significant loss in fluoride levels. the concentration of fluoride found in your water will depend on the type and quality of the water filter you purchased, the current status of the filter and its age. for questions about the level of fluoride in your water supply or to arrange to have your filtered water tested, contact your local and state public health departments. your dentist should also be contacted to determine if your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44149207004982916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.632514"}
{"text": "status of the filter and its age. for questions about the level of fluoride in your water supply or to arrange to have your filtered water tested, contact your local and state public health departments. your dentist should also be contacted to determine if your children are candidates for fluoride supplementation, as it is available by prescription only. those individuals who drink bottled water as their primary source of water may also be depriving themselves of the benefits of fluoride, as many brands fall short of the optimum levels of 0. 7 - 1. 2 ppm. is it better to use a manual toothbrush or an electric toothbrush for my child \u2019 s teeth? an electric brush has a few advantages over a manual brush. first it generates more brush strokes per second ; making it more effective for the amount of time it is being used. keep in mind that while it is recommended to brush for 2 minutes, the average person only brushes for 30 seconds. with an electric brush it is easier to clean behind the back teeth. many of these electric brushes have certain extra bells and whistles such as a digital timer so you know when 2 minutes are up, and an indicator light to show if you are pressing too hard. there is usually less trauma to the gums and teeth when brushing with an electric brush since many over - zealous manual toothbrush users bang into their gums with the wrong technique, or scrub too hard. a manual toothbrush can be very effective with the right technique, and conversely, an electric toothbrush can be virtually useless with the wrong technique. if using a manual brush, use small, vibratory strokes on a 45 degree angle so that the bristles get in the pockets between the teeth and gums. avoid the up and down or circular motion, as that can just traumatize the gums. if you are using an electric brush, try to spend at least 2 full seconds on each tooth surface ( inside, outside and top ), making sure to angle the brush between the teeth and having the bristles go between the tooth and the gums. spin brushes are just a watered down version of an electric brush that may attract the attention of your child with its various themed versions. whether you use a manual brush or an electric, make sure you always change your brush or brush head every three months, or sooner if you just had a cold so you don \u2019 t re - infect yourself. at what age should a child brush their teeth on their own? this will depend on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47634499154281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.634391"}
{"text": "sure you always change your brush or brush head every three months, or sooner if you just had a cold so you don \u2019 t re - infect yourself. at what age should a child brush their teeth on their own? this will depend on the child. while it is great to build up a child \u2019 s self - confidence and independence, children don \u2019 t usually develop the full coordination and understanding of what they are trying to accomplish until the age of 6 or 7. even though they may want to do this all by themselves, it is recommended that the parent or guardian supervise, check, and when necessary, do additional brushing for their child at least up until the age of 10. your toddler can have their toothbrush available to \u201c pretend or play \u201d tooth - brushing along with you. cavities prevented during this time will save a lot of time, money and trauma in the future. how often should i brush my child \u2019 s teeth, and at what times of the day? it is recommended that everyone brush at least twice each day with a soft - bristled brush or electric brush. the first time should be in the morning, after breakfast, so your child \u2019 s teeth are clean before leaving for school. it defeats the purpose of brushing if you give your child their sugary vitamin after they brush, or give them their breakfast to nibble on the bus, because these substances will stay lodged in the top grooves of their molars and in between their teeth for hours to come, contributing to the formation of cavities. the most important time to brush is right before you go to sleep at night so that nothing is left on or in between your teeth when you are sleeping. the reason is that when you are awake, your saliva helps to bathe and rinse your teeth, but while asleep, you do not salivate that much, and your teeth is more susceptible to developing cavities from the debris left on them. additionally, if you have the chance to brush after other meals or snacks, it would be advisable. and don \u2019 t forget to brush their teeth after they are given medicine, as the acids contained in medicines may break down the tooth enamel. when should my child start flossing? parent - assisted dental flossing is recommended as soon as the teeth erupt next to each other. independent flossing is recommended once children develop the dexterity to be able to do it on their own ( often by six or seven years of age ). which foods are bad for my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37941859725411103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.636758"}
{"text": "as soon as the teeth erupt next to each other. independent flossing is recommended once children develop the dexterity to be able to do it on their own ( often by six or seven years of age ). which foods are bad for my child \u2019 s teeth? any food or snack that can become trapped within the pits and grooves of your child \u2019 s teeth or between their teeth can become harmful if not cleaned properly. chewy candy ( i. e. taffies, caramels, jellybeans, and licorice ) are among the biggest cavity culprits. however, you may be surprised to know that nuts, raisins and dried fruits can also cause a lot of damage, since they too get readily stuck in and around the teeth. the complex carbohydrates such as pretzels and potato chips get broken down into the same sugars that are found in cakes and cookies. any food debris left on the tooth creates an acid attack in the mouth to break it down. the less likely the food is to dissolve or rinse away, the longer the acid attacks will be. chocolate, which is full of sugar, is actually not as bad for your teeth as dried fruit and nuts, because chocolate dissolves quickly. however, you can prolong any acid attack by eating or drinking things slowly over a longer period of time. aside from the introduction of fluoride, dental sealants have become one of the biggest breakthroughs in terms of dental prevention. they are used to protect teeth from decay and are appropriate as soon as a posterior tooth erupts. the chewing surfaces of these back teeth have many pits and grooves that can trap food debris and cause cavities. children and adults alike can benefit from dental sealants, which are a plastic resin that flows into the cleaned out grooves of the tooth, and hardened to make a more shallow, ice - skating like surface for which the food debris can be more readily brushed away. sealants should be checked at your regular dental visits and redone periodically if wear or breakdown is evident. what do i do if my toddler won \u2019 t let me brush their teeth? there are a few techniques you can pull out of your arsenal. the first is to have several different fun tooth brushes to choose from. when you go to brush their teeth with one of them, they will reach out and grab it from you. then you pick up another brush and try to brush their teeth with that one knowing that they will now grab that brush from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4357478686519222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.637790"}
{"text": "to choose from. when you go to brush their teeth with one of them, they will reach out and grab it from you. then you pick up another brush and try to brush their teeth with that one knowing that they will now grab that brush from you with their other free hand. now that both of their hands are occupied, you can go in with a third brush, preferably an electric one so you can get more accomplished in less time. another technique is to say all the things you might see in there, recalling their meals and snacks that day as you brush ( i. e. \u201c i see a little pretzel there, let me get that away \u2026. oh look a piece of chicken, let me get that piece of cookie out \u2026 \u201d, etc. ). you can try brushing to music or while they are watching a show, or doing anything fun and creative. if all else fails, then try the two person technique where one person holds the legs down and the other straddles the head while pinning their straight arms along the side of their head. they will cry and scream, which is good because their mouths will now be wide open. within several times of doing this they will start to realize that it is just easier to allow you to brush them without resistance, and they won \u2019 t remember this experience anyway. my baby has white patches inside the mouth. what causes this? it most likely could be caused by a common and harmless yeast infection known as thrush. thrush looks like cottage cheese on the sides, roof, and sometimes the tongue of a baby \u2019 s mouth. usually you will find it in babies 2 months and younger, but it can appear in older babies as well. what happens is that after your baby is born, antibiotics taken by you ( if you \u2019 re breastfeeding ) or your baby can trigger a case of thrush. these antibiotics kill off the \u201c good \u201d bacteria that can prevent a yeast imbalance. often moms and babies pass the infection back and forth : your baby can pass thrush on to you if you \u2019 re breastfeeding, resulting in a painful yeast infection on your nipples that would require a doctor \u2019 s treatment. and you can trigger a case of thrush in your baby if you \u2019 re breastfeeding and you develop a yeast infection on your nipples from taking antibiotics. does it really matter if my child has a cavity in their baby tooth ; they will lose it soon anyway? yes, it does matter. baby molars enter the mouth around the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45380947261265664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.638949"}
{"text": "esthetic areas. not every tooth that is lost requires a space maintainer. usually if one of the four upper front teeth is lost early, the space will be maintained on its own until the permanent tooth comes in. your dentist will periodically take an x - ray to follow the growth progress of the adult tooth. when it is ready to erupt, the space maintainer will then be removed. what can be done to address the large space ( diastema ) between my child \u2019 s front teeth? this gap or space, ( aka diastema ) most often occurs between the two upper front teeth. it is normal to have this diastema during some stages of dental development. the space eventually closes after the permanent canine teeth ( eye teeth ) erupt into the mouth. however, in some people, the space does not close. if that is the case orthodontic treatment may become necessary. if this gap is caused by an overly large frenum ( thick gum tissue above and between your front teeth ) then orthodontic treatment would not be effective here. in that case a frenectomy ( removal of that tissue ) would be indicated to allow the teeth to come together again. if the large space is due to undersized lateral incisors ( the teeth next to the two front ones ) then bonding, crowns or veneers may become indicated to help close the gaps. why do some teeth grow behind another? what should be done when that happens? teeth are normally supposed to grow beneath the tooth it is replacing, as to slowly cause the roots of the baby teeth to be resorbed as the adult teeth grow in. as the roots are being resorbed, the baby teeth will start to loosen and come out on their own. on occasion, the adult teeth will grow in differently, usually towards the inside of the mouth when this happens. if the second set of teeth are growing inside of the teeth they are supposed to replace, then the first set would need to be removed by your dentist in order to create the space needed to allow for the adult tooth to grow into the right position. in most cases the tongue will naturally guide the tooth into the correct position. in some cases, when there is too much crowding, interceptive orthodontics may become necessary to help create the space necessary for the adult teeth that are growing in. what are peg laterals? peg laterals are your top lateral incisors ( the teeth on either side of your upper front teeth ) which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45321968404720625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.641045"}
{"text": "teeth ( about 90 % ) will occur in the upper arch of teeth ( maxilla ). supernumerary teeth may also be referred to as polydontia or hyperdontia, with the most common type being the mesiodens ( an extra tooth that tends to form between and just inside of the upper two front teeth. most of the time, these extra teeth don \u2019 t even come through the gums, and they are discovered when taking an x - ray in that area. other types of supernumerary teeth include the rare fourth molar ( also referred to as paramolar or distomolar ). multiple supernumerary teeth are very rare in people that don \u2019 t have any syndrome or disease associated with it. it is more common to be missing certain teeth, than to develop extra teeth. my dentist told me i have a double tooth. why does this happen, and is there any way to make it appear more like a normal, single tooth? a double tooth, or joined tooth occurs in one of a few ways. - fusion \u2013 where two separate teeth are attached together, sharing the dentin and enamel ( the inner and outer layer of tooth structure ) and often sharing the pulp chamber ( where the nerves of the tooth are located ) as well. the roots are separate. - gemination \u2013 is when you have what appears to be two teeth developing from a single tooth germ, sharing the pulp chamber and the root. when you count the teeth, it would still appear that you have the correct number of teeth, unlike fusion, where the count would be reduced. - concrescence \u2013 is different than germination in that the joining of tooth roots by cementum ( the outer layer of the root ) occurs after tooth formation is complete. this condition doesn \u2019 t have much clinical significance unless you need to have the tooth extracted. if this were to become necessary, careful examination of the x - rays would be very important. there are ways to make a fused tooth appear to be more like a single tooth. this may involve some reshaping of the enamel, some bonding to add better anatomy, and sometimes the use of porcelain veneers to create the individualized appearance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5115858589883492, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0ccf82-2e1a-4f22-b1df-1a7be89b7536>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.643053"}
{"text": "minority fifth graders face health obstacles, study finds wednesday aug. 22, 2012 - - black and latino fifth graders in the united states are more likely than white students to be obese, to get too little exercise, to witness violence and to ride without seatbelts and bike helmets, all signs of significant disparities that could put their health and safety at risk, a new study finds. yet, despite what researchers characterize as \" striking \" differences in how black and latino children are faring compared to whites, their report gives clues about what may lie at the heart of it - - and it ' s largely not race or ethnicity itself. instead, the analysis showed that when household income, family education level and the schools the children attended were taken into account, some of those disparities disappeared. in other words, a black or latino child from a similar economic background, attending a similar school and whose parents had an equal level of education did about as well as a white child from the same demographic on many health measures. \" we do find substantial differences in a number of health related experiences, behaviors and outcomes with black and latino children. most of the time, they ' re not doing as well as white children on the various health indicators, \" said study author dr. mark schuster, chief of general pediatrics at boston children ' s hospital and a professor of pediatrics at harvard medical school. \" what happened when we controlled for various factors such as the school, household income and family education level, we found the differences were not as substantial. \" the study is published in the aug. 23 issue of the new england journal of medicine. the study included interviews with more than 5, 000 children aged 10 and 11 and their parents in three u. s. metropolitan areas : birmingham, ala., houston and los angeles. researchers measured 16 aspects of health and health - related behavior, and found significant differences between black and white children on all 16 indicators, and significant differences between white and latino children on 12 of the 16 indicators. among the key findings : - about 5 percent of white kids witnessed gun - related threats or violence, compared to 20 percent of black children and 11 percent of latino children. that makes black children four times more likely and latino children twice as likely as white kids to see a threat or injury with a gun. - black fifth graders were more likely to have smoked cigarettes ( 10 percent ) than latino ( 6 percent ) and white children ( 5 percent ). black kids were also slightly more likely to have tried alcohol. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4848558723551679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:919bab85-63d7-4afa-85c6-5a7d45fbce8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.648923"}
{"text": "a threat or injury with a gun. - black fifth graders were more likely to have smoked cigarettes ( 10 percent ) than latino ( 6 percent ) and white children ( 5 percent ). black kids were also slightly more likely to have tried alcohol. - about 29 percent of black kids and 32 percent of latino kids were obese, compared to 17 percent of white kids. black and latino kids were less likely than whites to report getting vigorous exercise in the past week. - nearly half of white children always wore a bike helmet, compared to 14 percent of black children and 18 percent of latinos children. black and latino children were also somewhat less likely than white children to always wear a seatbelt. - black and latino children were more likely to report worse overall health. - discrimination because of race, ethnicity, weight and other issues was more common for black and latino children than whites. - black children were victimized by peers more often than latino or white children. and yet, when researchers took into account other demographic factors and schools, the differences were much less stark, even largely vanishing between white children and latino children. when comparing black and white children at the same school and with relatively equal household income and parental education levels, health disparities were eliminated on six of the 16 measures, and most of the others were substantially less dramatic. for latino children, taking into account those other socioeconomic factors, seven health disparities were eliminated. others were substantially reduced, and on three measures, latino children fared better than white kids from similar backgrounds. ( those included the likelihood of being victimized by a peer and of perpetrating physical or nonphysical aggression. ) dr. sherald leonard, a pediatrician at rush university medical center in chicago, said the findings show just how complex the issue of health disparities is, with race, ethnicity, neighborhoods, schools, poverty and multiple other factors potentially playing a part. \" it adds to the growing knowledge that this problem is bigger than race or ethnicity. it ' s how much you earn. your neighborhood. your school. your experiences. it ' s so complex, \" she said. the study also highlights how important it is to reach kids early in childhood, \" to try to make sure every child has the best chance in life for success, \" leonard said. schuster said he was intrigued about the role of schools. researchers don ' t have details about the characteristics of the specific schools, but many schools associated with the most positive effect on children ' s health behavior were in lower - income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45899799450166545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:919bab85-63d7-4afa-85c6-5a7d45fbce8e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.650676"}
{"text": "how to create a new workbook in excel 2010 if you \u2019 re working in microsoft excel 2010 and want to begin work in a new excel workbook file, you can easily create a new workbook. to do so, you can use a command on the file tab or a keyboard shortcut. click the file tab. backstage view shows templates you can choose from in the middle column. click the blank workbook icon. the blank workbook icon resides at the top left corner of the middle column. click the create button. excel creates a new, blank workbook based on the default template. you can press ctrl + n to create a new workbook without displaying the backstage view. the worksheet cell that contains the cell cursor. each worksheet can have only one active cell. an excel 2007 add - in program that adds extra financial, statistical, and engineering functions to excel ' s pool of built - in functions. a feature that looks at the entries that you make in a worksheet column and automatically duplicates them in subsequent rows whenever you start a new entry that begins with the same letter or letters as an existing entry in that column. a feature that alerts excel 2007 to common typing errors and your own typing errors ( that you specify ) and tells the program how it should automatically fix them for you. an excel 2007 feature that quickly creates a series of entries based on the data you enter in one or two cells. autofill works with days of the week, months of the year, yearly quarters ; consecutive series of numbers ; and formulas. you also can add your own custom autofill series. a feature in excel 2010 that enables you to temporarily hide everything in a table except the records you specifically want to view, based on criteria you specify. a new feature in excel 2010 \u2014 accessible from the green file tab \u2014 that enables you to manage files and to view the properties and stats about the workbook file you ' re editing. the intersection of a column and row in the worksheet. the cell identifier, determined by its column letter ( s ) followed by the row number, as in cell a1, the very first cell of each worksheet at the intersection of column a and row 1. an electronic version of a sticky note that you can add to a cell but that does not print. the black border that surrounds the active cell in a worksheet. readymade drawings, illustrations, and photos offered by microsoft for use in microsoft office applications. graphical or text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4463110450239467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a0807b-4ba9-4b1f-b1bc-821fcdb7e5b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.657980"}
{"text": "sticky note that you can add to a cell but that does not print. the black border that surrounds the active cell in a worksheet. readymade drawings, illustrations, and photos offered by microsoft for use in microsoft office applications. graphical or text buttons located in groups on excel 2007 ' s ribbon that you select to perform a particular action or to open a gallery from which you can click a particular thumbnail. a utility in excel 2007 and 2010 that you use to find potential compatibility issues if you plan to save an excel workbook file in the older excel 97 \u2013 2003 file format. a feature that enables you to have excel 2007 change the appearance of your cell data if certain conditions ( that you specify ) are met. the worksheet cell that contains the cell cursor. each worksheet can have only one current cell. a range of cells in a worksheet in which you enter a series of possible values that excel plugs into a formula so you can perform what - if analysis on the data. a rectangular window with settings and commands that appears when you click a dialog box launcher or certain other commands on the ribbon. a small icon in the lower - right corner of a group of command buttons on the ribbon that you click to access a dialog box with additional related settings and commands. a type of cell entry that instructs excel to perform a calculation. the horizontal toolbar located below the ribbon that displays the cell address and the contents of the current cell. use the formula bar to enter or edit formulas and cell entries and assign names to cells. a part of a formula that takes a number of specific arguments and then returns a single value based on those arguments. a drop - down list of thumbnail selections that appears when you click certain command buttons on the ribbon. a section of a tab on the excel 2007 ribbon that organizes related command buttons into subtasks normally performed as part of the tab ' s larger core task. the name of a group appears at the bottom of the group, such as the font group on the home tab. a combination of keys that you can press to execute certain commands, as opposed to finding and clicking the commands ' buttons on the ribbon or elsewhere. a feature in excel 2007 that enables you to point to thumbnails on a drop - down gallery to see how a new font, font size, table style, or cell style would look on your selected data before you actually apply it. a series of commands or actions in excel that are recorded and saved together in a file", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5362441834005427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a0807b-4ba9-4b1f-b1bc-821fcdb7e5b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.659072"}
{"text": "a drop - down gallery to see how a new font, font size, table style, or cell style would look on your selected data before you actually apply it. a series of commands or actions in excel that are recorded and saved together in a file. you can run the macro whenever you need to perform the task. a small toolbar that displays commonly used formatting commands ( along with a shortcut menu ) when you right - click a cell in the worksheet. the left - most section of the formula bar that displays the address or name of the current cell. the round button with the four - color office icon at the top left corner of the excel 2007 program window, which provides access to common file - related commands. file format developed by adobe systems incorporated that enables people to open and print documents without access to the original programs with which the documents were created. a special type of table unique to excel 2007 that enables you to summarize large amounts of data and pivot or rearrange the table ' s data to display different summaries of the information it contains. a small toolbar to the right of the office button that includes buttons for commands you use often, such as save and undo. you can add buttons to customize the toolbar. a new feature of the excel 2007 interface that replaces the menus and toolbars of previous versions ; appears at the top of the excel window, just below the title bar. a small window that displays descriptive text when you point to but don ' t click a command on the ribbon or other objects in a worksheet. horizontal and vertical bars that appear on the bottom and right side of the worksheet window and enable you to quickly move to a different area of a worksheet. icons that appear immediately to the left of the sheet tabs in a workbook, which enable you to bring new tabs into view for worksheets that contain too many sheets for their tab names to appear at the bottom of a workbook. small tabs near the bottom of a worksheet that you click to move between the worksheets in a workbook. you can assign descriptive names to sheet tabs. a menu that displays context - sensitive commands when you right - click a cell or object in a worksheet. new graphic objects in excel 2010 that enable you to quickly filter the contents of a pivottable on more than one field. a type of graphic object in excel 2007 that gives you the ability to quickly and easily construct graphical lists and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.526967088070045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a0807b-4ba9-4b1f-b1bc-821fcdb7e5b3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.660106"}
{"text": "worksheet. new graphic objects in excel 2010 that enable you to quickly filter the contents of a pivottable on more than one field. a type of graphic object in excel 2007 that gives you the ability to quickly and easily construct graphical lists and diagrams in the worksheet. tiny graphs ( miniature charts ) that fit within a single cell in the worksheet, used to show basic trends in data. a horizontal bar that appears at the bottom of the excel 2007 window and keeps you informed of excel ' s current mode. in addition, you can use the status bar to select a new worksheet view and to zoom in and out on the worksheet. the various \" pages \" of excel 2007 ' s ribbon interface that you click to display command buttons relating to the tab ' s name, such as page layout and formulas. a pre - designed worksheet that can be used as a basis for creating new worksheets. stylized text objects that you use to add pizzazz and emphasis to headings and other text in excel 2007 worksheets. the basic file type that you create when you use excel 2007. a new workbook consists of three worksheets by default. the main document that you work in when you enter data into cells within excel 2007. a worksheet is stored in a workbook file. the portion of an excel 2007 worksheet in which you enter cell data and add objects such as charts and graphics. a file format developed by microsoft that enables people to open and print documents in xps reader without access to the original programs with which the documents were created ( such as excel ). an object on the status bar in excel 2007 that enables you to increase the magnification in a worksheet or shrink it down to get an overall picture of the worksheet data.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5248236103668626, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a0807b-4ba9-4b1f-b1bc-821fcdb7e5b3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.660790"}
{"text": "pastels for dummies drawing with pastels can be both fun and intimidating, but a few tips and tools can help you set pastel compositions and choose colors like a pro. with your sketchbook, viewfinder, and color wheel in hand, you \u2019 re ready to create artwork. choosing pastel colors with the color wheel when working with pastel ( or any art medium ), a color wheel is a tool you should be familiar with because it helps you understand hue relationships and choose colors for pastel compositions. the following color wheel and terms can help you select colors for your artwork : primary hues : red, blue, and yellow. theoretically, all other hues are made from these hues. secondary hues : violet, orange, and green. secondary hues are a mix of two primary hues and situated halfway between those primary hues on the color wheel. tertiary hues : red - orange, yellow - orange, yellow - green, blue - green, blue - violet, and red - violet. tertiary hues are a combination of a primary hue and a secondary hue. analogous hues : three to five hues next to each other on the color wheel, such as red, red - orange, orange, and yellow - orange. complementary hues : hues directly across from each other on the color wheel, such as red / green, violet / yellow, and blue / orange. warm / cool hues : warm hues include the hues from red through yellow and yellow - green on the color wheel. cool colors include the hues from blue - green through blue to violet on the color wheel. the leftovers \u2014 red - violet and green \u2014 appear warm when surrounded by cool hues and cool when surrounded by warm hues. you can use the color wheel to help you determine colors for your pastel composition two ways : when choosing colors for modeling ( giving realism to ) individual objects and when choosing the overall patterns of colors in the composition. for example, understanding the primary, secondary, and tertiary colors helps you blend pastel colors to make new colors you don \u2019 t have in your pastel palette ( such as creating just the right orange out of red and yellow. you can also choose a set of analogous hues, selecting a color for the body of the object and then hatching ( stroking ) cooler and warmer colors from nearby on the wheel into the shadowed and lighter areas making and using a viewfinder to set pastel compositions a viewfinder helps you focus your scene and determine your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49770403653491313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ff60d85-3617-4cb6-9459-7d763983c1cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.666417"}
{"text": "for the body of the object and then hatching ( stroking ) cooler and warmer colors from nearby on the wheel into the shadowed and lighter areas making and using a viewfinder to set pastel compositions a viewfinder helps you focus your scene and determine your pastel work \u2019 s orientation. you can buy various adjustable and window viewfinders, but you can easily make your own as well. your pastel composition will thank you. when you use a viewfinder, you hold it so that you can see the scene you are drawing in its window. the viewfinder isolates your scene by cropping out everything except the part of the scene you want to draw so that you can see exactly what it will look like on your paper if you transfer it accurately. the viewfinder also helps you establish accurate positions of your subjects on the paper in your initial drawing. if you bisect the window of your viewfinder with threads, you can draw lines on your paper to bisect it in a similar manner so that you can use them as guides to transfer your image, drawing the shapes according to their positions on the grid you created. to make a basic window viewfinder, stick to these simple steps : take an index card and cut a window in the center using the same proportion of height and width as the paper you \u2019 re using. for example, if your paper is 12 inches x 16 inches, measure and cut a window 1 - 1 / 2 inches x 2 inches in the center of the card. use a metal ruler and a utility knife to cut straight edges. after you cut the window, mark the middle point of each side and tape a thread from one side to the opposite side, bisecting the window horizontally and vertically. see our following example. to use the viewfinder, look through the window at your scene and notice where objects in your scene line up with the threads or corners of the viewfinder. lightly mark the halfway points on each side of your paper and use them to help you map the size, shape, and positions of the objects in your scene. coming up with fresh ideas to draw with your pastels whether you \u2019 re new to drawing with pastels or have drawn hundreds of pastel works, you may find yourself in need of fresh subject ideas. when the idea tank is dry, fill it up with the following drawing strategies : draw something from a different point of view. changing your point of view forces you to think more consciously about what you \u2019 re drawing. try mouse - eye and bird \u2019 s - eye views", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48455639470395384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ff60d85-3617-4cb6-9459-7d763983c1cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.668441"}
{"text": "is dry, fill it up with the following drawing strategies : draw something from a different point of view. changing your point of view forces you to think more consciously about what you \u2019 re drawing. try mouse - eye and bird \u2019 s - eye views, which are very low ( as if you were lying on the floor looking up at your subject ) and very high ( as if you were standing over the subject looking down on it ) in relation to your subject, respectively. use your viewfinder to find an interesting but unrecognizable section of a larger object. instead of drawing the same old shapes you \u2019 re used to, this strategy lets you focus on the textures, colors, and so on your work may not typically show. hold your viewfinder so that you can see through its window and look for an interesting composition of shapes, textures, colors, or values of light and dark. dramatic combinations of dark and light shapes are particularly effective. make a collage out of images cut from magazines and photographs and then use it to create a pastel drawing. this playful idea helps you break out of the realistic box. you can put impossible, dreamlike images together as you find in the work of surrealist artists salvador dali or rene magritte, or you can make an abstract design. start to build an image by adding clippings to an existing photograph or by putting many clippings of photographs together ( but keep the collage simple the first time you try it ). after you make the collage, refer to it as you make your pastel drawing. choose a masterpiece and put a portrait or figure of yourself in the picture or update the masterpiece to modern times. secretly adding yourself to your study of a masterpiece or making yourself the main focus of the work adds a humorous element to it and breaks up the monotony you may be feeling in your normal drawing. in another approach, updating a masterpiece gives you the chance to put your own spin on a time - honored work, like creating west side story out of romeo and juliet. do an inside / outside drawing that incorporates an interior with a view outside the window. this kind of composition helps you think about how to balance color, light, and competing areas of focus in a way your usual work may not. decide where you want the viewers to look first and work out how to use contrasting colors to attract their attention. at the same time, determine where to use similar colors to quiet areas of the composition and make them recede. make a pastel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.473902954287497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ff60d85-3617-4cb6-9459-7d763983c1cb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.669472"}
{"text": "free printed copies and an interactive online version of the guide are available from the center for research on environmental decisions a poll conducted in october shows that the proportion of americans who are convinced that human activity is warming earth \u2019 s climate has dropped sharply since last year, to under 40 percent - - even though most scientists say the evidence is overwhelming. a concise new publication delves into what goes on in human minds that causes this disconnect, and what communicators of climate science can do about it. the new 43 - page guide, the psychology of climate change communication, released today by columbia university \u2019 s center for research on environmental decisions, looks at how people process information and decide to take action, or not. using research into groups as disparate as african farmers and conservative u. s. voters, it offers insights on how scientists, journalists and educators can convey evolving scientific knowledge, increase chances that the public will understand what they are saying, and take action when appropriate. for the nonscientist, climate can seem alternately confusing, overwhelming and politically loaded, say lead authors debika shome and sabine marx. in eight brief chapters, the guide identifies basic tactics to overcome predictable roadblocks. for one, communicators would do well to frame complex issues in ways that people can relate to personally : new yorkers may respond more to the idea that sea - level rise threatens to flood their subways, than to the idea that it also threatens much of bangladesh. communicators also need to do a better job of sorting the larger picture from smaller uncertainties \u2014 for instance, concentrating on the strong consensus that sea levels will rise in the 21st century, versus confusing readers with disagreements over exactly how much levels will rise. scientists generally acknowledge that nothing can be known with absolute certainty ; their trade involves reducing the amount of uncertainty. but, as with the numbers they give out, the words they habitually use can be misinterpreted to mean they do not really know what they are talking about. for instance, a recent report from the intergovernmental panel on climate change states that global temperature increases that have taken place in the last 50 years have been \u201c very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic ghg concentrations. \u201d panel scientists have agreed that \u201c very likely \u201d means 90 percent certain or more - - but when researchers asked ordinary people to assign a percentage to that specific phrase, most came up with a much lower number. the guide also attacks fancy words like anthropogenic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48387020507481715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7d0057a-f00e-4a9d-bda2-55c7db1b2500>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.673985"}
{"text": "have agreed that \u201c very likely \u201d means 90 percent certain or more - - but when researchers asked ordinary people to assign a percentage to that specific phrase, most came up with a much lower number. the guide also attacks fancy words like anthropogenic ( translation : manmade ) and acronyms such as ghg, ( greenhouse gases ), which may alienate even educated people. even many graphs that in the eyes of scientists show alarming trends elicit only yawns or incomprehension from almost everyone else. one chart in the guide lists words with columns showing their meaning as perceived by scientists, and by nonscientists. to scientists, a \u201c theory \u201d is the \u201c physical understanding of how [ something ] works. \u201d hence, the well - accepted theory of evolution, the theory that the earth formed over billions of years \u2014 and now, the theory of manmade climate change. but to the public, a theory may be just \u201c a hunch, conjecture or speculation. \u201d ( politicians long ago learned the lesson that language matters : one recent study by the authors and their colleagues finds that conservative americans find \u201c carbon offsets \u201d more acceptable than a \u201c carbon tax \u201d \u2014 even though it might be argued the two are essentially the same. climate legislation now before congress avoids mention of anything labeled \u201c tax. \u201d ) the public has its own chronic problems. for one thing, there is a phenomenon that social scientists call the \u201c finite pool of worry. \u201d in other words, people can deal with only so much bad news at a time before they tune out. for another, when individuals respond to threats like climate change, they are likely to alleviate their worries by taking only one action, even if it is in their interest to take more than one \u2014 an effect called \u201c single action bias. \u201d for americans, recycling often serves as a catchall green measure ; some people will zealously separate out their trash, but neglect to do anything more to curb high energy usage in their homes or vehicles. one study showed that farmers in argentina who had capacity to store grain in the face of drought were less likely to use irrigation or crop insurance, even though those added measures would have made their operations more resilient to weather. \" gaining public support for climate change policies and encouraging environmentally responsible behavior depends on a clear understanding of how people process information and make decisions, \u201d say shome and marx. \u201c social science provides an essential part of the puzzle. \u201d free printed copies and an interactive online version of the guide are available from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342109861201922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7d0057a-f00e-4a9d-bda2-55c7db1b2500>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.675035"}
{"text": "digestive health recipes and menus digestive problems \u2014 from constipation to lactose intolerance \u2014 affect up to 70 million people, according to the national institutes of health. modifying your diet to treat a digestive problem requires a lot of trial and error and should be done in conjunction with your health - care provider. still, making a few simple dietary changes ( e. g., eating a healthful diet rich in fiber and making sure to drink plenty of fluids ) often can go a long way in improving your digestive health. the nutrition experts at eatingwell recommend following these guidelines for healthy digestion. fiber adds bulk to the stool and helps it move through the colon quicker, which helps prevent digestive problems like constipation and diarrhea. a fiber - rich diet may also play a part in lowering your risk of colon and rectal cancer. shoot for 25 to 30 grams of fiber per day \u2014 most americans only get half that \u2014 by eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and beans. if you have trouble getting enough fiber in your diet, consider a fiber supplement. [ note : eating high - fiber foods is a healthy choice for most people, but they can exacerbate symptoms of a few digestive conditions. if you \u2019 ve ever received medical treatment for a digestive problem, check with your health - care provider before you start loading up. ] liquids lubricate the colon and soften stool so it \u2019 s easier to pass, helping to prevent constipation. aim to drink at least 8 cups per day. since it \u2019 s calorie - free, water is an excellent choice, but most beverages \u2014 such as milk and juice \u2014 are about 90 percent water, so they count too. too much fat slows digestion, which can lead to heartburn, bloating and constipation. what \u2019 s more, research suggests that a diet high in saturated fat may increase your risk of colon cancer. drinking too much alcohol can irritate your stomach lining and relax your lower esophageal sphincter \u2014 the valve that prevents stomach acid from backing up into your esophagus. this can cause bleeding or heartburn. if you drink, do so in moderation \u2014 no more than one drink a day for women or two drinks a day for men. alcohol is also dehydrating, which can worsen constipation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3820888393998499, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99561cef-0fff-4c6d-9f61-65b5a55bfe36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.677477"}
{"text": "researchers tell the journal science that the creatures fill an important gap between older hominids and the group of more modern species known as homo, which includes our own kind. the team has assigned the name australopithecus sediba to their finds. \u201c it \u2019 s at the point where we transition from an ape that walks on two legs to, effectively, us, \u201d lead scientist professor lee berger of the university of the witwatersrand told bbc news. \u201c i think that probably everyone is aware that this period of time \u2013 that period between 1. 8 and just over two million years [ ago ] \u2013 is one of the most poorly represented in the entire early hominid fossil record. you \u2019 re talking about a very small, very fragmentary record, \u201d he explained. their bones were laid down with the remains of other dead animals, including a sabre - toothed cat, antelope, mice and rabbits. the fact that none of the bodies appear to have been scavenged indicates that all died suddenly and were entombed rapidly. \u201c we think that there must have been some sort of calamity taking place at the time that caused all of these fossils to come down together into the cave where they got trapped and ultimately buried, \u201d said team - member professor paul dirks from james cook university in queensland, australia. all were preserved in the hard calcified clastic sediment that formed at the bottom of a pool of water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44005043604786837, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eea599dd-c60f-458c-9125-a50283ced9cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.679046"}
{"text": "types of auctions this section looks at different forms of auctions. different types of auctions have different bidding behaviors. how a bidder will behave in an auction depends on the reason with which the bidder is participating in the auction in the first place. one reason for participating in an auction is that the bidder wishes to aquire the auctioned good for personal consumption. one can consider a painting being auctioned and a buyer bidding on it for personal use. in this situation, the bidder estimates his personal consumption value of the item, and no one other than the bidder knows what that value is. it is probably useful to note that even the seller does not know the values that the bidders place on the auctioned item, since if he did he would just set the price equal to the highest valuation. the other reason for participating in an auction is to resell the item or use it for commercial use. in such a situation the bidder ' s valuation of the auctioned item is determined by his estimate of the future resale value of the item. so the item is actually worth the same to all, however no one actually knows what that common value is. think of business houses trying buy a piece of land to aquire mineral rights. each has different information and different estimates of the future value of this land and consequently would bid differently for it. william vickrey ( 1961 ) modeled four different types of single unit auctions : - english auction - this is the most familiar form of an auction ; it is also known as an open outcry or an ascending price auction. the type of auction is commonly used to sell wine, art, antiques, cattle, tobacco, and many other goods. - dutch auction - in the netherlands, this form is used to sell produce and flowers, and hence the name. this is also known as a descending price auction. in zamibia they use this auction to sell fish. the bidding starts at an a very high price and is progressively lowered until a buyer claims the item. - first - price sealed - bid auction - the main distinguishing feature of this auction as the name suggests is that the bids of individual bidders are sealed and not known to all, and thus hidden from all except the bidder and the seller. in a buyer - bid auction, the highest bidder buys the item and pays the amount of his bid. in a seller - bid auction, the lowest bidder sells the item and is paid the amount of her bid. this form of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.448702980212923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:195deed0-8d11-4977-92f0-f7794aca1c7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.681946"}
{"text": "in this lesson our instructor talks about subcellular structure. first, she talks about prokaryotic cells. second, she talks about eukaryotic cells structure. then she talks about the cytoskeleton. finally she talks about plant cell structure. four complete example videos round up this lesson. have cell walls containing peptidogylcan. some bacteria are covered by a capsule that helps them to evade the immune system. genetic material in bacteria found in the nucleoid region. some bacteria also have small rings of dna called plasmids, which contain are projections from the bacterial surface. sex pili transfer dna from one cell to another. provide a means of motility in some prokaryotes. cells contain membrane bound organelles including rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes and ribosomes. dna is organized as chromosomes bound by histone proteins and is located within a membrane bound nucleus. the nucleolus is the site of ribosomal rna synthesis. cytoskeleton is a network of filaments composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. cells do not have cell walls. the primary cell walls in plants contain cellulose. plants may also have a secondary cell wall composed of both cellulose and lignin. cells have a large central vacuole and organelles called plastids, including chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. lecture slides are screen - captured images of important points in the lecture. students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture. the book and cd package include three full length practice exams that are presented with all questions answered and explained. the author also presents detailed reviews of all test topics and includes multiple - choice and free - response questions with answers at the end of each topic ' s chapter. this book has a great topic - by topic breakdown of the 14 must - know principles with sample questions and answers for each of the subjects. laboratory review includes a focused review of all 12 ap laboratory exercises. included in this is 2 full length practice tests that stimulate the actual test along with answers and complete explanations. this book includes a comprehensive biology test topic review, covering everything from photosynthesis to genetics to evolution. cracking the ap biology also includes testing strategies for the grid - in and essay section, great guidance on writing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5590091000293373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3149541b-e154-49e4-b2e1-154d7e049409>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.686544"}
{"text": "memristors were conceived by electrical engineer leon chua in his seminal 1971 paper \" memristor - - the missing circuit element \" ( ieee transactions on circuit theory ). his peer - reviewed claim startled electrical engineers by detailing how there was a \" missing link \" in circuit theory. by mathematical necessity, according to chua, a fourth passive electronics component - - after resistors, capacitors and inductors - - must exist. his argument was reminiscent of the inventor of the periodic table, russian chemist dmitri mendeleev, who claimed that by mathematical necessity there were missing elements in the periodic table that must exist. both were right. mendeleev ' s missing elements were eventually discovered, and in 2006 hewlett packard senior fellow stan williams likewise discovered chua ' s missing - memristor in a common semiconductor material. chua called his fourth passive circuit component a memristor, because it \" remembered \" the amount of current that had recently been flowing through it by changing its internal resistance - - making it a memory - resistor. hp ' s formulation was titanium - dioxide, but since them many other semiconductor manufacturers have come forward to disclose that they had also been working on memristive materials in their efforts to build a universal memory type - - called a resistive random access memory ( reram ). as a result, approximately 40 years after memristors were postulated by chua, these materials are finally achieving widespread commercialization as universal memory chips that are nonvolatile, denser than flash, and yet faster than dram. a remarkable spectrum of semiconductor houses are promising memristive microchips, some as early as 2013, including adesto technologies, elpida, fujitsu, global foundries, hewlett packard, hynix, ibm, macronix, nanya, nec, panasonic, rambus, sandisk, samsung, sharp, sony, st microelectronics, winbond, 4ds, and several research labs like imec collaborating with foundry partners like tsmc. what you may not be aware of, however, is that the next 40 years are likely to be even more significant for memristors, as the basis of a new era of cognitive computers based on the architecture of the human brain. spear - headed by the defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) program called systems of neuromorphic adaptive plastic scalable electronics ( synapse ) research labs are pioneering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.571616477499068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27b3a6c7-d85e-4eba-80ed-312bc07a6877>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.690516"}
{"text": "description from flora of china climbers, with simple hairs, usually pubescent to tomentose and sometimes copiously so. leaf blade with many stout parallel secondary veins. inflorescences mostly leaf - opposed or terminal, less often axillary or infra - axillary, 1 - to many flowered and forming cymes, glomerules, or branched panicles. pedicel often with several bracteoles from base to middle. flower buds ovoid or oblong - conic. sepals 3, small, valvate, connate at very base. petals 6, in 2 whorls, valvate, leathery, margin thickened ; outer petals slightly larger than inner petals, erect or spreading, inside flat to convex ; inner petals 3 - edged, base concave. stamens many ; connectives slightly enlarged, apically oblique, obtuse, or slightly apiculate. carpels many, free, often pubescent, slightly curved, grooved on inner side ; ovules 1 - 16 per carpel, in 1 or 2 sutural series ; styles sometimes narrowly clavate but usually not enlarging ; stigmas very short and not clearly differentiated from style, apex 2 - cleft or entire. fruit apocarpous ; monocarps few to many, stipitate, spherical, ovoid, or oblong, thick walled, usually pubescent to tomentose. seeds 1 - 10 per monocarp, in 1 or 2 series, smooth, shiny. about 75 species : old world tropics and subtropics ; 23 species ( eight endemic ) in china. ( authors : li bingtao ( \u674e li ping - tao ) ; michael g. gilbert )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558237196956282, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2b280a5-a7f5-4d4f-b071-3215a48910a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.692218"}
{"text": "we would like you to take a reading of your school \u2019 s electricity meter at the start and end of the week prior to launching your carbon footprint awareness week. this will give you an idea of the number of units of electricity your school uses in a typical week. during this week you will need to walk round your school between 10. 00a. m to 11. 00a. m and carry out the survey. it is important that all the schools doing this survey carry it between these times to give a fair comparison. you will then need to launch your carbon footprint awareness week promoting as many energy saving ideas as you can ( based on some of your findings in your energy survey ). take the electricity meter reading at the beginning of this week and at the end of the week, once again between 10. 00a. m and 11. 00a. m. compare the two readings, work out how many units of electricity you have managed to save, and if you can work out the cost of these units and there contribution to your school \u2019 s carbon footprint ( i will try and find a formula to help you do this ) once you have carried out your surveys and awareness week you will need to publish your results on your school website and email each of the participating schools with your results so that comparisons can be made. it would also be great if we could email each other with any great ideas each school has to reduce their electricity usage. discuss this project and share your ideas here get pupils ' classes in school to work out their carbon footprint using the carbon footprint link : this project leads towards : earth day on 27th march schools low carbon day on 24th june | reducing carbon footprint - a health perspective. ppt 175. 0 kb | | five ways to save the planet. ppt 65. 5 kb | | how to go green at home. ppt 65. 5 kb | | energy use survey in jnv bhiwani india. doc 27. 0 kb | | our average co2 emissions - jnv bhiwani. doc 20. 5 kb | | answers to questions of woodhey high school. doc 29. 5 kb | | what we learnt through participation in project. doc 24. 0 kb |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47501784161947935, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a306e484-3693-442d-886d-417245315632>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.694334"}
{"text": "world \u2019 s most energy efficient light nanolight surpasses standard fluorescents and it may look a little funny, but nanolight is used to the stares. the futuristic - looking light bulb has an unconventional look big enough to match its unique a 12 - watt nanolight in white. the bulbs look a bit like a three - dimensional jigsaw puzzle, all sharp corners and seams, because that \u2019 s essentially what they are : several small circuit boards with leds connected that are cut to fit together. the loose, interconnected design allows the bulb to dissipate more heat than a standard bulb while also directing light in all directions. \u201c most bulbs are hidden away in enclosures and never seen, \u201d say nanolight \u2019 s creators, gimmy chu, tom rodinger, and christian yan. \u201c the look should not be important. in certain installations though, we think the nanolight is quite fitting, offering a unique futuristic look. we can \u2019 t wait to see what people do with them. \u201d currently, nanolight comes in 10w and 12w bulbs. while the 10w uses 50 % less energy than a compact fluorescent bulb with the same light output, the 12w is nanolight \u2019 s breakthrough product. the bulb generates more than 1600 lumens, equivalent to a 100w incandescent light bulb. that works out to a little more than 133 lumens per watt \u2014 about 200 % more efficient than other light bulbs on the market. 10 - watt black nanolight in a desk despite its incredible efficiency, both versions of nanolight stay cool to the touch even after hours of use. and, unlike compact fluorescent lights, the nanolight achieves full brightness the instant it is turned on, eliminating the slow, the project almost immediately surpassed its $ 20, 000 goal on kickstarter with more than 2, 000 backers pledging over $ 100, 000. until march 8, you can add your pledge to the campaign. a 10w bulb is available for a $ 30 pledge, while the 12w version requires a $ 45 pledge. despite their success, chu, rodinger, and yan continue to improve on nanolight. they \u2019 re working with a graphic designer on the possibility of printing artwork onto the bulb and are also developing a dimmable prototype of nanolight. to learn more about nanolight, visit the kickstarter page. \u25a0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5349679861857872, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b5a4e28-746f-4f41-8c57-d2ac2d46f230>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.696624"}
{"text": "guide for a balanced diet here is a brief guide for making healthy food choices using the usda ' s food guide. healthy choices from each of the food groups, in appropriate amounts, will help you have a balanced diet. for a personalized food and activity tracker, see the interactive website : www. choosemyplate. gov. limit fats and oils, including those used in cooking. when you do use fats, choose oils that are liquid at room temperature ( unsaturated fats ), such as canola oil and olive oil. avoid hydrogenated oils ( trans fat ) and foods that contain them. choose margarines that have no trans fat and come in a soft tub or squeeze bottle. limit sweets and high - fat snacks. most of these foods are high in fat and sugar and should be limited to occasional use. choose fruit instead of sweets as often as you can. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4213799289129868, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0906d43e-993f-42c8-9dda-90e6da4e4eba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.698048"}
{"text": "nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) reduce fever and inflammation and relieve pain. examples of nsaids include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. be sure to follow the nonprescription medicine precautions. always take these medicines exactly as prescribed or according to the label. ibuprofen ( such as motrin or advil ) - adults : the initial dose is 400 mg. follow - up doses are 200 mg to 400 mg every 4 hours as needed, up to a maximum of 4 doses in a 24 - hour period. - children : check with your child ' s doctor if your child is less than 6 months old or less than 12 pounds. dosages are based on the child ' s weight. give follow - up doses every 6 hours as needed, up to a maximum of 4 doses in a 24 - hour period. - talk to your doctor before you give medicine to reduce a fever in a baby who is 3 months of age or younger. this is to make sure a young baby ' s fever is not a sign of a serious illness. the exception is if your baby has just had an immunization. fevers sometimes occur as a reaction to immunizations. after immunizations, you can give your baby medicine to reduce a fever. ibuprofen dose for your child ' s weight | child ' s weight in pounds ( lb ) | | child ' s weight in kilograms ( kg ) | | dose | | less than 12 lb | | less than 6 kg | | ask a doctor | | 12 \u2013 17 lb | | 7 \u2013 8 kg | | 50 mg | | 18 \u2013 23 lb | | 9 \u2013 10 kg | | 75 mg | | 24 \u2013 35 lb | | 11 \u2013 16 kg | | 100 mg | | 36 \u2013 47 lb | | 17 \u2013 21 kg | | 150 mg | | 48 \u2013 59 lb | | 22 \u2013 27 kg | | 200 mg | | 60 \u2013 71 lb | | 28 \u2013 32 kg | | 250 mg | | 72 \u2013 95 lb | | 33 \u2013 43 kg | | 300 mg | | 96 lb and above | | 44 kg and above | | adult dose | naproxen ( such as aleve ) - adults : initial dose is 440 mg. follow - up doses are 220 mg every 8 to 12 hours as needed. drink a full glass of water with each dose. do not take more than 440 mg in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.431342549548998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cdbd157-84e4-48d2-ba13-a8b83b0bb11a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.704480"}
{"text": "liver, or intestinal disease are at higher risk for problems. for other people, the benefits outweigh the risks. do not take nsaids if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any type of pain medicine. if you are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breast - feeding, talk to your doctor before you use nsaids. it is especially important to avoid using nsaids during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless your doctor tells you to. they can cause problems with the baby or the delivery. talk to your doctor before taking nsaids if you have : - ulcers or a history of stomach or intestinal bleeding. - stomach pain, upset stomach, or heartburn that lasts or comes back. - bleeding problems. - a habit of drinking more than 3 alcoholic drinks a day. this increases your risk of stomach bleeding. - high blood pressure. - kidney, liver, or heart disease. - any serious health condition. talk to your doctor before using nsaids if you take : - blood thinners ( anticoagulants ). - diuretics ( water pills ). - medicine for arthritis or diabetes. - aspirin to protect your heart. - any other drugs. do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 20 because of the risk of reye syndrome, a rare but serious disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37295081217059256, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cdbd157-84e4-48d2-ba13-a8b83b0bb11a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.706188"}
{"text": "most six - year - olds can ' t wait to go to school on that first day in september. it ' s a sign of coming of age. they get to go to school like the big kids. for an alarmingly large number of these children, however, boredom, anxiety, and fear of learning quickly set in. this happens because societies build schools that achieve much less than they promise, are frustrating for students, and generally fail to help children become adults who can think for themselves. education has always been considered to be a process whereby some essential body of knowledge is transmitted to students ; schools have simply been places where that transmission officially takes place. the development of flexible, inquiring minds has rarely been the primary consideration in the design of educational systems. making students into proper members of society has usually been of much greater concern than developing students who are creative thinkers. today, the level of dissatisfaction and even outright anger at the educational system is tremendously high. we hear a great deal about the failure of our schools, about falling test scores, and about inequalities in education. a variety of solutions have been put on the table, solutions that run the gamut from applying corporate methods to gain efficiency to simply spending a lot more money. some of the proposals to fix the situation are even more frightening than the situation they are trying to fix. clearly, the schools are a mess. today ' s schools are organized around yesterday ' s ideas, yesterday ' s needs, and yesterday ' s resources ( and they weren ' t even doing very well yesterday ). consider the most common classroom approach : one teacher standing in front of thirty children trying to get each one to be at the same place at the same time. this approach has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, but it flies in the face of everything scientists have discovered about children ' s natural learning mechanisms, which are primarily experimentation and reflection. in other words, learning by doing. consider also the concept of curriculum : that there is a particular body of knowledge everyone should know. this idea may comfort those who are concerned that our children know the \" right stuff. \" children, however, learn facts about the world because they feel the need to know them, often because these facts will help them do something they want to do. what is the right stuff for one may be the wrong or irrelevant stuff for another. purpose of engines for education where am i in the content of the book?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5580445834442652, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81dfe91c-0078-4472-9168-a549b30893e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.711802"}
{"text": "one in eight people suffer from malnutrition in a world where technology has advanced to a point where i can instantly have a face - to - face conversation via online video with a friend in tokyo, nearly 870 million people, or one in eight, still suffer from malnutrition, according to a new un report. while worldwide hunger declined from 1990 to 2007, progress was slowed by the global economic crisis. over the last few years, numerous and record - breaking extreme weather events have also taken tolls on food production. currently, food prices hover just below crisis levels. \" we find it entirely unacceptable that more than 100 million children under five are underweight, \" the heads of the food and agriculture organization ( fao ), international fund for agricultural development ( ifad ), and the world food programme ( wfp ) write in a forward to the report, state of food insecurity in the world 2012, adding that such children \" are unable to realize their full human and socio - economic potential, and that childhood malnutrition is a cause of death for more than 2. 5 million children every year. \" from the early 1990s to today, the number of those going to bed hungry has fallen by around 132 million, dropping from 18. 6 percent to 12. 5 percent of the total world population. while this is laudable progress, regions still make a big difference. in fact, hunger has actually risen in africa : 64 million people have been added to the number of hungry on the continent since the early 1990s. population growth rates are also highest in africa. article continues at malnutrition, famine image via wikipedia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.394898893729705, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b80caf39-04ab-4f4c-9052-4fdaf0e900cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.713597"}
{"text": "by john mccaskill biomolecular computing, computations performed by biomolecules, is challenging traditional approaches to computation both theoretically and technologically. often placed within the wider context of natural or even unconventional computing, the study of natural and artificial molecular computations is adding to our understanding both of biology and computer science well beyond the framework of neuroscience. the papers in this special theme document only a part of an increasing involvement of europe in this far reaching undertaking. in this introduction, i wish to outline the current scope of the field and assemble some basic arguments that biomolecular computation is of central importance to both computer science and biology. readers will also find arguments for not dismissing dna computing as limited to exhaustive search and for a qualitatively distinctive advantage over all other types of computation including quantum computing. the idea that molecular systems can perform computations is not new and was indeed more natural in the pre - transistor age. most computer scientists know of von neumanns discussions of self - reproducing automata in the late 1940s, some of which were framed in molecular terms. here the basic issue was that of bootstrapping : can a machine construct a machine more complex than itself? important was the idea, appearing less natural in the current age of dichotomy between hardware and software, that the computations of a device can alter the device itself. this vision is natural at the scale of molecular reactions, although it may appear utopic to those running huge chip production facilities. alan turing also looked beyond purely symbolic processing to natural bootstrapping mechanisms in his work on self - structuring in molecular and biological systems. purely chemical computers have been proposed by ross and hjelmfelt extending this approach. in biology, the idea of molecular information processing took hold starting from the unraveling of the genetic code and translation machinery and extended to genetic regulation, cellular signaling, protein trafficking, morphogenesis and evolution - all of this independently of the development in the neurosciences. for example, because of the fundamental role of information processing in evolution, and the ability to address these issues on laboratory time scales at the molecular level, i founded the first multi - disciplinary department of molecular information processing in 1992. in 1994 came adlemans key experiment demonstrating that the tools of laboratory molecular biology could be used to program computations with dna in vitro. the huge information storage capacity of dna and the low energy dissipation of dna processing lead to an explosion of interest in massively parallel dna computing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6562610759239942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e7ac4a-2f96-4c3d-9106-248acec66100>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.721534"}
{"text": "that the tools of laboratory molecular biology could be used to program computations with dna in vitro. the huge information storage capacity of dna and the low energy dissipation of dna processing lead to an explosion of interest in massively parallel dna computing. for serious proponents of the field however, there really never was a question of brute search with dna solving the problem of an exponential growth in the number of alternative solutions indefinitely. in a new field, one starts with the simplest algorithms and proceeds from there : as a number of contributions and patents have shown, dna computing is not limited to simple algorithms or even, as we argue here, to a fixed hardware configuration. after 1994, universal computation and complexity results for dna computing rapidly ensued ( recent examples of ongoing projects here are reported in this collection by rozenberg, and csuhaj - varju ). the laboratory procedures for manipulating populations of dna were formalized and new sets of primitive operations proposed : the connection with recombination and so called splicing systems was particularly interesting as it strengthened the view of evolution as a computational process. essentially, three classes of dna computing are now apparent : intramolecular, intermolecular and supramolecular. cutting across this classification, dna computing approaches can be distinguished as either homogeneous ( ie well stirred ) or spatially structured ( including multi - compartment or membrane systems, cellular dna computing and dataflow like architectures using microstructured flow systems ) and as either in vitro ( purely chemical ) or in vivo ( ie inside cellular life forms ). approaches differ in the level of programmability, automation, generality and parallelism ( eg simd vs mimd ) and whether the emphasis is on achieving new basic operations, new architectures, error tolerance, evolvability or scalability. the japanese project lead by hagiya focuses on intramolecular dna computing, constructing programmable state machines in single dna molecules which operate by means of intramolecular conformational transitions. intermolecular dna computing, of which adleman ' s experiment is an example, is still the dominant form, focusing on the hybridization between different dna molecules as a basic step of computations and this is common to the three projects reported here having an experimental component ( mccaskill, rozenberg and amos ). beyond europe, the group of wisconsin are prominent in exploiting a surface based approach to intermolecular dna computing using dna chips. finally, supramolecular dna computing, as pioneered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6201830135897846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e7ac4a-2f96-4c3d-9106-248acec66100>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.722701"}
{"text": "mccaskill, rozenberg and amos ). beyond europe, the group of wisconsin are prominent in exploiting a surface based approach to intermolecular dna computing using dna chips. finally, supramolecular dna computing, as pioneered by eric winfree, harnesses the process of self - assembly of rigid dna molecules with different sequences to perform computations. the connection with nanomachines and nanosystems is then clear and will become more pervasive in the near future. in my view, dna computation is exciting and should be more substantially funded in europe for the following reasons : the difference with quantum computing is dramatic. quantum computing involves high physical technology for the isolation of mixed quantum states necessary to implement ( if this is scalable ) efficient computations solving combinatorially complex problems such as factorization. dna computing operates in natural noisy environments, such as a glass of water. it involves an evolvable platform for computation in which the computer construction machinery itself is embedded. embedded computing is possible without electrical power in microscopic, error prone and real time environments, using mechanisms and technology compatible with our own make up. because dna computing is linked to molecular construction, the computations may eventually also be employed to build three dimensional self - organizing partially electronic or more remotely even quantum computers. moreover, dna computing opens computers to a wealth of applications in intelligent manufacturing systems, complex molecular diagnostics and molecular process control. the papers in this section primarily deal with biomolecular computing. the first contribution outlines the european initiative in coordinating molecular computing ( emcc ). three groups present their multidisciplinary projects involving joint theoretical and experimental work. two papers are devoted to extending the range of formal models of computation. the collection concludes with a small sampler from the more established approach to biologically inspired computation using neural network models. it is interesting that one of these contributions addresses the application of neural modelling to symbolic information processing. however, the extent to which informational biomolecules play a specific role in long term memory and the structuring of the brain, uniting neural and molecular computation, still awaits clarification. john mccaskill - gmd tel : + 49 2241 14 1526", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.672428832677085, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:27e7ac4a-2f96-4c3d-9106-248acec66100>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.723644"}
{"text": "vision changes and problems can be caused by many different conditions. some include : presbyopia - - difficulty focusing on objects that are close. this problem often becomes noticeable in your early to mid 40s. cataracts - - cloudiness over the eye lens, causing poor nighttime vision, halos around lights, and sensitivity to glare. cataracts are common in the elderly. glaucoma - - increased pressure in the eye, which is most often painless. vision will be normal at first, but over time you can develop poor night vision, blind spots, and loss of vision to either side. glaucoma can also happen suddenly, which is a medical emergency. macular degeneration - - loss of central vision, blurred vision ( especially while reading ), distorted vision ( straight lines will appear to be wavy ), and colors that look faded. the most common cause of blindness in people over age 60. eye infection, inflammation, or injury floaters - - tiny particles drifting inside the eye, which may be confused with retinal detachment. treatments depend on the cause. surgery will be recommended for some conditions. regular eye checkups from an ophthalmologist or optometrist are important. they should be done once a year if you are over age 65. some experts recommend annual eye exams starting at an earlier age. how long you go between exams is based on how long you can wait before detecting an eye problem that has no symptoms. your health care provider will recommend earlier and more frequent exams if you have known eye problems or conditions that are known to cause eye problems, such as diabetes or high blood pressure. these important steps can prevent eye and vision problems : wear sunglasses to protect your eyes. wear safety glasses when hammering, grinding, or using power tools. if you need glasses or contact lenses, keep the prescription up to date. limit how much alcohol you drink. stay at a healthy weight. keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. keep your blood sugar under control if you have diabetes. eat foods rich in antioxidants, like green leafy vegetables. u. s. preventive services task force. screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults. u. s. preventive services : task force recommendation statement. ann intern med. 2009 ; 151 : 37 - 43. yanoff m, cameron d. diseases of the visual system. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5290129933452947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfaa7567-4cd5-4413-922a-d941592dc890>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.726682"}
{"text": "bar harbor, maine - - jackson laboratory researchers and their collaborators have reported their discovery of a gene implicated in an acute and severe form of glaucoma known as angle - closure glaucoma ( acg ). the gene ' s activity points to previously unsuspected mechanisms involved in both acg and infant eye development. glaucoma is one of the most common eye diseases and a leading cause of blindness. an increase in fluid pressure in the eye ( intraocular pressure or iop ) leads to damage to the optic nerve, causing loss of vision. most people with the more familiar chronic ( open - angle ) glaucoma don ' t even know they have the disease until it ' s detected in an eye exam. the condition develops slowly and can usually be managed with eyedrops and laser surgery. but acg can be another story : acute attacks of acg are a medical emergency. sudden, debilitating symptoms include severe eye pain, headache, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, and without prompt intervention to reduce iop, very rapid loss of vision can occur. simon w. m. john, ph. d., the jackson laboratory professor and howard hughes medical investigator who led the glaucoma research team, describes acg as \" a particularly severe and debilitating subtype of glaucoma, which is very poorly understood at the molecular level. \" acg, which affects about 16 million people worldwide, accounts for half of all glaucoma blindness. acg patients typically have eyes that are slightly smaller than normal, with a lens that is large for the size of the eye, and an abnormally short axial ( front - to - back ) length of the eye. these features predispose to blockage or closing of the angle of the eye, which contains an important drain for ocular fluid. as a result, the fluid does not drain properly and can quickly build up, sharply raising iop. however, notes study author sai nair, ph. d., project head and associate research scientist in the john lab, \" it ' s now clear that the mechanisms of iop elevation are more complicated than simple blockage by the iris, and must include other physiological disturbances. \" the research team identified a mouse strain that has anatomical features similar to those seen in patients with acg, and that develops high iop. because this iop elevation causes the optic nerve to degenerate, these mice represent an important and much needed mouse model for acg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5377410243077263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:620df5c6-464c-498d-a8b6-cc188fdd8db5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.735662"}
{"text": "strain that has anatomical features similar to those seen in patients with acg, and that develops high iop. because this iop elevation causes the optic nerve to degenerate, these mice represent an important and much needed mouse model for acg. further, studies in the mouse suggest that depending on genetic background, the mutated gene can cause variable reduction in axial length, ranging from modest to severe. in collaboration with mounira hmani - aifa and colleagues at universite de sfax in tunisia, they found that mutation in the same gene can result in severe reduction in axial length in people with extreme hyperopia. in finding a genetic mutation in the mice that produces a previously unknown protein ( one that acts as a protease to break down other proteins ), the researchers make the first link between the protein ' s activity and acg, as well as eye development in infants. the john research group also included zain ali, alison kearney, danilo macalinao, ioan cosma, gareth howell and richard smith. funding was provided by the national eye institute, the barbara and joseph cohen foundation and the tunisian ministere de l ' enseignement superieur, de la recherche scientifique et de la technologie. this is the third major paper on glaucoma to come out of the john lab since early march. in the journal of clinical investigation, the researchers reported on their new analysis technique that detects early stages of glaucoma in mice, and on their success in blocking the disease by targeting some of the molecular events in those early stages. and a paper in science demonstrated their findings that rna granules \u2014 key players in messenger rna ( mrna ) processing \u2014 can affect eye development, leading to juvenile cataracts and glaucoma in humans and mice. the jackson laboratory is a nonprofit biomedical research institution and national cancer institute - designated cancer center based in bar harbor, maine. its mission is to discover the genetic basis for preventing, treating and curing human diseases, and to enable research and education for the global biomedical community. nair et al. : alteration of the serine protease prss56 causes angle - closure glaucoma in mice and posterior microphthalamia in humans and mice. nature genetics, may 1, 2011, http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1038 / ng. 813. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eureka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5368987481650669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:620df5c6-464c-498d-a8b6-cc188fdd8db5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.736990"}
{"text": "researchers from the universities of nottingham and leicester are leading the largest ever study of the genetics relating to lung disease. the project will investigate what determines an individual ' s lung health and why smoking harms the lungs of some people more than others and will use health information held by uk biobank, a major national resource holding health information from half a million volunteers. the study, funded by the medical research council ( mrc ) and also involving scientists at st george ' s, university of london, is aiming to shed light on why some people are genetically more prone to suffer from lung disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ). copd includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is the sixth most common cause of death in the uk ( around 30, 000 deaths per year ). it affects approximately 900, 000 people in the uk and costs the nhs \u00a3150m every year. at present, avoiding taking up smoking or, for those who already smoke, stopping smoking remain the most effective ways to prevent copd. the world health organisation ( who ) estimates that copd is the 4th leading cause of death worldwide but it is predicted to move into 3rd place in the near future. the new project is being launched on wednesday november 14, which is world copd day. the research aims to discover the genes which affect lung function and also those which may affect the chances of developing lung disease for both smokers and non - smokers. it will also investigate whether genes play a part in the ability, or failure, to maintain good lung health for smokers and non - smokers. the researchers will also be able to investigate genetic factors that may affect the likelihood of an individual becoming addicted to smoking. the study, which is called uk bileve ( uk biobank lung exome variant evaluation ), will be one of the first projects to make use of uk biobank, the world ' s largest resource of its kind. all uk biobank participants have already had their lung function measured and given information about their smoking habits, past and present. in this study, researchers will use anonymous data from 50, 000 of these participants to determine genetic variants associated with susceptibility to copd. they will look at both rare and common single nucleotide polymorphisms ( tiny variations in genes ) in the participants ' dna and the lung function of those who are heavy smokers and those who have never smoked. leading the research is professor ian hall, dean of the university of nottingham ' s medical school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45334556752277055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0987967-0164-4ed1-9e88-dbdefc083b9a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.740664"}
{"text": "polymorphisms ( tiny variations in genes ) in the participants ' dna and the lung function of those who are heavy smokers and those who have never smoked. leading the research is professor ian hall, dean of the university of nottingham ' s medical school. he said : \" we currently know very little about why there is such a wide difference in lung health, even among smokers. we believe genetic factors play an important role so we ' re extremely excited about using the unique resource of biobank to test this theory in detail. this study couldn ' t be done anywhere else in the world. \" professor david lomas, chair of the mrc population and systems medicine board, said : \" we know that smoking is unhealthy for anyone but we know little about why the lungs of most smokers are seriously affected, while those of some seem to stay relatively healthy. if we knew more about the genetics that cause this variation we would be better able to direct treatments to those who are most at risk and have an increased chance of developing drugs to target this type of lung disease. \" professor sir rory collins, uk biobank principal investigator, said : \" we are extremely grateful to the half a million people throughout britain who went out of their way to join uk biobank. their commitment will provide key insights into a wide range of illnesses that kill and cause pain and suffering. last week we heard of plans to use the resource to study dementia. this week uk biobank helps scientists tackle a serious lung condition. uk biobank will become a key resource to improve health in the 21st century. we are grateful to the mrc, wellcome trust and department of health for having the vision to back such an initiative. \" aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49040862892541, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0987967-0164-4ed1-9e88-dbdefc083b9a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.741526"}
{"text": "this is a common task. we have a list of dates and we want to get the corresponding weekdays. we can use the weekday ( ) function to get it and the result will be like this : on column a we have our dates and on column b, using the weekday ( ) function we get the number corresponding to the weekday. but this is not a good way of displaying the weekday, we would like it to display it as the name of the weekday, not a number, right? there are numerous ways that we can change that. i \u2019 m going to show you two of them. the first, and simplest way, is to format column b with a custom format. for that, just select the values on column b and right - click to select format cells and on the number tab, choose the custom category and insert type as dddd. this will give the names of the weekdays like \u201c sunday \u201d. if you insert a type ddd it will show you the names like \u201c sun \u201d. this is how it will look like after the formatting : another way you could do this is using the choose ( ) function with a formula like this on cell b2 and then copy down : the result will be the same. this last method is just to show you that there are lots of ways of doing the same thing in excel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4215572953504638, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d810003-e4b3-4634-8dd8-20cbc9d5b8be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.744186"}
{"text": "at night we navigate from espanola to floreana island. floreana, also known as charles or santa maria, is one of the four inhabited islands, and the first one to be officially inhabited by ecuadorians, when ecuador took possession of the islands in 1832. back in those days, the islands were not a national park, thus, hundreds of animals and plants were introduced to help the first inhabitants survive in such a hard and isolated environment. nowadays, floreana holds a small population of about 130 people entirely dedicated to agriculture, fishing and tourism activities. this small island has many visitor sites, and today before breakfast, we landed at punta cormorant. this site is well known by its green beach, due to the presence of small crystals of olivine that have been eroded from lava rocks. the mineral olivine ( or peridot, when of gem - quality ) is a common mineral found in the earth ' s subsurface. at punta cormorant, we were greeted by a group of four playful young sea lions and once we had enough pictures of them, we continued along the cinder trail, surrounded by typical vegetation from the arid zone, a mixture between endemic and native plants. the trail here, skirts along a large salt pond where we had the chance to observe few flamingos, pintails and other shorebirds. flamingos eventually arrived to galapagos from the caribbean area and finding good feeding and nesting grounds and very little ground predators ; successfully colonized the islands and became an endemic subspecies. today the islands are home of few hundred flamingos. by the end of the trail we reached a beautiful white coral sand beach, nesting site of sea turtles that eventually start their nesting season in few more weeks. back aboard for breakfast, the ship repositioned to a small offshore volcanic cone named champion islet. this is the only island where a small population of the floreana mockingbird \u2014 which was driven to extinction by cats, rats and other introduced predators on the main island \u2014 still exists. we explored this tiny islet by zodiac, with a glass bottom boat excursion and by snorkeling. following lunch, the national geographic endeavour lifted anchor once more to spend the rest of afternoon visiting the famous post office bay, where a barrel is still used for an old mail swap tradition going back to whaling days, probably established in 1793 by a british captain named james colnett. here we went through hundreds of postcards and letters left by previous visitors from over the world, to see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41743070136021176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:839f534f-b7a4-4531-916e-fb2fbe0184fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.747185"}
{"text": "stephen k. barnhart, department of agronomy spring hay and pasture seedings are normally done from late february through late april in iowa. the extended period of wet weather and possible flooding in 2010 has many producers wondering when they can get their forages planted. can spring forage stands still successfully be plant? the short answer is \u2013 yes, into the first ten days to two weeks of may. the end of the spring forage planting season is limited by seedling development and growth into the summer months. most forage seedlings are emerging and growing root systems into the top one to three inches of the seedbed during the three to four weeks following germination. the increasingly dry and hot soil surfaces in late may and june increase the risk that the small forage seedlings do not establish. so, the risk depends on rainfall and soil temperatures from here on. if conditions turn normal or hotter and dryer than normal, the risk of late planted forage seeding failures increases. if late may and early june conditions remain cooler and wetter than normal, then later - than - desired spring forage seedings may survive very well. planting later than desired, adds to vulnerability to erosion and weed competition. keep cereal companion crop planting rates to half of a full seeding rate or less, and mow or clip new seedings several times during the early seedling development months to allow light to reach small developing legume and grass seedlings. also scout for and manage potato leafhoppers in new alfalfa seedings. what about skipping spring planting and planting the new hay and pasture fields in late - summer? the success of late summer planted forages is set by both the planting window that provides for a six to eight week establishment time requirement for seedlings before the first killing freeze of the fall, and the necessity of adequate existing soil moisture and likelihood of average or better fall rain. for alfalfa and other forage legumes, the seed should be planted by aug. 10 for the northern third of iowa, by aug. 20 for the middle third of the state and by late august or the first week of september for the southern third of the state. cool - season forage grasses can be planted a few weeks later in each of these zones. the risk of stand failure is high if seed is planted in dry soil, and rainfall patterns for the remainder of the fall season are erratic. can purchased seed be carried over until fall or next spring? seed is perishable. germination declines over extended storage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3706019263344865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c00baa59-256d-4d4c-8f0b-c83da9323158>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.752785"}
{"text": "the sun is a natural nuclear fusion reactor, fusing hydrogen to helium. our current understanding of physics is quite clear about what happens, four hydrogen nuclei ( protons ), with and without the help of catalysts are transformed into helium, neutrinos and energy. the energy is released as gamma rays and as kinetic energy of the particles, including the neutrinos. neutrinos were originally theorized to make up the energy and angular momentum difference when a neutron decays into a proton and an electron. neutrinos were later demonstrated to exist, but accomplishing this was difficult because they have negligible mass, travel very close to the speed of light, and have no electric charge nor magnetic moment ( thus don ' t interact electromagnetically ). they also don ' t interact through the strong nuclear force. neutrinos do interact with other matter through the weak nuclear force ( that is how they are produced ). large heavy water ( water that has deuterium instead of hydrogen ) tanks with arrays of photocells are usually used to detect neutrinos. the detectors used to capture solar neutrinos are huge, usually deep underground to avoid noise from cosmic rays. as the technology progressed, and bigger detectors were built, it became clearer that we just weren ' t getting as many neutrinos from the sun as our models of solar combustion predicted. in various experiments, the number of detected neutrinos was between 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 of the predicted number. therefore either our models of the sun were wrong or our models of neutrino behavior were wrong. this is known as the solar neutrino problem. the solutions based on the models of the sun being wrong were based on the premise that the temperature and pressure in the interior of the sun was not what we thought it was. for example, since neutrinos measure the amount of current nuclear fusion, it was suggested that the nuclear processes in the core of the sun might have temporarily shut down, and since it takes thousands of years for heat energy to move from the core to the surface of the sun, this would not immediately be apparent. solutions based on incorrect understanding of solar physics were rendered untenable by helioseismology which observes how waves propagate through the sun. based on these observations it became possible to measure the interior temperatures of the sun and these agreed with the standard solar models. currently, the solar neutrino problem is believed to result from an inadequate understanding of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6171668199767653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1f9168b-eab1-4e45-b2ab-fb002ef59652>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.757467"}
{"text": "waves propagate through the sun. based on these observations it became possible to measure the interior temperatures of the sun and these agreed with the standard solar models. currently, the solar neutrino problem is believed to result from an inadequate understanding of the properties of neutrinos. according to the standard model of particle physics ( prior to 1999 ), there are three different kinds of neutrinos : the first evidence for neutrino oscillation came in 1998 from the super - kamiokande collaboration in japan. it produced observations consistent with muon - neutrinos ( produced in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays ) changing into tau - neutrinos. more direct evidence came in 2002 from the sudbury neutrino observatory ( sno ) in canada. it detected all types of neutrinos coming from the sun, and was able to distinguish between electron - neutrinos and the other two flavors. after extensive statistical analysis, it was found that about 35 % of the arriving solar neutrinos are electron - neutrinos, with the others being muon - or tau - neutrinos. the total number of detected neutrinos agrees quite well with the earlier predictions from nuclear physics based on the fusion reactions inside the sun.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5752666427800379, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1f9168b-eab1-4e45-b2ab-fb002ef59652>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.758087"}
{"text": "historyhistory to independence the twa were the original inhabitants of rwanda and were followed ( c. a. d. 1000 ), and then outnumbered, by the hutus. in the 14th or 15th cent., the tutsis migrated into the area, gained dominance over the hutus, and established several states. by the late 18th cent. a single tutsi - ruled state occupied most of present - day rwanda. it was headed by a mwami ( king ), who controlled regionally based vassals who were also tutsi. they in turn dominated the hutus, who, then as now, made up the vast majority of the population. rwanda reached the height of its power under mutara ii ( reigned early 19th cent. ) and kigeri iv ( reigned 1853 \u2013 95 ). kigeri established a standing army, equipped with guns purchased from traders from the e african coast, and prohibited most foreigners from entering his kingdom. nonetheless, in 1890, rwanda accepted german overrule without resistance and became part of german east africa. a german administrative officer was assigned to rwanda only in 1907, however, and the germans had virtually no influence over the affairs of the country and initiated no economic development. during world war i, belgian forces occupied ( 1916 ) rwanda, and in 1919 it became part of the belgian league of nations mandate of ruanda - urundi ( which in 1946 became a un trust territory ). until the last years of belgian rule the traditional social structure of rwanda was not altered ; considerable christian missionary work, however, was undertaken. in 1957 the hutus issued a manifesto calling for a change in rwanda ' s power structure that would give them a voice in the country ' s affairs commensurate with their numbers, and hutu political parties were formed. in 1959, mutara iii died and was succeeded by kigeri v. the hutus contended that the new mwami had not been properly chosen, and fighting broke out between the hutus and the tutsis ( who were aided by the twa ). the hutus emerged victorious, and some 100, 000 tutsis, including kigeri v, fled to neighboring countries. hutu political parties won the election of 1960 ; gregoire kayibanda became interim prime minister. in early 1961 a republic was proclaimed, which was confirmed in a un - supervised referendum later in the year. belgium granted independence to rwanda on july 1, 1962. kayibanda was elected as the first president under the constitution adopted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4297848273521614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76ea4a1f-30ce-4187-9e02-175ab0a6bb2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.766837"}
{"text": "interim prime minister. in early 1961 a republic was proclaimed, which was confirmed in a un - supervised referendum later in the year. belgium granted independence to rwanda on july 1, 1962. kayibanda was elected as the first president under the constitution adopted in 1962 and was reelected in 1965 and 1969. in 1964, following an incursion from burundi, which continued to be controlled by its tutsi aristocracy, many tutsis were killed in rwanda, and numerous others left the country. in 1971 \u2013 72, relations with uganda were bitter after president idi amin of uganda accused rwanda of aiding groups trying to overthrow him. in early 1973 there was renewed fighting between hutu and tutsi groups, and some 600 tutsis fled to uganda. on july 5, 1973, a military group toppled kayibanda without violence and installed maj. gen. juvenal habyarimana, a moderate hutu who was commander of the national guard. in 1978 a new constitution was ratified and habyarimana was elected president. he was reelected in 1983 and 1988. in 1988 over 50, 000 refugees fled into rwanda from burundi. two years later rwanda was invaded from uganda by forces of the rwandan patriotic front ( rpf ), consisting mainly of tutsi refugees. they were repulsed, but habyarimana agreed to a new multiparty constitution, promulgated in 1991. in early 1993, after habyarimana signed a power - sharing agreement, hutu violence broke out in the capital ; subsequently, rpf forces launched a major offensive, making substantial inroads. a new accord was signed in august, and a un peacekeeping mission was established. however, when habyarimana and burundi ' s president were killed in a suspicious plane crash in apr., 1994, civil strife erupted on a massive scale. rwandan soldiers and hutu gangs slaughtered an estimated 500, 000 \u2013 1 million people, mostly tutsis and moderate hutus. the rpf resumed fighting and won control of the country, but over 2 million rwandans, nearly all hutus, fled the country. the rpf named pasteur bizimungu, a hutu, as president, but there were reprisals against hutus by elements of the tutsi - dominated army, and real power lay with rpf leader paul kagame, who became vice president and defense minister. the hutu refugees remained crowded into camps in the congo ( then called zaire ) and other neighboring countries, where hutu ex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43226447759078146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76ea4a1f-30ce-4187-9e02-175ab0a6bb2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.769475"}
{"text": "- dominated army, and real power lay with rpf leader paul kagame, who became vice president and defense minister. the hutu refugees remained crowded into camps in the congo ( then called zaire ) and other neighboring countries, where hutu extremists held power and, despite relief efforts by the united nations and other international organizations, disease claimed some 100, 000 lives. in 1995, a un - appointed tribunal, based in tanzania, began indicting and trying a number of higher - ranking people for genocide in the hutu - tutsi atrocities ; however, the whereabouts of many suspects were unknown. a number of former senior rwandan government and military officials were convicted of organizing the genocide or having participated in it. many more individuals were tried and convicted in rwandan courts over the next two decades, with nearly 2 million suspects, most of whom were accused of looting and other property crimes, tried in semitraditional community courts. over a million hutu refugees flooded back into the country in 1996 ; by 1997, there was a growing war between the rwandan army and hutu guerrilla bands. in 1998, rwandan soldiers began aiding antigovernment rebels in the congo who were attempting to overthrow the congolese president, laurent kabila ; rwanda had helped kabila overthrow mobutu sese seko 18 months earlier. president bizimungu resigned in mar., 2000, accusing the parliament of using an anticorruption campaign to attack hutu members of the government. kagame officially succeeded bizimungu as president in april, becoming the first tutsi to be president of rwanda. fighting in 1999 and 2000 between rwandan and ugandan forces in the congo has led to tense relations between the two nations and occasional fighting between proxy forces in the congo ; each nation also accused the other of aiding rebels against its own rule. rwandan troops were withdrawn from the congo in 2002 as the result of the signing of a peace agreement, but rwanda forces fighting hutu rebels subsequently made incursions into the congo and burundi as well. ( in 2010 a leaked un report on the congo civil war accused rwanda ' s army and its congolese allies of massacring civilian rwandan and congolese hutus during the conflict. ) also in 2002, bizimungu, who had become a critic of the government and established an opposition party, was arrested and charged with engaging in illegal political activity ; he was convicted in 2004, but released in 2007 after being pardoned. in may, 2003,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44038228009299535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76ea4a1f-30ce-4187-9e02-175ab0a6bb2a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.770502"}
{"text": "bizimungu, who had become a critic of the government and established an opposition party, was arrested and charged with engaging in illegal political activity ; he was convicted in 2004, but released in 2007 after being pardoned. in may, 2003, votes approved a new constitution. in the subsequent presidential election in july, president kagame faced three hutu candidates, the most prominent of which was former prime minister faustin twagiramungu. the election, the first in which rwandans could vote for an opposition candidate, was won by kagame, with 95 % of the vote, but some observers accused the government of voting irregularities, and the campaign was marred by continual government interference with opposition rallies. the rpf also won a majority of the elected seats in the chamber of deputies in september. the main hutu rebel group, based in e congo ( kinshasa ), announced in mar., 2005, that it would disarm and return peacefully to rwanda, but the rwandan government said that rebels who participated in the 1994 genocide would face trial when they returned. in late 2006, a french judge investigating the crash that killed habyarimana and provoked the genocide concluded that kagame and a number of his aides should be tried for their roles in shooting down the plane ; the judge was investigating the crash because of the deaths of the plane ' s french crew. the rwandan government, which had accused extremist hutus of assassinating habyarimana and which also was investigating what it said was french complicity in the massacres that followed the crash, angrily denounced the judge ' s action and expelled the french ambassador. ties between the two nations were fully reestablished only in late 2009. in aug., 2008, a rwandan report was released that accused france and french leaders of playing a direct part in the genocide ( france rejected the charges ), and a jan., 2010, report again blamed hutu extremists in the government for the killing of habyarimana. a new french investigation concluded in jan., 2012, that the most likely perpetrators of the attack on habyarimana were elite rwandan presidential troops. in the sept., 2008, legislative elections the rpf received more than 78 % of the vote for the popularly elected seats. rwanda joined the commonwealth of nations in nov., 2009, becoming only the second nation with no historic ties to britain to join that body. in feb., 2010, human rights watch accused the government of intimidating the opposition in advance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.432199959486643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76ea4a1f-30ce-4187-9e02-175ab0a6bb2a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.771528"}
{"text": "cuban missile crisis 1962 the cuban missile crisis begins on october 14, 1962, bringing the united states and the soviet union to the brink of nuclear conflict. photographs taken by a high - altitude u - 2 spy plane offered incontrovertible evidence that soviet - made medium - range missiles in cuba - capable of carrying nuclear warheads - were now stationed 90 miles off the american coastline. tensions between the united states and the soviet union over cuba had been steadily increasing since the failed april 1961 bay of pigs invasion, in which cuban refugees, armed and trained by the united states, landed in cuba and attempted to overthrow the government of fidel castro. king wins peace prize 1964 african american civil rights leader dr martin luther king, jr, is awarded the nobel peace prize for his nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in america. at 35 years of age, the georgia - born minister was the youngest person ever to receive the award. martin luther king, jr, was born in atlanta in 1929, the son of a baptist minister. he received a doctorate degree in theology and in 1955 organised the first major protest of the civil rights movement : the successful montgomery bus boycott. influenced by mohandas gandhi, he advocated non - violent civil disobedience to racial segregation. krushchev out 1964 nikita khrushchev is ousted as both premier of the soviet union and chief of the communist party after 10 years in power. he was succeeded as head of the communist party by his former prota\u00a9ga\u00a9 leonid brezhnev, who would eventually become the chief of state as well. the new soviet leadership increased military aid to the north vietnamese without trying to persuade them to attempt a negotiated end to hostilities. with this support and no external pressure to negotiate, the north vietnamese leadership was free to carry on the war as they saw fit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46129408332690186, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bfa61d5-6075-49c0-8d63-da3989250aae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.773652"}
{"text": "stay connected with fine gardening or browse all plants this hardy annual has vibrant, ornamental red, yellow, and green foliage that lends a tropical effect to the garden. small flowers, borne from summer to early autumn, are inconspicuous in comparison to the effect of the foliage. cultivars feature yellow and maroon - shaded leaves, but the species still offers the showiest foliage. as an herb, a. graveolens is commonly grown for the culinary attributes of its leaves and seeds. its distinctive foliage texture and flower color and form make this plant a nice companion in a mixed border. it provides a valuable food source for butterfly larvae and attracts beneficial insects also. gorgeous new series of boliviensis begonias in six colors \u2013 red, orange, yellow, creamy yellow, pink and white. perfect for baskets and containers. plants are more sun and drought tolerant than other begonias. crackling fire begonias are low maintenance and self - cleaning. plants are loaded with flowers and bloom continuously until frost. their sturdy, upright habit prevents breakage. plants reach a height of 4 - 10 inches with a spread of up to 10 inches. crackling fire is perfect as a container plant or hanging basket and thrives in full to partial sun. - suntory collection this pepper boasts the most dramatically deep purple - black leaves and fruit imaginable. the vigorous, bushy plants grow to 18 inches tall and almost as wide. flowers are lilac, and dark black peppers emerge in fall. this colorful annual legume bears attractive yellow flowers that have reddish - purple spots at their base. the compound, feathery leaves look like those of sensitive plant. fruit is contained in a pea pod, which adds additional garden interest and may attract birds. this unique annual produces quilled blossoms of hollow, tube - shaped petals that radiate from the center in shades of white, pink, or carmine red. the flowers, which bloom all summer long, sometimes have bicolored interior and exterior tubes. this series of annuals produces extra large, cup - shaped blossoms to 3 - 1 / 2 inches across in shades of white or pink all summer long. this series produces compact plants 1 foot tall and about as wide with large blossoms in pure white and many shades of pink. these season - long performers make fine edging plants. cosmos are branching annuals with ferny foliage and pink, crimson, or white flowers that work well in the back of a border. although introduced in 1799, cosmos did not beome popular for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44753363170269633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:562c5639-747d-4824-bb15-15471142f23c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.779937"}
{"text": "these season - long performers make fine edging plants. cosmos are branching annuals with ferny foliage and pink, crimson, or white flowers that work well in the back of a border. although introduced in 1799, cosmos did not beome popular for the garden or as the subject of breeding efforts until the early 1900s. the rest is now history. the variety ' sensation ' won the all - american selection award of merit in 1936 for its clear colors of pink and white, on early - blooming, 3 - to 4 - foot - tall plants. ' purity ' is the glistening white form of cosmos in the ' sensation ' series. ' sea shells ' has quilled florets. the sonata series cultivars are dwarf plants only growing to about a foot or two tall. the intense scarlet red blooms and yellow centers of this bedding plant will stop you in your tracks. \u2018 cosmic red \u2019 blooms all summer and looks great at the front of the border and in containers. as with other cosmos cultivars, grow this plant in full sun and moist, well - drained soil. the already hypnotic color will intensify as light levels increase. california poppies grow to about 12 inches tall, and their pretty foliage is ferny, like carrot tops. they come in a variety of colors, from the standard golden orange, to yellow, cream, and red. grow them in a border or rock garden. california poppies grow to about 12 inches tall, and their pretty foliage is ferny, like carrot tops. this cultivar has soft rose colored, double blooms with yellow centers. blue is hard to get one ' s hands on in the garden, but blue my mind\u2122 evolvus fills the void! this heat - tolerant beauty makes a stunning addition to containers beds alike, and it ' s so polite that it doesn ' t even need deadheading. cardinal climber is a twining annual with deeply lobed mid - green leaves and 1 - inch crimson blooms with white throats appearing in summer. love - in - a - mist - bears delicate flowers 1. 5 inches across in various shades of blue and white, surrounded by finely divided foliage. blooms appear mainly in may and june, and sporadically throughout the summer, followed by attractive 1 - inch - wide green seedpods that change to cream and burgundy over time. long, narrow leaves grow in rosettes near the ground. flower stems shoot upward to 2 feet with 3 - inch - wide, petunia - like, purple, blue, or scarlet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47209565617239024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:562c5639-747d-4824-bb15-15471142f23c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.780919"}
{"text": "green seedpods that change to cream and burgundy over time. long, narrow leaves grow in rosettes near the ground. flower stems shoot upward to 2 feet with 3 - inch - wide, petunia - like, purple, blue, or scarlet flowers marked with broad veins of gold. cultivars include ' splash, ' ' bolero, ' and the more compact - growing ' casino '. this fragrant annual is covered with delicate, daisy - like yellow blossoms in july and august. it is best grown as a groundcover, between paving stones, or in a rock garden. it has needle - like, almost ferny leaves and grows to 1 foot tall and wide. ' torch ' is a quick - growing annual that produces vivid red or orange - red dahlia - like flowers from mid - summer on. its leaves are somewhat attractive, being dark green and lobed. plants can reach up to 6 feet tall and 2 feet wide in just a few months. this outstanding hybrid blooms from spring until frost and has beautifully dissected foliage. innumerable clusters of purple blossoms cover this plant and look fantastic cascading over the edges of a hanging basket. verbenas are excellent for annual borders, containers \u2014 especially hanging baskets \u2014 and for the mixed herbaceous border. this upright, 30 - inch - tall, bushy annual cloaks itself all summer in purple blossoms up to 2 inches across. but more important, it is the forebear of scores of varieties that can be found in almost any place you can buy seeds. there ' s the whirligig series, the california giants, the profusion series, the state fair series \u2014 the list goes on and on. alliums all season long deer resistant and dynamic, these bulbs provide color from the first showers of spring to the last leaves of fall by stephanie cohen these little blue jewels bring early spring delight to the garden by ilene sternberg planting spring bulbs in containers by richard hartlage sweetly scented tulips a fragrant few are pleasing to see and to smell by susanne mandigo a flurry of snowdrops for blossoms at winter ' s end, plant a drift of bulbs this fall by kathleen s. dickson finegardening. com and vegetablegardener. com are part ofthe taunton home and garden network taunton home | books & videos | contact us | product recall information copyright notice | taunton guarantee | user agreement | about us | work for us | contact us | press room | | subscriber alert \u00a9 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4156865971296444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:562c5639-747d-4824-bb15-15471142f23c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.781941"}
{"text": "chapter one : comments from the lens design team. 1the dual challenge of achieving high performance within a compact body. the solution : fixed - type lens. - the x100 was originally conceived as a slim and compact camera for users to take with them wherever they go. when we first began considering the lens design, we examined the many possibilities from a variety of perspectives, for example, the aperture value and lens size in the case of a zoom lens and lens - body combinations in the case of an interchangeable lens system. as a result, we determined that a non - collapsible, single focal length lens was the ideal choice to meet our two goals of achieving the product concept and delivering the high level of quality demanded by professional users. - regarding the focal length, we considered the 135 equivalent of 24mm, 28mm, 35mm and 50mm. for each length, we evaluated the relationship between the f value and lens size, capability to satisfy user expectations, and the breadth of their application. we selected the 35mm lens as the best match for the camera concept. 2road to the f2 aperture value. - designing an f1. 6 or f1. 8 lens is not so difficult ; however, in the case of a digital camera, even if an aperture larger than f2 is used, the light receiving elements on the sensor cannot effectively use the brighter portion of the incoming light because of low incident light gathering efficiency. - also by choosing an aperture of f2, it is possible to achieve a higher mtf * level when the aperture is closed to f4, f5. 6, f8, etc. in most photographic situations, we envisage that users will often use an aperture that is 1 to 2 stops higher than f2. therefore, in designing the lens, we put a priority on capturing superior quality photos with exceptional expression of detail in the aperture range of f4 to f5. 6. * mtf : modulation transfer function is an index of the image formation performance of the lens. the value indicates the ability to reproduce contrast over a range of spatial frequencies. 3the double - sided aspheric lens combined with high refractive index glass, results in optimum performance. - the use of an aspheric lens increases the freedom in lens design ; however, it does not necessarily lead to the development of a good lens. for the x100, spherical lens elements are used as much as possible, and one double - sided aspheric lens made by a glass moulding process has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343773308785902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7248eaf-abed-4ce5-82fc-c45f061f879f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.787941"}
{"text": "design ; however, it does not necessarily lead to the development of a good lens. for the x100, spherical lens elements are used as much as possible, and one double - sided aspheric lens made by a glass moulding process has been adopted as the most effective element for delivering maximum performance. - the x100 lens delivers performance in a compact body, and also boasts excellent results. the shape of the aspheric lens not only provides performance but also ease of manufacturing. as the other lens elements are spherical, a high level of design performance can be achieved when they are actually assembled in the product. - high - refractive - index glass is used for all 4 convex lens elements. this is necessary to correct image field curvature and achieve optimum image quality. 45. 6mm back focus. - in the case of the x100, the lens back focus, ( the distance between the rear lens element and the sensor ), is remarkably only 5. 6mm. incorporating the large - diameter rear lens element in the body and shaving tenths of millimeters from the lens elements and their integration, has also allowed us to retain a very slim and compact design. - the sensor has been specially customised just for this lens. unlike film, the sensors of most digital cameras require incoming light to strike the sensor surface at an angle that is as perpendicular to the sensor surface as possible. because this is difficult to achieve with a slim lens, the positioning of the microlens on the sensor of the x100 has been customised to allow the capture of light rays with up to a 20\u00b0 angle of incidence. without this sensor customisation, it would be necessary to lengthen the size of the lens by 10mm. 5large - diameter internal lens structure \u2013 unnoticeable from the front. - exploiting the benefits of a fixed lens, the rear lens element is larger than the front lens element. by giving it a diameter of 27mm, which is about the same as the sensor ' s diagonal dimension of 28. 4mm, ample light volume can be received in the edge areas of the sensor. 69 - blade aperture diaphragm and a high - performance lens shutter system. - in order to capture images with a beautiful \" bokeh \" effect with the background softly out of focus, a 9 - blade aperture diaphragm has been adopted for the x100. - the 4 - blade shutter achieves a maximum shutter speed of 1 / 4000s. because the x100 uses a lens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5080516486500923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7248eaf-abed-4ce5-82fc-c45f061f879f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.788994"}
{"text": "to view links or images in this forum your post count must be 10 or greater. you currently have 0 posts. originally posted by locke to view links or images in this forum your post count must be 10 or greater. you currently have 0 posts. i \u2019 d be happy to!!! unfortunately the figures didn \u2019 t copy over, but anyone who wants to can see them in the main article, i am beginning to wonder if maybe you didn \u2019 t expand out the entire article and thought that the abstract was all that was there, that \u2019 d be funny, everything i said was there is, as you can clearly see, below \u2026 domestic animals are crucial to modern human society, and it is likely that the first animal to be domesticated was the dog. claims of early, fossilised dog remains include a 33, 000 - year - old doglike canid from the altai mountains in siberia1, whereas fossils dating from 12, 000 \u2013 11, 000 years bp found buried together with humans in israel2 could represent the earliest verified dog remains. patterns of genomic variation indicate that dog domestication started at least 10, 000 years bp3, 4 in southern east asia4 or the middle east5. dog domestication may however have been more complex, involving multiple source populations and / or backcrossing with wolves. it is unclear why and how dogs were domesticated. humans may have captured wolf pups for use in guarding or hunting, resulting in selection for traits of importance for these new roles. alternatively, as humans changed from a nomadic to sedentary lifestyle during the dawn of the agricultural revolution, wolves may themselves have been attracted to dumps near early human settlements to scavenge6. natural selection for traits allowing for efficient use of this new resource may have led to the evolution of a variety of scavenger wolves that constituted the ancestors of modern dogs. regardless of how dog domestication started, several characteristics separating modern dogs from wolves, including reduced aggressiveness and altered social cognition capabilities7, suggest that behavioural changes were early targets of this process6. dogs also differ morphologically from wolves, showing reduced skull, teeth and brain sizes6. artificial selection for tameness in silver foxes indicates that selection on genetic variation in developmental genes may underlie both behavioural and morphological changes, potentially representing an important mechanism throughout animal domestication7, 8. at present, only a handful of genes separating wild from domestic forms have been identified in any domestic animals, including coat colour variants in mc1r in pig9 and a mutation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5014700981345463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.819036"}
{"text": "changes, potentially representing an important mechanism throughout animal domestication7, 8. at present, only a handful of genes separating wild from domestic forms have been identified in any domestic animals, including coat colour variants in mc1r in pig9 and a mutation in tshr likely to affect seasonal reproduction in chicken10, but to our knowledge in dogs no genome - wide sequence - based searches have been performed until now. to identify genomic regions under selection during dog domestication we performed pooled whole - genome resequencing of dogs and wolves followed by functional characterization of candidate genes. uniquely placed sequence reads from pooled dna representing 12 wolves of worldwide distribution and 60 dogs from 14 diverse breeds ( supplementary table 1 ) covered 91. 6 % and 94. 6 %, respectively, of the 2, 385 megabases ( mb ) of autosomal sequence in the canfam 2. 0 genome assembly11. the aligned coverage depth was 29. 8\u00d7 for all dog pools combined and 6. 2\u00d7 for the single wolf pool ( supplementary table 1 and supplementary fig. 1 ). we identified 3, 786, 655 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) in the combined dog and wolf data, 1, 770, 909 ( 46. 8 % ) of which were only segregating in the dog pools, whereas 140, 818 ( 3. 7 % ) were private to wolves ( supplementary table 2 ). similarly we detected 506, 148 short indels and 26, 619 copy - number variations ( cnvs ) ( supplementary files 1 and 2 ). we were able to experimentally validate 113 out of 114 tested snps ( supplementary table 3 and supplementary discussion, section 1 ). to detect signals of strong recent selection we searched the dog genome for regions with reduced pooled heterozygosity ( hp ) 10 and / or increased genetic distance to wolf ( fst ). as evident from the skewed distribution of heterozygosity scores in dog relative to wolf ( fig. 1a and supplementary fig. 2 ), a major challenge to this approach is to separate true signals of selection from those caused by random fixation of large genomic regions during the formation of dog breeds11. we alleviate this problem by combining sequence data from all dog pools before selection analyses and require that detected signals span at least 200 kilobases ( kb ; methods and supplementary discussion, sections 2 and 3 ). given the complex and partly unknown demographic history of dogs, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481775172501957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.820013"}
{"text": "by combining sequence data from all dog pools before selection analyses and require that detected signals span at least 200 kilobases ( kb ; methods and supplementary discussion, sections 2 and 3 ). given the complex and partly unknown demographic history of dogs, it is furthermore difficult to assign strict thresholds that distinguish selection and drift. we propose that the best way to validate regions detected here is to study genetic data from additional individuals and provide evidence for functional change associated with putatively selected regions. eventually, indications that similar pathways changed during independent domestication events may provide conclusive evidence for selection. here we z - transform the autosomal hp ( z ( hp ) ) and fst ( z ( fst ) ) distributions ( see supplementary discussion, section 4 for an analysis of the x chromosome ) and focus our description of putatively selected regions to those that fall at least five standard deviations away from the mean ( z ( hp ) < \u22125 and z ( fst ) > 5 ), as these represent the extreme ends of the distributions. by applying these thresholds we identified 14 regions in the dog genome with extremely low levels of heterozygosity ( average length = 400 kb, average hp = 0. 036 ( range 0. 015 \u2013 0. 056 ), average autosomal hp = 0. 331 ) ( fig. 1c and supplementary table 4 ) and 35 regions with strongly elevated fst values ( average length = 340 kb, average fst = 0. 734 ( range 0. 654 \u2013 0. 903 ), average autosomal fst = 0. 223 ) ( fig. 1b and supplementary table 5 ). all fst regions are characterized by low levels of heterozygosity in either dog or wolf ( although all do not pass the z ( hp ) < \u22125 threshold ), indicating that the two statistics detect the same events ( methods and supplementary discussion, sections 2 and 3 ). in total, 36 unique autosomal candidate domestication regions ( cdrs ) containing 122 genes were identified by the two approaches combined ( supplementary table 6 and fig. 1b, c ). none of these regions overlaps those of a previous genotype - based study5 ( supplementary discussion, section 3 ), stressing the importance of identifying domestication regions directly by sequencing or by comprehensively ascertaining snps in wild ancestors before genotyping. figure 1 : selection analyses identified 36 candidate domestication regions. a, distribution of z - transformed average", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350836293929901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.820930"}
{"text": "the importance of identifying domestication regions directly by sequencing or by comprehensively ascertaining snps in wild ancestors before genotyping. figure 1 : selection analyses identified 36 candidate domestication regions. a, distribution of z - transformed average pooled heterozygosity in dog ( z ( hp ) dog ) and wolf ( z ( hp ) wolf ) respectively, as well as average fixation index ( z ( fst ) ), for autosomal 200 kb windows ( \u03c3, standard deviation ; \u03bc, average ). b, the positive end of the z ( fst ) distribution plotted along dog autosomes 1 \u2013 38 ( chromosomes are separated by colour ). a dashed horizontal line indicates the cut - off ( z > 5 ) used for extracting outliers. c, the negative end of the z ( hp ) distribution plotted along dog autosomes 1 \u2013 38. a dashed horizontal line indicates the cut - off ( z < \u22125 ) used for extracting outliers. full size image ( 153 kb ) download powerpoint slide ( 336k ) next we searched for significantly overrepresented gene ontology terms among genes in autosomal cdrs and identified 25 categories, representing several groups of interrelated terms ( table 1 and supplementary table 7 ), none of which was indicated in a separate analysis of selection in wolf ( supplementary discussion, section 8 ). the most conspicuous cluster ( 11 terms ) relates to the term \u2018 nervous system development \u2019. the eight genes belonging to this category ( supplementary tables 7 and 8 ) include mbp, vwc2, smo, tlx3, cyfip1 and sh3gl2, of which several affect developmental signalling and synaptic strength and plasticity12, 13, 14, 15, 16. we surveyed published literature and identified 11 additional cdr genes with central nervous system function ( supplementary table 9 ), adding to a total of 19 cdrs that contain brain genes. these findings support the hypothesis that selection for altered behaviour was important during dog domestication and that mutations affecting developmental genes may underlie these changes7. table 1 : enriched gene ontology terms among cdr genes figures / tables index the gene ontology analysis also pinpoints two genes involved in the binding of sperm and egg : zpbp encodes the zona pellucida binding protein that mediates binding of sperm to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer ( zp ) of the egg, and z", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5548771550550157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.821816"}
{"text": "of sperm and egg : zpbp encodes the zona pellucida binding protein that mediates binding of sperm to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer ( zp ) of the egg, and zp2 codes for one of the proteins that make up zp itself. in addition, a cdr on chromosome 6 encompasses pdilt that also affects binding of sperm to zp17, altogether indicating that sperm competition may have been an important evolutionary force during dog domestication18. overrepresented terms \u2018 starch metabolic process \u2019, \u2018 digestion \u2019 and \u2018 fatty acid metabolism \u2019 include genes involved in starch digestion ( mgam ) and glucose uptake ( sglt1 ), as well as a candidate gene for insulin resistance ( acsm2a ) that initiates the fatty acid metabolism19. a total of 6 cdrs harbour 10 genes with functions related to starch and fat metabolism ( supplementary table 10 ). we propose that genetic variants within these genes may have been selected to aid adaptation from a mainly carnivorous diet to a more starch rich diet during dog domestication. the breakdown of starch in dogs proceeds in three stages : ( 1 ) starch is first cleaved to maltose and other oligosaccharides by alpha - amylase in the intestine ; ( 2 ) the oligosaccharides are subsequently hydrolysed by maltase - glucoamylase20, sucrase and isomaltase to form glucose ; and ( 3 ) finally, glucose is transported across the plasma membrane by brush border protein sglt121. here we present evidence for selection on all three stages of starch digestion during dog domestication. whereas humans have acquired amylase activity in the saliva22 via an ancient duplication of the pancreatic amylase gene, dogs only express amylase in the pancreas23. in dogs the amy2b gene, encoding the alpha - 2b - amylase, resides in a 600 - kb cdr on chromosome 6 with z ( hp ) and z ( fst ) scores of \u22124. 60 and 7. 16, respectively ( figs 1 and 2a ). interestingly, an 8 - kb sequence spanning the amy2b locus showed a several - fold increase in aligned read depth in dog relative to wolf ( fig. 2b ), suggestive of a copy number change. formal comparisons of regional and local pool coverage, and wolf and dog coverage ( methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5377219953771318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.822729"}
{"text": "amy2b locus showed a several - fold increase in aligned read depth in dog relative to wolf ( fig. 2b ), suggestive of a copy number change. formal comparisons of regional and local pool coverage, and wolf and dog coverage ( methods ), respectively, also suggest a substantial increase in copy numbers in all dog pools compared to wolf at this locus ( supplementary discussion, section 5 ). figure 2 : selection for increased amylase activity. a, pooled heterozygosity, hp ( blue ), and average fixation index, fst ( orange ), plotted for 200 - kb windows across a chromosome 6 region harbouring amy2b. b, heterozygosity, h ( blue ), and fixation index, fst ( orange ), for single snps in the selected region. dog relative to wolf coverage, rc ( green line ), indicates increase in amy2b copy number in dog. genes in the region are shown below panel b. c, histogram showing the distribution of diploid amylase copy number in wolf ( n = 35 ) ( blue ) and dog ( n = 136 ) ( red ). d, amylase messenger rna expression levels in pancreas of wolf ( n = 12 ) and dog ( n = 9 ). e, amylase activity in serum from wolf ( n = 13 ) and dog ( n = 12 ). full size image ( 124 kb ) download powerpoint slide ( 293k ) next we confirmed this cnv by quantifying amy2b copy numbers in 136 dogs and 35 wolves ( supplementary table 11 ) using real - time quantitative pcr ( qpcr ). whereas all wolves tested carried only 2 copies ( 2n = 2 ), diploid copy numbers in dog ranged from 4 to 30 ( p < 0. 001, wilcoxon ) ( fig. 2c ), corresponding to a remarkable 7. 4 - fold average increase in dog amy2b copy numbers. to assess whether this change correspond to a difference in amylase activity, we first compared amy2b gene expression in pancreas from dog ( n = 9 ) and wolf ( n = 12 ) and noted a 28 - fold higher average expression in dog ( p < 0. 001, wilcoxon, fig. 2d ). we then quantified amylase activity in frozen serum ( fig. 2e ) and found a 4. 7 - fold higher activity in dog ( 9. 6 \u2013 18. 4 \u03bckat l\u22121 ( n =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5542132483866217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.823960"}
{"text": ", fig. 2d ). we then quantified amylase activity in frozen serum ( fig. 2e ) and found a 4. 7 - fold higher activity in dog ( 9. 6 \u2013 18. 4 \u03bckat l\u22121 ( n = 12 ) ) relative to wolf ( 1. 4 \u2013 4. 3 \u03bckat l\u22121 ( n = 13 ) ) ( p < 0. 001, wilcoxon ). similar results were obtained in comparisons of a limited number of fresh samples ( supplementary tables 12 and 13 ). the change in amy2b gene copy number together with a correlated increase in both expression level ( rho = 0. 84, p < 0. 0001, spearman ) ( supplementary fig. 3 ) and enzyme activity ( rho = 0. 63, p < 0. 01, spearman ) ( supplementary fig. 4 ) indicates that duplications of the alpha - amylase locus conferred a selective advantage to early dogs by causing an increase in amylase activity. maltase - glucoamylase is responsible for the second step in the breakdown of starch, catalysing the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose20. no copy number changes were observed in the mgam locus so we decided to study haplotype diversity across the region to facilitate the identification of causal variants. we genotyped 47 randomly selected snps in 71 dogs representing 38 diverse breeds and 19 wolves of worldwide distribution ( referred to as \u2018 the reference panel \u2019, supplementary table 14 ). sixty - eight of the seventy - one dogs tested carried at least one copy of a 124 - kb long haplotype spanning the entire mgam and a small neighbouring locus encoding the bitter taste mediating taste receptor 2 member 38 ( tasr38 ) ( fig. 3a \u2013 c ). whereas none of the wolves carried the selected haplotype, 55 dogs were homozygous for it, 13 were heterozygous and only three dogs lacked it ( 2 west highland white terriers and 1 chinese crested dog ). this high degree of haplotype differentiation between dog and wolf ( average fst for genotyped snps = 0. 75 ) indicates that this haplotype may harbour genetic variation of selective advantage to dogs ( supplementary discussion, sections 3 and 6 ). figure 3 : selection is associated with increased maltase activity. a, pooled heterozygosity, hp ( blue ), and average fixation index, fst ( orange ), plotted for 200 - kb windows across a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5318345872282167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.825914"}
{"text": "6 ). figure 3 : selection is associated with increased maltase activity. a, pooled heterozygosity, hp ( blue ), and average fixation index, fst ( orange ), plotted for 200 - kb windows across a chromosome 16 region harbouring mgam. b, heterozygosity, h ( blue ), and fixation index, fst ( orange ), for single snps in the selected region. c, haplotypes inferred from genotyping of 47 snps across the mgam locus in 71 dogs and 19 wolves ( red and blue colour are major and minor dog allele, respectively ). genes in the genotyped region are shown below panel c. d, mgam mrna expression levels in pancreas of wolf ( n = 8 ) and dog ( n = 9 ). e, mgam activity in serum from wolf ( n = 8 ) and dog ( n = 7 ). full size image ( 222 kb ) download powerpoint slide ( 332k ) previousfigures / tables index we identified several candidate mutations within mgam that may have been targeted by selection in this region ( supplementary table 15 ). first a conservative amino acid substitution located in the duplicated trefoil domain of mgam ( residue 1001 ) is nearly fixed for isoleucine in wolf and for valine in dogs. eleven out of fourteen mammals have valine at this position, whereas the omnivorous rat, and the insectivorous hedgehog and short - tailed opossum, carry isoleucine like the wolf ( supplementary table 16 ). second, another conservative substitution, methionine to valine, located in the beta sheet of the maltase enzyme ( residue 797 ), is segregating in wolf but fixed for methionine in dog. the insectivorous hedgehog and common shrew are the only mammals without methionine at this evolutionarily conserved position ( supplementary table 17 ) and in silico modelling using the sdm - server indicates that a change from methionine to valine at this residue is destabilizing24. third, a fixed two - base - pair deletion in dog disrupts the stop codon, thereby extending the carboxy - terminal end of dog mgam by two amino acids : asparagine and phenylalanine. in 32 mammals studied only herbivores ( rabbit, pika, alpaca and cow )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5311699779376408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.826901"}
{"text": ", thereby extending the carboxy - terminal end of dog mgam by two amino acids : asparagine and phenylalanine. in 32 mammals studied only herbivores ( rabbit, pika, alpaca and cow ) and omnivores ( mouse lemur and rat ) share an extension like that seen in dog ( supplementary table 18 ). a fourth candidate mutation in intron 37 affects a predicted binding site for the glucose metabolism regulator nr4a2 protein25 by shifting the wolf sequence away from the canonical nr4a2 - binding motif. three out of four mammals with the wolf allele at this site rely heavily on insects or fish for their nutritional requirements ( supplementary table 19 ). to decipher whether the candidate mutations act primarily on expression or protein activity we examined mgam expression in pancreas and the resulting enzymatic activity in serum. dogs showed a ~ 12 - fold higher expression ( p < 0. 001, wilcoxon, ndog = 9, nwolf = 8 ) ( fig. 3d ) and a ~ twofold increase in maltose to glucose turnover compared to wolves ( average glucose produced in dogs : 0. 94 \u03b4a570 nm ( 0. 64 \u2013 1. 23, n = 7 ) and wolves : 0. 52 \u03b4a570 nm ( 0. 44 \u2013 0. 66, n = 8 ), p = 0. 0012, wilcoxon ) ( fig. 3e ). although we cannot rule out that diet - induced plasticity contributed to this difference26, our results indicate that the mutation affecting a nr4a2 - binding site or another unknown variant probably affect the expression of mgam. selection may thus clearly have led to increased mgam expression, but we cannot rule out that the strong selection affecting this locus may have favoured the accumulation of protein - coding changes on the same haplotype. similar scenarios have been seen for white coat colour in dogs and pigs, where repeated selection for additional mutations has resulted in an allelic series of white spotting at the mitf and kit loci, respectively27. once starch has been digested to glucose it is absorbed through the luminal plasma membrane of the small intestine by the sodium / glucose cotransporter 1 ( sglt1 ) 21. to benefit from an increased capacity to digest starch, dogs would therefore be expected to show a parallel increase in glucose uptake. a cdr on chromosome 26 ( supplementary fig. 5a, b ) encompasses sg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239726448916362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.827860"}
{"text": "( sglt1 ) 21. to benefit from an increased capacity to digest starch, dogs would therefore be expected to show a parallel increase in glucose uptake. a cdr on chromosome 26 ( supplementary fig. 5a, b ) encompasses sglt1 and a gene ( sglt3 ) encoding the glucose - sensing sodium / glucose cotransporter 3 protein28. to characterize the haplotype diversity we genotyped 48 randomly chosen snps across this cdr in the reference panel and identified a 50. 5 - kb region, spanning the 3 \u2032 section of sglt1 as well as the 3 \u2032 end of sglt3, that is highly divergent between dog and wolf ( supplementary fig. 5c ). in this region all dogs tested were carriers of a particular haplotype, for which 63 were homozygous and eight heterozygous. this contrasts to 19 wolves where a single individual carried one copy of the haplotype. based on the high haplotype differentiation ( average fst for 18 snps in 50. 5 - kb haplotype = 0. 81 ) it is likely that sglt1 and its 3 \u2032 region represents an additional dog domestication locus. the 50. 5 - kb region includes a conservative isoleucine to valine substitution in sglt1 ( residue 244 ) that affects a loop facing the extracellular side of the luminal membrane ( supplementary table 15 ). heterologous expression analysis29 shows that glycosylation at a nearby site ( residue 248 ) affects glucose transport, indicating that it is possible that dogs acquired improved glucose uptake as a result of the observed substitution. in addition, we see only non - significant differences in sglt1 expression in pancreas of dog ( n = 9 ) and wolf ( n = 4 ) ( p = 0. 39, wilcoxon ) ( supplementary fig. 6 ), indicating that selection primarily targeted a structural rather than regulatory mutation in sglt1. in conclusion, we have presented evidence that dog domestication was accompanied by selection at three genes with key roles in starch digestion : amy2b, mgam and sglt1. our results show that adaptations that allowed the early ancestors of modern dogs to thrive on a diet rich in starch, relative to the carnivorous diet of wolves, constituted a crucial step in early dog domestication. this may suggest that a change of ecological niche could have been the driving force behind the domestication process, and that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188751283928698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.829071"}
{"text": "on a diet rich in starch, relative to the carnivorous diet of wolves, constituted a crucial step in early dog domestication. this may suggest that a change of ecological niche could have been the driving force behind the domestication process, and that scavenging in waste dumps near the increasingly common human settlements during the dawn of the agricultural revolution may have constituted this new niche6. in light of previous results describing the timing and location of dog domestication, our findings may suggest that the development of agriculture catalysed the domestication of dogs. the results presented here demonstrate a striking case of parallel evolution whereby the benefits of coping with an increasingly starch - rich diet during the agricultural revolution caused similar adaptive responses in dog and human30. this emphasizes how insights from dog domestication may benefit our understanding of human recent evolution and disease. finally, by understanding the genetic basis of adaptive traits in dogs we have come closer to unlocking the potential in dog and wolf comparisons to decipher the genetics of behaviour dna was extracted from tissue using qiagen tissue dna extraction kits or from edta blood using either manual salt precipitation or the qiasymphony dna midi kit ( qiagen ) on the qiasymphony robot ( qiagen ). we pooled dna from 12 individuals per pool before mate - pair library construction and sequencing on the ab solid system, version 3, according to standard manufacturer protocols ( applied biosystems ). sequencing reads were aligned to the canfam 2. 0 reference sequence using the bioscope 1. 1 software. we removed duplicated ( to view links or images in this forum your post count must be 10 or greater. you currently have 0 posts. ) and poorly mapped reads ( mapping quality < 20 in samtools ) 31 and retained only uniquely mapped reads for further analyses. we searched for variable sites in data combined from all pools ( including wolf ) to increase sensitivity to rare alleles. we required a minimum of three reads supporting an alternative allele to call a snp, and applied a further filtering step implemented in samtools. pl varfilter ( settings : \u2013 q25 \u2013 q10 \u2013 d3 \u2013 d120 \u2013 g25 \u2013 w10 \u2013 n2 \u2013 l30 ) to ensure a high call accuracy that is largely unaffected by, for example, paralogous sequence variants. we called genotypes for all snps in all dog pools and the single wolf pool by counting sequencing reads supporting the reference and variant allele, given a minimum base quality of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184024352225995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.831221"}
{"text": "largely unaffected by, for example, paralogous sequence variants. we called genotypes for all snps in all dog pools and the single wolf pool by counting sequencing reads supporting the reference and variant allele, given a minimum base quality of 20, to estimate allele frequencies in the dog and wolf populations. a random selection representing 25 % of the sequencing reads from pools 4 and 5 were included in this process to achieve unbiased allele frequency estimates. allele counts and allele frequencies at all identified variable sites were used to search the dog genome for regions that may have been affected by selection during the early phase of dog domestication using two complementary approaches. first we calculated the average pooled heterozygosity ( hp ) in 200 - kb windows sliding 100 kb at a time, for all five dog pools combined, and in the single wolf pool separately, following the methodology described in ref. 10. briefly, this method sums all minor and major allele counts, respectively, at all variable sites within a window, and estimates the heterozygosity based on the combined allele counts for the entire window. the advantage of this method over calculating a simple arithmetic mean of all single - site heterozygosity estimates is that it accounts for variable sequence coverage across the window. to avoid spurious selection signals we discarded 49 out of 21, 927 windows containing fewer than 10 informative sites from both this and the subsequent fst analysis. we z - transformed the resultant distribution of hp scores and extracted putatively selected windows in the extreme tail of the distribution by applying a z ( hp ) < \u22125 cut - off. second we calculated fst values between dog and wolf for individual snps using a method that adjusts for sample size differences32. we averaged fst values across 200 - kb windows, sliding 100 kb at a time and z - transformed the resultant distribution. putative selection targets were extracted from the extreme tail of the distribution by applying a z ( fst ) > 5 cut - off, and attributed to selection in dog if the corresponding z ( hp ) dog < z ( hp ) wolf, to selection in wolf if z ( hp ) wolf < z ( hp ) dog ( three regions ), and to selection in both taxa if z ( hp ) wolf < \u22124 and z ( hp ) wolf < \u22124. gene ontology analysis we used the ensembl gene annotations to identify genes residing within regions extending 100 kb up - and downstream of cdrs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5315962209636929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.832235"}
{"text": "z ( hp ) wolf < \u22124 and z ( hp ) wolf < \u22124. gene ontology analysis we used the ensembl gene annotations to identify genes residing within regions extending 100 kb up - and downstream of cdrs to include potential effects of regulatory changes on loci at some distance, and to reduce the risk of excluding the outermost portions of the selected haplotypes by using sliding windows of fixed size. we tested for enrichment of gene ontology terms ( goa - human ) assigned to the subset of these cdr genes for which human orthology could be established ( 79 out of 122 ) using the gostat program33. we designed an iplex assay targeting 124 snps located in cdrs showing a high degree of homozygosity or population differentiation. a total of 71 dogs, representing 38 different breeds, and 19 wolves ( supplementary table 14 ) were genotyped using standard protocols provided by the manufacturer ( sequenome ). haplotypes were phased using fastphase34. qpcr cnv detection we quantified dna copy number variation using multiplex taqman assays containing primers and probes ( supplementary table 20 ) matching both the target and reference sequence ( housekeeping gene c7orf28b ) according to the manufacturer \u2019 s protocol. all reactions were run in triplicate and data was analysed using the copycaller software ( applied biosystems ). copy numbers for each target were normalized to the same wolf to account for inter - plate variability. qpcr expression analyses pancreatic tissue samples from dogs and wolves where collected post mortem, stored in rnalater at 4 \u00b0c for 24 h and subsequently freeze - stored at \u221280 \u00b0c. we used trizol to isolate rna from these samples, followed by complementary dna synthesis using the advantage rt for pcr kit according to the manufacturers \u2019 protocols ( life technologies and clontech, respectively ). we designed exonic primers ( supplementary table 21 ) and quantified the amount of cdna using sybr green real - time pcr ( applied biosciences ) on a 7900ht fast real time pcr system ( applied biosystems ) and analysed the data using the qbaseplus ( biogazelle ) software according to the \u03b4\u03b4ct method. all reactions where run in triplicate and normalized by comparisons to housekeeping genes rpl32 and rpl13a. peripheral edta and serum blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.571549452756414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.834297"}
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{"text": "estimating f - statistics for the analysis of population - structure. evolution 38, 1358 \u2013 1370 ( 1984 ) isiarticleshow context 33. beissbarth, t. & speed, t. p. gostat : find statistically overrepresented gene ontologies within a group of genes. bioinformatics 20, 1464 \u2013 1465 ( 2004 ) casisipubmedarticleshow context 34. scheet, p. & stephens, m. a fast and flexible statistical model for large - scale population genotype data : applications to inferring missing genotypes and haplotypic phase. am. j. hum. genet. 78, 629 \u2013 644 ( 2006 ) casisipubmedarticleshow context 35. dahlqvist, a. method for assay of intestinal disaccharidases. anal. biochem. 7, 18 \u2013 25 ( 1964 ) casisipubmedarticleshow context 36. xie, c. & tammi, m. t. cnv - seq, a new method to detect copy number variation using high - throughput sequencing. bmc bioinformatics 10, 80 ( 2009 ) caspubmedarticleshow context 37. abyzov, a., urban, a. e., snyder, m. & gerstein, m. cnvnator : an approach to discover, genotype, and characterize typical and atypical cnvs from family and population genome sequencing. genome res. 21, 974 \u2013 984 ( 2011 ) so yeah, pretty much you couldn \u2019 t have been more wrong. drop the fox news talking points. anyone trying to say crime causes poverty is saying it out of pure partisan rhetoric. there is literally nothing that supports that notion. nothing. you partisans are seriously eroding what used to be the greatest country in the world... actually, the very study you linked to supports the notion that crime causes poverty just as well as it supports your claim of the reverse. you have nothing to back up your position that poverty causes crime, i am sorry.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5587716197814068, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11649956-3745-46f3-86af-38049c46825f>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.840316"}
{"text": "lamar river overview located in the northeast corner of yellowstone national park, the lamar river is the major tributary to the yellowstone within the park. the lamar is not only home to fantastic fly fishing for native yellowstone cutthroat, but is also one of the best place in the park to view wildlife, ranging from wolves and bears, to elk and buffalo. the scenery is also stunning and it can be hard to focus on the task at hand with all the amazing distractions that this corner of the park offers. the lamar valley the lamar spills forth from a range of towering mountains and canyons and then spreads out into the fertile, wildlife rich meadows of the lamar valley. it is here that the angler will ply the long cobble strewn flats and runs of the lamar, searching for large native cutthroat that rise eagerly to a range of aquatic and terrestrial insects. the lamar canyon just downstream of the long and wide lamar valley, the river tumbles down a narrow and short canyon that is noted for its rocks the size of cars. here among the boulders, small pockets and runs offer solitude for both the fish and the angler. it is also here that the angler will find a few rainbows intermixed with the native yellowstone cutthroat. this is rugged fishing ; hopping from boulder to boulder, laying a delicate cast into a small secluded piece of quiet water tucked amongst raging white water. action can be fast, so be sure to watch your step. the lower lamar the lamar river cascades from the short canyon and veers far away from any roads for its last leg before meeting with the yellowstone. it is also here that the hiking angler can fish water that rarely sees any other fisherman. the character of the river here is a mixture of meadow water and short canyon pocket water. large boulders are always present. be sure to pack bear spray and bells, as this is yellowstone backcountry at its finest, and this is their home, we are just visitors. | salmonflies | | june 25th - july 10th | | goldenstone | | june 25th - july 15th | | green drakes | | july 1st - july 20th | | drake mackerals | | september 1st - september 20th | | gray drakes | | june 20th - july 20th | | hydropsyche caddis | | june 15th - july 31st | | terrestrials | | july 1st - september 30th | | heptagenia mayflies | | august 1st - september 15th | | baetis mayflies | | august 20th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38675728739991766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d774b07c-a42b-4982-82b1-b3fe24c540be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.844928"}
{"text": "elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) > carcharhiniformes ( ground sharks ) > sphyrnidae ( hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks ) etymology : sphyrna : greek, sphyra = hammer ( ref. 45335 ). environment / climate / range marine ; brackish ; pelagic - oceanic ; oceanodromous ( ref. 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 300 m ( ref. 37816 ). subtropical ; 45\u00b0n - 37\u00b0s, 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e length at first maturity / size / weight / age maturity : lm?, range 250 - 300 cm max length : 610 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref. 244 ) ; common length : 370 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref. 13562 ) ; max. published weight : 449. 5 kg ( ref. 40637 ) soft rays : 0. a very large hammerhead also with a notch at the center of the head ( ref. 5578 ). front margin of head gently curved in juveniles, becoming nearly straight in adults, with slight median notch ( ref. 26938 ). 1st dorsal fin very high and curved ; 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins high and with deeply concave rear margins. light grey or grey - brown above, white below ; fins without conspicuous markings ( ref. 5578 ). circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas ( ref. 13562 ). western atlantic : north carolina, usa to uruguay, including the gulf of mexico and caribbean. eastern atlantic : mediterranean and morocco to senegal. indo - pacific : throughout the indian ocean ; ryukyu islands to new caledonia and french polynesia. eastern pacific : southern baja california, mexico to peru. highly migratory species, annex i of the 1982 convention on the law of the sea ( ref. 26139 ). a coastal - pelagic, semi - oceanic shark, found close inshore and well offshore, over the continental shelves, island terraces, and in passes and lagoons ( ref. 244, 58302 ). often bottom and reef associated at 1 - 80 m ( ref. 58302 ). prefers to feed on stingrays and other batoids, groupers and sea catfishes, but also preys on other small bony fishes, crabs, squid, other sharks, rays, and lobsters ( ref. 244, 13562, 160", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3973216637373612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ad5f84-6518-4e19-afbc-07008466988f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.851387"}
{"text": "to feed on stingrays and other batoids, groupers and sea catfishes, but also preys on other small bony fishes, crabs, squid, other sharks, rays, and lobsters ( ref. 244, 13562, 1602 ). a viviparous species, with 13 - 42 of about 56 to 70 cm young in a litter ( ref. 26938, 1602 ). potentially dangerous to people ( ref. 13562 ) but only few, if any, of the attacks on people can be definitely attributed to it because of the apparent difficulty of distinguishing large hammerhead species involved in attacks ( ref. 244 ). caught occasionally by target shark longline, demersal tangle net and tuna gillnet fisheries ( ref. 58048 ). meat utilized for human consumption ( fresh, fresh - frozen, dried - salted, and smoked ), liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hides for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal ( ref. 244 ). its large fins, including the tail, sail - like first dorsal fin, are prized in the oriental sharkfin trade ( ref. 47737 ). compagno, l. j. v., 1984. fao species catalogue. vol. 4. sharks of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. part 2 - carcharhiniformes. fao fish. synop. 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655. rome : fao. iucn red list status ( ref. 90363 ) referencesaquacultureaquaculture profilestrainsgeneticsallele frequenciesheritabilitydiseasesprocessingmass conversion estimates of some properties based on empirical models phylogenetic diversity index ( ref. 82805 = 0. 5059 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ]. bayesian length - weight : a = 0. 00211 ( - 0. 13279 - 0. 13700 ), b = 3. 15 ( 3. 06 - 3. 23 ), based on lwr estimates for species & family - bs ( ref. 93245 trophic level ( ref. 69278 ) : 4. 3 \u00b10. 7 se ; based on diet studies. resilience ( ref. 69278 ) : low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years ( fec = 13 ). vulnerability ( ref. 5915", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41676293392002944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ad5f84-6518-4e19-afbc-07008466988f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.853084"}
{"text": "n. pl. to \u00b7 ma \u00b7 toes 1. a widely cultivated south american plant ( lycopersicon esculentum ) having edible, fleshy, usually red fruit. 2. the fruit of this plant. 2. slang. a woman regarded as attractive. [ alteration of spanish tomate, from nahuatl tomatl. ] to \u00b7 mato \u00b7 ey ( - t - ) adj. word history : among the greatest contributions to world civilization made by the early inhabitants of the americas are plant foods such as the potato and squash. the tomato, whose name comes ultimately from the nahuatl language spoken by the aztecs and other groups in mexico and central america, was another important contribution. when the spanish conquered this area, they brought the tomato back to spain and, borrowing the nahuatl word tomatl for it, named it tomate, a form shared in french, portuguese, and early modern english. tomate, first recorded in 1604, gave way to tomato, a form created in english either because it was assumed to be spanish or under the influence of the word potato. as is well known, people at first resisted eating this new world food because its membership in the nightshade family made it seem potentially poisonous, but it is now is an important element of many world cuisines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.488620708265516, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a50913ce-97b6-4ecc-8f3c-d88129d7c993>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.855260"}
{"text": "usda farm to school team site visit jefferson county public schools in on may 25 - 26, 2010, the usda farm to school team met with jefferson county public schools ( jcps ) nutrition services department and their partners to learn, firsthand, about the district \u2019 s farm to school efforts. jcps is a large, urban school district in louisville, kentucky, that enrolls 98, 000 students and serves over 61, 000 lunches every day. approximately 62 percent of the students are eligible for free or reduced - priced meals. the district \u2019 s impressive nutrition service center is a 68, 000 square - foot warehouse and central kitchen, which is used to distribute and prepare meals for the district \u2019 s 144 schools. every school has an operational kitchen where meals are received from the central kitchen, assembled, heated and served. in 2007, jcps kicked off their local purchasing initiative by reaching out to an apple producer located approximately 20 miles from the city of louisville. they successfully made a single bulk purchase for enough apples to serve one to each student in all 144 schools. building on this initial success, jcps has increased the variety and volume of local food used in the school nutrition programs ; expanded farm to school education programs ; and established a number of community and business partnerships. food service personnel value the strong working relationships they have with distributors and local farmers. in addition to an occasional bulk purchase of apples, the school district contracts with five local produce distributors to fill regular orders placed by school kitchen managers. in order to meet jcps demand for local produce, the distributors partner with local farmers. to help facilitate this process, the kentucky department of agriculture organizes an annual grower - buyer meeting to give local farmers, school district personnel, distributors, and other key stakeholders an opportunity to meet and discuss marketing opportunities. with purchasing locally grown produce, agriculture and health education is an important farm to school component at jcps. currently, there are approximately 70 school gardens in use by students from kindergarten to grade 12. the garden programs receive grant support and technical assistance from local nonprofits. the gardens are used for educational programs, and on a very limited basis, students and teachers grow cherry tomatoes and a variety of herbs to sample in the classroom. starting in the 2011 - 12 school year, jcps plans to enlist multiple school gardens to grow herbs ( e. g., basil or rosemary ) in order to scale - up production for use in the school lunch program. to supplement the school garden program, jcps offers students farm - based learning experiences in partnership with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43577464973867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5811916-404a-4e44-8087-c90c72930c00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.858637"}
{"text": "causes and consequences two decades of civil war few would have imagined in the early 1980s that the civil war between tamil militants and the sri lankan state would be so protracted and intractable. the mid - 1980s saw several militant groups engage the sri lankan armed forces and each other in sporadic battles throughout the north - east. in 1987 there was a pause in fighting with the arrival of an indian peacekeeping force ( ipkf ) to attempt to broker a settlement. the presence of the ipkf was eventually resented by both tamil militants and sections of the sinhalese polity. following the ipkf withdrawal in 1990, hostilities eventually resumed between a strengthened ltte, which had emerged as the dominant tamil group, and the sri lankan state. major battles were fought in the early 1990s until the election, in 1994, of an slfp - led coalition under chandrika kumaratunga on a manifesto of peace. negotiations between delegates of the government and the ltte broke down in early 1995, and hostilities resumed on an even larger scale. late in 1995 the ltte lost control of the city of jaffna and its surrounds ( an area that the ltte had controlled during the early 1990s ). the late 1990s saw most battles take place in the rural hinterland of the north - east known as the vanni, though sporadic attacks on army establishments in jaffna and bombings in colombo did take place. in late 2001, following the election this time of a unp - led coalition on a platform of peace, negotiations began again. with facilitation provided by envoys of the norwegian government, the ltte and the government signed an indefinite ceasefire in february 2002. the agreement permitted the ltte to retain control of large parts of the vanni, and the establishment of border points to allow movement of people and goods between government - and ltte - controlled areas ( something that had been very difficult during the war ). a neutral observer mission staffed by scandinavian monitors was also set up. in late 2002, following a joint appeal to donors for funds to reconstruct the north - east, the two parties began direct peace talks. several rounds of talks took place in international locations, and considerable progress was made on several fronts, especially with regard to economic development. however, citing the slow pace of progress in the delivery of a ' peace dividend ' to the people of the north - east, the ltte withdrew from talks in april 2003. in late 2003 the ceasefire agreement was put under further pressure when hostilities between the ' co -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430932196984147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.872748"}
{"text": "pace of progress in the delivery of a ' peace dividend ' to the people of the north - east, the ltte withdrew from talks in april 2003. in late 2003 the ceasefire agreement was put under further pressure when hostilities between the ' co - habiting ' president and prime minister resulted in the norwegians withdrawing their facilitation. since the april 2004 elections, the newly elected coalition government has found it difficult to establish a consensus position from which to negotiate and, at the time of writing, direct negotiations are yet to resume, though norwegian facilitation has resumed. these developments and the numerous unresolved issues have underpinned the fact that, despite the ceasefire continuing to hold, there is a long way to go before a permanent settlement can be arrived at. - draft needs assessment for north - east, un agencies, 2003 - http : / / www. peaceinsrilanka. org / downloads / assessment of needs ( draft ). pdf - government peace secretariat - http : / / www. peaceinsrilanka. org / - key actors from accord ( 1998 ) - http : / / www. c - r. org / accord / sri / accord4 / key _ actors. shtml - powerpoint presentation on sri lanka ' s post - conflict needs, world bank, 2003 - http : / / www. peaceinsrilanka. org / downloads / april 14 presentation ( no pictures ) ph. ppt - timeline and documents relating to post - ceasefire developments, refugee council ( uk ) - http : / / www. refugeecouncil. org. uk / downloads / publications / sri _ lanka _ timeline. pdf the duration and intensity of war in sri lanka has been a major cause of displacement. given that almost all of the fighting has taken place in the north - east, it is not surprising that almost all of those who have been displaced have come from this region. given the ethnic make - up of the region, it is also not surprising that the displaced have been predominantly tamil. while the exact impact of the war on the north - east is impossible to estimate, it is clear that the conflict has taken an immense toll. at least 60, 000 people are estimated to have died as a direct result of the war, with almost all of those deaths taking place in the north - east ( noting that some would have been armed forces serving in the region ). extensive fighting, including conventional combat involving large battalions and heavy munitions, has destroyed much of the region ' s physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4173954419217044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.874262"}
{"text": "with almost all of those deaths taking place in the north - east ( noting that some would have been armed forces serving in the region ). extensive fighting, including conventional combat involving large battalions and heavy munitions, has destroyed much of the region ' s physical infrastructure. key economic infrastructure such as irrigation systems have also been destroyed or neglected, and critical markets for goods and services have been absent or severely disrupted. there have been low levels of investment ( public and private ) in war - affected areas, severe disruption to education, and considerable damage to ecosystems. thus, in the sri lankan case, the destruction caused by the conflict meant that those fleeing from war were also often fleeing from severe disruption of their livelihoods. there is also evidence to suggest that forced migration from the north - east was self - reinforcing. as many fled their erstwhile homes, those who remained were left with reduced economic and social opportunities. often there was not enough critical mass to keep local economies alive, forcing even more people to leave. with fewer opportunities for stable incomes and less incentive to invest productively, the economic breakdown in the north - east leaves many with one of two options : fight or flight. in either case there is little to lose. this is supported by evidence ( hasbullah, 1999 ), that suggests that those fleeing from shelling and search operations of the state armed forces were roughly equal to those fleeing shortage of food and other essential items. further, initial streams of migrants from the north - east overseas created opportunities for further migration, through official and unofficial channels. in the case of tamil households, the prevalence of collective family finance systems meant that pooling money and resources to support the out - migration of some family members, usually young men, was common. displacement in the north - east was often associated with major events. for example, the unhcr ( 2000 ) estimates that some 130, 000 tamils fled to india soon after the anti - tamil riots of 1983. on other occasions, displacement was caused by pre - emptive flight, especially following warnings from one side or another of an imminent attack. for example, several hundred thousand people are estimated to have fled the jaffna area ahead of its capture by the armed forces in 1995, resulting in what is considered to be the peak period of displacement in sri lanka ( gomez 2002 ). similarly, an estimated 170, 000 people fled before the key battle around elephant pass in 2000 ( global idp project ). multiple displacement as a result of fighting has also been commonplace. in some cases families", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47394432223556865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.875360"}
{"text": "displacement in sri lanka ( gomez 2002 ). similarly, an estimated 170, 000 people fled before the key battle around elephant pass in 2000 ( global idp project ). multiple displacement as a result of fighting has also been commonplace. in some cases families have been compelled to move several times. a survey of 281 families in 2000 by unhcr ( 2000 ) shows that 21. 7 per cent had been displaced five times or more, while a further 30. 7 per cent have been displaced three times. some of those who have been displaced several times within the north - east may eventually have been displaced to colombo or even overseas. it is clear that conflict - induced internal displacement in sri lanka has occurred on a massive scale. official estimates show that the number of idps peaked at over one million people in late 1995, nearly half of the north - east region ' s population. by early 2002, just before the signing of the ceasefire, there were estimated to be some 683, 286 idps, including 174, 250 people at the 346 welfare centres around the island ( gomez 2002 ). more recently, there is evidence to suggest that more than four - fifths of the current population of the ltte - controlled area has been displaced ( cpa 2003 ). however, it is clear that official figures do not cover the sizeable population of former north - east residents who have not formally registered as idps and now live in and around colombo. idps in sri lanka can be classified according to a number of measures. most importantly, some idps have spent all or some of their displacement in camps or welfare centres set up by the government or non - governmental organizations ( ngos ). others chose not to enter these camps or centres, and fended for themselves within the north - east, in the border areas surrounding the north - east or in other parts of the island, particularly colombo. some idps are returnees from other countries, usually from india ( via transit camps set up to receive them ) or occasionally repatriated asylum seekers from the west. in a situation somewhat different from the bulk of sri lanka ' s idps, there are approximately 100, 000 muslims who were evicted from homes in jaffna and mannar by the ltte in 1990. most of this group settled in the districts in puttalam, anuradhapura, and kurunegala, and many remain there even after the ceasefire. their long - term residence and participation in local economic activities has led to major changes in the local socio - economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4282188119320734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.876468"}
{"text": "in the districts in puttalam, anuradhapura, and kurunegala, and many remain there even after the ceasefire. their long - term residence and participation in local economic activities has led to major changes in the local socio - economic context. however, this group has yet to achieve political inclusion in their new homes and the resettlement of those amongst this group who are prepared to return will need particularly sensitive handling. - article on muslim idps from lines magazine by shahul hasbullah ( 2002 ) - http : / / www. lines - magazine. org / art _ nov02 / hasbulla. htm - data on past and current levels of idps at the global idp project pages - http : / / www. db. idpproject. org / sites / idpsurvey. nsf / wcountries / sri + lanka - report on impact of forced migration on local economies of the northwest by n. shanmugaratnam ( 2000 ) - http : / / www. nlh. no / noragric / publications / workingpapers / noragric - wp - 22. pdf refugees and migrants the events of 1983 and the civil war since then have had a huge impact on conflict - induced migration from sri lanka. these movements can be classed into three broad categories. first, most tamils already abroad and reluctant to return had more reason ( and justification ) for staying away permanently. across europe and north america, thousands of tamil students and guest workers lodged asylum claims. second, the emigration flows of professional and middle - class tamils gathered strength. some of this group migrated for education and employment to the west, or to take up contracted appointments in countries as far afield as nigeria, papua new guinea or guyana ( though many of these people ended up in the west ). third, the events of 1983 mark the start of the widespread conflict - related flows of tamils seeking asylum overseas and later through family reunion programmes. it is this third group that has contributed the most numbers to the tamil diaspora as well as attracted the most attention. according to the unhcr, some 256, 307 people of sri lankan origin applied for asylum in europe between 1980 and 1999, making sri lankans one of the top ten groups of claimants during this period ( unhcr 2001b : tables v. 4 and v. 13 ). the contribution of the three years prior to 1983 ( 3. 8 per cent ) was relatively small, while the periods 1984 to 1985 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42150758756078965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.877514"}
{"text": "of claimants during this period ( unhcr 2001b : tables v. 4 and v. 13 ). the contribution of the three years prior to 1983 ( 3. 8 per cent ) was relatively small, while the periods 1984 to 1985 ( 16. 6 per cent ) and 1989 to 1992 ( 31. 1 per cent ) saw the biggest clusters of applications. between 1990 and 1999, people of sri lankan origin ( possibly including small numbers of non - tamil sri lankans ) were the single largest group applying for asylum in canada ( 34, 186 applications ), with nearly half of those applications being lodged in the first three years of that period ( ibid. table v. 21 ). not all of these applications were successful but large numbers of applicants have been granted some of form of resident status in their host country. over time, those who were permitted to stay sponsored family members and also started their own families, thus increasing the numbers of tamils beyond the official asylum - seeker figures. in june 2001, the unhcr estimated the stock of internationally displaced tamils to be 817, 000, most of whom are / were refugees or asylum seekers ( unhcr 2001 ). canada topped the list, hosting an estimated 400, 000 tamils, followed by europe ( 200, 000 ), india ( 67, 000 ), the united states ( 40, 000 ), australia ( 30, 000 ), and another 80, 000 living in a dozen other countries. other estimates place the size of the diaspora around 700, 000 ( fuglerud 1999 ). other causes of displacement sri lanka ' s largest integrated development project, involving building numerous dams, generating hydroelectricity and irrigating large sections of the dry zone in the north - east, has been a cause of displacement, though not to the scale of conflict - induced displacement. from the 1960s, the development of the mahaweli region has been controversial. not only were some local residents displaced through the scheme, including small communities of sri lanka ' s indigenous forest - dwelling people, but the scheme also involved large - scale resettlement from the south ( s\u00f8rensen 1996 ). while the resettlement was largely voluntary, the arrival of predominantly sinhalese people into what was considered part of the tamil homeland fuelled tamil grievances. there has been periodic disaster - induced displacement in sri lanka. most recently, in may 2003, severe flooding in the south - west coastal regions resulted in more than 120 deaths and 150, 000 families being displaced temporarily. though this does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44481638168961973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.878582"}
{"text": "grievances. there has been periodic disaster - induced displacement in sri lanka. most recently, in may 2003, severe flooding in the south - west coastal regions resulted in more than 120 deaths and 150, 000 families being displaced temporarily. though this does not fall under the category of forced migration, it is worth noting that sri lanka has one of world ' s highest rates of voluntary short - term labour migration. more than 500, 000 workers are estimated to be working predominantly as labourers and domestic workers mostly in the middle east. almost all of these migrants are sinhalese and most hail from poor, rural regions in the south. in many ways, this form of short - term migration is a reaction to the poor economic opportunities facing many sri lankans because of uneven development, partly as a result of the war. some idps, particularly muslims displaced in 1990, have also taken up the labour migration option. - flooding in south - west, map - http : / / www. reliefweb. int / w / map. nsf / wbyclatest / 74c7a8e1ca17807285256d340053307c? opendocument - mahaweli development scheme and displacement of indigenous tribes - http : / / vedda. org / 6 - mahaweli. htm - paper on the migration and development nexus - http : / / www. cdr. dk / migdevwall / papers / srilankacasestudy. doc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.457573589257353, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a1a194-19ea-409e-acab-3e56b34947a9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.879328"}
{"text": "picardy : the other north of france the native land of famous figures such as rousseau, la fontaine and dumas, and a noble place steeped in ancestral and contemporary history, picardy has many different faces. by turns bucolic and royal, there are many attractions and activities to enjoy. a multiple identity a region with a history marked by conquests and battles, picardy draws its culture from the influence of the north and the ile - de - france. originally agricultural, the region is now turned towards research, and is also an industrial region and major european commercial centre. the armistice railway carriage the 1918 and 1940 armistices between germany and france were signed in this railway carriage located in the rethondes clearing of the compiegne forest. 145m in length and 42m high, this is one of the largest gothic cathedrals ever built. the nave is vertiginous, the choir, composed of 110 oak stalls, and statuary, exceptional. constructed between 1220 and 1248, it is classified as a unesco world heritage site. the bay of the somme covering an area of 70km2, the bay of the somme estuary boasts bodies of water, marshes, dunes and salt water meadows. this landscape between land and sea has inspired many painters and writers. the bay is home to a rich fauna, including seals, and an exceptional flora. influence of the sea lovers of fish will prefer somme eels served with chicory and artichoke or soissons beans to salt marsh lamb and mallard en croute. champagnes, beers, ciders form the perfect accompaniment. the living horse museum this museum is devoted to horses, with 31 exhibition rooms and thirty or so horses. housed in the grandes ecuries du domaine de chantilly, a famous venue in the horse world, only a short distance from the castle and park designed by le notre, it offers educational displays and hosts horse shows.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3948007463726749, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dec2d32e-a439-4bda-87ab-258f244fb4fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.881925"}
{"text": "heat escape routes take a look at this diagram showing heat loss from a house. heat energy is transferred from homes through the examples of convective losses : cold air can enter the house through gaps in doors and windows, and convection currents can transfer heat energy in the loft to the roof tiles. heat energy also leaves the house by radiation through the walls, roof and windows. red shows where most heat is lost - through the windows and roof ways to reduce heat loss there are some simple ways to reduce heat loss, including fitting carpets, curtains and draught excluders. heat loss through windows can be reduced using double glazing. there may be air or a vacuum between the two panes of glass. air is a poor conductor of heat, while a vacuum can only transfer heat energy by radiation. heat loss through walls can be reduced using cavity wall insulation. this involves blowing insulating material into the gap between the brick and the inside wall, which reduces the heat loss by conduction. the material also prevents air circulating inside the cavity, therefore reducing heat loss by convection. heat loss through the roof can be reduced by laying loft insulation. this works in a similar way to cavity wall insulation. if some heat escapes from the house, it costs money and wastes resources. in deciding how cost - effective an energy - saving measure is, we need to know what its pay - back time is. in other words, taking the example of double - glazing : how long will it take before the cost of having the double - glazing installed will be recovered by what we save in fuel bills? the calculation is : pay - back time in years = cost of energy - saving measure \u00f7 money saved each year [ this page has been adapted from www. bbc. co. uk / schools / gcsebitesize / science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5707927769200283, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:183e5efc-3b83-47f6-867c-8661256d209c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.884579"}
{"text": "( * ) related to the morphological aspects of fyr checklist a river is an \u201c environmental continuum \u201d : a series of small environments and ecosystems that are full of life and transition from one into another. there is a so - called longitudinal continuity from theupstream to the middle reach to the downstream section of a river and a transversal continuity among theriver bed, the banks, and the catchments basin. the action ( flow, erosion, etc. ) of the river affects the riverbed as well as the nearby landscape, which is called an \u201c area of riverine pertinence \u201d which also includes the natural riparian areas ( low marshy lands, willow groves, alder groves, hydrophilic meadows ) along the river ( question 2 of morphological aspects list ). in the natural environment of the river, the passage from the aquatic to the terrestrial habitat is not sudden but it is gradual within the riparian area. this area has important ecological functions because it provides a buffer zone for nutrients ( capacity of self - purification ), an area of reproduction for fish, hydro - geologic regulation, increased biodiversity, climate regulation, and habitats for amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and many others ( question 3 - 4 ). while crossing the river from side - to - side, one can recognize the ordinary river bed ( the channel, which is occupied by the river in periods of normal water flow ), as well as the low - water channel and the flood channel. the low - water channel has an indefinite and continuously reshaped pattern. on the other side the flood channel ( flood area ) is usually low, often covered with vegetation or cultivated and submerged during floods ( question 5 ). hours after a strong rainfall, the flow of the river suddenly increases. at the beginning, water is stopped by vegetation and percolates through the soil until refilling the aquifer, but when absorption surpasses the limit and the soil is saturated, water begins to flow to the surface and toward the river. this phenomenon explains the interval of time between the maximum rain and the peak flow. conversely, it takes less time for water to flow from the sides of a river to the main course, if vegetation is scarce or even absent. in addition, during a flood, the increased flow and speed of the water increases the capacity of erosion and transport of inert material ( question 6 ). water is a geomorphologic factor ( related to the form of the surface of the earth ). it scul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113602744977421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3cc19bb-58e5-4a46-bd21-bf9e462902d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.889354"}
{"text": "the increased flow and speed of the water increases the capacity of erosion and transport of inert material ( question 6 ). water is a geomorphologic factor ( related to the form of the surface of the earth ). it sculpts the land, erodes the substrate and creates new shapes. the substrate ( the stone, the soil, thesides and the river bed ) offers passive resistance to the erosion of water and its course. the water of a river has power ( the kinetic energy produced by movement ), as do all moving bodies. this energy is determined by the speed of the current and the flow. the friction from the deposits and structures on the riverbed dissipate a large part of this energy, which creates turbulence, eddies, and whirlpools, but the remaining energy is used to transport material towards the valley. the faster the river is, the more quickly the energy increases, and the larger the amount of the transported materials. in high slopes ( usually streams ), where the river is very fast, the material consists of small pebbles. in the stretches with a slight inclination ( usually in the plains ), where the river is slow, sand and silt are constantly transported. they can be carried in suspension, which is the case for especially fine material, over long distances, or by rolling along the riverbed as is the case for rough material. during flooding a river \u2019 s flow and speed increase considerably, as well as its capacity to transport material in a particular stretch. this capacity is seen by the amount of material, or sediment, which is suspended in cloudy, turbid water and which gets caught in bridges, barriers, etc. ( question 7 ) energy that is not dissipated by friction and transportation, erodes other material from the substrate. mechanic erosion in the river - bed is mainly caused by the abrasive capacity of the transported debris. water acts directly on the river - bed ( linear erosion ) and on the whole basin ( widespread erosion ), especially on inclined and barren surfaces. the mechanic action of water on the substrate is important, as well as the action that solubilizes the mineral salts of the rocks and the action related to the alternation of frost and thaw ( question 8 ). in stretches where the river is slower, the capacity of transportation changes. transportation levels may drop, for example, because of a sudden decrease in inclination, or because of higher dispersion caused by friction with very rough ground. first, the rough and heavy material", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490881271634491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3cc19bb-58e5-4a46-bd21-bf9e462902d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.890301"}
{"text": "while it \u2019 s well known that keeping the brain challenged over the summer can prevent kids from experiencing a backward slide in their academics, not every summer activity screams \u201c learning opportunity! \u201d but, it is possible to make even the simplest and non - educational activity into one that gets kids \u2019 cognitive wheels turning over the summer break. the trick is to get kids thinking actively about whatever they are about to do. after all, active learning is not a skill restricted to the classroom. in fact, the more that children develop this skill outside of the classroom, the more they are able to apply it in class. the best way to help your children develop active thinking and learning skills is to ask questions that will them help them \u201c turn on their brains \u201d. do this during any adventure or activity, whether it is walking in the woods or reading a book together. before the activity to signal to kids start thinking about something. for instance, try asking, \u201c what do we already know about what we are about to do? \u201d or \u201c what do we think that we might learn? \u201d during the activity to draw connections or highlight details : \u201c what else is this like? \u201d or \u201c what does this remind you of? \u201d after your adventure, reflect on the experience. for example, \u201c what did you notice or learn that was new? \u201d and when you are having conversations with your child about day - to - day experiences, whether it \u2019 s flying a kite, riding a bike, or walking on a beach, remember to always ask for their opinions and seek specific answers. oxford learning provides supplemental education services across north america. it offers programs for young people from preschool through university, and its cognitive approach goes beyond tutoring to ignite a lifelong love of learning. find out more at http : / / www. oxfordlearning. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46802067566368155, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7de3846a-afe3-42ef-a85b-cb5fe5c3c02e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.892332"}
{"text": "interplanting with broccoli by national gardening association editors just because a garden row is occupied, don ' t think you ' ve used up all its growing potential. by planting a few cool - weather seedlings under and around established cole crops, you can get a jump on your fall gardening. you also save space by planting more than one vegetable in a row, and the new plants benefit from the shade of the older plants. this can be a real help in the heat of midsummer. it ' s not a good idea to rely on this method for your main crop, but it can give you quite a harvest bonus later in the season. when your broccoli plants are up and growing in midsummer, try planting loose - leaf lettuce seedlings in the partial shade of the broccoli ' s broad leaves. prepare a planting hole four to five inches from the base of each broccoli plant and set in a seedling. if you fertilized or side - dressed the broccoli, the new lettuce seedlings will probably have enough food for growing. if not, you can side - dress them after they ' re established. the broccoli shade will protect the seedlings from the hot sun. when your broccoli plants have finished bearing, just cut them off ; the lettuce will continue growing. you can also try this multiple planting method around brussels sprouts, but you may have to experiment to see if any extra fertilizer is needed. you might try planting a few quick - maturing seeds such as radishes, lettuce or spinach in the soil around mature plants. just plant, weed and water as usual, thinning if the plants appear crowded. after that, enjoy the extra harvest. filling in the gaps there ' s another way to maximize your garden space. whenever you harvest a cabbage or cauliflower, pull the whole plant from the row. in the gap that ' s left, plant a new seedling. depending on your climate and the length of your growing season, you can replace these early - season vegetables with lettuce, kale, tomatoes, peppers or even flowers. the tender seedlings will be partially shaded by the foliage of the remaining cabbage or cauliflower plants, and you won ' t have to look at empty spaces in your garden. | spacing cole crop plants | | table of contents | | feeding cole crops |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39496277370303723, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4db36f3-43df-4e4e-8fcf-390e56f05d2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.895043"}
{"text": "making your garden frog - friendly may not seem like the wisest choice, especially if the thought of frogs makes your spine crawl. yet these amphibious creatures are one of the best critters that you could encourage into your garden. a garden without frogs is like a safari park without lions. these seemingly innocuous creatures may look cute and friendly but they are the terror of the waterways, menacing their pray with an almost pacifying stealth. what you may not know about the garden frog is that they can cope with climate diversity like no other animal. it \u2019 s not uncommon to find them in the snowfields or even surviving in desert wastelands. yet each species has their own territory and preferred conditions and removing them from these habitats is quickly causing their demise. it \u2019 s best not to introduce frogs into your garden because if the conditions are not perfect they may die, leave your garden or wreck habitats of other frogs that live in the area. instead seek to encourage them into your garden and they will come. what are the benefits of frogs in the garden? creating a place for garden frogs in your yard is very beneficial. frogs are bug and critter devourers and will feast on many of the your problematic garden pests. mosquito larvae, sowbugs and caterpillars are all common delicacies for the garden frog. plus, they will often forage on the outer foliage of some plants \u2013 especially vegetables. these leaves are most accepted by them when they are in some state of decay which means they are often unfit for human consumption. if you have children living with you an added benefit is allowing them to interact with your frogs. children will always find these amphibians delightful, even if they aren \u2019 t prepared to pick them up or hold them. btw \u2013 if you do try to pick up a garden frog makre sure your hands are moist so that you don \u2019 t hamr their protective skin. the downside of encouraging frogs is that they are common food for snakes which may, in turn, bring these undesirables into your garden as well. how to encourage frogs into your garden while most gardeners tend to opt for a specific frog pond it \u2019 s not essential to do this. provided that frogs can have access to pools of water, whether it be in a bucket or an unused bird bath, they will find your garden hospitable. in fact, the more moist your garden is the more chance frogs will start to inhabit your yard. the benefit of having a frog pond is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37436433513285094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2cc725d-7511-411d-bf9a-92cb72e86897>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.899081"}
{"text": "why the name change? genea - world leaders in fertility. find out more this happens very occasionally. the main reason is that the cells are taking a bit longer to grow in culture. just like we all show differences in our height or weight, cells can also differ in how quickly they grow. other times we do not get enough cells to look at initially and we need to grow more. the extra culture time does not mean that there will necessarily be a problem with your result. cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes. karyotyping is used to describe chromosome analysis which checks for the correct number and structure of chromosomes. chromosomes can only be seen when a cell is dividing and they can be treated to display a banded pattern, similar to a bar code. we use cytogenetics and karyotyping for testing the following : dna ( deoxyribose nucleic acid ) is life \u2019 s genetic code that tells the body how to function or what to look like. the dna code is made up of 4 different chemical units called bases. the bases are adenine ( a ), thymine ( t ), guanine ( g ) and cytosine ( c ). the code, if you were to read it, would look something like this : a gene is a section of genetic code that can be decoded by the cell to mean something. a single gene might be responsible for any aspect of your body ' s function or appearance, like making a certain protein, or the colour of your eyes. if there is an error in the code for a gene the product will be faulty. the dna ( genetic code ) is packaged into chromosomes inside each cell. \u00a9 2011 - 2012 genea limited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5443072639775373, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0d0d285-53b0-4602-8561-ae01223880d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.901569"}
{"text": "a volcanic eruption is caused by magma ( molten rock ) moving from deep in the earth into a magma chamber within the volcano. to move upward, the magma must push aside rock, creating small earthquakes. also, as the magma moves upward from deep within the earth, the pressure on it lessens so that gases release, just as removing the cap from a soda bottle releases the gases dissolved within. once the magma is in the volcanic chamber, the additional volume of material may cause the volcano ' s slopes to swell. volcanic eruptions are powerful events, and they are capable of injecting hydrogen chloride ( hcl ) high into the atmosphere. similarly, oceans produce large volumes of sea salt, which contains chlorine, on a daily basis. if these compounds accumulated in large quantities in the stratosphere, they might produce ozone depletion. when magma is runny, eruptions are \" effusive \", which means they ooze lava gently all the time. when magma is sticky, eruptions are explosive. the magma clogs the volcano ' s vent until so much pressure builds up that the magma burst out, like a popping champagne cork. the explosion shatters the plug of hard magma that blocks the volcano ' s vent, reducing it to ash and cinder. explosive eruptions are driven by expanding bubbles of carbon dioxide gas and steam inside the magma. an explosive eruption blasts globs of hot magma, ash, cinder, gas and steam high up into the air. volcanoes usually erupt again and again. the interval between eruptions, called the repose time, varies from a few minutes to thousands of years. have eruptions been predicted? yes! on december 18, 2000 volcanologists predicted an eruption of popocatepetl, near mexico city. some 40, 000 people were evacuated from the surrounding region and just hours later, the volcano exploded more violently than it had in centuries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4649411225589619, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8db0ac60-5dff-4832-8392-8a0d6f7007f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.905202"}
{"text": "this site is loaded with information and activities for you and your childrenall of it organized under such categories as family news and hot topics, parenting challenges, special needs, software downloads, ideas from parents, advice from experts, and activities for all ages. parents guide to the internet this u. s. department of education online brochure introduces parents to the internet ' s use as an important educational tool. in addition to basic tips, you ' ll find suggestions for using the internet for school projects and information about how the internet can enrich the learning experiences of children with special needs. this site also includes internet safety guidelines, an internet glossary, and links to a number of fascinating web sites that are designed with you and your children in mind. eric parent information center the u. s. education resource information center ( eric ) created this site to provide \" educational materials and services to parents who take an active role in their children ' s education. \" here you ' ll find online brochures and magazines, links to education and parent - friendly sites, and ideas for learning activities. parents can search the eric database or use the askeric question - answering service for research - based answers to education questions. the new york times learning network with its \" word of the day \" and crossword puzzles, this site provides vocabulary and spelling practice. in addition, you and your children can reflect on the past with daily historical facts, stay current with news summaries, and test your memory with current - events quizzes. click on the \" parent connections \" link to browse education news and educational product reviews. internet public library with an extensive selection of reference tools, online exhibits, and online texts, this site is a great starting point for any research or writing project. through this site, you can access newspapers from every state and many countries as well. the teachers ' and parents ' corner, located in the section for youth, is devoted to topics concerning students and education. this online library ' s more than 14, 000 resources are carefully screened to be child - safe, current, and useful. sites are organized for students, parents, teachers, and librarians. to search the library, click on a topic ( or customize your own search ) and then view a list of search results categorized by source, such as periodicals, discussion groups, or lists. the national clearinghouse on bilingual education maintains this site dedicated to school issues and research regarding linguistically and culturally diverse learners. in addition to providing strategies for parenting a bilingual child and fostering bilingual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48925642401071284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a9ecf45-615f-444d-b19b-ae39af8c16e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.908723"}
{"text": "source, such as periodicals, discussion groups, or lists. the national clearinghouse on bilingual education maintains this site dedicated to school issues and research regarding linguistically and culturally diverse learners. in addition to providing strategies for parenting a bilingual child and fostering bilingualism, this site provides information about incorporating technology into bilingual education. this is an invaluable site for internet research. not only does it contain the entire encyclopaedia britannica, but it also contains listings of thousands of web sites, rated by britannica editors, and magazines, books, and the merriam - webster collegiate dictionary. search by topics from arts, science, travel, and technology. also, link to today ' s news postings from the washington post. u. s. department of education this home page for the u. s. department of education contains a wide array of information, from programs and services, to publications and products, to obtaining student financial assistance. included are links to articles in the education headlines and a list of the most requested items. colleges and universities at this site, you and your college - bound student can begin to narrow the field of choices for college or university. schools are ranked in a variety of orders, including academically by subject, best value, and location. community colleges are included as well as tips on identifying interests and skills, obtaining financial aid, and finding internships.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5080952473886341, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a9ecf45-615f-444d-b19b-ae39af8c16e1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.909365"}
{"text": "april 03, 2013 decrease child mortality rates poverty, birth mortality, children, environment another dramatic drop brings zero closer than ever over the last 50 years, unicef and its partners have helped reduce the worldwide child mortality rate by more than half. much of that success is recent \u2014 the result of tried and true lifesaving interventions and programs perfected in more than 190 countries. five years ago, 25, 500 children died every day from preventable causes. today that number is 21, 000. that means unicef has contributed to saving 12, 000 more children ' s lives per day than was the case 20 years ago. but it also means that 7. 6 million children are not reaching their fifth birthday every year. worse - they are dying of preventable causes and treatable diseases. and the majority of those deaths are concentrated among the poorest 20 % of households in the developing world. reaching the children most in need. half of all global child deaths occur in just 5 countries : india, nigeria, democratic republic of congo, pakistan and china. unicef is redoubling efforts to serve those most in need, based on knowledge that for each $ 1 million investment in a country with high mortality rates can potentially save 60 % more deaths. with enough resources and commitment, unicef can reach all these children. at the u. s. fund for unicef we don ' t stop at 12, 000. we stop at zero.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41837901500826324, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d293969-12fc-4951-afca-2b5a849e5b7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.910853"}
{"text": "whale watching in hawaii why do whales come to hawaii? from december to early may the humpback whales call hawaii home. travelling nearly 5, 000 kilometres of ocean in less than two months time, these gentle giants migrate from the gulf of alaska to hawaii for breeding and birthing in the islands \u2019 warm and shallow waters. their annual migration delights both visitors and residents alike during the peak of their numbers between january and early april. weighing up to 40 tonnes, these whales can be graceful acrobats. seeing a humpback whale \u201c breach \u201d the ocean by propelling its 14 - metre - long body out of the sea is a spectacular event. their mysterious whale song is yet another intriguing trait of male humpback whales. these complex songs can be heard underwater from up to twenty kilometres away. called \u201c kohola \u201d by hawaiians, humpback whales are treated with great respect. some native hawaiians believe that the kohola is an aumakua, or family guardian, so they have high regard for these special visitors. because humpback calves are actually born in hawaiian waters, the whales are considered kamaaina, or native - born. whale - watching tours let you see hawaii \u2019 s humpbacks for yourself. regulations forbid boats from approaching within 100 metres of a whale, but you \u2019 ll still get close enough to marvel at these magnificent creatures. you can whale watch from every island, but the calm, clear waters of the auau channel between maui, molokai, and lanai may be one of the best places in the world to see hawaii \u2019 s humpbacks. if you don \u2019 t go on a boat tour, you can often see whales from the shore. remember to keep your eyes open during the height of whale watching season. the humpback is still on the endangered species list, but efforts to protect these gentle giants have increased their overall population. in fact, hawaii \u2019 s humpback whale population may have doubled over the last ten years. roughly 6, 000 to 8, 000 humpback whales visit hawaii each year and current studies may increase those estimates. because of this, there may never be a better time to go whale watching in hawaii. to learn more about whale watching on each island, browse the links below : > kauai whale watching > oahu whale watching > molokai whale watching > lanai whale watching > maui whale watching > hawaii \u2019 s big island whale watching > whale watching with flip nicklin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4169188413578563, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93031214-d957-4676-845a-d14b0f0df598>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.913326"}
{"text": "what the mouse can teach us ( and what it can ' t ) the humble laboratory mouse has taught us a phenomenal amount about embryonic development, disease, and evolution. and, for decades, the pharmaceutical industry has relied on these critters to test the safety and efficacy of new drug candidates. if it works in mice, so we thought, it should work in humans. but when it comes to molecules designed to target a sepsis - like condition, 150 drugs that successfully treated this condition in mice later failed in human clinical trials \u2014 a heartbreaking loss of decades of research and billions of dollars. a new nih - funded study reveals why. sepsis is a life - threatening systemic infection. it can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. serious consequences occur when tissues damaged by infection produce proteins sometimes called \u201c alarmins \u201d that send the immune system into overdrive. traumatic injuries involving extreme blood loss or burns can set off the same dangerous response. to probe the molecular response to all of these triggers, the authors took periodic blood samples from 167 trauma ( car crashes, falls ) patients ; from 244 patients with burns over at least 20 % of their body ; and from four healthy volunteers who had been injected with a low - dose bacterial toxin. then they studied the activity of the genes in the white blood cells. comparing the results, they found that of the 5, 500 or so genes that responded to traumatic injury, 91 % also played a role in burn response and recovery. and about 45 % of these same genes were involved in recovery from the bacterial toxin exposure. mice, however, apparently use distinct sets of genes to tackle trauma, burns, and bacterial toxins \u2014 when the authors compared the activity of the human sepsis - trauma - burn genes with that of the equivalent mouse genes, there was very little overlap. no wonder drugs designed for the mice failed in humans : they were, in fact, treating different conditions! but that doesn \u2019 t mean studying mice is useless. there \u2019 s still much the mouse might teach us. mice, as the authors note, are more resilient to infection and mount a much more regulated immune response to pathogens than humans. while it takes relatively few bacteria in the bloodstream to make humans critically ill, it takes a million - fold more bacteria to sicken a mouse. perhaps this is because mice nose around in some filthy places and can \u2019 t afford to overreact to every microbe? if we knew how these rodents limit the drama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.488577065627274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:511a2a6f-3a3e-4184-a39f-d9afe1dcd0b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.916373"}
{"text": "\u201c i give you the mausoleum of all hope and desire.... i give it to you not that you may remember time, but that you might forget it now and then for a moment and not spend all of your breath trying to conquer it. because no battle is ever won he said. they are not even fought. the field only reveals to man his own folly and despair, and victory is an illusion of philosophers and fools. \u201d \u2014 from the sound and the fury the sound and the fury is the tragedy of the compson family, featuring some of the most memorable characters in literature : beautiful, rebellious caddy ; the manchild benjy ; haunted, neurotic quentin ; jason, the brutal cynic ; and dilsey, their black servant. their lives fragmented and harrowed by history and legacy, the character \u2019 s voices and actions mesh to create what is arguably faulkner \u2019 s masterpiece and one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century. about the author william cuthbert faulkner was born in 1897 and raised in oxford, mississippi, where he spent most of his life. one of the towering figures of american literature, he is the author of the sound and the fury, absalom, absalom!, and as i lay dying, among many other remarkable books. faulkner was awarded the nobel prize in 1950 and france \u2019 s legion of honor in 1951. he died in 1962. praise for the sound and the fury \u2026 \u201c i am in awe of faulkner \u2019 s benjy, james \u2019 s maisie, flaubert \u2019 s emma, melville \u2019 s pip, mary shelley \u2019 s frankenstein \u2014 each of us can extend the list.... i am interested in what prompts and makes possible this process of entering what one is estranged from. \u201d \u2014 toni morrison \u201c no man ever put more of his heart and soul into the written word than did william faulkner. if you want to know all you can about that heart and soul, the fiction where he put it is still right there. \u201d \u2014 eudora welty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39980960201175236, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5ca8fd8-e09c-4425-b632-58c6b1182d63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.918515"}
{"text": "iran is certainly not scoring a lot of \u2018 greenie \u2019 points this month. first it hits international headlines for its brutal treatment of environmental activists campaigning to save an endangered salt lake and now they have been highlighted as having the world \u2019 s most polluted cities. and that \u2019 s if we ignore the whole nuclear power issue and the debacle over the recently freed us hikers accused of being spies. the who global survey on fine particle pollutants is the first of its kind and found that cities in iran were amongst the worst on the planet for air pollution. high air pollution & traffic fatalities news of iran \u2019 s poor air quality in cities won \u2019 t come as a big surprise to the residents living in the smoggy and noisy cities who have been complaining about these issues for years. poor public transport and a traffic fatalities rate five times the world average paints a pretty clear picture of the reason behind the pollution \u2013 cars. the who report found that the iranian city of ahvaz had the highest measured level of airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometres. the recommended upper limit for these particles set by the who is 20 micrograms per cubic metre - in ahvas the annual average was a substantial 372 micrograms per cubic metre which is 19 times over the limit. another iranian city, sanandaj had 254 micrograms per cubic metre. 1. 34 million premature deaths per year the who report is based on data provided by the country over the years and measured the level of airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometres in almost 1, 100 cities. india, pakistan and mongolia were also amongst the worst for pollution in cities whilst canadian and american cities had some of the best scores. for example, washington has a score of just 18 micrograms per cubic metre of airborne particles smaller than 10 micrometres. the who estimated that around 1. 34 million premature deaths occur every year due to outdoor air pollution. it added that proper investment to reduce air pollution would quickly pay off as it would lower disease rates and therefore healthcare costs. in tehran alone, it is believed that 27 people a day die from air pollution. who pointed to rapid industrailsation, use of poor quality fuels for transport and electricity generation as the reasons behind high air pollution. : image via iman khalil / flickr. for more on iran and pollution see :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45079344418538353, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6331c6f2-2785-4a14-b5bf-b2a3857b50b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.921157"}
{"text": "livery companies are an important part of the tradition of the city of london and our company can trace it roots back over hundreds of years. in 1654, the parliament which was the first of cromwell \u2019 s protectorate passed one of its first acts which provided legislation setting up the fellowship of master hackney coachmen. this was under the authority of the court of aldermen, on similar lines to other trades in the city of london such as the watermen and billingsgate porters. though the act was only to remain in force for three years, it was the forerunner of every future act of parliament concerning hackney carriages, including coaches, horse drawn cabs and taxis until the present day. the court of aldermen \u2019 s writ was within the \u2018 late lines of communication \u2019. this was a reference to a chain of defences erected around london during the civil war in 1642, from vauxhall to where the elephant & castle is today and from there via aldgate to oxford street, marble arch site and back to the river on the north bank of the thames. at that time, the number of coachmen were restricted to two hundred and the act named the first thirteen overseers, who were entrusted the task of choosing the remainder. control entrusted to the court of alderman each man admitted to the fellowship was required to pay \u00a32 toward the costs of running the fellowship. the court of aldermen in the city of london to whom the overall control was entrusted, were empowered to make additional byelaws concerning the number of coaches, where they were to stand and what the rate of fares were to be and the penalties for any disobedience according to cromwell \u2019 s ordinance. provision was made for coachmen who refused to be hired, or pretended to be hired when they were not, who misbehaved by \u201c uncivil carriage or used reproachful words. \u201d the overseers had authority to try a coachman for the first two offences but for a third offence he had to appear before the court of aldermen who were empowered to withdraw a man \u2019 s licence if he was found guilty of a serious offence. so the fellowship continued - but not without its problems. the overseers were accused of allowing cavaliers to obtain licences to the detriment of men who had served in cromwell \u2019 s \u2018 model army \u2019 during the civil war. letters patent confirming the status as a livery company", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.394555680998531, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:711271a1-5247-432e-ad3e-986ab516726c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.923622"}
{"text": "aids window period there is usually a period of several weeks in which newly infected people have not yet produced enough hiv antibodies to be detected. the cdc said there have been 35 aids cases since 1985 linked to blood from people in this \" window period. \" like the first generation of aids blood tests, current tests detect antibodies to the aids viruses. unfortunately, for a brief time after infection, people make too few antibodies for these tests to detect. as a result, their blood passes all the screening tests, even though it can transmit hiv. the \" window period \" for hiv - 1 lasts about 22 days the fda recommended in august 1995 that blood banks begin using the new p24 antigen test for hiv - 1 when it became available. this test might cut 6 to 12 days from the window period = 97at an added cost of perhaps $ 60 million each year. future tests may be based on the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ), which can detect hiv directly by detecting its genetic material. pcr is sensitive enough to detect hiv in blood several days earlier than the p24 antigen test. pcr was invented in the mid - 1980s, and it gave scientists a way to quickly and simply make millions of copies of genes for their experiments. molecular biologists could probe the gene defects underlying cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and many other diseases. virologists could study the myriad variants of hiv - 1 to determine how the virus changes over time. pharmacologists could measure the effects of potential drugs on viruses. archaeologists could track ancient human migrations. once refined by experimental scientists, pcr was eagerly adapted by clinicians. its sensitivity made it seem a natural for testing donated blood for diseases. so far, pcr has proved difficult to automate, a necessity for processing the 14 million units of blood donated each year. also, pcr is expensive and, as viewers of the o. j. simpson trial learned, demands pristine handling conditions and meticulous technique. more research is needed before blood banks can take advantage of pcrs power. but protecting the blood supply from hiv - 1 is not enough. scientists continue to discover other diseases that can be transmitted in blood. also, mistakes can occur. blood can be mislabeled. blood bank volunteers can neglect to ask prospective donors all the required questions. lab workers can be sloppy in testing blood, or a test kit can be defective. thousands of errors and accidents are reported to fda each year. and even if cheap, reliable, error - proof", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4792237153780557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bce62e1d-5cdf-4e70-81e3-d37bb28e44c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.933259"}
{"text": "can neglect to ask prospective donors all the required questions. lab workers can be sloppy in testing blood, or a test kit can be defective. thousands of errors and accidents are reported to fda each year. and even if cheap, reliable, error - proof screening tests were available for every transmittable disease, transfusion would still not be 100 % safe. no medical procedure is. transfusions cause some kind of problem in about 10 % of recipients. these problems range from fever and hives to iron overload and congestive heart failure. abbott park, ill., april 24, 1996 - - abbott laboratories ( nyse : abt ) today announced the united states food and drug administration ( fda ) has cleared for marketing the companys new test for the virus that causes aids. the test is intended for the detection of the hiv - 1 p24 antigen of the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ). the test, to be sold under the name abbott hivag - 1 monoclonal, is an enzyme immunoassay ( eia ), and is the second fda - licensed hiv antigen detection kit intended for use in blood banks and plasma centers nationwide according to new fda blood screening recommendations. abbott hivag - 1 monoclonal is also cleared for prognostic use in hiv - infected patients. \" the test reduces the window period between hiv infection and detection the first 25 to 45 days, when the virus can elude efforts to screen it out, \" said ronald gilcher, m. d., president and ceo, sylvan n. goldman center, oklahoma blood institute, where the test has been researched since 1991. \" the new test also cuts testing time to four hours from 24 from abbotts earlier version antigen test. \" hiv antibody testing has been used by all u. s. blood institutions to screen donated blood and plasma for hiv infection. this new test will allow u. s. blood screening centers to have an alternate source for the p24 antigen test. ( hiv antibody tests will continue to be used in parallel to identify hiv positive blood. ) while antibody testing can measure the bodys immune response to the presence of a virus, antigen testing detects the virus itself. patients infected with hiv may have positive antigen results very early in the infectionbefore a substantial antibody response has formed. as a result, people recently infected with hiv may be identified by the antigen test while the antibody test remains negative or indeterminate until a later i hope this information is of some assistance. david a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4518636492785236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bce62e1d-5cdf-4e70-81e3-d37bb28e44c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.934879"}
{"text": "##before a substantial antibody response has formed. as a result, people recently infected with hiv may be identified by the antigen test while the antibody test remains negative or indeterminate until a later i hope this information is of some assistance. david a. reznik, d. d. s. some notes and a link the \" window period \" is the time it takes for a person who has been infected with hiv to react to the virus by creating \" antibodies generally appear within three months after infection with hiv, but may take up to six months in some the three month window period is normal for most of the population. many people will have detectable antibodies in three or four weeks. very, very rarely, a person could take six months to produce antibodies. click here for more on hiv testing one reader asked : on 8 th may 2007, i had a sex with a prostitute and condom breaks a little and it contacts for 3 - 5 seconds. i feel many symtoms after 3 weeks ( fatigue and tiredness, no fever ) after 6 weeks no fatigue but headache and sore throat. ( no fever till now ) after 4 weeks i got my rapid test negative after 6 weeks i find that girl and request her to test and got her test negative. after 52 - 53 days i went to labortory and got my western blot test ( he takes three days to deliver the result ) the result of western blot test is as follows gp 41 negative gp 120 negative gp 160 negative hiv - 2 specific antibody - - negative serium control band reactive after this, doctor told me you need not to worry bcoz this test is effective within 2 weeks after exposure. is it true i am still tense, please answer me is this test after 53 ( ~ 8 weeks ) is reliable to me )????? please answer, i m very tense, one of my relative is asking me to donate blood for his father, should i donate. please tell me??? the chance of hiv transmission by way of single sexual contact is about 25 %, going by chance factor ; ie. one in 4 will get the infection. obviously chance increase with multiple exposures. rupture of protective condom can prone one to high risk. local factors in the genital tract are also important. other local infections, ulcers, mucosal trauma etc contribute of higher chance. prophylaxis with medicines can prevent transmission if taken as early as possible after exposure, preferably within a day of contact. medicines are not of known benefit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511789440573706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bce62e1d-5cdf-4e70-81e3-d37bb28e44c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.935967"}
{"text": "other local infections, ulcers, mucosal trauma etc contribute of higher chance. prophylaxis with medicines can prevent transmission if taken as early as possible after exposure, preferably within a day of contact. medicines are not of known benefit after 1 month. pcr test can confirm the disease early after contact ( 95 % detection after 6 weeks ). elisa and western blot can be falsely negative upto 3 - 4 months. similarly, a negative test in the sex worker may not mean 100 % negative result, if the lady is in window period. if you are negative even after 6 months, means you should have not acquired the infection. in such a fortunate situation, it is wise to avoid sexual mis - adventures in future! your wb test is negative at this point ( nearly 50 days ; less than 2 months ). it is most likely that you are un - infected. however, as a possibility of still 5 - 10 % chance, it is worthwhile to not donate blood for 6 months post exposure. a negative wb or elisa at 3 months will however make you 99 % negative and at 6 month, 100 % negative. if there is an emergency to donate, a negative dna pcr test at this point can be done which can suggest that you are 99 % negative. read more on hiv testing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4512109096092687, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bce62e1d-5cdf-4e70-81e3-d37bb28e44c1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.936522"}
{"text": "as defined in the heritage act, 1995, archaeology is an area that looks at the human past by examining evidence from the historic environment, artefacts, monuments, buildings, landscapes and seascapes : ' [ archaeology is ] the study of past human societies, either as a whole or of various aspects of them, through the material remains left by those societies and the evidence of their environment, and includes the study of, searching and prospecting for archaeological objects, monuments, buildings, or parts of any buildings, habitually used for ecclesiastical purposes, landscapes, seascapes, wrecks, and climatological, ecological or pedological factors which may be relevant to the understanding of past human societies or the distribution or nature of any of the foregoing \u2026 ' the heritage council is a major source of funding for archaeological research projects in ireland and seeks to promote best practice in all matters archaeological, in keeping with the terms of national legislation and international best - practice. what is archaeology? humans have occupied ireland for the past 10, 000 years, leaving us with a rich legacy of archaeological monuments and landscapes. these landscapes are important, as they are often the only record left by past generations of their achievements and daily lives, much of which was lived at a time without written records. archaeology studies the human past through the monuments and physical traces in our landscape, the artefacts left behind by past generations, and traces from the environmental record. today \u2019 s archaeologists work closely with experts in other disciplines \u2014 environmental scientists, surveyors, planners and historians, as well as physicists involved in radiocarbon dating. archaeology in ireland is a subject of great public interest, especially for local communities. it is also an academic subject taught and debated in our universities. in recent years, economic growth in ireland has seen a dramatic increase in archaeological investigations. these have resulted in many exciting discoveries about how people in ancient ireland lived their lives. get involved in archaeology! archaeology is not just for experts. since ireland has roughly 130, 000 known archaeological monuments, it is vitally important that local communities are involved in protecting and understanding our archaeological heritage. although archaeologists have a good knowledge about ireland \u2019 s archaeological monuments, it is likely that there are significant numbers of unknown archaeological sites on our landscape. and some of these may only be discovered by local communities appreciative of their value and role. you could help to trace the historical development of our landscapes using historical sources, folklore, early maps and photographs. using the discovery series 1 : 50, 000 maps, you can locate known archaeological sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47279774089632576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53ba10c8-a55a-46f1-bb8b-e1d43ad44e38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.940389"}
{"text": "communities appreciative of their value and role. you could help to trace the historical development of our landscapes using historical sources, folklore, early maps and photographs. using the discovery series 1 : 50, 000 maps, you can locate known archaeological sites to visit ( sites on private land should only be visited with the permission of the landowner ). the best way to get involved is to join a local archaeological and historical society and seek to learn more about your own region \u2019 s archaeological heritage. you could also enroll in local adult education classes in archaeology which are provided by universities, institutes of technology and other centres - you might even become a professional archaeologist yourself! the heritage council seeks to promote best practice in all matters archaeological in keeping with the terms of : the national monuments acts, 1930 - 2004 ; the european convention on archaeological heritage ( valetta ) ; the european landscape convention ( florence ) ; and through dialogue with various professional bodies such as the institute of archaeologists of ireland, the european association of archaeologists and icomos. heritage council publications encouraging best practice have covered areas such as urban archaeology ; the treatment of human remains ; aerial archaeology ; the care of historic graveyards ; as well as the use of conservation plans for medieval urban defences and medieval rural settlements. the national monuments service of the department of arts, heritage and the gaeltacht has day - to - day responsibility for the management and regulation of our archaeological heritage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40168332715691885, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53ba10c8-a55a-46f1-bb8b-e1d43ad44e38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.941092"}
{"text": "more to explore page 3 of 6 chichen itza is an ancient mayan city located on the yucatan peninsula. at its peak, around 600 a. d., it was the center of power in the region. many of the original stone palaces, temples and markets remain throughout the city. teotihuacan, an ancient city possibly built by the toltecs, is located in the state of mexico. the city rose to power in 150 a. d. and was a strong influence on mayan culture. it is also the location of the world \u2019 s third largest pyramid, the piramide del sol ( pyramid of the sun ). paquime, located in the state of chihuahua, was a cultural center in north mexico for over 300 years. at the height of its power in the 13th century, the city \u2019 s population is thought to have reached 10, 000, with most of the citizens living in five or six story buildings similar to modern apartments. paquime featured a ceremonial area, temple structures, a ball court, pyramids and effigy mounds, including one that resembled a cross with perfect astronomical orientation. turkeys and parrots were kept in special cages, possibly to supply feathers used for ceremonial and personal adornment. cuarenta casas ( forty houses ) are cliff dwellings located in the state of chihuahua and discovered by the spaniards around the 16th century. despite the name, only about a dozen adobe apartments are carved into the west cliff - side of a dramatic canyon at la cueva de las ventanas ( cave of the windows ). cuarenta casas is believed to have been an outlying settlement of paquime in the 13th century. mexico city is home to the three - story palacio nacional ( national palace ), built in 1563 on the site of the aztec leader moctezuma \u2019 s palace. originally, the palace housed all three branches of the government. today, however, only the executive branch resides there. palacio nacional was destroyed by fire twice, once in 1659 and again in 1692. it was reconstructed in 1693 and remains largely unchanged today. in the early to mid - 1900s, diego rivera painted a collection of huge murals on the walls of the palace that illustrate the colorful history of mexico. the palace is also home to mexico \u2019 s liberty bell. located at the north side of mexico city ' s town square, catedral metropolitana is the largest and oldest cathedral in all of latin america. construction on the building, which blends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4321802538145958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c7fbec6-9304-4347-91f5-9109064a6738>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.945043"}
{"text": "the palace is also home to mexico \u2019 s liberty bell. located at the north side of mexico city ' s town square, catedral metropolitana is the largest and oldest cathedral in all of latin america. construction on the building, which blends baroque and neoclassical styles, began in 1573 and took three centuries to complete. the cathedral features 14 chapels, five altars and numerous statues, paintings and altarpieces of christ and the saints. the sea of cortes the sea of cortes, also known as the gulf of california, is situated between mainland mexico and the baja peninsula. located on isla partida, one of numerous sea islands, is ensenada grande beach, which many consider to be the most beautiful beach in mexico. the sea of cortes contains many unique species of marine life, including the mantra - like flying mobulas, which can leap from the water and glide through the air, and the vaquita marina, the most endangered porpoise in the world. popocatepetl and iztaccihuatl located on the eastern rim of the valle de mexico, popocatepetl and iztaccihuatl are mexico \u2019 s second - and third - highest volcanic mountains. craterless iztaccihuatl is dormant and a popular site for mountain climbing ; however, popocatepetl, whose aztec name means smoking mountain, has erupted more than 20 times since the arrival of the spanish. it continues to spout plumes of gas and ash and is carefully monitored by scientists. mexico city, the second - largest metropolitan area in the world after tokyo, is home to numerous attractions, including the palacio nacional and the catedral metropolitana. with its golden beaches, tropical jungles and renowned daredevil cliff - divers, acapulco remains the best - known and most popular resort town in mexico. the baja peninsula the baja peninsula along mexico \u2019 s west coast, is famous for its long coastline of fine white beaches, peaceful bays and imposing cliffs. guadalajara, jalisco, is rich in mexican culture. the area has become famous for its locally manufactured tequila, mariachi music, sombreros, charreadas ( rodeos ) and the mexican hat dance. fact check we strive for accuracy and fairness. but if you see something that doesn ' t look right, contact us! own the official larry bobblehead and git - r - done! keep up with the latest history shows, online features, special offers and more. sign up more outside", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3814069943959233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c7fbec6-9304-4347-91f5-9109064a6738>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.946034"}
{"text": "ship : 440 tons ; complement 220 ; armament 20 9 - pounder smooth bore cannon and 10 6 - pounder smooth bore cannon. source of name : as a child, alfred - - the youngest son of aethelwulf, king of the west saxons - - exhibited a love of learning and made two trips to rome. during these travels, he noticed the contrast between civilized conditions on the european continent and the primitive state of his native wessex. as a result, he devoted his life to raising the level of culture in his homeland. after succeeding his brother, aethelred, to the throne in 871, alfred demonstrated great skill as an administrator and political leader. he brought men of learning to wessex and encouraged the translation of outstanding books from latin into anglo - saxon, besides devoting much of his time to translation. despite intellectual interests and a peaceful disposition, alfred was a great military leader and succeeded in stemming the danish conquest of england. he realized that a navy was necessary to defend his realm and, becasue of the dearth of anglo - saxon sailors, brought frisian mariners to england from across the north sea to man ships which he had constructed to guard england ' s coasts. this accomplishment won him the title, \" father of the royal navy, \" and the overall success of his almost three decades of rule has caused history to remember him as \" alfred the great. \" alfred - a ship - rigged vessel originally named black prince - was built at philadelphia in 1774. no record of her builder seems to have survived, but it is possible that john wharton may have constructed the ship. john barry served as the ship ' s only master during her career as a philadelphia merchantman. launched in the autumn of 1774 as relations between the american colonies and the mother country grew increasingly tense, black prince was fitted out quickly so that she could load and sail for bristol on the last day of 1774. the ship did not return to philadelphia until 25 april 1775, six days after the battles of lexington and concord. fearing that american commerce would soon be interrupted, her owners were eager to export another cargo to england, so they again raced to load and provision her. black prince sailed on 7 may, this time bound for london. she did not reach that destination until 27 june. the ship left the thames on 10 august but encountered contrary winds during much of her westward voyage and finally returned to philadelphia on 4 october. while the ship had been abroad, much had happened to deepen the american conflict with england. the battle of bunker hill had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4030457858719103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8731bc0-b7ea-415e-84fe-ab7d8fb9fbbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.954480"}
{"text": "the thames on 10 august but encountered contrary winds during much of her westward voyage and finally returned to philadelphia on 4 october. while the ship had been abroad, much had happened to deepen the american conflict with england. the battle of bunker hill had been fought, the other colonies acting in congress had pledged to support massachusetts in its struggle for freedom, and george washington had taken command of the american army besieging british - occupied boston. moreover, private correspondence which black prince had brought from england to members of the continental congress reported that the british government was sending to america two unarmed brigs heavily laden with gunpowder and arms. this inteligence prompted congress on 13 october to authorize the fitting out of two american warships, of 10 guns each, to attempt to capture these ships and divert their invaluable cargoes to the ill - equipped soldiers of washington ' s army. congress decided, on 30 october, to add two more ships to the navy, one of 20 guns and the other slightly larger but not to exceed 36 guns. alfred undoubtedly was the latter ship. as a result, the naval committee purchased black prince on 4 november 1775, renamed her alfred four days later, and ordered her fitted out as a man - of - war. her former master, john barry, was placed in charge of her rerigging ; joshua humphreys was selected to superintend changes strengthening her hull, timbers, and bulwarks as well as opening gunports ; and nathaniel falconer was made responsible for her ordnance and provisions. soon four other vessels joined alfred in the continental navy : columbus, cabot, andrew doria, and sloop providence. esek hopkins, a veteran master of merchantmen from rhode island, was appointed commodore of the flotilla. alfred was placed in commission on 3 december 1775, capt. dudley saltonstall in command, and became hopkins ' flagship. the new fleet dropped down the delaware river on 4 january 1776 ; but a cold snap froze the river and the bay, checking its progress at reedy island for some six weeks. a thaw released hopkins ' warships from winter ' s icy rasp in mid - february, and the fleet sortied on 18 february for its first operation. the marine committee had ordered hopkins to sail for hampton roads to attack british warships which were harassing american shipping in virginia waters ; then to render similar service at charleston, s. c. ; and, finally, to head for rhode island waters. he was given the discretion of disregarding these orders if they proved impossible and planning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43796514345196813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8731bc0-b7ea-415e-84fe-ab7d8fb9fbbf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.955449"}
{"text": "which were harassing american shipping in virginia waters ; then to render similar service at charleston, s. c. ; and, finally, to head for rhode island waters. he was given the discretion of disregarding these orders if they proved impossible and planning an operation of his own. however, by the time his ships broke free of the ice, growing british strength in the chesapeake prompted hopkins to head for the west indies. knowing that the american colonies desperately needed gunpowder, he decided to attack the island of new providence in the bahamas to capture a large supply of that commodity as well as a great quantity of other military supplies reportedly stored there. a fortnight after leaving the delaware capes, on the morning of 3 march hopkins arrived off nassau and captured fort montague in a bloodless battle in which continental marines under capt. samuel nicholas joined hopkins ' sailors in america ' s first amphibious operation. that evening, hopkins issued a proclamation which promised not to harm \"... the persons or property of the inhabitants of new providence... \" if they did not resist. the following morning, governor montfort browne surrendered fort nassau but only after he had spirited away most of the island ' s gunpowder from new providence to st. augustine, fla. after hopkins stripped the forts of their guns and all remaining ordnance, alfred led the american fleet homeward from nassau harbor on st. patrick ' s day, 17 march, the same day that british troops were evacuating boston. on 4 april, during the homeward voyage, hopkins ' ships captured the six - gun british schooner hawk and the eight - gun bomb brig bolton. shortly after midnight on 6 april, hopkins encountered the 20 - gun hms glasgow. that british frigate - - which was carrying dispatches telling of the british withdrawal - - put up a fierce and skillful fight which enabled her to escape from her substantially more powerful american opponents. at the outset of the fray, fire from her cannon cut alfred ' s tiller ropes, leaving hopkins ' flagship unable to maneuver or to pursue effectively. the american ships did attempt to chase their fleeing enemy, but after dawn glasgow disappeared over the horizon and safely reached newport, r. i. when alfred and her consorts put into new london, conn., on 8 april, the americans were at first welcomed as heroes. however, many of the officers of the american squadron voiced dissatisfaction with hopkins, and he was later relieved of command. alfred was inactive through the summer for a number of reasons, but high on the list of her problems were want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42504094814310167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8731bc0-b7ea-415e-84fe-ab7d8fb9fbbf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.956482"}
{"text": "first welcomed as heroes. however, many of the officers of the american squadron voiced dissatisfaction with hopkins, and he was later relieved of command. alfred was inactive through the summer for a number of reasons, but high on the list of her problems were want of funds and a shortage of men. on 7 august, capt. john paul jones, who had helped to fit her out as a warship and had been her first lieutenant on the cruise to new providence, was placed in command of the ship. she departed providence, r. i., on 26 october 1776 in company with hampden, but that vessel struck a \" sunken rock \" before they could leave narragansett bay and returned to newport. her officers and men then shifted to sloop providence accompanying alfred to waters off cape breton island which they reached by mid - november. there they took three prizes : on the 11th, the brigantine active, bound from liverpool to halifax with an assorted cargo, the next day, the armed transport mellish, laden with winter uniforms for british troops at quebec ; and, on the 16th, the snow kitty, bound from gaspe to barbados with oil and fish. because of severe leaks, providence sailed for home soon thereafter and alfred continued her cruise alone. on 22 november boats from the ship raided canso, nova scotia, where their crews burned a transport bound for canada with provisions and a warehouse full of whale oil, besides capturing a small schooner to replace providence. two days later, alfred captured three colliers off louisburg, bound from nova scotia to new york with coal for the british army and, on 26 november captured the 10 - gun letter - of - marque john of liverpool. on the homeward voyage, alfred was pursued by hms milford but managed to escape after a four - hour chase. she arrived safely at boston on 15 december and began a major refit. captain elisha hinman became alfred ' s commanding officer in may 1777, but she did not get underway until 22 august when she sailed for france with raleigh to obtain military supplies. en route, they captured four small prizes. they reached l ' orient on 6 october, and on 29 december sailed for america. they proceeded via the coast of africa, where they took a small sloop, and then headed for the west indies, hoping to add to their score before turning northward for home. on 9 march 1778, near barbados, they encountered british warships ariadne and ceres. when the american ships attempted to flee, alfred fell behind her faster consort. shortly after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38973557926314156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8731bc0-b7ea-415e-84fe-ab7d8fb9fbbf>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.957490"}
{"text": "browse the teacher gazette archives at our new teacher community website. membership is free. join today! teaching resources for your classroom colonial williamsburg offers a variety of quality materials to assist you in teaching american history, including : this set includes refreshing lavender water ( pour some in your bath or add a bit to your steam iron ), bath water ( a relaxing blend of flowers and herbs to pour into running water ), powder of violets ( talc scented with dried flowers, herbs and spices ; based on an 18th - century recipe ), sweet honey lip balm ( soothing, moisturizing combination of almond oil and beeswax ), and our three williamsburg soaps in light, lovely scents make washing up an everyday treat. to order, visit the williamsburg marketplace. primary sources cd - rom grades 1 - 3 and 4 - 6 these fascinating cd - roms will introduce your students to the artifacts, written documents, prints, buildings, and other sources that historians use to uncover the past. the grades 1 - 3 cd - rom provides an interactive experience with primary sources. the grades 4 - 6 cd - rom encourages students to analyze and evaluate evidence. in no time, you ' ll have your students \" thinking like a historian! \" teacher lesson plans and classroom activities included. grades 13, $ 39. 95. grades 4 \u2013 6, $ 39. 95. to order, call 1 - 800 - 761 - 8331 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4580586480232858, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d49fe9a2-490e-45be-9db2-52d288610925>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.958992"}
{"text": "philosopherby rit nosotro first published : : 2003 the enlightenment period had several great thinkers and philosophers, one of them being jean - jacques rousseau. rousseau was born in geneva to a watchmaker and a minister \u2019 s daughter. his mother, suzanne bernard rousseau, died only days after his birth leaving him to his father who not only failed to educate him but also abandoned him when rousseau was just ten years old. relatives of rousseau \u2019 s mother took over care of rousseau but at age sixteen he ran away from an apprenticeship to travel. during this time he became acquainted with a madame de warens with whom he lived for approximately nine years. in 1742 rousseau moved to paris to present and hopefully make a good deal of money off of a new kind of musical notation. in this attempt rousseau failed miserably. he began secretarial work and copying music after this failure. during this time, he met therese la vesseur who bore him five children, although they were not married until much later in their lives. these five children he later consigned to a foundling home, despite the fact that rousseau defended the rights of small children and spoke often of the importance of education. this hypocritical act is one thing that makes the life of rousseau so contradictory. in his book emile, rousseau writes that \u201c we are born weak, we need strength ; helpless we need aid ; foolish we need reason. all that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man ' s estate, is the gift of education. \u201d ( 1 ) in spite of this belief that each person is in need of strength, aid, reason and so forth, he failed to even take care of his own children, much less give them the education he spoke so well of. rousseau believed that man was born innately good but that it was society that corrupted man. he argued that man was made unhappy by experiences that he had in society because society was distorted, corrupt, and false. in rousseau \u2019 s the social contract, which he wrote in 1762, rousseau explains this concept of man being naturally good but corrupted by society. the social contract is an accord which all men enter into by common agreement. in this book the idea is presented that the state would give protection to the members of this contract and in return the state gets the pleasure and opportunity to govern the members. freedom is easily preserved in this sort of contract because when entering the contract all the members give up as well as gain the same rights as each other. rousseau writes that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5266110538039477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c15fad-5234-4345-9435-c86ef6429931>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.964836"}
{"text": "this contract and in return the state gets the pleasure and opportunity to govern the members. freedom is easily preserved in this sort of contract because when entering the contract all the members give up as well as gain the same rights as each other. rousseau writes that : \u201c since each gives himself up entirely, the condition is equal for all. \u201d ( 2 ) in the social contract rousseau also states that for society to run well there is need for a legislator. this legislator writes the constitution of the state but he himself does not enforce it. the people enforce it themselves because they are able to see the good in it even they may not be able to recognize that good without there being a constitution of the state. one of jean - jacques rousseau \u2019 s greatest works is his confessions. his confessions was written nine years after the social contract and is rousseau \u2019 s autobiography. in this account of his life, rousseau is quick to celebrate man \u2019 s sinfulness and he considers his own sinfulness to be what makes him human. he does not hesitate to give explicit accounts of his sinful acts and in fact speaks highly of them. the confessions ends with a declaration to his readers that dares them to judge him and his morals, habits and pleasures. \u201c anyone \u2026 who examines with his own eyes my nature \u2026 and can think me a dishonorable man, is himself a man who ought to be choked, \u201d ( 3 ) writes rousseau. through this is seen a perverse attitude, hailing sin as something to be thought highly of and not something to be sorry for. all of these sins and wrongdoings rousseau seems to see as something essential in his life and he celebrates them in his confessions. jean - jacques rousseau died in 1778 when he was sixty six years old. he spent his life pursuing literary achievements, fame and fortune. rousseau lived a life filled with paranoia and fear of secret enemies. he had several brushes with the government. his book emile was banned in both switzerland and france for being sacrilegious and rousseau was exiled. living a life without god and without good morals, rousseau often became afraid of resentment, afraid of persecution and often concerned that his friends were plotting against him. this attitude cost rousseau many friendships and resulted in a nervous and suspicious mistrust of most people. when he died, rousseau was clearly insane and it is not surprising, considering the way he chose to live his life. rousseau believed man to be innately good and only sinful because of the corruption of society but he failed to realize that it is man \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4891049161423148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c15fad-5234-4345-9435-c86ef6429931>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.965893"}
{"text": "movement 1 : allegro, ma non troppo movement 2 : andantino movement 3 : allegro vivo then, in 1905, he was actually made director of the conservatoire and his subversive nature came out into the open. suddenly, gone were the comfortable perks and practices hallowed by tradition and in came a rational programme of reform which instituted, among other things, the rendering of operatic items in the form in which composers had written them, and not \u2018 as always sung at the opera \u2019. faure, now nicknamed \u2018 robespierre \u2019, made powerful and articulate enemies. how else can we explain the fact that when he died in 1924, the right to a state funeral of this ex - director of the conservatoire, member of the institut, president of the societe nationale de musique, grand - croix de la legion d \u2019 honneur, should have been questioned by the arts minister with the words : \u2018 faure? qui ca? \u2019. to adapt a modern phrase from another context, faure was in the establishment but never of it. his immunity to fashion can be seen in the titles of his piano pieces. while the neo - debussystes were penning ( as it were ) \u2018 bells and birds through a light mist on a spring day in the cevennes \u2019, faure was content with \u2018 nocturne no 8 \u2019 or \u2018 barcarolle no 13 \u2019. worse still for his future reputation, his music failed to take account of the twentieth century \u2019 s efflorescence as the age of publicity. his piano music, for example, makes few bright splashes, but is ferociously difficult to play well. his songs likewise eschew facile narrative in favour of the deeper meaning of the text, which means that singer, pianist and audience all have to understand the nuances of the words ( and vlado perlemuter remembers, from experience, how faure refused to allow singers to \u2018 take their ease \u2019 in order to make some expressive point more emphatically ). when faure retired from the conservatoire on 1 october 1920 he naturally looked forward to having more time for composition. but he was now seventy - five and beset by deafness and by the deformation of high and low sounds \u2014 a condition that suggests a sexual origin, though it has never been thought polite to mention this in french literature about him. it has been suggested that this is a possible reason why his later works tend to occupy the middle range of the sound spectrum, further alienating them from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3993455830310174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d52764a-4b59-4581-bfee-59da6fe45069>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.973624"}
{"text": "a sexual origin, though it has never been thought polite to mention this in french literature about him. it has been suggested that this is a possible reason why his later works tend to occupy the middle range of the sound spectrum, further alienating them from a world that has come to regard le sacre du printemps as representing a textural norm. tension in late faure comes from within the material. and the listener has to do just that \u2014 listen \u2026 and not merely hear. he began his piano trio in his favourite resort of annecy - le - vieux in august 1922. initially the top line was to be taken by a clarinet ( or violin ), but the clarinet option was soon abandoned ( though it has been revived in recent years with the clarinet taking the top note wherever there is double - stopping ). as faure confessed to his wife : \u2018 the trouble is that i can \u2019 t work for long at a time. my worst tribulation is a perpetual fatigue. \u2019 this fatigue is in no way to be heard in the work itself, except insomuch as there are no more notes than necessary, according to the well - known mozartian formula. the distance between faure \u2019 s trio and ravel \u2019 s, in time a mere eight years or so, can be measured more meaningfully through their amenability or otherwise to verbal explanation. with ravel there are easily audible and describable structures like pantoums and passacaglias. with faure the meaning is almost entirely in the movement between one note and another, between one chord and another. true, the first and last movements embrace sonata and rondo form respectively, while the slow central movement is mostly a meditation on two themes. but form - following is not the best way to enjoy this music. instead, it is a continual joy and excitement to follow faure \u2019 s games, which are linguistic rather than formal. in the ecole niedermeyer in the 1850s and 1860s he had absorbed a modal way of thinking, the result of which was that a dominant seventh, for example, did not carry the same expectation for him as for a conservatoire - trained student. in fact it contained expectations, in the plural : from any given harmonic situation, faure could, by 1922, take one of at least half - a - dozen exits, any of which might in turn lead to another situation, from which etc. following faure \u2019 s thought therefore demands the patience and attentiveness of theseus following the thread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4866773395180261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d52764a-4b59-4581-bfee-59da6fe45069>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.974569"}
{"text": "1922, take one of at least half - a - dozen exits, any of which might in turn lead to another situation, from which etc. following faure \u2019 s thought therefore demands the patience and attentiveness of theseus following the thread in his search for ariadne. and at the end of the thought there are often miraculous moments of revelation when everything suddenly comes out into the sunlight, like pelleas from the grotto beneath the castle, and we find ourselves saying : \u2018 ah! je respire enfin! \u2019 as for faure \u2019 s \u2018 perpetual fatigue \u2019, in the finale of the trio he shakes it off with amazing vigour. by the closing bars, as the french faure scholar jean - michel nectoux writes, \u2018 all the thematic and rhythmic elements are now in place and proceed to indulge in a joyful celebration, a perfect balance between that \u2018 fantasy and reason \u2019 of which verlaine, and faure, speak so persuasively at the end of la bonne chanson. \u2019 to generalise grossly, one might hazard that if in debussy \u2019 s trio the \u2018 fantaisie \u2019 is stronger than the \u2018 raison \u2019 and in ravel \u2019 s the \u2018 raison \u2019 than the \u2018 fantaisie \u2019, in faure \u2019 s trio the balance of which nectoux writes is the achievement of an old man who has seen much and suffered much ; a balance, moreover, that will subtly shift at every hearing. from notes by roger nichols \u00a9 1999", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48461280311618854, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d52764a-4b59-4581-bfee-59da6fe45069>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.975111"}
{"text": "it has been stated ( p, 109 ) that the belief in an original \u201c communal \u201d form of village in peninsular india was largely due to the conservation of some forms of joint village, which ( without asking anything in detail as to their date or other features ), were at once assumed to be ancient, and to represent relics of an early universal common ownership. i therefore briefly sketch the different cases where such survivals occur. i. in bombay we find ( a ) in the gujarat districts a limited number of actually existing joint villages \u2013 in strong contrast with the \u201c severalty \u201d villages all round. in the dakhan districts there are only traces of a ( more ancient ) mirasi tenure prevailing from former times down to the days of the marathas. ii. in madras, especially in the chingleput district and the immediate vicinity, we have ( fast disappearing ) traces of a privileged co - sharing tenure of villages, also called by the moslems mirasi, and by the indigenous people kaniatsi. i. ( a ) in some of the gujarat districts a limited number of villages ( narwadari and bhagdari ) are known to be comparatively modern, though a precise date is not assignable. in both cases they represent the growth of certain dominant families over the village. in the broach district these are bohra128 families, often descended from one ancestor. in the kaira district villages the families are of the kunbi caste, and here apparently ( in some cases ) several families had originally joined together for the purpose of restoring cultivation or taking the revenue responsibility. in time, the families multiplying in numbers, divided their interests and responsibilities in suitable shares. but ( as usual ) they kept together as jointly liable bodies, without which they would have soon lost their privileged position. as it was, these dominant bodies came to constitute the corn ; munity \u2013 the joint proprietors of the whole village. the bohras adopted the plan of dividing into fractional shares, according to the \u201c ancestral \u201d system, following the table of descent \u2013 each share of the holding corresponds to a similar fraction of the revenue liability129. the kunbis ( being probably associate groups of different families ) contracted for a lump sum of revenue on the whole village, and proceeded to divide it and the cultivation \u2013 not by ( ancestral ) fractional shares \u2013 but by arranging groups of cultivation ( including portions of each kind of soil ), and making out a narwa or distribution scheme, which apportioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49593375095116543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73d40318-750b-4b48-97f1-24f5825cfdf5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.980924"}
{"text": ", and proceeded to divide it and the cultivation \u2013 not by ( ancestral ) fractional shares \u2013 but by arranging groups of cultivation ( including portions of each kind of soil ), and making out a narwa or distribution scheme, which apportioned the revenue responsibility over the holdings of the different sections or family groups. ( b ) the more interesting ancient mirasi traces in many dakhan villages are fully discussed in a paper contributed by me to the royal asiatic society \u2019 s journal in 1897130. it was long ago noticed that in these villages certain lands were said to be minim, and had once constituted shares in a property which, in fact, included the whole village. in some cases the complete list of shares could still be traced, and they were all known by hindu - aryan names, and the holders were superior in rank and dignity. looking back at the known early history of western india, i think there can be no doubt that these were the shares in villages which had become dominated by families of some rank, perhaps connected with the ) ( maya kingdom of devagiri, or with the chalukya or the rashtrakuta clans, all well known to history and to our epigraphists. these, being of military ; not agricultural caste, perished in the wars that ( as a matter of fact ) overthrew the \u2018 maya and chalukya kingdoms iti the middle ages. the names and locale of the shares ( bhag ) remained, owing to the tenacity of tradition which is so notorious throughout the east ; and as the miras tenure was an advantageous one, it was found possible ( for a long time ) to continue the privilege, and fill the vacant holdings by the revenue authorities granting ( or even selling ) the miras title. here, then, we have only the \u201c manorial \u201d growth of dominant, co - sharing families over the villages. but in this case the families shared the misfortunes of their race and disappeared ; while in other parts of india the joint families persisted, multiplied, and furnished quite numerous \u201c communities, \u201d dominating the villages, and introducing their own co - sharing constitution. ii. the vestiges of mirasi tenure in madras are of a different order131. tradition in this case \u2013 as accepted by all the best authorities \u2013 is supported by the caste and other features of the villages, which were still plainly in evidence at the end of the eighteenth century. they were chiefly mediaeval villages established by a succession of immigrants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4783473833490465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73d40318-750b-4b48-97f1-24f5825cfdf5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.981858"}
{"text": "this case \u2013 as accepted by all the best authorities \u2013 is supported by the caste and other features of the villages, which were still plainly in evidence at the end of the eighteenth century. they were chiefly mediaeval villages established by a succession of immigrants of a peculiar agricultural race ( vellalan ) from north kanara and elsewhere, who were with difficulty induced to settle by the promise of exceptional privileges, and a permanent interest in the villages they established. the success of this special colonising enterprise, after many failures, is referred to the efforts of one of the later chola kings who ruled in the eleventh century a. d. the case was altogether exceptional ; and the families appear to have found a close co - operation necessary, both to insure a victory over the difficulties of the enterprise, and also to secure among themselves the due sharing of the privileged tenure, with its partial exemption from taxation. we have fair evidence of their mode of allotting the lands each year for cultivation, and of sharing the profits. in some cases they actually divided the shares on the ground permanently132. in all these cases we have varieties of ways in which a special privilege, a grant, or even the usurpation, of families of superior ability or rank, results in producing a joint body of proprietors. in some cases it is over existing severalty villages ; in others, the dominant groups ( with the same sense of superiority ) have occupied newly established villages, so that there were no former landholders to become vassals, but only such slaves, tenants, and helpers as the superior settlers themselves introduced and located. but the whole circumstances in each case clearly negative the idea that in such traces we have a primitive and general institution. the raiyatwari was the general form, the mirasi right a special and privileged growth in and over it, and it certainly had nothing of a communistic character. in so brief a note i have not attempted to allude to every instance of an alleged mirasi interest in madras ; but an examination of any village to which the term mirasi can properly be applied, in districts other than chingleput, will always show that it is a case of some grant or dominant right acquired. 128. the bohra are a caste partly of traders, partly of agriculturists. the kunbi are the well - known cultivating caste of western india. the total number of these villages does not exceed 347 ( \u201c l. s. b. i., \u201d vol. iii.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47581209483676973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73d40318-750b-4b48-97f1-24f5825cfdf5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.982812"}
{"text": "of agriculturists. the kunbi are the well - known cultivating caste of western india. the total number of these villages does not exceed 347 ( \u201c l. s. b. i., \u201d vol. iii., p. 260 ). the largest number is in the broach district, much fewer in kaira, and about a dozen in surat. 129. for details and examples, see \u201c ind. vill. comm., \u201d p. 386 ff. 130. vol. for 1897, april, p. 239. see also my \u201c ind. vill. comm., \u201d p. 380 ff. 131. these are the traces discussed in the volume entitled \u201c mirasi papers, \u201d madras, 1862, to which sir h. s. maine once alludes ( see p. 36 ). 132. the details are given in \u201c ind. vill. comm., \u201d p. 362 ff. of course colonist parties have been found in other parts of india, most commonly on a smaller scale, and with no particular difficulties to contend with, so that exceptional advantages are not expected or granted. in the s. e. panjab many ( individual ) villages were founded by colonist bodies, who have fallen into the joint village class because they readily accepted a joint liability for revenue ( pp. 94 \u2013 5 ). this collection transcribed by chris gage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.474678321524164, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73d40318-750b-4b48-97f1-24f5825cfdf5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.983735"}
{"text": "pauline nyiramasuhuk, who was the rwandan government ' s minister of family and women ' s affairs during the 1994 ethnic war, was found guilty by the international criminal tribunal for rwanda of charges of direct, public incitement to commit genocide and of rape as part of a widespread and systematic attack against a civilian population on political, ethnic and racial grounds. she is the first woman convicted of genocide by the tribunal. also convicted is nyiramasuhuk ' s son, arsene shalom ntahobali. ntahobali was a militia leader during the genocide. he was charged with crimes against humanity, which included rape and war crimes. both ntahobali and his mother have been sentenced to life in prison. the court alleged that the mother and son helped to organize the massacres in the butare region of rwanda. they were both implicit in the abduction of hundreds of tutsis who would eventually be executed. both have been in the court ' s custody since 2001. many were physically assaulted, raped and taken away to various places in butare, where they were killed. during the course of these repeated attacks on vulnerable civilians, both nyiramasuhuko and ntahobali ordered killings. they also ordered rapes. ntahobali further committed rapes and nyiramasuhuko aided and abetted rapes, said the judgment read out by presiding judge william sekule. along with nyiramasuhuk, four other local government officials were indicted of genocide. they will serve between 25 years to life in prison. the 1994 genocide in rwanda saw a 100 - day government - led ethnic cleansing offensive against the tutsi people. around 800, 000 people were killed. the international criminal tribunal for rwanda was specially established by the united nations in november, 1994.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3970632372922802, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87d9671e-5f1e-4809-bb8e-f31a0c7f6116>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.986129"}
{"text": "the unicode standard, version 2. 0 ( tus2. 0 ) provides different ways to encode accented characters, either decomposed ( a combining character sequence [ ccs ] ) or composed ( as a single precomposed character ). for example, the following are equivalent : | a | | a + ~ | the tus2. 0 specifies an algorithm for determining whether any two sequences of unicode characters are canonical equivalent ( see tus2. 0, pages 3 - 9 through 3 - 10 ). this algorithm basically decomposes any precomposed characters, then sorts them according to special rules, based on each character ' s combining class. this produces a normalized form. two common functions on unicode text are to fully decompose the text ( as far as possible ), and to fully compose the text ( as far as possible ). in both cases, the correct result can only be achieved if the text is first converted to a normalized form. the following describes mechanisms for composing and decomposing unicode text that do not require fully normalizing the text, and yet produce the correct results. by avoiding the normalization phase, they represent significant performance advantages. | note : | | in the following discussion, we will abbreviate the unicode names for brevity. thus latin capital letter g with breve will be represented as g - breve. a plus sign will be used to indicate a sequence of characters. | the following discussion requires that the reader have first read chapter 3 of tus2. 0. the simple method for producing a normalized decomposed form is to replace each character by its decomposition, then normalize the entire string. however, this does more work than is necessary, especially in the common cases. the optimized method works as follows : this method avoids bubble - sorting all of the combining marks in a string, and optimizes for the common cases : since you are guaranteed that the decomposition is already in normalized order, as each successive combining character is appended, it is bubble - sorted up in the decomposition. since the sequence starts in normalized order, and after each successive character the result is in normalized order, then the final result is in normalized order. | a ` | | a + ~ | | a + ~ + ` | | a. | | a + ~ | | a +. + ~ | the simple method for producing a normalized composed form is to match each possible ccs against a database to see what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.508063530956683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f958add-2fd0-4d46-8105-6110fc8ebcca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.989820"}
{"text": "a + ~ | | a + ~ + ` | | a. | | a + ~ | | a +. + ~ | the simple method for producing a normalized composed form is to match each possible ccs against a database to see what matches, then replace the ccs with the result. however, this does more work than is necessary, especially in the common cases. the optimized method works as follows : the following algorithm depends on the fact that except for one anomolous case, every ccs of length greater than two ( which is canonical equivalent to a precomposed character ) is also equivalent to a ccs of length exactly two. for example, c + cedilla + acute is equivalent to c - cedilla + acute, and c + acute + cedilla is equivalent to c - acute + cedilla. since all combinations of characters that could combine are in the mapping table, in every order that they could occur in, all the precomposed forms will be generated. since we scan for illegal reversals, we eliminate non - canonical equivalents. at each point in this process, the result string contains a valid composition of the initial portion of the source string. | notes : | | if we didn ' t scan the intervening combining characters, then we could end up with a non - canonical equivalent sequence. for example, consider the following sequence : g + acute + breve. if we didn ' t scan, then this would produce g - breve + acute, since g - breve is a precomposed unicode character, but g - acute is not. when decomposed, this represents g + brev + acute, which is not a cononical equivalent to the orginal string, since breve and acute have the same canonical class. | | the one anomolous precomposed character does require a special case in this algorithm - - for simplicity of presentation, this complication is omitted. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419880996180888, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f958add-2fd0-4d46-8105-6110fc8ebcca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.990548"}
{"text": "about \" what to do for health \" book series : in america, more than 77 million people have below basic or basic health literacy skills, have trouble reading or writing above a 3rd to 5th grade level and are challenged when it comes to effectively navigating all aspects of the healthcare system. in 1998, iha recognized the impact this staggering statistic has on these individuals ' ability to make informed and intelligent decisions on the need for healthcare intervention, and to access that care in an appropriate manner. in response, the principals of iha began writing a series of books, entitled \" what to do for health \". the \" what to do for health \" books series are easy - to - read, easy - to - use guides to better health. they are : - written at a 3rd - 5th grade reading level - effective in - home solutions for most health issues - liberally illustrated with useful diagrams and images - free of medical jargon - available in multiple languages - indexed for quick and easy use titles in the \" what to do for health \" book series include : click on any title above to find more information including its table of contents and sample pages. effectiveness of the \" what to do for health \" book series : multiple independent studies have shown that giving parents a copy of the easy to read book, what to do when your child gets sick, and training them how to use it at home to care for their child ' s minor ailments and injuries led to : - 57 - 61 % reduction in er visits - 39 - 56 % decrease in doctors / clinic visits - 43 - 60 % fewer missed school days by children due to illness or injury - 41 - 47 % less work days missed by parents due to child ' s illness one study that included parents on medicaid also showed that the reduced hospital er visits saved more than $ 550 per family annually. click here to view the results of some of these studies to conduct a similar training to those mentioned above, consider our teacher training manuals which are available for each title. the \" what to do for health \" book series is an excellent resource for distribution by any group that has as its mission the health and wellness of parents, children, mothers - to - be, teens, or seniors. volume discounts and grant book programs for community nonprofit organizations and educational institutions are available. at this time, the iha bookstore cannot calculate freight costs. once you submit your order, we will email you a complete quote for your approval before charging and shipping the order. for more information on the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4692169041604273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fbefef-0918-4c27-85b8-638448e6f14e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.993354"}
{"text": "- created on thursday, 18 october 2012 20 : 35 - written by imperial valley news san diego, california - the san diego zoo ' s 11 - week - old giant panda cub raised one front paw, followed clumsily by the other, lurched forward, and came to a stop. the cub was taking baby steps during a thursday morning veterinary examination. pk robbins, dvm, san diego zoo senior veterinarian, describes the attempt to walk \" like a toddler holding onto the furniture. \" the cub ' s physical development is on track for a panda at his age, she said. the male cub lunges forward with his front legs, but his rear legs are not yet strong enough to support his weight. the cub can only take a few steps before he rests. although he may be able to walk on all four legs in a few weeks, it will still be at least a few more months before he is mobile enough to venture on exhibit. san diego zoo scientists are monitoring the cub ' s development by studying his behavior and classifying what they see based on an ethogram used for the six panda cubs born at the zoo. in this context, the cub ' s first steps are termed \" clumsy walking. \" the scientists have observed the cub, through a closed - circuit camera, becoming more active in his den over the past week. viewers of panda cam, the zoo ' s 24 - hour live online camera feed, may catch glimpses of the cub learning to walk. those watching have already pointed out that he scoots around the den. visit www. sandiegozoo. org / pandacam to watch. the unnamed male cub is the sixth giant panda born at the san diego zoo. the cub ' s mother, bai yun, has given birth to a single cub in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and to this cub on july 29. five of bai yun ' s cubs were conceived through natural mating. only the first, in 1999, was the result of artificial insemination. the san diego zoo ' s giant pandas are on a research loan from the people ' s republic of china. as part of this long - term program, the zoo is also collaborating with the chinese academy of science in studies of behavior, ecology, genetics and conservation of wild pandas living in the foping nature reserve. only 1, 600 giant pandas are believed to exist in the wild, and the species is primarily threatened by habitat loss. san diego zoo global, in conjunction with chinese panda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4280543273157382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2dabdb6f-6e60-4a6d-b563-1acb35631172>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.996529"}
{"text": "ways to be involved inclusive partners & programs 200 kids campaign send a kid to camp \u2022 people first language \u2022 roll & stroll wrapping for inclusion our friend mikayla other ways to support people first language \" describing words used often enough become defining words. \" too often, we fail to realize the power of our words to empower or limit people with disabilities. while having a disability is a part of who a person might be, it is not the whole of any person. however, when we use phrases like \" autistic child, \" \" disabled adult, \" and \" wheelchair - bound friend, \" we are using a person ' s disability to define them and, in turn, limit them. people - first languague is the first step in establishing an atmosphere of acceptance and empowerment. make it a habit to put the person before the disability. say \" child with autism, \" \" adult with a disability, \" or \" friend who uses a wheelchair. \" the next step of course is to learn a person ' s name and refer to them by that instead of bringing the disability to the forefront every time. for more information, click the links below : * special thanks to kathie snow ( www. disabilityisnatural. com ) for allowing us to use this information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4826625541710272, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0e2afe3-158a-4177-ad61-d58a5f9b1dda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.997795"}
{"text": "washington, nov 29 : probability of cheating is more in creative people than in the non - creative lot, a new study has suggested. according to the research, this is possibly because of the talent possessed by the original thinkers, which increases their ability to rationalize their actions. \u201c greater creativity helps individuals solve difficult tasks across many domains, but creative sparks may lead individuals to take unethical routes when searching for solutions to problems and tasks, \u201d said lead researcher francesca gino, phd, of harvard university. gino and her co - author, dan ariely, phd, of duke university, conducted a series of five experiments to test their thesis that more creative people would cheat under circumstances where they could justify their bad behaviour. the researchers used a series of recognized psychological tests and measures to gauge research subjects \u2019 creativity. they also tested participants \u2019 intelligence. in each of the five experiments, participants received a small sum for showing up. then, they were presented with tasks or tests where they could be paid more if they cheated. the experimenters also told participants they would be paid more for more correct answers and led them to believe that they could cheat without detection when transferring their answers. however, all the papers had unique identifiers. the results showed the more creative participants were significantly more likely to cheat, and that there was no link between intelligence and dishonesty \u2013 i. e., more intelligent but less creative people were not more inclined toward dishonesty. the study has been published online in apa \u2019 s journal of personality and social psychology. ( ani )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5042749080410575, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33b7956e-0ebc-491f-b63c-d9d35a811ef2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:28.999420"}
{"text": "william joseph donovan donovan, william joseph ( don\u02c8\u0259v\u0259n ) [ key ], 1883 \u2013 1959, u. s. lawyer and government official, b. buffalo, n. y., grad. columbia law school. distinguished service in world war i won him medals and the nickname wild bill donovan. he was prominent in republican politics, served ( 1925 \u2013 29 ) in the office of the u. s. attorney general, and made an unsuccessful bid for new york governor ( 1932 ). president franklin d. roosevelt sent him on several secret foreign missions, and in 1942 he was made head of the newly created office of strategic services ( oss ), which he made into a formidable and often successful intelligence agency during world war ii. donovan was given the rank of major general and served until 1945. he later returned to public service as ambassador to thailand ( 1953 \u2013 54 ). his enthusiasm for covert operations and paramilitary interventions helped shape the psychology of the central intelligence agency, which replaced the oss as the premier u. s. intelligence agency in 1947. see biographies by c. ford ( 1970 ), a. c. brown ( 1982 ), r. dunlop ( 1982 ), and d. waller ( 2011 ) ; s. alsop, sub rosa : the o. s. s. and american espionage ( 1963 ) ; r. h. smith, oss ( 1977 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40384654246295504, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd9145c0-6e5b-45ed-84e8-baaacbd6606e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.002969"}
{"text": "silicon carbide, chemical compound, sic, that forms extremely hard, dark, iridescent crystals that are insoluble in water and other common solvents. widely used as an abrasive, it is marketed under such familiar trade names as carborundum and crystolon. it is heat resistant, decomposing when heated to about 2, 700\u00b0c ; it is used in refractory materials, e. g., rods, tubes, firebrick, and in special parts for nuclear reactors. very pure silicon carbide is white or colorless ; crystals of it are used in semiconductors for high - temperature applications. silicon carbide fibers, added as reinforcement to plastics or light metals, impart increased strength and stiffness. silicon carbide is prepared commercially by fusing sand and coke in an electric furnace at temperatures above 2, 200\u00b0c ; a flux, e. g., sodium chloride, may be added to eliminate impurities. silicon carbide was discovered ( 1891 ) by e. g. acheson ; early studies of it were made by henri moissan. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on silicon carbide from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : compounds and elements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5713645163180217, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81fb236c-32ae-4f71-9e06-73de5298b345>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.004208"}
{"text": "high blood pressure ( hypertension ) what is it? blood pressure has two components : systolic pressure is the top number. it represents the pressure the heart generates when it beats to pump blood to the rest of the body. diastolic pressure is the bottom number. it refers to the pressure in the blood vessels between heartbeats. blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmhg ). so blood pressure would be expressed, for example, as 120 / 80 mmhg. high blood pressure is diagnosed when one or both of these numbers is too high. high blood pressure is also called hypertension. blood pressure is categorized as follows : normal : less than 120 / 80 mmhg prehypertension : 120 / 80 to 139 / 89 mmhg stage 1 hypertension : 140 / 90 to 159 / 99 mmhg stage 2 hypertension : 160 / 100 mmhg and above usually, systolic pressure increases as we age. however, after age 60, diastolic pressure usually begins to decline. prehypertension is not a disease - yet. but it does mean you are at increased risk for developing high blood pressure. why worry about high blood pressure? high blood pressure can damage many organs, including the : hypertension increases your risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. usually, hypertension does not directly cause symptoms. when blood pressure is very high, it can cause : ringing in the ears the diagnosis of hypertension depends on blood pressure readings. therefore, it ' s essential that blood pressure be measured carefully. to obtain an accurate blood pressure measurement : avoid the following for at least one hour before you have your blood pressure taken : be seated for at least five minutes before the reading is taken. do not talk while your blood pressure is being measured. two readings should be recorded and averaged. if your blood pressure is high, your doctor should examine your eyes, heart and nervous system, to look for evidence of damage from hypertension. if there is no such evidence, you should return for at least two more blood pressure measurements. only then should the doctor diagnose you with hypertension. that is because a single high reading can happen to anyone. once you are diagnosed with hypertension, other tests will check for organ damage. these tests can include : to prevent high blood pressure : get regular aerobic exercise limit your intake of salt and alcoholic beverages eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats maintain a desirable body weight hypertension increases your risk of heart attack and stroke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190670025071837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f159b90-19bc-4cda-ba24-faf8e32274c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.010036"}
{"text": "include : to prevent high blood pressure : get regular aerobic exercise limit your intake of salt and alcoholic beverages eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats maintain a desirable body weight hypertension increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. so it is important to modify your risk factors for coronary artery disease. in addition to the above actions, you should : you may be able to cure your hypertension with lifestyle changes alone. sometimes lifestyle changes cannot adequately control hypertension. if this is the case, medication will be needed. antihypertensive medications include : people with diabetes, kidney disease or heart problems are at higher risk of complications from hypertension. as a result, they are usually treated more aggressively with medications. when to call a professional adults should have their blood pressure measured at least every few years. if your blood pressure is higher than 120 / 80 mmhg, schedule regular appointments with your doctor. have your blood pressure monitored more regularly. and get advice about modifying your lifestyle to prevent future problems. the prognosis for hypertension depends on : hypertension can lead to a poor prognosis even if you do not have symptoms. when high blood pressure is treated adequately, the prognosis is much better. both lifestyle changes and medicines can control your blood pressure. american heart association ( aha ) 7272 greenville ave. dallas, tx 75231 national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20824 - 0105", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4180745297106019, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f159b90-19bc-4cda-ba24-faf8e32274c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.010617"}
{"text": "october 17, 2012 ( associated press ) - - america ' s favorite dietary supplements, multivitamins, modestly lowered the risk for cancer in healthy male doctors who took them for more than a decade, the first large study to test these pills has found. the result is a surprise because many studies of individual vitamins have found they don ' t help prevent chronic diseases and some even seemed to raise the risk of cancer. in the new study, multivitamins cut the chance of developing cancer by 8 percent. that is less effective than a good diet, exercise and not smoking, each of which can lower cancer risk by 20 percent to 30 percent, cancer experts say. multivitamins also may have different results in women, younger men or people less healthy than those in this study. \" it ' s a very mild effect and personally i ' m not sure it ' s significant enough to recommend to anyone \" although it is promising, said dr. ernest hawk, vice president of cancer prevention at the university of texas md anderson cancer center and formerly of the national cancer institute. \" at least this doesn ' t suggest a harm \" as some previous studies on single vitamins have, he said. hawk reviewed the study for the american association for cancer research, which is meeting in anaheim, calif., where the study was to be presented on wednesday. it also was published online in the journal of the american medical association. about one - third of u. s. adults and as many as half of those over 50 take multivitamins. they are marketed as a kind of insurance policy against bad eating. yet no government agency recommends their routine use \" regardless of the quality of a person ' s diet, \" says a fact sheet from the federal office of dietary supplements. some fads, such as the antioxidant craze over vitamins a and e and beta - carotene, backfired when studies found more health risk with those supplements, not less. many of those were single vitamins in larger doses than the \" 100 percent of daily value \" amounts that multivitamins typically contain. science on vitamins has been skimpy. most studies have been observational - - they look at groups of people who do and do not use vitamins, a method that can ' t give firm conclusions. dr. j. michael gaziano, of brigham and women ' s hospital and va boston, led a stronger test. nearly 15, 000 male doctors who were 50 or older and free of cancer when the study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.457207320043811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af95d816-2ca8-4fcc-bb6b-0b636edd4f03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.015524"}
{"text": "can ' t give firm conclusions. dr. j. michael gaziano, of brigham and women ' s hospital and va boston, led a stronger test. nearly 15, 000 male doctors who were 50 or older and free of cancer when the study started were given monthly packets of centrum silver or fake multivitamins without knowing which type they received. after about 11 years, there were 2, 669 new cancers, and some people had cancer more than once. for every 1, 000 men per year in the study, there were 17 cancers among multivitamin users and more than 18 among those taking the placebo pills. that worked out to an 8 percent lower risk of developing cancer in the vitamin group. multivitamins made no difference in the risk of developing prostate cancer, which accounted for half of all cases. they lowered the risk of other cancers collectively by about 12 percent. there also was a trend toward fewer cancer deaths among multivitamin users, but the difference was so small it could have occurred by chance alone. side effects were fairly similar except for more rashes among vitamin users. the national institutes of health paid for most of the study. pfizer inc. supplied the pills and other companies supplied the packaging. the main reason to take a multivitamin is to correct or prevent a deficiency, \" but there may be a modest benefit in reducing the risk of cancer in older men, \" gaziano said. cancer experts said the results need to be confirmed by another study before recommending multivitamins to the public. these participants were healthier - - only 4 percent smoked, for example. for people who do want to take multivitamins, doctors suggest : - be aware that they are dietary supplements, which do not get the strict testing required of prescription medicines. - ask your doctor before taking any. vitamin k can interfere with common heart medicines and blood thinners, and vitamins c and e can lower the effectiveness of some types of chemotherapy. for people having surgery, some vitamins affect bleeding and response to anesthesia. - current and former smokers should avoid multivitamins with lots of beta - carotene or vitamin a ; two studies have tied them to increased risk of lung cancer. copyright 2012 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4512484712445601, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af95d816-2ca8-4fcc-bb6b-0b636edd4f03>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.016565"}
{"text": "nearly everywhere and at all times, marriage has enjoyed a privileged status as the primary social unit \u2014 the essential bond that created alliances between families and a bridge between the sexes. in joining a man and woman, marriage attempted to hold men to collective social standards, including responsibility for the women they impregnated and the children they fathered, while also stringently hedging in women ' s sexuality. in short, marriage has always demanded that both men and women sacrifice a considerable measure of individual freedom. in marriage, \" i \" becomes \" we, \" and \" we \" frequently extends beyond the couple to extended family, clan, and society. for these reasons, both political and religious authorities typically have taken great care to present marriage as an institution to which individual interests must be subordinated. at the time of her death in january 2007, the celebrated historian elizabeth fox - genovese was worried that these attitudes were in the process of being reversed. in this book, which she was in the midst of preparing for publication at the time of her passing, she argues that marriage is disintegrating under the rising demands that it serve not the good of the whole but the desires of the individual. a union that at one point was used to limit individual \" rights \" is now claimed as one right among many. the sexual liberation movements of the last forty years have seriously undermined marriage, argues fox - genovese, so much so that the institution seems to face the threat of extinction. even so, she writes, \" marriage for love \u2014 the promise of an enduring and engulfing bond between a man and a woman \u2014 is a dream that refuses to die.... it still promises that we will finally be loved as we long to be loved. \" that dream is the ultimate theme of this book, a fitting coda to elizabeth fox - genovese ' s distinguished career. what they ' re saying... \u201c the phrase \u2018 a woman in full \u2019 nicely catches the life and work of elizabeth fox - genovese. men and women who believe that, despite all, the dream can be realized will gain understanding and confidence from this book of wisdom. \u201d \u2014 ( the rev. ) richard john neuhaus editor in chief first things \u201c marriage : the dream that refuses to die is destined to be a classic treatment of the nature, purpose, and future of marriage. by looking carefully at the history and cross - cultural functions of marriage, elizabeth fox - genovese offers a profound and panoramic view of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5227311779608084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60a44263-f60d-4005-9d99-e8b411d2a80b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.023373"}
{"text": "refuses to die is destined to be a classic treatment of the nature, purpose, and future of marriage. by looking carefully at the history and cross - cultural functions of marriage, elizabeth fox - genovese offers a profound and panoramic view of the institution of marriage in our day and in every day. her clear - eyed treatment of marriage acknowledges that marriage can be a difficult and demanding institution for individuals ; at the same time, fox - genovese points out that marriage is vital for the health of any civilization that aspires to greatness. \u201d \u2014 w. bradford wilcox author soft patriarchs, new men : how christianity shapes fathers and husbands \u201c elizabeth fox - genovese \u2019 s last book belongs on anyone \u2019 s short list of very good books on marriage. she is particularly gifted at pointing to the incoherence and suffering produced buy our modern attempt to demote marriage to the status of a mere individual right. \u201d \u2014 maggie gallagher nationally syndicated columnist and author of the abolition of marriage \" the well documented book opens with a fascinating history of marriage, in which fox - genovese notes that, despite countless differences among various cultures and religions throughout time, there has been agreement on basic premises about marriage.... this is an important book that uncovers a frightening truth : marriage and family are at high risk. \" \u2014 loraine v. murray the georgia bulletin \" the books title belie [ s ] what ' s inside : a serious, exacting analysis of the institution of marriage and the ways in which it remains under attack.... but marriage is neither a sermon nor a self - help book ; nor does it explicitly espouse any outdated notions of what a husband and wife ought to be. it is intellectualism, with a warning : same - sex marriage, our society ' s unhealthy obsession with individualism, and our culture ' s devaluation of children will sound the death knell of marriage as a vital institution.... her discussion of how love is portrayed in literature... is particularly fascinating.... even though she is gone, and despite all the obstacles standing in its way, i suspect that the dream will live on, and so will this exceptional book. \" \u2014 erin montgomery the american spectator \" these essays and lectures have been wonderfully edited by sheila o ' connor - ambrose and truly communicate the passion espoused by the original author. fox - genovese believes in traditional marriage and advocates for marriage between a man and a woman..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013409009247083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60a44263-f60d-4005-9d99-e8b411d2a80b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.024442"}
{"text": "these essays and lectures have been wonderfully edited by sheila o ' connor - ambrose and truly communicate the passion espoused by the original author. fox - genovese believes in traditional marriage and advocates for marriage between a man and a woman.... she does this with sound reasoning and firm arguments but it is her charity and wit that may ultimately change the hearts of opponents. this beautiful book is both a brief history of the sociology of marriage and a theology of love. \" \u2014 john - leonard berg catholic library world \" fox - genovese reminds us time and again of our interconnectedness. the fact of the matter is, when each marital thread is broken, the larger tapestry of society weakens.... certainly this work nourishes scholarly discourse, but at least as important, it invites us to walk alongside the inner processes and experiences that have informed this scholar ' s personal evolution alongside a cultural evolution. this ultimately makes the book highly unique and valuable. this is the kind of moral courage i long to see modeled & % 8212 ; to witness a sojourner ' s search for truth & 58212 ; to study, learn, and grow personally and professionally ; and then, to challenge those around them to do the same. \" \u2014 robbie hutchens new wineskins \" although this book is titled marriage : the dream that refuses to die, this is not a book about dreams and romance. instead, with the skills of an educator and the passion of a reformer, elizabeth ( betsey ) fox - genovese traces a history of the human desire to be loved as well as valued members of society. \" \u2014 st. anthony messenger \" its rigorous logic brims with delightfully anecdotal accounts of the ' historal, moral, and cultural foundations of marriage. ' \" \u2014 new oxford review \" based on lectures given by fox - genovese ( within the plantation household ), the emory university historian who died in 2007, marriage has the strong sense of a passionate and personal speech. fox - genovese was firmly pro - marriage, and here she is unabashedly frank in her advocacy. her broad, measured tone attempts to encompass a wide sweep of human experience and cultures and is just as concerned with modern marriage as its historical context. fox - genovese examines marriage as a societal question rather than simply a question of individual preference and comments on divorce, same - sex unions, the sexual revolution, and other issues affecting modern marriage. \" \u2014 elizabeth morris book review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4516943199247105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60a44263-f60d-4005-9d99-e8b411d2a80b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.025488"}
{"text": "its historical context. fox - genovese examines marriage as a societal question rather than simply a question of individual preference and comments on divorce, same - sex unions, the sexual revolution, and other issues affecting modern marriage. \" \u2014 elizabeth morris book review \" based on some of the last lectures historian fox - genovese ( 1941 - 2007 ) delivered, this little book concisely corrals her thought about marriage. one needn ' t be religious to be made more thoughtful, more mindful, by her arguments. \" \u2014 ray olson, booklist \" the rise of feminism, equal rights, and sexual liberation has had side effects that many do not view as wholly positive. marriage ; the dream that refuses to die looks at the decomposition of one of the world ' s oldest institutions. arguing that there is a possibility that the concept of marriage may eventually become a thing of the past, author elizabeth fox - genovese ' s examination of the topic is thorough and knowledgeable, sure to grant readers all her wisdom on the subject. marriage is highly recommended for any collection dedicated to relationships. \" \u2014 midwest book review \" fox - genovese calls for mature responsibility from adults, especially in the unrealistic, immature quest for happiness. through her historical digging and reference to the old testament, she shows how marriage is a social and public issue as well \u2014 despite trudeau ' s claim that the government has no business in the nation ' s bedrooms. indeed, marriage is the bedrock of society and civilization.... she does not follow the typical feminist pattern of labeling women as victims of patriarchy and as therefore not responsible for history or the current society. in fact, by emphasizing the importance of marriage and the family, she shows how women can take greater responsibility for all of society. \" \u2014 catholic insight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195180651374882, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60a44263-f60d-4005-9d99-e8b411d2a80b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.026198"}
{"text": "taxonomic name : leucaena leucocephala ( lam. ) de wit synonyms : acacia leucocephala ( lamark ) link 1822, leucaena glabrata rose 1897, leucaena glauca ( l. ) benth. 1842, mimosa leucocephala lamark 1783 common names : acacia palida ( puerto rico ), aroma blanca ( cuba ), balori ( fijian ), bo chet ( vietnam ), cassis ( vanuatu ), false koa ( hawai ' i ), faux mimosa ( french ), faux - acacia ( french ), fua pepe ( samoan ), ganitnityuwan tangantan ( yapese ), graines de lin ( french ), guaje ( spanish ), guaslim ( campeche - mexico ), guaxin ( maya - yucatan ), horse / wild tamarind ( english ), huaxin ( spanish ), ipil - ipil ( philippines ), jumbie bean ( english ), kan thin ( laos ), kanthum thect ( cambodia ), koa - haole ( hawai ' i ), kra thin ( thailand ), kratin ( cambodia ), lamtoro ( indonesia ), lead tree ( english ), leucaena ( english ), leucaena, liliak ( totonaco - veracruz, mexico ), lino criollo ( dominican republic ), lopa samoa ( american samoa ), lusina ( samoan ), nito ( cook islands ), pepe ( niuean ), rohbohtin ( kosrae ), schemu ( vietnam ), siale mohemohe ( tongan ), subabul ( india ), tamarindo silvestre ( spanish ), tangantangan ( chamorro - cnmi ), tangan - tangan ( chamorro - guam ), te kaitetua ( i kiribati ), telentund ( palauan ), tuhngantuhngan ( kosrae ), uaxim ( spanish ), vaivai ( fijian ), vaivai dina ( fijian ), vaivai ni vavalangi ( fijian ), wild mimosa ( bermuda ), wild tamarind ( puerto rico ), zarcilla ( puerto rico ) organism type : tree the fast - growing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3950272702378933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad89784-b69a-4123-8980-0c20b1a9d671>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.036803"}
{"text": "fijian ), vaivai ni vavalangi ( fijian ), wild mimosa ( bermuda ), wild tamarind ( puerto rico ), zarcilla ( puerto rico ) organism type : tree the fast - growing, nitrogen - fixing tree / shrub leucaena leucocephala, is cultivated as a fodder plant, for green manure, as a windbreak, for reforestation, as a biofuel crop etc. leucaena has been widely introduced due to its beneficial qualities ; it has become an aggressive invader in disturbed areas in many tropical and sub - tropical locations and is listed as one of the \u2018 100 of the world \u2019 s worst invasive alien species \u2019. this thornless tree can form dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate once established. it renders extensive areas unusable and inaccessible and threatens native plants. the genus leucaena is distinguished from all other mimosoid legumes by its hairy anthers which are easily visible with a hand lens. leucaena leucocephala is distinguished from other species of leucaena by its intermediate leaflets and large pods in clusters of 5 - 20 per flower head. it forms a small to medium - sized thornless tree 3 - 15 ( - 20 ) m tall and 5 - 50cm bole diameter. the leaves are bipinnate with an elliptic convex extrafloral nectary on the petiole, 4 - 9 pairs of pinnae and 13 - 21 pairs of leaflets per pinna. the leaflets are 9 - 16mm long and 2 - 4. 5mm wide, nearly sessile and strongly asymmetric linear oblong and acute at the apex. the flowers occur in 12 - 21mm diameter heads, are cream - white, with ten free stamens per flower and hairy anthers. the pods occur in crowded clusters of 5 - 20 per flower head and are 11 - 19cm long and 15 - 21mm wide pendulous, flattened and papery, and passively dehiscent with 8 - 18 seeds per pod. three subspecies are recognised, two of which - subsp. leucocephala and subsp. glabrata have been introduced pantropically. these two subspecies correspond to shrubby = subsp. leucocephala variants, sometimes referred to as the common or hawai \u2018 ian type, and to the more arborescent = subsp. glabrata variants, sometimes referred to as the giant or salvador", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4522712573432107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad89784-b69a-4123-8980-0c20b1a9d671>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.037842"}
{"text": "correspond to shrubby = subsp. leucocephala variants, sometimes referred to as the common or hawai \u2018 ian type, and to the more arborescent = subsp. glabrata variants, sometimes referred to as the giant or salvador type. agricultural areas, coastland, natural forests, planted forests, range / grasslands, riparian zones, ruderal / disturbed, scrub / shrublands, urban areas leucaena leucocephala is a weed of open ( often coastal or riverine ) habitats, semi - natural, disturbed, degraded habitats and other ruderal sites. it was assigned to the category of ' a serious or widespread weed invading semi - natural or natural habitats which are of some conservation interest ' by cronk and fuller ( 1995 ) and as a category ii weed ( a species which has a local distribution but either expanding populations, or known potential to invade and disrupt native vegetation elsewhere ) in florida by gordon and thomas ( 1997 ). it is not known to invade undisturbed closed forest habitats. it tolerates a wide range of rainfall from 500 - 3500mm and withstands strongly seasonal ( 6 - 8 month dry season ) climates. however, it is not frost hardy and grows poorly, setting less seed in cooler tropical highland sites. the species also grows poorly on the acid soils with high aluminium saturation that prevail in many humid tropical areas. in broad terms, it thus adapts well to a wide range of tropical and subtropical environments, especially seasonally dry tropical areas. leucaena leucocephala is spreading naturally and has been reported as a weed in more then 20 countries across all continents except europe and antarctica. it is a weed of open, often coastal or riverine habitats, semi - natural, and other disturbed or ruderal sites and occasionally in agricultural land. it can form dense monospecific thickets which are reported to be replacing native forest in some areas and threatening endemic species of conservation concern in some areas. dense thickets, even if not of immediate conservation concern can render extensive areas of disturbed ground unusuable and inaccessible. native range : native to mexico and central america, although the precise native range is blurred by indigenous cultivation as a minor food plant. known introduced range : subspecies leucocephala was introduced to the philippines by the spanish before 1815 and is now pantropically naturalised. subspecies glabrata was widely introduced across the tropics in the 1970s and 1980s and is now very widely cultivated throughout the tropics and sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4254951598984536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad89784-b69a-4123-8980-0c20b1a9d671>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.039024"}
{"text": "high risk ( pacific ). biological : a bruchid beetle seed predator, acanthoscelides macrophthalmus has been deliberately introduced and released in south africa as a biocontrol agent and the same insect has been accidentally introduced to australia. the accidental spread of the psyllid insect defoliator heteropsylla cubana in the mid 1980s can cause cyclical defoliation, but does not kill trees and the psyllid appears to have been brought under control by a number of generalist local ( and in some cases introduced ) psyllid predators and parasites. integrated management : once established, leucaena is difficult to eradicate. it resprouts vigorously after cutting. cut stumps need to be treated with diesel or other chemicals. furthermore, the soil seed bank can remain viable for at least 10 - 20 years after seed dispersal. self - fertile ( promoting seed production even on isolated individuals ), some outcrossing, pollinated by a wide range of generalist insects including large and small bees. resprouts after cutting. flowering and seeding continually thoughout the year as long as moisture permits combined with self - fertility promotes abundant pod and seed set. trees are generally short - lived ( 20 - 40 years ). the hard seed coat means that germination occurs over a prolonged period after seed dispersal and that seed can remain viable for long periods ( at least 20 years ) in the soil. this species has been nominated as among 100 of the \" world ' s worst \" invaders reviewed by : dr. colin hughes, department of plant sciences, university of oxford, oxford, uk. compiled by : under revision last modified : monday, 16 august 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45987945352500337, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad89784-b69a-4123-8980-0c20b1a9d671>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.040838"}
{"text": "| scientific name : | | platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica | | species authority : | | ( roxburgh, 1801 ) | platanista gangetica ( roxburgh, 1801 ) | red list category & criteria : | | endangered a2abcde + 3bcde + 4abcde ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | smith, b. d., braulik, g. t. & sinha, r. | | reviewer / s : | | reeves, r. & taylor, b. l. | determining the status of this subspecies is especially problematical because of the lack of rigorous quantitative data ( current or historical ) on numbers, mortality, extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy. however, the diversity and scale of threats \u2013 recent, ongoing, and projected \u2013 are such that precautionary reasoning is even more appropriate than is usually the case. criterion a. only very limited data are available on the life history of platanista sp. ( reviewed by brownell 1984 ). age at first reproduction is probably between 6 \u2013 10 years and maximum longevity may be close to 30. therefore, generation time is probably well over 10 but possibly less than 20 years, which would mean that three generations equals at least 30 years ( i. e., from 1974 counting backwards or until 2034 counting forwards ) but less than 60 ( i. e., from 1944 counting backwards or until 2064 counting forwards ). subcriterion a1 does not apply because even if the decline has been greater than 70 %, the causes are not clearly reversible, understood, or ceased, all of which would have to be true. subcriterion a2 can be applied because a population size reduction of more than 50 % since some time between 1944 \u2013 74 is plausible ( note that most of the dam and barrage construction has occurred since the late 1950s ), and it is certainly true that the reduction and its causes have not ceased ( more barrages are planned and under construction \u2014 e. g., kanpur barrage on the ganges mainstem ; mortality from hunting and net entanglement continue unabated despite protection laws ), are not fully understood, and may not be reversible. the basis could rest on any or all of ( a ) to ( e ) under a1. subcriterion a3 and subcriterion a4 can also be applied because a population size reduction of more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4455908674794157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.059599"}
{"text": "not be reversible. the basis could rest on any or all of ( a ) to ( e ) under a1. subcriterion a3 and subcriterion a4 can also be applied because a population size reduction of more than 50 % could plausibly be projected over the next 30 \u2013 60 years, or inferred, projected, or suspected over a period of 30 \u2013 60 years including both the past and the future, with the causes uncertain, continuing, and possibly irreversible, again in either instance based on any or all of ( a ) to ( e ). evidence for subcriterion a4c is probably the strongest since a precautionary interpretation of life history data indicates a period of 60 years for three generations, which encompasses the dramatic effects of the farakka barrage completed in 1974 ( see above ), as well as at least 19 other barrages and 17 high dams constructed in the gbm system since 1956, and the projected declines in the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and / or quality of habitat that will undoubtedly occur if the ganges - brahmaputra inter - link canal and dam project is constructed ( scheduled to be completed in 2016 ). the cumulative effects of these projects indicate a probable population size reduction of more than 50 % from 1956 \u2013 2016. criterion b. it has not been possible to estimate the extent of occurrence or area of occupancy for this subspecies because its potential total range is vast but severely fragmented, and there is great uncertainty about the continued occurrence of dolphins in many parts of the potential range. in any event, although it would easily qualify under subcriteria b1b and b2b, it would not qualify under either b1ac or b2ac and therefore would not qualify as en under this criterion even if its extent of occurrence or area of occupancy were within one or both of the stated thresholds. criterion c. the substantial investment made to date in surveys has failed to explicitly account for more than about 1, 500 animals ( table 1 ). although it is possible that the total population size is less than 2, 500 mature individuals, current information from field surveys does not allow for this criterion to be credibly applied to the subspecies. if future population assessments ultimately indicate that the population meets the criterion d. the population size is definitely greater than 250 mature individuals, so this criterion does not apply. criterion e. no quantitative analysis of extinction probability has been attempted for this subspecies. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5169494358253827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.060840"}
{"text": ". if future population assessments ultimately indicate that the population meets the criterion d. the population size is definitely greater than 250 mature individuals, so this criterion does not apply. criterion e. no quantitative analysis of extinction probability has been attempted for this subspecies. it is concluded that the subspecies qualifies as en under criteria a2abcde + 3bcde + 4abcde, with available evidence strongest for criterion a4c. the karnaphuli - sangu subpopulation should possibly be listed separately as it may qualify for critically endangered status. | range description : | | ganges - brahmaputra - megna ( gbm ) and karnaphuli - sangu ( ks ) river systems, from the deltas upstream to where rocky barriers, shallow water, fast currents, dams, or barrages ( low, gated, diversion dams ) prevent upstream movement. the gbm and ks systems are disjunct and therefore so are their respective dolphin populations, although there may be occasional demographic interaction during the high water season if the freshwater plumes of the two river systems meet. there is likely further population separation within the two systems, some of it \" natural \" but much more of it secondary caused by the presence of physical barriers constructed within the last 100 years. ( follow link below to see a distribution map ). the ganges river dolphin was considered by some researchers to be a distinct species for several decades ( 1970s \u2013 1990s ) and was listed as such in the 1996 red list. its range is disjunct with that of the other subspecies, the indus river dolphin, platanista gangetica minor, and therefore the two have been assessed and listed, and should be managed, separately. the map shows where the species may occur. the species has not been recorded for all the states within the hypothetical range as shown on the map. states for which confirmed records of the species exist are included in the list of native range states. states within the hypothetical range but for which no confirmed records exist are included in the presence uncertain list. native : bangladesh ; india ; nepal | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | although the aggregate range - wide abundance of ganges river dolphins was estimated by jones ( 1982 ) as 4, 000 \u2013 5, 000 individuals and more recently by mohan et al. ( 1997 ) as fewer than 2, 000, these were only guesses. population assessments have been based on counts conducted within discrete portions of the vast network of riverine and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4943435508868771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.061881"}
{"text": ", 000 \u2013 5, 000 individuals and more recently by mohan et al. ( 1997 ) as fewer than 2, 000, these were only guesses. population assessments have been based on counts conducted within discrete portions of the vast network of riverine and deltaic habitat occupied by these dolphins. few rigorous estimates of absolute abundance, with estimates of precision, are available. available counts and estimates are summarized in table 1 ( follow link below ). highest \" densities \" of ganges river dolphins ( defined as animals per linear river kilometer ) have been observed in the ganges mainstem between maniharighat and buxar ( 1. 5 / km ) ( sinha, unpublished ) - and within this segment particularly in the vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary ( 2. 8 / km ) ( smith, unpublished ) and just downstream between kahalgaon and manihari ghat ( near katihar ) ( 3. 4 / km ) ( sinha, unpublished ) - and the lower sangu river, bangladesh ( 1. 4 / km ) ( smith et al. 2001 ). a few ganges river dolphins were still present during the mid 1990s as far downstream in the hoogly river as kakdwip ( sinha 1997 ). in the sundarbans of bangladesh a minimum of 134 ganges river dolphins were counted resulting in a \" density \" estimate of 0. 09 individuals / km, with irrawaddy dolphins orcaella brevirostris replacing platanista in higher salinity waters of the southern and western portions ( smith, unpublished ). no information is available on the status of ganges river dolphins in the indian sundarbans, except for historical reports of occurrence ( anderson 1879, jones 1982 ). roughly accounting for duplicate counts or estimates in table 1 ( follow link below ), the total of about 1, 200 \u2013 1, 800 animals provides a reasonable lower range for the total metapopulation abundance. however, considering that areas with potentially large numbers of animals have not been accounted for at all ( e. g., indian portion of the sundarbans delta ) and that at least some of the counts and estimates are known to be negatively biased ( e. g., see smith et al. 2001 ), the true number could be several times as high. numerical declines : although no credible time series of abundance estimates are available for most of the subspecies ' range, the numbers shown in table 1 ( follow link below ) imply downward trends in a number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46409582948822004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.062969"}
{"text": ", the true number could be several times as high. numerical declines : although no credible time series of abundance estimates are available for most of the subspecies ' range, the numbers shown in table 1 ( follow link below ) imply downward trends in a number of upstream tributaries ( see also range declines below ). range declines : the range of the subspecies has declined progressively since the nineteenth century when it was mapped by anderson ( 1879 ). no dolphins have been reported in recent years between the madhya ganga barrage at bijnor and the bhimgoda barrage near haridwar, at the upstream limit of their historical range in the ganges ( sinha et al. 2000 ). this suggests a roughly 100 km decline in their range in the ganges river since the late 1800s. in recent years, dolphins have not been reported in the yamuna river above the chambal river confluence during the dry season because upstream channels have become too shallow and polluted to support dolphins, but the segment may still be occupied during the monsoon ( sinha et al. 2000 ). historically, they were found year - round in the yamuna river approximately 400 km upstream to delhi ( anderson 1879 ). elsewhere in the ganges mainstem, four extant subpopulations are isolated by barrages, including farakka barrage located approximately at the center of the subspecies ' overall range. in the northern ganges tributaries, of the six subpopulations that were isolated above or between barrages, three have been extirpated ( in the gandak river above the gandak barrage and in the sarda river above the upper and lower sarda barrages ) ( sinha et al. 2000 ) and one reduced to insignificant numbers ( in the kosi river above the kosi barrage ) ( smith et al. 1994 ). ganges river dolphins have apparently been extirpated from the son river ( at least during the dry season ) based on a survey covering ca. 300 km upstream of the ganges confluence, above and below the indrapuri barrage ( sinha and sharma 2003 ). occasional reports of dolphins in the reservoir behind kaptai dam ( built in 1961 ) of the ks system occurred until the mid - 1990s ( ahmed 2000 ), but recent surveys have found no evidence that the subspecies survives there ( smith et al. 2001 ). thus, the dam ' s construction is likely to have caused a substantial reduction in the subspecies \u2019 range in southeastern bangladesh, but in the absence of any historical information on occurrence in the upper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4312254857238884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.064041"}
{"text": "that the subspecies survives there ( smith et al. 2001 ). thus, the dam ' s construction is likely to have caused a substantial reduction in the subspecies \u2019 range in southeastern bangladesh, but in the absence of any historical information on occurrence in the upper karnaphuli no quantitative estimate of range reduction is possible. no surveys have been conducted in the damodar river system but a single dolphin was rescued after becoming stranded in a deep pool after flow was diverted during the dry season by an upstream barrage. the downstream effects of at least ten dams and barrages constructed in its mainstem and tributaries has probably severely reduced and fragmented dolphin habitat ( smith et al. 2000 ). | habitat and ecology : | | ganges river dolphins are generally concentrated in counter - current pools below channel convergences and sharp meanders ( kasuya and haque 1972, smith 1993, smith et al. 1998 ) and above and below mid - channel islands, bridge pilings, and other engineering structures that cause scouring ( smith, unpublished data ). their fidelity to counter - current pools is probably greatest in fast - flowing channels ( smithet al. 1998 ). annual monsoon - driven floods cause great variability in the dolphins \u2019 access to large parts of their range. isolation in seasonal lakes sometimes occurs ( especially in the brahmaputra basin ), as does \" escapement \" from the river channels into artificial water bodies such as canals and reservoirs. deltaic ( brackish ) waters are a major component of the total range, but ganges river dolphins are not generally known to occur in salinities greater than 10ppt, although they have been recorded in waters as saline as 23ppt ( smith and braulik, unpublished data ). | water development projects construction of at least 50 dams and dams within the known or suspected historical range of the subspecies ( smith et al. 2000 ) has dramatically affected its habitat, abundance, and population structure. the subspecies exists as a metapopulation, with numerous subpopulations isolated to varying degrees by mostly manmade but also natural barriers, as outlined in the preceding section. in addition to fragmenting dolphin populations, dams and barrages degrade downstream habitat and create reservoirs ( known as head ponds ( or pondage in india ) in the case of barrages ) with high sedimentation and altered assemblages of fish and invertebrate species. for example, luxuriant growth of macrophytes and excessive siltation have eliminated suitable habitat immediately above farakka barrage ( sin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4513586639512751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.065322"}
{"text": "barrages ) with high sedimentation and altered assemblages of fish and invertebrate species. for example, luxuriant growth of macrophytes and excessive siltation have eliminated suitable habitat immediately above farakka barrage ( sinha 2000 ). moreover, the insufficiency of water released downstream of this barrage has eliminated dry - season habitat for more than 300 km, or until the ganges ( padma ) - brahmaputra confluence ( smith et al. 1998 ). it has also allowed salt water to intrude an additional 160 km into the sundarbans delta ( rahman 1986 ), further decreasing the amount of suitable habitat for this obligate freshwater dolphin ( reeves et al. 1993 ). a high dam has been planned for some time just upstream of the dolphins ' current ( or at least recent ) range in the karnali river, nepal. if built, this structure would almost certainly eliminate the small amount of dolphin habitat in nepal \u2019 s last river with a potentially viable dolphin population ( smith and reeves 2000 ). disturbance and environmental degradation associated with geotechnical feasibility studies and bridge and road construction for the dam already may have contributed to a decline in the number and range of dolphins above the nepal - india border ( smith 1993, smithet al. 1994 ). another high dam has been proposed for the surma river in cachar, india, which would certainly affect dolphins downstream in the kalni - kushiyara distributary ( smith et al. 1994 ). since the 1980s, momentum has been growing within india to proceed with large - scale inter - basin water transfer projects, which will involve additional dam construction and diversion of water from rivers inhabited by dolphins. although no final decision has been taken to proceed with construction, feasibility studies are to be completed in december 2005 and detailed project reports in 2006. it was anticipated in 2004 that, if built, the entire project would be finished by 2016. during the may 2004 national elections in india all political parties supported the construction of inter - basin water transfer projects and promised to accelerate the construction process. several key categories of potential threat are : ( a ) further fragmentation of the dolphin metapopulation, ( b ) reduction or elimination of habitat simply in terms of dry - season flow, ( c ) \" escapement \" of dolphins into canals where they are unlikely to be able to get back into rivers and are therefore doomed, ( d ) cascading effects from interrupted migrations of prey organisms, degradation of prey spawning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4663940715449916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.066346"}
{"text": "season flow, ( c ) \" escapement \" of dolphins into canals where they are unlikely to be able to get back into rivers and are therefore doomed, ( d ) cascading effects from interrupted migrations of prey organisms, degradation of prey spawning habitat etc., ( e ) contaminant flux leading to significant changes in chronic and / or acute exposure to toxins, ( f ) loss of complexity ( channelization, sediment entrapment upstream of dams, etc. ) making the rivers less habitable for dolphins, etc, and ( g ) downstream effects on the ecology of the delta ( e. g., saline encroachment, loss of sediment ). embankments cause sediments to be deposited in the riverbed instead of on the floodplain, thereby eliminating or reducing the extent of the eddy - counter currents where dolphins are generally found. ( smith et al. 1998 ). they also restrict access to floodplain habitat critical to the reproduction and growth of riverine fish species ( boyce 1990 ). approximately 3, 500 km of embankments have been constructed in the ganges mainstem and gandak, buri gandak, bagmati, kamala, yamuna, and son tributaries ( mishra 1999 ). dolphins were apparently extirpated from at least 35 km of the punpun tributary of the ganges after embankments were constructed in 1975 ( sinha et al. 2000 ). although plans for constructing an extensive system of embankments in the rivers of bangladesh under the flood action plan ( fap ) coordinated by the world bank ( see world bank 1990 ) have been drastically scaled - down, several projects are currently planned or being constructed that will have adverse effects on dolphin habitat. these include the bank protection and river training project ( fap 21 / 22 ), brahmaputra river bank priority works, and jamalpur priority project ( fap 3. 1 ) ( smith et al. 1998 ). environmental assessments of these projects have not considered river dolphins, nor have they acknowledged the cumulative impacts of planned embankments, and others built before the fap, on the fish and crustacean species eaten by river dolphins. other sources of habitat degradation in the gbm system include dredging ( smith et al. 1998 ) and the removal of stones ( shrestha 1989 ), sand ( mohanet al. 1998 ), and woody debris ( smith 1993 ). these activities compromise the ecological integrity of the riverine environments, especially small tributaries where suitable habitat is limited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48652866593076605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.068520"}
{"text": ") and the removal of stones ( shrestha 1989 ), sand ( mohanet al. 1998 ), and woody debris ( smith 1993 ). these activities compromise the ecological integrity of the riverine environments, especially small tributaries where suitable habitat is limited and disproportionately vulnerable to local disturbance. dolphin habitat is also threatened by water abstraction from surface pumps and tube wells, especially in the ganges where the mean dry - season water depth has declined dramatically in recent years ( sinha, unpublished ). although the long - term implications of reduced dry - season flows in the ganges are catastrophic, both for the survival of river dolphins and a major portion of the world \u2019 s human population that inhabits the ganges basin, the cumulative effects of reduced water supplies have received little attention. meanwhile, new projects to divert dry - season flow, such as kanpur barrage in the upper ganges, continue to be constructed ( smith et al. 2000 ). organochlorine and butyltin concentrations in samples from the tissues of ganges dolphins were high enough to cause concern about effects ( kannan et al. 1993, 1994, 1997 ; senthilkumar et al. 1999 ). pollutant loads can be expected to increase with industrialization and the spread of intensive agricultural practices facilitated by water diversion. river dolphins may be particularly vulnerable to industrial pollution because their habitat in counter - current pools downstream of confluences and sharp meanders often places them in close proximity to point sources in major urban areas ( e. g., allahabad, varanasi, patna, calcutta, and dhaka ). furthermore, the capacity of rivers to dilute pollutants ( e. g., arsenic, ddt ) and salts has been drastically reduced in many areas because of upstream water abstraction, diversion, and impoundment. again, this problem is bound to worsen as more development takes place. deliberate killing of river dolphins is believed to have declined in most areas but still occurs at least occasionally in the middle ganges near patna, india ( smith and reeves 2000, sinha 2002 ), in the kalni - kushiyara river of bangladesh ( smith et al. 1998 ), and in the upper reaches of the brahmaputra river in assam, india ( mohan et al. 1997 ). dolphins are killed by tribal people in the upper brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches of the ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant. mortality in fishing gear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48636867342181456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.069668"}
{"text": "et al. 1997 ). dolphins are killed by tribal people in the upper brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches of the ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant. mortality in fishing gear mortality in fishing gear, especially gillnets, is a severe problem for ganges river dolphins throughout most of their range ( mohan 1995, smith and reeves 2000 ). they are particularly vulnerable because their preferred habitat is often in the same location as the fishing grounds. in the middle ganges, although harpooning is now \" rare \", mortality in fishing nets remains \" widespread \" ( sinha 2002 ). a specific problem is that, because dolphin oil is highly valued as a fish attractant, fishermen have a strong incentive to kill any animals found alive in their nets and even to set their nets strategically in the hope of capturing dolphins ( described by sinha 2002 as \" assisted incidental capture \" ). meaningful quantitative data on the magnitude of catches, either deliberate or incidental, are unavailable and unlikely to become available in the absence of a well - organized, adequately funded, and incorruptible fishery / wildlife management system. | conservation actions : | | ganges river dolphins are legally protected from hunting in all range states. the vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary, bihar, india, between sultanganj and kahalgaon in the mainstem of the ganges river was designated as a protected area for dolphins in august 1991 but there is little government support to enforce protective measures. the legal protection in india has been described as \" completely ineffective \" ( sinha 2002 ), however a small measure of progress was the convening of the regional seminar on environmental laws in the vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary, bhagalpur, india in november 2003 ( anon 2002 ). also, recent proceedings of the patna high court ( c. j. w. c. no. 5628 of 2001 ) directed the state and federals governments to allocate funds for supporting efforts to conserve and monitor dolphins in the ganges. in a few smaller tributaries, dolphins receive nominal protection by virtue of the fact that small portions of their habitat are within or adjacent to national parks and sanctuaries ( e. g., kaziranga national park in assam, india, national chambal sanctuary in madhya pradesh, india, and royal bardia national park and katerniya ghat gharial sanctuary, respectively north and south of the nepal - india border. although field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4520430315333546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.070696"}
{"text": "##ranga national park in assam, india, national chambal sanctuary in madhya pradesh, india, and royal bardia national park and katerniya ghat gharial sanctuary, respectively north and south of the nepal - india border. although field trials have shown that shark or fish oils would be efficient substitutes for dolphin oil as a fish attractant and some fishermen in the middle ganges are now using oil made from fish scraps as an alternative, most apparently continue to use dolphin oil by preference or because suitable alternatives are not widely available in either the ganges or brahmaputra systems ( mohan and kunhi 1996, smith et al. 1998, bairagi 1999, sinha 2002 ). | | citation : | | smith, b. d., braulik, g. t. & sinha, r. 2012. platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 18 may 2013. | | feedback : | | if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47834183726758817, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f641ada-d565-4354-a3a4-68a5e40bd4bc>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.071238"}
{"text": "sometime in the early summer of 1497, a small caravel, the matthew, with a crew of 18 men, spied land after weeks of perilous sailing across the dangerous, then - unknown waters of the northwest atlantic ocean. captained by an italian seaman, john cabot, whose original name was giovanni caboto, the ship had departed bristol in late may with king henry vii \u2019 s blessing to look for new lands across the ocean. what cabot and his men saw was a rugged coastline of deep, narrow bays, towering cliffs, and soaring headlands teeming with nesting seabirds \u2014 a landscape not unlike many portions of the coastline of britain and ireland. cabot was undoubtedly inspired by the success, only a few years earlier, of fellow genoese mariner christopher columbus, in discovering the islands of the caribbean. but this was no subtropical paradise peopled with friendly natives ; the seas here were rough, cold, and full of icebergs carried south from greenland. instead of waving palm trees, the land was forested with fir and spruce, with the more exposed headlands as barren as the arctic tundra. john cabot had discovered the eastermost portion of north america, the huge island that soon came to be known as newfoundland. although there is some disagreement as to where cabot and his crew made landfall, the most likely spot is somewhere on newfoundland \u2019 s bonavista peninsula. they apparently went ashore only once, to take in water, plant a flag claiming the land for the british crown, and explore near the sea shore \u2014 although they did not go inland \u201c beyond the shooting distance of a crossbow, \u201d according to one letter from the period that described the expedition. click here to read the entire article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4031262512855855, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68dd4a5d-fd97-46cf-8ec7-ca2c08f829f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.072947"}
{"text": "march 31, 1912 : titanic - the largest ship in the world is completed! sunday, march 31, 1912 titanic, the largest liner in the world is completed. at 882 feet 9 inches long and 92 feet 6 inches wide, she had the same dimensions as her older sister. her hull was built with 2 thousand 1 inch thick steel plates, held together with over 3 million rivets. her displacement weight is 52, 310 tons, even more than olympic at 52, 067 tons making titanic larger. titanic had three anchors, one for each side with a central anchor stored in reserve on the forcastle deck. the 2 side anchors weighed 7 7 / 8 tons a piece and the central anchor weighing 15 3 / 4 tons. the 2 side anchors were raised and lowered with 96 tons of anchor chain. 29 boilers will produce enough steam to power her 3 story tall reciprocating engines and single turbine, generating up to 46 thousand horsepower. the reciprocating engines turned the outer wing propellers both at 23ft in diameter, and the single turbine turned the center propeller which was 16ft in diameter. titanic and olympic were called triple screw steamers because of the three propellers. pictured below : a photograph of titanic ' s boilers, engines, turbine rotor, and propellers. the cost of building and equipping titanic came to 1. 5 million pounds or 7. 5 million dollars. nearly 125 million dollars by today ' s standards. the white star line expects a quick and glorious return on its investment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4046144184991298, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b57d31f-d6fa-465f-bf97-4b6e1c7c1bd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.074344"}
{"text": "federal rules of evidence an expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. if experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. but if the facts or data would otherwise be inadmissible, the proponent of the opinion may disclose them to the jury only if their probative value in helping the jury evaluate the opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect. ( pub. l. 93 \u2013 595, \u00a7 1, jan. 2, 1975, 88 stat. 1937 ; mar. 2, 1987, eff. oct. 1, 1987 ; apr. 17, 2000, eff. dec. 1, 2000 ; apr. 26, 2011, eff. dec. 1, 2011. ) notes of advisory committee on proposed rules facts or data upon which expert opinions are based may, under the rule, be derived from three possible sources. the first is the firsthand observation of the witness, with opinions based thereon traditionally allowed. a treating physician affords an example. rheingold, the basis of medical testimony, 15 vand. l. rev. 473, 489 ( 1962 ). whether he must first relate his observations is treated in rule 705. the second source, presentation at the trial, also reflects existing practice. the technique may be the familiar hypothetical question or having the expert attend the trial and hear the testimony establishing the facts. problems of determining what testimony the expert relied upon, when the latter technique is employed and the testimony is in conflict, may be resolved by resort to rule 705. the third source contemplated by the rule consists of presentation of data to the expert outside of court and other than by his own perception. in this respect the rule is designed to broaden the basis for expert opinions beyond that current in many jurisdictions and to bring the judicial practice into line with the practice of the experts themselves when not in court. thus a physician in his own practice bases his diagnosis on information from numerous sources and of considerable variety, including statements by patients and relatives, reports and opinions from nurses, technicians and other doctors, hospital records, and x rays. most of them are admissible in evidence, but only with the expenditure of substantial time in producing and examining various authenticating witnesses. the physician makes life - and - death decisions in reliance upon them. his validation, expertly performed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4717630660968487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:713cc86a-dcea-4946-9afa-3fcd55a95422>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.081742"}
{"text": "x rays. most of them are admissible in evidence, but only with the expenditure of substantial time in producing and examining various authenticating witnesses. the physician makes life - and - death decisions in reliance upon them. his validation, expertly performed and subject to cross - examination, ought to suffice for judicial purposes. rheingold, supra, at 531 ; mccormick \u00a7 15. a similar provision is california evidence code \u00a7 801 ( b ). the rule also offers a more satisfactory basis for ruling upon the admissibility of public opinion poll evidence. attention is directed to the validity of the techniques employed rather than to relatively fruitless inquiries whether hearsay is involved. see judge feinberg ' s careful analysis in zippo mfg. co. v. rogers imports, inc., 216 f. supp. 670 ( s. d. n. y. 1963 ) see also blum et al, the art of opinion research : a lawyer ' s appraisal of an emerging service, 24 u. chi. l. rev. 1 ( 1956 ) ; bonynge, trademark surveys and techniques and their use in litigation, 48 a. b. a. j. 329 ( 1962 ) ; zeisel, the uniqueness of survey evidence, 45 cornell l. q. 322 ( 1960 ) ; annot., 76 a. l. r. 2d 919. if it be feared that enlargement of permissible data may tend to break down the rules of exclusion unduly, notice should be taken that the rule requires that the facts or data \u201c be of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field. \u201d the language would not warrant admitting in evidence the opinion of an \u201c accidentologist \u201d as to the point of impact in an automobile collision based on statements of bystanders, since this requirement is not satisfied. see comment, cal. law rev. comm ' n, recommendation proposing an evidence code 148 \u2013 150 ( 1965 ). notes of advisory committee on rules \u2014 1987 amendment the amendment is technical. no substantive change is intended. committee notes on rules \u2014 2000 amendment rule 703 has been amended to emphasize that when an expert reasonably relies on inadmissible information to form an opinion or inference, the underlying information is not admissible simply because the opinion or inference is admitted. courts have reached different results on how to treat inadmissible information when it is reasonably relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion or drawing an inference. compare united states v.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48137070557188455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:713cc86a-dcea-4946-9afa-3fcd55a95422>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.082757"}
{"text": "is not admissible simply because the opinion or inference is admitted. courts have reached different results on how to treat inadmissible information when it is reasonably relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion or drawing an inference. compare united states v. rollins, 862 f. 2d 1282 ( 7th cir. 1988 ) ( admitting, as part of the basis of an fbi agent ' s expert opinion on the meaning of code language, the hearsay statements of an informant ), with united states v. 0. 59 acres of land, 109 f. 3d 1493 ( 9th cir. 1997 ) ( error to admit hearsay offered as the basis of an expert opinion, without a limiting instruction ). commentators have also taken differing views. see, e. g., ronald carlson, policing the bases of modern expert testimony, 39 vand. l. rev. 577 ( 1986 ) ( advocating limits on the jury ' s consideration of otherwise inadmissible evidence used as the basis for an expert opinion ) ; paul rice, inadmissible evidence as a basis for expert testimony : a response to professor carlson, 40 vand. l. rev. 583 ( 1987 ) ( advocating unrestricted use of information reasonably relied upon by an expert ). when information is reasonably relied upon by an expert and yet is admissible only for the purpose of assisting the jury in evaluating an expert ' s opinion, a trial court applying this rule must consider the information ' s probative value in assisting the jury to weigh the expert ' s opinion on the one hand, and the risk of prejudice resulting from the jury ' s potential misuse of the information for substantive purposes on the other. the information may be disclosed to the jury, upon objection, only if the trial court finds that the probative value of the information in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert ' s opinion substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. if the otherwise inadmissible information is admitted under this balancing test, the trial judge must give a limiting instruction upon request, informing the jury that the underlying information must not be used for substantive purposes. see rule 105. in determining the appropriate course, the trial court should consider the probable effectiveness or lack of effectiveness of a limiting instruction under the particular circumstances. the amendment governs only the disclosure to the jury of information that is reasonably relied on by an expert, when that information is not admissible for substantive purposes. it is not intended to affect the admissibility of an expert ' s testimony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4966129969091473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:713cc86a-dcea-4946-9afa-3fcd55a95422>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.085345"}
{"text": "circumstances. the amendment governs only the disclosure to the jury of information that is reasonably relied on by an expert, when that information is not admissible for substantive purposes. it is not intended to affect the admissibility of an expert ' s testimony. nor does the amendment prevent an expert from relying on information that is inadmissible for substantive purposes. nothing in this rule restricts the presentation of underlying expert facts or data when offered by an adverse party. see rule 705. of course, an adversary ' s attack on an expert ' s basis will often open the door to a proponent ' s rebuttal with information that was reasonably relied upon by the expert, even if that information would not have been discloseable initially under the balancing test provided by this amendment. moreover, in some circumstances the proponent might wish to disclose information that is relied upon by the expert in order to \u201c remove the sting \u201d from the opponent ' s anticipated attack, and thereby prevent the jury from drawing an unfair negative inference. the trial court should take this consideration into account in applying the balancing test provided by this amendment. this amendment covers facts or data that cannot be admitted for any purpose other than to assist the jury to evaluate the expert ' s opinion. the balancing test provided in this amendment is not applicable to facts or data that are admissible for any other purpose but have not yet been offered for such a purpose at the time the expert testifies. the amendment provides a presumption against disclosure to the jury of information used as the basis of an expert ' s opinion and not admissible for any substantive purpose, when that information is offered by the proponent of the expert. in a multi - party case, where one party proffers an expert whose testimony is also beneficial to other parties, each such party should be deemed a \u201c proponent \u201d within the meaning of the amendment. gap report \u2014 proposed amendment to rule 703. the committee made the following changes to the published draft of the proposed amendment to evidence rule 703 : 1. a minor stylistic change was made in the text, in accordance with the suggestion of the style subcommittee of the standing committee on rules of practice and procedure. 2. the words \u201c in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert ' s opinion \u201d were added to the text, to specify the proper purpose for offering the otherwise inadmissible information relied on by an expert. the committee note was revised to accord with this change in the text. 3. stylistic changes were made to the committee note. 4. the committee note was revised to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5270188796769504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:713cc86a-dcea-4946-9afa-3fcd55a95422>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.086515"}
{"text": "uavsar : an airborne window on earth surface deformation jan. 20 & 21 the earth ' s surface is constantly undergoing surface deformation at the millimeter to meter scale both from natural forces such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and glacier motion and from anthropogenic causes such as oil and ground water pumping. from crust to core, grail reveals the lunar interior feb. 17 & 18 the moon is the most accessible and best studied rocky, or \" terrestrial \", body beyond earth. wise : the infrared full sky survey mar. 17 & 18 in early january, 2010, the wide - field infrared survey explorer ( wise ) began imaging the entire sky with sensitivities in the mid - infrared hundreds of times greater than previous surveys. a unique opportunity : scientific research and human space flight in the shuttle era april 14 & 15 for an entire generation around the world, thirty years of access to low - earth orbit using the space shuttle orbiter and solid rocket boosters has created the almost iconic image of the winged ascending spacecraft lighting up the florida sky. john f. kennedy and project apollo may 25 of this year will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the 1961 speech to a joint session of congress in which president john f. kennedy, just four months in office, proposed sending americans to the moon \" before this decade is out. \" climate change impact on civilizations : lessons from space data and archaeology june 9 & 10 recently, nasa and other remote sensing data have enabled significant progress in archaeological research. hot water : the oceans and global warming july 21 & 22 water covers nearly 70 percent of its surface, so it ' s no wonder that the world ' s oceans play such an important role in global climate changes. nasa ' s deep space network : our link to spacecraft around the solar system aug. 18 & 19 nasa ' s deep space network is the largest and most sensitive scientific communications system in the world. a linchpin of spacecraft communication, dsn is our connection to worlds beyond and an essential piece of jpl ' s exploration of space. from a to z : getting curiosity to the launch pad sept. 15 & 16 the mars science laboratory, \" curiosity \", is the latest project in nasa ' s mars exploration program, a long - term program of robotic exploration of the red planet. a self - powered underwater robot for ocean exploration and beyond oct. 13 & 14 the sounding oceanographic lagrangrian observer thermal recharging ( solo - trec ) autonomous underwater vehicle is the first unmanned underwater vehicle ( uuv ) that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.533911553612622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e941192-95b9-447e-ba95-2c4b1910758d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.089565"}
{"text": "data for instruction the careful analysis of student assessment data is at the core of all the decisions teachers make about instruction. several sources of formative and summative data \u2014 include the astute observations of watchful teachers \u2014 draw a clear picture of the academic progress of each child. analyze & synthesize teachers use their plc time to analyze assessment data at the level of the individual student. the results of this close analysis and synthesis across multiple data sets provide the raw material for any changes to instruction and student placement in whole and small groups for math and reading. share data & make decisions this assessment form and ( sample ) master intervention schedule provide two mechanisms to share data among the evergreen heights teaching team and the families whose children they teach. teachers use the information captured on these forms to design specific interventions and decide grouping for academic enrichment. in the report card that goes out every trimester, parents receive a special insert that explains this formative data. we can make the connection multiple and layered sources of assessment data and its careful analysis on a weekly basis, create a solidly structured center of gravity for teaching and learning. every day, teachers at evergreen heights are able to add to what they know about how well their students are grasping and applying new concepts, which underscores and reinforces the commitment to each child \u2019 s academic achievement, irrespective of the challenges they face \u2014 one of the nine characteristics of high - performing schools. teachers and staff believe that all students can learn and meet high standards. while recognizing that some students must overcome significant barriers, these obstacles are not seen as insurmountable. students are offered an ambitious and rigorous course of study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.489416814253785, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cd0bbc7-31ec-4806-a049-db205f66575e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.091362"}
{"text": "the 1911 \u201c battle \u201d for islam in british guiana and yes, we won the \u201c battle, \u201d more than 174 years ago when british missionaries in then british guiana tried their hardest to convert as many east indian - muslims to christianity in the colony, despite the fact that they failed to do so during their reign in hindustan. the muslims in guyana ought to celebrate this year \u2019 s eid ( and every day for that matter ) with much exuberance as they stood their grounds in the face of much cruelty, hardship and many adversities at the hands of their plantations owners. had it not been for the adherence to the five pillars of islam \u2013 tawheed ( belief in one god ), namaz ( prayers ), zakat ( charity ), rozah ( fasting during ramadhan ) and the hajj ( pilgrimage to mecca ), islam may have also suffered a slow \u2018 death \u2019 in the same manner it was systematically eradicated amongst the enslaved african muslims during the period of slavery. the second missionary conference, \u201c on behalf of the mohammedan world, \u201d was held on january 23 - 28, 1911 in lucknow, india. the conference was called for two main reasons to : ( a ) address the growing fear of the colonialists that the total muslim population had surpassed the christians by more than 5 million in the british empire ; and ( b ) review the progress made, if any, and if not why not, to convert the east indians to christianity by the missionaries in the various colonies of the empire. among the reports presented during the conference was a section on british guiana, dutch guiana and the west indies detailing \u2013 ( i ) the \u2018 rebirth \u2019 of islam in the region with the introduction of east indian indentured servants following the abolition of slavery ; and ( ii ) the impact islam had on the freed africans in the region, but especially in british guiana. at the conference, evangelists expressed their deep concern regarding the spread of islam, claiming that a century \u2019 s worth of missionary work in british guiana will be wasted if drastic steps were not taken to stop the east indian muslims in their conversion of the africans. they recognized the fact that the learned muslims ( like gool mohammed khan ) in british guiana were \u201c skillful debaters \u201d who were well - versed in the bible and were able to \u201c shake the faith of the uneducated christians. \u201d the conference concluded that the struggle for the future in british guiana will be a \u201c battle between christ and mohammed. \u201d the evangelists regarded the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41800793458549934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:833a9885-fc65-4ebf-879c-bc11e867d060>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.096295"}
{"text": "- versed in the bible and were able to \u201c shake the faith of the uneducated christians. \u201d the conference concluded that the struggle for the future in british guiana will be a \u201c battle between christ and mohammed. \u201d the evangelists regarded the muslims as a threat and a bad influence on \u201c their people, \u201d in referring to the freed africans. they noted that in several cases african christians had \u201c forsaken christ for the prophet of mecca \u201d, without any pressure from the east indians as the africans felt a greater affinity to islam as many of them realized it was once their religion as well. the evangelists \u2018 discovered \u2019 that muslims on the whole resisted conversion to christianity. hence, in their annual assessment of muslims in british guiana, they labeled them as aggressive, stubborn and organized and that they were a hindrance in their ( evangelical ) crusade to change the religious demographic of the west indies. the greatest shock for the missionaries in british guiana was the realization, as expressed by rev. j. b. hill, of the aggressiveness of the \u201c docile coolie mohammedans \u201d in their new \u2018 homeland. \u2019 case in point, two muslim jahagis from bihar who came on the hesperus in 1838 \u2013 jumun ( age 27 ) and phultun ( age 28 ) \u2013 were the first to rebel against the \u2018 slave - like \u2019 conditions and ran away from gladstone estate just days after they were transplanted on the plantation. while there were other instances of rebellion amongst the indians, the one that many historians failed to acknowledge was the 1872 devonshire castle riots where about 300 sugar workers ( muslims and hindus alike ) downed tools and confronted their white masters demanding better working conditions and wages. in the ensuing \u2018 battle, \u2019 five workers were gunned down by the colonial police \u2013 two of them were muslims \u2013 ackloo and maxid ally. then in 1913, there was the rosehall uprising, where most of the protestors in the forefront \u2018 battling \u2019 imperialism were muslims \u2013 moula bux, jahangir khan, dildar khan, chotey khan, aladi, and amirbaksh \u2013 they all stood up against the injustices they were subjected to on the plantation. fast forward to the 1940s, when there was an increased demand by the muslim leadership in british guiana for funding of islamic and urdu schools. these propositions and requests were articulated in several correspondences by the president of the sadr anjuman, mr. r. b. gajraj and moulvi m. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4454042906204674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:833a9885-fc65-4ebf-879c-bc11e867d060>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.097172"}
{"text": "leadership in british guiana for funding of islamic and urdu schools. these propositions and requests were articulated in several correspondences by the president of the sadr anjuman, mr. r. b. gajraj and moulvi m. a nasir to the british government but with little or no success, they were basically ignored. christian schools, on the other hand, were heavily funded by the british, whereas the british government consistently \u201c paid \u201d only lip service to the concerns of the muslims in british guiana. on august 21, 1941, the british guiana islamic association ( bgia ) called a special conference on education to discuss a uniform system of muslim religious education in accordance with the requirements of the education code of british guiana. the main speakers on the subject were : messrs. m. a. nasir ( president ) and ayube m. edun ; also, present were \u2013 k. ali, s. shabratee, m. l. r naboo, and s. m. shakoor, the urdu secretary. sadly, the recommendations and resolutions which emanated from that conference and subsequent conferences fell on deaf ears \u2013 it was the british way of getting back at the \u201c aggressive \u201d muslims \u2013 which ultimately contributed to the demise of the urdu language as the muslims did not have the human or financial resources to fund the teaching of the language. muslims \u2018 fought \u2019 hard to hold on to their religion and culture, despite the fact that a number of them converted to christianity ( including many hindus ). those who converted were regarded as \u2018 civilized \u2019 and rewarded with better and higher paying jobs in the public service. many of them were also given scholarships to study in england as a bonus, while their children were admitted to the christian schools. the \u2018 battle \u2019 however, has not ended ; much of the region still needs to embrace this multicultural history. muslims must not be seen as alien to the west indies, nor should they be ashamed of their islamic heritage given present day hysteria towards followers of the religion. more can be done to educate and accept the long presence of the muslims and their role in helping to shape the socio - economic and political policies affecting the work / lives of the peoples in the region. today, the younger generation needs to be educated on our history in guyana, and appreciate the [ righteous ] path that their ancestors blazed for them to follow. we share an islamic history that is rich in many spheres of \u2013 math, astronomy, physics, literature, architecture and culinary. in fact, many scholars agree that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42911086677716553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:833a9885-fc65-4ebf-879c-bc11e867d060>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.098115"}
{"text": "health benefits of tea tea contains catechins, a type of antioxidant. in a freshly picked tea leaf, catechins can compose up to 30 % of the dry weight. catechins are highest in concentration in white and green teas, while black tea has substantially fewer due to its oxidative preparation. research by the u. s. department of agriculture has suggested that levels of antioxidants in green and black tea do not differ greatly, with green tea having an oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( orac ) of 1253 and black tea an orac of 1128 ( measured in \u00b5molte / 100g ). tea has negligible carbohydrates, fat, and protein. although tea contains various types of phenolics and tannin, tea does not contain tannic acid. tannic acid is not an appropriate standard for any type of tannin analysis because of its poorly defined composition. theanine and caffeine tea also contains theanine and the stimulant caffeine at about 3 % of its dry weight, translating to between 30 mg and 90 mg per 8 oz. ( 250 ml ) cup depending on type, brand and brewing method. tea also contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline. due to modern day environmental pollution fluoride and aluminum have also been found to occur in tea, with certain types of brick tea made from old leaves and stems having the highest levels. this occurs due to the tea plant ' s high sensitivity to and absorption of environmental pollutants. dry tea has more caffeine by weight than coffee ; nevertheless, more dried coffee is used than dry tea in preparing the beverage, which means that a cup of brewed tea contains significantly less caffeine than a cup of coffee of the same size. green tea catechins have also been shown to possess antibiotic properties due to their role in disrupting a specific stage of the bacterial dna replication process. an article in new scientist magazine mentions that numerous studies suggest that green tea protects against a range of cancers, including lung, prostate and breast cancer. the reason cited is the antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ), according to hirofumi tachibana ' s team at kyushu university. their research showed that growth of human lung cancer cells with a cell receptor called 67 lr is slowed significantly after drinking just two or three cups of green tea, which contains egcg. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48604673455327524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f179eb6-2796-41e0-8bd5-32b3f2dfa418>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.111036"}
{"text": "than non - tea drinkers. coffee consumption did not show any effect except at the very highest level of consumption, where it was associated with significantly decreased decline of 20 percent. the study used data on more than 4, 800 men and women aged 65 and older from the cardiovascular health study to examine change in cognitive function over time. study participants were followed for up to 14 years for naturally - occurring cognitive decline. ( aaicad 2010 ; lenore arab, phd ; ucla ) lowered stress hormone levels according to a study by researchers at university college london, drinking black tea can lead to lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol after a stressful event. fifty minutes after being subjected to challenging tasks, subjects who had been drinking 4 cups of black tea daily for 6 weeks, had a 20 % greater drop in cortisol than the placebo group. blood platelet activation, which is linked to blood clotting and the risk of heart attacks was also lower for tea drinkers. effects on hiv a recent study appearing in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology was the subject of an article on bbc news. it stated that epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ) found in green tea can lead to the inhibition of hiv binding and may be used as a complementary therapy for hiv patients, but qualified it by noting that \" it is not a cure, and nor is it a safe way to avoid infection, however, we suggest that it should be used in combination with conventional medicines to improve quality of life for those infected. \" it was an in vitro ( test tube ) study, not an in vivo study, which only tested effects of a chemical in green tea. \" many substances shown to prevent hiv infection in the test tube turn out to have little or no effect in real life, so i think there ' s a long way to go before anyone should rely on green tea to protect against hiv infection. \" effects on inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) the phenolics in green tea have been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation in mouse models of ibd. this effect seems to be related to tea \u2019 s ability to interrupt the cascade of inflammatory reactions that are the cause of ibd. effects on bad breath researchers at the university of illinois at chicago stated that tea phenolics help inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause bad breath. iron overload disorders researchers in germany have found that a daily cup of black tea can help stop excess iron damaging the bodies of people who suffer from hemochrom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4798768239328616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f179eb6-2796-41e0-8bd5-32b3f2dfa418>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.114223"}
{"text": "stated that tea phenolics help inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause bad breath. iron overload disorders researchers in germany have found that a daily cup of black tea can help stop excess iron damaging the bodies of people who suffer from hemochromatosis due to its high content of flavonoids ( commonly mistaken for tannins ), which limit iron absorption. effects associated with caffeine main article : health effects of caffeine a cup of green tea contains between 15 and 50 mg of caffeine. certain cognitive benefits are associated with caffeine consumption, such as a reduction in the likelihood of parkinson ' s disease and a temporary increase in short term memory. further, caffeine consumption has been linked with greater athletic performance, healthy weight loss, reduction in duration and severity of headaches and is effective in treating the symptoms of asthma. effects on obstructive sleep apnea - related brain deficits university of louisville researchers report that green tea phenolics may stave off the cognitive deficits that occur with obstructive sleep apnea, in the second issue for may, 2008 of the american thoracic society \u2019 s american journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. researchers examined the effects of green tea phenolics administered through drinking water, on rats that were intermittently deprived of oxygen during 12 - hour \u201c night \u201d cycles, mimicking the intermittent hypoxia that humans with osa experience. effects on bacterial and fungal infections a study at pace university reported in american society for microbiology ( may 2008 ) found white tea extracts effective at treating bacterial infections, such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumonia and dental caries. white tea was also found to be effective in treating fungal infections from penicillium chrysogenum and saccharomyces cerevisiae. researchers also reported that white tea extracts showed a greater effect than green tea extracts. antivenin activity of melanin extracted from black tea ( mebt ) was reported for the first time in 2004. low toxicity of mebt in combination with its antagonistic activity against different venoms may allow effective life - saving treatment against snakebites. such application of mebt is important when identification of the snake is impossible or if specific treatment is unavailable. research conducted at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ) and presented at the international stroke conference in february 2009 found that drinking three or more cups of either green or black tea per day can reduce the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4716322155050956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f179eb6-2796-41e0-8bd5-32b3f2dfa418>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.115201"}
{"text": "or if specific treatment is unavailable. research conducted at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ) and presented at the international stroke conference in february 2009 found that drinking three or more cups of either green or black tea per day can reduce the risk of suffering a stroke by as much as 21 %. research published in april 2009 by the university of l ' aquila and funded by the unilever - owned lipton institute of tea suggests that drinking just one cup of regular, black tea per day may help to protect against cardiovascular disease. the research showed that black tea consumption does \u2014 depending on dose \u2014 improve blood vessel reactivity, reduce both blood pressure and arterial stiffness, indicating a notably better cardiovascular health profile. sinecatechin, an extract from green tea, was shown to be effective in treating anogenital warts in a double - blinded, randomized controlled trial of greater than 500 subjects. the subjects applied a topical ointment containing either sinecatechin or placebo to the affected area for up to 4 months, and were followed for 3 months after treatment. more than half of the subjects in the treatment group ( 57 % ) experienced a complete resolution of their warts, compared with a third ( 34 % ) in the control group. 78 % of the patients in the treatment group experienced at least 50 % improvement in their warts. the number needed to treat was 4 - 5 patients. the green tea extract treatment was well - tolerated, with relatively few side - effects. in a japanese study, green tea consumption was inversely associated with psychological distress even after adjustment for possible confounding factors. a more frequent consumption of green tea was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in another japanese study. researchers conducted a cross - sectional study in 1, 058 community - dwelling elderly japanese individuals 70 years of age. the prevalence of mild and severe depressive symptoms was 34. 1 percent and 20. 2 percent, respectively. after adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratios for mild and severe depressive symptoms when higher green tea consumption was compared with green tea consumption of 1 cup / d were : 2 to 3 cups green tea / d and 4 cups green tea / d. similar relations were also observed in the case of severe depressive symptoms. one study shows that green tea reduced the severity of rheumatoid arthritis in rats ; however another study shows that tea increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis by 78 % for heavy drinkers and by 40 % for occasional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5128388431222809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f179eb6-2796-41e0-8bd5-32b3f2dfa418>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.116183"}
{"text": "symptoms. one study shows that green tea reduced the severity of rheumatoid arthritis in rats ; however another study shows that tea increases the risk for rheumatoid arthritis by 78 % for heavy drinkers and by 40 % for occasional drinkers. weight loss and cholesterol green tea and its extract have been shown to fight obesity and lower ldl \" bad \" cholesterol \u2014 two risk factors for heart disease and diabetes. one study in the netherlands and a study in japan showed that green tea did both. in the dutch study, participants who drank caffeinated green tea lost more weight, but even those who typically drank the decaf variety saw a decrease in their waistlines and body weight. researchers speculated that the caffeine helps with fat oxidation. in the japanese study, 240 men and women were given varying amounts of green tea extract for three months. those who got the highest amount lost fat and weight and had lower blood pressure and lower ldl \" bad \" cholesterol. retrieved from \" http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / health _ effects _ of _ tea \" text is released and available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license additional terms may apply. how to brew tea how long will my tea last? hot tips for iced tea new choices for discerning palettes tea novice? no problem! tea tasting terms welcome to kally tea. we have to admit, once we started drinking loose leaf tea, it quickly turned from a pleasurable delight to a serious passion. we have discovered that drinking loose leaf tea has made us feel better in many ways, not only physically but also mentally and emotionally. black tea, either straight, or flavored, fulfills our morning get - up - and - go - needs. green tea, as well as white tea, both have a very calming and satisfying effect on the body. oolong tea, with its distinct taste, is wonderful any time of the day, and is especially enjoyable after a session of qi gong. herbals also provide wonderful health benefits that seem to have been suppressed for many years. this website represents our long - time passion and vision for how to make a genuine contribution to people \u2019 s lives. we are so confident that you will enjoy our offerings of loose leaf tea that we offer this full satisfaction guarantee - you \u2019 ll love our tea or get your money back. we also offer free tea samples in every order shipped. please browse our site and join us in what we feel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4591818227005296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f179eb6-2796-41e0-8bd5-32b3f2dfa418>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.120497"}
{"text": "sat november 26, 2011 war by remote control : drones make it easy from his spot beneath a replica of the famous wright military flyer in the smithsonian national air and space museum, peter singer is reminded of a modern military drone. \" the story of manned airplanes is a great parallel to what ' s happening now with unmanned airplanes, \" he tells weekends on all things considered guest host rachel martin. singer, a technological warfare expert and author of the book wired for war, has had drones on his mind a lot lately. the department of defense is under pressure to cut close to a trillion dollars from its budget over the next 10 years, so there ' s a lot of talk around the pentagon about what can go and what can ' t. most defense officials agree that what can ' t be cut is remote aerial technology. drones have taken center stage in the u. s. wars in iraq and afghanistan as well as the counterterrorism fight in pakistan. the ability to fight wars without risking u. s. lives is raising questions about the nature of combat. skepticism from the wright brothers on the wright military flyer, singer says, is a reminder of how just far drone technology has come. in 1903, he says, the new york times printed an article under the headline \" flying machines which do not fly, \" which argued it would take millions of engineers and mechanics tens of thousands of years to build an actual flying machine. the idea, singer says, was considered science fiction. but on the very day that article was printed, singer says, \" two brothers in dayton, ohio, start to assemble the first real flying machine in their bicycle shop. \" it wasn ' t long until the military opened bids for what were then called \" heavier - than - air \" flying machines. the wrights signed a contract, and the military flyer was born. \" it ' s just like any other technology \u2014 whether it ' s what happened with the horseless carriage or what happened with the computer, \" singer says. \" starts out as imagination, and then it gets crossed with innovation, profit seeking and, most importantly, that horrible human need to figure out how to destroy one another. \" over 100 years later, aerospace pioneers are still convincing the rest of us their work isn ' t the stuff of science fiction. that ' s literally the tagline of a recent recruiting ad by the air force featuring drone technology : \" it ' s not science fiction. it ' s what we do every day. \" the ad shows a robotic aircraft scanning a desert landscape with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43582497846689827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7610eb65-1ea1-43d4-8211-066786f721dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.126173"}
{"text": "that ' s literally the tagline of a recent recruiting ad by the air force featuring drone technology : \" it ' s not science fiction. it ' s what we do every day. \" the ad shows a robotic aircraft scanning a desert landscape with a camera that looks like a bright red eye, alerting troops on the ground of a nearby sniper. not far from the wright exhibit at the air and space museum, you can find an exhibit featuring five different drones \u2013 the air force prefers the term \" remotely piloted aircraft. among the aircraft is an mq - 1 predator, similar to the drone from that air force ad. these drones have special meaning for singer. \" they ' re actually just like that wright brothers flyer, \" singer says. \" they ' re the first generation of all this. \" remote defense takes off singer says not a single western aerospace company has a manned combat aircraft in research and development. the mq - 1 predator is the military ' s main workhorse ; on sept. 11, 2001, the air force had one. \" we ' ve now got 57 predators up, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, looking at different target points around the world, \" says air force maj. gen. james poss. poss helps oversee the air force ' s surveillance programs, which mostly revolve around drones. poss says the air force now recruits more pilots for unmanned aircraft than fighter and bomber pilots combined. a lot of the skills pilots need are the same \u2014 spatial awareness, quick critical thinking skills \u2014 but unlike pilots for manned aircraft, remote pilots don ' t need perfect vision. they don ' t need to worry about getting airsick. and combat can bring different strains, too. \" unlike a person that deploys to combat, our remotely - piloted aircraft force never leave combat, \" poss says. also, \" you do leave your ground control station and drive home and you have to mow the lawn. \" one predator pilot, he says, has been stationed at creech air force base in nevada, flying surveillance over the same area of southwest asia for nine years. \" the overwhelming advantage we get, \" poss says, \" is that if you want to go and talk to a world expert on iraq or afghanistan, maybe you don ' t need to go to iraq or afghanistan. maybe you need to talk to that young captain down at creech, because they ' ve been staring at that ground for the past nine years. \" a war over there the extreme distance between nevada and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42561590089925677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7610eb65-1ea1-43d4-8211-066786f721dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.127217"}
{"text": "' t need to go to iraq or afghanistan. maybe you need to talk to that young captain down at creech, because they ' ve been staring at that ground for the past nine years. \" a war over there the extreme distance between nevada and afghanistan keeps a remote pilot out of harm ' s way, but singer argues it also introduces a host of complications about how we define war. he points out that obama skirted congressional authorization for military action in libya, arguing that air support for the european effort did not risk u. s. forces. yet, he says, the u. s. carried out 146 air strikes in libya \u2014 including a final strike that may have contributed to the capture of col. moammar gadhafi. the u. s. has also carried out hundreds of air strikes over pakistan using drones. one of those strikes is reported to have killed at least two dozen pakistani soldiers on saturday, further inflaming tensions between the two countries. \" engaging in combat and people being at risk have always been together until now, \" singer says. \" the technology allows you to disentangle them, and now a new age of war has started. \" the big question is how much more automated war will become. singer says there are dozens of other countries at different stages of developing their own drone technology. will there be a time when air - to - air combat is fully automated? \" i can definitely see some of the more mundane aspects of flight being autonomous, \" poss says. that could mean landing and taking off, aerial refueling, flying to and from a certain target. \" but i always see a human making that final call on whether or not that is a legitimate target, \" he says. \" and i certainly always see a human making that final call on whether or not to release a weapon on that target. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42432410964110223, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7610eb65-1ea1-43d4-8211-066786f721dc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.127955"}
{"text": "how to recycle in the keys the information below has been provided in a collaborative effort by waste management, the city of key west, monroe county public works and glee volunteers. please send questions or comments to email @ example. com. - faqs for recycling in key west - monroe county recycling, hazardous waste & electronic waste information - recycle sticker graphic : any container less than 50 lbs. can be used for recycling. download, print and attach this sign to your bin with clear mailing tape, or pick up a free sticker at the revenue dept. in city hall. - how often \u2013 and on what days is recycled material collected? - do items need to be separated ( plastic, aluminum, tin, paper )? - do i need to take the labels off jars and cans? - what are some of the items that are not recyclable? - how clean do containers need to be before they go into the recycling bin? - how do i find out what to do with hard - to - recycle items? - is recycling really cost - effective and does it improve the environment? - where can i take packing materials such as packing peanuts, bubble wrap and styrofoam blocks to be reused? - if a glass or plastic product doesn \u2019 t have a recycling logo on it, can it still be recycled? - how can i tell which plastics are recyclable? - why do plastics have a number on them if they can ' t be recycled? - can caps and lids on plastic containers be recycled? - can plastic bags be recycled curbside? - can aluminum foil be recycled with cans? - what about lids for tin cans? - can aerosol cans be recycled? - what types of paper are recyclable? - what type of paper is not recyclable? - can i recycle shredded paper from my home? - if something is made from recycled paper, can it be recycled again? - what colors of glass can be recycled? - what do i need to do to prepare the glass bottles? - why can ' t i recycle broken drinking glasses with my glass bottles and jars? - how can i recycle my old batteries? - where can i recycle my car battery and car oil? - can ' t we just dump latex paint? it is water soluble. - where can i recycle my enamel paint and other hazardous materials? how often \u2013 and on what days is recycled material collected? recycled materials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44446533231459745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec6dbdde-229a-48a3-9562-6c6a85a93717>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.135551"}
{"text": "battery and car oil? - can ' t we just dump latex paint? it is water soluble. - where can i recycle my enamel paint and other hazardous materials? how often \u2013 and on what days is recycled material collected? recycled materials for households are collected once per week \u2013 check with waste management ( wm ) for your day. cost of recycling \u2013 for households and condominiums - is included in your monthly bill from the city of key west. do items need to be separated ( plastic, aluminum, tin, paper )? no, the city of key west has recently converted to a \u201c single stream \u201d recycling. the items are separated once they reach the recycle facility in broward county. - plastic bags ( take to publix, albertson \u2019 s, winn dixie or other collection sites ) - styrofoam ( take to publix or other collection sites ) - mirrors, window or auto glass - light bulbs of any kind ( cfls can be recycled at home depot ) - batteries ( aaa, aa, c & d can be recycled at radio shack ) - ceramics or porcelain - film canisters - painted or treated wood - paper towels - plastic wrap how clean do containers need to be before they go into the recycling bin? a good rinse will suffice ; a little residue at the top of a bottle, for example, is fine. just remove all food bits and other bits of trash, cigarette butts, etc. how do i find out what to do with hard - to - recycle items? a surprisingly wide variety of products are recycled by various organizations for free or with a small fee. computers, cooking oil, foam peanuts, and light bulbs are just a few of the items you can recycle with very little effort by taking them to a drop - off center \u2014 instead of throwing them away. for drop - off centers in your area, check with wm or public works department. is recycling really cost - effective and does it improve the environment? yes, recycling is cost - effective. the paper, bottles & cans collected in the key west recycling program are sorted at the materials recovery facility in broward county. recycling improves the environment in many ways : - key west city waste is taken either to the recycle center or to the \u201c waste - to - energy \u201d facility in broward county. - recycling conserves natural resources. - supplying recycled materials to an industry uses less energy than supplying virgin materials that incur extra extraction and transportation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46512690207116913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec6dbdde-229a-48a3-9562-6c6a85a93717>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.136597"}
{"text": "to the recycle center or to the \u201c waste - to - energy \u201d facility in broward county. - recycling conserves natural resources. - supplying recycled materials to an industry uses less energy than supplying virgin materials that incur extra extraction and transportation costs. - manufacturing with recycled materials, with very few exceptions, produces less air and water pollution than manufacturing with virgin materials where can i take packing materials such as packing peanuts, bubble wrap and styrofoam blocks to be reused? packing peanuts, bubble wrap and styrofoam blocks can be taken to one of the shipping companies in key west to be reused ( both pakmail & ups store are on n. roosevelt blvd ). if a glass or plastic product doesn \u2019 t have a recycling logo on it, can it still be recycled? possibly. the recycling symbol is unregulated and placed on containers by plastic - container manufacturers for their own use. so you \u2019 ll probably end up with containers that are emblazoned with recycling symbols yet are not recyclable, and vice - versa. if you \u2019 re not sure if something is recyclable, it \u2019 s probably better to put it in the trash than in the recycling bin. how can i tell which plastics are recyclable? the numbers inside the \" chasing arrows \" recycling symbol # on the bottom of plastic containers indicate recyclability. they reflect the plastic resin content of the plastic. wm accepts all # 1 - # 7 plastics, except styrofoam ( # 6 ). this includes the plastic boxes that fresh fruit is sold in, prescription medicine containers, yogurt containers and plastic trays that microwavable meals come in \u2013 check the number on the bottom of the plastic item. the numbering system was designed so that plastics could be sorted according to a few broad categories. once the system was adopted, recycling companies were able to identify plastic containers by type. recycling companies could thus separate and collect the plastic types that had sufficient market value to cover the costs of collection and transportation. no. not in curbside recycling. the recycling process \u2019 biggest problem is plastic bags mixed in with recycled materials ; it jams the equipment. do not include them in your recycle bin. the good news : clean plastic bags can be dropped off at publix ( east end, along with clean styrofoam food containers, egg cartons and paper bags ), albertson \u2019 s, winn dixie and other locations. - mixed paper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46770777496714155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec6dbdde-229a-48a3-9562-6c6a85a93717>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.137651"}
{"text": ": clean plastic bags can be dropped off at publix ( east end, along with clean styrofoam food containers, egg cartons and paper bags ), albertson \u2019 s, winn dixie and other locations. - mixed paper - newspaper, magazines, catalogs, junk mail, envelopes ( even with the window ), manila folders, brown paper bags, and fax paper. - cardboard - pizza boxes ( clean ), frozen food boxes, corrugated boxes ( wavy middle layer ) and single layer cardboard ( cereal boxes ). - - waxy juice / milk containers can i recycle shredded paper from my home? most of what households shred is not recyclable because it is almost powder when it comes out. if the paper is at least 1 / 2 \" wide and 4 \" long, which means it still has fiber characteristic, it is recyclable. but if you use a diamond cut for privacy issues wm is not able to recycle it. so only shred what you have to and use it for compost or shipping and recycle other paper. composting is a great way to \u201c recycle \u201d shredded paper. shredded paper is a good source of carbon, which is the main ingredient of a compost pile. if something is made from recycled paper, can it be recycled again? yes. while it \u2019 s true that recycling paper and plastic over and over will degrade the quality, that doesn \u2019 t mean you can \u2019 t recycle it. why can ' t i recycle broken drinking glasses with my glass bottles and jars? the combination of ingredients used to make glassware ( i. e. drinking glasses ) is different from what goes into container glass. glassware, ceramics, window panes, or mirrors can pose a threat to workers and equipment in a glass recycling plant. how can i dispose my old batteries? alkaline batteries ( aaa - d ) may be placed in a clear, sealed sandwich bag and placed in the recycling bin. these can also be recycled at radio shack or can now be taken - along with car, boat, and tool batteries \u2013 to the cudjoe transfer station during regular hours. where can i recycle my enamel paint and other hazardous materials? these items must be taken to the following hazmat drop - off location : - cudjoe transfer station ( on blimp rd, mm21. 5 ), 8 : 00 - 4 : 00 on 1st and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4277572222140147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec6dbdde-229a-48a3-9562-6c6a85a93717>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.138648"}
{"text": "thorough, thoughtful history of america ' s road to vietnam, by arnold ( bantam history of the vietnam war - - not reviewed ). beginning with ho chi minh, then a 36 - year - old seaman being inspired during ww ii by fdr ' s antiimperialist rhetoric, arnold traces the american mistakes - - starting with fdr ' s failure to brief truman fully on foreign policy - - that eventually led ho into bloody conflict with the us. according to arnold, ho ' s political innocence, magnetic leadership, and desire for an alliance with america were delineated by oss reports, as was his determination : ` ` if you do not help us achieve our goal [ ending french rule ], i know a country that will be only too glad to. ' ' arnold pinpoints de gaulle ' s artful invocation of the communist threat as the key to the us / french alliance in indochina and explains how america failed to grasp the meaning of the french defeat at dien bien phu in 1954. he confirms that ` ` the u. s. government indeed had a large investment of money and prestige riding on the battle ' s outcome.... ' ' in fact, as the battle for dien bien phu stretched on, he says, a us carrier task force was put on alert and the us quietly moved to the brink of war. as these events began to receive media coverage in the us, president - to - be kennedy got national attention for speaking of the need of the people to know ` ` the blunt truth about indochina ' ' if they were ` ` for the fourth time in this century to travel the long and tortuous road of war. ' ' eisenhower ' s response to kennedy was his famous ` ` domino theory, ' ' with indochina perceived as the first piece likely to fall. an engrossing account of america ' s path to disaster, with eisenhower ' s commitment to indochina and ho ' s growing disaffection with the us set in expert counterpoint.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43622422244604153, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:637997dd-eb2b-4bc8-850c-87253ddc6dff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.140550"}
{"text": "general information / education / medical / cultural / entertainment the history... cumberland gap has been used as a crossing point in the appalachian mountains. animals have used it as a path to the green pastures of kentucky. native americans used the gap as the warrior ' s path that led from the potomac river down the south side of the appalachians through the gap and north to \" the dark and bloody ground \" known as kentucky and on to ohio. in 1750 dr. thomas walker found the gap and mapped its location, but the french and indian wars closed the new frontiers. daniel boone and many other long - hunters used the gap to the kentucky hunting grounds. in 1775, after the treaty of sycamore shoals ended most indian troubles, boone and thirty men marked out the wilderness trail from what is now kingsport tennessee through the cumberland gap to kentucky. part of the wilderness road can be walked in cumberland gap, tennessee by the iron furnace. before the revolutionary war over 12, 000 people crossed into the new frontier territory. by the time of kentucky ' s admission to the union, over 100, 000 people had passed through the gap. by 1800 the gap was being used for transportation and commerce, both east and west. in the 1830 ' s, other routes west caused the gap to decline in importance. during the civil war the gap was called the keystone of the confederacy and the gibraltar of america. both armies felt the invasion of the north or south would come through the gap. both armies held and fortified the gap against the invasion that never came. the gap exchanged hands four times to be finally abandoned in 1866 by the federal army. today the cumberland gap is the main local route north and south, via cumberland gap parkway ( hwy. 25e ). by the mid 1990 ' s a four lane tunnel under the gap will open a new north - south, east - west route and the cumberland gap will be restored like the first pioneer saw it. claiborne county located on the tennessee - kentucky - virginia borders in east tennessee, one of the state ' s three \" grand divisions. \" it was formed in 1801 from parts of hawkins and grainger counties. the county seat is tazewell. the communities of tazewell and new tazewell are in claiborne county, tennessee. we are located in the beautiful mountains of the cumberland gap area. cumberland gap is located where tennessee, kentucky, and virginia meet. claiborne county is a rural county with a population of 28, 828. the county covers 2400 square", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42493550798356333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f8ec58b-1a8f-4afd-8a3e-5e77c6bbf2ca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.144472"}
{"text": ". we are located in the beautiful mountains of the cumberland gap area. cumberland gap is located where tennessee, kentucky, and virginia meet. claiborne county is a rural county with a population of 28, 828. the county covers 2400 square miles. tazewell, the county seat, is located about 40 miles north of knoxville, tennessee. along with our beautiful mountains we have beautiful norris lake with 850 miles of shoreline. norris lake was the first t. v. a. lake built in the late 1930 ' s. the lake is fed by two large rivers, the clinch and the powell. the lake is enjoyed by fisherman and water lovers of all ages. some of the larger communities in the county are tazewell, new tazewell, harrogate, speedwell, forge ridge, midway, springdale, cumberland gap, cedar grove, dogwood heights, and lone mountain. population in claiborne county 28, 828 communi comm services claiborne county utility district united cities propane gas the claiborne county area is home to 11 schools. the claiborne county board of education consists of 7 members. for additional information contact our superintendent of schools is dr. roy k. norris. you can contact the central office at box 179, tazewell, tennessee 37879. the phone number is ( 423 ) 626 - 5225. welcome to lincoln memorial university ( lmu ). for more than 100 years, lmu has helped serve the higher education needs of our tri - state area and beyond. we are excited by that heritage, and we invite you to share it! the university offers a talented, dedicated faculty and staff, a strong and varied curriculum, a well - rounded student life, a beautiful campus, and excellent facilities. in keeping with its lincoln legacy, lmu prides itself in providing well developed and relevant academic programs for today ' s students destined to compete in tomorrow ' s competitive workplace. some of our nation ' s most competent lawyers, doctors, nurses, artists, veterinarians, business persons, and writers have their academic roots at lincoln memorial university claiborne county hospital and nursing home 1850 old knoxville road p. o. box 219 tazewell, tn 37879 ( 865 ) 626 - 4211 the abraham lincoln library and museum houses one of the most diverse lincoln and civil war collections in the country. located on the beautiful campus of lincoln memorial university in harrogate, tennessee. exhibited are many rare items -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3889058113211571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f8ec58b-1a8f-4afd-8a3e-5e77c6bbf2ca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.145433"}
{"text": "a man takes a bite from a hot dog in hollywood, california october 3, 2007. ( photo : reuters / lucy nicholson ) junk food may soon be hard to buy at american public schools as the u. s. government readies new rules requiring healthier foods to be sold beyond the cafeteria - a move most parents support, according to a poll released on thursday. with childhood obesity rising, the survey found most people agreed the chips, soda and candy bars students buy from vending machines or school stores in addition to breakfast and lunch are not nutritious, and they support a national standard for foods sold at schools. like us on facebook the findings from the advocacy group kids ' safe and healthful foods project came as the federal government prepares to roll out a nationwide standard that may set up another battle among health experts, schools and the food industry. the u. s. department of agriculture is expected to issue its guidelines by june, according to some experts. these could limit the amount of sugar, salt and fat foods sold at schools could contain. agriculture department under secretary kevin concannon said an important step in addressing childhood obesity is to help make the \" right choice an easy choice \" while at school. \" we look forward to working with parents, teachers, school food service professionals and the food industry to craft workable guidelines so that healthier options are available for our students, \" he said. many states have already enacted their own laws mandating healthier non - cafeteria food options. jessica donze black, a dietician who leads the kids ' safe and healthful foods project, said the results show growing support for updating standards that surfaced in 1979. \" what has changed in the last 30 years is that the childhood obesity epidemic has more than tripled, \" she said. \" the school environment has also changed.... today, there are a lot of other places throughout the day that compete with kids eating a healthy school meal. \" support for higher standards eighty percent of the 1, 010 adults polled said they would support nutritional standards limiting the calories, fat and sodium in such foods. seventeen percent would oppose it. most also agreed there are now few healthy options. just 5 percent of adults said vending machines offered totally or mostly healthy choices compared with 10 percent for school stores and 21 percent for a la carte lunch lines. changes to school foods may be controversial. new standards for more fruits, vegetables and whole grains in traditional school meals announced in january drew scrutiny when lawmakers blocked limits to french fries and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444405997514184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bda9e3c8-7335-45b0-9c2d-9ed7833b91c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.153264"}
{"text": "for school stores and 21 percent for a la carte lunch lines. changes to school foods may be controversial. new standards for more fruits, vegetables and whole grains in traditional school meals announced in january drew scrutiny when lawmakers blocked limits to french fries and counted pizza as a vegetable because it contains tomato sauce. efforts to give students more healthy options to help fight childhood obesity have historically faced pressure from food and beverage companies and even from schools themselves, who rely on such food sales for extra cash. but health experts, pediatricians and other advocates say that is changing as more companies and school districts come on board at a time when more than one - third of u. s. children are overweight or obese. \" most people accept that soda, candy bars and other unhealthy foods just don ' t deserve a place in school on a regular basis, \" said margo wootan, head of nutrition policy at the center for science in the public interest. she said there are still concerns that members of congress and industry lobbyists could water down the proposal. the american academy of pediatrics ' laura jana said new rules are imperative now that kids consume more than half of their daily calories in school. more students are getting most of their calories from snacks and drinks, not meals, she said. \" to me, it ' s a no - brainer.... they can ' t make that healthy choice when we stick all those temptations under their noses, \" said jana, a pediatrician based in omaha, nebraska and co - author of \" food fights : winning the nutritional challenges of parenthood armed with insight, humor and a bottle of ketchup. \" juice, granola bars food and beverage makers have expanded their portfolios to include juice, granola bars and other healthier products. vending machine companies focused on nutritious offerings have also sprung up. u. s. drink companies have already taken voluntary steps to keep sodas out of some schools and their trade group says this has cut calories consumed from beverages in schools by 88 percent. christopher gindlesperger, spokesman for the american beverage association, said its voluntary guidelines are a good model for the government to follow. \" it ' s a standard that ' s already in place that is working. it strikes a balance, \" he said. aba ' s guidelines eliminate soda in elementary and middle schools but allow diet sodas and low - calorie sports drinks in high school. companies such as the coca - cola co, pepsico inc,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4073227187180103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bda9e3c8-7335-45b0-9c2d-9ed7833b91c5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.154375"}
{"text": "it strikes a balance, \" he said. aba ' s guidelines eliminate soda in elementary and middle schools but allow diet sodas and low - calorie sports drinks in high school. companies such as the coca - cola co, pepsico inc, and nestle sa either had no immediate comment or referred questions to industry trade groups. mars inc, maker of the iconic m & m ' s chocolate candies, said it has already agreed to withdraw branded vending machines from schools and does not offer traditional candy in those settings. mars said it has instead developed other, lower - calorie products. as for schools, most now realize vending machines can help teach students about healthy habits and boost learning even though money does loom large, said whitney meagher, project director for the national association of state boards of education. \" if you have a choice between a cookie and an apple and the cookie is going to sell better, it ' s hard not to make that decision as a business decision, \" she said. the kids ' safe and healthful foods project is a joint venture by the nonprofit policy group the pew charitable trusts and the robert wood johnson foundation, a private organization that aims to improve americans ' health. its poll surveyed 1, 010 registered voters by telephone in mid - january and has a margin - of - error of plus - or - minus 3. 1 percentage points.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3742757070985656, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bda9e3c8-7335-45b0-9c2d-9ed7833b91c5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.155138"}
{"text": "the purpose of this website is to : the foundations of modern english government * * * [ page 18 ]... but it seems clear that the tudors inherited and perpetuated a council emancipated from aristocratic predominance. its members were, in the main, men of the middle class, professional government servants of a type which was to become increasingly familiar i the sixteenth century. henry vii ' s chief advisrs - - morton, fox, warden, bray, lovell, poynings, empson, dudley - - were ecclesiastics, knights, and lawyers. the crown had won the contest over the composition of the central organ of government. the victory was not wholly due to its own action. it was the natural result of the decline of the baronage in a world undergoing profound social and economic change. members of the older aristocracy were seldom found at the council board, and such peers as for the future the king chose to summon were mostly of new creation. great ecclesiastics were still important members, but the ecclesiastical element in governmental service was already less important than in the middle ages, and was soon to declie still further. the composition of the council, in short, reflected that social class which was to prove itself the most devotged and efficient support of the new dynasty. the number of councillors was fluctuating and indeterminate. but the exact size of the council is of little importance. persons whom the king desired to consult, or whose services he intended to use, were sworn of his council, and assumed the duties of giving him advice and of keeping secret the deliberations in which they participated. men might, moreover, be summoned to the council [ page 19 ] who had not been sworn of it. the attendance of membes was irregular. the king might summon whom he pleased, and summon them when and where he pleased. 1 [ n1 pickthorn, henry vii, 28 - 30. d. m. gladish, the tudor privy council, 11 - 13. ] the most essential, as it was certainly the most ancient, function of councillors was to give counsel to the king. it was the king who sought it, for such purposes as he wished, and it was for him to decide what action, if any, should be based on the advice which was tendered to him. during the long ascendancy of wolsey, as later under thomas cromwell, the advisory functions of the council were practically superseded by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4236443549795683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.185198"}
{"text": "him to decide what action, if any, should be based on the advice which was tendered to him. during the long ascendancy of wolsey, as later under thomas cromwell, the advisory functions of the council were practically superseded by the action of a single great minister. 2 [ n2 pollard, council, star chamber and privy council under the tudors, 37 e. h. r. 360. ] it would be a misconception, however, to regard the council as only a body of counsellors. however olarge or small may have been the number of members present at its meetings, they had something like a corporate existence, and were capable of transacting a variety of types of business. the council did more than merely advise the king and his ministers. it had long possessed judicial powers. if on the whole its attempts to obtain an appellate jurisdiction were frustrated by parliament and the common law courts, it developed an original jurisdiction which parliament had sometimes denied and sometimes recognized. 3 [ n3 holdsworth, i. 487, 490. the real objection was to the council dealing with cases cognisable in the common law courts, rather than to its acting where the common law provided no remedy. it had been prevented from dealing with cases involving title to freehold and with treason and felony. ] it also exercised legislative functions, in the issue of ordinances and proclamations, and it constantly gave orders on matters of administrative detail. its meetings were presided over, in the king ' s absence, by a lord president of the council, whose office cab be traced back to 1496, though the extreme informality of his appointment, by royal word of mouth alone, indicates the degree to which the council, even in its most formal aspect, was subjected to the king ' s personal control. 4 [ n4 baldwin, 445. ] its proceedings were recorded by a clerk, whose existence can similarly be traced in henry vii ' s earliest years as king, and the continuous existence of whose office dated from 1405. it had long since acquired a headquarters, in the room styled the star chamber, within the palace of westminster. 5 [ n5 baldwin, 356. pollard, 37 e. h. r. 516 - 18 ]. [ page 20 ] the action of the king strongly pervaded the whole existence and activity of the council. it was his authority, rather than its own, that the council exercised. wherever the king was, there the council must be. thus there was always a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4385131676933702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.186310"}
{"text": "] the action of the king strongly pervaded the whole existence and activity of the council. it was his authority, rather than its own, that the council exercised. wherever the king was, there the council must be. thus there was always a council at the court, a council in attendance on the king. at the same time, however, it was impossible, since the council had so much regular business of a governmental and judicial nature, and a home of its own to trnasact it in at westminster, for all its members to follow the king in his movements from one royal residence to another. certain councillors were therefore taken with the king in his progresses, while others remained behind to deal with routine work. such an arrangement was necessary with a constantly migrating court. it can be observed in and even before the reign of henry vii, 1 [ n1 baldwin, 444. ] andin 1526 henry viii issued a eltham an ordinance designed to ensure the attendance on his peson of a fixed quota of councillors. 2 [ n2 tanner, 220 - 21 ; newton,, 240 - 44. ] it may be inferred from this ordinance that the practice was for those councillors who held offices of state to be kept in attendance on the king, both as advisers and as instruments for the fulfilment of royal commands. this subdivision of the council was in the highest degree informal. it did not indicate any permanent cleavage of the council into two distinct bodies. councillors passed freely from one panel to the other. both dealt with much the same concerns. they constantly corresponded with one another, and when the king returned to westminster the two parts of the council merged, and - - frequently under his own presidency - - sat in the star chamber, to despatch any appropriate business, not necessarily judicial in nature. nevertheless those councillors attendant on the king naturally derived advantage from this fact, and their colleagues in westminster very properly deferred to their instructions. 3 [ n3 baldwin, 448. ] while there is no question of a formal separation between these two bodies of councillors, the practical consequence followed that those who attended the king were primarily concerned with political deliberation and with carrying out the king ' s instructions, whole those in the star chamber dealt chiefly with judicial affairs, although the council with the king had equal judicial [ page 21 ] power and used it. the increase in the judicial activities of the counsel is one of the first important developments of tudor rule. during the unquiet fifteenth century, and even earlier,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46654530110908093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.187382"}
{"text": "although the council with the king had equal judicial [ page 21 ] power and used it. the increase in the judicial activities of the counsel is one of the first important developments of tudor rule. during the unquiet fifteenth century, and even earlier, the need for more effectual means of restoring order and ensuring the due performance of justice had been a perennial problem. in this respect the common law courts had betrayed the most serious defects, from which the jurisdiction of the council was immune. unlike the common law courts, the council dealt with offences not in the places where they had been committed, but centrally, where the local influences which had impeded justice, overawing or corrupting juries, witnesses, parties, sheriffs, and even judges could not come into play. it dispensed with the jury. it evaded the common law rule against the use of torture. it collected information through its own subordinate officials, and by written depositions taken in privacy, and not through evidence given and tested in open court. it could place accused persons on oath, and lead them to incriminate themselves on their own admissions, and indeed without their being aware of the precise charges to be brought against them. the most potent procedural device employed by the council for this purpose was the writ sent out under the privy seal. 1 [ n1 baldwin, 289. ] issued without registration or enrolment, and thus easily kept secret, this writ had never been easy to subject to constitutional checks. the recipient was not required to meet any precisely formulated accusation, but to attend before the council, and answer concerning certain causes there to be laid before him. disobedience was dealt with by reinforcing the writ with a subpoena, contempt of which was punishable by imprisonment at the council ' s discretion. the legality of this whole procedure was perhaps doubtful. statutes of earlier times had forbidden the issue of writs of privy seal in derogation of common law. but it had been legalised by statute in 1453, and, although the statute had lapsed in 1460, it had nevertheless been treated during the reign of edward iv as though it were still in force. 2 [ n2 baldwin, 291 ; i. s. leadam, select pleas in the court of star chamber ( selden society ), introduction, lx. for the writ certis de causis, see holdsworth, history of english law, i. 661. ] thus armed, the council was ready to undertake the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43785792939608237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.188560"}
{"text": "of star chamber ( selden society ), introduction, lx. for the writ certis de causis, see holdsworth, history of english law, i. 661. ] thus armed, the council was ready to undertake the task of repressing violent and powerful evil - doers. the law for this [ page 22 ] purpose was sufficiently strong and needed little amplification, though in 1504 the statutes against livery and maintenance passed in the fifteenth century were supplemented by another making bonds between lords and retainers illegal. 1 ] n1 tanner, 9 - 12. ] what was needed was not the enactment of new but the enforcement of existing law. by the punishments it could inflict, as well as by the procedure it folowed, the council was well fitted for its task. though medieval parliaments had succeeded in preventing it from taking cognisance of cases involving the title to freehold, and of cases of treason and felony, so that it could not take away freehold property or inflict the death penalty, it wielded the scarcely less formidable weaons of mutilation, branding, imprisonment, and the imposition of exorbitant fines. in 1487 a statute defined its judicial function more closely. 2 [ n2 tanner, 258 - 9. pollard, reign of henry vii, i. 55 - 6. ] part of its jurisdiction - - in cases of livery and maintenance, riots and unlawful assemblies, bribery of jurors, abuse of power by sheriffs - - was placed in the hands of the chancellor, treasurer, keeper of the privy seal ( or any two of them ), with a bishop and a temporal lord of the council, and the chief justices of king ' s bench and common pleas. the legal effect of this statute has been much debated, but it can hardly have been intended to supersede or even to limit the jurisdiction of the council as a whole, and in the result it did not do so. the act seems to have attempted to ensure the attendance, for the purposes it contemplated, of a prescribed panel of members, and to remove any doubt as to the legality of their proceedings, without prejudicing the powers of the council in general to deal with these or other offences which could be brought with its competence. 3 [ n3 holdsworth, i. 493 - 4 ; baldwin, 437 - 42 ; c. l. scofield, the court of star chamber, 9ff. ; pickthor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46362389993376063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.189661"}
{"text": "offences which could be brought with its competence. 3 [ n3 holdsworth, i. 493 - 4 ; baldwin, 437 - 42 ; c. l. scofield, the court of star chamber, 9ff. ; pickthorn, henry vii, 47, 145 ; pollard, 37 e. h. r. 520 ff. ; c. h. williams, the so - called star chamber act, 15 hist. 129. a similar statutory committee was established in 1495 when certain members of the council were empowered to deal with charges of perjury and other offences and inflict punishment. 4 [ n4, ii. 589. ] neither enactment abridged the judicial position of the council or placed it on a basis limited by statute. its jurisdiction continues to be an emanation of the royal prerogative, and does not become the creation of an act of parliament. while the council in star chamber was not a different tribunal from the council with the king, the regularity and specialised [ page 23 ] nature of the work done there inevitably tended to create a disjunction between two judicial aspects of the same body. in 1494 a distinction is noted between the sessions of the council and those of the star chamber. 1 [ n1 scofield, 27. but compare tanner, 252. ] in 1500 the star chamber is first referred to by name in legal proceedings. 2 [ n2 polland, 37, e. h. r > 530. ] in 1504 comes its first mention in a statute. 3 [ n3 scofield, 27 - 8. ] although the council with the king retained and exercised judicial powers, it began to some extent to differ from the star chamber. it did not, as the star chamber did, include the judges, and, unlike the star chamber, which came to sit publicly and only during the law terms, it sat in private and all the year round. 4 n4 in this capacity, it came to be known as the council table. tanner, 253. ] the star chamber, being pre - eminently the judicial side of the council, came to include persons whose advice on political matters the king could hardly need, but whose legal knowledge was of value. gradually there came into existence a body of persons known as \" ordinary \" councillors, a term which firsts occurs under henry viii. 5 [ n5 baldwin, 450 - 51. ] though not usually summoned to meetings of the council with the king, they were nevertheless sworn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44737967379055354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.190639"}
{"text": "existence a body of persons known as \" ordinary \" councillors, a term which firsts occurs under henry viii. 5 [ n5 baldwin, 450 - 51. ] though not usually summoned to meetings of the council with the king, they were nevertheless sworn of the council. their membership might be no more than a complimentary dignity, or a gage of fidelity and service. so far as they were efficient, they seem to have discharged services of a technical kind - - receiving petitions, conducting examinations, and carrying out similar routine duties. the emergence of a distinction, however, imperfect, between council and star chamber, is only part, though the most important part, of a great development of the structure of the council in early tudor times. the committees of 1487 and 1495 were constituted by statute. the same could be done by the personal authority of the king. about 1493 henry created a committee to entertain the complaints of poor men. 6 [ n6 i. s. leadam, select cases in the court of requests ( selden society ), introduction, xi. ] with such business, dealt with by a procedure analogous to but simpler and less expensive than that of the chancellor in dealing with petitions for equitable remedy where the common law was defective, 7 [ n7 see below, 26. ] the privy seal was already connected, and it came naturally under the care of the keeper of the privy seal. under [ page 24 ] henry viii the committee, at first attendant on the king, became a permanent court, sitting in the white hall of the palace of westminster, conducted by royal officials, and styled the court of requests. by the middle of the century professional judges known as masters of requests were assuming control of its business. * * * [ page 28 ]... the \" equity \" dispensed by the chancellor in civil cases might, like the \" criminal equity \" of the star chamber, be regarded as a competitor with the common law.... the zenith of the tudor monarchy * * * [ page 130 ] procedures developed on lines already indicated in their general form. process, whether initiated by the crown ' s attorney or by a private litigant, began with a bill setting forth complaints which brought the case within the competence of the court. the defendant was summoned by subpoena, confronted with the bill, and required to answer it. on his answer, the plaintiff might base further interrogatories. witnesses were then examined similarly. so far the case had been conducted by officers of the court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47576081457319885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.191668"}
{"text": "was summoned by subpoena, confronted with the bill, and required to answer it. on his answer, the plaintiff might base further interrogatories. witnesses were then examined similarly. so far the case had been conducted by officers of the court. it was now ripe for the court itself. if a defendant made an admission, even though not on oath, before an official of the court, he could be directly brought before the star chamber, by what was termed ore tenus procedure, to make his defence and receive its sentence. sometimes a statutory penalty existed. in default of one, the court devised sentences of fine, damages, imprisonment, mutilation, pillory, whipping, and humiliating punishments such as riding a horse with one ' s fact to the tail. 2 [ 2 holdsworth, v. 178 - 84 ; scofield, star chamber, 73 - 9 ; tanner, 256. ]... [ page 133 ] its [ i. e., common law ] doctrines regarding such offenses as conspiracy and defamation, for example, lagged behind those of the star chamber. 2 [ n2 holdsworth, v. 203 - 12. ] at common law, conspiracy was primarily an attempt against the administration of justice between party and party, and not a criminal offence. libel was an offence against the party injured, and him only. the punished conspiracy as criminal, and so also seditious libels against the government and libels on private persons which were likely to provoke a breach of the peace. the proceedings of the prerogative courts, in short, were instinct with the sense that certain acts must be penalised on grounds of public policy, that the interests of the state demand their repression. the common law was hampered by its lack of any such strong sense. its political tradition was the medieval conception of the supremacy of law in the state and over the state. that conception was in danger of being regarded as out of date. medieval rules imposing restrictions on the action of the crown seemed mere antiquated lumber to keep modern minds which exalted above all things the power of an efficient, powerful, and well - advised monarch. the common law might, [ page 134 ] if these fashionable opinions triumphed, be relegated to deciding ordinary cases of crime and civil disputes where no public interest was specially involved. a distinction, already becoming evident on the continent, might be accepted in england also, between public and private law. were it to be worked out, the common law courts would be ousted from their ancient control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47225855069562395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.192711"}
{"text": "disputes where no public interest was specially involved. a distinction, already becoming evident on the continent, might be accepted in england also, between public and private law. were it to be worked out, the common law courts would be ousted from their ancient control over governmental acts. there was a real risk that the common law judges would surrender to the dominant current of opinion, and confine themselves to the peformance of humbler functions. it is to be remembered that they were royal officials, holding office at the crown ' s good pleasure, that like other men they felt the force of the new ideas, that they were uncertain of the applicability of the constitutional theories to be inferred from the crabbed and obscure learning in which they were bred, and that the limits of their jurisdiction did not rest with themselves to fix, since the council acted as a tribunal des conflits their surrender might well mean the end of the principle that government, like private concerns, was subject to the common and statute law and not a matter of arbitrary power. the notion of the sovereignty of law was ceasing to be fashionable. in the sixteenth century, that of an illimitable legislative power was coming to be axiomatic. if the common law courts were silenced on matters of government, and relegated to dealing with private affairs, it would be possible to assert that sovereignty lay in the crown alone. they did not consent to this fate, nor did the tudors seek to impose it on them. * * * the decline and fall of conciliar government, 1603 - 1660 [ page 205 ]... for the enforcement of the laudian [ the king ' s advisor ] policy, the high commission provided a convenient instrument of repression, and its efforts were seconded by the star chamber and by a rigid censorship over printing and publication. it is not surprising that the censorship was evaded, and that, as in the days of marprelate, acrimonious pamphlets appeared, attacking recent innovations and the hierarchical system which made them possible. three pamphleteers, prynne, bastwick and burton, were in 1637 sentenced by the star chamber to pillory, mutilation, fine and life imprisonment, and john lilburne to shipping, pillory, and imprisonment for the importation of similar works from abroad. * * * [ page 214 ] no structural changes in government were thus far involved. but in july 1641 a statute abolished the jurisdiction of star chamber as unwarranted by the act of 1487,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4758769127329233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.193694"}
{"text": "the importation of similar works from abroad. * * * [ page 214 ] no structural changes in government were thus far involved. but in july 1641 a statute abolished the jurisdiction of star chamber as unwarranted by the act of 1487, denied the competence of the privy council to adjudicate on the property rights of the subject, and required the common law courts to pronounce within three days on the legality of commitments made by its order and challenged by habeas corpus. 4 [ n4 gardiner, documents, 179 - 86. ]... at last the battle of the common law courts against rival jurisdiction was won for them by their parliamentary ally, and governmental acts were subject to their sole jurisdiction. * * * [ page 230 ] chapter v the beginning of parliamentary monarchy, 1660 - 1714... a proposal mooted in the lords for the revival of star chamber was at once abandoned, and with the star chamber the council of the north and other courts of like nature also vanished. except for an appellate jurisdiction from courts overseas, the council had been shorn of its judicial powers, retaining only a power of arresting and examining suspected persons, which was subject to the provision of the act of 1641 requiring the speedy issue of a writ of habeas corpus in such cases. 2 [ n2 gardiner, documents, 185. ] with the abolution of the conciliar courts, [ page 232 ] the power of legislating by proclamation, unsupported by any coercive processes save those afforded by the common law, was confined within the limits imposed by the case of proclamations. arbitrary rule was no longer possible to a king who could neither legislate nor tax out of parliament, nor do justice outside the courts of common law and of chancery. * * * [ end of quotations from the constitutional history of modern britain, 1485 - 1951 by sir david lindsay keir ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 118 ] its iniquities it was in a room known as the star chamber that the council sat when there was justice to be done, and there, as the \" court of star chamber, \" it earned its infamy. that infamy it fairly earned under the first two stuart kings, and no one will dispute that the long parliament did well in abolishing it. it had become a political court and a cruel court, a court in which divines sought to impose their dogmas and their ritual upon a recalcitrant [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656005721149441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.194698"}
{"text": "and no one will dispute that the long parliament did well in abolishing it. it had become a political court and a cruel court, a court in which divines sought to impose their dogmas and their ritual upon a recalcitrant [ page 119 ] nation by heavy sentences ; in which a king, endeavouring to rule without a parliament, tried to give the force of statutes to his proclamations, to exact compulsory loans, to gather taxes that the commons had denied him ; a whipping, nose - slitting, ear - cropping court ; a court with a grim, unseemly humour of its own, which would condemn to an exclusive diet of pork the miserable puritan who took too seriously the mosaic prohibition of swine ' s flesh. and then, happily, there were doubts about its legality. the theory got about that it derived all its lawful powers from a statute passed in 1487, at the beginning of henry vii. ' s reigh, while manifestly it was exceeding those powers in all directions. we cannot now accept that theory, unless we are prepared to say that for a century and a half all the great judges, including coke himself, had taken an active part in what they knew to be the unlawful doings of the council - - the two chief justiceds had habitually sat in the star chamber. still we may be glad that this theory was accepted. the court was abolished in the name of the common law. it had not added much to our national jurisprudence. it had held itself aloof from jurisprudence ; it had been a law unto itself, with hands free to invent new remedies for every new disease of the body politic. it had little regard for precedents, and, therefore, men were not at pains to collect its decisions. [ page 120 ] it had, however, a settled course of procedure which, in its last days, was described by william hudson in a very readable book. its procedure, the main feature of which was the examination of the accused, perished with it. after the civil war and the restoration no attempt was made to revive it, but that it had been doind useful things then became evident. the old criminal law had been exceedingly defective, especially in relation to those offences which did not attain the rank of felonies. the king ' s bench had, for the future, to do what the star chamber had done, but to do it in a more regular fashion, and not without the interposition of a jury.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4635782962598239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.195646"}
{"text": "did not attain the rank of felonies. the king ' s bench had, for the future, to do what the star chamber had done, but to do it in a more regular fashion, and not without the interposition of a jury. [ emphasis added. ] [ end of quotations from a sketch of english legal history, by frederic w. maitland and francis c. montague ( london / new york : g. p. putnam ' s sons, 1915 ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 260 ] the crown originally held all presses in its own hands, allowed no one to print except under special license, and kept all presses subject to regulations put forward by the star chamber in virtue of the royal prerogative : the exclusive privilege of printing was thus given to ninety - seven london stationers and their successors, who, as the stationers ' company, constituted a guild with power to seize all publications issued by outsiders ; the printing - presses utlimately conceded to the universities existed only by a decree of the star chamber. side by side with the restrictions on printing - - which appear to have more or less broken down - - there grew up a system of licensing which constituted a true censorship. 1 [ n1 see for the control exercised over the press down to 1695, odgers, libel and slander ( 3rd ed., 196 ), pp. 10 - 13 ; holdsworth, history of english law, vol. vi ( 1924 ), p. 360 - 379, and vol. x ( 1938 ), pp. 2, 29. ] press offences constituted a special class of crimes cognisable by a special tribunal - - the star chamber - - which sat without a jury and administered severe punishments. 2 [ n2 gardiner, history of england, vol. vii ( 1884 ), pp. 51, 130 ; ibid., vol. viii ( 1884 ), pp. 225, 234 ; holdsworth, op. cit., vol. vi ( 1924 ), pp. 367 - 370. the star chamber indeed fell in 1641, never to be revived, but the censorship survived the commonwealth, and was under the restoration ( 1662 ) given a strictly legal foundation by the licensing act of 1662, which by subsequent enactments was kept in force till 1695. 3 [ n3 see macaulay, history of england, vol. iv ( 1858 ), ch. xix, xxi. ] * * * [ page 267 ] in england, on the other hand, the attempt made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4513001955974727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.196560"}
{"text": "force till 1695. 3 [ n3 see macaulay, history of england, vol. iv ( 1858 ), ch. xix, xxi. ] * * * [ page 267 ] in england, on the other hand, the attempt made by the crown during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to form a strong central administration, though it was for a time attended with success, because it met some of the needs of the age, was at bottom repugnant to the manners and traditions of the country ; and even at a time when the people wished the crown to be strong, they hardly liked the means by which the crown exerted its strength. hundreds of englishmen who hated toleration and cared ittle for freedom of speech, entertained a keen jealousy of arbitrary power, and a fixed determination to be ruled in accordance with the law of the land. 1 [ n1 see selden ' s remarks on the illegality of the decrees of the star chamber, cited gardiner, history of england, vol. vii ( 1884 ), p. 51. ] these sentiments abolished the chamber in 1641, and made the re - establishment of the hated court impossible even for the frantic loyalty of 1660. but the destruction of the star chamber meant much more than the abolition of an unpopular tribunal ; it meant the rooting up from its foundations of the whole of the administrative system which had been erected by the tudors and extended by the stuarts. this overthrow of a form of administration which contradicted the legal habits of englishmen had no direct connection with any desire for the uncontrolled expression of opinion. the parliament which would not restore the star chamber or the court of high [ page 268 ] commission passed the licensing act, and this statute, which in fact establishes the censorship, was, as we have seen, continued in force for some years after the revolution. the passing, however, of the statute, though not a triumph of toleration, was a triumph of legality. the power of licensing depended henceforward, not on any idea of inherent executive authority, but on the statute law. the right of licensing was left in the hands of the government, but this power was regulated by the words of a statute ; and, what was of more consequence, breaches of the act could be punished only by proceedings in the ordinary courts. the fall of the star chamber deprived the executive of the means for exercising arbitrary power. 1 [ n1 but the council after the restoration exercised considerable administrative power and in it are to be found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46472960149910714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.197825"}
{"text": "act could be punished only by proceedings in the ordinary courts. the fall of the star chamber deprived the executive of the means for exercising arbitrary power. 1 [ n1 but the council after the restoration exercised considerable administrative power and in it are to be found the beginnings of the modern government departments. - - ed. ] [ emphasis added. ] [ end of quotations from introduction to the study of the law of the constitution, by a. v. dicey ( london : macmillan and co., 1939, 9th ed., 1st ed. 1885 ) ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 86 - 87 ]... it is clear that, though the council professed to desire to uphold the law in ordinary cases, 1 [ n1 dasent xxx 697 - - a case more fit for ordinary law sent to be heard by the two chief justices. ] it would, if necessary, make the ordinary law yield to what it considered to be state necessity. 2 [ n2 ibid xxxii 100 - - the city of london had made certain rules for the company of carmen, the validity of which had been questioned by the company in the king ' s bench. the king ' s bench decided against their validity, and the city appealed to the council ; the council said that it would hear what the chief justice of the king ' s bench had to say because \" it is convenient that wee mayntaine and hould as good agrement and correspondence as wee may betwixt our proceedinges in matters of state and the practize of the lawe ; \" but in the end ( p. 421 ) the validity of the rules was affirmed. ] thus, we find it laid down in the star chamber that, \" exorbitante offences are not subjecte to an ordinayre course of law ; \" 3 [ n3 hawarde, les reports etc. 292. ] and that in case of necessity no precedent is needed as, \" they can make an order according to the necessity and nature of the thinge itself. \" 4 [ n4 ibid 144. ] a striking instance of the application of these principles is a case in which the council directed a gaoler to disobey a writ of habeas corpus, and to make a return that the commitment was by the queen ' s special command. 5 [ n5 dasent xxiii 330 ; cf. ibid 95, 159 - - in that case the cause assigned was, \" the speciall service of her majest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43398647529249806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.198847"}
{"text": "a return that the commitment was by the queen ' s special command. 5 [ n5 dasent xxiii 330 ; cf. ibid 95, 159 - - in that case the cause assigned was, \" the speciall service of her majestie and the state, \" a ground admitted by the judges in 1591 to be a good cause for refusing to release a prisoner, vol. i 509 ; hallam, c. h. i 234 - 236 ; prothero, documents, 446 ; vol. v app. i. ; vol. vi c. 6. ] it is clear that the ideas which underlie these activities lead directly to the growth of a system of administrative law, and that in all questions of doubtful jurisdiction the council was claiming to exercise the powers of a tribunal des conflits. it is equally clear that the powers thus assumed were gradually undermining the legal securities for the liberty of the subject. those who were bold enough to complain or criticize soon found themselves committed to prison for an indefinite period ; 6 [ n6 see the case of sir john smythe who had made speeches \" pretendinge that by the lawes of the realme no subject ought to be commanded to goe out of the realme in her majestie ' s service, \" dasent xxv 459, 460, 475, 501 ( 1596 ) ; he was still under surveillance in 1600, ibid xxx 177, 249. ] and they were lucky if they escaped with an abject apology and a recantation of their political errors. 7 [ n7 robert tailboys was committed to prison because he took upon him to \" examyne the lawfull aucthorite of leavying of money for her majesty ' s service, \" dasent xxvi 138 ( 1596 ), but was released later in the year on making humble submission, ibid 318, 319 ; cf. ibid xxviii 400 ( 1598 ), a rebuke to sir john savile and the other justices of the west riding for delays in collecting shipmoney, and for calling its legality in question ; for an earlier case of 1595 - 1596 in which savile supported unsuccessfully the yorkshire justices against the council of the north see reid, king ' s council in the north 336 - 339. ] * * * [ page 102 ] \" when the common state or wealth of the people require it, \" it was said in the star chamber, \" the king ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48853861864238246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.199884"}
{"text": "north see reid, king ' s council in the north 336 - 339. ] * * * [ page 102 ] \" when the common state or wealth of the people require it, \" it was said in the star chamber, \" the king ' s proclamation bindes as a lawe and neede not staye a parliamente. \" 1 [ n1 hawarde, les reportes etc. 328, 329. ] * * * [ page 273 ]... the practice of making a preliminary examination of accused persons became usual ; and torture was used to discover facts whenever the council deemed it necessary.... [ page 274 ] it is obvious that it leads directly to the growth of a system of administrative law ; and it is equally obvious that if it had prevailed the common law would have ceased to be the law of the constitution. [ end of quotations from holdsworth ' s history of english law - volume four - the common law and its rivals ( boston : little, brown & co., 1924 ) ) ; bold emphasis added. ] [ page 163 - 164 ]... the law applied was based upon the common law ; 7 [ n7 see pp. 24 - 25 - - rules are laid down by the chief justices as to bail and arrest ; 27 - - a plea to the jurisdiction is referred to the chief justices ; 63 - - a case is referred to the common law ; 128 - 129 - - counsel is rebuked for citing common law cases which do not apply ; 154 - - a case is remitted to a trial at common law ; 261 - - legal argument as to the power of the crown to grant the forfeiture of penal laws ; 325 - - a lecture on serving process by the lord chief justice. ] but the procedure of the court enabled it to disregard many of those technical common law rules which rendered the administration of the criminal law ineffective. 1 [ n1 on occasion they would disregard even their own rules of practice ; thus at p. 149 the lord keeper said they could make an order \" even if it be not the course of the court ; for in such great cases, in which was a great mischief, and it was so necessary for the public good, a precedent was not necessary to direct them, but they could make an order according to the necessity and nature of the thing itself \" ; cf. p. 103, where they dealt with a case of riot because the country would not find it ; at p. 292 the lord chancellor says, \" exor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48121718144181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.202369"}
{"text": "could make an order according to the necessity and nature of the thing itself \" ; cf. p. 103, where they dealt with a case of riot because the country would not find it ; at p. 292 the lord chancellor says, \" exorbitante offences are not subjecte to an ordinarye course of lawe. \" ] the judges of the court did not hesitate to develop and expand the principles of the criminal law in a way in which no common law judge would have dared to attempt. 2 [ n2 illustrations may be seen in the way in which they dealt with officials who had misbehaved or neglected their duties, vol. iv 77 - 80 ; or with informations for the breach of proclamations, pp. 79, 318, 319, 328 ; or with such offences as riot, conspiracy, libel, and various forms of fraud, below 197 - 213. ] * * * [ page 165 ] he [ historian leadam ] entirely supresses the fact that it used torture to extort confessions and information. 8 [ n8 below 185 - 187. ]... [ page 166 ]... men generally... were beginning to regard it as a court which attempted to maintain royal absolutism, and to overthrow the constitution, by the cruelty of the punishments which it inflicted upon its political opponents. * * * [ page 184 ]... the extreme harshness of this procedure was largely due to the fact that the extraordinary procedure had gradually become the ordinary procedure ; and that familiarity with and acquiescence in the harshness of its methods had made it possible to increase progressively that harshness. 7 [ n7 above 173 - 175. ] we have seen that hudson admits the existence of this extraordinary procedure, but that he deprecates its use in any but extraordinary cases. 8 [ n8 above 165. ] but from other sources we can see that it was used, and that it reproduced two of the most dangerous features of the continental procedure. in the first place torture was freely used, to extort either a confession, or the disclosure of further information. in the second place the court considered [ page 185 ] that it was free to disregard not only the ordinary rules of procedure, but also the ordinary rules of law. ( i ) that torture was used all through this period is conclusively proved by the acts of the privy council. 1 [ n1 see e. g. nicolas vii xlvi - xlviii ; dasent iv 171, 201, 284", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5021967376755792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.203322"}
{"text": "( i ) that torture was used all through this period is conclusively proved by the acts of the privy council. 1 [ n1 see e. g. nicolas vii xlvi - xlviii ; dasent iv 171, 201, 284 ; v 235 ; xiii 37, 399, 401 ; for a case on the pipe roll of 24 hy. ii where the king gave a license to torture see pike, hist. of crime i 427. ] jardine, in his \" reading on the use of torture in the criminal law of england \" gives numerous illustrations which show that, down to 1640, it was used, not only in the case of persons charged with offences against the safety of the stte, but also in the case of persons charged with serious crimes having no reference to safety of the stte ; and it was used, not only to extort confessions, but also to obtain a disclosure of accomplices. 2 [ n2 jardine, use of torture app. ] but it is also clear from the works of fortescue, 3 [ n3 de laudibus c. 27. ] smith, 4 [ n4 de republica anglorum, bk. ii c. 24 - - \" torment or question which is used by the order of the civill lawe and custome of other countreis to put a malefactor to excessive paine, to make him confesse of himselfe, or of his felowes or complices, is not used in england, it is taken for servile. \" ] [ n5 third instit. 35 - - \" there is no law to warrant tortures in this land, nor can they be justified by any prescription, being so lately brought in. \" ] and from the resolution of the judges in felton ' s case, 6 [ n6 rushworth, pt. i. vol. i 650 - 651 - - all the judges agreed that felton could not be tortured by the rack, \" for no such punishment is known or allowed by our law. \" ] that the use of torture was wholly contrary to the common law. as esmein has said, \" torture is out of place in a purely accusatory procedure and in a free country ; \" 7 [ n7 history of continental criminal procedure 107. ] and, as we have seen, the criminal procedure of the common law was essentially accusatory, while england was universally regarded as a \" dominium politice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4776739814780886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.204368"}
{"text": "a free country ; \" 7 [ n7 history of continental criminal procedure 107. ] and, as we have seen, the criminal procedure of the common law was essentially accusatory, while england was universally regarded as a \" dominium politice et regale. \" further, all these writers, though they say it is unknown to the common law, knew that it existed, and in some cases assisted in its application. * * * * * * [ page 187 ] on the other hand, the continental rules of proof were not so strictly applied here as on the continent ; and that led to a capriciousness in the use of torture which selden notes as peculiar to the english practice. 1 [ n1 \" the rack is used nowhere as in england. in other countries ' tis used in judicatue, when there is a semi - plena probatio, a half proof against a man ; then to see if they can make it full, they rack him if he will not confess. but here in england they take a man and rack him i do not know why or when ; not in time of judicatue but when somebody bids, \" table talk ( ed. reynolds ) pp. 184, 185. ] ( ii ) the same extraordinary power which could order the use of torture could equally dispense with the ordinary rules of procedure and the ordinary rules of law. * * * hudson himself tell us that, in a case which affected the state, the lord chancellor had imprisoned certain witnesses who refused to give evidence, though he had himself admitted that this would not be done in ordinary cases ; 7 [ n7 hudson, op. cit. 209. ] and it is quite clear that the accused was not allowed to refuse to answer by involving the privilege against self - crimination, which he possessed in ordinary cases. 8 [ n8 above 182. ] [ end of quotations from holdsworth ' s history of english law - volume five - the common law and its rivals ( boston : little, brown & co., 1927 ) ; bold emphasis added. ] the court of star chamber, or star chamber, was an equity court for criminal justice in which the king and his / her advisors or council had control of the court to such extent that the judges of the court did not have to follow any rules, and did whatever they wanted ( or whatever the king or council wanted ). the judges were particularly harsh against political enemies of the king, and in offenses against the state the judges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.504191520332829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e511b78-d7ee-4b51-be13-ea2addb87cbc>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.205403"}
{"text": "quick start guide chapter 19 : personal protective equipment program : personal protective equipment revision record : http : / / www. lbl. gov / ehs / pub3000 / pub3000changes. html who needs to know about these requirements? the requirements of the personal protective program apply to : - anyone at lbnl before entering a technical area, construction area, or other area with postings or markings requiring personal protective equipment ( ppe ). - anyone working in or walking through any environment where chemical or biological agents are stored or handled ; where radioactive materials are stored or handled ; where physical hazards exist ; where any potential hazard to eyes, feet, head, or skin is present ; where hearing damage is possible ; where construction poses a risk for injury or illness. inadequate use of personal protective equipment may lead to : - injuries ( including loss of body members and fatalities ) to personnel ( burns, lacerations, eye damage, hearing loss, radioactive contamination, being struck by falling objects, electric shock, inhaling harmful substances ) - extra costs and delays what you need to do before performing work : 1. define work / protocols. - personal protective equipment ( ppe ) must be established for all technical areas. - the following ppe fulfill minimum requirements for labs or shops where chemical or biological materials are stored or handled : protective eyewear, long pants, close - toed shoes. - the following additional ppe may be required based on specific hazards : head protection, respiratory protection, hand protection, skin protection, face protection, toe / foot protection, and hearing protection. - unless otherwise noted, the following ppe fulfill minimum requirements for construction sites : nonconductive hard hats, safety glasses, shirts with sleeves, long pants, reflective vests, and steel - toed ( or equivalent ) shoes. - for more information, see section 19. 1. 1 ( lbnl ppe policy ). 2. analyze hazards. perform risk - assessment. 3. develop controls. inform others of these requirements and post relevant ppe requirements on entrance placards. where to find out more : whom to contact for help : for assistance with personal protective equipment questions, contact the appropriate sme : - general ppe requirements \u2013 michael wisherop, ext. 7407 - protective footwear ( shoe mobile schedule ) \u2013 edith perry, ext. 7170 - laboratory ( chemical ) ppe \u2013 larry mclouth, ext. 5286 - hearing protection \u2013 herb toor, ext. 5918 - respiratory protection \u2013 herb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4617813690912998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39e1bd73-e70b-4413-b89d-a7951d40006d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.208060"}
{"text": "united states information : west virginia it ' s easy. send a link to the story you were just reading to a friend. just fill out the form on this page and we ' ll send it along. united states of america jan. 1, 2009 : est. population, 304, 060, 000 ; members, 5, 974, 041 ; stakes, 1, 438 ; wards, 11, 289 ; branches, 2, 074 ; districts, 12 ; missions, 106 ; temples in use, 62 ; under construction or announced, 7 ; percent lds, 2, or one in 51. a few stakes and missions have headquarters in states other than that for which they are named. to simplify this listing, these stakes and missions are listed in the states for which they are named. numbers preceding stakes and missions are their chronological numbers assigned at the time of creation. letters are added if number has been used previously. ( * stake name changed 14 jan 1974 or as indicated otherwise. ) jan. 1, 2009 : est. population, 1, 815, 000 ; members, 16, 711 ; stakes, 4 ; wards, 24 ; branches, 14 ; missions, 1 ; percent lds, 0. 9, or one in 109. luke s. johnson and william w. mclellin were sent to what is now west virginia by joseph smith on 25 january 1832. they preached in cabell county, just over the ohio river from ohio on the western tip of west virginia. the prophet joseph smith visited wheeling on 4 april 1832 and purchased paper for the church ' s press that was then located in jackson county, mo. the paper was used to publish the book of commandments. that same year, elder amasa m. lyman of the quorum of the twelve and an elder johnson baptized 40 converts in west virginia. by 17 october 1836, lorenzo d. barnes reported that he and samuel james had baptized enough converts to start a branch in shinnston. elder george a. smith of the quorum of the twelve taught in a grammar school at, or near shinnston, that had 75 members. one convert was bathsheba wilson bigler, who later became the wife of apostle george a. smith. she was baptized 21 august 1837, along with a number of other family members including her parents, brothers and sisters. she migrated to join the main body of saints shortly after baptism. she served as relief society general president from 1901 - 1910. others immigrated to join with the saints, and the branches were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3738192691153994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa111309-65af-486c-ad51-c1bba9bec6ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.212689"}
{"text": "number of other family members including her parents, brothers and sisters. she migrated to join the main body of saints shortly after baptism. she served as relief society general president from 1901 - 1910. others immigrated to join with the saints, and the branches were discontinued. missionary work did not resume until 28 december 1867. laboring in logan county in june 1884, andrew w. spence and an elder vickers were served with a warrant for suspicion of being part of a band of robbers. the pair opened their satchels and not only convinced the officers that they were innocent, but also distributed tracts that opened the way for the missionaries to teach at the courthouse. from this opening, a branch of 26 members was organized. the west virginia conference was organized on 18 september 1886. a year later, missionaries from the northern states mission searched out and taught \" bickertonites, \" ( see pennsylvania history ) but failed to make any headway among them. west virginia was placed in the eastern states mission on 14 march 1897. it became part of the middle states mission on 22 may 1902, but was reunited with the eastern states mission on 18 june 1903. by 1906, george d. ward and companion completed a small chapel for the franklin branch. one of the early converts in this branch was william perry hartman. nearly 100 of his descendants joined the church. three branches were later organized because of his family ' s influence. the west virginia conference was divided and the west virginia north and south conferences were created on 31 december 1930. the north conference had 888 members and the south conference had 1, 397 for a statewide total of 2, 285. on 18 october 1942, elder george albert smith of the quorum of the twelve was present at the huntington branch chapel dedication. on 15 october 1949, elder harold b. lee of quorum of the twelve visited west virginia while on a tour of the east central states mission. membership grew slowly in west virginia and during the 1950s and 1960s. numerous branch chapels were built throughout west virginia as the church expanded its building program worldwide. the first stake in west virginia was created on 23 august 1970 in charleston with a membership of 3, 966. units in west virginia included the asheland, charleston, charleston 2nd, huntington, and parkersburg wards and the beckley, logan, portsmouth, ripley, point pleasant, and webster spring branches. the west virginia charleston mission was organized on 1 july 1980. additional stakes were created in fairmont on 6 may 1979 and huntington in 1982. in 2002, membership reached 12, 764", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44346212232789856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa111309-65af-486c-ad51-c1bba9bec6ef>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.213630"}
{"text": ", portsmouth, ripley, point pleasant, and webster spring branches. the west virginia charleston mission was organized on 1 july 1980. additional stakes were created in fairmont on 6 may 1979 and huntington in 1982. in 2002, membership reached 12, 764, and 12, 907 in 2003. sources : andrew jenson, encyclopedic history of the church, 1941 ; lorenzo d. barnes, reminiscences and diaries, 1834 - 1839, church archives ; bathsheba wilson bigler smith, autobiography, church archives ; southern states mission, manuscript history and historical reports, church archives ; eastern states mission, manuscript history and historical reports, church archives ; northern states mission, manuscript history and historical report, church archives ; lisle g. brown, \" west virginia and mormonism ' s rarest book, \" west virginia history, january / april 1978 ; richard l. jensen, \" ' bell - snickeled ' builders, \" church news, 1 april 1978 ; mike cannon, \" west virginia, \" church news, 2 october 1989. stakes \u2014 4 ( listed alphabetically as of oct. 1, 2009. ) no. / name / organized / first president north america east area 522 * charleston west virginia west virginia ( w. va., ky. ) 23 aug 1970 david l. atkinson 1025 * clarksburg west virginia 7 mar 2004 fairmont west virginia 6 may 1979 david glenn williams 1375 * huntington west virginia 23 nov 2003 * owingsville kentucky 3 may 1995 huntington west virginia 7 nov 1982 grant earl jenson 2629 martinsburg west virginia 29 feb 2004 steven charles grow mission \u2014 1 ( as of oct. 1, 2009 ; shown with historical number. ) ( 188 ) west virginia charleston mission 888 oakwood rd, ste. 310 charleston, wv 25314", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4020087210941691, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa111309-65af-486c-ad51-c1bba9bec6ef>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.214385"}
{"text": "making youth work work : a toolkit - section 6 section 6 - youth workers are appropriately trained, qualified and competent many people think that youth work is easy : from the outside, its lack of formal structures and relaxed approach to working alongside young people looks pretty straightforward. but those who have done it for a longer time know that it involves a lot of really complex processes, a good understanding of how young people grow and develop, an ability to use conversation as a tool to help young people learn and a clear understanding of the boundaries between a professional relationship and friendship. youth workers need to have a substantial toolkit of approaches and techniques to help them help young people get the most out of different situations. and, most importantly, they have to actually like young people and enjoy their company! there is a tradition of professional training for youth work that goes back to the 19th century, and training now is based on regularly reviewed national occupational standards and approved subject benchmarks. there are different levels of qualifications available for youth workers, ranging from introductory training for those just starting out to degree and post - degree qualifications for those who want to make youth work their career. the documents here help to explain youth work qualifications, and provide some examples of job descriptions for workers at different levels, to show how skills can be applied in different settings. more information on this can be found in the youth work training section of the learning south west web - site. somerset children and young people ' s workforce matrix good practice guidelines in delivering youth support worker qualifications youth support worker job description & person specification professional youth worker job description & person specification national youth agency \u2019 s getting qualified guidance to see section 7 of the toolkit, click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4410657141974184, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50f07573-235c-411d-a3c9-3b9d4b8f28c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.216229"}
{"text": "purpose of linux systems linux is deployed as a tool for a wide variety of functions. here are some of the common uses of linux : network server : linux is a dominant operating system for network servers. these servers are either general purpose, i. e. a single server provides various network services such as file, print, e - mail etc., or they are specifically providing one service, e. g. a dedicated web server. desktop / workstation : linux is increasingly being used on the desktop as well. engineering workstations ( essentially relative more powerful desktops ) were the first desktop systems to deploy linux. with increasing number of desktop applications available on linux and continuous improvements in its user - friendliness, linux has now become a contender for the office desktop platform. appliance / embedded : linux is considered the preferred embedded operating system by many device vendors. open source licensing of linux give device manufacturers to fine tune the os for their specific needs. furthermore they save significantly on licensing costs. many of the network based appliances ( e. g. firewall appliances ) use linux as the operating system because of its excellent networking support. q. what are key requirements from a linux server running in production ( select all applicable choices ) : a ) it should have minimal downtime. b ) it should do very fast word processing. c ) it should be secure against exploits originating from the network. d ) it should be remotely manageable. a, c & d ) high availability, security and manageability are all key requirements from a linux server in modern data centers. word processing is typically done on the desktop, and in general is a not a requirement from the server.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48607602438725306, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea7e59be-efd3-41a9-8782-b47eee773a6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.220082"}
{"text": "incredible batch of rare and new species discovered a chameleon ( chamaeleo gracilis ) found during a 2006 expedition to ghana ' s atewa range forest reserve led by conservation international ' s rapid assessment program. credit : piotr naskrecki, conservation international two species of primates that are of global conservation concern, eight new species of katydids, a critically endangered frog species, 17 rare butterfly species and wild birds such as the brown - cheeked hornbill are among the finds of an expedition to a forest reserve in ghana. scientists exploring one of the largest remaining blocks of tropical forest in western africa discovered these animals as part of significant populations of new, rare and threatened species, underscoring the area \u2019 s high biological diversity and value. the findings came from a 2006 expedition to ghana \u2019 s atewa range forest reserve ( atewa ) led by conservation international \u2019 s rapid assessment program and were presented in a report made public thursday. the discoveries include : - - a critically endangered frog species ( conraua derooi ) whose presence in atewa may represent the last viable population in the world. - - an unusually high 22 species of large mammals and six species of primates including two species that are of global conservation concern : geoffroy \u2019 s pied colobus ( colobus vellerosus ) and the olive colobus ( procolobus verus ). - - 17 rare butterfly species, including the magnificent papilio antimachus, whose wingspan is the widest in the world. another, called mylothris atewa, is found nowhere else in the world and has been proposed as globally critically endangered. the new report contains the first photo of this species in the wild ; - - the highest diversity of katydids ( a grasshopper relative ) in all of africa, including eight species new to science, making 13 percent of all species of katydids in atewa new to science. - - an unusually high 155 bird species. six species of global conservation concern including the brown - cheeked hornbill and the nimba flycatcher ( first time recorded in ghana ). - - 19 fish species of significant potential value in the aquarium trade. these species indicate that the streams run through high quality, intact forest, which is becoming exceedingly rare in west africa. - - the only tree fern species ( cyathea manniana ) found in ghana. other places where similar species are found include forests in brazil and madagascar. - - a strange new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4416118963672833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8793f85a-f93a-4853-bb66-68484db758ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.224226"}
{"text": "intact forest, which is becoming exceedingly rare in west africa. - - the only tree fern species ( cyathea manniana ) found in ghana. other places where similar species are found include forests in brazil and madagascar. - - a strange new species of spider tick, with a lineage dating back to the age of the dinosaurs, looks like a cross between a spider and a crab, and males have their reproductive organs on their legs. they are considered quite rare, with only 57 other species known from this group throughout the world. \u201c while this forest has long been known to harbor a high number of species and to serve as an essential source of water for local villages and for accra, it is only recently that the global importance of this reserve has been confirmed, \u201d said okyeame ampadu - agyei, an expedition member in ghana associated with conservation international, which led the expedition. \u201c we must quickly take action to protect the incredible diversity of atewa for future generations and to prevent the extinction of the 36 globally threatened species that we know to live in atewa. \u201d the reserve ' s animals and habitats are under pressure from illegal timber harvesting and bushmeat hunting, the researchers said. from june 6 to june 24, 2006, a team of 22 scientists, post - graduate students and assistants from ghana and abroad surveyed the 58, 472 acre atewa tract in south - eastern ghana. the scientists found an intact forest ecosystem, which is unusual and significant for west africa, where most forests are highly fragmented and disturbed. established as a national forest reserve in 1926, and since designated as one of ghana \u2019 s globally significant biodiversity areas, atewa \u2019 s importance has long been recognized because it contains the headwaters of three river systems, essential sources of domestic, agricultural and industrial water for local communities and many of ghana \u2019 s major population centers, including accra. in their final report, scientists called for the government to upgrade the area \u2019 s protection status such as to a national park, create of a buffer zone around the park and develop a management plan that includes conversation measures and economic development strategies compatible with conservation goals. the report points to eco - tourism as an optimal industry to develop because of atewa \u2019 s beauty, richness in species and close proximity to the capital city. - dinosaur quiz : test your smarts - 10 amazing things you didn ' t know about animals - colorful butterflies more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4350461594433633, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8793f85a-f93a-4853-bb66-68484db758ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.226769"}
{"text": "\u00a9 2000 james walker whether one plays mallet instruments with two mallets or four, it is an important but often overlooked issue : what sticking is best for a particular passage? while there usually is more than one solution for a given melodic line, there are factors which one should consider when creating stickings. 1. alternating hands as a starting point a good starting point for creating stickings is alternating hands. the consistent \" left - right - left... \" pattern lends itself to even articulation and rhythm, whether leading with the left hand or the right. when doubling in either hand, the tendency is for the second note of the doubling to be \" ghosted \" slightly, played at a lower volume than the first note. 2. adjusting stickings to suit the rhythmic / metric phrasing players of brass instruments will utilize consistent tonguing when articulating similar passages, and this is a concept which may be applied to percussion instruments. consistency of sticking contributes greatly to consistency of sound and phrasing in these two examples : 3. accented patterns or polyphonic textures if a melodic line utilizes accents, or suggests some sort of polyphony ( such as the pedal point shown in the second example here ), one ' s sticking may be altered to suit the line ; assigning all of the accented notes to one hand or the other makes it easier to maintain two separate dynamics levels within a phrase. ( this sort of approach is recommended only if the physical execution of the phrase allows it, as in the examples shown here ; the difficulty of applying this concept to lines which cross above and below each other may negate the benefits. ) 4. optimizing movement around the instrument certain scales and arpeggios lend themselves to playing all notes on the lower manual of the mallet instrument ( same as the white keys of a piano ) with one hand, and all notes on the upper manual ( the black keys of a piano ) with the other. while this approach incorporates the challenge of executing double stickings evenly, that challenge is balanced against the minimized arm movement required to execute a line. in the diagrams here, note how much less motion away from and towards the player ' s body, is involved when one utilizes this upper manual vs. lower manual approach. while there often is more than one acceptable sticking for a given passage, there are certain factors one should address when making these decisions. eventually, these concepts become internalized, and one instinctively selects an appropriate sticking for a given phrase. ( this page and all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48311611899154483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e49f1578-0dfb-4cda-927d-1627c24a5356>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.229768"}
{"text": "\u00bb ( v, 2 ) claudius : \u00ab \u2026 then, venom, to thy work, \u00bb ( v, 2 ) laertes : \u00ab they bleed on both sides \u2026 \u00bb ( v, 2 ) polonius : \u00ab \u2026 dead for a ducat, dead, \u00bb ( iii, 4 ) ophelia : \u00ab what the fair ophelia! \u00bb ( v, 2 ) at one point hamlet was so mad and depressed he wanted to kill himself. \u00ab to be, or not to be, that is the question \u2026 \u00bb ( iii, 1 ) the worst possible thoughts that hamlet could have ever thought, he thought incestuously about his mother and himself. he never said that he wanted to be with his mother, but he was just mad that claudius took the throne from him at the beginning of the play, not that his father was dead. hamlet complained about gertrude and claudius incestuous acts, but rarely mentioned his father until towards the end of the play. hamlet was a very selfish man. he talked to his mother like a son shouldn ' t talk to his mother ; \u00ab come, come, and sit you down \u2026 \u00bb ( iii, 4 ) \u00ab \u2026 here ' s metal more attractive. \u00bb ( iii, 2 ) hamlet cared about himself more than anyone else. when his childhood friends rosencrantz and guildenstern were executed he felt no remorse even though it was his fault ; \u00ab he should the bearers put to sudden death, not shriving - time allow ' d. \u00bb ( v, 2 ) hamlet thinks that everyone should grieve for his father as long as he does. it had been at least a month and there was a party going on and he thought it was wrong ; \u00ab the king doth wake tonight and takes his rouse \u2026 \u00bb ( i, 4 ) hamlet is intelligent, mad, and selfish. hamlet was the cause of ophelia ' s death because she just gave up on life. hamlet was intelligent enough to hide his pain and grieving about his father at the beginning well. hamlet was mad because he had only one person he could trust and that was horatio. please do not pass this sample essay as your own, otherwise you will be accused of plagiarism. our writers can write any custom essay for you! english \u2013 hamlet ' s maddness hamlet appears to be insane, after polonius \u2019 s death, in act iv scene ii. there are indications, though, that persuade me to think other wise. certainly, hamlet has plenty of reasons to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38097030036517676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a6035eb-330b-40b4-8603-36e682f4ea2c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.236760"}
{"text": "! english \u2013 hamlet ' s maddness hamlet appears to be insane, after polonius \u2019 s death, in act iv scene ii. there are indications, though, that persuade me to think other wise. certainly, hamlet has plenty of reasons to be insane at this point. his day has been hectic \u2014 he finally determined claudius had killed his father, the chance to kill claudius confronted him, tragedy in hamlet the tragedy in hamlet lies in the fact that hamlet, the hero was human and was violently wronged and was justified in seeking revenge. hamlet the play is a tragedy, and hamlet the character is the tragic hero of the play. hamlet, like all tragic heroes, brings out feelings of pity and fear from the hamley was not looney toones hamlet was indeed a very sane man. he was only feigning madness to further his own plans for revenge. his words were so cleverly constructed that others will perceive him as mad. it is this consistent cleverness that is the ultimate evidence of his complete sanity. can a mad person be so clever? no, a hamlet : in his right mind \u2019 s eye crazy, or not crazy - that is the question. the matter of hamlet ' s so called madness, has been an item of debate since the first performance, and will probably be a continuing argument well into the future. i believe hamlet was not crazy, because he proves to be in complete control of his psyche in a critical analysis of shakespeare ' s hamlet dave beaston. hamlet. is he an insane madman or a revengeful, scheming, genius? there are many conflicting ideas and theories on this subject, and hopefully this paper may be of some assistance in clearing up the confusion. the paper is divided into three separate analytic sections beginning with the beginning of hamlet ' s so called madness, need book reports, essays, lectures? save to bookmarks - \u00bb the mad hamlet. collections of essays on literature!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3643658038159727, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a6035eb-330b-40b4-8603-36e682f4ea2c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.237501"}
{"text": "tools and materials - paper clay - black permanent marker ( optional ) - bowl with round bottom - toilet paper roll note : if you don ' t have a bowl with a perfectly round bottom, place cotton on the bottom of a flat - bottomed bowl, then cover with plastic wrap to create a perfectly round work surface for the igloo. polar bear how - to - starting with a golf ball - size ball of clay, use palms to roll clay into a teardrop shape. hold in palm and press side of pointer finger into teardrop vertically, leaving a little bit of clay untouched at the tapered top ( this will be the head ). - press side of pointer finger into clay horizontally, one third of the way down from the tapered top, to create a cross. - pinch each quadrant divided by the cross to create four legs. to make a tail, push the clay up on bear \u2019 s backside. - if you want your bear to sit, place the bear ' s backside down on table and push head downward. if you want it to stand on all fours, place legs on table and push head upward. use a finger dipped in water to smooth out any imperfections. - to create ears, place two tiny balls of clay on head ; smear back of ear with finger to attach. - place a pencil under the arms to hold the shape ; let dry. add eyes with a black permanent marker, if desired. - tuck in an edge of a toilet paper roll so it sits flush against the bowl ; attach to bowl with tape. - roll out a thin layer of clay. drape clay over bowl and press around form. - create \" blocks \" using the handle of a paintbrush, starting from the top and working your way down. let dry. paper clay by creative paperclay co.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602670961587678, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e2fc74d-31b1-48ed-ac79-e75440a1014b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.239884"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( march 2010 ) | the rugby football league championship was the major professional competition organized by the rugby football league in great britain. in 1996 it was superseded by the super league and the rugby league national leagues. winning super league is still regarded as winning the championship, hence for completeness this article includes championships from the super league era. the first season of rugby league ( 1895 \u2013 96 ) saw all the breakaway clubs play in a single league competition. the addition of new teams and the problems of travelling led to the league being split in two for the following season ; into the yorkshire league and the lancashire league. this arrangement lasted until the 1901 - 02 season, when the top clubs from each league resigned and formed a single new competition. the following season the remaining clubs in the yorkshire and lancashire leagues were re - organized to form a second division. in 1905 - 06 the two divisions were re - combined into a single competition. clubs played all the teams in their own county on a home - and - away basis, results counting towards the re - formed yorkshire and lancashire leagues. they also organized inter - county fixtures on an individual basis ; all results were collated into a single table for the championship. in order to even up the competition a top - four play - off series was used to determine the championship. apart from the interventions of the world wars, this system was retained until the 1962 - 63 season, when the league briefly returned to a two divisional system. this lasted only two years, and in the 1964 - 65 season they returned to one large division subdivided into county leagues. the play - off were expanded to the top 16 teams. in the 1973 - 74 season they once again went back to two divisions. the play - off and the yorkshire and lancashire league were abandoned, and a new play - off type competition, the premiership, was introduced. | season | | champions | | titles | | decided by | | source | | 1896 \u2013 01 | | separate county leagues | | n / a | | n / a | | 1903 \u2013 04 | | bradford fc | | 1 | | league ( play - off ) | | 1915 \u2013 19 | | no competition due to world war i | | n / a | | n / a | | 1922 \u2013 23 | | hull kingston rovers | | 1 | | play - off | | 1924 \u2013 25 | | hull kingston rovers | | 2 | | play - off | | 1939 \u2013 45 | | war emergency league during world war ii | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4496202003892219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fc9b56f-5aa0-4565-add8-cabac1ddab2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.246444"}
{"text": "1922 \u2013 23 | | hull kingston rovers | | 1 | | play - off | | 1924 \u2013 25 | | hull kingston rovers | | 2 | | play - off | | 1939 \u2013 45 | | war emergency league during world war ii | | n / a | | n / a | | 1978 \u2013 79 | | hull kingston rovers | | 3 | | league | | 1983 \u2013 84 | | hull kingston rovers | | 4 | | league | | 1984 \u2013 85 | | hull kingston rovers | | 5 | | league | note bold donates club winning challenge cup in the same season ; thus completing the championship and challenge cup ' double '. as of the 2012 season, three of the fourteen clubs participating in the super league have never won the rugby football league championship or super league, they are ; castleford tigers, catalans dragons, london broncos. as of the 2012 season, twelve clubs not currently participating in the super league have won the rugby football league championship. the five, of the twelve, clubs with pre - world war ii ( wwii ) rugby football league championship wins are ; batley ( 1 ), bradford fc ( now the association football club bradford park avenue a. f. c. ) ( 1 ), broughton rangers ( now defunct ) ( 1 ), hunslet ( 2 ), manningham ( now the association football club bradford city ) ( 1 ). the four, of the twelve, clubs with both pre - and post - wwii rugby football league championship wins are ; halifax ( 4, i. e. 2 pre - & 2 post - wwii ), leigh ( 2, i. e. 1 pre - & 1 post - wwii ), oldham ( 4, i. e. 3 pre - & 1 post - wwii ), swinton ( 6, i. e. 4 pre - & 2 post - wwii ). of these twelve former rugby football league championship winning clubs, only four have ever participated in the super league, they are ; halifax, leigh, oldham, workington town, all of whom have had post - wwii wins. of these twelve former rugby football league championship winning clubs, none have been granted super league 2012 licences, and are therefore precluded from the super league for the foreseeable future. | 1 | | wigan | | 19 | | 1908 / 09, 1921 / 22, 1925 / 26, 1933 / 34, 1945 / 46, 1946 / 47, 1949 / 50, 1951 / 52, 1959 / 60, 1986 / 87, 1989 / 90,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3947332585723269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fc9b56f-5aa0-4565-add8-cabac1ddab2f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.247402"}
{"text": "wigan | | 19 | | 1908 / 09, 1921 / 22, 1925 / 26, 1933 / 34, 1945 / 46, 1946 / 47, 1949 / 50, 1951 / 52, 1959 / 60, 1986 / 87, 1989 / 90, 1990 / 91, 1991 / 92, 1992 / 93, 1993 / 94, 1994 / 95, 1995 / 96, 1998, 2010 | | 2 | | st. helens | | 12 | | 1931 / 32, 1952 / 53, 1958 / 59, 1965 / 66, 1969 / 70, 1970 / 71, 1974 / 75, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006 | | 3 | | leeds | | 9 | | 1960 / 61, 1968 / 69, 1971 / 72, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 | | 4 | | huddersfield | | 7 | | 1911 / 12, 1912 / 13, 1914 / 15, 1928 / 29, 1929 / 30, 1948 / 49, 1961 / 62 | | 5 | | swinton | | 6 | | 1926 / 27, 1927 / 28, 1930 / 31, 1934 / 35, 1962 / 63, 1963 / 64 | | 6 | | salford | | 6 | | 1913 / 14, 1932 / 33, 1936 / 37, 1938 / 39, 1973 / 74, 1975 / 76 | | 7 | | hull | | 6 | | 1919 / 20, 1920 / 21, 1935 / 36, 1955 / 56, 1957 / 58, 1982 / 83 | | 8 | | bradford northern / bulls | | 6 | | 1979 / 80, 1980 / 81, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005 | | 9 | | hull kr | | 5 | | 1922 / 23, 1924 / 25, 1978 / 79, 1983 / 84, 1984 / 85 | | 10 | | oldham | | 4 | | 1904 / 05, 1909 / 10, 1910 / 11, 1956 / 57 | | 11 | | halifax | | 4 | | 1902 / 03, 1906 / 07, 1964 / 65, 1985 / 86 | | 12 | | warrington | | 3 | | 1947 / 48, 1953 / 54, 1954 / 55 | | 13 | | widnes | | 3 | | 1977 / 78, 1987 / 88, 1988 / 89 | | 15 | | wakefield trinity | | 2 | | 1966 / 67, 1967 / 68 | note. in the event of a tie, the team that won x amount of titles first is given preference. in rugby league, the term ' the double", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4022349635598457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fc9b56f-5aa0-4565-add8-cabac1ddab2f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.248126"}
{"text": "history of the mapping of new england in new england begins with a controversy. in 1677, two editions of william hubbard ' s narrative of the troubles with the indians appeared in printthe first issued in boston and another, within a few months, released in london. each book included a map, both entitled a map of new - england, but varying in some particulars. most prominently, in the american printing the white hills of new hampshire are labeled as such ; in the english version, they carry the name \" wine hills. \" boston release was, apparently, the first map published in the english colonies of north america and probably the first map published in the western hemisphere. historians attribute the piece to john foster, the printer responsible for the american edition of hubbard ' s narrative and also, most likely, the only engraver working in boston at that time. the two versions of the map have perplexed bibliographers for more than a century. map collectors and historians of printing continue to puzzle over the exact chronology of the printing and the question of authorshipspecifically, whether john foster engraved both versions. massachusetts historical society owns copies of the american and english printings of a map of new - england. its copy of the \" white hills \" map is unique in that it contains a symbol for an unnamed town ( at the lower left corner of the map between \" seaconk \" and \" plimouth \" ) that appears on no other surviving copy of this version. mhs collections include more than 5, 000 historical maps and charts, 200 early atlases that contain separately printed maps, and many early printed books illustrated with maps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40262735824736334, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a9518a4-b58f-41f8-a50a-3ff664f14ffb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.249828"}
{"text": "jc virus ( jcv ) detection by in situ hybridization clinical information discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test jcv was isolated from brain tissue of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( pml ), a rare, demyelinating, fatal disorder of the central nervous system which occurs on a background of immune deficiency. pml occurs as an infrequent complication of a wide variety of conditions, including : lymphoproliferative disorders such as hodgkin ' s disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and lymphosarcoma ; chronic diseases such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, and primary immunodeficiency diseases. pml has also been recognized as a frequent complication of the aids. most cases of pml, not associated with aids, occur in middle age or later life, but the disease may occur in an immunocompromised individual of any age and has been recognized in young children with immunodeficiency diseases. jcv also infects humans in childhood and is present in most of the world ' s population. it is the etiologic agent of pml. clinically, signs and symptoms of asymmetric multifocal brain disease without signs of increased intracranial pressure in a person who is immunocompromised would suggest the diagnosis of pml. computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is effective in establishing the diagnosis of pml in a noninvasive manner. the unique histopathologic features of pml can be identified by light microscopy of a brain biopsy specimen. jcv can be cultivated in cell cultures, and serologic assays have have been developed, but nucleic acid detection methods are much more sensitive and rapid for making the laboratory diagnosis of pml using brain tissue. confirming a clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( pml ) ; especially helpful when only a small piece of biopsy material is available \" positive for polyomavirus ( jc virus ) \" indicates the presence of infection with jcv. \" negative for polyomavirus ( jc virus ) \" indicates the absence of cells infected with jcv. a negative result is normal. cautions discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances prolonged formalin fix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5399136464446218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3b991c1-5b6c-4d0d-8709-b32befb7cbae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.254186"}
{"text": "##virus ( jc virus ) \" indicates the absence of cells infected with jcv. a negative result is normal. cautions discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances prolonged formalin fixation may cause false - negative results. a few weeks appears to be the maximum time of fixation. submitted specimens will be screened by a pathologist to determine the acceptability of the specimen for the test. slides must be specially prepared, therefore, a paraffin - embedded, formalin - fixed tissue must also be submitted. reference values describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. may include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. intervals are mayo - derived, unless otherwise designated. if an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this. this test, when not accompanied by a pathology consultation request, will be answered as either positive or negative. if additional interpretation / analysis is needed, please request 5439 surgical pathology consultation along with this test. clinical references provides recommendations for further in - depth reading of a clinical nature 1. aksamit aj, mourrain p, sever jl, major eo : progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy : investigation of three cases using in situ hybridization with jc virus biotinylated dna probe. ann neurol 1985 ; 18 : 490 - 496 2. telenti a, aksamit aj jr, proper j, smith tf : detection of jc virus dna by polymerase chain reaction in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. j infect dis 1990 ; 162 : 858 - 861 3. aksamit aj jr : nonradioactive in situ hybridization in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. mayo clin proc 1993 ; 68 : 899 - 910", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5569152077602784, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3b991c1-5b6c-4d0d-8709-b32befb7cbae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.254923"}
{"text": "mammograms : what every woman needs to know this year, more than 192, 000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. more than 40, 000 women will die of the disease, according to the american cancer society ( acs ). except for skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. mammograms can detect many breast cancers before anyone can feel them. when breast cancer is found in its earliest stages, the majority of patients survive for at least five years. the benefits and limitations of mammography vary based on factors like age and personal risk. experts have different recommendations for mammography. currently, the u. s. preventive services task force ( upstf ) recommends screening every two years for women ages 50 to 74. the acs recommends yearly screening for all women ages 40 and older. women should talk with their doctors about their personal risk factors before making a decision about when to start getting mammograms or how often they should get them. the acs recommends clinical breast exams ( cbes ) at least every three years for all women in their 20s and 30s and annual cbes for women ages 40 and older. the uspstf, however, believes there is not enough evidence to assess the value of cbes for women ages 40 and older. women should talk with their doctors about their personal risk factors and make a decision about whether they should have a cbe. what is a mammogram? this low - dose x - ray produces an image of the inner structures of the breast. it can detect tiny calcium deposits or microcalcifications that are too small to feel. most of these deposits are benign, but sometimes - - especially when in clusters - - they may be an early sign of breast cancer. preparing for the exam if you ' ve never had a mammogram, you may be nervous about it. knowing what to expect and how to prepare for the exam may help ease your concerns. try these tips : if your breasts are sensitive before and during menstruation, schedule your mammogram the week after your period. on the day of your appointment, wear a shirt and bra that you can remove easily because you ' ll need to undress from the waist up. don ' t wear deodorant, powder, or lotion, which can affect your x - rays. if you ' ve had a mammogram before but at a different facility, arrange in advance to have the most recent x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4292013696353618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0ff25c3-8637-44dc-a9ea-8704b9aeaf96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.258171"}
{"text": ". don ' t wear deodorant, powder, or lotion, which can affect your x - rays. if you ' ve had a mammogram before but at a different facility, arrange in advance to have the most recent x - ray sent to your current facility. your health care provider will want to check for changes since your last screening. during the mammogram a technician will help position your breast on a platform. the technician will take two x - rays for each breast, each from a different angle. the machine will compress your breast to get a clear picture of as much tissue as possible, including the armpit. this process lasts just a few seconds. having your breast flattened may be uncomfortable, but it shouldn ' t hurt. the machine can be adjusted, so tell the technician if you experience any pain. after the exam you may receive your mammogram results that day, or the results may come in the mail within 15 to 20 days ; all mammogram facilities are now required to send your results to you within 30 days. a copy of the report also will go to your doctor. follow up with him or her if you haven ' t been contacted in more than a month. do not presume that no news is good news. call your physician ' s office and ask for the result of the report. if your results show an area of concern, don ' t panic : approximately 80 percent of breast lumps are not cancerous. other tests, such as a diagnostic mammogram that takes more x - rays, or a biopsy, can help your doctor determine the cause.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42080177704300903, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0ff25c3-8637-44dc-a9ea-8704b9aeaf96>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.258771"}
{"text": "phosphatase is an enzyme that is primarily made in the liver and bone while other organs such as the kidneys and intestines also contribute to its production to a smaller degree. the enzyme is also created by the placenta of pregnant women usually in their third trimester. while normal values of alkaline phosphatase may vary from lab to lab, the generally accepted levels read at between 30 and 126 nits per liter of blood in adults and between 30 to 300 units per liter in children. children would usually have higher levels of alkaline phosphatase than adults because of continuing bone growth. alkaline phosphatase comes in many different forms, depending largely on the area of the body and organ in which they are produced. alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme tests will help measure the amounts of different types of alkaline phosphatase present in the blood. this test is also regularly ordered if the doctor is unaware of the exact reason for an increase in the alp levels of the body. any evidence of liver disease along with high alp levels will be the sign of blocked bile ducts. very often, one will also see that individuals affected by cancer that has spread to the liver or bones will have higher levels of alp and these tests can help doctors identify if this has happened. isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase tests are performed to help diagnose conditions such as liver disease, parathyroid disease, vitamin d deficiency, bone disease and upper abdominal pain. it is also usually administered to identify the amount of damage being caused to your liver by consuming certain medications. a high reading of alp levels could be an indicator for a number of conditions such as rickets, leukemia, bone disease, hepatitis, anemia, thyroid gland inflammation and hepatitis amongst a host of others. low levels may be an indicator of protein deficiency, poor nutrition, too much vitamin d or too little vitamin c. since the test is usually performed with a routine blood test, there is usually no special preparation required. however, you may be instructed to avoid eating anything for about 10 to 12 hours prior to the isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase test as the alp levels tend to be higher after eating. also inform your doctor about any medication you are taking, prescription or non prescription as they do tend to affect the readings of your test. like most blood test, isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4602504367996394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:682d35e5-d813-48e7-84ca-7398eccfba85>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.261169"}
{"text": "- organize and conduct two impressive opening and closing ceremonies for your ship. - submit an essay of 500 to 1, 000 words on how our nation ' s maritime history has contributed to our way of life. - active membership - attend at least 75 percent of your ship ' s meetings and special activities for one year. note : check with your ship ' s yeoman. - prepare and present a program on sea scouts for a boy scout troop, venturing crew, venturing officers ' association meeting, school class, or other youth group. your presentation should last a minimum of 15 minutes and describe the activities of your ship and sea scouts. either serve and fulfill the responsibilities of a crew leader or an elected officer of your ship, or serve as an activity chair for two major ship events. responsibilities should include planning, directing, and evaluating the event. ( these events are in addition to the ordinary requirement. ) pass all requirements for the bsa ' s lifesaving merit badge. - develop and use a customized vessel safety checklist for a boat used by your ship. - demonstrate your understanding of fire prevention on vessels. - know the classes of fires and the substances that will extinguish each type of fire. - in a safe place, under adult supervision, demonstrate your ability to successfully extinguish a class a and a class b fire with an approved fire extinguisher. see that the fire extinguisher used is properly recharged or replaced. - conduct a fire safety inspection of the vessel normally used by your ship or of your ship ' s meeting place. note any fire hazards and report them to your ship ' s adult leaders. - complete the american red cross standard first aid course. - obtain cpr certification from a certified agency. - demonstrate the heimlich maneuver and tell when it is used. - marlinspike seamanship - complete a back splice, eye splice, short splice, long splice, and a palm - and - needle whipping. - sew a flat seam, round seam, and grommet eye in canvas or sail material. describe how each is used in construction of and the care of sails. - describe the parts of a block and explain how blocks are sized. describe the following types of tackle : luff, gun, double purchase, single whip, and runner. with the help of another shipmate, reeve a double purchase tackle. - boat handling - demonstrate your ability to properly operate a small boat equipped with a motor. included should be fueling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41765706661507057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0218bf7-a782-4a39-b9a2-eb72da43bf70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.270466"}
{"text": "a known object using \" double the angle on the bow \" and explain how to set a danger angle. - discuss how gps ( global positioning system ) operates and the purpose of waypoints. while underway, demonstrate your ability to use a gps using three different waypoints. - discuss the method of establishing a radar fix. - practical deck seamanship - demonstrate your knowledge of personal safety equipment needed while cleaning, maintaining, or repairing your vessel. - know the names, uses, sizes, and proper care of the common hand tools used by your ship. - identify and explain the use of the following : thimble, shackle, turnbuckle, pelican hook, and other ship ' s hardware and fittings commonly used aboard your ship ' s vessels. describe how each is sized. - demonstrate proper surface and coating preparation, coating techniques, care of stored coatings, and cleaning of brushes and tools used to maintain surfaces on your ship ' s vessel. - explain techniques used for the maintenance, protection, and repair of hulls and decks on your ship ' s vessel. - demonstrate your knowledge of local environmental laws related to the proper storage, disposal, and cleanup of maritime coating materials, fuels, and other environmentally sensitive materials. - discuss with an adult leader the dumping of garbage in the marine environment. review the contents of the marpol placard and locate it aboard your ship ' s vessels. - write a 500 - word report on a marine endangered species ( mammal, bird, fish, or reptile ). the report should include a description of the species, its habitat, history, current population numbers, and current steps being employed to help earn the long cruise badge. - electives - do any three of the following. - sailing : while leading a crew of not less than two other persons, demonstrate your ability to sail a sloop or another suitable vessel correctly and safely over a triangular course ( leeward, windward, reaching marks ), demonstrating beating, reaching, running, and the proper commands. - vessels : teach and lead a crew under oar using a boat pulling at least four oars single - or double - banked. perform the following maneuvers : get underway, maneuver ahead and back, turn the boat in its own length, dock, and secure. - drill : demonstrate your ability to give and execute commands in close - order drill. - understand the safe and proper procedures for the use of gasoline and diesel inboard engines, including fueling, pre - start checks, ventilation, starting, running, periodic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4850250521292435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0218bf7-a782-4a39-b9a2-eb72da43bf70>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.272840"}
{"text": "drill : demonstrate your ability to give and execute commands in close - order drill. - understand the safe and proper procedures for the use of gasoline and diesel inboard engines, including fueling, pre - start checks, ventilation, starting, running, periodic checks while running, securing, postoperative checks, and keeping an engine log. - using the type of engine aboard the vessel you most frequently use, demonstrate your understanding of basic troubleshooting and the preventive maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer. - yacht racing : - demonstrate your understanding of the shapes, flag hoists, gun, and horn signals used in yacht racing as well as a working knowledge of the racing rules of the international sailing federation. - serve as helmsman, with one or more additional crew members, of a sloop - rigged or other suitable boat with a spinnaker in a race sailed under isaf racing rules. - maritime history : know the highlights of maritime history from the earliest times to the present. include the evolution of vessel construction and propulsion, important voyages of exploration and development, the origin of maritime traditions, and the achievements of notable maritime leaders in u. s. sea history. - ornamental ropework : demonstrate your ability to fashion the following items of ornamental ropework : four - strand turk ' s head, coach whipping, cockscombing, round braid, flat sennit braid, wall knot, and crown knot. make a useful item such as a boatswain ' s lanyard, rigging knife lanyard, bell rope, etc., or decorate a portion of your ship ' s equipment such as a stanchion, rail, lifeline, tiller, etc. - fiberglass repair and maintenance : demonstrate your proficiency and knowledge of fiberglass repair and gel coating while working on your ship ' s vessel or other similar vessel. - specialty proficiency : become a certified scuba diver or become proficient in boardsailing, surfing, kayaking, or whitewater rafting / canoeing. - usps : as an apprentice member of the united states power squadrons complete the seamanship and piloting courses. the text of these requirements is locked and can only be edited by an administrator. please note any errors found in the above requirements on this article ' s talk page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44084389245326866, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0218bf7-a782-4a39-b9a2-eb72da43bf70>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.273820"}
{"text": "| basic informationmore informationlatest news | 1 in 5 u. s. kids has a mental health disorder : cdcschool - based smoking prevention programs workbrain anatomy in dyslexics varies by gender, study findseven mild iodine deficiency can affect child ' s cognitionmany u. s. kids victims of violence, abuse : surveymore time in gym class equals stronger kidsmagnesium - rich food may help keep kids ' bones stronggasoline poisonings in kids spike during summer : studypas : children with strep don ' t need to toss toothbrushesmany parents texting, phoning while driving their kids : surveymany suicidal kids have access to guns at home : studymore kids diagnosed with mental health disabilities, study finds1997 to 2011 saw increase in allergies among u. s. childrenpreordered school lunches may be healthier, study findsat - home drug errors common for kids with cancer, research showsfood, skin allergies on the rise among children : cdcmore than 4, 000 u. s. kids hurt each year on amusement ridesfda concerned caffeinated foods could harm childrensecondhand smoke tied to lower ' good ' cholesterol in teen girlschild fruit consumption up with pre - slicing in schoolsallergies : as american as apple pie? why johnny can ' t add, even after tutoringpoor parenting styles linked to bullying behavior in kidsimpact of childhood bacterial meningitis lasts into adulthood ' clean your plate ' orders from parents may backfire for kidspopular cinnamon stunt can have serious lung effectsamssm : cognitive effect of concussion lasts in childrenmany parents text, phone with kids in car : surveymigraines in children linked to infantile colichelping children make sense of the senselesssocial networks affect parents ' vaccination decision - makinghealth tip : what ' s keeping your child awake? parenting magazines give little attention to sun protectionsleep apnea tied to behavioral, attention problems in youthsparents ' military deployment takes toll on kids, study findsmental health care lacking for kids, advocates saydespite big progress, many kids have high lead levels in bloodmelanoma rates rising in u. s. childrenhigher activity levels may protect children from stressmanagement of short stature in childhood discussedcertain parents less likely to follow doctors ' advice : pollu. s. agency puts poison prevention in spotlightantipsychotic drug use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070945928032188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b937409-a833-4d98-8624-44307fe59595>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.277402"}
{"text": "s. childrenhigher activity levels may protect children from stressmanagement of short stature in childhood discussedcertain parents less likely to follow doctors ' advice : pollu. s. agency puts poison prevention in spotlightantipsychotic drug use rising for kids on medicaid, study findspicky eating in youngsters might be largely caused by genesgene mutations appear key to childhood leukemia risk, study saysblack children less likely to get antibiotics : studyparents ' worries about hpv vaccine on the rise : studyknow what ' s in your child ' s medications, fda warnsavoiding scary situations may leave kids more anxious : studyhealth tip : protect kids from stresslinks health tip : giving your child medicine by - - diana kohnle updated : jul 5th 2012 ( healthday news ) - - even over - the - counter medicine can hurt your child if given incorrectly. the american academy of family physicians offers this advice when giving your child an over - the - counter medication : - always read the drug ' s label and make sure you understand it. - use a medication that treats only the symptoms your child has. - carefully read the label, looking for any special instructions or the names of other medications that might negatively interact with the one you ' re giving. - make sure all caregivers know how much medication your child needs, and how and when to give it. - keep a medication in its original packaging, so that you have easy access to the label and expiration date. - store any medication safely out of a young child ' s reach. this article : copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46448167841015353, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b937409-a833-4d98-8624-44307fe59595>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.278331"}
{"text": "i started a new unit in geometry - parallel and perpendicular lines. i started with a card sort. i numbered the back of the page going across 1 - 12. then i copied each page on a different color of card stock and cut those in half. i passed it out to the students and had them cut out the individual squares. ( yay for student labor! ) unfortunately, when they cut, the numbers were cut in half which posed some problems. maybe you should have students number them after they cut? not sure what happened on my end. i asked students to sort into groups. some students sorted the ones with fractions, parentheses, and neither. i ' m sure you will see a wide variation. the first hint i gave was that students should have three groups. they resorted and i went back around the room to observe. next, i told them they would have one group of six and two groups of three. from here, almost everyone had their cards in the correct group. i displayed this slide to make sure everyone had the correct groups. a few students recognized that the one group of six were in slope - intercept form. yay for algebra i. i asked them to put those six cards back into their envelope. then i passed out this worksheet and asked students to write in the equations on the cards onto the worksheet and solve for y. they did okay at this. after they were done i told them to get the six back out of the envelope because these were the answers to the top of their worksheet. see what i did there? from there we went to the bottom half of the worksheet which was graphing lines on the calculator. then on the back we worked down each column individually. we solved a pair of equations for y. we graphed. we noticed both lines were parallel. we compared the equations. oh my, they have the same slope! we did this three times and summarized that all parallel lines must have the same slope.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5347347939509294, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:249f26a9-5e1a-46fb-8198-24ceb8a97994>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.281096"}
{"text": "from the colorful, often dickensian image of unaccompanied, soot - smudged children ( aka urchins, ragamuffins, gamins, guttersnipes, street rats, or lil \u2019 imps ) roaming the streets of 19th - century industrial cities to contemporary reports of meninos de rua ( street children ) in rio de janeiro, throwaway kids in american urban centers, and youth displaced by civil war in sierra leone, prematurely emancipated children remain a distressing sociological phenomenon \u2014 and a compelling cinematic subject. the moving picture also developed as a product of industrial innovation in the late 19th century, and the medium used daily life as inspiration for the earliest actualites and narrative films. not only did the motion picture capture the derelict sociological status of youth emancipated by choice or fate, the camera also recorded children at play, at school, pursuing physical education, and creating youth - centric cultures. in the cinema, children are often positioned as taciturn witnesses to trauma and domestic events ; sometimes they emerge with their psyches intact and sometimes they don \u2019 t. the works selected for this exhibition \u2014 drawn primarily from moma \u2019 s collection \u2014 trace the image of the emancipated child, as central subject, as witness, and sometimes as catalyst for change. organized by anne morra, associate curator, department of film. image : hollow city. 2004. angola. directed by maria joao ganga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4484988946710342, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d682f016-de6c-47f7-85d5-7a8261850079>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.285307"}
{"text": "it is assumed that the romans quarried stone here as they did for lead on the mendips. the pennant sandstone in nailsea, portbury and many areas of bristol gave rise to coal mining which flourished locally for some four hundred years. the earliest date for coal mining in nailsea is 1507 when coal was being transported to fire the limekiln at yatton. at this period the coal would only have been mined where it outcropped near the surface, but by the mid nineteenth century the golden valley pit operated at a depth of six hundred and twenty feet. whilst some seams were up to three feet six inches thick, others were only eighteen inches and barely viable. the last pit closed in 1882 in the face of competition from larger mines in south wales and the north of england where the coal was easier and cheaper to extract. several examples of winding and pumping houses remain, three as ruins, two as conversions into dwellings. the most obvious is the small winding tower and horse whim in the millennium park, but of national importance is the middle engine pit complex in golden valley, now a scheduled monument. the abundance of good quality coal attracted a glassworks to nailsea in 1788. in the 18th and 19th century nailsea was a substantial producer of glass and gave its name to a particular type of coloured glass which has become highly sought after by collectors around the world. ( there is a fine collection of nailsea glass on display at clevedon court \u2013 a national trust property about 3 miles from nailsea ). established on the open heath against the nailsea / wraxall border, john robert lucas initially built two cones \u2013 one for bottle making, the other for the production of window glass for the so - called industrial revolution. his works became the fourth largest glassworks in britain covering some six acres between the royal oak public house and nailsea park. crown, cylinder and plate glass were produced, along with a limited amount of coloured. however, it was the ' end of shift ' domestic ware and novelty pieces made by the skilled and apprentice blowers that have accorded nailsea glass its international recognition. when the glassworks closed in 1873, and the last mine within the following ten years, most of the skilled workers moved away and nailsea reverted to a largely agricultural community as well as having a vibrant cider making industry. after the initial decline in the population, it remained fairly static until the middle of the last century. in the late 1950 ', nailsea, a village which had inherited an unusually large population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.394964794824472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7539480-0d6a-47e3-abea-ac51fdcd4e69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.291131"}
{"text": "january 4, 2007 there has been a lot of misinformation shared around the country about mental health screening and the teenscreen program since the release of president bush \u2019 s new freedom commission report in 2003 that recognized the columbia university teenscreen program as a model program. recently the new england journal of medicine published an article on mental health screening that discusses the merits of mental health screening. the columbia university teenscreen program is a national mental health and suicide risk screening program for youth. the goal of the national teenscreen program is to make voluntary mental health check - ups available for all american teens. teenscreen works by assisting communities throughout the nation with developing locally operated and sustained screening programs for youth. screening can take place in schools, doctors \u2019 offices, clinics, youth groups, shelters, and other youth - serving organizations and settings. the study in the new england journal of medicine is an examination of issues regarding teen mental health and suicide, written by dr. friedman. the article outlines a rationale for screening programs, gives a historical perspective, examines statistics, and offers the personal experiences of actual teens and their parents. read the full story from the new england journal of medicine. ( opens in a new window ) learn more about the teenscreen program at columbia university. ( opens in a new window )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5045360819570929, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9cde4e2c-2299-47b6-b69a-6a0839dd3510>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.292805"}
{"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. climate stabilization targets : emissions, concentrations, and impacts over decades to millennia 4. 9 ocean acidification the oceanic uptake of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide alters the chemistry of seawater, which may impact a wide range of marine organisms from plankton to coral reefs ( doney et al., 2009a, b ; nrc, 2010 ) ( see also section 6. 3 ). ocean acidification is in fact a series of interlinked and wellknown changes in acid - base chemistry and carbonate chemistry due to the net flux of co2 into surface waters ( figure 4. 26 ). the chemical shifts include increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pco2 ), the concentration of aqueous co2, and the hydrogen ion ( h + ) concentration and decreases in ph ( ph = \u2013 log10 [ h + ] ). the increase in hydrogen ion concentration acts to lower the concentration of carbonate ions ( co32 \u2013 ) through the reaction h + + co32 \u2013 = > hco3 \u2013, even though the total amount of dissolved inorganic carbon ( dic ) goes up ( dic = [ co2 ] + [ hco3 \u2013 ] + [ co32 \u2013 ] ). declining co32 \u2013 in turn lowers calcium carbonate ( caco3 ) mineral saturation state, \u03c9 = [ ca2 + ] [ co32 \u2013 ] / ksp, where ksp is the thermodynamic solubility product that varies with temperature, pressure, and mineral form. ocean surface waters figure 4. 26 schematic indicating the effects on seawater carbonate chemistry due to the uptake of excess carbon dioxide ( co2 ) from the atmosphere. ocean acidification causes increases in some chemical species ( red ) and decreases in other species ( blue ). ocean acidification also causes a reduction in ph ( ph = \u2013 log10 [ h + ] ) and the saturation states, \u03c9, of calcium carbonate minerals in shells and skeletons of planktonic and benthic organisms and in carbonate sediments. on millennial and longer time scales, ocean ph perturbations are buffered by external inputs of alkalinity, denoted by calcium ions ( ca2 + ) and changes in the net burial rate of carbonate sediments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022900155967382, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e031665-0ef1-403c-997c-5c389ce54d7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.296287"}
{"text": "nasa ' s nuclear spectroscopic telescope array, or nustar, is now perched atop its pegasus xl rocket, strapped to the plane that will carry the mission to an airborne launch. launch is scheduled for june 13, no earlier than 8 : 30 a. m. pdt ( 11 : 30 a. m. edt ). the plane - - the l - 1011 \" stargazer \" aircraft - - is now at vandenberg air force base in central california. it is scheduled to fly to kwajalein atoll in the central pacific ocean from june 5 to 6. about an hour before launch, the plane will lift off from the island, and drop nustar and its rocket over the ocean. the rocket will then ignite, carrying nustar to its final orbit around earth ' s equator. nustar will be the first space telescope to create sharp images of x - rays with high energies, similar to those used by doctors and dentists. it will conduct a census for black holes, map radioactive material in young supernovae remnants, and study the origins of cosmic rays and extreme physics around collapsed stars. nustar is a small explorer mission led by the california institute of technology in pasadena and managed by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, also in pasadena, for nasa ' s science mission directorate in washington. the spacecraft was built by orbital sciences corporation, dulles, va. its instrument was built by a consortium including caltech ; jpl ; the university of california, berkeley ; columbia university, new york ; nasa ' s goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md. ; the danish technical university in denmark ; lawrence livermore national laboratory, livermore, calif. ; and atk aerospace systems, goleta, calif. nustar will be operated by uc berkeley, with the italian space agency providing its equatorial ground station located at malindi, kenya. the mission ' s outreach program is based at sonoma state university, rohnert park, calif. nasa ' s explorer program is managed by goddard. jpl is managed by caltech for nasa. launch management and government oversight for the mission is the responsibility of nasa ' s launch services program at the kennedy space center in florida.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46834375134051764, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e67573b7-17f7-4c58-9a17-769c5b83d4eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.298533"}
{"text": "congestive heart failure ( chf ) | integrative therapy quick links : | - amyloidosis, anemia, angioplasty, aortic valve, aquapheresis, arrhythmias, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bnp, b - type natriuretic peptide, cabg, cad, calcium, cardiac catheterization, cardiomyopathy, cholesterol, coronary artery bypass graft, coronary artery disease, c - reactive protein, crp, ecg, echocardiogram, edema, ekg, electrocardiogram, electrolyte, emphysema, fatigue, heart attack, heart failure, hemochromatosis, homocysteine, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, iabp, icd, idiopathic, implantable cardiac defibrillator, intra - aortic balloon pump, keshan disease, left atrium, left ventricle, left ventricular assist device, left ventricular hypertrophy, lvad, murmer, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, nuclear stress test, pacemaker, pneumonia, post - pericardiotomy syndrome, potassium, pulmonary edema, pulmonary valve, radionuclide ventriculography, right atrium, right ventricle, sleep apnea, sodium, stethoscope, tress test, tricuspid valve, valve, x - ray. - congestive heart failure ( chf ), or heart failure, is a condition in which the heart is unable to adequately pump blood throughout the body and / or unable to prevent blood from accumulating, or \" backing up, \" into the lungs. - in most cases, chf is a process that occurs over time, when an underlying condition damages the heart or makes it work too hard, weakening the organ. health conditions that may lead to chf include : coronary artery disease, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), or arrhythmias. - symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath and abnormal fluid retention, which usually results in swelling in the feet and legs. - according to the american heart association ( aha ), nearly five million individuals experience heart failure and about 550, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year in the united states. heart failure becomes more prevalent with age and the number of cases is expected to grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5408792218914837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.349695"}
{"text": "according to the american heart association ( aha ), nearly five million individuals experience heart failure and about 550, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year in the united states. heart failure becomes more prevalent with age and the number of cases is expected to grow as the overall age of the population increases. signs and symptoms - congestive heart failure ( chf ) is chronic ( long - term ) and generally occurs slowly. congestion, or the backing up of blood, occurs in the liver, abdomen, lower extremities, and lungs. the backing up of blood causes symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling ( particularly in the legs and feet ). other symptoms develop as the body tries to compensate for the heart ' s reduced pumping ability. the heart beats faster, its muscle thickens, and the ventricles may stretch to accommodate more blood. damage to the ventricles may cause them to pump out of sync, further reducing the efficient delivery of blood to the body. symptoms of chf include : a dry, hacking cough, especially when lying down ; confusion, sleepiness, and disorientation may occur in older individuals ; dizziness, fainting, fatigue, or weakness ; fluid buildup, especially in the legs, ankles, and feet ; increased urination at night ; nausea ; abdominal swelling, tenderness, or pain ; weight gain due to fluid buildup ; weight loss as nausea causes a loss of appetite and as the body fails to absorb food well ; rapid breathing, bluish skin, and feelings of restlessness, anxiety, and suffocation ; shortness of breath and lung congestion as the blood backs up in the lungs ; and wheezing and spasms of the airways similar to asthma. - physical examination and medical history : during a physical examination, a doctor will look for underlying causes of the problem and assess heart function. a stethoscope is used to detect murmurs ( abnormal heart sounds ) that may indicate a leaky or narrowed valve, and to detect fluid accumulation in the lungs. the doctor also looks for enlarged veins in the neck and for edema ( swelling ) in the legs, particularly the ankles, feet, and / or the abdomen. - a patient history may include information about risk factors, such as family medical history, past surgeries and medications, history of chest pain, high blood pressure ( including treatments ), heart attack, recent viral illness, or recent pregnancy. - blood tests : blood tests may include : blood cell counts to test for conditions such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48133202114699114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.352333"}
{"text": "history, past surgeries and medications, history of chest pain, high blood pressure ( including treatments ), heart attack, recent viral illness, or recent pregnancy. - blood tests : blood tests may include : blood cell counts to test for conditions such as anemia ( low red blood cells ) ; electrolyte levels, including sodium, potassium, and calcium ; nutrient levels, such as vitamins and trace minerals ; tests for kidney function, including blood urea nitrogen ( bun ) and creatinine levels ; and testing for homocysteine and / or c - reactive protein ( crp ), both markers of inflammation and heart disease. the diagnostic test marker for chf is n - terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide or nt - probnp. brain natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) is a hormone produced at higher levels by the failing heart muscle. - electrocardiogram : an electrocardiogram ( ecg or ekg ) is a noninvasive test used to measure electrical activity in the heart. electrical sensors called leads are attached to predetermined positions on the arms, legs, and chest to record electrical activity and help assess heart function. the heart ' s rhythm of contraction is controlled by the sinoatrial node ( sa node ), often called the pacemaker. electrical impulses generated from the sa node spread through the heart via a nodal tissue pathway that coordinates the events leading to heart beat. the conduction system initiates and coordinates the muscular activity of the heart. - echocardiogram : echocardiogram, or echo, is an ultrasound examination of the heart that produces detailed images of the organ. it can be used to detect abnormalities in the structure of the heart and to measure the amount of blood ejected from the heart. during an echocardiogram, a microphone - like device ( transducer ) is used to transmit and receive ultrasonic waves that travel through the chest wall to the heart and are reflected back to the transducer. the reflected sound waves are translated into images of the heart, including the valves, chambers, and walls. - echocardiogram also is used to measure the pressure change ( gradient ) between the left ventricle and the aorta, to assess thickening of the walls of the heart, to evaluate pumping function, and to measure the amount of dilation ( increased diameter ) of the left ventricle. - chest x - ray : a chest x - ray is used in identifying the build", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.537482579356636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.353346"}
{"text": "thickening of the walls of the heart, to evaluate pumping function, and to measure the amount of dilation ( increased diameter ) of the left ventricle. - chest x - ray : a chest x - ray is used in identifying the buildup of fluid in the lungs. also, the heart usually enlarges in chf, which may be visible on the x - ray film. - cardiac catheterization : cardiac catheterization may be performed in individuals with angina and in those with a history of heart attack to determine if coronary heart disease ( chd ) is causing heart failure. cardiac catheterization produces angiograms ( such as x - ray images ) of the coronary arteries and the left ventricle, and can be used to monitor heart function. - cardiac catheterization involves injecting a small amount of radioactive dye, called a contrast agent, into the left ventricle through a catheter ( a thin flexible tube ). a special camera is then used to determine how much of the dye is ejected from the heart with each beat. the infusion of dye typically produces a characteristic \" hot flash \" sensation throughout the body that lasts 10 - 15 seconds. - stress test : in some individuals, a less invasive procedure called a stress test is used to assess the possibility of coronary heart disease. if the results of this procedure suggest the presence of coronary artery disease, a subsequent referral for cardiac catheterization is likely. - several types of stress tests may be used by doctors to access heart function. in some cases, the individual simply walks on a treadmill while connected to an electrocardiogram ( ecg ). another type uses intravenous ( iv, or in the veins ) medication, usually dipyridamole ( persantine\u00ae ), which reproduces the stress of exercise on the heart. - nuclear stress test : nuclear stress tests involve injecting a radioactive substance, most commonly technetium or tc - 99m sestamibi ( cardiolite\u00ae ), into a vein. a special camera is then used to obtain images of the heart during rest and immediately following exercise on a treadmill as the radioactivity flows through the heart. the radioactivity levels used are not harmful. - a nuclear test called a radionuclide ventriculography or multiple gated acquisition ( muga ) scanning allows doctors to see how much blood the heart pumps with each beat, called the eject", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5208191210430211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.354620"}
{"text": "maximal therapy ). doctors can use these classifications to identify the risk factors and begin early, more aggressive treatment to help prevent or delay heart failure. - congestive heart failure can affect many organs of the body. for example, the weakened heart muscles may not be able to supply enough blood to the kidneys, which then begin to lose their normal ability to excrete salt ( sodium ) and water. this diminished kidney function can cause the body to retain more fluid. the lungs may become congested with fluid ( pulmonary edema ) and the person ' s ability to exercise is decreased. fluid may likewise accumulate in the liver, thereby impairing its ability to rid the body of toxins and produce essential proteins. the intestines may become less efficient in absorbing nutrients and medicines. over time, untreated congestive heart failure will affect virtually every organ in the body. the lack of blood flow to the heart can lead to irreversible damage to the heart muscle. - chest pain ( angina ) is an indicator of a heart attack ( myocardial infarction ). a heart attack can cause sudden death. - treatment for congestive heart failure ( chf ) varies and involves reducing symptoms, treating the underlying cause of the condition when possible, and using medications to prevent further deterioration of heart function. - lifestyle changes : - lifestyle changes can help reduce symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema ( swelling ). these modifications may include dietary changes ( such as a restricted salt intake of less than 2, 000 mg daily ), abstaining from alcohol, stopping smoking, and exercising regularly ( under the supervision of a doctor ). - a combination of medications is used to treat chf. depending on the symptoms, individuals with chf may take one, two, or more of these drugs. several types of medications have proved useful in the treatment of heart failure including : angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers ( arbs ), beta - blockers, digoxin, diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists. - angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors : angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors are a medication that dilates or widens blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve blood flow, and decrease the workload on the heart. ace inhibitors include enalapril ( vasotec\u00ae ), lisinopril ( prinivil\u00ae, zest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46637564924943337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.356835"}
{"text": "the body. other side effects include low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, sexual dysfunction, nausea, and weakness with exertion. - diuretics : diuretics, or water pills, make individuals urinate more frequently and keep fluid from collecting in the body. commonly prescribed diuretics for heart failure include hydrochlorothiazide ( diuril\u00ae ) and furosemide ( lasix\u00ae ). diuretics also decrease fluid in the lungs, helping individuals breathe more easily. side effects include frequent urination and low potassium blood levels. because of this, blood tests are performed periodically and a potassium supplement is prescribed if blood levels are low. individuals may be asked to eat more fruits high in potassium, such as bananas and oranges, while on diuretic therapy. - aldosterone antagonists : aldosterone antagonists are primarily potassium - sparing diuretics, but they have additional properties that help the heart work better, may reverse scarring of the heart, and may help individuals with severe heart failure live longer. aldosterone antagonists include spironolactone ( aldactone\u00ae ) and eplerenone ( inspra\u00ae ). unlike other diuretics, spironolactone can raise the level of potassium in the blood to dangerous levels. healthcare professionals recommend eliminating high - potassium foods, such as bananas, lentils, nuts, peaches, potatoes, salmon, tomatoes, and watermelon while taking aldosterone antagonists. - others : a medication called bidil\u00ae is a single pill that combines hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate, both of which dilate and relax the blood vessels. bidil\u00ae increases survival when added to standard therapy in african american individuals with advanced heart failure. this is the first drug studied and approved for a specific racial group. further studies will be necessary to determine if this combination medicine will be helpful for others with heart failure. side effects may include blurred vision, dry mouth, irregular heartbeat, blood in the urine or stools, numbness or tingling in the arms or legs, and fainting. - doctors often prescribe other heart medications, such as hmg - coa reductase inhibitors ( statin ) drugs, for cholesterol reduction. statin drugs include atorvastatin ( lipitor\u00ae ) or lovastatin ( mevacor\u00ae ). they may cause liver problems or muscle pain. anti - arrhythmic drugs may also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4459242082183085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.358771"}
{"text": "of each treatment depends on the rate at which fluid can be removed from the body and the amount that must be removed. - angioplasty : chf caused by reduced blood flow in the heart as a result of blockages ( plaques ) in one or more coronary arteries may be treated using coronary angioplasty. in this procedure, a hollow tube ( catheter ) is inserted through an artery ( usually the femoral artery in the groin ), into the coronary artery, and to the blockage. a small balloon is then inserted through the catheter and is inflated to open the blocked artery. there is a slight risk for damage to the artery during angioplasty, but heart failure symptoms usually improve following the procedure. stenting is used along with balloon angioplasty. stenting involves placing a mesh - like metal device into an artery at a site narrowed by plaque. the stent is mounted on a balloon - tipped catheter, threaded through an artery, and positioned at the blockage. the balloon is then inflated, opening the stent. then, the catheter and deflated balloon are removed, leaving the stent in place. the opened stent keeps the vessel open and stops the artery from collapsing. re - closure may occur with both balloon angioplasty and stenting. doctors will prescribe blood thinning medications to help keep the arteries open, including aspirin, warfarin ( coumadin\u00ae ), and clopidogrel ( plavix\u00ae ). - coronary artery bypass graft surgery ( cabg ) : a coronary artery bypass surgery ( cabg ) may be recommended if the individual has severe coronary artery disease in addition to chf. this may improve the blood supply to the heart. coronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) surgery uses blood vessel grafts, which usually come from the patient ' s own arteries and veins located in the chest, leg, or arm. the graft goes around the clogged artery to create new pathways for oxygen - rich blood to flow to the heart. some problems associated with cabg include a heart attack ( occurs in 5 % of patients ), stroke ( occurs in 5 %, with the risk greatest in those over 70 years old ), blood clots, death ( occurs in 1 - 2 % of individuals ), and wound infection ( occurs in 1 - 4 % ). infection is most often associated with obesity, diabetes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4649051215836959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.360752"}
{"text": "with the risk greatest in those over 70 years old ), blood clots, death ( occurs in 1 - 2 % of individuals ), and wound infection ( occurs in 1 - 4 % ). infection is most often associated with obesity, diabetes, or having had a previous cabg. in about 30 % of patients, post - pericardiotomy syndrome can occur anywhere from a few days to six months after surgery. the symptoms of this syndrome are fever and chest pain. symptoms can be treated with medications, including antibiotics ( for infection ), nitroglycerin, and anti - inflammatory drugs. the incision in the chest or the graft site ( if the graft was from the leg or arm ) can be itchy, sore, numb, or bruised. some individuals report memory loss, loss of mental clarity, or \" fuzzy thinking \" following a cabg. - implantable cardiac defibrillator : an implantable cardiac defibrillator ( icd ) may be used to treat severe heart failure. an icd is a small electronic device that is surgically implanted under the skin in the chest to monitor heart rhythm. when an abnormal rhythm is detected, the defibrillator delivers an electrical \" shock \" to the heart to restore normal heart rhythm. - intra - aortic balloon pump : an intra - aortic balloon pump ( iabp ) is a device that is inserted through an artery in the groin ( femoral artery ) and then placed within the main artery ( aorta ). an iabp is an inflatable balloon that expands and deflates in coordination with each heartbeat. it can be left in place for days to weeks, and decreases the strain on the heart and increases blood flow throughout the body. - valve replacement surgery : individuals with heart failure caused by an abnormal heart valve may require valve repair or valve replacement surgery. these are open - heart procedures in which an abnormal valve is repaired or replaced with a porcine valve ( from pig tissue ), a mechanical valve ( made of synthetic material ), or a homograft valve ( from a human donor ). complications include bleeding, blood clots, infection, kidney failure, stroke, heart attack, and death. a homograft valve is preferred, as these valves are not associated with a significant risk for blood clot formation and, thus, do not require blood thinner therapy. most individuals remain in the hospital for a week after surgery and recovery takes approximately three to four weeks, after which most patients can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.508490521408526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.362824"}
{"text": "these valves are not associated with a significant risk for blood clot formation and, thus, do not require blood thinner therapy. most individuals remain in the hospital for a week after surgery and recovery takes approximately three to four weeks, after which most patients can resume leisure activities and many return to work. approximately 60 % of individuals who have valve replacement have a ten - year post - surgery survival rate. - left ventricular assist device : a left ventricular assist device ( lvad ) is a mechanical pump that is surgically implanted in the upper abdomen to bypass the left ventricle and pump blood throughout the body. this device may be used in patients with end - stage heart failure who are awaiting heart transplantation. long - term use of the device in patients with severe heart failure is being explored and defined. - pacemaker : if individuals with chf experience arrhythmias that will not respond to medication therapy, the arrhythmias may be corrected with a pacemaker. a pacemaker is a small, battery - powered device that is usually implanted near the collarbone. pacemakers can be surgically placed into the chest ( a permanent pacemaker ) through a small incision, or they can be worn outside the body ( a temporary pacemaker ) and attached to the heart through a wire that is threaded through a neck vein. temporary pacemakers are used only while an individual is in the hospital. - the surgery needed to implant a permanent pacemaker is considered a minor surgical procedure. the procedure may take one to two hours to complete. the area where the pacemaker will be inserted will be numbed with an injection of an anesthetic such as lidocaine ( xylocaine\u00ae ). the individual should not feel any pain during the procedure, and should inform the doctor or staff if they are having pain so that more anesthetic medication may be given. one or more electrode - tipped wires run from the pacemaker through the blood vessels to the inner heart. if the heart rate is too slow or if it stops, the pacemaker sends out electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat at a steady, proper rate. the more advanced pacemakers can monitor and pace either the atria or ventricles ( or both ) in proper sequence to maximize the amount of blood being pumped from the heart. the pacemaker ' s batteries may need to be changed every five to ten years. it is recommended by the american heart association to limit exposure to devices that may interfere with pulse generators such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43023177565525655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.363951"}
{"text": "sequence to maximize the amount of blood being pumped from the heart. the pacemaker ' s batteries may need to be changed every five to ten years. it is recommended by the american heart association to limit exposure to devices that may interfere with pulse generators such as cellular phones, cb radios, electric blankets, and microwaves. - it is normal for the surgical wound to be somewhat painful and swollen for a few days after the procedure. this can usually be controlled with medications, such as ultram ( tramadol\u00ae ) or ibuprofen ( motrin\u00ae ). the wound may also appear mildly red for a few days ; however, if the area of redness enlarges, a doctor should be notified due to the potential for a serious infection. if there are no other problems, most individuals who have a permanent pacemaker surgically implanted can go home the next day. they can usually return to normal activities within six weeks. for several weeks after having a pacemaker implanted, the individual may be asked not to lift more than five pounds or raise the affected arm over their shoulder. - heart transplant : in some cases, despite the use of optimal therapies as described above, the individual ' s condition continues to deteriorate due to progressive chf. in selected individuals, heart transplantation is a viable treatment option. candidates for a heart transplant are generally under age 70, do not smoke, and do not have severe or irreversible diseases affecting the other organs. additionally, a transplant is done only when it is clear that the individual ' s prognosis on continued medical treatment is poor. transplant patients require close medical follow - up while taking necessary drugs that suppress the immune system and because of the risk of rejection of the transplanted heart. they must even be monitored for possible development of coronary artery disease in the transplanted heart. - although there are thousands of patients on waiting lists for a heart transplant at any given time, the number of operations performed each year is limited by the number of available donor organs. for these reasons, heart transplantation is a realistic option in only a small subset of the large numbers of patients with congestive heart failure. - strong scientific evidence : - hawthorn : hawthorn ( crataegus sp. ), a flowering shrub of the rose family has an extensive history of use in cardiovascular disease dating back to the 1st century. increased blood flow to the heart and heart performance has been observed in animals when given hawthorn supplements. extracts of the leaves and flowers of hawthorn have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4560570590507067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.364990"}
{"text": "flowering shrub of the rose family has an extensive history of use in cardiovascular disease dating back to the 1st century. increased blood flow to the heart and heart performance has been observed in animals when given hawthorn supplements. extracts of the leaves and flowers of hawthorn have been reported as effective in the treatment of mild - to - moderate congestive heart failure ( chf ), improving exercise capacity and reducing symptoms of cardiac insufficiency. however, whether hawthorn is as effective as drugs considered standard - of - care for heart failure ( such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, or beta - adrenergic receptor blockers ) is unclear, as is the effect of the combined use of hawthorn with these drugs. nonetheless, hawthorn is a potentially beneficial treatment for patients who cannot or will not take prescription drugs and may offer additive benefits to established therapies. further study is warranted. - avoid if allergic to hawthorn or to members of the crataegus species. avoid with a history of low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, asthma, low blood pressure when standing or insomnia. use cautiously in elderly patients. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - good scientific evidence : - arginine : studies of arginine in patients with chronic heart failure have shown mixed results. some studies report improved exercise tolerance. additional studies are needed to confirm these findings. - avoid if allergic to arginine, or with a history of stroke, or liver or kidney disease. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. use caution if taking blood - thinning drugs ( like warfarin or coumadin\u00ae ) and blood pressure drugs or herbs or supplements with similar effects. blood potassium levels should be monitored. l - arginine may worsen symptoms of sickle cell disease. caution is advised in patients taking prescription drugs to control blood sugar levels. - berberine : berberine is a bitter - tasting, yellow, plant alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in chinese and ayurvedic medicine. berberine is present in the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of various plants including hydrastis canadensis ( goldenseal ), coptis chinensis ( coptis or goldenthread ), berberis aquifolium ( oregon grape ), berberis vulgaris ( barberry ), and berberis aristata ( tree turmeric ). preliminary clinical research suggests that berberine, in addition to a standard prescription drug regimen for chronic congestive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44926576292941295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.366032"}
{"text": "are needed. - coleus is generally regarded as safe, although long - term safety data are lacking. avoid with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to coleus forskohlii and related species. rash may occur in sensitive individuals. inhalation of forskolin may cause sore throat, upper respiratory tract irritation, mild to moderate cough, tremor, or restlessness. coleus eye drops may produce a milky covering over the eyes. use cautiously in patients with heart disease, asthma, thyroid disorders, diabetes, a history of bleeding, hemostatic disorders or drug - related hemostatic problems, low blood pressure, or in patients at risk for hypotension. discontinue use in patients at least two weeks prior to surgical or dental procedures, due to risk of bleeding. avoid in patients with active bleeding. avoid during pregnancy. - creatine : creatine is naturally synthesized in the human body from amino acids primarily in the kidney and liver, and transported in the blood for use by muscles. cardiac creatine levels have been reported as depressed in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. several studies report that creatine supplementation is associated with improved heart muscle strength, body weight, and endurance in patients with heart failure. however, it is not clear what dose may be safe or effective. supplementation is also reported to increase creatine in skeletal muscle in these patients, helping to increase strength and endurance. well - designed studies comparing creatine with drugs used to treat heart failure are needed. - avoid if allergic to creatine or with diuretics ( like hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide ( lasix\u00ae ) ). use caution in asthma, diabetes, gout, kidney, liver, or muscle problems, stroke or a history of these conditions. avoid dehydration. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - selenium : selenium is a trace metal that has been reported to have antioxidant properties. prophylactic administration of sodium selenite has been shown to significantly decrease the incidence of keshan disease, which is cardiomyopathy ( heart disease ) restricted to areas of china in people having an extremely low selenium status. - avoid if allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. avoid with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer. selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. however, animal research reports that large doses of selenium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44483376913932726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.369799"}
{"text": "allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. avoid with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer. selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. however, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects. - unclear or conflicting scientific evidence : - aconite : the toxic effects associated with aconite limit its ability to be used to treat heart failure, including reno - cardiovascular disease and left ventricular function. further study is needed. - aconite is highly toxic and is not safe for human consumption. avoid with heart disease, heart dysfunction, irregular heartbeat, hemodynamic instability ( abnormal blood flow ), gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, reflux esophagitis, ulcerative colitis, spastic colitis, and diverticulosis. use caution with diabetes and suicidal tendencies. avoid if younger than 18 years old. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - astragalus : astragalus ( astragalus membranaceus ) is used in combination with other herbs in chinese medicine to treat various heart diseases. there is some evidence that astragalus may offer symptomatic improvement for chronic heart failure. recommendations cannot be made until well - designed clinical trials have been conducted. - avoid if allergic to astragalus, peas, or any related plants or with a history of quillaja bark - induced asthma. avoid with aspirin or aspirin products or herbs or supplements with similar effects. avoid with inflammation ( swelling ) or fever, stroke, transplant or autoimmune diseases ( like hiv / aids ). stop use two weeks before surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with a risk of bleeding and avoid use immediately after these procedures. use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, high blood pressure, lipid disorders or kidney disorders. use cautiously with blood - thinners, blood sugar drugs, or diuretics or herbs and supplements with similar effects. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - ayurveda : ayurveda, which originated in ancient india over 5, 000 years ago, is probably the world ' s oldest system of natural medicine. preliminary evidence suggests that sodium nimbidinate, made from the traditional ayurvedic herb nimba / neem / arishta ( azadirachta indica ), may be an effective diuretic in patients with congestive heart failure. more studies are needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545402827088282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.370804"}
{"text": "research is needed. - ginseng may also lower blood pressure. caution is used when taking ginseng supplements, as adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. ginseng supplements are not used if pregnant or breastfeeding unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - goldenseal : limited available study suggests that berberine in addition to a standard prescription drug regimen for chronic congestive heart failure ( chf ) may improve quality of life and decrease ventricular premature complexes ( vpcs ) and mortality. further research is needed to confirm these results. - use cautiously in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, bleeding disorders or in those taking anticoagulants, diabetes or in those taking antidiabetic agents. use cautiously in infants with increased bilirubin levels or individuals with glucose - 6 - phosphate deficiency. use cautiously in pregnancy. - hawthorn : herbal combinations containing hawthorn have been found effective in the treatment of functional cardiovascular disorders. however, due to a lack of information on the use of hawthorn alone, there is not enough evidence to recommend for or against this use of hawthorn. - avoid if allergic to hawthorn or to members of the crataegus species. avoid with a history of low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, asthma, low blood pressure when standing or insomnia. use cautiously in elderly patients. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - l - carnitine : l - carnitine, carnitine, or acetyl - l - carnitine, is an amino acid found in the body. although preliminary results are promising, there is insufficient available clinical evidence for the use of l - carnitine in congestive heart failure. - avoid with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to carnitine. use cautiously with peripheral vascular disease, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), alcohol - induced liver cirrhosis, and diabetes. use cautiously in low birth weight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. use cautiously if taking anticoagulants ( blood thinners ), beta - blockers, or calcium channel blockers. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - meditation : meditation may improve quality of life in elderly patients, and may potentially reduce the risk for congestive heart failure. however, there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion. - use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. people with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professional ( s ) before starting a program of meditation, and should explore how meditation may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48185692811985037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.372971"}
{"text": "failure. however, there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion. - use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. people with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professional ( s ) before starting a program of meditation, and should explore how meditation may or may not fit in with their current treatment plan. avoid with risk of seizures. the practice of meditation should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies, and should not be used as the sole approach to illnesses. - oleander : the term \" oleander \" refers to two plants : nerium oleander ( common oleander ) and thevetia peruviana ( yellow oleander ). both plants contain heart - active \" cardiac glycoside \" chemicals ( similar to the prescription drug digoxin ) and have been associated with serious side effects in humans, including death. the plants have been used to treat congestive heart failure in china and russia for decades, but scientific evidence supporting this use is limited to small, poorly designed studies. human research began in the 1930s, but was largely abandoned due to serious gastrointestinal and heart toxicity. - all parts of the oleander plant, including flowers, leaves, and nectar are considered toxic and may cause death. avoid if allergic to oleander or other cardiac glycosides such as digoxin. avoid with a history of irregular heartbeat ( arrhythmia ), seizures, liver or kidney disease, depression, or asthma. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - passionflower : an extract containing passionflower and hawthorn has been studied for potential enhancement of exercise capacity in congestive heart failure patients. individuals using this combination of herbs have experienced improvements in symptoms ; however, any positive effects may have resulted from hawthorn, which is more commonly used for congestive heart failure. high quality human research of passion flower alone and compared to prescription drugs used for this condition is needed. - avoid if allergic to passion flower or any of its constituents. avoid consuming raw passiflora fruit ( passiflora adenopoda ), due to possible cyanide constituents. passionflower extracts may cause drowsiness in sensitive individuals. avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while taking passion flower. use cautiously with low blood pressure. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - physical therapy : both supervised and home - based exercise training may enhance exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. however, consensus has not been obtained regarding a standard rehabilitation program for these patients and the literature often suggests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5005219065272136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.374103"}
{"text": "if pregnant or breastfeeding. - physical therapy : both supervised and home - based exercise training may enhance exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. however, consensus has not been obtained regarding a standard rehabilitation program for these patients and the literature often suggests individually - tailored programs. due to the lack of standardization, duration of treatment, and various outcomes measures, more study is needed before a conclusion can be made. - not all physical therapy programs are suited for everyone, and patients should discuss their medical history with a qualified healthcare professional before beginning any treatments. physical therapy may aggravate pre - existing conditions. persistent pain and fractures of unknown origin have been reported. physical therapy may increase the duration of pain or cause limitation of motion. pain and anxiety may occur during the rehabilitation of patients with burns. both morning stiffness and bone erosion have been reported in the literature although causality is unclear. erectile dysfunction has also been reported. physical therapy has been used in pregnancy and although reports of major adverse effects are lacking the available literature, caution is advised nonetheless. all therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician / gynecologist before initiation. - relaxation therapy : early studies suggest that progressive muscle relaxation training may benefit patients with heart failure when used as an adjunct to standard care. - avoid with psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia / psychosis. jacobson relaxation ( flexing specific muscles, holding that position, then relaxing the muscles ) should be used cautiously with illnesses like heart disease, high blood pressure, or musculoskeletal injury. relaxation therapy is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions, and should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques. - selenium : low selenium levels have been associated with the development of cardiomyopathy, and selenium supplementation is likely of benefit in such cases ( for example in keshan disease and chagas ' disease ). however, most cases of cardiomyopathy are not due to low selenium levels and therefore selenium may not be helpful. it has been suggested that low selenium levels may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease, although this remains unclear. - avoid if allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. avoid with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer. selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. however, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4733576264689762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.376233"}
{"text": "conclusion can be reached. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to thiamin. rare hypersensitivity / allergic reactions have occurred with thiamin supplementation. skin irritation, burning, or itching may rarely occur at injection sites. large doses may cause drowsiness or muscle relaxation. use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding with doses higher than the u. s. recommended daily allowance ( rda ). - thymus extract : the thymus is a lobular gland located under the breastbone near the thyroid gland. it reaches its maximum size during early childhood and plays a large role in immune function. preliminary evidence suggests that thymus extract may increase left ventricular function, exercise tolerance, and survival in patients with cardiomyopathy. additional research is needed to confirm these results. - it is important to use high quality thymus gland supplements. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to thymus extracts. use bovine thymus extract supplements cautiously due to potential for exposure to the virus that causes \" mad cow disease. \" avoid use with an organ transplant or other forms of allografts or xenografts. avoid if receiving immunosuppressive therapy, with thymic tumors, myasthenia gravis ( neuromuscular disorder ), untreated hypothyroidism, or if taking hormonal therapy. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding ; thymic extract increases human sperm motility and progression. - traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) : many studies of tcm herbs have focused on treatment of congestive heart failure. further research of better design is needed before recommendations can be made. - chinese herbs can be potent and may interact with other herbs, foods or drugs. consult a qualified healthcare professional before taking. there have been reports of manufactured or processed chinese herbal products being tainted with toxins or heavy metals or not containing the listed ingredients. herbal products should be purchased from reliable sources. avoid ma huang, which is the active ingredient in ephedra. avoid ginseng if pregnant or breastfeeding. - fair negative scientific evidence : - guided imagery : therapeutic guided imagery may be used to help individuals relax and focus on images associated with personal issues they are confronting. preliminary human research does not report benefits of guided imagery in congestive heart failure. - guided imagery is usually intended to supplement medical care, not to replace it, and guided imagery should not be relied on as the sole therapy for a medical problem. contact a qualified health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034752085279306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.378643"}
{"text": "not report benefits of guided imagery in congestive heart failure. - guided imagery is usually intended to supplement medical care, not to replace it, and guided imagery should not be relied on as the sole therapy for a medical problem. contact a qualified health care provider if mental or physical health is unstable or fragile. never use guided imagery techniques while driving or doing any other activity that requires strict attention. use cautiously with physical symptoms that can be brought about by stress, anxiety or emotional upset because imagery may trigger these symptoms. if feeling unusually anxious while practicing guided imagery, or with a history of trauma or abuse, speak with a qualified health care provider before practicing guided imagery. - smoking cessation : smoking damages blood vessels, reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, and makes the heart beat faster. if an individual smokes, a doctor can help recommend a program to help them quit. individuals are not considered for a heart transplant if smoking is continued. - weight control : it is recommended that individuals weigh themselves each morning after urination, but before breakfast. notify a doctor if there is a weight gain of three or more pounds in a day. weight gain may indicate fluid build - up. - being overweight contributes to other risk factors for stroke, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. weight loss of as little as ten pounds may lower blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels. - exercise can lower blood pressure, increase the level of high density lipoprotein ( hdl cholesterol or good cholesterol ), and improve the overall health of blood vessels and heart. it also helps control weight, control diabetes, and reduce stress. cardiac rehabilitation programs exist for individuals recovering from heart surgery. cardiac rehabilitation is a medically supervised program to help heart patients recover quickly and improve their overall physical, mental, and social functioning. the goal is to stabilize, slow, or even reverse the progression of cardiovascular disease, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease, another cardiac event, or death. cardiac rehabilitation programs include : counseling so the individual can understand and manage the disease process ; an exercise program ; counseling on nutrition ; helping the patient modify risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes ; providing vocational guidance to enable the patient to return to work ; information on physical limitations ; lending emotional support ; and counseling on appropriate use of prescribed medications. a doctor can help initiate an exercise program and cardiac rehabilitation tailored to the individual with congestive heart failure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5082932701603109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.379810"}
{"text": "vocational guidance to enable the patient to return to work ; information on physical limitations ; lending emotional support ; and counseling on appropriate use of prescribed medications. a doctor can help initiate an exercise program and cardiac rehabilitation tailored to the individual with congestive heart failure ( chf ). - salt restriction : too much sodium ( from salt ) contributes to water retention, which makes the heart work harder. excess sodium may causes shortness of breath and swollen legs, ankles, and feet. for individuals with heart failure the recommended sodium intake is no more than 2, 000 mg daily. some substitutes or \" lite \" salts contain a mixture of salt and other compounds. to get that familiar salty taste, individuals may use too much of the substitute and actually not reduce sodium intake. in addition, many salt substitutes contain potassium chloride. too much potassium can be harmful. a dietitian can help outline a healthy, low - salt diet. - stress management : stress can cause an increase in blood pressure along with increasing the blood ' s tendency to clot. managing stress can be vital to keeping a heart healthy. - diet modification : eating healthy foods is important. a heart - healthy diet should include five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables, foods rich in soluble fiber ( such as oatmeal and beans ), foods rich in calcium ( dairy products, spinach ), soy products ( such as tempeh, miso, tofu, and soy milk ), and foods rich in omega - 3 fatty acids, including cold - water fish, such as salmon, mackerel, and tuna. pregnant women and women who plan to become pregnant in the next several years should limit their weekly intake of cold - water fish because of the potential for mercury contamination. limiting red meats and high fat foods ( such as doughnuts, cookies, and chips ) is recommended by healthcare professionals. - alcohol : excessive use of alcohol may weaken the heart muscle or increase the risk of abnormal heart rhythms, further worsening existing heart failure. alcohol may also interact with some medications used to treat heart conditions. one glass of red wine daily may be beneficial for heart health. - swelling : leg, ankle, and foot edema can be improved by elevating the legs above heart level for 30 minutes three or four times per day. leg elevation alone may be sufficient therapy for patients with mild venous insufficiency, but is usually not adequate for more severe cases. in addition, it may not be practical for those who work to elevate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49904958973246316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.381038"}
{"text": "or four times per day. leg elevation alone may be sufficient therapy for patients with mild venous insufficiency, but is usually not adequate for more severe cases. in addition, it may not be practical for those who work to elevate their legs several times per day. - leg edema ( swelling ) can also be prevented and treated with the use of compression stockings. many types are available, including knee - high, thigh - high, and pantyhose. knee - high stockings are sufficient for most individuals ; thigh - high stockings are less desirable because they tend to provide too much pressure behind the knees, reducing blood flow in the veins, and causing discomfort. the stockings should be put on as early as possible in the morning when edema is minimal. healthcare professionals can help with choosing the right compression stocking for each individual. - sleep : it is recommended that individuals with chf who have shortness of breath sleep with their head propped up at a 45 degree angle using a pillow or a wedge. - this information has been edited and peer - reviewed by contributors to the natural standard research collaboration ( www. naturalstandard. com ). - allard ml, jeejeebhoy kn, sole mj. the management of conditioned nutritional requirements in heart failure. heart fail rev. 2006 ; 11 ( 1 ) : 75 - 82.. - american heart association.. accessed march 11, 2009. - boekholdt sm, sandhu ms, day ne, et al. physical activity, c - reactive protein levels and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women : the epic - norfolk prospective population study. eur j cardiovasc prev rehabil. 2006 ; 13 ( 6 ) : 970 - 6.. - dauchet l, amouyel p, hercberg s, et al. fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease : a meta - analysis of cohort studies. j nutr. 2006 ; 136 ( 10 ) : 2588 - 93.. - jiang w, kuchibhatla m, clary gl, et al. relationship between depressive symptoms and long - term mortality in patients with heart failure. am heart j. 2007 ; 154 ( 1 ) : 102 - 8.. - national institutes of health.. accessed march 11, 2009. - natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine. copyright \u00a9 2009.. accessed march 11, 2009. - riegel b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43444483214817614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.382079"}
{"text": "( 1 ) : 102 - 8.. - national institutes of health.. accessed march 11, 2009. - natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine. copyright \u00a9 2009.. accessed march 11, 2009. - riegel b, moser dk, powell m, et al. nonpharmacologic care by heart failure experts. j card fail. 2006 ; 12 ( 2 ) : 149 - 153.. - u. s. food and drug administration.. accessed march 11, 2009. - von haehling s, doehner w, anker sd. nutrition, metabolism, and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure. cardiovasc res. 2007 ; 73 ( 2 ) : 298 - 309.. causes and risk factors - the heart consists of four chambers : the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle. the heart also has four major valves : the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the aortic valve, and the pulmonary valve. atria are relatively thin - walled chambers that receive blood from the circulatory system and from the lungs. ventricles are muscular chambers that pump blood into the circulatory system and into the lungs. - blood passes from the atria into the ventricles through two processes. during the resting phase, when the ventricles are not contracting, the tricuspid and mitral valves open and allow some of the blood that has accumulated in the atria to flow passively through the valves into the ventricles. then, the atria contract and actively pump blood out through the valves and into the ventricles. once the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, pumping blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. - when the left ventricle cannot adequately pump blood out of the left atrium, or when one or more of the heart valves becomes leaky or narrowed, blood can back up into the lungs, causing left - sided heart failure. when this occurs, the lungs become congested with fluid ( called pulmonary edema ), causing difficulty breathing and interfering with the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream, causing fatigue. - when an abnormality or condition affects the flow of blood through the right ventricle, pressure in the blood vessels increases and fluid is forced from the blood vessels into body tissues. this right - sided heart failure causes swelling ( edema )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47042198170560423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.383004"}
{"text": ". - when an abnormality or condition affects the flow of blood through the right ventricle, pressure in the blood vessels increases and fluid is forced from the blood vessels into body tissues. this right - sided heart failure causes swelling ( edema ), usually in the feet and legs, and sometimes, in the abdomen. - coronary artery disease and heart attack : coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease and the most common cause of heart failure. over time, arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle narrow from a buildup of fatty deposits, a process called atherosclerosis. the buildup containing fats and clotting factors is called a plaque. blood moves slowly through narrowed arteries, leaving some areas of the heart muscle chronically deprived of oxygen - rich blood. these areas of the heart may become weak from the lack of oxygen and pump less vigorously. in many cases, the blood flow to the muscle is just enough to keep the muscle alive but not functioning well. a heart attack occurs if an unstable plaque ruptures, causing a blood clot to completely block blood flow to an area of the heart muscle. a heart attack results in the death of heart muscle, which can quickly weaken the heart ' s pumping ability. sometimes coronary artery disease is limited to the small coronary arteries. if these arteries become blocked, this won ' t cause a heart attack, but over time, it can gradually weaken the heart. - hypertension ( high blood pressure ) : blood pressure is the force of blood pumped by the heart through the arteries. if blood pressure is high, the heart has to work harder than it should to circulate blood throughout the body. over time, the heart muscle may become thicker to compensate for the extra work it must perform. in some cases, the heart will enlarge. eventually, the heart muscle may become either too stiff or too weak to effectively pump blood. - defective heart valves : the four valves of the heart keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart. a damaged valve forces the heart to work harder to keep blood flowing as it should. over time, this extra work can weaken the heart. - cardiomyopathy : cardiomyopathy is a serious disease in which the heart muscle becomes inflamed and does not work as well as it should. there may be multiple causes including viral infections, alcohol abuse, and the toxic effect of drugs such as cocaine or doxorubicin ( adriamycin\u00ae ) used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665609112960493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.386086"}
{"text": "inflamed and does not work as well as it should. there may be multiple causes including viral infections, alcohol abuse, and the toxic effect of drugs such as cocaine or doxorubicin ( adriamycin\u00ae ) used for chemotherapy. in addition, whole - body diseases that may lead to inflammation, such as lupus or thyroid problems, can also damage heart muscle. - myocarditis : myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus and can lead to left - sided heart failure. the virus most often associated with myocarditis is coxsackievirus b, but other viruses may include adenovirus, parvovirus b19, echovirus, influenza virus, epstein - barr virus, and rubella virus. human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) can directly infiltrate the heart muscle and cause myocarditis. other causes of myocarditis include bacteria ( such as staphylococcus aureus ), parasites ( such as trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma ), fungi ( such as candida albicans ), exposure to certain chemicals such as arsenic and hydrocarbons, medications that may cause allergic or toxic reactions ( such as cocaine or penicillin ), and systemic diseases causing inflammation ( including lupus ). - congenital heart defects : congenital heart defects are structural problems with the heart present at birth. genetic defects contribute to the risk of certain types of heart diseases ( such as arrythmias or valve problems ), which in turn may lead to heart failure. estimates suggest that about one million americans have a congenital heart defect. approximately 35, 000 babies in the united states are born with a heart defect each year. - arrhythmias : arrhythmias, or abnormal heart rhythms, may cause the heart to beat too fast. this creates extra work for the heart. over time, the heart may weaken leading to heart failure. - other conditions : health conditions, such as diabetes, severe anemia ( lack of red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues ), hyperthyroidism ( high thyroid hormone levels ), hypothyroidism ( low thyroid hormone levels ), emphysema ( lung disease that involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs ), pulmonary edema ( fluid in the lungs ), hemochromatosis ( an inherited disease in which too much iron builds up in the body )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4408267307421783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.387237"}
{"text": "emphysema ( lung disease that involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs ), pulmonary edema ( fluid in the lungs ), hemochromatosis ( an inherited disease in which too much iron builds up in the body ), and amyloidosis ( a group of diseases in which one or more organ systems in the body accumulate deposits of abnormal proteins such as c - reactive protein ), may also contribute to heart failure. kidney disease can contribute to heart failure due to an increase in high blood pressure and fluid retention. - heart failure may develop during the last the months of pregnancy or several months after pregnancy. the cause of this is not well understood, but it may be due to an abnormal immune system response. - viral infections may cause idiopathic heart failure or heart failure in which there is never an identified cause. bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, may lead to chf. - exposure to toxins, such as alcohol or cocaine, may also lead to chf. an example of drug - induced chf is with encainide hydrochloride ( enkaid\u00ae ). encainide is a drug used for arrhythmias ( irregular heart beats ), but in susceptible individuals, its use may lead to chf. - obesity may also lead to chf. obesity promotes diabetes, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), and dyslipidemia ( high cholesterol levels ). these conditions are risk factors for developing coronary artery disease and ultimately, chf. - sleep apnea, or the inability to breathe properly at night, results in low blood oxygen levels and increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms. both of these problems can weaken the heart and lead to chf. - the condition affects 1 % of people aged 50 years and older and about 5 % of those aged 75 years and older. african americans experience heart failure twice as often as caucasians. about 10 % of patients diagnosed with heart failure die within one year, and about 50 % die within five years of diagnosis. - chf is equally frequent in men and women, and annual incidence approaches ten per 1, 000 population after 65 years of age. survival following diagnosis of congestive heart failure is worse in men than women, but even in women, only about 20 % survive much longer than eight to 12 years. copyright \u00a9 2011 natural standard ( www. naturalstandard. com ) the information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47338331950319623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a27c379-81b0-446a-90e1-e5404f68da9d>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.388173"}
{"text": "streams and rivers provide essential habitat for many freshwater and terrestrial organisms, but this habitat is frequently fragmented by human - induced alterations, such as dams or near - stream land use. moreover, freshwater organisms are sensitive to changes in water temperature, which may make them particularly vulnerable to alterations associated with elevated temperatures and global warming. the ability to accurately predict patterns in chemicals, fish abundance, and temperature within streams and to understand the ecological processes that drive these patterns is critical if these environments are to be sustainably managed. new models using spatial statistics in stream networks can account for the unique spatial configuration, connectivity, flow volume, and flow direction in a stream network. these models have practical applications for ecological research and the monitoring of physical, chemical, and biological stream characteristics. for example, a spatial statistical approach can be used to identify and quantify patterns of habitat at multiple scales, which may provide additional information about ecosystem structure and function. it may also be used as part of broad - scale monitoring programs, where the number of observations is often limited by money, but we can make predictions, with estimates of uncertainty, at every location within the stream network. the goals of our proposed working group are to 1 ) identify the most pressing needs in terms of analytical capabilities ( i. e., what would be most useful for informing science and management ), with possible extensions to include space - time models, generalized linear mixed models, computing for massive datasets, and others as identified by the working group, 2 ) assess the current state of software and its functionality and determine whether it is sufficient to meet those needs, and 3 ) analyze a large, nationally important, multivariate stream dataset collected across the northwestern ( nw ) united states ( us ) to gain ecological insights, evaluate methods, and demonstrate new spatial statistical modeling capabilities. more information about this research project and participants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5108032547302567, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d851b04-48b5-487a-8858-ae8c0f8151bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.390244"}
{"text": "a public advertising campaign aimed at preventing cyberbullying if you would like to support ncpc ' s work on cyberbullying or any other campaign, please click here. ncpc announces winners of national cyberbullying psa contest \u2014 josh bourgeois, independent producer, thibodaux, la words really do hurt \u2014 marvin jimenez, lyndon b. johnson elementary school, san antonio, tx if you \u2019 re like most teenagers, you spend a lot of time on a cell phone or instant messenger chatting with friends and uploading photos, videos, and music to websites. you may have online friends whom you \u2019 ve never met in person, with whom you play games and exchange messages. teens \u2019 lives exist in a variety of places such as school hallways, part - time jobs, and friends \u2019 houses. now many teens also have lives on the internet. and bullying has followed teens online. online bullying, called cyberbullying, happens when teens use the internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person. cyberbullying is a problem that affects almost half of all american teens. whether you \u2019 ve been a victim of cyberbullying, know someone who has been cyberbullied, or have even cyberbullied yourself, there are steps you and your friends can take to stop cyberbullying and stay cyber - safe. how are teens cyberbullied? being a victim of cyberbullying can be a common and painful experience. some youth who cyberbully - pretend they are other people online to trick others - spread lies and rumors about victims - trick people into revealing personal information - send or forward mean text messages - post pictures of victims without their consent when teens were asked why they think others cyberbully, 81 percent said that cyberbullies think it \u2019 s funny. other teens believe that youth who cyberbully - don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s a big deal - don \u2019 t think about the consequences - are encouraged by friends - think everybody cyberbullies - think they won \u2019 t get caught how do victims react? contrary to what cyberbullies may believe, cyberbullying is a big deal, and can cause a variety of reactions in teens. some teens have reacted in positive ways to try to prevent cyberbullying by - blocking communication with the cyberbully - deleting messages without reading them - talking to a friend about the bullying - reporting the problem to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5231410914469543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7d1fe7c-81a4-4a6b-a1d9-392c90aba510>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.394828"}
{"text": "of reactions in teens. some teens have reacted in positive ways to try to prevent cyberbullying by - blocking communication with the cyberbully - deleting messages without reading them - talking to a friend about the bullying - reporting the problem to an internet service provider or website moderator many youth experience a variety of emotions when they are cyberbullied. youth who are cyberbullied report feeling angry, hurt, embarrassed, or scared. these emotions can cause victims to react in ways such as - seeking revenge on the bully - avoiding friends and activities - cyberbullying back some teens feel threatened because they may not know who is cyberbullying them. although cyberbullies may think they are anonymous, they can be found. if you are cyberbullied or harassed and need help, save all communication with the cyberbully and talk to a parent, teacher, law enforcement officer, or other adult you trust. how can i prevent cyberbullying? teens have figured out ways to prevent cyberbullying. follow in the footsteps of other quick - thinking teens and - refuse to pass along cyberbullying messages - tell friends to stop cyberbullying - block communication with cyberbullies - report cyberbullying to a trusted adult you can also help prevent cyberbullying by - speaking with other students, as well as teachers and school administrators, to develop rules against cyberbullying - raising awareness of the cyberbullying problem in your community by holding an assembly and creating fliers to give to younger kids or parents - sharing ncpc \u2019 s anti - cyberbullying message with friends don \u2019 t forget that even though you can \u2019 t see a cyberbully or the bully \u2019 s victim, cyberbullying causes real problems. if you wouldn \u2019 t say it in person, don \u2019 t say it online. delete cyberbullying. don \u2019 t write it. don \u2019 t forward it. what else can i do to stay cyber - safe? remember that the internet is accessed by millions of people all over the world, not just your friends and family. while many internet users are friendly, some may want to hurt you. below are some ways to stay cyber - safe : - never post or share your personal information online ( this includes your full name, address, telephone number, school name, parents \u2019 names, credit card number, or social security number ) or your friends \u2019 personal information. - never share your internet passwords with anyone,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47888670857896243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7d1fe7c-81a4-4a6b-a1d9-392c90aba510>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.395824"}
{"text": "share your personal information online ( this includes your full name, address, telephone number, school name, parents \u2019 names, credit card number, or social security number ) or your friends \u2019 personal information. - never share your internet passwords with anyone, except your parents. - never meet anyone face - to - face whom you only know online. - talk to your parents about what you do online. for more information check out the following resources to learn more about preventing cyberbullying : - www. ncpc. org provides information about stopping cyberbullying before it starts. - stop cyberbullying before it starts ( pdf ) provides useful information for parents. - cyberbullying. us provides cyberbullying research, stories, cases, downloads, fact sheets, tips and strategies, news headlines, a blog, and a number of other helpful resources on their comprehensive public service website. - www. stopcyberbullying. org has a fun quiz to rate your online behavior, information about why some people cyberbully, and how to stop yourself from cyberbullying. - www. wiredsafety. com provides information about what to do if you are cyberbullied. - www. stopbullyingnow. com has information about what you can do to stop bullying. all statistics from the 2006 harris interactive cyberbullying research report, commissioned by the national crime prevention council.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46681560464365457, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7d1fe7c-81a4-4a6b-a1d9-392c90aba510>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.396492"}
{"text": "since 2001, thousands of military children have had parents killed in combat operations in iraq and afghanistan. many other children have had siblings, cousins, and other relatives die in war. like other grieving children, military children who experience the death of someone special under traumatic circumstances can develop traumatic grief, which can interfere with their ability to grieve and to call up comforting memories of the person who died. traumatic grief may also interfere with everyday activities such as being with friends and doing schoolwork. there are, however, unique aspects of military family loss that those who care for or work with grieving military children should be aware of. to find out more about military children and families click here. traumatic grief in military children information series this series provides culturally competent materials for educating families, medical professionals, and school personnel about how to better serve military children who are experiencing traumatic grief. traumatic grief in military children : information for educators ( 2008 ) ( pdf ) traumatic grief in military children : information for families ( 2008 ) ( pdf ) traumatic grief in military children : information for medical providers ( 2008 ) ( pdf ) mental health america, helping children cope with loss resulting from war or terrorism overview of how to assist children who are coping with loss as a result of war or terrorist acts. includes toll free number for accessing additional resources ( 800 - 969 - 6642 ). tragedy assistance program for survivors ( taps ) 800 - 959 - taps ( 8277 ) ( 24 - hour hotline ) comprehensive resource for all who are grieving the death of a loved one serving our country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.420327342562897, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0965bc83-8781-4365-ba57-f895c454a8fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.398417"}
{"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. saturday, may 18, 2013 cold and flu catching colds and flu i wasn ` t sure which catergory this would come under, but it involves catching a cold or the flu. i know that germs are the cause of getting these conditions and being outside in the cold whether without a jacket doesn ` t cause someone to get them. but someone told me that if you are exposed to a cold environment and then warm one, back and forth, it can make someone sick with the cold or the flu, and does involve germs somehow. if that is true, can you please explain how that happens? thanks a cold or flu is caused by a viral infection, and viruses tend to be very contagious. they are spread primarily by droplets, or in other words, by saliva and mucus either sprayed into the air or by direct human contact. going repeatedly from a cold to a warm environment and back should not increase one ' s chances to become infected. however, when the weather turns colder, people tend to begin spending more time indoors. this creates closer human contact and thereby increases the likelihood of infection. this is in large part why cold and flu season is during the colder months. allen m seiden, md professor of otolaryngology, director of division of rhinology and sinus disorders, director of university taste and smell center, director of university sinus and allergy college of medicine university of cincinnati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5130276458179233, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff296fbf-229d-4b32-9143-e1023cdf4f1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.399990"}
{"text": "preparation key to college and career success ( bpt ) - the 2010 bureau of labor statistics report \" education pays... \" illustrates that higher earnings and lower unemployment rates are often reported among bachelor ' s degree holders, compared to those with only a high school diploma. the 2010 median weekly earnings for bachelor ' s degree holders was $ 1, 038, compared to just $ 626 for those with only a high school diploma. despite such clear benefits to earning a college degree, many students are not prepared for education beyond high school. in fact, according to data from the 2011 pew research center report \" is college worth it?, \" 58 percent of college presidents say high school students are coming to college less prepared than they were 10 years ago. because of these figures and the united states ' falling rank among developed countries for college completion rates, many lawmakers have recommended efforts to increase the number of young adults with a college degree. some institutions are already working with high school educators to teach students about the importance of preparing for college. devry university ' s herworld program was designed to provide young women with the tools they need to be better prepared to succeed in college, empowering them to reach their full potential. herworld also introduces young women to in - demand careers of the 21st century, including those in science, technology, engineering and math ( stem ) fields. findings from \" stem : good jobs now and for the future, \" a 2011 report from the u. s. department of commerce ' s economics and statistics administration, illustrate that in addition to a lower likelihood of experiencing joblessness, stem workers earn 26 percent more than their non - stem counterparts. by exposing them to female leaders in stem, herworld teaches young women that they can succeed alongside men in these positions, and gives the women a checklist for preparing to get there. now in its 15th year, herworld sponsors nationwide events each year that give high school girls the opportunity to interact with peers from other high schools in the area, participate in educational and confidence - building activities, and listen to local female leaders discuss how they achieved their career goals. \" herworld helps young women realize that they have the power to make their professional ambitions a reality, \" says donna loraine, provost / vice president of academic affairs for devry university. \" the impressive stories of female leaders expand the students ' perspective and teach them the steps they need to take to forge their own career paths. \" this year, olympic gold medalist mia hamm, u. s. olympic and paralympic athletes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48100068422356357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71ac70a3-6a4c-45cf-b30e-c334a6bbeff9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.404164"}
{"text": "by the numbers : hurricane sandy \u2019 s environmental impact december 4, 2012by john mooney, of nj spotlight it was one of the ugly reminders of hurricane sandy : the piles of debris from destroyed properties that lined streets and alleys for days and then weeks after the storm hit. how much debris exactly? according to testimony by state commissioner of environmental protection robert martin, 6. 2 million cubic yards of debris was left behind in new jersey after hurricane sandy. by one count, that ' s enough to fill a 170 - acre landfill. and filling that 170 - acre landfill would normally take seven years. \" it ' s just a massive operation, \" martin said of the task of carting it all away, first to temporary local sites and then to landfills. that figure on the amount of debris was one of several sets of numbers martin cited in testimony to the senate budget committee yesterday in describing the widespread environmental impact of the hurricane. parks were damaged. sewage was discharged. water plants were disabled. each of the topics came with numbers that might have been unfathomable until that fateful monday and tuesday in november. and martin ' s testimony didn ' t even get into the issue of coastal erosion and protection, which legislators said will be the subject of a separate hearing in the coming weeks. in the meantime, here are a few more numbers. 70 out of 604 water facilities were \" in distress \" during and after the storm hit : they were large and small, martin said, but few were immune from the power outages that plagued much of the state for weeks. he said water kept flowing, but not without some health warnings at various locations. 7 of the water plants are still disabled, mostly along the shore. 19 boil - water orders were issued, affecting about 300, 000 people. 80 out of 369 wastewater - treatment plants were damaged during and after the storm : the plants were hammered by rising water that shut down electrical controls or power outages that accomplished much the same. overall, 3. 3 million people were affected, martin said. the state provided fuel and generators, but major discharges were made by the passaic valley sewerage authority into the passaic river and the middlesex county utility authority into the raritan river to avoid sewage backing up into homes. martin said no long - term contamination was found in coastal waters in monitoring by the u. s. environmental protection agency. 378, 000 gallons of diesel oil spilled in the arthur kill and other surrounding creeks : the leaks were from two damaged storage tanks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4051429289986427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87fa7082-3067-4031-ba90-3ef7d01405c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.408824"}
{"text": "helping first responders : first, do no harm december 18, 2012by maiken scott emotional trauma after violent events such as shootings can have a ripple effect - - it doesn ' t just affect the victims and witnesses, but also their families and those who rushed in to help. mental - health providers say they have learned a lot in the past decade about the best way to help those who were first on scene. one important lesson is that \" talking about it \" doesn ' t work for everybody. in fact, it can be harmful for some people. in the ' 90s, an approach called \" debriefing \" became very popular. first responders had to discuss what they had seen and lived through with mental - health professionals or in groups. the debriefing would happen within days or hours of an incident. university of pennsylvania psychiatrist steven berkowitz says studies later showed that this actually caused symptoms in some people who were doing ok. for others, it was inefficient. today, he says, the approach is giving people information. \" so we really focus on providing education and coping skills, rather than asking for what happened, \" said berkowitz. berkowitz was involved in creating crisis response protocols after 9 / 11. he says those affected by tragic events should first learn to identify when they ' re having trouble and then get some practical guidance. \" to teach some basic coping skills, how to manage some of these reactions, how do you manage what is irritability and tension, helping with sleep and sleep hygiene, \" he said. berkowitz says mental - health professionals have developed and distributed protocols to make sure people use the most effective approaches in caring for those affected by tragedies. he says another important aspect of care is a clear command structure where providers are not rushing in and tripping all over each other in an effort to help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4167245355917716, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4ecc214-f00d-4333-941b-5a30c23c7eaf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.410843"}
{"text": "during the early 1900s, images of women and children were a favourite subject for traditional and more modern artists alike. in portrait group ( the mother ), lambert contrasted two women : one wearing the kind of billowing dress worn in feminist and artistic circles, and the other standing next to her with her hand placed cavalierly on her shoulder, wearing a fashionable black satin waisted coat and a high - necked dress. in this way he contrasted the supple, rounded form of one woman against the more statuesque figure of the other, and in so doing suggested the difference between a woman \u2019 s role as a mother and that as an independent woman. as with his other family groups he used his wife and children as models, together with their artist friend thea proctor. this is one of a number of images of women and children that lambert painted, to which he gave objective titles such as equestrian portrait of a boy ( cat. 26 ) and holiday in essex ( cat. 44 ) rather than the subjective \u2018 the artist \u2019 s family \u2019 or \u2018 amy, maurice and constant \u2019. he intended his wife and children to signify the \u2018 ideal \u2019 mother and children and not to represent themselves. he sometimes depicted his second son constant dressed in a frock that was then used for baby boys, as in this work, and generally with his genitalia hidden, so that he could be viewed as any child and not specifically as this particular boy - child. lambert \u2019 s depiction of the boy in the long coat with his feet firmly planted on the ground looking out of the picture with an expression of roguish defiance resembles velazquez \u2019 s portrait philip iv of spain in brown and silver 1632 ( national gallery, london ). the stance of this figure also recalls hans holbein \u2019 s portrait of henry viii or reynolds \u2019 s mock - heroic master crewe as henry viii 1776 ( private collection ). lambert appropriated the pose, which through its common usage had become part of the general vocabulary of art. lambert admitted that \u2018 the pose and atmosphere are traditional enough ; and has actually no more relationship with spanish art than with anything modern \u2019 ( ml mss a1811 p. 70 ). what is more, the costume came about by accident. maurice was originally going to be painted in a white shirt, but one day he was fooling around with his father \u2019 s coat and lambert, delighted with this image, incorporated it into the painting. in this family group lambert worked in the tradition of prominent society portrait painter charles furse. like fur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45422390887476266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:252bf467-710b-47ba-b79b-7f7cb62c5378>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.415750"}
{"text": "shirt, but one day he was fooling around with his father \u2019 s coat and lambert, delighted with this image, incorporated it into the painting. in this family group lambert worked in the tradition of prominent society portrait painter charles furse. like furse, lambert did not seek to paint a naturalistic outdoor image, particularly in his depiction of the landscape and the placement of the figures in it. rather, he wanted to create a decorative effect, using the billowing forms of the clouds to enhance the rounded shapes of the figures, and deliberately placing dark shapes against light. in discussing this picture lambert observed that \u2018 the dextrous brushwork, the following of the contours, the suave movement of drapery and clouds \u2013 are distinctly influenced by furze \u2019. ( lambert 1924, p. 13 ) the painting received favourable comment from contemporary london critics. the times suggested on 4 may 1907 that the painting was \u2018 full of promise for the future \u2019, while p. g. konody, who became a staunch supporter of lambert \u2019 s work, noted in the supplement to the observer on 5 may 1907 that it was \u2018 painted with such freshness and such musical sense of colour that it is as bracing as a sea - breeze after the studio - made articles that abound all round \u2019. he went on to suggest that lambert \u2019 s \u2018 chief aim seems to have been the realisation of a decorative effect by rhythmic arrangement of line and balance of masses \u2019. this work is reported to have been amy lambert \u2019 s favourite portrait group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613172261330502, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:252bf467-710b-47ba-b79b-7f7cb62c5378>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.416417"}
{"text": "| 25 may 2010 | take a walk along the coast and help us monitor the effects of climate change and invasive species on the uk ' s seaweeds. seaweeds are easy to find and occur all around the uk coastline. there are a staggering 650 seaweed species in the uk, around 7 % of the world ' s species, and they play a vital role in the functioning of the marine environment. scientists think that the effects of climate change and the spread of invasive species are starting to have an effect on where they are found but they need more information to be sure. this is where you can help. identify the seaweeds you spot on the uk ' s coast and tell us what you find. this will help researchers from the british phycological society and natural history museum to find out what is happening to our seaweeds. the aim of the big seaweed search is to map the distribution of 12 key kinds of seaweed that can be found around the uk coast. we hope to track how these distributions are changing through time. you don ' t need to be an expert as our easy - to - use identification guide should allow everyone, from children to scientists, to take part. when you get home from carrying out your survey, tell us about the seaweeds you find using our online system, or by posting completed forms to the museum. there is no deadline - you can send in records at any time of the year and take part as many times as you like. your data will be added to our online interactive map. as we analyse the data, we will post updates on what your records show and how they are being used.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584904453850486, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe71d926-98d8-4e90-b1fc-3b27f154d4fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.419494"}
{"text": "lymph nodes are found throughout your body. they are an important part of your immune system. lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germs, infections, and other foreign substances. the term \" swollen glands \" refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. in a child, a node is considered enlarged if it is more than 1 centimeter ( 0. 4 inch ) wide. see also : lymphadenitis and lymphangitis common areas where the lymph nodes can be felt ( with the fingers ) include : infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes. infections that can cause them include : immune or autoimmune disorders that can cause swollen lymph nodes are : cancers that can cause swollen lymph nodes include : however, many other cancers may also cause this problem. certain medications can cause swollen lymph nodes, including : which lymph nodes are swollen depends on the cause and the body parts involved. swollen lymph nodes that appear suddenly and are pain are usually due to injury or infection. slow, painless swelling may be due to cancer or a tumor. painful lymph nodes are generally a sign that your body is fighting an infection. the soreness usually goes away in a couple days, without treatment. the lymph node may not return to its normal size for several weeks. call your doctor or nurse if : your doctor or nurse will perform a physical examination and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms, such as : the following tests may be done : swollen glands ; glands - swollen ; lymph nodes - swollen ; lymphadenopathy armitage jo. approach to the patient with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 171. tower rl, camitta bm. lymphadenopathy. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 484. updated by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, university of washington, school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4824715966901678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31e01bd1-b70b-4058-9301-bedc6a71113b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.422436"}
{"text": "historical base maps annotations for historical base map 3 this map represents the samuel and elizabeth pipher farm prior to their selling the property to the new york and delaware river slate company. extensive research in local and county records and documents, and secondary sources has not provided adequate data to make a definitive determination about the number, exact locations ( in most instances ), or precise dimensions or appearances of several structures and other cultural resources at the pipher farm during that family ' s three generations of ownership from 1790 to 1868. the location of the main house, springhouse and cabin are known as they are extant. the barn foundations are extant, but the appearance of the barn is not known. a granary was mentioned in the 1868 deed of sale, but its exact location is not known. an historic privy is assumed to be located somewhere near the main house, but its exact location is not known. an orchard was located on the farm, but its exact location and total acreage is not known. extant ruins of a lime kiln mark that structure ' s precise location. the exact configuration of the historic fields is not known, but the historic stone rows delineate partial farm boundaries and fields. the entrance road to the central farm core is believed to be historic, but its precise configuration is not known. annotations for historical base map 4 a. cabin built c. 1800 - 1810 by samuel pipher. this structure was renovated in 1873, altered by charles m. munsch and stabilized by the national park service in 1979. much of the work performed in 1979 reversed munsch ' s alterations. the work included : roof repairs, repointing of stone chimney and foundation walls, rebuilding of brick chimney, removal of imitation log siding, repair of entrance hood, replacement of sills, studs, doors and windows, removal of concrete bathroom and entrance slabs, and drainage grading. b. springhouse this stone structure was built in 1827 by peter pipher. the springhouse underwent structural change when concrete was poured on the floors and milk can troughs, and the upper roof structure was replaced. c. main house the main farmhouse was built in 1833 by peter pipher. a slate roof, direct access to the northwest bedroom, and an outside door to the northwest first floor room were added in 1873. buff - colored cement stucco was added by charles m. munsch. portions of the front and side porch were screened in 1969. d. old barn site reference to the barn was made in 1868 when samuel and elizabeth pipher sold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3922694994668199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1691de89-c6c4-4197-aa69-c2caed6b12ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.432779"}
{"text": "in 1873. buff - colored cement stucco was added by charles m. munsch. portions of the front and side porch were screened in 1969. d. old barn site reference to the barn was made in 1868 when samuel and elizabeth pipher sold the farm to the new york and delaware river slate company. reference was also made to a granary being somewhere on the property. a concrete roof was placed over the remnant stone walls by charles m. munsch, who then used the structure as a garage. he used salvaged iron rails, possibly from a nearby quarry, to support the concrete roof. e. quarry the new york and delaware river slate company opened and operated this quarry near the core farmstead from 1868 - 1873. subsequent farm owner john a. morison paid taxes on the quarry until 1879. a much smaller quarry / pond is also on the property. it is shallowly flooded over a sediment fill, and was dammed for domestic water supply. this excavation ' s history is not known. f. woodshed this structure was built in the late nineteenth century, possibly by john a. morison. g. slate shanty omega g. east, chief of interpretation at delaware water gap national recreation area, purchased the shanty in bangor, pennsylvania and placed it on the property in the early 1970s. h. ice house only the foundations exist for this wood frame structure, built by charles m. munsch sometime after 1924. the ice house had a gable roof and the walls were covered with horizontal slabbing with vertical slabs in each corner and in the gable ends. i. outhouse this structure was brought onto the property by omega east sometime in the 1970s. the location of the historic outhouse is not known, but in 1970 mary pitenger remembered an outhouse being located between the woodhouse and springhouse. j. lime kiln remnants of a stone lime kiln are located in the woods behind the main house. it is probable that the kiln dates to the pipher family occupancy, and may have been used as late as the munsch ownership. k. stone rows extensive stone pile rows mark partial boundaries of the peter pipher farm, and probably date to that period. the rows also delineate boundaries of fields. l. fields the exact location of all the fields utilized by the piphers and subsequent slateford farm owners is not known, but the stone rows do mark several boundaries. photographs taken during the munsch occupancy of the farm reveal that many of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4036196319958517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1691de89-c6c4-4197-aa69-c2caed6b12ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.435478"}
{"text": "fields the exact location of all the fields utilized by the piphers and subsequent slateford farm owners is not known, but the stone rows do mark several boundaries. photographs taken during the munsch occupancy of the farm reveal that many of these fields located between the main farm house and the cyr farmstead were open and farmed. m. cyr farmstead charles m. munsch built the farmhouse, which became the home of the louis and lottie cyr family who tenant - farmed slateford farm. the farmstead includes the main house, storage shed, chicken coops, small frame storage building, corn cribs, barn and garage. the cyr house has no architectural significance. n. kiefaber house this house was built c. 1925 by fred w. kiefaber. there are no outbuildings and the house has no architectural or historical significance. other features extant or no longer extant on the slateford farm site : 1. entrance road to the farm core area this gravel road, approaching the main farm house from the southeast, may be the historic entrance to the farm. the piphers may have used it to reach a wagon road located next to the delaware river. in summer 1985 nps archeologists found probable nineteenth century terracing and a road bed with an intact stone culvert, located downhill of the barn foundations. 2. double mining cart and rails this iron and wood cart was brought onto the property by national park service staff, as were the iron rails. the cart is rapidly deteriorating, being openly exposed to the weather. the rails are strewn along a path to the north of the slate shanty. 3. garden in 1970 mary pittenger mentioned a garden being located in the yard to the southwest of the main house, between the house and the barn. 4. corral this structure, located in front of the main house and extending to the garage, was built by the youth conservation corps in 1974 - 1975. 5. national park service road this road was built in 1970. 6. tower foundations four footings of concrete are all that remain of this structure, which perhaps was a radio tower. 7. woodhouse the location of this woodhouse, mentioned by mary pittenger in 1970 and presumed a different structure from the extant woodshed, is not known. pittenger stated there used to be a woodshed and wood pile to the right, or northeast, of the main house. 8. chicken house the existence of a chicken house was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42290685521420246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1691de89-c6c4-4197-aa69-c2caed6b12ff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.436740"}
{"text": "a different structure from the extant woodshed, is not known. pittenger stated there used to be a woodshed and wood pile to the right, or northeast, of the main house. 8. chicken house the existence of a chicken house was mentioned by mary pittenger in 1970. it stood between the woodhouse and the spring house. 9. barn outhouse this outhouse was mentioned in mary pittenger ' s 1970 interview. its exact location is not known. 10. slate walks these walks were mentioned in mary pittenger ' s 1970 interview. she remembered a slate walk leading from the main house yard to the barn. other walks led to the spring house, cabin and woodhouse. remnants of a slate walk are located behind the main house. 11. tennis courts charles m. munsch built tennis courts behind the main house. their exact location is not known and no visible remnants exist. 12. main house yard fence this fence was mentioned by mary pittenger in an 1970 interview. no remnants are visible. l3. swimming pool in summer 1985 nps archeologists discovered a stone foundation east of the barn foundations which may be a remnant of a reputed charles m. munsch swimming pool. 14 apple orchard an apple orchard was mentioned in samuel pipher ' s 1812 will, but its location is not known. mary pittenger remembered an apple orchard being located by the garden towards the mountain. 15. slate and stone benches two benches are located underneath the tree next to the main house. their origin is not known. last updated : 31 - dec - 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44166863808129686, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1691de89-c6c4-4197-aa69-c2caed6b12ff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.437483"}
{"text": "u. s. department of the interior, national park service legal and financial tools used to preserve and enhance historic resources as discussed in chapter iv, a community ' s preservation efforts will be best served if it adopts a comprehensive historic preservation plan. such a plan serves to guide both the community ' s preservation efforts per se - its survey, its program of evaluation and inventory, its programs to restore and rehabilitate historic properties and to provide for their study, archeological salvage, and adaptive use, and its programs to encourage rehabilitation and reuse by the private sector - as well as its efforts to ensure that preservation concerns are addressed in development and land - use planning. the purpose of this appendix is to list and briefly discuss the legal and financial tools that can be incorporated into a preservation plan. it should be recognized that this list is by no means exhaustive, and that new and creative uses of financial and legal tools are being developed constantly. a wide variety of legal approaches to preservation can be tailored to meet the needs and goals of a particular community ; however, any local ordinance must recognize state constitutional restrictions, common law requirements, and existing legislation dealing with preservation and related areas. the existence of state enabling legislation for historic preservation can provide a legal framework in which local governments can base their preservation programs, commissions, and zoning ordinances. a thorough investigation of state and local laws, with the assistance of legal experts, is essential in determining which legal mechanisms are best suited to fulfilling local preservation needs. 1. community historic preservation ordinances community historic preservation ordinances cover an entire city, county, or other political subdivision. they are often called landmarks commission ordinances because one of their major features is the establishment of a board of review, often called a landmarks commission, to oversee the community ' s preservation program and make judgements about the significance of resources. this terminology may be a little misleading, however, since it implies a concern only with landmarks rather than with the general historic, architectural, and cultural fabric of the community. increasingly, more general terms like historic preservation commission are being used to describe the bodies that oversee local preservation programs. historic preservation commissions are generally responsible for designating significant individual resources or districts in accordance with criteria established by the ordinances under whose authority they operate. such ordinances also often give them some measure of authority to control the alteration or demolition of designated properties, and sometimes to review the quality of new design in the vicinity of such properties, or within historic districts. commissions sometimes are provided with staff which they oversee in carrying out the community ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4514494145144531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.458903"}
{"text": "measure of authority to control the alteration or demolition of designated properties, and sometimes to review the quality of new design in the vicinity of such properties, or within historic districts. commissions sometimes are provided with staff which they oversee in carrying out the community ' s overall preservation program ; in other cases, commissions are advisory to planning departments or other agencies of local government whose personnel carry out the day - to - day work of the program. the degree of authority granted to such commissions varies widely ; in some cases, properties may not be designated as historic without the permission of their owners ; in other cases, designation depends solely on the judgement of the commission. some ordinances place great power in the hands of the commission to control alteration or demolition of designated resources, while others place none, and still others require that the views of the commission be taken into account in decision making, but not necessarily heeded. local governments seeking certification to participate in the national historic preservation program under section 101 ( c ) of the national historic preservation act must establish historic preservation commissions by ordinance, and give them responsibilities and authorities mirroring and coordinating with those of the state historic preservation officer with respect to survey, nomination of properties to the national register, preservation planning, grants administration, consultation with federal, state, and local agencies to help them avoid damaging historic properties, and provision of education and information to the public ( 36 cfr part 61. 5 [ c ] [ 21 ). guidelines for ordinance development can be found in a handbook on historic preservation law ( see bibliography ), which also contains a model ordinance and sample ordinances, and can be obtained from the national trust for historic preservation. 2. historic district ordinances historic district ordinances protect specific designated districts - commercial, industrial, rural, or residential areas - within a community. such ordinances generally define specific boundaries, limit development or otherwise protect the district, and establish a review board or commission to oversee compliance with the protective clauses. as is the case with community historic preservation commissions, the degree of authority granted to historic district commissions varies widely ; they may act simply as advisory boards, reviewing and making recommendations on applications for building permits for proposed alterations, or the legislation may enable them to stay, grant, or deny demolition, alteration, and new construction. generally, the ordinance also establishes procedures for appealing decisions of the historic district commission. the discussion of ordinance creation in a handbook on historic preservation law will be useful for those considering creation of historic district ordinances, and sample district ordinances are available from the national trust for historic preservation. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754345224829687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.460136"}
{"text": "appealing decisions of the historic district commission. the discussion of ordinance creation in a handbook on historic preservation law will be useful for those considering creation of historic district ordinances, and sample district ordinances are available from the national trust for historic preservation. it is particularly important that a community ' s historic preservation plan is coordinated with its zoning ordinance. if permissible under local and state law, it is advantageous to create an historic preservation classification within the local zoning ordinance. alternatively, an ordinance could provide for the overlay of preservation review, with reference to architectural design or modification of existing structures, on the existing zoning of historic districts. the important thing to strive for is to minimize conflict between preservation and existing zoning. however urgently a community ' s historic preservation plan seeks to promote retention and rehabilitation of historic structures, if the underlying zoning permits conflicting uses that have the potential for higher economic return, in the long run preservation will lose out. conversely, if preservation planning and zoning are coordinated, they can work together to promote the beneficial use of historic resources. easements are acquired interests in property owned by another. since an easement is less than a total or fee interest in property, it may be a cheaper means of controlling use than outright purchase. acquisition of an easement which precludes a property owner from making nonconforming alterations to the facade of his or her historic house, for example, is a common and often effective preservation tool. preservation or conservation easements are of three general types. a. open space, conservation, or scenic easements - open space, conservation, or scenic easements are a well recognized general form of land use control which has been used for many years in the united states to conserve undeveloped land areas. an example of the use of this type of easement is the national park service program to acquire scenic easements to restrict development and maintain the picturesque qualities of lands along the blue ridge and natchez trace parkways. this type of easement has also been used to control the development of lands surrounding historic properties and to keep archeological sites safe from development of the lands in which they exist. b. exterior or facade easements - exterior or facade easements restrict the development, use, or alteration of the exterior portions of a building or structure. such easements are particularly useful where the architectural or visual quality of the exteriors of buildings is a major concern, for example, in historic districts where the ambiance of streetscapes is important. c. interior easements - interior easements can be written to prevent alteration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47743955767439367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.461467"}
{"text": "where the architectural or visual quality of the exteriors of buildings is a major concern, for example, in historic districts where the ambiance of streetscapes is important. c. interior easements - interior easements can be written to prevent alteration of interiors of buildings or structures. they can apply to an entire building interior or to particular elements, for example, providing that the detailing in a particular room not be altered without permission, or prohibiting the removal of a staircase. potentially, easements have several advantages over other types of less - than - fee controls : 5. covenants and reverter clauses covenants are contractual agreements between private parties that run with the land, thereby restricting uses that may be made of the property. reverter clauses in deeds stipulate that unless certain conditions are followed, ownership of the property involved will return to the conveyor or to a designated third party. both may be used to maintain the historic integrity of a property. when properly drafted, they may also bind subsequent owners to abide by the conditions contained in them. these legal tools may be useful in purchase and resale or leaseback arrangements where properties have been acquired and will be later disposed of subject to the conditions of covenants. they may be useful in situations where property has been acquired through eminent domain and will be later disposed of subject to the condition of a covenant. an advantage in using covenants is that specific provisions for penalties or other remedies may be included in them to come into effect if the terms of the agreement are broken. reverter clauses lack this flexibility, providing only for reversion of title to the conveyor or the conveyor ' s designee in event of a breach of the conditions agreed to. their use could be an inappropriate means of attempting to enforce compliance with preservation goals where reversion of ownership would be a financial burden to the original seller, for example. it should be noted that unless covenants or reverter clauses are very carefully drafted and contain the precise legal elements appropriate in the jurisdiction in which they are to apply, they may not run with the land, i. e., be binding on subsequent purchasers. in addition, they may be difficult to enforce over a long period of time, particularly if conditions present at the time of the agreement have changed. 6. transfer of development rights by permitting a property owner to sell the air rights over his or her property to another, a community can create the basis for compensating an owner who is not permitted to develop a parcel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4791532451485627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.462580"}
{"text": "the agreement have changed. 6. transfer of development rights by permitting a property owner to sell the air rights over his or her property to another, a community can create the basis for compensating an owner who is not permitted to develop a parcel to what would ordinarily be its maximum potential. a local ordinance permitting transfer of development rights can make it possible, for example, for the local government or a preservation organization to exchange the right to develop a non - historic parcel for the air rights over an historic building, where otherwise a high - rise building could be constructed if the historic structure is demolished. appraising the value of air rights when a sale or exchange is proposed may be complicated, but providing the opportunity for such transfers in the design of local ordinances can make a useful tool available for preservation in many circumstances. 7. tax advantages federal tax law at present encourages preservation and rehabilitation of historic properties by allowing corporate and individual taxpayers to deduct the value of the donation of conservation easements from their income taxes and by providing investment tax credits ( itcs ) to taxpayers who carry out certified rehabilitation projects on income - producing certified historic buildings. many communities have found that the federal tax laws provide a powerful tool for local preservation, both to encourage rehabilitation in particular parts of the community and to help build partnerships with developers and property owners who might otherwise be hostile to, or at least unresponsive to, preservation concerns. because of the fluid nature of federal tax law, communities should be sure to have the most up - to - date available information on federal tax incentives before relying heavily on them to help build a local program. the state historic preservation officer and the regional offices of the national park service can provide current information. it should also be recognized that over - reliance on federal tax incentives can lead to some distortion in a local preservation program ' s priorities. the fact that federal itcs are available only for the rehabilitation of income - producing property has caused some communities to concentrate their attention on commercial areas and on historic contexts relevant to commercial buildings at the expense of other aspects of the community and its heritage. care should be taken to avoid ignoring other important preservation problems and opportunities in the face of enthusiasm over the tax advantages of rehabilitating income - producing properties. state and local tax laws have traditionally worked to discourage the preservation and rehabilitation of historic and cultural properties. this is rapidly changing in many parts of the nation, but in formulating preservation plans, communities should carefully study the local and state tax codes to identify potentially useful amendments. listed below", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4481250553601501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.463669"}
{"text": "traditionally worked to discourage the preservation and rehabilitation of historic and cultural properties. this is rapidly changing in many parts of the nation, but in formulating preservation plans, communities should carefully study the local and state tax codes to identify potentially useful amendments. listed below are tax incentives which can work to encourage preservation : tax credits or deductions on state income or property taxes for rehabilitation and maintenance of historic properties or for donations of easements for preservation purposes. tax credits or deductions on local property taxes. abatement or partial abatement of property taxes, i. e., partial or complete exemptions on qualified properties. alternate methods of valuation, i. e., assessment of property value on the basis of existing use or other than fair market value. alternate valuation of historic and cultural properties can help to alleviate the development pressures on historic properties and other undeveloped areas caused by their assessment at fair market value. where a property has substantial development potential, its fair market value is often much greater than the value of the property at its existing use. if a basis other than fair market value can be established for evaluation, the pressure created by taxation to convert the property to its highest and best use can be alleviated. effective use of alternate methods of valuation requires a curate means of assessing the value of historic resources. these means must be developed carefully to insure fairness and objectivity. tax incentives for preservation need not always be applied on a community - wide basis, or in perpetuity. for example, it may be appropriate to target a particular area containing a concentration of historic buildings in need of rehabilitation, and reduce the assessed valuation of or provide tax credits to rehabilitated buildings in the area for a specific period of time. the time period established and the amount of the reduction or credit should be sufficient to stimulate significant investment in the area ; at the same time, care must be taken to ensure that the incentive program is fair and does not work to the detriment of other parts of the community. development of state and local programs for tax credits deductions, or abatement should include consideration of the following factors : criteria for the recognition of properties eligible for tax credits, deductions, or abatement, such as national register listing or inclusion in the community inventory. definitions of activities for which credit or deductions would be allowed ( kinds of rehabilitation, maintenance, etc. ). amount of credit or deduction allowed per property, per activity, or per period of time. length of time for amortization of allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4801240177663212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.464805"}
{"text": "activities for which credit or deductions would be allowed ( kinds of rehabilitation, maintenance, etc. ). amount of credit or deduction allowed per property, per activity, or per period of time. length of time for amortization of allowable expenses. relationship between state and local tax benefit programs, and between these programs and the federal program. 8. state and local environmental laws many states have adopted laws designed to ensure that both the natural and cultural environments are considered in government decision making ; these can provide an important basis for the integration of historic preservation into local planning. such laws are usually modeled on the national environmental policy act ( nepa ) and are referred to as state environmental policy acts or sepas in the legal literature. sepas typically require the preparation of an environmental impact report or statement whenever a state or local government agency proposes an action that might affect the environment - for example, approval of a subdivision, issuance of a major grading permit, provision of financial assistance to a development, or undertaking capital construction. the environmental impact document involves identifying those aspects of the environment that may be affected, projecting the effects, and analyzing alternatives. it is then up to the government decision maker - the state agency, the city council, the planning board - to use the environmental document in deciding whether to proceed with the action and if so, whether to adopt conditions on the action to mitigate its effects on the environment. virtually every sepa includes historic properties in its definition of the environment that it seeks to protect, so sepas can provide a powerful too ] for use by local governments and preservation organizations to ensure that preservation is considered in planning. what is often a problem in making sepas work for preservation is ensuring that historic properties and preservation issues are actually identified in the environmental impact document. here, of course, the availability of survey data can be very important. on the other hand, if a preservation agency or organization has a good working relationship with the local decision makers who require and review environmental documents under a sepa, it can work to ensure that studies undertaken to prepare the environmental documents do identify historic properties and do so in a manner that contributes to the survey data base. once accurate information on historic properties and preservation issues has been presented in an environmental document, the next problem is to encourage the relevant decision makers to consider preservation alternatives in a positive light. such consideration will be most likely if the community has a comprehensive historic preservation plan in place, providing access to some or all of the preservation tools discussed in this appendix. where a sepa exists,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4756825432200371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.466121"}
{"text": "decision makers to consider preservation alternatives in a positive light. such consideration will be most likely if the community has a comprehensive historic preservation plan in place, providing access to some or all of the preservation tools discussed in this appendix. where a sepa exists, community preservation agencies and organizations will find it useful to become familiar with its terms and how they are interpreted by local and state decision makers. it should then be possible to incorporate the use of the review process prescribed by the sepa into the community ' s historic preservation plan. local ordinances can also be developed to build on the provisions of the sepa. if no sepa exists, the community might consider adopting a similar law itself. the handbook on historic preservation law ( see bibliography ) provides a useful discussion of sepas and their uses, with references to the rapidly growing literature on the topic that will be helpful to those designing or using such laws. 9. social impact ordinances in order to minimize conflict between development and other community interests, and to maximize citizen participation in decision making, some communities have adopted ordinances providing for analysis of the social impacts of proposed actions, and for organized participation by affected social groups in decisions about development and land use. often these ordinances provide for negotiation between affected groups and development interests or government agencies, or for mediation of disputes. the city of honolulu, for example, adopted an ordinance in 1981 that required the preparation of social impact analyses in advance of development projects, in consultation with affected neighborhood groups and other interests, and the conduct of meetings with all concerned parties to resolve conflicts ( see bibliography ). social impact analysis and negotiation to resolve environmental disputes are being used increasingly at state and federal government levels as well, both in the united states and in other nations ( see baldwin, kent, social impact assessment, susskind and weinstein, and talbot in bibliography ). because neighborhood concerns about development and land use changes often focus on perceived injury to neighborhood character, cultural values, and property value, they often are closely related to, or incorporate, historic preservation interests. a community ' s preservation agency or organization can benefit from exploring ways to ensure that preservation interests and alternatives are fully considered in social impact analysis and the negotiation of solutions to conflicts between development and neighborhood concerns. 10. regulating consultant quality environmental documents prepared under sepas, under the national historic preservation act, and with reference to the national historic preservation act are usually done by or with the aid of professional consultants. a community can help ensure that preservation issues will be properly considered in its own planning and in that carried out by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4617562645399458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.468173"}
{"text": "under the national historic preservation act, and with reference to the national historic preservation act are usually done by or with the aid of professional consultants. a community can help ensure that preservation issues will be properly considered in its own planning and in that carried out by state and local agencies if it finds ways to regulate the quality of the consultants who prepare such documents. at a minimum, consultants who prepare the historic preservation elements of environmental documents should be required to meet the professional qualification standards in the secretary of the interior ' s standards and guidelines. 5 for archeology and historic preservation, and should have a demonstrated record of doing good historic preservation work of the type for which a consultant is needed. for archeologists, a community may wish to consider requiring certification by the society of professional archeologists ( sopa ). sopa reviews the qualifications of archeologists and certifies them in various specialities, also requiring them to abide by a code of ethics and professional standards equivalent to, but more detailed than, the relevant parts of the secretary of the interior ' s standard and guidelines. agencies and organizations interested in regulating the quality of consultants should discuss options carefully with legal counsel. there are strong legal strictures on requiring consultants to be members of particular organizations, but in most jurisdictions it is legal to require that an individual ' s professional qualifications be certified by an organization of peers. alternatively, formal licensing by the local government might be considered. 1. revolving funds revolving funds are designed to provide a preservation organization with the financial capacity to buy, sell, and maintain property without large sources of long - term financing. they have proven to be effective preservation techniques in a wide range of situations. as the name implies, funds in a revolving fund revolve ; they are invested in a property, recovered - ideally at a profit, and invested in another. organizations with preservation revolving funds can respond quickly to emergencies by purchasing endangered sites or buildings directly rather than looking for a sympathetic buyer or trying to raise funds for special purchase. by buying endangered properties, the organization buys time. buildings and structures may be rehabilitated, easements may be placed on them, and they may be resold or leased to parties who will maintain them. alternatively, properties can be transferred and rehabilitated by the new owner according to agreements accompanying the sale. archeological sites may be sold with covenants restricting excavation or permitting only certain kinds of land use, or might be subjected to a program of research excavation and then sold without restrictions once their important data have been extracted. when the properties are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4892289213419288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.469409"}
{"text": "accompanying the sale. archeological sites may be sold with covenants restricting excavation or permitting only certain kinds of land use, or might be subjected to a program of research excavation and then sold without restrictions once their important data have been extracted. when the properties are sold, the money returns to the revolving fund and can be used again to save other properties. use of revolving fund techniques places the community or preservation organization in the real estate market. as the organization begins to buy and sell property, local business people begin to take note, and if the program is successful they can develop respect for preservation as a new economic force in the community. properties bought and sold gain in value as they are rehabilitated, and the rehabilitation itself generates other economic activity. when several properties in an area have been bought and rehabilitated, the area is likely to become more attractive to private investors. bank loans may be more easily obtained, and other property owners in the area may begin to rehabilitate their property. the net value is increased property values and an increased tax base for the community - proof that historic preservation can be good business. the problems involved in establishing and operating a revolving fund are to obtain the money to make the initial purchases, to turn these around quickly enough to generate momentum rather than allowing the fund to stall with its first few projects, and to operate the fund in a businesslike manner. some communities use community development block grants to establish legal and financial tools revolving funds, while others have obtained initial funding through community - based fund raising efforts, local appropriations, grants from private foundations, and bequests. revolving funds may also be established on a statewide basis. the advantage of state revolving funds is that they have a broader base of support. for additional information on revolving funds see revolving funds for historic preservation, by arthur ziegler, leopold adler, and walter kidney ( see bibliography ). community development block grants and certain federal categorical grants available through the u. s. department of housing and urban development are popular sources of funding for preservation activities. block grants have few limitations that apply to their use, and can be applied to survey, operation of a general historic preservation program, establishment of revolving funds, direct rehabilitation projects, and a wide variety of other preservation functions. categorical grants are typically more limited in their application. the state historic preservation officer may be a source of grant funds from the historic preservation fund managed by the national park service. the national historic preservation act provides for the pass - through of historic preservation fund money to local governments whose preservation programs have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4773490111722485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.470598"}
{"text": "application. the state historic preservation officer may be a source of grant funds from the historic preservation fund managed by the national park service. the national historic preservation act provides for the pass - through of historic preservation fund money to local governments whose preservation programs have been certified by the state historic preservation officer and the secretary of the interior ; these funds can then be used at the local government ' s discretion for historic preservation purposes, within guidelines established by the national park service. the basic procedures to be followed by certified local governments are published in the code of federal regulations at 36 cfr part 61. the state historic preservation officer can also provide matching grants from the historic preservation fund for particular preservation activities, including those carried out by local governments that have not been certified in accordance with 36 cfr part 61, and often administers grant programs established by the state as well. state arts and humanities councils and folklike programs are possible sources of funding for particular preservation - related projects, and may be able to offer advice about other sources. other state funding opportunities are likely to be available from time to time, often in connection with economic development programs ; it is wise to maintain contact with state legislators to keep track of potentially useful legislation. grants may also be available from such federal agencies as the national endowment for the arts, the national endowment for the humanities, and various agencies of the departments of housing and urban development, agriculture, commerce, and transportation, for particular project and program activities. the availability of grants for particular purposes changes from year to year as congress approves new programs and allows others to expire or remain in existence without appropriations. the state historic preservation officer should be consulted for current information. private sources of grant funds can also be important. the national trust for historic preservation maintains a variety of grant programs, and should be contacted directly to determine what is currently available. a wide range of private foundations offer support for activities related to preservation, ranging from research to restoration, and some local philanthropic organizations specialize in supporting worthwhile projects in particular communities. the local library or university grants office is a good place to consult directories of foundations and other potential private sources of grant support. some local preservation programs contract with federal, state, and local agencies, private developers, and regulated industries to carry out the surveys, of evaluations, and other studies that may be required them under the national historic preservation act, the national environmental policy act, or relevant sepas. this has several advantages ; it ensures that the work done on such studies is consistent with the standards and policies of the local preservation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.464946365648113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.471784"}
{"text": "other studies that may be required them under the national historic preservation act, the national environmental policy act, or relevant sepas. this has several advantages ; it ensures that the work done on such studies is consistent with the standards and policies of the local preservation program, builds up the survey data base, can usually be done efficiently, and helps support the local program by covering overhead costs. the practice can lead to real or perceived conflicts of interest if the local program is also involved in review of the undertakings on which it does studies. care should be taken, and the advice of legal counsel sought, in establishing any such contracting operation. syndication is an increasingly popular way of financing rehabilitation projects ; it involves bringing together investors and preservation interests into legally constituted syndicates for the purpose of carrying out a project or projects from which all will theoretically benefit. several large private firms now specialize in syndication ; the state historic preservation office may have information on such specialists, and may be able to advise about the applicability of syndication to a particular project. 5. development bonuses a community can encourage rehabilitation of historic buildings or preservation of historic open space by providing development bonuses. for example, a corporation that agrees to rehabilitate certain historic buildings as part of a development in an historic district might be given an increase density allowance for another part of the development. such arrangements typically involve zoning variances and are one good reason for close coordination between historic preservation planning and zoning. 6. land cost subsidies a community can provide a strong incentive to rehabilitation by purchasing historic properties and then selling them to developers at a reduced price. particularly in large cities with a high level of economic activity, land prices are often among the biggest expense items faced by a developer, and may be a major factor in making rehabilitation less cost - effective than demolition and construction of a larger, taller building with greater marketable floor space. by reducing the cost of the land through a partial subsidy, the community can reduce, or even reverse, the differential between rehabilitation and new construction. 7. reduction in interest rates another way to encourage the private rehabilitation of historic buildings is to reduce the interest rates on construction loans or mortgages. some local governments use community development block grants or other grant funds to provide developers with low interest loans, while others use their revenue bond powers to raise the necessary capital. the use of such techniques as syndication, reduction in interest rates, and land cost subsidies requires a high level of cooperation among preservationists, local government, funding sources, and the development community. an effective community historic preservation plan should be developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4724164378143156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c60f94d4-9fbb-46c6-b033-9a2ce0ea5ada>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.472943"}
{"text": "news of the wild get the latest animal news early one spring on southern california ' s black mountain, a quail stands on a tree stump at the edge of a clearing in a forest of conifers. the bird does not seem to notice that it is being stalked at this very moment by... a fox? a coyote? elmer fudd? no, a squirrel. a western gray tree squirrel, to be precise. hunkered down in a predatory crouch, the squirrel approaches with a rustle of fallen pine needles and tree leaves. when the rodent is within a few inches of the stump, it pounces upon the quail, a brief struggle ensues, but the quail escapes, leaving the luckless squirrel to try again later. biologist j. r. callahan, of the university of new mexico, recounted his observation of this stealth squirrel in a recent article in the scientific journal great basin naturalist, in which he showed that the bushy - tailed animals we think of as cute little park dwellers have a dark side. callahan compiled a list of squirrel victims that range from doves, blue jays and other birds to lizards, rabbits, mice and even other squirrels. the whole squirrel family gets into the act. a 1991 study showed that tree squirrels were the chief predators of juvenile snowshoe hares in parts of british columbia. ground squirrels feed on other burrowers, such as moles and gophers. chipmunks living along coastal mexico eat crabs, while some u. s. chipmunks indulge in lizards and eggs. callahan suspects that squirrels prey on other animals not for the meat, but for the bones. one bird - killing fox squirrel, for example, avoided the meat of its prey and gnawed the bones. callahan hypothesizes that squirrels may supplement their predominantly vegetable - food diet with animal matter during seasonal declines in certain plant food nutrients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4151351482009915, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfdf41d1-2df5-432f-9a05-58a165e48b6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.476507"}
{"text": "unclean spirits : possession and exorcism in france and england in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by d. p. walker university of pennsylvania press, 116 pp., $ 16. 00 mystical bedlam : madness, anxiety, and healing in seventeenth - century england by michael macdonald cambridge university press, 323 pp., $ 39. 95 health, medicine and mortality in the sixteenth century edited by charles webster cambridge university press, 394 pp., $ 45. 00 madhouses, mad - doctors, and madmen : the social history of psychiatry in the victorian era edited by andrew scull university of pennsylvania press, 384 pp., $ 9. 95 ( paper ) during the last fifteen years, a series of semi - independent intellectual trends have come together to transform the history of what society has thought about madness and how it has treated those it considers mad. once upon a time, the history of medicine was regarded, like that of pure science, as largely \u201c internalist, \u201d a story of how a progressive endeavor by a handful of gifted intellectuals slowly replaced superstition and error by empirical proven truth. more recently, however, historians of both science and medicine have begun to fit the protagonists in these ancient intellectual battles more deeply into their social settings. in the process, they have revealed a welter of unproven pseudo - scientific theories, professional or national rivalries, institutional jealousies, personal and professional ambitions, cultural conditioning, sexist and racist prejudices, political exigencies, economic incentives to save money, and religious biases, out of which new and powerful scientific and medical paradigms have emerged. some now argue that medical progress has been a power grab by the medical profession, and institutional treatment for the purpose of better care has been relabeled the \u201c great confinement. \u201d it is now credibly believed that hospitals were lethal death traps before pasteur demonstrated the importance of a sterile environment. it is now also generally recognized that doctors may \u2014 presumably unwittingly \u2014 have killed more patients than they cured, certainly before the early nineteenth century, and maybe before the invention of anti - biotics in the mid - twentieth, and that their most valuable contribution to public welfare was psychological reassurance that help was on its way. the most ambitious attempt ever made to examine the demography of early modern england concludes that the prolonged growth of population which began in the 1740s and only petered out during the last few years owed little, at any rate in its early stages, to a decline in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48863282855168644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97d0bd75-0286-4247-a8dc-beb5a2a245fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.480808"}
{"text": "attempt ever made to examine the demography of early modern england concludes that the prolonged growth of population which began in the 1740s and only petered out during the last few years owed little, at any rate in its early stages, to a decline in the mortality rate. medicine, therefore, can have had no part in the beginnings of the great demographic transition. the beneficial effects of the medical profession are now thrown into doubt, and scientists generally are no longer regarded simply as wise men battling the mysterious forces of nature with supremely elegant conceptual thinking, and incredibly patient and exacting testing and retesting of data. newton is now known to have been as concerned to establish the measurements of the temple of solomon or to unravel the meaning of the book of revelations as he was to elucidate the laws of gravity or optics. james watson \u2019 s frank disclosures in the double helix of the strength of personal ambition as a compelling motive behind scientific research has forever destroyed the image of the detached scholar selflessly dedicated to the pursuit of truth. the self - evident fact that exploitation by politicians of the recent discoveries of nuclear physicists is quite likely to result some time in the next few decades in the destruction of civilization, and possibly of most life on earth, merely reinforces this atmosphere of cynicism and suspicion. the second trend has been a turning away from the history of elites, whether \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295720757231692, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97d0bd75-0286-4247-a8dc-beb5a2a245fc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.481579"}
{"text": "a new nea report on radiation as part of its series of publications intended for non - specialists, the nuclear energy agency ( nea ) announces the publication of a new report radiation in perspective : applications, risks and protection. the report discusses the development of radiation protection measures and internationally agreed principles. it addresses social and economic issues such as ethical questions, risk perception, risk comparison, public participation in decision - making and the cost of protection, with the aim of facilitating understanding of this subject. despite its many beneficial applications in medicine, industry and research, ionising radiation is focused on by the public more in conjunction with the generation of electricity by nuclear power. the debate about radiation is just one of many that have arisen in countries, in which high standards of living depend on a wide range of technologies, applied through a complex infrastructure of manufacturing and energy industries, and transport systems. the challenge is to maintain or improve these standards without undue damage to the environment, and without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs to achieve sustainable development. radiation is the catalyst of a series of apparent paradoxes : it is universal, yet unseen and unfelt ; it has many beneficial applications, yet can be harmful ; it is well understood, yet often feared. measures to safeguard health and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation are well developed and applied through stringent national legislation in most countries. there is a broad scientific and technical consensus that the degree of scientific knowledge of radiation and its effects constitutes an acceptable basis for a conservative system of protection. yet a key issue in radiation protection is that of balancing risks and benefits. there is little doubt that the benefits to patients from the use of radiation and radioactive materials for diagnosis and treatment generally far exceeds any associated risks. the balance becomes more difficult to maintain if the benefits are general but the risk is concentrated on a few people. such complex problems are not unique to the nuclear industry. they also arise when considering the siting of motorways, airports, chemical plants and waste disposal sites. there are no simple answers to such questions, but they can only be addressed on the basis of a clear understanding of the scientific, technical, economic, social and other factors involved, which this new report seeks to provide. news media contact : \" radiation in perspective : applications, risks and protection \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5631800327232551, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:174ecad4-d45e-4f03-8e04-da260a5708a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.485638"}
{"text": "launched in 1997 by the oecd, the programme for international student assessment ( pisa ) is an international study which aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15 - year - old students. to date, students representing more than 70 countries and economies have participated in the assessment. since the year 2000, every three years, a randomly selected group of fifteen - year - olds take tests in the key subjects : reading, mathematics and science, with focus given to one subject in each year of assessment. the students and their school principals also fill in background questionnaires to provide information on the students ' family background and the way their schools are run. some countries and economies also choose to have parents fill in a questionnaire. in 2000 the focus of the assessment was reading, in 2003 mathematics and problem solving, in 2006 science and in 2009 reading again. the 2012 data collection focussed on mathematics and included an optional computer - based assessment of mathematics and reading involving some 30 countries as well as an optional area of assessment : financial literacy, which 19 countries took up. results of the 2012 data collection will be published on 3 december 2013. preparations for the pisa 2015 assessment began in september 2012 with the first meeting of the pisa 2015 national project managers. pisa is unique because it develops tests which are not directly linked to the school curriculum and provides context through the background questionnaires which can help analysts interpret the results. the tests are designed to assess to what extent students at the end of compulsory education, can apply their knowledge to real - life situations and be equipped for full participation in society. pisa data provides governments with a powerful tool to shape their policy making. go to our ' pisa products ' page to find out more : pisa data ; analysis of the pisa results ; pisa test questions ; the organisation of the assessment and the theory behind it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5161340587500278, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5da9edf-0f4e-4d22-a329-3c797236914f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.488029"}
{"text": "| sas companion for unix environments | under unix, you can use the filename statement to assign not only to external files and i / o devices, but also to a pipe. pipes enable your sas application to receive input from any unix command that writes to standard output and to route output to any unix command that reads from standard input. in unix commands, the pipe is represented by a vertical bar ( | ). for example, to find the number of files in your directory, you could redirect the output of the through a pipe to the ( word count ) command by entering ls | wc - w the syntax of the filename statement is | filename fileref pipe ' unix - command ' < options > ; | whether you are using the command as input or output depends on whether you use the fileref in a reading or writing operation. for example, if the fileref is used in an infile statement, then the sas system assumes that the input comes from a unix command ; if the fileref is used in a file statement, then the sas system assumes that the output goes to a unix command. | using the fileref for reading | when the fileref is used for reading, the specified unix command executes, and any output sent to its standard output or standard error is read through the fileref. in this case, the standard input of the command is connected to for example, the following sas program uses the pipe device - type keyword to send the output of the ps ( process ) command to a sas data step. the resulting sas data set contains data about every process currently running the sas system : filename ps _ list pipe \" ps - e | grep ' sas ' \" ; data sasjobs ; infile ps _ list ; length process $ 80 ; input process $ char80. ; run ; proc print data = sasjobs ; run ; the ps - ecommand produces a listing of all active processes on the system, including the name of the command that started the task. in bsd - based unix systems, you use the the operating environment uses pipes to send the output ps to the grep command, which searches for every occurrence of the string ' sas '. the filename statement connects the output grep command to the fileref ps _ list. the data step then creates a data set named sasjobs from the infile statement that points to the input source. the input statement reads the first 80 characters on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4658968778957452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e6a4ca9-fb13-4337-a224-34854d23505d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.491727"}
{"text": "statement connects the output grep command to the fileref ps _ list. the data step then creates a data set named sasjobs from the infile statement that points to the input source. the input statement reads the first 80 characters on each input line. in the next example, the stdin fileref is used to read input through a pipe into the sas command which in turn executes the sas program. by placing the piping operation outside the sas program, the program becomes more general. the program in the previous example has been changed and stored data sasjobs ; infile stdin ; length process $ 80 ; input process $ char80. ; run ; proc print data = sasjobs ; run ; to run the program, use pipes to send the output of grepinto the sas command : ps - e | grep ' sas ' | sas ps. sas & the output will be stored in ps. lst ; the log in ps. logas described in the default routings for the sas log and procedure output. | using the fileref for writing | when the fileref is used for writing, the output from the sas system is read in by the specified unix command, which then executes. in this example, any data sent to the mail fileref are piped to the filename mail pipe ' mail pat ' ; consider this filename statement : filename letterq pipe ' remsh alpha lp - dbldga3 ' ; any data sent to the letterq fileref are passed to the unix command, which starts a remote shell on the machine named alpha. ( footnote 1 ) the shell then prints the letterq output on the printer identified by the destination bldga3. any messages produced by the lpcommand are sent to the sas log. top of page copyright 1999 by sas institute inc., cary, nc, usa. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546122816134085, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e6a4ca9-fb13-4337-a224-34854d23505d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.492559"}
{"text": "african wild dog pups \u00ab go back... omaha \u2019 s henry doorly zoo \u2019 s two african hunting dog pups, one male and one female, that were born on november 2, 2010. since the mother did not properly care for the pups when they were first born, zoo staff has hand - reared the pups in the nursery. omaha \u2019 s henry doorly zoo also received a male pup from binder park zoo in battle creek, michigan on january 18, 2011. this pup, who was born on december 1, 2010, was in a similar situation. binder park zoo staff used a domestic dog surrogate to raise the pup, which is a newer technique being used by zoos when the mother is unable to care for pup. since african wild dogs are highly pack - oriented, the species survival plan ( ssp ) for african hunting dogs recommended omaha \u2019 s zoo and binder park zoo integrate their pups together, with the hope of integrating all three into a pack. the survival of this offspring is critical to the captive african wild dog population. before any 2010 births, the association of zoos and aquariums ( aza ) population was only 125 animals among 37 zoos. besides omaha \u2019 s henry doorly zoo only two additional aza zoos have reported offspring in 2010. african wild dogs are found in southern africa and the southern part of east africa. they live in packs of two to 27 members and they have individual unique markings. african wild dogs are listed on the iucn red list of threatened species endangered. there are less than 5, 000 african wild dogs remaining in africa and they are found almost exclusively in protected areas. the african hunting dogs are fed a special carnivore diet. the pack is on display near the children ' s play area although they may be hard to spot. visitors are encouraged to bring binoculars and long lenses to assist in viewing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.402771743534671, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0de57920-2523-427d-89fb-6ed994cc3b37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.494884"}
{"text": "illustration by colin purrington while updating the web site for this week \u2019 s program about charles darwin, i remembered the above image, which i had come across on flickr a while ago. it \u2019 s intended to show the evolutionary development of world religions ; it seems that the author, an evolutionary biology professor, was unable to find a similar graphic anywhere and decided to draft his own. if you click through to the flickr page, you \u2019 ll see that the various symbols in the diagram are labeled to indicate which religion they refer to. you \u2019 ll also see an interesting discussion in the comments section \u2014 ranging from the placement of the relatively young baha \u2019 i faith, to whether yoga should be included as a religion, to what the point of this diagram might be in the first place. as one commenter notes : \u201c the world of ideas, ideologies and religions is a bit more complex than a genealogical tree. \u201d so what is the point of attempting to represent the complexity of world religions such a simplified way? the author writes : i was thinking the above exercise might be a great way for young kids to learn about the diversity of religions, and how new religions are created all the time. looking at the image now, it seems even more interesting when placed next to darwin \u2019 s sketch of the \u201c tree of life \u201d ( seen at right ). some consider darwin \u2019 s theory of evolution, represented in his illustration, to be an assault on religion. but as we learn in this week \u2019 s program, it \u2019 s not quite that simple \u2014 at least it wasn \u2019 t for darwin. and here \u2019 s an example of the same model being used to map out world religions, perhaps with the hope of increasing religious tolerance. what do you think, are religion and evolution mutually exclusive? is approaching religion from an evolutionary perspective helpful?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5506206972742227, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e8f2fba-a59c-4744-939e-9c34a4f686c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.497067"}
{"text": "use of rna : dna ratios for assessing secondary production of planktonic food webs effects of temperature, salinity, food and heavy metals / abstract ( summary ) acartia tonsa is a dominant copepod in coastal waters and is an important link in the food web between microplankton and higher trophic levels. rna : dna ratios have been used to describe growth and nutritional condition of field collected copepods and to show strong correlation between group egg production and rna : dna ratios. a method was developed using a sensitive, nucleic acid fluorescent dye and automated microplate fluorometer to measure rna, dna and rna : dna ratio of individual a. tonsa. rna, dna, rna : dna ratios and egg production were all significantly higher in copepods fed thalassiosira spp. compared to starved copepods. there was a general trend toward an increase in rna : dna ratios with increase in egg production, but due to the high degree of variation in both rna : dna ratios and egg production of individual copepods no significant correlation between rna : dna ratios and egg production was found. significant differences in the rna : dna ratios between fed ( 7. 2 ) and starved ( 3. 4 ) copepods were found after 2 days. in the future this assay may be applied to other species of copepods sampled directly from the field, to provide an index of the health of planktonic food webs in nature. school location : usa - texas source type : master ' s thesis keywords : copepoda rna dna marine plankton date of publication :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5106761125598198, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75ddf350-00f0-4913-95b0-2da1f15a3b0b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.499464"}
{"text": "first point is that jobs we have today, most did not exist when we were in school. how have schools retooled to deal with this. what are they doing to prepare children for jobs of tomorrow. also just added that children need unstructured time, time to be bored, and explore on their own. discussing the dumbest generation : how the digital age stupefies young americans and jeopardizes our future ( or, don ' t trust anyone under 30 ) and the disconnect between teaching styles and the millenial generation. we have the tools ( computers, projectors, etc ) in the classroom now, or most schools do. but we ' re not utilizing them. there is a split in families that are digitally aware and those who aren ' t. the \" aren ' t \" group includes families that don ' t have or use a computer, let alone email, myspace, or other social media. to me as a parent, this means the responsibility is on my to do this work at home. so a course for parents, perhaps with scholarships, would be great for every community. it comes down to developing critical thinking in the child. parental supervision ( or at least parental direction ) is key, of course. everything else is just a tool. - turn off the tv - david gives his kids just 1 / 2 a day. - leave the iphone at home - set a good example for the kids when you ' re on family time. - keep track of what you ' re doing - you have to plan and report back on your home schooling. you ' ll be surprised how many experiences you have that are educational. - give them freedome but don ' w tbe afraid to keep an eye on what they ' re doing - keep computer in public spaces, etc. thanks to david for the great session. visit delicious. com / dparmet / homeschooling for his links.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45666307094907377, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb1e096-c173-4520-9588-55975792f865>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.502618"}
{"text": "february 10, 2012 | author : tatiana kuilanoff when it comes to model making, rules and guidelines are virtually nonexistent. yes, books are sold giving tips and advice on how to construct a \u201c realistic \u201d looking brick wall or a standard dining chair in a variety of scales and sizes \u2026 but sometimes these instruction manuals don \u2019 t provide all the answers. from time to time, you get that one project that is so complex and difficult in function or shape that you don \u2019 t know where to begin. in short, you \u2019 re stumped. you sit there at an impasse, looking down at a scrap pile of paper, glue, tape, a variety of wooden sticks, blades, modeling paste, etc. and you wonder why your dumb manual didn \u2019 t mention how to build this particular thing. you think, \u201c how do i do this? where do i even start? \u201d it can be frustrating at first and make you momentarily insane, but honestly, it \u2019 s one of the more exciting feats one can take on when building model pieces. why you ask? simple - because it allows you to be creative and use your imagination. i encountered such a scenario myself not too long ago. the challenge : building a \u00bd \u201d scale model of cinderella \u2019 s pumpkin carriage. sounds simple enough, that is until you look at it more closely and try to figure out how to build it. who knew a pumpkin had so many grooves and curves! initially, i hadn \u2019 t the foggiest idea how to build it. all i had were the basics : paper, glue, modeling paste, sandpaper, blades and who knows what else. consequently, this project was going to be one big experiment. i crossed my fingers and hoped for the best. i started off by cutting bits of paper and gluing them together to form a globelike structure. however, at first it looked nothing like a pumpkin ( more like a sad little scrap ball put together ). so then i whipped out the modeling paste and smothered my paper globe. this part took a bit of waiting time because everything had to dry before you could add more layers. nevertheless, it showed promise as grooves of a pumpkin began to form. after what i deemed enough paste ( didn \u2019 t want to get too putty happy ), i sanded down the structure to give it a smooth finish. putting aside the main body of the structure, i began working on the wheels of the carriage. wheel spokes, the thickness of floss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5231703199227908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6ae6ab0-e558-4830-987a-1f9cf0d9991b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.506984"}
{"text": "fort montgomery was the scene of a fierce revolutionary war battle for control of the hudson river. visitors today can tour the remains of the 14 - acre fortification, perched on a cliff overlooking the magnificent hudson. on october 6, 1777, british, loyalist and hessian forces attacked fort montgomery and nearby fort clinton. the defending american patriots, outnumbered 3 to 1, fought desperately until driven out of their forts at the points of the enemy bayonets. more than half of the patriot forces were killed, wounded or captured. visitors can learn about this important military post at the site \u2019 s museum, which showcases original artifacts and weapons, large - scale models of the fort and the attack, highly detailed mannequins frozen in poses of battle, and an action - packed fifteen minute movie of the 1777 assault. archeologists have revealed many of fort montgomery ' s remains, including the stone foundations of barracks where the troops lived, the ruins of the powder magazine blown up by the british after the battle, and the eroded walls of the north redoubt, where the outnumbered american patriots courageously defended their fort. a hiking trail leads visitors across route 9w, which bisects the fort, to the remains of the west and round hill redoubts where the bloody assault began. there is a spectacular view of the hudson river from the grand battery, where reproduction cannon stand guard and are occasionally fired by the fort \u2019 s staff. the past comes alive at fort montgomery with living history demonstrations of artillery, musketry, music and camp life, as well as the annual twin forts day commemoration, when the climactic battle is reenacted. traditionally held on the first saturday of october, this event attracts participants and visitors from across the northeast. hikers will enjoy walking the twin forts trail to a beautiful new suspension footbridge that crosses the popolopen creek, where in 1777 a pontoon bridge connected fort montgomery with fort clinton. the trail continues to the trailside museums and zoo ( the former site of fort clinton ), bear mountain state park, and the appalachian trail. fort montgomery is also now an official stop on the hudson river greenway water trail, where kayakers and canoeists can go ashore on the banks of the popolopen. in addition, the fort has been named as a significant stop on the hudson river valley national heritage area revolutionary war trail. tours of fort montgomery are self - guided. illustrated signs explain the fort ' s history and its archeological remains. group tours led by an interpreter are available by appointment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4191490646986782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6737e135-aac3-4f78-8a40-40d339edf567>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.512158"}
{"text": "giving is the most natural thing in the world by drs. rick and jan hanson page 4 of 4 in sum, over three or four million years, the groups of hominid ancestors that developed giving, generosity, and cooperation to a fine art were the ones that survived to pass down the genes that are our endowment today. as a result, we are \" born and bred \" to want to give, to contribute, to make a difference. when generosity is thwarted one way to see the centrality of that impulse in the human experience is to observe what happens when it ' s thwarted : on the job, even well - paid workers who feel they lack ways to contribute and add value have much less job satisfaction. in mid - life, when the developmental task of what erik erikson called \" generativity \" ( versus \" stagnation \" ) is not fulfilled, depression and a sense of aimlessness are the result. in adolescence today, getting shunted off to quasi - reservations of high schools and malls - away from the world of adult work that was the natural province of teenagers throughout most human history - breeds a sense of alienation and irrelevance that in turn fosters poor motivation and a predilection for drugs and other risky behaviors. one reason so many adolescents are angry is that there ' s no way for them to be useful. so, have faith that your son will appreciate more and more the rewards of sharing and giving, cooperation and generosity. in the beginning, the rewards will take the form mainly of enlightened self - interest in the rough - and - tumble real world of children, boiling down to : \" if i scratch your back after you scratch mine, probably you ' ll scratch mine again. \" over time, the rewards will naturally become more internalized, more emotional, and more abstracted, evolving into a quiet, almost unnoticed pleasure in simply being a good person. like everyone else, deep down, in the whole wide world. * * * rick hanson, ph. d. is a clinical psychologist, jan hanson, m. s., l. ac., is an acupuncturist / nutritionist, and they are raising a daughter and son, ages 16 and 19. with ricki pollycove, m. d., they are the first and second authors of mother nurture : a motheris guide to health in body, mind, and intimate relationships, published by penguin. you can see their website at www. nurturemom. com or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110808321268459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ecb48d-182c-450f-9ae7-bced504beab1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.516308"}
{"text": "what is abacavir - lamivudine? abacavir and lamivudine is an antiviral medication. it is in a group of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) medicines called reverse transcriptase inhibitors. abacavir and lamivudine helps keep the hiv virus from reproducing in the body. abacavir and lamivudine is used to treat hiv, which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ). abacavir and lamivudine is not a cure for hiv or aids. abacavir and lamivudine may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. you should not take abacavir and lamivudine if you have liver disease. do not take this medicine if you have ever had an allergic reaction to abacavir. tell your doctor if you have had an allergic reaction to any medicine that contains abacavir, such as trizivir or ziagen. once you have had an allergic reaction to abacavir and lamivudine, you must never use it again. you may need a blood test before you start taking abacavir and lamivudine for the first time, or if you are restarting the medication after stopping for reasons not related to an allergic reaction. some people have developed a life - threatening condition called lactic acidosis while taking this medicine. you may be more likely to develop lactic acidosis if you are overweight or have liver disease, or if you have taken certain hiv or aids medications for a long time. talk with your doctor about your individual risk. if you have any of these other conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely use this medication : - kidney disease ; - heart disease or high blood pressure ; or - a risk factor for heart disease such as smoking, diabetes, or high cholesterol. fda pregnancy category c. it is not known whether abacavir and lamivudine is harmful to an unborn baby. before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are pregnant. hiv can be passed to the baby if the mother is not properly treated during pregnancy. take all of your hiv medicines as directed to control your infection while you are pregnant. you should not breast - feed while you are using abacavir. women with hiv or aids should not breast - feed at all. even if your baby is born without hiv, you may still pass the virus to the baby in your breast milk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43397552825285207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1432078-a5d2-4ca0-b1c1-7aa8a65ac107>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.523904"}
{"text": "you should not breast - feed while you are using abacavir. women with hiv or aids should not breast - feed at all. even if your baby is born without hiv, you may still pass the virus to the baby in your breast milk. this medication should not be given to children under 18 years old. avoid taking other medications that contain abacavir or lamivudine, such as combivir, epivir, trizivir, or ziagen. avoid having unprotected sex or sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes. taking this medication will not prevent you from passing hiv to other people. talk with your doctor about safe methods of preventing hiv transmission during sex. sharing drug or medicine needles is never safe, even for a healthy person. back to top seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. symptoms of an abacavir and lamivudine overdose are not known. take the missed dose as soon as you remember. if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. do not allow this medicine to run out completely before you get your prescription refilled. it is important that you not stop taking the medicine once you have started. if you miss several doses, you may have a dangerous or even fatal allergic reaction once you start taking abacavir again. if you stop taking abacavir and lamivudine for any reason, talk to your doctor before you start taking the medication again. back to top stop using this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction to abacavir : - group 1 - fever ; - group 2 - rash ; - group 3 - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain ; - group 4 - general tiredness, body aches ; - group 5 - shortness of breath, cough, sore throat. once you have had an allergic reaction to abacavir, you must never use it again. if you stop taking abacavir and lamivudine for any reason, talk to your doctor before you start taking the medication again. other serious side effects that may not be signs of an allergic reaction include : - stomach pain, low fever, lost appetite, dark urine, clay - colored stools, jaundice ( yellowing of the skin or eyes ) ; - lactic acidosis - muscle pain or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39506767382670294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1432078-a5d2-4ca0-b1c1-7aa8a65ac107>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.524873"}
{"text": "not be signs of an allergic reaction include : - stomach pain, low fever, lost appetite, dark urine, clay - colored stools, jaundice ( yellowing of the skin or eyes ) ; - lactic acidosis - muscle pain or weakness, numb or cold feeling in your arms and legs, trouble breathing, stomach pain, nausea with vomiting, slow or uneven heart rate, dizziness, or feeling very weak or tired ; - fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms ; or - white patches or sores inside your mouth or on your lips. less serious side effects include : - changes in the shape or location of body fat ( especially in your arms, legs, face, neck, breasts, and trunk ) ; - sleep problems or strange dreams ; - headache, depression, anxiety ; or - mild diarrhea. this is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. you may report side effects to fda at 1 - 800 - fda - 1088. back to top before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are using any of the following drugs : - methadone ( methadose, dolophine ) ; - ribavirin ( copegus, rebetron, virazole ) ; - interferon ( rebetron, roferon, intron, alferon, infergen, avonex, rebif, betaseron, actimune ) ; - zalcitabine ( ddc, hivid ) ; or - other medications that contain abacavir or lamivudine ( combivir, epivir, trizivir, ziagen ). this list is not complete and there may be other drugs that can interact with abacavir and lamivudine. tell your doctor about all the prescription and over - the - counter medications you use. this includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. epzicom, abacavir - lamivudine, and lamivudine - abacavir back to top every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by cerner multum, inc. ( ' multum ' ) is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42719633204392765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1432078-a5d2-4ca0-b1c1-7aa8a65ac107>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.525892"}
{"text": ". ( ' multum ' ) is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the united states and therefore multum does not warrant that uses outside of the united states are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. multum ' s drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. multum ' s drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and / or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. the absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information multum provides. the information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. if you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. copyright 1996 - 2004 cerner multum, inc. version 2. 05. revision date 8 / 23 / 04", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.489227702793014, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1432078-a5d2-4ca0-b1c1-7aa8a65ac107>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.526548"}
{"text": "flu is short for influenza, which is a whole family of viruses that are found in birds and mammals. within the family, there are many different strains, and the strains are prone to changing or mutating. influenza should not be confused with other viruses, such as those that cause what we all call \u201c the common cold. \u201d common cold viruses are usually from the \u201c rhinovirus \u201d family and in general are responsible for causing mild to moderate infections. influenza is deadly. let me say that again \u2014 influenza is deadly. while the symptoms of coughing, fever, sore throat and body aches can start off in a similar manner, the potential difference in how cold virus infections and influenza infections can evolve can be likened to the difference between getting hit in the face by a butterfly versus a baseball bat. sadly, popular culture, social networking sites and the media in general portray influenza in a manner that fails to truly communicate the seriousness of the virus. consequently, it is common for well - meaning people to fall into the trap of what i call the 4 d \u2019 s \u2014 being drawn into mis - diagnosing a deadly disease. first, any disease that has a vaccine is a disease that has killed thousands or can wreak havoc on significant populations of people and is potentially deadly. flu shots are vaccines that infectious disease specialists and virologists spend months on formulating based upon vast amounts of highly complex data. they study viral structure, mutation trends and patterns in outbreaks and epidemics. in other words, they put in a lot of hard work and use contemporary scientific methods to create something that is engineered to protect lives. so please get vaccinated. flu season is october through february. it is best to get vaccinated in late september or early october. second, only someone with a license to practice medicine should be consulted and entrusted to diagnose influenza. this column, webmd, wikipedia, facebook or your aunt jenny \u2019 s best friend \u2019 s mother should not be perceived as safe or adequate resources to diagnose influenza. educational information that you read or hear about is just that \u2014 information, not advice. i am not saying that information doesn \u2019 t play a vital role. however, educational information about influenza is designed only to alert people to the potential for such an infection so that they can immediately consult a licensed health care practitioner. in my opinion, when it comes to educational information, the centers for disease control has the best information about influenza. the website www. cdc. gov / flu / about / qa / mis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49961725474131397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60950042-1f19-456b-8d23-81b3cfa86074>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.529695"}
{"text": "by richard asinof east providence \u2013 it \u2019 s better to safe and single, than dating and in danger, according to christie rizzo, a child psychologist with the bradley / hasbro \u2019 s children \u2019 s research center. as many as one in four teens, both male and female, have been in physically abusive relationships, and two - thirds have experience some form of sexual coercion, according to national research. in rhode island, in 2011, in a survey of high school students as part of the statewide youth risk behavior study, about 8 percent of all students surveyed said that they had been hit by a boyfriend or girlfriend in the past year, and 7 percent reported that they had been raped. rizzo, an active researcher on adolescent dating violence, says that many parents are in the dark about their child ' s situation because teens are very good at hiding the signs of abuse. \u201c depression is strongly associated with dating violence, so if your teen is in a relationship and suddenly begins doing poorly in school or is isolating themselves from their friends, these may indicate that he or she is in an unhealthy relationship, \u201d rizzo said. sometimes, teens may not even realize they \u2019 re experiencing early signs of abuse. a predominant indicator of an abusive relationship is extreme jealousy, according to rizzo. the most important thing for parents is to have an ongoing dialogue with their teen, rizzo said. \u201c kids are so inexperienced with dating, they don \u2019 t recognize that a partner \u2019 s extreme jealousy is a form of abuse, so if you encourage an open and ongoing dialogue, you ' re more likely to have your teen report to you, \u201d she said. for parents who might not know where to start, rizzo suggests they begin by talking about what is healthy in a relationship versus what is not. teens may be experiencing psychological violence and not put it in the same level of seriousness as physical abuse, but data show that a victim of psychological abuse is more likely to experience physical violence down the road. it is also vital for parents to understand that in teen relationships technology ( cell phones, text or instant messenger [ im ], social networking sites ) is often a tool of abuse. one in three teens say they are text messaged up to 30 times an hour by a partner inquiring where they are, what they \u2019 re doing, or who they are with. \u201c control and intimidation through technology can be just as serious as face - to - face violence, rizzo said. \u201c parents need to have a dialogue with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42551681563217053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2e00915-d6d3-4552-a199-8929787a8eac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.532304"}
{"text": "people & events : dr. john rock ( 1890 - 1984 ) when gregory pincus asked john rock to collaborate with him on clinical trials for an oral contraceptive, rock seemed an unlikely choice. the highly - regarded obstetrician and gynecologist was a devout roman catholic and a ground - breaking infertility specialist, who devoted much of his career to helping women with fertility problems to conceive. in the course of his practice, rock had witnessed the suffering women endured from unwanted pregnancies. he had seen collapsed wombs, premature aging, and desperation caused by too many mouths to feed. the experiences of his patients had a profound impact on the man. despite his faithful catholicism and the church ' s opposition to contraceptives, rock came to support contraception within the confines of marriage. although he never went as far as to endorse birth control purely as a woman ' s right, rock believed in the power of birth control to stem poverty and prevent medical problems associated with pregnancy. john rock never planned on becoming a doctor. born on march 24, 1890, in marlborough, massachusetts, rock went to the high school of commerce in boston and set his sights on a career in business. after working on a banana plantation in guatemala and, briefly, in a rhode island engineering firm, rock realized business wasn ' t for him. he turned his attention to medicine. after obtaining undergraduate and medical degrees from harvard in 1918, rock worked at several boston area women ' s hospitals and established his own medical practice. a daily communicant although rock had a progressive view of birth control, he was a social conservative. a father of five and grandfather of fourteen, he attended mass daily and kept a crucifix on the wall above his office desk. early in his career rock opposed the admission of women to harvard medical school. but neither his conservative social views nor his religious faith could shake his belief in the importance of birth control. guided by conscience a formative experience in his youth enabled rock to adhere to his beliefs in spite of his church ' s prohibition of artificial methods of birth control. when rock was a young boy, his parish priest had taken him aside and admonished him : \" john, always stick to your conscience. never let anyone keep it for you. \" according to rock, these words of advice were to become his life ' s guiding principle. taking a stand in 1931 rock put his reputation on the line by signing a petition with 15 other prominent boston physicians urging the repeal of the massachusetts law prohibiting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40875793787370557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7897a165-8c5a-4111-b648-c993c2d810be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.538644"}
{"text": ". \" according to rock, these words of advice were to become his life ' s guiding principle. taking a stand in 1931 rock put his reputation on the line by signing a petition with 15 other prominent boston physicians urging the repeal of the massachusetts law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives. risking excommunication, he was the only catholic doctor to make the stand. after the catholic church approved of the \" rhythm method \" in 1936, rock was the first doctor to open a rhythm clinic in boston. there he taught catholic women how to use the only birth control method permitted by their church. teaching birth control as a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at harvard medical school in the 1940s, rock taught his students about birth control, something unheard of in medical schools at the time. in 1949 he coauthored a book, voluntary parenthood, explaining birth control methods for the general reader. by the time gregory pincus approached rock in the early 1950s about the pill trials, rock had also come to believe in the need for world population control. at a time in his life when he could have been settling into comfortable retirement, rock agreed to work with pincus on the controversial project to create a \" magic pill \" contraceptive. as part of the infertility research at his clinic, rock was able to conduct the first human trials for the pill in boston and sidestep massachusetts ' rigid anti - birth control law. seeking vatican approval when the pill received fda approval in 1960, rock ' s work on behalf of the pill came to the forefront. at age 70, rock launched a one - man campaign to gain vatican approval of the pill. rock argued that using the pill was a more precise way of following the rhythm method. he strongly believed that the church should consider it a \" natural, \" and therefore acceptable, form of birth control, because it contained the same hormones already present in every woman ' s reproductive system and just extended the \" safe period \" a woman would have every month. in 1963 rock gained national attention for his cause with the publication of the time has come : a catholic doctor ' s proposals to end the battle over birth control. the debate sparked by rock ' s book received wide publicity, and he was featured in time magazine, on the cover of newsweek, and on a one - hour nbc television program. as rock became a familiar figure in america and abroad, his view quickly took root among laity of the church as well as among many catholic religious leaders. a profound impact confident that the church would eventually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.462567634330624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7897a165-8c5a-4111-b648-c993c2d810be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.539683"}
{"text": "and on a one - hour nbc television program. as rock became a familiar figure in america and abroad, his view quickly took root among laity of the church as well as among many catholic religious leaders. a profound impact confident that the church would eventually approve the use of the pill, rock was crushed when the pope officially banned the pill in the encyclical humanae vitae ( on human life ). in his later years, having lost faith in the church, the man who once attended mass daily stopped going to church altogether. when rock died in new hampshire at age 94, on december 4, 1984, he was still bitterly disappointed by the church ' s refusal to change its position on the pill. yet, despite the church ' s continued opposition to the pill, a profound change had taken place among catholic believers. since the encyclical, millions of catholics around the world have chosen to follow their own consciences on the matter of birth control. rock ' s views on the pill, once daring and radical, had become commonplace among the rank and file of the church. although he died feeling that he had failed in his mission, john rock ' s contribution to the debate on birth control had a profound impact on the lives of countless catholic women. previous | return to people & events | next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42084813376708247, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7897a165-8c5a-4111-b648-c993c2d810be>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.540172"}
{"text": "this hearty recipe is part of the traditional acadian cuisine. it was \u2013 and still is \u2013 one of the favorite meals of acadians, at least in the region of southeast new brunswick. origin : grand - pre national historic site region : atlantic ( nova scotia ) course : main course painting of the harvest by artist claude picard\u00a9 parks canada bouilli ( boiled dinner ) is a traditional acadian meal. all of the ingredients would have been found in the bountiful gardens and farms of the acadians in the area of grand pre. it was no doubt among the meals that the acadian women prepared during the voyage from grand - pre to the anglo - american colonies in the fall of 1755. in fact, the provision lists of the deportation boats included most of the ingredients \u2013 cabbage, turnips, potatoes and salt beef instead of salt pork. - 5 oz | 150 g salt pork ( cut in small cubes and sauteed until browned ) - 3 - 3\u00bd lbs | 1. 5 kg pork loin - 1 lb | 500 g cabbage, cut in eight pieces - 1 lb | 500 potatoes, peeled and cut in large chunks - \u00bd lb | 250 g white turnip - \u00bd lb | 250 g carrots, cut in 1 - 1\u00bd - inch ( 3 - 4 cm ) pieces, then cut in half or quarters - \u00bd lb | 250 g green or yellow beans ( fresh or salted ) - in a large pot, cover the meat with water and bring to a boil. when almost cooked, add the vegetables beginning with the cabbage, carrots and turnips, then followed by potatoes and beans ; bring all to a boil and cook until just done. - the cabbage is usually cut into eight pieces, while the turnip is cut into round slices or half moons. potatoes are cut into fairly large pieces, while the carrots are cut into 3 to 4 cm long pieces and split into two or four pieces depending on the size of the carrot. as for the beans, they are left intact, as is the pork. the pork tenderloin can be substituted with pork legs. - note : the original recipe uses salt pork instead of pork loin. if you choose to use salt pork and also salted beans, you will need to remove the salt before adding them to the other ingredients. to do this, cover the salt pork and salted beans with water and boil for about 10 minutes ; drain and recover with fresh water. repeat. test the meat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3957046989987932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c381989-3ad5-404f-8210-b3c1a0a9b5f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.542892"}
{"text": "feeding pet birds the right foods is important for their health. a balanced diet based on sound bird nutrition recommendations is the key. balancing a parrot ' s diet from the beginning may prevent many health and behavior problems. but it ' s never too late to get your pet bird on a firm nutritional footing. it is something you will want to do since an unbalanced diet is a main cause of disease and early death in pet birds. malnutrition is a human - made disease. fortunately, it is also preventable. dietary differences among birds when feeding pet birds, we must realize that the species of birds we have as companion pets do not all have the same dietary needs. just as our north american wild birds such as chickadees, woodpeckers, and hummingbirds do not eat the same foods, neither do our companion birds. in general, parrots can be classified according to their normal diets. most psittacines ( members of the parrot family ) are florivores, meaning the main portion of their diet is obtained from plants. among florivores, there are granivores ( birds that eat grain and / or seeds, including nuts ), and frugivores ( birds with diets based on fruits ). some pet birds are omnivores, whose diet can consist of both plant and animal components. there is a special class of florivores called nectarivores, who eat mostly nectar. from the above table you can see that even among related birds, such as macaws, primary diets differ. a wild hyacinth macaw eats mostly grains ( nuts, actually ), while a blue - throated macaw eats mostly fruits. additionally, in each bird classification there will be different nutrition recommendations. for instance, even though both are considered granivores, in the wild, hyacinth macaws eat mostly palm nuts, while budgies eat mostly seeds. even for seed - eating birds, seeds alone are not a proper diet. there are several reasons for this : the seeds we offer our companion birds are not the same seeds they would find in their native habitats. we tend to offer seeds that are lower in protein and other nutrients, such as vitamins. the amount of energy used by wild birds in foraging for food is far greater than that used by our companion birds. since our pet birds use less energy, they need to eat fewer calories or they will become overweight. eating less, however, could result in vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4313526322645949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ea75bd0-7d30-4e3d-ba07-a9d3c53a9e84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.550027"}
{"text": "used by wild birds in foraging for food is far greater than that used by our companion birds. since our pet birds use less energy, they need to eat fewer calories or they will become overweight. eating less, however, could result in vitamin, mineral, and other nutrient deficiencies. when offered seeds, our companion birds tend to pick out their favorites, and leave the rest. limiting the diet to only several types of seeds can lead to certain nutrient deficiencies. even when multiple types of seed are offered, the seed - only diet will not supply the necessary array of vitamins and minerals that is needed for optimal health. birds love seeds, like children ( and adults ) love candy. they will eat a favorite seed over what is healthy for them. the best diet for most seed - eating birds consists of formulated diets ( such as pelleted foods ), vegetables, small amounts of fruit, and an occasional treat. formulated diets : formulated foods are readily available from many reputable manufacturers, pet stores, and veterinarians, and include harrison ' s, zupreem, and roudybush. the food is a blend of grains, seeds, vegetables, fruits, and various types of proteins, as well as additional vitamins and minerals. the ingredients are mixed and then baked. this formulated diet may be in the form of pellets, crumbles, or nuggets. unlike a seed mixture, the bird cannot select particular components out of a formulated diet, so nutritional imbalances are much less likely to occur. there are commercial foods for different species, so be sure to select one appropriate for your bird. some foods have higher fat levels for those birds with higher caloric needs such as macaws and golden conures. other foods are lower in fat and higher in protein to provide better nutrition for birds such as cockatoos and amazons. realize that some species, such as the hyacinth macaw, have very specific dietary needs and need special diets. for most species, pelleted food should be 65 - 80 % of the diet. vegetables should make up 15 - 30 %, and the remainder can be seeds and fruits. vegetables and fruits : vegetables are a good source of vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates, and should comprise 15 - 30 % of the diet. fruits, which are higher in sugar and moisture, should comprise about 5 %. it is best to provide a variety of vegetables and fruit. the following table lists good choices of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44763558366958944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ea75bd0-7d30-4e3d-ba07-a9d3c53a9e84>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.551966"}
{"text": "hours in hot weather. the diet should also include some fruits such as : apples, pomegranates, papaya, grapes, cantaloupe, pineapple, figs, and kiwi. pollen, corn - on - the - cob and some flowers such as pansies, nasturtiums, roses, hibiscus, marigolds, and dandelions may be offered, as well. check with your avian veterinarian to determine the proper amounts. for most adult birds, supplements are not necessary, and should only be provided if recommended by your veterinarian. commercial formulated diets contain the minerals and vitamins your bird needs. using vitamin supplements could result in vitamin overdoses. foods to avoid some foods are on the do - not - feed list. these include : - high - fat junk food ( potato chips, doughnuts, etc. ) - avocado ( guacamole ) - alcohol or caffeine - fruit pits - table salt - apple seeds birds in the wild spend at least 1 / 3 of their day foraging for food. simply putting food in a dish deprives them of that physical and mental stimulation. try using foraging toys and other methods to enliven your bird ' s eating times. formulated diet can be available at all times. natural feeding times in wild birds are about a half hour after sunrise and again at 5 - 6 pm, so these would be good times to offer the fresh vegetables. always remove any uneaten vegetables or fruit at the next feeding. foraging toys can be left in the cage throughout the day for snacking and entertainment. you should offer your bird only what he can eat in a day. this will make it easier to monitor his daily intake. decreased food intake may be the first sign that a bird is ill. dishes should be washed daily in hot soapy water. no food should remain in the cage for longer than 24 hours, as the risk of fecal contamination or spoiling is high. fresh, clean water should always be available. if a water bottle is used, the water should be changed daily and the tip should be checked daily to be sure it is working. dehydration is a serious problem that can occur within a day or two if water is unavailable. if you are switching your bird from a water dish to a water bottle, make sure your bird knows how to use the bottle before removing the dish. while not a food, grit is something people think all birds need. they do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39473573538497597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ea75bd0-7d30-4e3d-ba07-a9d3c53a9e84>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.554078"}
{"text": "vaginal discharge refers to any substance coming from the animal ' s vagina. types of discharge can include mucus, blood, or pus. since there are so many causes for this medical condition, consulting with a veterinarian is highly recommended. symptoms can include discharge from the animal ' s vagina, spotting of blood, scooting the hindquarters, attracting males. reasons for why an animal would experience discharge include : - urinary tract infection - foreign body - vaginal trauma - abnormal cells in the vaginal area - fetal death - retained placenta following a birthing - vaginal infection some antibiotics can cause vaginal discharge. estrogen medications given during some phases of the animal ' s heat or estrous cycle, medications containing male hormones, and certain antibiotics can alter the vaginal cells, leading to excess discharge. upon examination, the veterinarian may find blood, pus, urine or feces in abnormal quantities. the veterinarian will need to review the animal ' s medical history and make a risk assessment. radiograph or injection imaging may be used to examine the body for any more underlying medical conditions that would cause the vaginal discharge so that proper treatment can be prescribed. outpatient treatment is sufficient under most circumstances. medications in the form of vaginal douches and antibiotics will be used to treat the infected area. living and management the entire round of antibiotic treatment must be completed to ensure a full recovery. spaying can help to reduce the likelihood of vaginal infections. for birthing animals, make sure that all of the uterine contents have left the animals body, and be observant of excess blood or discharge after the birth. a product made of fluid, cell waste, and cells the organ of mammals that comes while a female is pregnant ; may also be referred to as afterbirth a type of slime that is made up of certain salts, cells, or leukocytes the reproductive cycle of female animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5073097568068559, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f780bde1-0e4e-4782-a8c2-46fd2fcb3946>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.556385"}
{"text": "our pick of the latest physics stories from around the world wide web. the winner of robo mara full event in osaka is expected to set a world record of around four days. at least three powerful solar flares on the sun have hurled billions of tonnes of material towards the earth, which could light up the night sky in a spectacular aurora borealis. a machine originally designed to check the quality of wine could soon lift the current restrictions on taking liquids aboard airplanes. wo us spacecraft have moved either side of the sun to establish observing positions that should return remarkable new information about our star. astronomers have identified some 54 new planets where conditions may be suitable for life. bees navigate by the sun \u2013 so how do they manage when it ' s cloudy? it turns out that they read clues to the hidden sun ' s position in polarised light. there is now even more evidence that life on earth may have been seeded by material from asteroids or comets. scientists look at alternatives to the mass of platinum used as international standard measure, which has lost 50 micrograms. the climate secrets of the deepest part of the ocean, the marianas trench in the western pacific ocean, have been probed by scientists. with more than a trillion pixels, this is the most detailed digital picture of the universe ever produced.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5412077334208268, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4f37120-9f5e-4f29-84d0-da9bf36bf5c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.558731"}
{"text": "describing motion with words visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and take a visual overview of 1d kinematics. distance and displacement distance and displacement are two quantities that may seem to mean the same thing yet have distinctly different definitions and meanings. - distance is a scalar quantity that refers to \" how much ground an object has covered \" during its motion. - displacement is a vector quantity that refers to \" how far out of place an object is \" ; it is the object ' s overall change in position. to test your understanding of this distinction, consider the motion depicted in the diagram below. a physics teacher walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and finally 2 meters north. even though the physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters, her displacement is 0 meters. during the course of her motion, she has \" covered 12 meters of ground \" ( distance = 12 m ). yet when she is finished walking, she is not \" out of place \" - i. e., there is no displacement for her motion ( displacement = 0 m ). displacement, being a vector quantity, must give attention to direction. the 4 meters east cancels the 4 meters west ; and the 2 meters south cancels the 2 meters north. vector quantities such as displacement are direction aware. scalar quantities such as distance are ignorant of direction. in determining the overall distance traveled by the physics teachers, the various directions of motion can be ignored. now consider another example. the diagram below shows the position of a cross - country skier at various times. at each of the indicated times, the skier turns around and reverses the direction of travel. in other words, the skier moves from a to b to c to d. use the diagram to determine the resulting displacement and the distance traveled by the skier during these three minutes. then click the button to see the answer. as a final example, consider a football coach pacing back and forth along the sidelines. the diagram below shows several of coach ' s positions at various times. at each marked position, the coach makes a \" u - turn \" and moves in the opposite direction. in other words, the coach moves from position a to b to c to d. what is the coach ' s resulting displacement and distance of travel? click the button to see the answer. to understand the distinction between distance and displacement, you must know the definitions. you must also know that a vector quantity such as displacement is direction - aware and a scalar quantity such as distance is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6413490572310697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:499e5940-0bb4-41c6-875d-f331ac36f52c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.561500"}
{"text": "\" this pressure [ of the catholic church on american journalism ] is one of the most important forces in american life, and the only one about which secrecy is generally maintained, no newspaper being brave enough to discuss it, although all fear it and believe that the problem should be dragged into the open and made publicly known. \" 260ageorge seldes was the leading observer and critic of american journalism in this century. of his 21 books, 260b seven deal with freedom of the press. 260c the pressure of the catholic church on american journalism has been catastrophic for population growth control efforts such as the rockefeller commission and the nssm 200 initiative. the secrecy imposed by the catholic church accounts for the near total lack of awareness of the grave threat overpopulation poses to virtually every treasured aspect of life in america. how and why journalism in this country has come to such a deplorable state will be the subject of this chapter. - - george seldes 1890 - 1995 journalist and dean of as we have said, the catholic hierarchy ' s hatred of freedom of the press has long been known. according to bernhard hasler, in his encyclical mirari vos, pope gregory xvi ( 1831 - 1846 ) \" condemned the ideas of liberalism. he viewed freedom of conscience as a ` false and absurd concept, ' indeed a mad delusion. freedom of the press, to his mind, could never be sufficiently abhorred and anathematized. \" 260d in 1850, pope pius ix ( 1846 - 1878 ) branded freedom of the press and freedom of association as intrinsically evil. 260e the catholic hierarchy has never accepted the concept of freedom of the press. by 1870, the principles of the french revolution ( 1848 ), which included freedom of the press, had brought the catholic church to its knees. newspapers everywhere were conveying the truth about catholicism. indeed, unrestricted journalism of the time was a major cause for the drive to adopt the principle of infallibility ( see chapter 11 ). according to hasler, the infallibilist party \" wanted to employ the infallible pope to contain the forces of unbridled journalism. \" 260f on may 25, 1870, the newspaper unita cattolica, which supported adoption of the principle of infallibility, wrote, \" the infallible pope must counteract and cure the prevailing abuses of unbridled freedom of the press, thanks to which journalists daily spread lies and calumny. every day the pope can teach,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47526445697318515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.596217"}
{"text": "principle of infallibility, wrote, \" the infallible pope must counteract and cure the prevailing abuses of unbridled freedom of the press, thanks to which journalists daily spread lies and calumny. every day the pope can teach, condemn, and define dogma and catholics will never be permitted to question his decisions. \" 260g with the adoption of the principle of infallibility by pius ix and freedom of the press branded intrinsically evil by him, the church immediately set out to \" bridle \" the press. in the united states, the knights of columbus was created in 1882 to organize the catholic laity into a tightly controlled and responsive machine. by 1914 the knights of columbus had evolved into a national organization capable of intimidating anyone who criticized the church in any way. during the period from august 1914 to january 17, 1917, the knights succeeded, according to their own report, in shutting down 60 of the 62 or 63 newspapers in the united states that published news critical of the catholic church. and they bragged about it. 260h in 1946, pius xii told a group of american editors that freedom of the press \" does not allow a man to print what is wrong, what is known to be false, or what is calculated to undermine and destroy the moral and religious fiber of individuals and the peace and harmony of nations. \" 260i the pope, of course, considers himself the supreme judge of what is wrong, false, moral, religious, peaceful and harmonious encompassing all aspects of our existence. given the pontiff ' s statement, reporters, editors and publishers have only those rights given to them by the pope. thus, any reporter, editor or publisher who defies the pope becomes fair game. these were the ground rules established by the knights of columbus in their crusade early in this century to destroy all american newspapers that did not conform to the dictates of the vatican. for his analysis, blanshard depends heavily on the writings of catholics in good standing, including canon law. he observes : \" catholics are taught that the roman catholic church is the supreme guardian and purveyor of truth, that the pope has infallible judgment in moral matters, and that ` union of minds requires not only a perfect accord in the one faith, but complete submission and obedience of will to the church and to the roman pontiff, as to god himself. ' the words are those of leo xiii in his chief duties of christian citizens.... 260k ` the church is not afraid of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5055931864076039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.597313"}
{"text": "complete submission and obedience of will to the church and to the roman pontiff, as to god himself. ' the words are those of leo xiii in his chief duties of christian citizens.... 260k ` the church is not afraid of the truth, ' says father john c. heenan in his priest and penitent, but she is very much afraid that a clever presentation of falsehood will deceive even the elect. ' the church teaches that literature is ` immoral ' if it is opposed to catholic standards, and that ` no one has a right to publish such literature any more than one has a right to poison wells or sell tainted food. ' \" 260l blanshard quotes the most authoritative catholic work on doctrine, father henry davis ' s four - volume moral and pastoral theology which instructs catholic bishops to enforce a boycott against all of the following classes of books, as described in the priest ' s own words : pope pius xi was equally forthright. in an allocution dated december 20, 1926, he stated, \" catholics may not support, favor, or read papers which are edited by men whose writings are in notable opposition to catholic doctrine in faith and morals... \" 260o blanshard describes a february 11, 1928 article by a jesuit priest, charles j. mullaly, that appeared in the jesuit magazine, america. the article is a point - by - point description of catholic techniques in boycotting an american newspaper and a censorship program for priests and laymen. blanshard writes : \" father mullaly tells with perfect candor how a priest and four or five catholic laymen, with the help of an impressive letterhead bearing the names of prominent citizens, can terrorize any editor with the specter of a great wave of catholic indignation. \" 260p this same technique is still in use in the 1990s and numerous examples in the period 1994 - 1996 will be cited in the next chapter. mullaly offers an example of a boycott that can be used as a model in the techniques of suppression. the offending washington, d. c., newspaper had published a series of letters - to - the - editor about a suspicious death of a young girl at a catholic home administered by the sisters of the good shepherd. \" instead of writing an indignant defense of the sisters of the good shepherd, \" says father mullaly, \" and thus stimulating a controversy that would have been financially profitable to the offending paper, this catholic society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.465616138491143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.598407"}
{"text": "sisters of the good shepherd. \" instead of writing an indignant defense of the sisters of the good shepherd, \" says father mullaly, \" and thus stimulating a controversy that would have been financially profitable to the offending paper, this catholic society followed a more practical method of action. its strategy was aimed at the business office and not at the editorial department... members of the society interviewed merchants who advertised in the paper and suggested they demand an immediate change of editorial policy, if they hoped to keep catholic trade. no intimation of boycott was given, but these businessmen understood perfectly well that the paper was supported by their advertising, and they hastened to show sympathy for their insulted catholic patrons. \" priests in washington were told to make a statement in their pulpits ` somewhat as follows ' : ` there is a newspaper in this city that is attacking the sisters of the good shepherd. i will not mention its name. this paper is opening its columns to bigots who are insulting the purity of our catholic sisterhoods. i do not know what kind of catholic each of you may be, but as for me, i will fight insults to the holy mother church. i do not know what you will do ; i will fling any offending newspaper from my house and will never buy it again. ' father mullaly claimed that ` the effect was magical, ' and that the offending newspaper lost forty percent of its circulation in two weeks. '... father mullaly, in a triumphant mood, told how the washington truth society was able to function successfully as censor of the washington press in this manner without any large membership meetings. its actual work was done by ` one active priest in charge, two zealous laymen and a catholic lawyer or two, ready to give legal advice free of charge. the letterhead was formidable with prominent men, but this heavy artillery was brought to bear only when urgently needed. in any city of the united states one zealous pastor with two or three active laymen, together with a legal advisor, could form a truth society that would batter to pieces bigotry when found in the pages of any local newspaper. ' \" father mullaly concluded this revealing document with a platform of action for punishing critical american newspapers : blanshard concludes, \" the machinery that the church uses in the united states to enforce its boycott of unfriendly literature is quite elaborate.... non - catholic publishers who print criticism of catholic policy are threatened with boycotts and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40710980148084774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.599499"}
{"text": "blanshard concludes, \" the machinery that the church uses in the united states to enforce its boycott of unfriendly literature is quite elaborate.... non - catholic publishers who print criticism of catholic policy are threatened with boycotts and flooded with very unpleasant letters of protest. as a result of this type of pressure scarcely any publishers in the united states will even consider any manuscript that might expose them... to catholic boycott. 260t \" every city editor in the united states, \" blanshard goes on to say, \" knows of the unofficial catholic censorship of american news, but almost all publishers avoid discussion of the phenomenon because of the fear of catholic reprisals. the hierarchy itself has avoided public discussion of its boycott techniques in recent years, and has resorted more and more to quiet pressure260u.... as a result of this policy of siege and boycott, very few publishers in the united states are courageous enough or wealthy enough to deal frankly with catholic social policy or stories of priestly crime260v.... frequently the church succeeds in intimidating the most powerful newspapers by this policy of organized protest and boycott, and, in many cases, the facts suppressed have great social significance. \" 260w unquestionably, the most important story suppressed by the catholic church thus far has been that by 1970, overpopulation had emerged as the greatest single threat to the security - survival of the united states and indeed all nations. but before we return to the issue of population, let ' s turn to an insider in american journalism, george seldes, for more proof. in an article, \" george seldes leaves a legacy of courage, \" the media watchdog publication, extra!, writes, \" as a press critic, george seldes picked up where upton sinclair left off. from the 1930s onward, seldes led the way for new generations of journalists eager to search for truth wherever it might lead.... i. f. stone aptly called seldes ` the dean and granddaddy of us investigative reporters. ' \" 260y he was an american journalism insider. while blanshard ' s intensive study of the press focused on what the catholic hierarchy said and did regarding freedom of the press, seldes observed and reported on the actual outcomes of the hierarchy ' s influence over american newspapers. very few americans outside the journalism field appreciate the intensive influence exercised by the hierarchy over the american press at least since the adoption of the principle of papal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42101251983108284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.600742"}
{"text": ", seldes observed and reported on the actual outcomes of the hierarchy ' s influence over american newspapers. very few americans outside the journalism field appreciate the intensive influence exercised by the hierarchy over the american press at least since the adoption of the principle of papal infallibility in 1870. this influence has greatly hampered the truthful and complete reporting on all matters of concern to the vatican - - including all matters related to population growth control. seldes reported on numerous examples of this influence. i will present here only one example - - the spanish civil war - - carefully documented by seldes to show that the catholic hierarchy ' s wielding of enormous influence in the press, observed for the past 25 years in population matters, is certainly not unprecedented. but before doing so, it will be interesting to note some of seldes ' s findings during several decades of intensive research. these excerpts are from his book, lords of the press : \" it was then twenty - seven years since i had started in journalism, by which time i had learned the first lesson, namely, that one must never write on controversial subjects, the first of which was religion, and that one must never report even the truth in any case in which the catholic hierarchy might be offended. \" 260z seldes quotes heywood broun, \" and still more precarious is the position of the new york newspaper man who ventures any criticism of the catholic church. there is not a single new york editor who does not live in mortal terror of the power of this group. \" 260aa seldes continues : \" probably the bravest thing the news has done has been its editorial defiance of the pressure of the catholic church.... \" 260bb \" to criticize the catholic church is to invite a boycott, the withdrawal of advertising, loss in circulation and in revenue. \" 260cc \"... almost every newspaper in the world is scared to death when any religious sect is mentioned critically. \" 260dd \" ten years ago 1929 the catholic church was on the defensive. today it is on the aggressive, and there is ten times the fear of it there was a decade ago. father curran, of the international catholic truth society, changed the policy of one newspaper because he controlled $ 20, 000 of business ( new republic, december 30, 1936 ) and had the effrontery to boast of this outrageous attack on the freedom of the press. but it is general catholic pressure, not $ 20, 000, which frightens if it does not wholly corrupt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4687630194518801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.602522"}
{"text": "republic, december 30, 1936 ) and had the effrontery to boast of this outrageous attack on the freedom of the press. but it is general catholic pressure, not $ 20, 000, which frightens if it does not wholly corrupt many other newspapers. \" 260ee regarding the war in spain : \" but a new element entered into the war : the catholic church. it sided with the rebels. the rebels had sworn to restore the church to power. that was one reason for the vatican ' s sympathy.... the american press got its first facts fairly straight. its errors were unintentional. but from the beginning of august 1936, the catholic hierarchy in america... began a crusade against the newspapers which truthfully reported events in spain. \" 260ff \" it is now well known that reactionary catholics ( as distinguished from liberal catholics who are either for the loyalist government or neutral ) have used their tremendous pressure, plus threats of boycott, and the withdrawal of advertising money, to change the opinion of american newspapers regarding the war in spain. \" 260gg \" how effective the boycott against the stern paper [ record publisher, stern ] was i do not know. but every newspaperman knows that the most powerful pressure group in america today is the roman catholic church. i do not know whether it succeeded in curtailing the record circulation or inflicting a financial blow through the withdrawal of advertising by catholic business men. but on august 10, 1936, publisher stern wrote a humble letter to cardinal doughterty... [ who ] accepted the apology.... i believe that every newspaperman in america who really values freedom of the press, no matter what his religious beliefs may be, will deplore this episode, and especially the record ' s genuflections. \" and now we behold the publisher of a chain of four newspapers, four of the very tiny minority of liberal, free, independent newspapers left in america, bowing before the pressure of the church when in fact his editorials on spain had been true, honest, favorable to the anti - fascist movement in spain and applauded by all fair, liberal and intelligent men. \" caught between the advertising pressure of big business on the one hand, and the political pressure of a religious organization on the other, the new york post, philadelphia record, camden courier and camden post have had to make the usual compromises. \" i know of no better illustration of the fact that there is no completely free press in america. \" 260hh of all of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.443240135168633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.603702"}
{"text": "other, the new york post, philadelphia record, camden courier and camden post have had to make the usual compromises. \" i know of no better illustration of the fact that there is no completely free press in america. \" 260hh of all of seldes ' s conclusions, one of the most important is that secrecy is generally maintained regarding the fact that the pressure of the catholic hierarchy on the american press is one of the most important forces in america. this pressure makes things happen or not happen depending on the needs of the hierarchy irrespective of the needs of the american people, our country and our democracy. this secrecy made possible the killing of the rockefeller commission and nssm 200 initiatives and all other serious efforts to control population growth by the catholic hierarchy. seldes ' s extensive study of the spanish civil war and the related control of the american press by the catholic hierarchy is exceedingly instructive for all who are concerned about population growth control. population growth control is by no means the first instance of absolutely pivotal catholic hierarchy intervention in american press coverage of an important issue. the hierarchy has a history of manipulating the press to insure that papal interests are served even at the expense of american interests. in the 1970s and 1980s, george seldes told us how and why in seven articles that appeared in the churchman magazine, an episcopal journal, founded in 1804, and the oldest religious publication in america. it has always been committed to the truth. ( i am honored to be a contributing editor. ) after decades of intense study, in an august 1978 article, seldes concludes : \" the new york times is still in fear of reprisals from the roman church in america, as it was during the entire spanish war when under managing editor edward l. james and the notorious ` fascist phalanx in the bull - pen. ' james ' s four, incidentally roman catholic, editor assistants, bowed to the ` power house on madison avenue, ' cardinal spellman ' s residence, and a certain father thorning, and published scores of falsifications from spain. \" 260ii seldes provides strong evidence to support this conclusion. for example, he cites the new republic magazine : \" the new republic, to its credit, in ` who lied about spain? ' when the war was over 1939 listed the [ new york ] times man with franco as the number one falsifier. \" in a november 1981 article, seldes concluded that all of america ' s 1, 750 daily papers were similarly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4524969692272667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.604775"}
{"text": "? ' when the war was over 1939 listed the [ new york ] times man with franco as the number one falsifier. \" in a november 1981 article, seldes concluded that all of america ' s 1, 750 daily papers were similarly terrified by \" the catholic church propaganda campaign. \" 260jj this \" terror \" that seldes describes is still pervasive and has led to the disappearance of a free press in america in matters of concern to the vatican, such as the recognition of overpopulation as a national security threat. but let us begin the story at the beginning and allow mr. seldes to lay out the evidence for us item by item. in 1931, spain became the republic of spain, a liberal democracy that separated church and state, ended state monetary support for the church and adopted the principles of freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press. the vatican feared for the church ' s very survival in spain. there had been four insurrections since 1835, and it was the spanish people, the poor workers and poor peasants, who burned the churches because they blamed the hierarchy for having persistently backed the upper class. 260ii the latest uprising against the catholic church took place throughout the country in july, 1936. 260kk one historian described it as \" the work of masses of common people, a spontaneous uprising. \" 260kk the vatican feared that the liberal democracy with its freedoms would spell the end of the church in spain. the spanish war of 1936 - 39 is often called a civil war. but this was a lie from the beginning. it was not a civil war but an invasion by hitler, mussolini and salazar fascists or what seldes refers to as the fascist internationale in league with the vatican. mussolini landed 200, 000 infantrymen from his black arrow division in franco - held seaports and hitler sent goering ' s condor legion to bomb civilians, 260ll involving an estimated 50, 000 german aviators. 260jj all this had been envisioned in rome in 1934. seldes writes, \" mussolini and two representatives of the plan... met there and even promised help in overthrowing the republic and establishing a fascist type of government. they also met with hitler that same year - - and the confessions of the nazis at the nuremberg trials confirm the plot. \" 260kk there was to be an uprising of treasonous republic officers led by franco, the invasion by the italian and german forces and the promulgation of the lie that this was an uprising against a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47063399395680006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.605794"}
{"text": "nazis at the nuremberg trials confirm the plot. \" 260kk there was to be an uprising of treasonous republic officers led by franco, the invasion by the italian and german forces and the promulgation of the lie that this was an uprising against a communist take - over of the republic and a \" christian crusade against atheistic communism. \" 260mm the creation of this great lie would be primarily the responsibility of the vatican. \" cardinal pacelli, then papal secretary, began this campaign of falsification in america when he came to hyde park [ new york ] to enlist the aid of president franklin roosevelt in this undertaking. pacelli, who three years later was to become pope pius xii, was successful. roman catholic layman james farley, a boss of the democratic party, cardinal spellman, and joseph p. kennedy, fdr ' s ambassador to london, promoted pacelli ' s position. each warned roosevelt he would lose the catholic vote unless he embargoed arms to spain and joined chamberlain ' s so - called neutrality pact. the making of the \" christian crusade against communism \" myth began immediately following pacelli ' s visit to america. \" the new york times, october 1, 1936, was informed from rome that pacelli had ` left for the united states of america to enlist the support of president roosevelt and the u. s. government for the anti - communist campaign the pope has been waging for some time. the holy see regards the spread of communist doctrine as the gravest and most threatening danger hanging over the world. ' when the cardinal arrived in new york the new york times headline read : ` pacelli reported seeking aid in u. s. in anti - red drive... ' 260mm a myth was born. in spain the day before, seldes later discovered, \" the [ spanish hierarchy ' s ] pastoral letter ` los dos cindados ' of september 13, 1936 had converted a treasonable officer ' s rebellion into the ` crusade against godless communism. ' \" 260nn \" immediately following this meeting, hitler ' s newspapers reported fdr had made important concessions to the cardinal and that pacelli ` is declared to have delivered the catholic vote in the united states to roosevelt. ' although this appeared at first to be a typical nazi piece of propaganda, it seems to have been substantiated by important visits to hyde park in 1936 by farley and cardinal spellman. in every catholic country in europe, cardinals, priests and diocesan publications had openly declared themselves to be against franco,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39551639887752243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.606778"}
{"text": "of propaganda, it seems to have been substantiated by important visits to hyde park in 1936 by farley and cardinal spellman. in every catholic country in europe, cardinals, priests and diocesan publications had openly declared themselves to be against franco, but not one in america did so [ emphasis added ]. \" 260mm the neutrality act was instrumental in the demise of republican spain. president roosevelt prevented guns, food and medicine from being shipped to the republic. 260ll everyone understood this. \" roosevelt was re - elected in 1936, and again in 1940. the non - intervention pact, originated by pro - fascists in the british foreign office, remained in effect ; the world press either falsified the news of the arrival of german and italian troops, or confused enough people to prevent effective protest. \" 260mm \" when in 1938, a last effort was made to lift the embargo on arms, the nation said : ` the catholics got busy and reached the president, who was fishing in southern waters. big church dignitaries came to washington and talked cold politics... ' the nation report, written by max lerner, columnist for the new york post, continues : ` only a band of heroes could have withstood the combined effort of catholic votes, state department leaning and authority, administrative pressure, and mental sluggishness, and the senate committee [ considering this legislation ] was not heroic... the biggest factor in the mind of the president was the catholic vote.... it is a cold political fact that mr. roosevelt, who has braved concentrated wealth, has not braved the risk of losing the catholic vote. ' the repeal move in congress failed, and the last hope for the spanish republic disappeared. \" 260mm this blockade was responsible for the republic ' s defeat. 260jj it was not only president roosevelt who felt the intense catholic pressure. when spain ' s congress opened in 1938, \" a resolution was introduced in the american congress to send greetings. only 60 members had the courage to sign ; 440 were either on the fascist side or too cowardly to declare their convictions. the 60 who signed were attacked in the roman pulpit, the roman catholic press, and by the cardinals as ` anti - american ' and as ` reds '. cardinal spellman and his colleagues, whose offices were referred to among newspapermen ( but never by newspapers ) as ` the power house ', sent orders to the lobbyists to get retractions from the 60 under threat of defeat in the next elections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46131340329080217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.607980"}
{"text": "spellman and his colleagues, whose offices were referred to among newspapermen ( but never by newspapers ) as ` the power house ', sent orders to the lobbyists to get retractions from the 60 under threat of defeat in the next elections. many recanted. \" a few half - recanted, saying their greetings did not mean endorsement. among them : harry byrd of virginia and claude pepper of florida. three senators affirmed their endorsement of the spanish republic. among them : senator hubert humphrey. 260mm seldes goes on, \" the vatican lobby continued its work in washington for many years after the republic ' s demise, seeking quick recognition of the fascist regime, loans, admission to the united nations. \" 260mm \" in madrid, september 15, 1971, primate cardinal enrique taracon presided at a congress of the entire roman catholic hierarchy, with 94 bishops and 151 priests present.... although a two - thirds ' vote was necessary to pass resolutions, and this one did not pass, it is significant that it received a large majority of the vote.... the majority confessed it had sinned in supporting the wrong side ( the fascist side ) in spain and asked to be forgiven. ` we humbly recognize, ' said the resolution, ` and ask pardon for it, that we failed at the proper time to be ministers of reconciliation in the midst of our people divided by a war between brothers. ' \" 260mm \" in 1971 - - and again in 1972, 1983 and succeeding years - - a majority of spain ' s 94 bishops and 151 priests attending voted 60 % or more for the church ' s apology but never officially passed it. \" 260ii by taking this action, cardinal taracon probably prevented widespread killing of priests and nuns upon franco ' s death in 1975. the news of these votes was almost completely suppressed in the world press. only three minor reports on this story appeared in the united states. 260ii \" fdr admitted his error in 1939 - - but it could not be published in his lifetime. he said to his ambassador to madrid, claude bowers, who had told the truth about the great world campaign of falsehood against spain and had urged american help : ` we have made a mistake, you have been right all along.... ' he wrote this confession by fdr in 1954. secretary of state sumner welles in his book time for decision, 1944, wrote : ` of all our blind isolationist policies the most disastrous was our attitude on the spanish civil war. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4379754870087437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.609090"}
{"text": ".. ' he wrote this confession by fdr in 1954. secretary of state sumner welles in his book time for decision, 1944, wrote : ` of all our blind isolationist policies the most disastrous was our attitude on the spanish civil war. ' president harry truman wrote in his memoirs : ` i believe it was a mistake for me to support the neutrality action in the first place. ' \" the spanish war of 1936 - 1939 was unspeakably brutal. all told, an estimated 500, 000 to 1, 000, 000 of spain ' s population of 25, 000, 000 were killed. 260nn by 1939, an estimated 100, 000 prisoners of war had been murdered by the fascists. 260jj \"... the official organ of the roman church in france, la croix, was the first to report that franco killed every loyalist republican prisoner - - a tremendously important news story. that, incidentally, was also suppressed in almost the entire u. s. press. \" 260nn these spaniards were murdered for only one reason - - they believed in liberal democracy, just as we americans do here in this country. seldes documents the leading role of the vatican in the destruction of the spanish republic. the murder of 100, 000 liberal democrat prisoners by franco was undoubtedly made easier by pope pius xi. referring to the uprising against the roman church throughout spain in july, 1936, pius xi attacked the \" ruinization, destruction, villainies, barbarities by the savage forces whom it is impossible to dignify with the words human beings. \" 260kk dehumanization always makes mass murder seem less reprehensible. \" pius xii declared publicly year after year his support for franco. he sent franco the supreme equestrian order of the militia of our lord jesus christ. immediately after the war ended in 1939, pius xii not only sent his congratulations to the fascist victor, but stated his ` christian heroism ' had ` pleased god '. on july 11, 1939 pius xii reviewed 3, 000 spanish legionaries in rome and called them the defenders of the faith and the culture of their country. \" 260kk \" pius xii [ also ] blessed the italian fascist army and air force on its return from spain... in 1939. 260mm \" all the american cardinals endorsed the franco - fascist cause except cardinal mundelein of chicago.... franco had awarded his decorations, usually the ` sacred heart of jesus ', to all the american cardinals except mundelein.... incidentally, two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39197780378286373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.610085"}
{"text": "cardinals endorsed the franco - fascist cause except cardinal mundelein of chicago.... franco had awarded his decorations, usually the ` sacred heart of jesus ', to all the american cardinals except mundelein.... incidentally, two well known [ catholic ] laymen, ambassador to spain ogden h. hammond and ambassador william cameron forbes, are also listed among the recipients of franco ' s bloodstained medals. \" 260kk in the publication historia del franquismo, which began in 1976 to revise 40 years of spanish history following franco ' s death, \" issue no. 1, page 6 states : ` the rebellion of the generals was first called a crusade for god, for spain and for franco ' by the church. when franco won he received the following telegram : ` we lift our hearts to the lord sincerely thankful that your excellency has brought a catholic victory to spain.... we send your excellency and to all the noble people of spain our apostolic benediction. [ signed ] pope pius xii ' \" 260nn \" to the spanish press pius xii issued the following statement for april 18, 1937 : ` the nation selected by god... the people of spain came to the defenses of the faith and of christian civilization... god in his compassion will lead spain on the safe road of your traditional and catholic greatness. ' \" 260nn \" primate of spain, cardinal goma... called the war ` a crusade for religion, for country, and for civilization ' in a pastoral letter. \" 260nn seldes offers a mountain of evidence to support his conclusions that \" it was the roman catholic church which was fascism ' s main supporter, \" and \" it was the hierarchy which originated and propagandized the ` holy crusade against godless communism '. the hierarchy was as responsible as guns and planes in destroying the republic. it monopolized schools. it propagated fascism for 39 years. \" 260nn why would the vatican propagate fascism? \" the first fascist newspaper, arriba espa\u00a4a, was published august 1, 1936. one of its directors was a priest representing the church... on september 16 arriba espa\u00a4a said editorially that ` catholicism will find fascism its best collaborator '. \" 260nn and what were the church ' s rewards? \" franco repaid the roman catholic church by abolishing divorce, making religious marriages obligatory and restoring taxes for the benefit of the church - - all previously banned by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4112779964712327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.611086"}
{"text": "its best collaborator '. \" 260nn and what were the church ' s rewards? \" franco repaid the roman catholic church by abolishing divorce, making religious marriages obligatory and restoring taxes for the benefit of the church - - all previously banned by the republic. \" 260nn most important, franco turned the schools over to the catholic church. seldes offers \"... two short abstracts from nationally used catechisms taught to two generations of children, in the hope of producing a brain - washed people which would never rebel. \" 260oo \" in the second year of the war the archbishop of grenada gave his imprimatur to the catechism of the jesuit priest angel maria de arcos. this catechism was so unbelievable, so obscurantist, incredible, outrageous, that when john langdon - davies wrote about it in a london liberal magazine he was attacked by numerous catholic editors, accused of making the whole thing up. he sued for libel, established the veracity of the catechism, and won his case. here is what the children in many eastern cities, including granada, were taught : q. is every liberal government hostile to the church? in 1944 the new classic catechism, known as the nuevo repaldi, and used nationally, was published and introduced into every secondary school in spain. it consists of 112 pages, and was fully described by the u. s. press attach \u201a in madrid during the spanish war, emmet john hughes, in his report from spain. of the ten pages which concern themselves with the essential doctrines of catholic faith and morals, here are a few samples : a. evidently, since whoever is not with christ is against him. q. then there is no grade of liberalism that can be good? a. none : because liberalism is mortal sin and anti - christian. q. what of communism, socialism, modern democracy, anarchism, and the like sects? a. they are contrary to catholic faith, to justice, and to virtue, and as such condemned by the church. ( in reply to another question : ) a. the liberal system is the weapon with which the accursed jewish race makes war on our lord jesus christ, and his church, and on the christian people. q. what does freedom of the press mean? these two catechisms make it clear just how strongly the catholic church feels about freedom of the press, as well as with what disdain and contempt it views this vital democratic principle. a. the right to print and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48082536824936595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.612116"}
{"text": "does freedom of the press mean? these two catechisms make it clear just how strongly the catholic church feels about freedom of the press, as well as with what disdain and contempt it views this vital democratic principle. a. the right to print and publish without previous censorship all kinds of opinions, however absurd and corrupting they may be. q. must the government suppress this freedom by means of censorship? a. obviously, yes. a. because it must prevent the deception, calumny and corruption of its subjects, which harm the general good. q. does one sin gravely who subscribes to a liberal newspaper? a. yes... because he contributes his money to evil, places his faith in jeopardy, and gives a bad example. q. what rules can be given to know liberal papers? a. the following : q. what is the rule to avoid error in these cases? - 1. if they call themselves liberal. - 2. if they defend freedom of conscience, freedom of worship, freedom of the press, or any of the other liberal errors. - 3. if they attack the roman pontiff, the clergy, or the religious orders. - 4. if they belong to liberal parties. - 5. if they comment on news or judge personalities with a liberal criterion. - 6. if they unreservedly praise the good moral and intellectual qualities of liberal personalities and parties. - 7. if, in reporting events concerned with the battle waged by our lord jesus christ and his holy church against their enemies today, they remain neutral. a. do not read any newspaper without the previous consultation and approval of your confessor. \" 260oo of course, seldes was by no means alone in his assessment of the catholic leadership ' s corruption of the press ( particularly the new york times ). the churchman published numerous articles on this topic, 260ll as did the new republic. in their june 28, 1939, issue, \" who lied about spain? \", the new york times and its reporter, william p. carney, headed the list. 260kk numerous books were also devoted to this topic ( see herbert l. matthews, a world in revolution, and guy talese, history of the times ). 260ll few americans today are aware of this page of american history, or of this corruption of the principle of freedom of the press by the catholic hierarchy, or of its implications for population growth control. it should also be made clear that not all catholic reporters were part of the vatican", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4874790685021456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.613230"}
{"text": "aware of this page of american history, or of this corruption of the principle of freedom of the press by the catholic hierarchy, or of its implications for population growth control. it should also be made clear that not all catholic reporters were part of the vatican propaganda machine. writes seldes, \" in all justice, it must be stated that a score of noted catholic war correspondents and noted catholic newspapers - - in europe - - reported the war honestly, detailing all the atrocities committed by the fascist - nazi forces... \" 260ll ( the most famous reporter on the loyalist ( republican ) side was a catholic named ernest hemingway. other notables were fernsworth of the times and taylor of the chicago tribune, both catholics. ) 260mm seldes continues, \" on may 12, 1949, one new york newspaper carried this item, otherwise suppressed throughout the country [ emphasis added ] : ` patman ousts priest lobbying for spain '. representative wright patman ( d. - texas ) called a doorkeeper and had ejected from the speaker ' s lobby of the house the rev. dr. joseph f. thorning, editor, college professor, and the best known propagandist [ emphasis added ] for franco ' s fascist regime in spain. throughout the war, thorning not only praised the fascist coalition but denounced the correspondents who were reporting from the republican side. seldes concluded, \" although the new york times always surrendered to father thorning, he continued to attack it. \" 260mm we have witnessed in america since the mid - 1970s the application of this same technique for control of the press on the issue of overpopulation. although the entire press consistently genuflect to the catholic hierarchy, they are under continuous attack for being too ` liberal ' and ` anti - catholic '. the charge of ` liberal press ' is always used to attack the anti - vatican position on every issue. this technique is used hundreds of times each day to control the american press. in january 1977, historia revealed for the first time in spain what seldes, matthews, hemingway, fernsworth and others attempted to report in this country, that \" nazism and fascism were accepted and became franco ' s policy from the first days of the war. these facts the american press also largely suppressed, preferring to call hitler ' s and mussolini ' s collaborator franco a nationalist, \" asserts seldes. 260nn seldes was quite critical of the world press generally. he writes, \" the world press it might be said -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42909434372119015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.614309"}
{"text": "largely suppressed, preferring to call hitler ' s and mussolini ' s collaborator franco a nationalist, \" asserts seldes. 260nn seldes was quite critical of the world press generally. he writes, \" the world press it might be said - - although no general statement is wholly true - - failed its readers during the spanish war. the democratic republic was labeled \" red \" and \" communist \" at a time when there were fewer \" reds \" and communists in spain than there are today. \" 260ll \" the army and the rulers joined the majority of the spanish people in repudiating franco - fascism with the dictator ' s death. this left only the fourth estate, and notably the outstanding newspaper in the world, the most powerful and important maker of public opinion, the new york times, to complete the repudiation by confessing the falsehoods and pro - fascism of the past. \" its great opportunity came on august 1, 1977, when it published a two - column obituary of its spanish war correspondent, herbert l. matthews. instead of confessing that it had falsified history during the war by publishing slanted news and outright 100 % pure lies from the franco side, and harassed and intimidated matthews, who risked his life and told the truth, this dirty - trick obituary added to the sad record of american journalism ' s failure. \" this failure of the new york times to correct its false history of the fascist officers ' conspiracy and rebellion - - wrongly called the ` spanish civil war ' ( there were almost no spaniards in the franco armies : there were germans, italians, and the terico and foreign legion of muslims ) - - was so flagrant that for the second time in times history, if not in all journalism ' s history, one of the senior editors of the times was forced to criticize the times. john b. oakes wrote a ` letter to the editor ' and it was printed! \" matthews was one of the victims.... edward l. james, then unfortunately managing editor, published falsehoods alongside matthews ' factual reports.... unable to get the truth published in the times, he wrote it in his book, a world in revolution. here are a few quotations : \" ' mccaw had ordered the copy readers to substitute the word \" insurgents \" when i sent \" italians \". ' ( p. 26 ). \" ' i saw two of henday ' s associated press stories [ french border ] front - paged, both equally false. ' ( p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4139981718396167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.615350"}
{"text": "substitute the word \" insurgents \" when i sent \" italians \". ' ( p. 26 ). \" ' i saw two of henday ' s associated press stories [ french border ] front - paged, both equally false. ' ( p. 35 ). \" ' i especially took strong exceptions to the fact that in the effort to be \" impartial \" the times had throughout alternately featured mine, carney ' s and ap henday ' s copy from the franco side, regardless of news value, accuracy, and honesty. ' ( p. 39 ). \" elsewhere in his book matthews wrote that ` carney was a roman catholic... in carney ' s case it blinded him to any other aspect of the rebellion. ' and again, ` all four of the editors who worked in the bull pen throughout the war were roman catholics : robert mccaw, the assistant managing editor in charge ; neil macneil, the second man ; clarence howell, a convert, was almost fanatically religious ; and harvey getzloe. ' these four were known in the times as ` the catholic bull - pen. ' \" guy talese in his history of the times refers to them as ` the fascist phalanx in the bull - pen. ' \" it might be worth noting that the n. y. times also used the services of the times of london, whose correspondent in spain, lawrence fernsworth, happened to be an american and a roman catholic. fernsworth also wrote for the american catholic press as well as the n. y. times. when fernsworth once protested editor james ' mismanagement of the spanish war news, james cabled ` resignation accepted. ' fernsworth had not resigned ; james threw him out. \" 260ll the editor of the churchman inserted the following note into seldes ' s article : \" [ lawrence fernsworth ' s... articles in the churchman... titled ` a catholic reporter in spain, ' gave an inside story of the pressures upon an american reporter working in spain during those war years, 1936 - 39. ` a political church, ' he wrote, ` was not interested in honest surveys... ' an accompanying editorial in the churchman for march 1, 1940, stated : ` all too rarely does the public have the opportunity of being taken behind the scenes of dramatic events of such significance. all through the spanish war liberal - minded americans who attempted to counteract the falsehoods of the roman catholic hierarchy in reference to that conflict were bitterly attacked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4137478461993275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.616344"}
{"text": "does the public have the opportunity of being taken behind the scenes of dramatic events of such significance. all through the spanish war liberal - minded americans who attempted to counteract the falsehoods of the roman catholic hierarchy in reference to that conflict were bitterly attacked, as the churchman was on many occasions, by catholic leaders. when we, along with others, insisted that there were thousands of italian troops fighting in spain and that great numbers of german army technicians were in that country aiding franco, we were frankly and bluntly called liars by roman catholic leaders. yet, as the public now knows, we were merely recording the facts. ' ] \" 260ll \"... the n. y. times under james, by publishing one column of falsehoods alongside one column of matthews ' eyewitness facts, served the cause of franco and his allies, hitler and mussolini... \" 260ll this very same technique is being used in america today by a press manipulated by the vatican to misinform americans, minimizing the threat of overpopulation and, in particular, the threat of the greenhouse effect. the vatican demand is that both sides of the issues be given equal press. an article of falsehoods is published alongside an article of facts. for example, the united nation ' s task force on the greenhouse effect includes 2500 scientists. there are perhaps a half dozen people with credentials who dismiss this theory. the vatican has successfully insisted that both groups be given equal press or, better yet, none at all. on illegal immigration, the costs to america vastly outweigh the benefits. the vatican has succeeded in leveling the playing field using this technique of press manipulation. as a result, americans remain unorganized on the immigration issue. the outcome : press generated confusion prevents effective protests. \" if there is any value in history, if history teaches us something and helps world civilization, the spanish record should be set straight. the times failed to do so in august 1977. yet in 1971 matthews concluded : ` i say that not only i, but the truth suffered. no student can today go back to the files of the new york times from july 1936 and get a competent, balanced, complete journalistic picture of the spanish civil war. the times failed its readers and posterity. ' 260ll \" the war correspondents, not only matthews and hemingway, but the hundred or more without exception, tried to tell the world from madrid that this was a rehearsal by hitler and mussolini for a world war. we said so in 1936 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47205250038590574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.618874"}
{"text": "' 260ll \" the war correspondents, not only matthews and hemingway, but the hundred or more without exception, tried to tell the world from madrid that this was a rehearsal by hitler and mussolini for a world war. we said so in 1936 and every year until 1939. we warned fdr and france and england that the nazi - fascists, masquerading as anti - communists, were trying out guns, tanks, and airplanes. there was destruction of whole cities, air - bombing ( guernica ), destruction of whole civilian populations ( barcelona block bombing ). we tried to tell the world to prepare for the hitler - mussolini - japanese anti - komintern pakt attack - - world war ii as it is now called - - and by preparing, perhaps prevent it. we failed largely because of pressure by the roman catholic church of the united states on the american press - - by father thorning, cardinal spellman and others. and, being the most powerful opinion - making paper in america the times must share a major part of the blame. three estates - - rulers, army, church - - have at least confessed their sin. but not the infallible times. \" 260ll to this day the new york times has not published the truth about its falsehoods and pro - fascism of the spanish war years. we must assume that the times does not want known the influence of the catholic hierarchy at the times during that era. we must also assume that the times has not acted because the catholic influence prevails in its editorial offices today. the overthrow of democracy in spain by the vatican with the spanish war of 1936 - 39 was viewed as a matter of great concern to the vatican. their success required substantial control of the press in spain and in the united states. halting of population growth control is far more important to the vatican than spain ever was and control of the press is critical. the vatican is succeeding in thwarting population growth control because it is largely controlling the press on this issue. seldes singled out the new york times for particular scrutiny but his studies showed that all 1, 750 american newspapers with few exceptions were victimized by the catholic leadership and that \" the catholic church propaganda campaign [ was ] conducted largely by the knights of columbus. \" 7 as late as 1978, he concluded that \" the new york times is still in fear of reprisals from the roman church. \" in the case of population growth control ( family planning, abortion, immigration ) no catholic reporters, editors or publishers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44961442474860347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56f659bd-c194-422b-9f17-2066734b8bdb>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.620872"}
{"text": "the language of sex five voices from northern france around 1200 john baldwin introduces five representative voices from the turn of the twelfth century in northern france : pierre the chanter speaks for the theological doctrine of augustine ; the prose salernitan questions, for the medical theories of galen ; andre the chaplain, for the ovidian literature of the schools ; jean renart, for the contemporary romances ; and jean bodel, for the emerging voices of the fabliaux. baldwin juxtaposes their views on a range of essential subjects, including social position, the sexual body, desire and act, and procreation. the result is a fascinating dialogue of how they agreed or disagreed with, ignored, imitated, or responded to each other at a critical moment in the development of european ideas about sexual desire, fulfillment, morality, and gender. these spokesmen allow us into the discussion of sexuality inside the church and schools of the clergy, in high and popular culture of the leity. this heterogeneous discussion also offers a startling glimpse into the construction of gender specific to this moment, when men and women enjoyed equal status in sexual matters, if nowhere else. taken together, these voices extend their reach, encompass their subject, and point to a center where social reality lies. by articulating reality at its varied depths, this study takes its place alongside groundbreaking works by james brundage, john boswell, and leah otis in extending our understanding of sexuality and sexual behavior in the middle ages. \" superb work.... these five kinds of discourse are not often treated together in scholarly writing, let alone compared and contrasted so well. \" \u2014 edward collins vacek, theological studies \" [ baldwin ] has made the five voices speak to us in a language that is at one and the same time familiar and alien in its resonance and accents. this is a truly exceptional book, interdisciplinary in the real sense of the word, which is surely destined to become a landmark in medieval studies. \" \u2014 keith busby, bryn mawr reviews \" [ baldwin ' s ] attempt to ' listen ' to these distant voices and translate their language of sex into our own raises challenging methodological questions that will be of great interest to historians and literary scholars alike. \" \u2014 john p. dalton, comitatus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4736948058225949, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ffd05fc-932d-46f5-81f8-4d46e46c3fc5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.623540"}
{"text": "press freedom leads to happiness and environmental quality freedom of the press is viewed by many as a cornerstone of democracy. but can it actually help improve people \u2019 s lives and make them happy? researchers at the university of missouri have found that citizens of countries with press freedom tend to be much happier than citizens of countries without free presses. edson tandoc, jr., a doctoral student in the mu school of journalism, says that press freedom directly predicts life satisfaction across the world. \u201c we already know that having reliable, objective news sources can benefit democracy, but in this study, we found that press freedom also benefits communities by helping improve the overall quality of life of citizens and, in the process, by also making them happier, \u201d tandoc said. \u201c people enjoy having an element of choice about where they get their news. citizens of countries without a free press are forced to rely on the government for information, when what people really want is diversity in content where they are free to get the information they want from the source of their choosing. \u201d tandoc and his co - author, bruno takahashi from michigan state university, analyzed data from 161 countries using a 2010 gallup poll evaluating happiness levels around the world. tandoc and takahashi compared those happiness levels with freedom house \u2019 s press freedom index which rates the level of each country \u2019 s press freedom. they also examined human development statistics gathered by the united nations as well as the environmental performance index created by researchers at yale center for environmental law & policy. tandoc found that the more press freedom a country enjoyed, the higher the levels of life satisfaction, or happiness, of its citizens tended to be. \u201c the road to happiness isn \u2019 t direct ; it is a complex path or web that includes many different influences and interrelationships, \u201d tandoc said. \u201c things like improving the economy alone are insufficient for increasing happiness. protecting press freedom is also an important component of the happiness web. \u201d tandoc also found that countries with higher levels of press freedom enjoyed better environmental quality and higher levels of human development, both of which also contribute to life satisfaction. he credits this to the watchdog function of the press, which helps expose corruption of all levels in a community. \u201c a country with a free press is expected to be more open about what is wrong in their societies and with their environments, \u201d tandoc said. \u201c a free press is likely to report about poor human conditions and environmental degradation, bringing problems to the attention of decision - makers. it should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4590882227106563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b195c13d-33a7-4755-85ea-f1219e8ef71f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.628148"}
{"text": "\u201c brain food : eating fish may lower your risk of alzheimer \u2019 s \u201d by alice park, time, it \u2019 s well documented that the omega - 3s in fish are linked to benefits for the heart, and new research adds to evidence that they benefit the brain as well. in a study of 260 healthy elderly individuals, researchers found that those who ate baked or broiled fish regularly lowered their risk of developing alzheimer \u2019 s disease. participants were tracked for an average of 10 years. researchers compared changes in brain scans with food questionnaires that the participants answered. those who ate fish at least once a week ( most consumed fish one to four times a week ) showed less brain - cell loss in regions of the brain responsible for regulating memory than non - fish - eaters. they showed stronger short - term memory, which allowed them to perform tasks more efficiently. a separate study also adds eggs, chicken, milk, and kidney beans \u2014 or foods containing choline \u2014 to the list of brain foods. researchers studied nearly 1, 400 adults between the ages of 36 and 83 and found that those with high intakes of choline performed better on memory tests and were less likely to show changes in the brain associated with dementia. although the difference in memory test scores between the highcholine intake group and the low - intake group were small, study authors say that the findings suggest that people with lower choline intakes are more likely to be on a \u201c pathway \u201d toward mental decline. \u201c choline may help protect the brain from effects of aging \u201d by nathan gray, www. nutraingredients - usa. com, 11 / 30 / 11 of dietary choline to cognitive performance... \u201d by c. poly et al., american journal of clinical nutrition, 11 / 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45594163162041407, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e80418c-18d7-4892-bed2-8dc17fb46ebb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.630008"}
{"text": "why test for l - lactic acid? lactic acid is found in many food and beverages. in the wine industry, the course of malolactic fermentation is monitored by tracking the falling level of l - malic acid, and the increasing level of l - lactic acid. lactic acid is responsible for reducing the acidity of wines providing a smoother flavour. similarly, the quality of food produce such as baby food, meats, dairy products, fruit and vegetables and animal feed can be established by measurement of l - lactic acid content. this acid is also used and measured in the cosmetics and tobacco industry. | cost effective price per test | | dedicated standard supplied with each kit | | high quality testing with extended linearity of up to 0. 4g / l | - msds sheet - kit insert - calculation spreadsheet - instrument specific protocols on request for automated analysers - request \u00bb testing for l - lactic acid the l - lactic acid assay kit randox food diagnostics supply is designed for the quantitative in vitro determination of l - lactic acid in red and white wine, beer, and fruit juices. excellent sensitivity and inter and intra - assay precision of > 5 % ensures high quality dependable results. this assay is suitable for manual use or for automation on a range of analysers. the test principle is based on the following enzymatic reaction. the amount of nadh formed in the above reaction is stoichiometric with the amount of l - lactic acid present in the sample. it is the nadh which is measured by the increase in absorbance at 340 nm. this method is specific for l - lactic acid determination. this product is currently supplied to the wine / beverage and food producers globally.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42783998917957083, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c7f806e-4649-46f9-89b6-d2b295b3deef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.633301"}
{"text": "a selection of articles related to friendship etymology. original articles from our library related to the friendship etymology. see table of contents for further available material ( downloadable resources ) on friendship etymology. - the beauty of friendship - acquaintance, friend, lover, partner, soulmate. the pattern of human contact that is so vitally important to our being. emotionally, we not only need to feel connected.. we desire it. but what is a connection? how does it happen? we know certain like signs... spirits > > the soul - group mind effectiveness - \u201c friendship \u201d is really just the psychic alignment of two people, on the basis of good intent. we know the exact moment a friendship is solidified. there is a distinct impression within the body at a given moment in the interaction, when we perceive a... mind > > telepathy and group mind - starting with jesus and the christian path... - during the years of the historical jesus ' life, there are eight or nine years that his whereabouts are not accounted for. meaning these are the ' lost ' years. it was after returning that he truly began to teach his wisdom. many scholars believe he was in india... religion & philosophy > > religions - the elements of color magick - \" color is the place where our mind and the universe meet each other. \" paul cezanne in magick colors represent a certain energy, goal, person ( someone you ' re working for ) or a non - physical being ( deity, spiritual force ). the magickal color meanings... symbology > > colorology - a quick guide to reading ordinary playing cards - divining from regular playing cards is an old practice and i am sure many of us know at least one fortune - telling game done with this tool. reading regular cards is called cartomancy or metasymbology. playing cards have been called \" the devil ' s picture... divination > > tarot cards - the rose - love, healing, symbolism and alchemy - when someone gives you red roses you know what it means : love. some say it means love and respect, but most of the times it means love and desire. the rose, this wondrous lady of flowers, is attributed to femininity. the red rose belongs with aphrodite, the... earth mysteries > > essential oils friendship etymology is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors ' articles, see section below for printable documents, friendship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5947526379972388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4561faae-9372-4fd4-a2b2-c3dbb5db6d38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.638202"}
{"text": "femininity. the red rose belongs with aphrodite, the... earth mysteries > > essential oils friendship etymology is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors ' articles, see section below for printable documents, friendship etymology books and related discussion. suggested pdf resources - what is gonzo? the etymology of an urban legend - journalism also offer different and contradictory etymologies. this paper assesses gonzo '. - vulnerable accumulation : etymology : vulnerable : from l - emotional ties and connection, friendship and affiliations c. intellectual. esposito, roberto communitas : the origin and destiny of community, trans. - a dictionary of ghanaian english - european origin ; possibly some of these are due to their interpretations of... french speaking countries next to ghana friend n. girl - friend / boy - friend froy n. suggested web resources - 1 - online etymology dictionary - plant genus of the borage family, 1753, modern latin, of unknown origin. - online etymology dictionary - the online etymology dictionary. - etymology of word \" friend \" in many languages - wordreference forums - jan 14, 2008 hello team! i ' m working on a project for my university ' s president, studying the etymologies of the word \" friend \" in different languages. - communication, friendship and etymology : the irreverent buddhist - aug 24, 2005 communicate \u201d comes to english from latin, the word is the past - paticiple of communicare, from the root \u201c commune \u201d meaning \u201c to talk. great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick. com library and third - party sources. we appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site. friendship etymology topics related searchescanadian 100 dollar bill peyton manning records the kinks history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5176206632429116, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4561faae-9372-4fd4-a2b2-c3dbb5db6d38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.639117"}
{"text": "cyprus vetoed the controversial bailout offered by the eurozone ' s finance ministers on tuesday. why were the terms of the bailout controversial? what does it mean for the rest of the eurozone? globalpost talked to michael w. klein, the william l. clayton professor of international economic affairs at tufts university ' s fletcher school. why did the cyprus bailout package cause such uproar? with insured deposits, there is a guarantee that there will be no confiscation of depositors ' money. even just the fear of a bank run can lead to a bank run. in the 1930s, none of the deposits were guaranteed by the government and that led to bank runs, which in turn deepened the great depression. government guarantees on insured deposits took away most of those fears. [ the cyprus bailout ] is a little bit of crossing the rubicon to start charging depositors a tax on what they perceived to be insured deposits. the real concern is not so much what ' s going on in cyprus, but if this becomes a method by which bailouts are funded. then, there is concern that this could lead to bank runs all over europe, as other countries ' banks are imperiled. if the same kind of thing happens there, it could be really problematic. what are the potential risks of a bailout that includes taxes on depositors ' accounts? is it a bad precedent to set? i think it is a bad precedent. it doesn ' t distinguish between bad banks and good the bank run is an infrastructure thing because then banks start to shut down and it starves the economy of credit. historically, we ' ve seen that in situations where banks fail, the depressions that ensued were deeper, more severe and more protracted than recessions that arose for other reasons. even though concessions were made to let small depositors off the hook for the tax, the bailout was vetoed by the cyprus government. what does this mean for cyprus and for the rest of the eurozone? there ' s a problem with letting small depositors off the hook logistically, because what could happen is people could split up their deposits and all of a sudden big depositors could look like small depositors. presumably they have information beforehand, so people couldn ' t do that. if you had a deposit in excess of a 100, 000 euros before, you can ' t hide it. for cyprus [ a veto ] means they have to go back to the negotiating table. either they get cut off from the bailout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4416357056352522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b477da9c-8fe8-477c-8b80-1526796cda7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.644967"}
{"text": "that. if you had a deposit in excess of a 100, 000 euros before, you can ' t hide it. for cyprus [ a veto ] means they have to go back to the negotiating table. either they get cut off from the bailout funds or there ' s a realization on all parts that this was a problematic solution and they go back to the table. the problem is though \u2014 people have been talking about this for a while now \u2014 if one country exits the euro area, it could cause a cascade. people have not been focusing on cyprus so far. people have been focusing on greece, of course. if greece were to exit, the concern is, ' who ' s next? ' if cyprus exits... if they don ' t get the bailout and they drop out of the euro, then the question arises again of who ' s next. that question has always been one of the big issues in europe. as market psychology moves against countries, the most immediate problem is that sovereigns have to pay, and everybody else has to pay, much higher interest costs. these interest costs had been coming down and it seemed like things were settling down as compared to a year or two ago, but now the question arises about whether this will cause interest rates to spike up again. the dutch finance minister and deutsche bank ' s chief executive have said this is unlikely to be a model for other countries. why was cyprus a special case? how would this affect other vulnerable countries like spain and italy? cyprus is seen as a financial center where the banks are outsized given the size of the economy. there ' s also an issue with a lot of foreigners parking their money in cyprus. but, nonetheless, people might not necessarily perceive it as a special case. on monday morning when banks opened in spain and italy, there were no bank runs. some people cite that as evidence that cyprus is a special case. on the other hand, it could be the case that the tinder has gotten a lot drier and a spark can do a lot more damage. the fact that it hasn ' t happened yet doesn ' t mean it ' s not going to happen. what ' s the next step in dealing with the euro crisis? greece is still a real problem. greece doesn ' t show signs of recovery. there has been some shift in other countries, but they ' re operating in an environment of very weak growth for europe as a whole. in the last week or so, germany has talked about not providing for the stimulus to its economy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41488456403813256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b477da9c-8fe8-477c-8b80-1526796cda7b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.645910"}
{"text": "of recovery. there has been some shift in other countries, but they ' re operating in an environment of very weak growth for europe as a whole. in the last week or so, germany has talked about not providing for the stimulus to its economy, which means that germany ' s not going to be an instrument of growth for europe. the three problems in europe are the sovereign debt crisis, the banking crisis and slow growth. they ' re all interconnected with each other. you can ' t solve one without solving another. the banking crisis, part of it has to do with non - performing loans, so slow growth affects the banking crisis. the banking crisis means that credit is less available, and that contributes to slow growth. slow growth makes tax receipts lower for the sovereigns, so their debt crisis is worse because the cyclical part of their deficit is large. and then banks hold sovereign debt, and when that looks more imperiled, the banks are more imperiled. all these three things are very interconnected. you can ' t really solve one without solving the other two. so far they seem to have pushed austerity measures as a way of dealing with the eurozone crisis. do you think that ' s the wrong approach? in a lot of countries, ultimately there has to be a scaling back of government spending and a way to raise taxes. however, in the midst of a deep, deep downturn, austerity just makes the situation worse. it ' s sort of an extreme example of what ' s happening in the united states. in the united states, we seem to be coming out of a recession, and the government ' s deficit has been bigger because of the recession. if we started cutting the deficit right now, we would provide very strong headwinds to the recovery. in europe, it ' s like that but much more severe. they ' re in a much worse situation. these countries are just stuck in a deep cycle of austerity and slow growth, which means further deficit problems, which raises more demands for austerity, and so on. it seemed like things were getting a bit better but this is raising concerns so the eurozone crisis may be back in the headlines. there may be second round effects around what ' s going on in cyprus, especially that they ' re willing to cross the rubicon now. once you start not distinguishing between banks that are better off and banks that are worse off, once you say insured deposits are not really insured and are open for taxation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44309732777980276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b477da9c-8fe8-477c-8b80-1526796cda7b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.646990"}
{"text": "skin pigmentation studies that shed light on the evolution of race a special series of papers in the peer - reviewed journal zebrafish provides a comprehensive look at future directions of research on pigment biology. model organisms such as zebrafish advance the scientific understanding of the genetic basis of human skin color and race. the papers, which include historical findings and perspectives, are published by mary ann liebert, inc., and are available online at www. liebertpub. com / zeb \" with the election of the first african - american president of the united states, our society has taken a landmark step towards deracializing human conduct, \" says stephen c. ekker, phd, rochester, mn, editor - in - chief of zebrafish. \" as scientists, we contribute to this work by sharing genetic insights to demystify skin color and race. \" guest editors keith c. cheng, md, phd, department of pathology, penn state college of medicine, and david m. parichy, phd, department of biology, university of washington, have compiled an intriguing collection of original scientific papers and historical perspectives on the study of pigmentation in zebrafish, a vertebrate that shares genetic mechanisms of skin color with humans. the special focus on pigmentation biology includes a roundtable discussion entitled, \" research implications of pigment biology in zebrafish, \" by cheng, parichy, and ekker. keith cheng explains that zebrafish \" have outstanding potential as an educational tool \u201d \u201d to \u2018 demystify \u2019 race, to increase public understanding of the role of model systems and evolution in science, and to enhance appreciation of both genetic and environmental factors that impact human health and society. \" fish research has already played an important part in the discovery of genetic changes that make the largest known contribution to the lighter skin color of europeans. variation \u201d \u201d or genetic polymorphisms \u201d \u201d in these dna sequences are key determinants of pigmentation among different human populations. the special issue of zebrafish also includes an essay by steven a. farber that provides historical perspective on the first application of genetics to manage human society \u2013 a scientific area that lead to the eugenics movement. a series of papers on pigmentation biology features a report on the study of skin cancer in fish by leonard zon and colleagues, and a paper by keith hultzman, alexander scott, and stephen johnson that explores the science behind regeneration and stem cell biology using pigment patterning as a major readout of organogenesis. additional papers focus on natural variation of male ornamental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4845832916977352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9800b7e-b581-4ee0-86f2-fd8c726e2f98>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.650735"}
{"text": "creating sustainable solutions in central america risd students have been traveling to earth u ' s la flor campus in costa rica to explore sustainable solutions to global problems. for many children who grow up in developing countries in central america, their classrooms are little more than cement buildings. indoor plumbing doesn ' t exist, clean drinking water is scarce during the dry season and on sunny days, schoolhouses can turn into sweltering sweatboxes due to poor ventilation. given these conditions, it ' s common for students to become distracted \u2013 even dizzy \u2013 while attempting to concentrate. to help tackle this ongoing problem, risd students enrolled in the interdisciplinary innovation studio : a high - tech, low - tech school, a studio that ' s offered by the industrial design and landscape architecture departments, have developed a prototype off - the - grid schoolhouse for rural costa rica in collaboration with earth university \u2013 the world ' s foremost research institute for sustainable agriculture. since 2008 risd students have been traveling to earth u ' s la flor campus in costa rica ' s guanacaste province to explore sustainable solutions to complex global problems such as poverty, food production and waste management. \u201c as the world becomes more connected, problems that affect human life become more complicated, \u201d notes associate professor charlie cannon, who taught the fall 2012 studio and has been involved in risd ' s ongoing collaborations with earth university. \u201c it was incredibly valuable for students to learn how to develop comprehensive solutions to critical issues. i believe these challenges will truly define the 21st century. \u201d as part of their preliminary research, students were introduced to the local environment through a brief trip to earth university ' s tropical campus, which is situated in the midst of a banana plantation. during their visit in october, they started work on theoretical projects for potential incorporation into the prototype design. students explored eco - progressive concepts for rooftop gardens, tree latrines and clever plumbing configurations, among other ideas hatched in the design studio. mickey rockafellar mla 13 quickly focused on the issue of water. \u201c there isn ' t a problem with water availability during the rainy season, \u201d he explains. \u201c but it becomes scarce during the dry months. \u201d so, after returning to risd, the landscape architect designed an ingenious water collection system that makes use of discarded water bottles, which are both cheap and easy to find in costa rica. the design also includes a sand filtration system that rids water of bacteria. he envisions that the structure can be attached to a schoolhouse \u2013 or any other type of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46255288186482313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad06923e-a4b5-4545-b004-53037d0ee022>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.655349"}
{"text": "bottles, which are both cheap and easy to find in costa rica. the design also includes a sand filtration system that rids water of bacteria. he envisions that the structure can be attached to a schoolhouse \u2013 or any other type of building \u2013 in order to provide clean drinking water. \u201c it ' s efficient and cost effective, \u201d rockafellar notes. \u201c plus, community members can easily build this themselves. \u201d this month, during wintersession, professor colgate searle bla 71 is leading a small team of adventuresome students who are building a prototype of the schoolhouse in costa rica \u2013 using a blueprint developed from selected student designs proposed during the fall studio which was funded by the fund for sustainable education. it will be unveiled at an international climate change conference earth university is hosting in april. the project is a noble one. according to searle, the participating students are part of a larger philanthropic effort lead by earth university that attempts to radically improve academic facilities throughout costa rica. the hope, says searle, is that the prototype will inspire local populations to build their own low - cost schoolhouses to support active learning. \u201c students actually have the potential to change a community ' s standard of living, \u201d notes searle, adding : \u201c now that ' s a real reason to design. \u201d among the key features of the prototype is a roof designed to collect rainwater that will be processed by an on - site filtration system. the rainwater collected will be used for hand washing and to flush indoor toilets. and to make sure students aren ' t sweating at their desks during the warm months, the building will offer an open ventilation system. sturdy materials that are indigenous to the area \u2013 including teak and bamboo \u2013 are being used for the building ' s frame and roof. \u201c we want to make sure that the community is able to replicate this building using the resources available to them, \u201d searle explains. abigail foster 13 id, one of the students helping to build the prototype in costa rica, was asked to photograph the process. the materials will then be added to a book she ' s creating with rawan alsaffar march 13 that chronicles the students ' final projects and offers instruction in sustainable design. the publication will eventually be turned into an online document available to everyone. \u201c the book is a means of communication, \u201d foster explains. \u201c we want the knowledge we cultivated in the innovation studio can be shared with people in many different locations. it ' s about making connections and then building from there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48988570349861904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad06923e-a4b5-4545-b004-53037d0ee022>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.656515"}
{"text": "friday, september 14, 2012 you can start by turning off most tv shows. as a follow - up to our 25 ways to boost your intelligence, we ' ve compiled a list of things that decrease intelligence or iq or cause neurological decline. watching reality tv an austrian study showed participants a reality - like show and asked them to take a knowledge test immediately afterward. those participants fared worse than those who had not seen the reality show beforehand. a ucla study showed that steady sugar consumption for as little as six weeks \" slows the brain, hampering memory and learning. \" americans consume 35 pounds of high - fructose corn syrup each year, ucla reported via the u. s. department of agriculture. research conducted at stanford university in 2009 shows that multitaskers \" who are regularly bombarded with several streams of electronic information do not pay attention, control their memory or switch from one job to another as well as those who prefer to complete one task at a time. \" borderlys via flickr a series of three experiments conducted by cardiff university in wales determined that chewing gum \" impairs short - term memory for both item order and item identity. \" by jono haysom on flickr watching fox news a 2011 study by fairleigh dickinson university found that people who watch fox news are less likely to be knowledgeable about the political landscape than those who watch msnbc, jon stewart ' s the daily show or npr. \" fox news viewers are significantly more misinformed than consumers of news from other sources, \" a 2010 university of maryland study showed. a 2010 kent state university study tested more than 100 obese individuals before and after they had bariatric surgery. men ' s health reports that \" before the surgery, most subjects showed below - average memory skills. but 12 weeks after surgery... their memory test scores had improved to within the average range for all adults. \" researchers at cal berkeley changed the sleep schedule for hamsters every three days for a month and the hamsters produced 50 percent fewer neurons than they did on a normal sleep schedule. a recent study performed by environmental health perspective, a journal published by the national institute of environmental health sciences, concluded that \" children in high - fluoride areas had significantly lower iq scores than those who lived in low - fluoride areas. \" fluoride is found in most drinking water in the united states. flickr \u2013 irargerich in businesses around the world, it ' s fairly common to toss ideas around at meeting to help stimulate creative and productive activity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4985920730408355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5edce003-caf3-42f2-96b9-48d2fd3baca1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.661534"}
{"text": "fluoride areas. \" fluoride is found in most drinking water in the united states. flickr \u2013 irargerich in businesses around the world, it ' s fairly common to toss ideas around at meeting to help stimulate creative and productive activity. but a virginia tech study revealed that \" group settings can diminish expressions of intelligence, especially among women. \" social feedback in settings ranging from jury deliberations to cocktail parties \" had a significant effect \" on the subjects ' problem - solving abilities. being spanked as a child a wide - ranging study by the university of manitoba found that more than five percent of all mental disorder is caused by being spanked or other forms of childhood physical abuse. \" this type of punishment was associated with poor mental outcomes and several mental disorders almost uniformly across the board, \" said tracy afifi, the founder of the study, according to webmd. if you believe the u. s. army, powerpoint presentations are making us stupid. commanders in the army told the new york times in 2010 that the microsoft program \" stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful decision - making. \" paul king via flickr \u201d > rosa menkman via flickr a 2011 study by the journal pediatrics showed that children who watched fast - paced cartoons like spongebob performed poorer at a mental test than those who watched an educational show or those who drew. \" children who watched 9 minutes of a fast - paced cartoon, \" spongebob, in the study ' s case, \" had impairment in their executive function compared with children who were assigned a drawing task and those who watched educational television. \" in addition to the numerous other harmful effects secondhand smoke causes, children who are exposed to enough of it could end up with lower iqs and lower achievement in school and on test scores, according to central michigan university. the yale stress center concluded this year that stressful situations \" can reduce the number of connections between neurons in the brain and impair the ability of managing tense events in the future, \" as reported by the morning call. cumulative stress, yale found, can cause a decrease of gray matter in the brain ' s prefrontal cortex and \" can impair the brain ' s ability to store information and respond to the environment. \" flickr / joephilipson ambien and xanax if you ' re an older individual, taking ambien ( a sleeping pill ) and xanax ( used to ease stress and anxiety ) could become extremely harmful, according to doctors at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5307237111588088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5edce003-caf3-42f2-96b9-48d2fd3baca1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.662615"}
{"text": "/ joephilipson ambien and xanax if you ' re an older individual, taking ambien ( a sleeping pill ) and xanax ( used to ease stress and anxiety ) could become extremely harmful, according to doctors at aarp. these drugs could cause \" memory loss ( even amnesia ), dementia and suicidal thoughts \" among users and \" both xanax and ambien slow down the central nervous system. \" dean812 via flickr lack of iodine you don ' t need much iodine in your system, but it ' s crucial to have before you ' re born. in the prenatal stage, an iodine deficiency \" can lead to serious physical and mental disorders, \" according to steady health. in fully developed adults, an iodine deficiency can lead to a 13 point decrease in iq. smoking weed consistently from adolescence causes \" neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education, \" according to research from duke university. even stopping the habit for a long period of time \" did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent - onset cannabis users. findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain. \" flickr / wiros to help us go ahead with the same spirit, a small contribution from your side will highly be appreciated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47777236480052115, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5edce003-caf3-42f2-96b9-48d2fd3baca1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.663235"}
{"text": "frequently asked questions select a question to view the answer. - how do the different environmental labels and schemes compare? some labels are specific to a single issue, such as forest certification labels ( e. g. the fsc label refers to the origin of fibre and does not consider manufacture ). other labels, such as nordic swan, are used on product and indicate that defined production standards have been met, whereas environmental management systems ( iso14001 and emas ) relate to the manufacturer rather than the product. other schemes, such as paper profile, are designed to provide information only. see the glossary for further information on individual labels and schemes. at a glance refers to the sourcing of fibre from well - managed forests : - fsc 100 % - fsc mixed sources refers to there being a high proportion of recycled fibre : - napm recycled mark - blue angel - fsc recycled refers to environmentally responsible manufacture : - nordic swan - blue angel - eu eco - label provides an overview of environmental information : - paper profile - robert horne \u2019 s green bible sheets - what is the forest & trade network? the wwf - uk forest and trade network ( ftn ) is the uk arm of the worldwide fund for nature \u2019 s global forest and trade network. it strives to improve forest management, link certified forest products with markets, provide support to local and indigenous forest communities and create demand for certified forest products. in short, it aims to ensure that forest products, including paper, come from responsibly managed sources. as a member of the ftn, robert horne is committed to a responsible paper purchasing policy, to increasing how much is know about the origin of fibre in paper products and to ensuring that it comes from well - managed sources. - what are weee and rohs? weee and rohs are associated pieces of legislation relating to electrical and electronic equipment and the components ( including casing and labels ) that they are made from. weee stands for waste electrical and electronic equipment and requires producers of electrical and electronic equipment to finance the collection and recycling of such items. producers are also required to provide information about how to recycle their products. rohs ( restriction of hazardous substances ) require producers to restrict the use of lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, cadmium, polybrominated biphenyls ( pbbs ) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( pbdes ) in electrical and electronic items. robert horne can provide a selection of rohs compliant substrates. - what are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143939045144299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c69fac9d-1938-433a-afec-3527bc5f9826>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.672099"}
{"text": "cadmium, polybrominated biphenyls ( pbbs ) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( pbdes ) in electrical and electronic items. robert horne can provide a selection of rohs compliant substrates. - what are the benefits of using recycled paper? with the growing commitment to responsible forest management, preventing trees being cut down is becoming less of a key incentive for buying recycled paper. however, it is still true that continuing demand for recycled fibre products will relieve pressure on the world \u2019 s forest resources. today the main reason for buying recycled is to generate demand for waste paper that would otherwise go to landfill sites where it would break down and release methane and carbon dioxide, both greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. generally, the production of recycled pulp has less environmental impact than producing virgin fibre pulp. making recycled pulp produces less air pollution and most types of emissions to water are less. recycled pulp production usually requires less water and less energy ( although virgin pulp production can be energy self sufficient by incinerating wood by - products such as bark ). contrary to some beliefs, the ink is not bleached out of the fibre but is removed by soaps. so, it \u2019 s not true that the amount of bleach required is more for recycled pulp. the actual papermaking process will be the same whether the pulp contains virgin or recycled fibre. - what is carbon offsetting? businesses can reduce their carbon emissions ( and so help to reduce climate change ) through energy efficiency and switching to renewable energy sources. the remaining emissions of co2 or equivalent can be calculated and the business can pay to \u2018 offset \u2019 these emissions by planting trees ( which will absorb an equivalent amount of carbon ) or by investing in energy - efficient technologies, often in developing countries ( which will reduce the carbon emissions of others by the appropriate amount ). carbon offsetting is not in itself a solution to climate change and it is sometimes criticised for masking the underlying problem of excessive energy consumption. therefore to be credible, carbon offsetting should be part of a comprehensive energy policy that has a focus on energy efficiency. a growing number of companies are becoming carbon neutral ( at least in part ), including hsbc, sky, barclays bank, bt, avis, honda and o2. - which plastic has the best environmental credentials? all plastics have environmental impacts in terms of raw material use, energy use, emissions and waste from manufacture and potential difficulties in disposal of the end of life product. positive aspects are the longevity of plastic products, versa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4548567357667195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c69fac9d-1938-433a-afec-3527bc5f9826>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.673293"}
{"text": "which plastic has the best environmental credentials? all plastics have environmental impacts in terms of raw material use, energy use, emissions and waste from manufacture and potential difficulties in disposal of the end of life product. positive aspects are the longevity of plastic products, versatility and cost effectiveness, the social or health benefits ( e. g. blood bags and cling film ), lighter packaging and the possibility of recycling. there are few objective sources of information about the environmental attributes of plastics. some environmental groups have raised particular concerns about pvc, although these are disputed by the industry. degradable plastics are not yet commercially viable for most uses and there are concerns that growing crops for use in plastics may not be an appropriate use of land. for some applications ( such as point of sale displays ), paper - based products are becoming popular alternatives, as they are predominantly made from renewable resources and relatively easy to recycle. when making a choice of material it can be useful to take a holistic view and consider issues such as the environmental impact of the substrate and how easily it can be recycled, efficient design and production of the job, the technical requirements of the application and the commercial considerations. - what is pefc? pefc stands for the programme for the endorsement of forest certification schemes and is an international, non - profit organisation that is primarily made up of representatives of the forest products industry. unlike the fsc, it does not set specific standards but is an umbrella brand that incorporates different national forest certification schemes ( e. g. the national scheme in finland is endorsed by the pefc ). this is intended to make the forest certification easier and more applicable to different types of forests. while it continues to make improvements, the pefc scheme is still sometimes criticised by environmental groups for being too variable from country to country and not always addressing conservation and social issues satisfactorily. pefc certified products have therefore been less in demand from end - users than fsc certified grades. however, robert horne supports the principle of forest certification, and as some suppliers want to bring pefc labelled products to market, we have achieved pefc chain of custody. - can i use the fsc logo? to use the fsc logo ( or make any reference to fsc ) on a printed job, an fsc certified paper must be used and the supply chain \u2013 e. g. paper mill, merchant and printer \u2013 must all have fsc chain of custody certification. there are three distinct types of labels featuring the fsc logo ( fsc 100 %,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41237770854442185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c69fac9d-1938-433a-afec-3527bc5f9826>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.674473"}
{"text": "print version issn 0042 - 9686 bull world health organ vol. 87 n. 10 genebra oct. 2009 tami toroyan * ; margie peden department of violence and injury prevention and disability, world health organization, 20 avenue appia, 1211 geneva 27, switzerland road traffic injuries are a leading public health problem, resulting in over 1. 2 million deaths each year. 1 they affect all age groups but their impact is most striking among the young : they are the leading cause of death globally for those between the ages of 15 and 29. while road traffic death rates in many high - income countries have stabilized or declined in recent decades, data suggest that in most regions of the world they are increasing as a result of rapidly increasing motorization combined with insufficient prevention activities. it has been estimated that, unless immediate action is taken, road deaths will rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, resulting in an estimated 2. 4 million fatalities per year. 1, 2 the attention given by policymakers and funders to this epidemic on the world ' s roads has been far from commensurate with the disease burden caused by road traffic injuries. efforts to strengthen advocacy efforts and position road safety higher up political and development agendas and to secure long - term funding for sustained investment in road safety are assisted by the ability to make reliable statements about the magnitude of the problem, improved monitoring of global and regional trends, and identification of the gaps in action that are needed at the national, regional and international levels. this in turn requires a global assessment of road safety measures using a standard method that allows monitoring of trends of several road safety indicators over time, and that enables countries to compare their road safety situation with other countries. such assessments are common in other health related topics : alcohol, tobacco control, and tuberculosis all have tools and indicators that allow them to assess the global status of their particular topic on a regular basis and to use this data for advocacy purposes. this year for the first time such a survey was conducted in 178 countries : the results presented in the global status report on road safety provide the first global overview of road safety, and offer governments, donors, practitioners and researchers the information they need to make evidence - based decisions around road safety. 3 the report presents several key findings that have important policy implications. it confirms previous research that road traffic fatality rates are much higher in low - and middle - income countries ( 21. 5 and 19. 5 per 100 000 respectively ) than in high - income countries ( 10. 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46764474462741734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293e3a4c-512d-4723-b0a0-3bf7505e27d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.683753"}
{"text": "that have important policy implications. it confirms previous research that road traffic fatality rates are much higher in low - and middle - income countries ( 21. 5 and 19. 5 per 100 000 respectively ) than in high - income countries ( 10. 3. per 100 000 ). it highlights that while developing countries represent over 90 % of road traffic deaths, they account for less than half of the world ' s registered vehicles. this links to another finding that shows that almost half of those killed in road traffic crashes are pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists : this proportion of deaths of vulnerable road users is higher in the poorer economies of the world, many of which are still lacking road safety prevention measures and emergency medical services that can cope with the consequences of increasing crashes. halting or reversing the trend in global road traffic fatalities therefore necessitates a broad perspective involving the protection of all road users, in particular, consideration of the needs of vulnerable road users in land use and transport planning decisions. for example, infrastructure developments can separate motorized and non - motorized road users who share road space ; investment in public transport can reduce the risk among vulnerable road users ; and strategies can be used to encourage safe walking and cycling, already major modes of transport in some low - and middle - income countries. reducing dependency on individual forms of motorized transport can also have many associated health and environmental benefits due to reduced air pollution and the health consequences that result from increased levels of physical activity. the report provides some striking trends of national fatalities in several middle - income countries that have undergone rapid urbanization and motorization. these suggest that many low - and middle - income countries that are yet to undergo this transition could see their road traffic death rates rise further unless immediate and decisive action is taken to put into place and sustain several road safety measures. the report provides some important new data on interventions in place at a country level : it shows that a mere 15 % of countries have laws that conform with good practice based on sound evidence of their effectiveness, in spite of evidence on the effectiveness of applying and enforcing legislation relating to key risk factors excessive speed, drink - driving, and the use of seat - belts, child restraints and motorcycle helmets. enforcement of legislation is critical to the success of such measures and the data presented in the report suggest levels of enforcement are inadequate in many countries. finally, the report suggests that there are huge gaps in the quality and coverage of data that many countries collect and report on road traffic injuries, with underreporting of deaths a widespread problem, along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42406419225621983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293e3a4c-512d-4723-b0a0-3bf7505e27d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.686506"}
{"text": "suggest levels of enforcement are inadequate in many countries. finally, the report suggests that there are huge gaps in the quality and coverage of data that many countries collect and report on road traffic injuries, with underreporting of deaths a widespread problem, along with lack of data for monitoring and evaluating interventions. the global status report on road safety provides the first global baseline of road safety against which future efforts can be measured. the results of the report can be used to inform policy decisions in road safety and to leverage political support and resources for safer road transportation for all road users. 1. the global burden of disease 2004 update. geneva : world health organization ; 2008. available from : http : / / www. who. int / healthinfo / global _ burden _ disease / gbd _ report _ 2004update _ annexa. pdf [ accessed on 8 september 2009 ] [ links ]. 2. world health statistics 2008. geneva : world health organization ; 2008. available from : http : / / www. who. int / whosis / whostat / en _ whs08 _ full. pdf [ accessed on 8 september 2009 ] [ links ]. 3. global status report on road safety : time for action. geneva : world health organization ; 2009. available from : http : / / www. who. int / violence _ injury _ prevention / road _ safety _ status / [ accessed on 8 september 2009 ] [ links ].", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43814863762144274, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:293e3a4c-512d-4723-b0a0-3bf7505e27d9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.687174"}
{"text": "conception / leipzig. even the snow on aconcagua mountain in the andes is polluted with pcbs. an international team of researchers detected low concentrations of these toxic, carcinogenic chlorine compounds in samples taken from america ' s highest mountain. the snow samples taken at an altitude of 6200 metres are among the highest traces found anywhere in the world of these substances, which have been banned since 2001. in particular, the samples contained more persistent compounds like hexachlorobiphenyl ( pcb 138 ) and heptachlorobiphenyl ( pcb 180 ). mountain ranges could be a natural trap for persistent organic pollutants that are transported by the atmosphere all over the world, say the scientists from iiqab in barcelona ( now idaea ), the ufz in leipzig and the university of concepcion in chile, writing in the journal environmental chemistry letters. according to the researchers, these findings highlight the need to investigate further the role of mountains in the spread of these pollutants and the associated risks. just a few weeks ago, swiss researchers found similar persistent environmental pollutants in glacial lakes in the alps and pointed to potential risks to drinking water supplies. polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) are among the ' dirty dozen ' persistent organic pollutants banned worldwide under the stockholm convention. until the 1980s, pcbs were used primarily in transformers and capacitors and as hydraulic fluids and diluents. as well as causing chronic effects like acne, hair loss and liver damage, pcbs are also a suspected cause of male infertility. the toxin also represents a danger to a large number of animals because it accumulates in fatty tissue and is passed on via the food chain. the study of environmental pollution in remote mountain regions is difficult because they are not easily accessible. \" this is compounded by the fact that the concentrations are often so small that researchers have to bring back large quantities of snow just to reach the detection limit. while conventional extraction methods need at least a litre of snow, the solvent - free method we used works with 40 ml, \" explains peter popp of the helmholtz centre for environmental research ( ufz ), who analysed the samples in the laboratory in leipzig. roberto quiroz of iiqab, the spanish research institute for environmental chemistry ( now researcher at the eula chile environmental sciences centre ), adds, \" on expeditions to high mountain peaks, every gram counts. we would never have been able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48820289354646695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e80b2d-2be0-4118-b330-c15d3c60178f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.691556"}
{"text": ". roberto quiroz of iiqab, the spanish research institute for environmental chemistry ( now researcher at the eula chile environmental sciences centre ), adds, \" on expeditions to high mountain peaks, every gram counts. we would never have been able to carry 40 litres of snow per sample. so we were very pleased that only 40 ml per sample were required for analysis in leipzig. \" aconcagua is in the southern andes, close to the chile - argentina border, and has five large glaciers. it was a holy mountain of the incas. as one of the seven summits ( the highest mountains of each of the seven continents ) aconcagua is now a popular destination for mountaineers. the first to reach the summit was swiss mountaineer matthias zurbriggen in 1897. during the 2003 expedition, the chilean researchers took samples at altitudes of 3500, 4300, 5000, 5800 and 6200 metres. the concentrations measured do not represent any immediate danger to mountaineers, who melt small quantities of snow to obtain water. the pcb concentration on aconcagua was less than half a nanogram per litre. compared with the values measured in other mountain and polar regions, the concentrations on the mountain peak in the andes were relatively low. concentrations four times higher have been measured in the italian alps, for instance \u2013 an indication that pollution in the southern hemisphere is less severe than in the northern hemisphere. the pcb concentrations measured around the peak of mount aconcagua were approximately one - tenth of those found in earlier samples taken from sierra velluda, a mountain just 3500 metres high on the west side of the andes in chile. \" this could be because of the way in which these pollutants accumulate in the snow. but it could also have something to do with the three hydroelectric power stations on the lower slopes of sierra velluda. their transformers are potential sources of pcbs, \" suggests ricardo barra of the eula - chile centre for environmental research at concepcion university. \" however, detecting pcbs in the snow on top of aconcagua clearly shows that these compounds are transported to the andes by the atmosphere and accumulate there. \" the research findings are also relevant in relation to climate change : \" the shrinking of the glaciers could lead to the pollutants stored in the glacier snow being carried down with the melt water, \" fears roberto quiroz. south america is not the only part of the world in which water from melting glaciers plays an important role in irrigation for farming and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4798008944408957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e80b2d-2be0-4118-b330-c15d3c60178f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.692519"}
{"text": "may 13, 2002 stanford, calif. - researchers at stanford university medical center have created fruit flies with a condition that mimics human diabetes. although it ' s a big evolutionary leap from flies to humans, the researchers say their tiny diabetic \" patients \" will help scientists understand how insulin - releasing cells develop - a first step toward replacing cells lost in human diabetes. \" the idea is that the more you know about normal development the better chance you have to make stem cells develop into insulin - producing cells, \" said eric rulifson, phd, a postdoctoral fellow in developmental biology and lead author of a paper due out in the may 10 issue of science. insulin ' s normal role in the body is to help muscle, liver and fat cells take up sugar from the blood and use it for energy. in type i diabetes ( also known as juvenile diabetes ), the immune system destroys pancreatic cells that produce insulin. without insulin, sugar accumulates in the blood, damaging the eyes, kidneys, blood vessels and nerves, and preventing the body from converting sugar to energy. people with type i diabetes must inject insulin in order to survive. one potential cure involves using stem cells to generate replacements for the lost insulin - producing cells. the problem is coaxing those stem cells to develop into pancreatic cells rather than some unrelated cell type. to entice those cells down the correct developmental pathway, researchers need to know how the cells normally develop. this is where the fruit fly excels, said roel nusse, phd, professor of developmental biology and co - author on the paper. although flies are less complicated than humans, they retain the same basic biological process and are much easier to study. \" there are many examples of functions that are conserved between flies and humans, \" said nusse, who is also an investigator at the howard hughes medical institute. as an example, nusse points out that one branch of the immune system is nearly identical in flies and humans, including the genes and molecular defenses used by the two systems. because of this similarity, researchers have been able to learn more about the human immune system by studying flies. rulifson said the same could be true for insulin - producing cells. \" if the fly cells are using the same molecules and genes as humans, then there ' s a good chance that much of the pathway of development is conserved, \" he said. to make the diabetic flies, rulifson first identified a group of cells in the brain that produce insulin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45378336304647504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a43f202c-4a51-4fbe-9036-288742819dd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.696692"}
{"text": "genes as humans, then there ' s a good chance that much of the pathway of development is conserved, \" he said. to make the diabetic flies, rulifson first identified a group of cells in the brain that produce insulin. he then specifically destroyed only those insulin - producing cells in the fly larvae. these larvae were significantly smaller than their normal counterparts and took longer to develop into full - fledged flies. what ' s more, the fly larvae that lacked insulin had high blood - sugar levels, comparable to human diabetes. when rulifson looked at where the insulin - producing cells were located in the fly brain, he found that they sent projections to the heart, where the nerves released insulin into the larvae ' s circulatory system. this is similar to how the pancreatic cells release insulin into the human bloodstream. the nerves also sent projections to a group of cells that release a protein similar to human glucagon. this substance has the opposite effect of insulin - causing cells to release stored sugar into the blood when blood - sugar levels are low. together, the two opposing hormones keep human blood - sugar levels steady, and may do the same in flies. rulifson called these similarities between fly and human hormonal systems \" the tip of the iceberg. \" he said there is enough similarity to suspect his diabetic flies will be good models for the human disease. \" this fly model could help us understand the origin of insulin - producing cells in people, \" he said. rulifson is supported as an advanced postdoctoral fellow by the juvenile diabetes research foundation. stanford university medical center integrates research, medical education and patient care at its three institutions - stanford university school of medicine, stanford hospital & clinics and lucile packard children ' s hospital at stanford. for more information, please visit the web site of the medical center ' s office of communication & public affairs at http : / / mednews. stanford. edu. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by stanford university medical center. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.473846401654323, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a43f202c-4a51-4fbe-9036-288742819dd1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.697789"}
{"text": "mar. 22, 2009 the territory where the higgs boson may be found continues to shrink. the latest analysis of data from the cdf and dzero collider experiments at the u. s. department of energy ' s fermilab now excludes a significant fraction of the allowed higgs mass range established by earlier measurements. those experiments predict that the higgs particle should have a mass between 114 and 185 gev / c2. now the cdf and dzero results carve out a section in the middle of this range and establish that it cannot have a mass in between 160 and 170 gev / c2. \u201c the outstanding performance of the tevatron and cdf and dzero together have produced this important result, \u201d said dennis kovar, associate director of the office of science for high energy physics at the u. s. department of energy. \u201c we ' re looking forward to further tevatron constraints on the higgs mass. \" the higgs particle is a keystone in the theoretical framework known as the standard model of particles and their interactions. according to the standard model, the higgs boson explains why some elementary particles have mass and others do not. so far, the higgs particle has eluded direct detection. searches at the large electron positron collider at the european laboratory cern established that the higgs boson must weigh more than 114 gev / c2. calculations of quantum effects involving the higgs boson require its mass to be less than 185 gev / c2. \" a cornerstone of nsf ' s support of particle physics is the search for the origin of mass, and this result takes us one step closer, \" said physics division director joe dehmer, of the national science foundation. the observation of the higgs particle is also one of the goals of the large hadron collider experiments at cern, which plans to record its first collision data before the end of this year. the success of probing the higgs territory at the tevatron has been possible thanks to the excellent performance of the accelerator and the continuing improvements that the experimenters incorporate into the analysis of the collider data. \u201c fermilab \u2019 s tevatron collider typically produces about ten million collisions per second, \u201d said dzero co - spokesperson darien wood, of northeastern university. \u201c the standard model predicts how many times a year we should expect to see the higgs boson in our detector, and how often we should see particle signals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6211137421660784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbdf5547-de56-4b9a-abca-f4b5f6a5e6e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.702239"}
{"text": ", \u201d said dzero co - spokesperson darien wood, of northeastern university. \u201c the standard model predicts how many times a year we should expect to see the higgs boson in our detector, and how often we should see particle signals that can mimic a higgs. by refining our analysis techniques and by collecting more and more data, the true higgs signal, if it exists, will sooner or later emerge. \u201d to increase their chances of finding the higgs boson, the cdf and dzero scientists combine the results from their separate analyses, effectively doubling the data available. \u201c a particle collision at the tevatron collider can produce a higgs boson in many different ways, and the higgs particle can then decay into various particles, \u201d said cdf co - spokesperson rob roser, of fermilab. \u201c each experiment examines more and more possibilities. combining all of them, we hope to see a first hint of the higgs particle. \u201d so far, cdf and dzero each have analyzed about three inverse femtobarns of collision data - - - the scientific unit that scientists use to count the number of collisions. each experiment expects to receive a total of about 10 inverse femtobarns by the end of 2010, thanks to the superb performance of the tevatron. the collider continues to set numerous performance records, increasing the number of proton - antiproton collisions it produces. the higgs search result is among approximately 70 results that the cdf and dzero collaborations presented at the annual conference on electroweak physics and unified theories known as the rencontres de moriond, held march 7 - 14. in the past year, the two experiments have produced nearly 100 publications and about 50 ph. d. s that have advanced particle physics at the energy frontier. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5856528238068525, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bbdf5547-de56-4b9a-abca-f4b5f6a5e6e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.703528"}
{"text": "june 3, 2009 florida institute of technology researchers are trying to solve one of the great mysteries in nature : how thunderstorms make lightning. because, in principle, lightning is a big spark it should behave like other sparks \u2014 like the ones created when we touch a door knob on a dry day. scientists have accumulated evidence, however, that lightning sometimes behaves in very un - spark - like ways. lightning can start in regions of thunderstorms that have relatively low electric fields and, so, should create no sparks. because lightning obviously is made by thunderstorms, scientists are left wondering what they are missing. three such scientists, joseph dwyer and hamid rassoul from florida tech and martin uman from the university of florida developed a new technique to remotely measure thunderstorm electric fields on the ground. by measuring small radio pulses made by cosmic - rays passing through these storms, they calculate that they can reconstruct the electric fields along the high - energy particle ' s paths. this could allow them to measure any lightning initiation pockets that might exist. one idea is that thunderstorms generate big electric fields capable of making sparks, but those strong fields are localized in very small pockets \u2014 too small to be easily detected by the balloons and aircraft sent into thunderclouds to measure the fields. although this seems reasonable, the problem has been how to test it. indeed, for decades scientists have struggled in vain to find such pockets where lightning might be initiated. \" cosmic - rays are high - energy particles from outer space that constantly rain down on our planet. they form a natural probe for measuring thunderstorms, \" explained dwyer, professor of physics and space sciences, who is leading the research effort. \" thunderstorms are big, violent, and dangerous places. cosmic - ray air showers allow us to study them from a relatively safe location on the ground. \" \" it ' s a daunting task to find these high field regions, \" explained rassoul, professor of physics and space sciences. \" thunderstorms are large and the chance that a balloon would find its way into exactly the right place at the right time to catch lightning initiation is small. \" this summer at the uf / florida tech international center for lightning research and testing at camp blanding, fla., scientists are conducting experiments to search for these lightning initiation pockets. if successful, researchers will be closer to understanding lightning, a phenomenon that has mystified people for thousands of years. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287411185098752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97cbbbd9-0745-4915-a8dd-3eccbd1e50ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.706354"}
{"text": "jan. 20, 2013 research led by st. jude children ' s research hospital scientists has identified a possible lead in treatment of two childhood leukemia subtypes known for their dramatic loss of chromosomes and poor treatment outcomes. the findings also provide the first evidence of the genetic basis for this high - risk leukemia, which is known as hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( all ). normal human cells have 46 chromosomes, half from each parent, but hypodiploid all is characterized by fewer than 44 chromosomes. chromosomes are highly condensed pieces of dna, the molecule that carries the inherited instructions for assembling and sustaining a person. the research appears in the january 20 advance online edition of the scientific journal nature genetics. the study, the largest ever focused on hypodiploid all, confirmed that this tumor has distinct subtypes distinguished by the number of chromosomes lost and the submicroscopic genetic alterations they harbor. researchers found evidence suggesting more than one - third of patients with a subtype known as low hypodiploid all have li - fraumeni syndrome. families with li - fraumeni syndrome harbor inherited mutations in the tp53 tumor suppressor gene and have a high risk of a range of cancers. hypodiploid all had not previously been recognized as a common manifestation of li - fraumeni syndrome. researchers reported that the major hypodiploid subtypes are both sensitive to a family of compounds that block the proliferation of cancer cells. the compounds include drugs already used to treat other cancers. the subtypes are low hypodiploid all, characterized by 32 to 39 chromosomes, and near haploid all, which has 24 to 31 chromosomes. \" this study is a good example of the important insights that can be gained by studying the largest possible number of patients in as much detail as possible. this approach led us to key insights about these leukemia subtypes that we would otherwise have missed, \" said the study ' s senior and corresponding author, charles mullighan, mbbs ( hons ), msc, m. d., an associate member of the st. jude pathology department. mullighan is a pew scholar in biomedical sciences. the near haploid and low hypodiploid all subtypes represent 1 to 2 percent of the estimated 3, 000 pediatric all cases diagnosed annually in the u. s. but they account for a much larger number of all treatment failures. today more than 90 percent of young all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515995512677993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18f37a59-34f7-4707-b39d-64ccd63e8523>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.714301"}
{"text": "project has sequenced the complete normal and cancer genomes of more than 600 children and adolescents with some of the most aggressive and least understood cancers. near haploid all was characterized by alterations in six genes and increased activity in key pathways that help regulate cell division and development. disruption of these pathways, known as ras and pi3k, has been linked to other cancers. the changes were found in 71 percent of near haploid all patients and included deletion of the nf1 gene. the gene had not previously been linked to high - risk leukemia. other alterations involved the genes nras, kras, mapk1, flt3 and ptpn11. low hypodiploid all in both adults and children was linked to mutations in the tp53 tumor suppressor gene. the gene was altered in 91 percent of pediatric patients with the all subtype and in 10 of the 11 adults with low hypodiploid all included in the study. other common alterations involved rb1, another tumor suppressor gene. about 38 percent of children with low hypodiploid all also carried tp53 abnormalities in non - cancerous blood cells. the mutations included many previously linked to li - fraumeni syndrome, which is characterized by changes in tp53. further evidence linking low hypodiploid all to li - fraumeni syndrome came when researchers found the same tp53 mutation in two generations of the same family. the father was 31 years old when he was found to have a brain tumor associated with li - fraumeni syndrome. his son later developed low hypodiploid all. \" identification of children with low - hypodiploid all and inherited tp53 mutations could help expand the use of life - saving cancer screening, \" said linda holmfeldt, ph. d., a st. jude postdoctoral fellow. she and lei wei, ph. d., of the st. jude department of computational biology and formerly of pathology, are the study ' s co - first authors. \" screening helps save lives by finding cancers much earlier when the odds of a cure are greatest, \" holmfeldt said. investigators also reported deletions involving ikaros gene family members that are rare in other all patients. the genes play a role in normal immune system development. the ikzf3 gene, also known as aiolos, was deleted in 13 percent of near haploid all patients. ikzf3 was deleted in nearly 53 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5121224696382682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18f37a59-34f7-4707-b39d-64ccd63e8523>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.716586"}
{"text": "patients. the genes play a role in normal immune system development. the ikzf3 gene, also known as aiolos, was deleted in 13 percent of near haploid all patients. ikzf3 was deleted in nearly 53 percent of patients with low hypodiploid all. despite such differences, when researchers tested a variety of compounds against cells from both subtypes growing in the laboratory, they found compounds that targeted the pi3k pathway inhibited proliferation. researchers are testing the effectiveness of these drugs in mouse models. the authors are ernesto diaz - flores and mignon loh, both of university of california school of medicine, san francisco ; michael walsh, jinghui zhang, debbie payne - turner, michelle churchman, shann - ching chen, kelly mccastlain, jared becksfort, jing ma, gang wu, letha phillips, guangchun song, john easton, matthew parker, xiang chen, michael rusch, kristy boggs, bhavin vadodaria, erin hedlund, christina drenberg, sharyn baker, deqing pei, cheng cheng, geoffrey neale, david ellison, sheila shurtleff, ching - hon pui, raul ribeiro, susana raimondi and james downing, all of st. jude ; anna andersson of st. jude and lund university hospital, sweden ; samir patel and susan heatley, both formerly of st. jude ; li ding, charles lu, robert fulton, lucinda fulton, yashodhan tabib, david dooling, kerri ochoa, elaine mardis and richard wilson, all of washington university ; mark minden, princess margaret hospital / university health network, toronto ; ian lewis and l. bik to, both of the institute of medical and veterinary science, adelaide, australia ; paula marlton, princess alexandra hospital, queensland, australia ; andrew roberts, royal melbourne hospital, australia ; gordana raca and wendy stock, both of university of chicago school of medicine ; hans drexler, german collection of microorganisms and cell cultures, braunschweig, germany ; ross dickins, walter & eliza hall institute of medical research, parkville, australia ; meenakshi devidas, university of florida, gainesville ; andrew carroll, university of alabama at birmingham ; nyla heerema and julie gastier - foster, the ohio state university ; brent wood, seattle children ' s hospital ; and michael borowitz, johns hopkins hospital, baltimore. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208910160409084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18f37a59-34f7-4707-b39d-64ccd63e8523>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.718845"}
{"text": "deadly navy sonar strikes again last wednesday, about 80 dolphins beached themselves in the florida keys. the miami herald reported that this occurred after a nuclear - powered submarine used two different types of active sonar to navigate over several days as it trained off the florida keys last week, including the day of a massive dolphin stranding in marathon, florida. more than 20 of the dolphins have already died. last month, 37 whales of three different species died after beaching themselves in north carolina. though navy officials maintain there is not enough conclusive evidence to link sonar to either mass stranding, they admit their ships were using sonar in nearby waters at those times, carrying out training exercises for the possibility of a terrorist attack. mounting evidence indicates that mid - and low - frequency range active sonar ( lfa ) can cause whales and dolphins to beach, surface too quickly, or behave in other unusual ways. at close range, the system ' s shock waves are so intense they can destroy a whale ' s eardrums, cause its lungs to hemorrhage, and even kill it. further away, lfa noise can cause permanent hearing loss in marine mammals after a single transmission. at 40 miles away, lfa noise is still so intense it can disrupt the mating, feeding, and nursing and other behaviors of marine mammals. some sonar systems can generate 235 decibels. in the air, that ' s as loud as a shuttle launch. the international whaling commission and other environmental and scientific groups have published reports supporting the possibility that sonar has such effects scientists are warning that lfa sonar may threaten the very survival of entire populations of whales, some already teetering on the brink of extinction. last week, the bush administration issued a statement strongly opposing international efforts to restrict sonar use, in favor of using active sonar worldwide. \" the navy is intent upon terrorizing dolphins, whales, and other marine species with this overkill technology, \" said captain paul watson. \" john paul jones said that the role of the u. s. navy was to place itself in harm ' s way. now we have the u. s. navy placing entire species of whales and dolphins in harm ' s way. the question must be asked, \u2018 just why is this lfa system being deployed? ' it is only useful in nuclear submarine warfare. the soviets are not a threat anymore. terrorists do not deploy submarines. none of the so - called \u2018 axis of evil ' nations have submarines. this is simply one of those pork - barrel waste - the - taxpayers - money schemes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44137508613585613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88e0c71c-dde1-4ec2-9c86-a51956ab5f24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.806183"}
{"text": "off the shelf chemistry 1. the student will learn that chemicals are not something just found in laboratories. our physical environment is composed of chemicals. our bodies are composed of chemicals. understanding the principles of chemistry helps us better understand our world. 2. the student will learn to read and understand the ingredient labels on consumer products. in doing this the student will become a more sophisticated consumer. 3. the student will be able to use both english and si systems of weights and measures to conduct experiments and to compare different brands of similar products. 4. the student will learn the importance of making and recording accurate observations. 5. the student will learn that in science, language is very important. terms must be carefully defined in order for scientists to communicate with each other. the student will learn the difference between operational definitions and conceptual definitions. 6. the student will develop an appreciation of the chemistry that is used in our everyday lives. this chemistry lab manual is designed to use consumer products for student chemistry experiments. the students should be required to shop for many of the reagents. they will need to carefully read the labels of the products. they will develop greater understanding with experience. as they develop the good habit of reading the fine print on the ingredients portion of the label, they will be more confident of their ability to make informed intelligent choices. safety : all standard chemistry lab safety procedures must be strictly followed. the instructor must carefully check the labels on all the products used in the labs. the formula of a product and the chemicals used in a product can be changed by the manufacturer at any time. obtaining the chemicals : here is a list of where the chemicals for the experiments may be purchased. all of the reagents for these experiments may be purchased in supermarkets, drugstores, paint stores, etc., except chemical indicator solutions. no lab tables required : these experiments are especially suited to schools that have intensive scheduling. the experiments are designed to use a minimum of laboratory equipment so that they may be carried out on tables in a standard classroom if necessary. this allows the students to do hands on lab work without being in the chemistry lab. the emphasis is inquiry. the students must do more thinking and will not be able to look up answers to complete the laboratory reports. this makes these experiments more challenging than they may appear at first glance. background information : as in any scientific endeavor, the first step is to gather information about the subject. before each experiment, the students need to have information relevant to the lab topic. the pre lab discussion provides some background information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5316415907578442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64a9b784-81f4-44ac-9eda-9267e0cef2a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.830733"}
{"text": "appear at first glance. background information : as in any scientific endeavor, the first step is to gather information about the subject. before each experiment, the students need to have information relevant to the lab topic. the pre lab discussion provides some background information. the teacher may wish to provide additional information or the students may look up additional relevant information. language skill building : clear precise communication is a key to good science. scientists must be able to communicate their findings in unambiguous language. this often means that the common words are defined as used in this report so that the reader knows exactly what the scientist means when he reads the term. the teacher may wish to discuss the term significant as it is found in many scientific studies. it is usually defined using a statistical test in a scientific study but it shows up in advertising without any definition. scientific writing is designed to have only one interpretation while poetry will invoke many different meanings, depending on the reader ' s personal experiences. students often tell the teacher that they \" know \" something but can ' t put it into words. developing language skills is a large part of science, and students must be taught how to better use their language to communicate their ideas. the first step is to have students clearly define the terms that they are using. in many experiments, the students need to develop operational definitions for terms that are needed to describe critical aspects of the experiment. scientific thinking : the students must develop confidence in their own thinking ability. great science does not depend on expensive complex equipment but on the clear thinking of the experimenter. the experiments in this manual serve only as entertainment if students do not do the follow - up thinking scientifically. teachers should insist that students think before they write and that they express their thoughts clearly. printing the labs : the labs are available both as web pages and as adobe portable document format ( pdf ) files, a more printer - friendly format. you must have adobe acrobat reader installed on your computer to use this feature. you can download the free adobe acrobat reader software here. 1. introduction to alchemy like the alchemists, our objective is to make gold from base metals ; we use drain cleaner, pennies and galvanized nails. 2. water, water everywhere different to determine the differences between samples of water obtained by the class. 3. a slippery slimy substance to make and study an unusual polymer, using borax, guar gum and food coloring. 4. what is the pop in popcorn? to determine what causes some corn kernel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6084119007045422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64a9b784-81f4-44ac-9eda-9267e0cef2a1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.832152"}
{"text": "of water obtained by the class. 3. a slippery slimy substance to make and study an unusual polymer, using borax, guar gum and food coloring. 4. what is the pop in popcorn? to determine what causes some corn kernels to pop when heated. 5. hard rock candy to study how crystals form while making sugar crystal rock candy. 6. heat - - hide & seek to learn the difference between heat and temperature, using moth crystals. 7. hot & cold reactions to explore the energy of chemical reactions, using baking soda, lye, vinegar, zinc, hcl. 8. are we saturated yet? to make and observe the properties of unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions, using photography fixer. 9. cleaning up your act to make a useable soap. 10. the solution to solubility is the solvent to determine the solubility of three general types of common solvents : water, alcohol and xylene. pdf lab for the solution to solubility is 11. out spot, darn spot to explore the science of laundry. this laboratory exercise is different from the others in that students will not be given a set procedure to follow to remove a spot. instead they will need to use the information provided to develop a procedure to remove a spot. 12. can the mettle of metal be improved? to determine the effects of annealing, quenching, and tempering on metals, using bobbi pins, hair clip, single strand steel wire. 13. creepy metals to determine the tensile strength and creep in three common metals. 14. blowing up balloons, chemically to determine what observable factors are changed in a chemical reaction and what factors remain constant. to determine the amount of acid neutralized by several brands of antacid tablet. 16. chemistry clicks your bic to experimentally determine the molecular mass of butane, using a lighter. 17. electric gel cell to make functional electrical cells and determine the relative strength of each type of cell, using jell - o. 18. viscosity is a virtue to compare the viscosity of motor oil at different temperatures ; compare the viscosities of several grades of motor oil ; and to compare the viscosity of new and used motor oil. \u00a9 1999 robert farber - all rights reserved. teachers are encouraged to copy and modify these labs for use in their teaching. please send any questions or comments to robert farber ( firstname. lastname @ example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5391769322964001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64a9b784-81f4-44ac-9eda-9267e0cef2a1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.833458"}
{"text": "schaub was photographing at an antique auto show when she decided to put a 17mm lens on her minolta x - 700 camera. for this unique point of view she photographed at about a foot from the front wheel and tilted the camera to encompass the entire car. this created severe distortion of the wheel. the effect was enhanced by using an aperture of f / 22 to ensure sharpness throughout the picture plane. \u00a9 2003, grace schaub, all rights reserved we judge near and far, big and small by our innate sense of perspective. a sort of visual grammar, it orders the world around and ensures that we can get where we ' re going and that when we reach out to touch we ' ll have a tactile rather than virtual experience. in photography, and all visual arts, the relationship of foreground and background is established by the relative size of subjects within the picture ' s two - dimensional plane. barry staver made this image while working on a british airways in - flight magazine assignment about raising buffalo. this image was made with a nikon f5 and a 20 - 35mm f / 2. 8 nikkor lens on kodak 100 sw film. staver used the widest setting on the zoom ( 20mm ) and got close to the wrangler. this created a dynamic composition where the cowboy seems to pop out of the frame while retaining the context of the working atmosphere of the ranch. \u00a9 2003, barry staver, all rights reserved much of what determines our sense of a scene ' s perspective is the lens we use to create the image. so - called \" normal \" lenses, such as a 50mm in 35mm format and an 80mm in medium format, are called just that because they order perspective in a way that is close to what we see. but when we use very wide angle or long telephoto lenses, combined with a particular point of view, we can skew that normal sense of perspective and create another way of looking at a subject or scenes. for some, such as architectural photographers, that can result in unwanted distortion. this can be corrected with camera movements or special lenses, known as pc ( or perspective control ) lenses. but one person ' s distortion is another ' s creative point of view, and that ' s where creative use of long and short lenses comes into play. lenses not only get you close to distant subjects ; they also can help you \" assemble \" disparate elements of a scene into closely packed elements. taken from about 30 ft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269334963605159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d45a4720-74c3-47f0-ac53-abe2a42cd1bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.840463"}
{"text": "that ' s where creative use of long and short lenses comes into play. lenses not only get you close to distant subjects ; they also can help you \" assemble \" disparate elements of a scene into closely packed elements. taken from about 30 ft away with a tamron 28 - 200mm lens set at 200mm and an aperture of f / 16 ( to maximize depth of field ) on a canon eos 1n, this street scene becomes a collection of very different subjects unified by the frame. \u00a9 2003, george schaub, all rights reserved a sense of space when used to their full potential very wide angle lenses ( 24mm and wider ) tend to expand space by altering the apparent distance between foreground and background subjects. conversely, long - range telephoto lenses ( 200mm and longer ) tend to compress those distances and create what is known as a \" stacking \" effect. but use of the lens alone does not guarantee the full visual effect. to enhance the expansion of space with wide angle lenses, exploit their close focusing distance capability and get close to the foreground subject, being sure to allow for the context, or background, to show. an added visual kick is when the lenses are used at narrow apertures to obtain a deep zone of sharpness, or depth of field. placement of the foreground subject at the edge of the frame and tilting the lens to the side, up, or down further adds to the effect. we use a long lens to isolate a set of subjects within a distant landscape we choose both a composition and a distinct point of view unique to the \" photographic \" eye. this scene, photographed by frances schultz, uses a painterly effect known as aerial perspective. the darker near foreground is separated from the distant background by the interplay of light and dark tonal values. so even though the telephoto lens \" stacks \" the foreground and background, aerial perspective provides a sense of \u00a9 2003, frances e. schultz, all rights reserved to compress space, make use of the narrower angle of view of long telephoto lenses to stack subjects together. the effect is a flattening of the image plane and is an excellent way to enhance repeating patterns, group similar subjects, or play with the juxtaposition of one environment with another. telephoto lenses can also be used to create abstractions from larger subjects, such as buildings or long - distance landscape views. they can also be used to isolate distant subjects so that other visual effects, such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111850164695546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d45a4720-74c3-47f0-ac53-abe2a42cd1bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.843745"}
{"text": "living under the protection of the canadian navy and in a world safeguarded by international conventions, it \u2019 s hard for us to imagine that terror once lurked in the waters off the coast of the maritimes. yet when marsters uses that word in his title, he \u2019 s not exaggerating. for three hundred years, during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, people living on the atlantic coast were regularly at risk from marauding privateers. the line between privateering and piracy was sometimes thin. both pirates and privateers preyed on ships and coastal towns. and privateers were occasionally as ruthless as pirates in the treatment of their captives. the critical difference between them was the privateer \u2019 s letter of marque. as long as they followed the rules laid out in that official government commission, privateers could legally attack both enemy ships and ships trading with the enemy in time of war. they brought these ships or \u201c prizes \u201d back to port to be condemned, which meant that a judge determined whether or not the cargo was enemy property. any condemned goods belonged to the individual or corporation that employed the privateer, and the employers usually auctioned the cargoes off and pocketed the profit. it was \u201c the merchant \u2019 s way of waging war. \u201d marsters quickly gets these and some other explanations out of the way at the beginning of his book, because his focus is not on privateering in general but on the stories of individual privateers. he highlights their personal histories, their adventures, and their influence on the times in which they lived. during the early years of french colonization, for example, forts and settlements were often severely undermanned and the governors had to rely on privateers to protect the fledgling colony. even more important, when trade was cut off from france because of armed conflict, the cargos captured by privateers kept the colonists from starving. pierre morpain was one such hero. he spent much of his fifty year career defending the colonies of port royal and louisbourg against the british. his cruises took him from newfoundland to haiti in search of prizes, and he inspired the new england colonists with so much dread that for years after his death they still remembered \u201c morpang the pirate. \u201d the story of morpain is typical of this book. the chapters are arranged roughly chronologically, focusing either on individual privateers or on particular conflicts that saw the reemergence of privateering. we read about d \u2019 iberville \u2019 s brilliant battle strategy in his attacks along hudson \u2019 s bay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42795400817897045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3414fa0-64ed-40a1-9e9c-7b7254214d08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.847975"}
{"text": "chapters are arranged roughly chronologically, focusing either on individual privateers or on particular conflicts that saw the reemergence of privateering. we read about d \u2019 iberville \u2019 s brilliant battle strategy in his attacks along hudson \u2019 s bay. we see how privateers were involved in the destruction of acadian settlements. and we learn about the predatory actions of american privateers during the revolutionary war. they fell upon the town of liverpool in one instance, looting the houses, burning the homes of people who resisted, and sailing off with their plunder. the citizens had to bear their losses at that time, but they did exact revenge some forty years later. during the war of 1812, the liverpool packet turned the tables on the americans and terrorized the coast of new england. marsters has interspersed these romantic sea stories and historical accounts with a generous number of illustrations. his experience as an interpreter at the maritime museum of the atlantic must have been stood him in good stead as he assembled this collection. paintings of battles, seaports, and ships under full sail combine with contemporary maps and photographs of artifacts related to privateering life. the result is a visually captivating book, well deserving of its place on the shortlist in the non - fiction category of the atlantic book awards.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4328936499864168, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3414fa0-64ed-40a1-9e9c-7b7254214d08>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.849807"}
{"text": "gulf coast activists resolve to save lousiana \u2019 s disappearing bayou by brian vanneman every year, 25 to 35 square miles of louisiana \u2019 s bayou country \u2014 an area larger than manhattan \u2014 sinks into the gulf of mexico. since the 1930s, an area about the size of rhode island has disappeared. and without and focused intervention, the rate of loss is likely to accelerate. | the gulf inches washes closer to a coastal louisiana home, above. barbara and maurice coman, at bottom, are fighting for the preservation of the the coast ' s rich wildlife habitats \u2014 and for the area ' s future as a population and economic center. ( top and center photos courtesy of the coalition to restore coastal louisiana. ) maurice coman, a longtime kayaker and gulf coast regional conservation committee ( gcrcc ) chair, loves to paddle through these disappearing marshlands near his metairie, louisiana, home, especially in the spring. \" can \u2019 t go out too much until after the storm clouds settle, \" he says. then he \u2019 s free to meander through little - visited backwater bayous, surrounded by tall grasses, vast flocks of migratory birds, and gentle ridges topped coman and his fellow conservation committee members jumpstarted their campaign to limit coastal erosion after their annual meeting at the defelice complex perched at the dead end of highway 56, in the heart of louisiana \u2019 s vast wetlands. tom douglas, a bird - lover, chemistry professor, and committee member from houston, was shocked by the far - reaching implications of the sinking wetlands. \" many of the birds we have in texas \u2014 great blue herons, snowy and american egrets \u2014 also migrate through louisiana, \" he said, \" and they depend on the abundant water life there for survival. \" in fact, some five million migratory birds, traveling from as far as canada and through the area every year. after long travels, they depend on the shrimp and fish whose habitats are endangered by coastal subsidence. unlike other wildlands issues important to the club, there is no clear wrongdoer, and the beneficiaries of a restored coast are unusually broad. the \" straight - jacketing \" of the mississippi river is usually listed first among the causes of coastal subsidence. after the great flood of 1927, residents of the floodplain demanded action, and the army corps of engineers responded by building levees as much as 30 feet high along the length of the river. but the rich sediment that the erratic branches of the mississippi had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3835102453546184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ab0aef1-994f-42ad-962a-fd3d40380a49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.859469"}
{"text": "great flood of 1927, residents of the floodplain demanded action, and the army corps of engineers responded by building levees as much as 30 feet high along the length of the river. but the rich sediment that the erratic branches of the mississippi had once deposited throughout louisiana is now funneled right to the gulf of mexico and dumped over the continental shelf. the broad coastal plain \u2014 more than 40 miles wide from baton rouge to the gulf \u2014 is now denied the sediment it had received for thousands of years. so inland areas built on loose silt, like new orleans, are subsiding. the tides and fierce storms of the gulf wash away the coast \u2019 s outlying coastal marshes and beaches. of the entire 18, 000 - square - mile coastal zone, more than 96 percent is less than two feet above sea level. but there are other notable causes. the thousands of oil and gas pipelines and pump stations that cut through the fragile landscape create canals where saltwater can enter and erode the swamps. canals constructed for waterborne commerce cause the same problems. and the rise in sea level caused by global warming is also cited as a cause of lost land. as scientific data and observed evidence of louisiana \u2019 s disappearing coast has mounted, the state government and other institutions have scrambled for solutions. but, argues coman, the reaction thus far has failed to match the scale of the problem. louisiana \u2019 s 1990 breaux act got the ball rolling by establishing what are now more than 80 separate restoration projects. then came the \" coast 2050 \" initiative \u2014 a plan assembled over the past three years by a broad coalition of environmental groups, academics, the lousiana and the army corps of engineers. now, the council on environmental quality ( ceq ), a group that reports directly to president bush, is reviewing coast 2050. it can approve, make revisions to the plan, and if all goes as coman is hoping, ceq will to be ratified by the coastal authority and louisiana citizens. \" now is the time for sierra club members to tell the bush administration that environmental issues must be addressed in the coastal restoration plan, \" says stakeholders in the restoration of coastal louisiana extend well beyond the sierra club and typical environmental partners. the future of millions louisiana \u2019 s considerable fishing industry, mississippi barge operators, and even the oil and natural gas industries, all depend on a coastal plain that remains above sea level. while coastal lands are carried away by the tides, greater new orleans, with a population of 1. 2 million, is sinking. within 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41620989531015107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ab0aef1-994f-42ad-962a-fd3d40380a49>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.860571"}
{"text": ", and even the oil and natural gas industries, all depend on a coastal plain that remains above sea level. while coastal lands are carried away by the tides, greater new orleans, with a population of 1. 2 million, is sinking. within 50 years, the gulf be within a few miles of the french quarter. the delta coastland surrounding all sides also protects it from winter hurricanes. as the low - lying bayou disappears, the unique culture of southern louisiana \u2019 s cajun people is also threatened. isolated by a landscape far more hospitable to boats than cars, and set apart by history and their french - inflected dialect, the generally poor cajun fishers can do nothing to stop their fishing grounds from moving or disappearing, and their homes from becoming uninhabitable. coastal fisheries \u2014 which supply 30 percent of america \u2019 s seafood \u2014 are also in jeopardy. finally, oil and gas giants like shell crave federal assistance because their pipelines and facilities \u2014 now at least somewhat protected \u2014 could be left vulnerable to the tides if the coast keeps sinking. that could cause pipelines to rupture, lead to untold consequences for coastal habitats wildlife, and massive lawsuits against the energy companies. coman does not begrudge business interests for helping to bring louisiana \u2019 s coastal crisis to the attention of the state and federal government. but he vows to make sure that corporate interests do not overshadow environmental priorities. \" if a plan comes down [ from the council on environmental quality ] that supports industry exclusively, we will not support it, \" says coman. the sierra club joined the coalition to restore coastal lousiana, the gulf restoration network, and seven other environmental groups to establish eight key conservation principles that must be met in order to win their endorsement. \" in this environment, with the federal budget being so tight, we know that the ceq will want everyone \u2019 s full support in order to allocate money. so we feel our point of view will be heard, \" says coman. everyone wants to fix the problem, but the price tag is steep. coast 2050 seeks a $ 14 billion budget from federal and state governments to complete the necessary river diversion and coastal breakwater projects. but like the florida everglades or the grand canyon, says coman, the louisiana coast is a national treasure. \" if one of the sierra nevada mountains was disappearing every year, we wouldn \u2019 t just stand by and let it happen, \" he urge the white house \u2019 s council on environmental quality to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3851565356875749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ab0aef1-994f-42ad-962a-fd3d40380a49>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.861941"}
{"text": "san francisco - - researchers at symantec have uncovered a version of the stuxnet computer virus that was used to attack iran ' s nuclear program in november 2007, two years earlier than previously thought. planning for the cyber weapon, the first publicly known example of a virus being used to attack industrial machinery, began at least as early as 2005, according to an 18 - page report that the mountain view security software company published on tuesday. stuxnet, which is widely believed to have been developed by the united states and israel, was uncovered in 2010 after it was used to attack a uranium enrichment facility at natanz, iran. that facility has been the subject of intense scrutiny by the united states, israel and allies, who charge that iran is trying to build a nuclear bomb. symantec said its researchers had uncovered a piece of code, which they called \" stuxnet 0. 5, \" among the thousands of versions of the virus that they had recovered from infected machines. stuxnet 0. 5 was designed to attack the natanz facility by opening and closing valves that feed uranium hexafluoride gas into centrifuges, without the knowledge of the operators of the facility, according to symantec. the virus was being developed early as 2005, when iran was still setting up its uranium enrichment facility, said symantec researcher liam o ' murchu. that facility went online in 2007. \" it is really mind - blowing that they were thinking about creating symantec had previously uncovered evidence that planning for stuxnet began in 2007. the new york times reported in june 2012 that the impetus for the project dated back to 2006, when u. s. president george w. bush was looking for options to slow iran ' s nuclear ambitions. previously discovered versions of stuxnet are all believed to have been used to sabotage the enrichment process by changing the speeds of those gas - spinning centrifuges without the knowledge of their operators. since stuxnet ' s discovery in 2010, security researchers have uncovered a handful of other sophisticated pieces of computer code that they believe were developed to engage in espionage and warfare. these include flame, duqu and gauss. stuxnet 0. 5 was written using much of the same code as flame, a sophisticated virus that researchers have previously said was primarily used for espionage, symantec said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5573052845976264, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2807833-0d17-4d9b-a8ff-bece544b2b99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.864564"}
{"text": "i often hear about relaxation techniques in pop psychology. we also discussed them in the mental health section of our occupational therapy ( ot ) curriculum when we explored anxiety. but are they effective and science - based? stress and anxiety are common but relatively nebulous issues that can be hard to treat \u2013 especially as the cause of stress can be difficult to localize and anxiety has no direct apparent \u201c cause \u201d. prolonged psychological stress or anxiety can even manifest a variety of physiological symptoms \u2013 high blood pressure, poor cognitive performance, mood problems, gastrointestinal disturbance, changes in eating habits, weight changes, somatic symptoms, and substance abuse. prolonged or excessive stress and anxiety are recognized by the dsm as psychiatric disorders if they persist and interfere with a person \u2019 s ability to engage in daily activities. now, that is a gross oversimplification and there are many kinds of anxiety disorders with specific symptoms, but a lengthy description is beyond the scope of this article. for more information, consult the dsm ( axis i ). due to the discomfort of these symptoms, many people seek professional treatment ( some never do ). patients with mild to moderate cases or who are averse to pharmaceutical treatment may seek / require relatively mild treatment methods. in those cases, it is important to consider the efficacy of the interventions used in order to ensure a high quality of health care. treatments for stress generally fall into two categories : cognitive behavioural therapy ( cbt ) and pharmaceutical intervention. sometimes a combination of techniques is necessary to provide relief and treatment depends on severity of distress and the level of impact on daily life. cbt can incorporate some first - line techniques to help moderate stress and anxiety such as relaxation and meditation. some of these techniques are progressive muscle relaxation ( pmr ), relaxation therapy, meditation, and transcendental meditation ( tm ). the goal from an ot perspective is, after initial professional training, to give the patient some measure of control over their symptom management and increase independence. pmr this is basically what is sounds like \u2013 tensing and relaxing muscles. the idea is to relieve tension in the muscles, producing a feeling of relaxation and therefore hopefully lessening feelings of anxiety. also, if the patient is concentrating on their muscles rather than their worries, they focus and relax mentally as well. this is also used as a technique for tension - related insomnia. relaxation therapy the aim of relaxation therapy is to use psychological methods to treat the psychological feeling of stress / anxiety, thereby reducing physiological symptoms. if one can reduce their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5403510558376677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e492aa78-2678-47b8-aeb9-a937ff238bd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.873975"}
{"text": "as well. this is also used as a technique for tension - related insomnia. relaxation therapy the aim of relaxation therapy is to use psychological methods to treat the psychological feeling of stress / anxiety, thereby reducing physiological symptoms. if one can reduce their state of arousal, they could theoretically also prevent themselves from feeling more and more anxious, allowing them to internally recognize and manage their own anxiety before it becomes severe ( or develops into a panic attack ). meditation this is a relatively broad term, but generally involves clearing one \u2019 s mind and concentrating on something \u2013 usually breathing, a chant, or some other relaxing imagery \u2013 in a silent, distraction - free environment. the theory is that meditation reduces the heart and breathing rate. there are also questionable claims that meditation directly reduces the production of cortisol. tm this is a technique that has basically the same characteristics of meditation, but with added east indian flair. during this meditation the person concentrates on and repeats a mantra. the goal is to experience different levels of consciousness ( note that these levels are derived from spiritual belief and are not supported with research ) \u2013 specifically the transcendental / pure consciousness ( 4th ) level. tm differs from other methods in that there is a specific target in mind. whereas the other methods are aimed at reducing anxiety ( in whatever amount that may be ), this methods seeks to reach a specific level of consciousness with anxiety reduction as a secondary effect. supporting evidence ranges from weak ( meditation ) to generally positive ( relaxation ). some of these techniques ( pmr ) are still somewhat inferior to other psychiatric interventions ( i. e., cbt ). none appear demonstrably harmful when used with other therapies, but the objective benefits are questionable in those techniques with weaker supporting evidence. these techniques seem appropriate as a first - line treatment for patients with mild to moderate symptoms, but may not be effective in patients with co - morbid conditions that affect arousal or muscle tone. however, the evidence for tm is suspect. tm suffers from publication bias \u2013 specifically, multiple publications of the same data falsely bolsters evidence of efficacy. also, there is reason to believe that it is no more effective than regular meditation. studies of tm that report positive results sometimes fail to incorporate adequate controls to account for this effect. also, so far there is no support for the varying levels of consciousness proposed to accompany the process. furthermore, as the aim is to reach a certain level of consciousness rather than to marginally reduce anxiety, patients may actually experience anxiety or frustration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5599459983967064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e492aa78-2678-47b8-aeb9-a937ff238bd6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.875666"}
{"text": "effect. also, so far there is no support for the varying levels of consciousness proposed to accompany the process. furthermore, as the aim is to reach a certain level of consciousness rather than to marginally reduce anxiety, patients may actually experience anxiety or frustration if ( or arguably, when ) they fail. in all cases it \u2019 s difficult to separate the positive effects from the general interactions with therapists. people may feel improvement simply because someone is finally helping them, not because of what they are being helped with. reducing stress outside of pharmaceutical intervention essentially depends on a person \u2019 s ability to self - regulate. giving a patient some measure of control over their treatment reduces dependence on the therapeutic relationship and increases self - reliance. so it makes sense that interventions would attempt to enhance self - controlled anxiety management. however, evidence for the efficacy of these methods are mixed. some work better than others, they may not work for everyone, and they require initial training / supervision by a professional. there is a plethora of self - help books on the topic of stress reduction, but attempting the techniques above without seeking professional help could lead to exacerbation of symptoms due to prolonged absence of treatment and incorrect application of methods. while it \u2019 s possible that a well - crafted video or book may guide someone sufficiently on their own, people are generally bad at evaluating their own progress. that is where a trained professional who sees these symptoms all the time can also be helpful. in any case, with regard to tm in particular, there is no need to add a mystical belief system in order to increase effectiveness. certainly if a patient wishes to add a metaphysical element to their own meditation, there is no need to necessarily discourage it, but there is also no need to promote it unnecessarily. it is beyond the scope of a health care practitioner ( hcp ) to impose spiritual beliefs onto their patients / clients and there is no evidence that there are more positive outcomes with tm over other therapies. hcps should avoid language that makes these treatments sound more effective than they generally are. while the results indicate that some of these therapies are an improvement over doing nothing, they can be less effective than regular cbt. they are a good supplement to maintain independent anxiety reduction, to give the patient a measure of control, and possibly reduce feelings of helplessness. chronic anxiety is a serious health condition and the above techniques require training and commitment, if they work for the patient at all \u2013 they aren \u2019 t a guarantee. if someone promises to cure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5518170164606184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e492aa78-2678-47b8-aeb9-a937ff238bd6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.876878"}
{"text": "adamant defence of israel shaped historian benzion netanyahu, 1910 - 2012 father and son... benzion and benjamin netanyahu at the memorial service for the zionist ze \u2019 ev jabotinsky. photo : ap benzion netanyahu was the ardent right - wing father of israel ' s prime minister, benjamin ' ' bibi ' ' netanyahu, and advocated no compromise in the struggle with the palestinians. despite the influence he may have had, however, he was a frequent critic of his son as a politician, telling one interviewer : ' ' bibi didn ' t succeed in his first term [ as prime minister from 1996 to 1999 ]. he wasn ' t a very good prime minister. ' ' sceptical about the prospects of peace in the region, netanyahu once observed : ' ' the jews and the arabs are like two goats facing each other on a narrow bridge \u2026 the strong goat will make the weaker one jump. ' ' politically active into his 90s \u2026 benzion netanyahu visiting israel ' s president, shimon peres, in 2009. photo : afp as for creating a palestinian state alongside israel - an idea his son accepted in 2009 - benzion netanyahu said : ' ' the two - state solution doesn ' t exist \u2026 there are no two people here. there is a jewish people and an arab population \u2026 there is no palestinian people, so you don ' t create a state for an imaginary nation \u2026 they only call themselves people in order to fight the jews. ' ' he was born benzion mileikowsky in warsaw on march 25, 1910, the eldest of nine children of rabbi nathan mileikowsky, a zionist scholar who often signed his pieces with the hebrew name ' ' netanyahu ' ', a common practice at the time. benzion later formally adopted it. aged 10, benzion emigrated with his parents to palestine, then under british rule, and the family eventually settled in jerusalem, where he was sent to a boarding school. he was later trained as a teacher and, in 1929, enrolled as a student at the hebrew university, jerusalem, gaining his master ' s degree in history in 1933. during this period, netanyahu was active in revisionist zionism, inspired by the ideas of vladimir ( ze ' ev ) jabotinsky, who criticised the moderate policies of the zionists towards the british mandate in palestine. he edited the revisionist zionist daily newspaper ha ' yarden, which the british authorities closed down in 1935, accusing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4365812244188984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:404f5609-76e0-4807-adb3-83cba475a25a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.883607"}
{"text": "of vladimir ( ze ' ev ) jabotinsky, who criticised the moderate policies of the zionists towards the british mandate in palestine. he edited the revisionist zionist daily newspaper ha ' yarden, which the british authorities closed down in 1935, accusing it of inciting anti - arab feelings. in 1939, netanyahu travelled to new york, where he became jabotinsky ' s secretary. when his mentor died in august the following year, he remained in new york and in the 1940s served there as executive director of the american wing of the revisionist zionists. in 1944, he married tzila segal, whom he met in the 1930s at the hebrew university. in 1947, he gained his doctorate in history from dropsie college in philadelphia, a small and relatively poor institution, but one where he could study without paying tuition fees. on november 29, 1947, the united nations recommended the partition of palestine between jews and arabs. in response netanyahu - who held that the jewish claim to the entire area was unquestionable and non - negotiable - signed a petition against the plan. it was published in the new york times. in 1949, netanyahu returned to israel, but his right - wing views were seen as an obstacle, and he failed to get a suitable teaching job at a time when many institutions were controlled by officials from the rival labour movement. instead he became involved in editing the encyclopaedia hebraica, of which he later became editor - in - chief. he returned to the us in 1962, establishing himself as a prominent historian of mediaeval spanish jewry, and in subsequent years the netanyahus shuttled between israel and the us. in 1976, netanyahu ' s eldest son, yonatan, was killed leading a raid to free jewish hostages at entebbe, uganda. two years later the netanyahus decided to return permanently to israel. sharp and outspoken, netanyahu remained politically active well into his 90s. he strongly opposed the former prime minister ariel sharon ' s decision to disengage unilaterally from the gaza strip in 2005, calling the move ' ' a crime against humanity ' '. he served as general editor of the world history of the jewish people and co - editor of the jewish quarterly review. his books included don isaac abravanel : statesman and philosopher ( 1953 ) and the origins of the inquisition in 15th century spain ( 1995 ). benzion netanyahu is survived by his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.424033644281266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:404f5609-76e0-4807-adb3-83cba475a25a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.886789"}
{"text": "what is breast biopsy? a breast biopsy is used during breast cancer testing when part or all of a suspicious breast lump is removed and examined. the breast lump sample is suctioned out through a biopsy needle, or removed during surgery. the sample is then examined by a pathologist under a microscope to identify malignant or benign tissue in order to get a better breast cancer diagnosis. who is a breast biopsy suitable for? anyone who has a suspicious breast growth, or exhibits any of the other signs and symptoms of breast cancer, should have a breast biopsy. how does a breast biopsy work? breast cancer testing using a biopsy includes procedures such as core needle breast biopsy, fine needle aspiration biopsy, and excision biopsy, or surgery. during a fine needle aspiration biopsy, a small hollow needle with a syringe is used to withdraw fluid and cells from the growth for breast cancer testing. during a core needle biopsy the needle used is wider, and is equipped with a cutter to remove sections of tissue. larger samples are gathered using this breast core biopsy method. when excision biopsy is an option, and if the lump is small, measuring 2. 5cm or less, the surgeon will normally remove the whole lump for testing. if the lump is large, the surgeon normally removes a portion of it for breast cancer testing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5071443718763577, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb958c56-103a-4aa9-a444-0af81e9a334d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.888404"}
{"text": "international space activities < < for current news items and links to other reports and resources, click on those links on the left menu. < < almost every country in the world is a \" space - faring \" country in the sense that they use satellites for communications and weather forecasting, and increasingly for satellite navigation and resource management. a smaller number of countries, along with companies and international organizations, own satellites. but the most attention is paid to the few countries with an ability to launch satellites. the following are the launching countries of the world today in the order in which they first placed a satellite into orbit. * formerly the soviet union. download spacepolicyonline. com fact sheets, box score of 2009 space launches, box score of 2010 space launches, and box score of 2011 space launches, showing how many successes and failures the launching countries had in those years respectively. china national space administration international cooperation has been a hallmark of nasa ' s programs throughout its history. the law that created nasa, the1958 national aeronautics and space act, included section 205 that encouraged nasa to cooperate with other countries. a 2008 report by nasa ' s office of international and interagency relations ( then the office of external relations ) states that nasa had signed 4, 000 international agreements by that time. the report, global reach : a view of nasa ' s international cooperation, lists all the international cooperative projects ongoing at nasa at that time. today, the most far - reaching international space program is the international space station. the u. s. - led iss is being built by the united states, russia, japan, canada, and 11 members of esa ( belgium, denmark, france, germany, italy, netherlands, norway, spain, sweden, switzerland, and united kingdom ). the space foundation publishes an annual report, the space report, that provides information on the space activities of leading spacefaring countries in addition to details u. s. space activities and the global \" space economy. \" the most recent edition is the space report 2012, which is available for purchase on the space foundation ' s website. the european space policy institute is a european think tank that provides \" decisionmakers with an independent view and analysis on mid - to long - term issues relevant to the use of space. \" it writes a \" yearbook on space policy \" that is published by and available for purchase from springer. the most recent edition is for 2009 / 2010. the secure world foundation promotes cooperative solutions for space sustainability. it holds symposia in the united states, europe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5050465199234135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62d63695-45ae-4aa7-80df-37335b9620e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.892225"}
{"text": "flying out to gj 436 and its planets astronomers using nasa ' s spitzer space telescope have detected what they believe is an alien world just two - thirds the size of earth - one of the smallest on record. the exoplanet candidate, known as ucf - 1. 01, orbits a star called gj 436, which is located a mere 33 light - years away. ucf - 1. 01 might be the nearest world to our solar system that is smaller than our home planet. this artist ' s animation depicts a star trek - like voyage out to gj 436, finished with a flyby of ucf - 1. 01. starting from earth, we quickly zoom out of the solar system into our sun ' s local neighborhood, populated by the closest stars that lie within a few light - years of earth. swinging around, we shift our attention to the dwarf star gj 436, which is so faint that it is invisible to us until we get close enough to see its dim glow. because of gj 436 ' s proximity to our solar system, the star field around it shares many of our culture ' s famous cosmic landmarks. as we circle around the faint star, the constellation of orion moves into view on the right, though in a distorted shape compared to our vantage point on earth. from here we move into the gj 436 system, at first seeing the candidate planet ucf - 1. 01 as it transits its star. although probably rocky in composition like earth, ucf - 1. 01 would be a terrible place for life. the world orbits scorchingly close to its star, so in all likelihood this planet lacks an atmosphere and might even have a molten surface, as shown in this animation. near the end of the movie, a neptune - sized exoplanet already known to exist around gj 436, designated gj 436b, appears in the background. evidence for ucf - 1. 01 turned up when astronomers were studying this previously known world. browse videos in science animations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762348219677661, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79134cf7-4a38-4caa-864a-c3482606b729>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.895953"}
{"text": "constructing an octahedron and kepler ' s conjecture to make an interesting skeletal model of an octahedron, start with 12 identical squares of paper or light card. net for the octahedron downloaded from http : / / mathworld. wolfram. com / pdf / octahedron. pdf for more information, see the mathworld entry http : / / mathworld. wolfram. com / octahedron. html modular structures for manned space exploration : the truncated octahedron asa building block o. l. deweck, w. d. nadir \u2020, j. g. wong \u2021, g. bounova \u00a7 and t. m. coee \u00b6 massachusetts institute of technology, cambridge, ma, 02139, usa modular space exploration systems have been built in the... octahedron isometric colorless to pale yellows, browns and grays non metallic white yes octahedron yes conchoidal 3. 5 galena 2 cube, octahedron isometric platonic solids 2 a regular tetrahedron and a regular octahedron are two of the five known platonic solids. these five \u201c special \u201d polyhedra look the same from any vertex, their faces are one might suppose that these forms are also infinite, but in fact they are, as lewis carroll once expressed it, \" provokingly few in number. \" there are only five regular convex solids : the regular tetrahedron, hexahedron ( cube ), octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron ( see figure 1 ). octahedron? dodecahedron? icosahedron? what ' sthesolidwhose vertices are the midpoints of the edges of the tetrahedron? cube? octahedron? dodecahedron? 17 octahedron and cuboctahedron we mentioned earlier that octahedron and cuboctahedron can be defined as transformed icosahedra. you can also imagine the 6 square faces of the cuboctahedron as diagonal connections ( 1 * sqrt2 ) of two rectangular triangles. when the device is switched ' on ', the interior is isolated from its surroundings by the superluminal rotating magnetic field and octahedron antenna.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.535742159766921, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4609f201-efc1-4e08-8c9f-87ebe3e2ea74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.898885"}
{"text": "swaziland is a modified traditional monarchy with executive and some legislative powers vested in the king ( mswati iii ). the constitution, which went into effect on february 8 and replaced the 1973 decree, confirms most of the king ' s powers, but provides for an independent judiciary. the king rules in conjunction with a partially elected parliament and an accompanying structure of published laws and implementing agencies. the population was approximately 1. 1 million. the most recent parliamentary elections, held in 2003, were not considered free and fair. political power remained largely with the king and his circle of traditional advisors, including the queen mother. while the civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which security forces committed abuses. the government ' s human rights record was poor, and government agents continued to commit serious abuses, including : inability of citizens to change their government ; arbitrary killings by security forces ; police use of torture, beatings, and excessive force ; police impunity ; arbitrary arrest and lengthy pretrial detention ; infringement on citizens ' privacy rights ; limits on freedom of speech and of the press ; restrictions on freedom of assembly and association ; prohibitions on political activity and harassment of political activists ; restrictions on freedom of movement ; discrimination and violence against women ; poor enforcement of women ' s rights ; child abuse ; trafficking in persons ; societal discrimination against mixed race and white citizens ; antiunion discrimination ; and child labor. respect for human rights section 1 respect for the integrity of the person, including freedom from : a. arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life the government and its agents did not commit any politically motivated killings ; however, there were reports that security forces committed arbitrary killings. security forces were responsible for a number of deaths during apprehension and in custody, some reportedly due to torture. on january 4, fikile mamba, wife of member of the opposition people ' s united democratic movement ( pudemo ) and treason suspect mduduzi mamba, died in the hospital in siteki after she was admitted complaining of shortness of breath and chest pains ; fikile had been detained for two hours of questioning about her husband ' s alleged involvement in throwing petrol bombs. a doctor ' s report stated that fikile died of abdominal trauma. on february 22, mthokothoko mamba died in pigg ' s peak government hospital, 11 days after officers of the horo police post arrested mamba and his two brothers on suspicion of theft. the three, all of whom claimed to have been beaten in detention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4579211786961316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.945628"}
{"text": "two suspected smugglers, one of whom died from his injuries. there were no developments in the may 2004 case of mandla mathousand ngubeni, who died in police custody. in january 2005 an investigative magistrate released an inconclusive report, which stated that ngubeni was subjected to \" torture of sorts, possibly suffocation by police \" but did not give a specific cause of death or assign responsibility for the death. there were reports of mob killings during the year. on april 13, residents in ludzeludze severely beat a burglar who had stolen a cell phone. he died in the hospital the following day. no arrests were made by year ' s end. the august 27 issue of the times of swaziland reported that a mob beat timothy dlamini with bricks after he was caught breaking into a minibus in manzini ; he died in a hospital four days later of his injuries. witnesses identified one member of the mob as an off - duty police officer. no arrests were made by year ' s end. there were no developments in the 2005 cases of vigilante or mob killings of suspected witches. there were no reports of politically motivated disappearances. c. torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment the new constitution prohibits such practices ; however, the provision prohibiting law enforcement officials from engaging in torture is located in the \" policy \" section of the constitution and is not enforceable in any court or tribunal. the law does not specifically prohibit such practices, although under the prisons act correctional facility officers may be prosecuted if they engage in such procedures ; however, government officials employed them. security forces used torture during interrogation and abused their authority by assaulting citizens and using excessive force in carrying out their duties. there were credible reports that police beat criminal suspects and occasionally used the \" tube \" style of interrogation, in which police suffocate a suspect by using a rubber tube around a suspect ' s face and mouth. unlike last year, there were no media reports of police using the \" kentucky \" method of interrogation, in which the arms and legs of a suspect are tied together and then the person is beaten. the government took no action against police or soldiers accused of abuse. between december 2005 and february, 17 persons were arrested and charged with treason, sedition, and attempted murder in connection with the 2005 petrol bombings of government offices and residences ; the 17 were members of the political organization pudemo and its youth wing, the swaziland youth congress ( sway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5164719723789859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.948126"}
{"text": "were arrested and charged with treason, sedition, and attempted murder in connection with the 2005 petrol bombings of government offices and residences ; the 17 were members of the political organization pudemo and its youth wing, the swaziland youth congress ( swayoco ), banned under the lapsed 1973 decree. on february 7, one of the suspects pled guilty and was fined and released. on march 7, during a three - day bail hearing for the remaining 16 suspects, the defense claimed that police and prison wardens had tortured nine of the suspects on january 20. on the judge ' s order, a medical exam was conducted on one of the defendants who claimed he was tortured ; however, the report was deemed inadmissible due to a technical error. on march 9, prison wardens allegedly beat 16 of the subjects after ordering them to strip naked. also on march 9, one of the detainees arrived at the hearing with a bleeding ear and told the court that prison wardens at the sidwashini remand center had assaulted him and two other suspects ; the wardens claimed that they had only strip - searched the three detainees. the court ordered that the detainee be taken to a hospital, where a doctor reportedly found no signs of assault. on march 10, the 16 suspects were granted bail and subsequently released. on march 13, the prime minister reportedly informed parliament that an investigation into the claims of torture and mistreatment would be conducted. on october 30, the prime minister named two members of the commission ; however, the members had not been sworn in a month later. in november the suspects told the press that they would not cooperate with the commission unless it expanded its investigation to include family members and friends also allegedly tortured by the police. at year ' s end the commission had not begun its investigation. there were no developments in the following 2005 cases of security force abuse : the may alleged squeezing by police of a student ' s testicles ; the june attack by a usdf member on majaha dlamini ; the august alleged attempted suffocation by police of stephen thwala ; or the september 2005 beating by community police of two suspected thieves. there were credible reports that members of the community beat suspects before handing them over to police. police forcibly dispersed demonstrations ( see section 2. b. ). prison and detention center conditions government prisons and detention centers remained overcrowded, and conditions generally were poor. there were reports of torture and that a lack of basic hygiene and unsafe sexual practices, including forced sexual intercourse between prisoners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4914399566479962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.949275"}
{"text": "2. b. ). prison and detention center conditions government prisons and detention centers remained overcrowded, and conditions generally were poor. there were reports of torture and that a lack of basic hygiene and unsafe sexual practices, including forced sexual intercourse between prisoners, were spreading hiv / aids among the prisoners. newspapers reported in september 2005 that the government ' s draft multisectoral hiv and aids policy would provide for the release of prisoners in the last stages of aids ; however, when the policy was issued in april, it did not contain that provision. unlike in the previous year, there were no reports of prison riots over warden negligence. in mawelawela, the sole women ' s detention facility, detainees were not held separately from convicts. on august 28, the swazi observer reported that seven children under the age of two were living with their convict mothers in the facility. the government routinely permitted prison visits by diplomats, journalists, human rights monitors, and representatives of international organizations. during the year the local red cross visited several prisons. d. arbitrary arrest or detention the constitution and law prohibit arbitrary arrest and detention ; however, arbitrary arrest and lengthy pretrial detention were problems. role of the police and security apparatus the police maintain internal security. the army is responsible for external security but also has domestic security responsibilities. police are under the authority of the prime minister, while the usdf reports to the ministry of foreign affairs. the royal swaziland police service ( rsps ), a nationwide police force, was generally professional despite inadequate resources and bureaucratic inefficiency. there were credible allegations that the force was susceptible to political pressure. the government generally failed to prosecute or otherwise discipline police officers for abuses. no independent body had the authority to investigate police abuses ; however, an internal complaints and discipline unit investigated reports of human rights abuses by the police but did not release results to the public. there were no government actions, including training, to reform the rsps. however, the government provided training to community police in investigative skills and the appropriate use of force. traditional chiefs had their own community police who could arrest suspects and bring them before an inner council within the chiefdom for a trial. some community police were accused of abuses. arrest and detention the law requires warrants for arrests except when police observe a crime being committed or believe that a person is about to commit a crime. detainees may consult with a lawyer of their choice, but the government pays for defense counsel only in cases in which the penalty is potentially death or life imprisonment. detainees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4636115374683506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.951210"}
{"text": "police observe a crime being committed or believe that a person is about to commit a crime. detainees may consult with a lawyer of their choice, but the government pays for defense counsel only in cases in which the penalty is potentially death or life imprisonment. detainees must be charged with the violation of a statute within a reasonable time, usually 48 hours or, in remote areas, as soon as the judicial officer appears. in general detainees were promptly informed of the charges against them, and their families had access to them. there is a functioning bail system and, except in cases of murder and rape, suspects can request bail at their first appearance in court, which by law must take place within 48 hours of arrest ; however, arresting authorities did not always present detainees within that period. when police dispersed demonstrations that they considered unauthorized or politically motivated, they sometimes briefly detained demonstrators without charge ( see section 2. b. ). the government arrested opposition members during the year on charges arising from a series of 2005 petrol bombings. the opposition members alleged that they were tortured ( see section 1. c. ). lengthy pretrial detention was common. in july the correctional services public relations office reported that 1, 304 of the 2, 672 inmates in the country ' s 12 prisons were awaiting trial. on october 13, the minister of justice and constitutional affairs announced that there were only 22 judges and magistrates available to try the approximately 1, 500 detainees awaiting trial. police justified pretrial detention on the basis that they were collecting evidence of the crime and that releasing the detainee would allow the person to influence witnesses. in some cases these claims resulted in repeated remands that lasted for years. for example, on june 22, a woman in custody since september 2001 for the murder of her child pled guilty to culpable homicide ; the judge sentenced her to five years imprisonment with three years suspended, and released her. e. denial of fair public trial the constitution and law provide for an independent judiciary. the lack of an independent court budget and trained manpower, inadequate levels of salary remuneration, and poor casework management remained problems for the judiciary. judicial powers are vested in a dual system, one based on roman dutch law and the other based on a system of national courts that follows unwritten traditional law and custom. the roman dutch type judiciary consists of the supreme court, mandated by the new constitution to replace the court of appeal as the highest judicial body, composed entirely of foreign, usually south african, judges ; the high court ; and magistrate courts. the constitution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4830140984952953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.952703"}
{"text": ". the roman dutch type judiciary consists of the supreme court, mandated by the new constitution to replace the court of appeal as the highest judicial body, composed entirely of foreign, usually south african, judges ; the high court ; and magistrate courts. the constitution states that the high court has no jurisdiction in any matter concerning the office of the king or queen mother, regency, chieftancy, the swazi national council, or the traditional \" regiments \" system, as these are governed by national law and custom. the constitution states that the high court will interpret the constitution. in march 2005 the government launched a children ' s court to try cases in which children were victims of sexual abuse or other crimes. children testify from a separate room, linked by closed circuit television to the courtroom. most citizens who encountered the legal system did so through the 13 traditional or \" national \" courts, each with a \" president \" appointed by the king. authorities may bring residents to these courts for minor offenses and violations of traditional law and custom. in october 2005 the swazi news quoted the judicial commissioner as saying that some traditional court presidents imposed fines exceeding the legal limit of approximately $ 15 ( 100 emalangeni ). the public prosecutor has the legal authority to determine which court should hear a case, but in practice police usually made the determination. persons convicted in the traditional courts may appeal to the high court. prolonged delays in trials in the magistrate court and high court were common. the constitution provides for public trials except when exclusion of the public is necessary in the \" interests of defense, public safety, public order, justice, public morality, the welfare of persons under the age of eighteen years or the protection of the private lives of the persons concerned in the proceedings. \" in practice, cases have been closed to the public to protect child crime victims. juries are not used. court appointed counsel is provided at government expense in capital cases or when the crime is punishable by life imprisonment. otherwise, defendants in superior and magistrate courts are entitled to hire counsel at their own expense. defendants can question witnesses against them and present witnesses in their own behalf. defendants and their attorneys have access to relevant government held evidence, generally obtained during pretrial consultations with the public prosecutor ' s office. defendants enjoy a presumption of innocence. defendants and prosecutors have the right of appeal, up to the supreme court. in traditional courts defendants are not permitted formal legal counsel but may speak on their own behalf, call witnesses, and be assisted by informal advisors. sentences are subject to review by traditional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.476398440765874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.957629"}
{"text": "defendants and prosecutors have the right of appeal, up to the supreme court. in traditional courts defendants are not permitted formal legal counsel but may speak on their own behalf, call witnesses, and be assisted by informal advisors. sentences are subject to review by traditional authorities and can be appealed to the high court. the king appoints traditional chiefs. the traditional courts have limited civil and criminal jurisdiction and are authorized to impose fines up to approximately $ 15 ( 100 emalangeni ) and prison sentences of up to 12 months. however, traditional courts are empowered to administer customary law only \" insofar as it is not repugnant to natural justice or morality \" or inconsistent with the provisions of any law in force. political prisoners and detainees there were no reports of political prisoners or detainees. civil judicial procedures and remedies there is an independent and impartial judiciary, which tries civil as well as criminal cases, including suits for damages against government agents. for example, in january, the family of charles mabuza, allegedly shot and killed by police in may 2005, filed suit demanding $ 67, 000 ( 500, 000 emalangeni ) for wrongful death and emotional shock ( see section 1. a. ). in a separate case, a judge in july ordered the government to pay $ 27, 000 ( 200, 000 emalangeni ) to a man as compensation for unlawful detention. the man was arrested in october 2003 for possession of marijuana and posted bail, but the government continued to hold him for 64 days. f. arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence the new constitution and law prohibit such actions except \" in the interest of defense, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning, use of mineral resources, and development of land in the public benefit. \" the government generally respected these provisions ; however, there were instances of abuse. the law requires police to obtain a warrant from a magistrate before searching homes or other premises, but at times police did not respect this requirement. police officers with the rank of subinspector or higher have the authority to conduct a search without a warrant if they believe that evidence might be lost through the delay in obtaining a warrant. unlike the previous year, there were no reports that searches without warrants occurred. there were no developments in the october 2005 arrest of 13 persons in a warrantless and random raid following a series of burglaries of the houses of duze primary school teachers. there were instances in which police conducted physical surveillance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.461452584160507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.959311"}
{"text": "warrants occurred. there were no developments in the october 2005 arrest of 13 persons in a warrantless and random raid following a series of burglaries of the houses of duze primary school teachers. there were instances in which police conducted physical surveillance on members of labor unions and political groups. on occasion police reportedly presented themselves to the leadership of a union and asked to attend union meetings ; the leadership frequently permitted them to do so. in november chiefs mliba fakudze and mtfuso dlamini, whose eviction along with 200 other residents of two chiefdoms in 2000 sparked the 2002 rule of law crisis, asked the king for compensation for their property, which had deteriorated or been stolen while the men were in self - imposed exile in south africa. on november 15, the two men were called to the ludzidnzini royal residence and told to \" stop disrespecting the late prince magagula ' s council. \" section 2 respect for civil liberties, including : a. freedom of speech and press the constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press ; however, the government limited these rights in practice. citizens criticized the government without fear of reprisal but generally did not criticize the royal family. journalists practiced self censorship. police monitored some meetings ( see section 1. f. ). there were two daily newspapers - - one independent and one owned by tibiyo taka ngwane, the king ' s investment company. both newspapers covered a wide variety of sensitive topics and criticized government corruption, inefficiency, and waste. unlike in the previous year, the government placed some advertising in the independently owned daily newspaper. the prime minister hosted monthly \" media breakfasts \" to which he invited journalists of both newspapers. reporting in the independent paper, the times of swaziland, was somewhat less critical of the government than in 2005, and the paper provided more coverage of government functions and royal events. there was one government owned radio station and one independent radio station, which broadcast only religious programs. there was a privately owned television station, which was officially independent ; however, the owner ' s mother was the daughter of the previous king, sobhuza ii, and its reporting favored the monarchy. the government owned television and radio stations, the most influential media in reaching the public, generally followed official policy positions. government broadcast facilities retransmitted voice of america and bbc news programs in their entirety. private companies and church groups owned several newsletters and magazines. there were reports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4596188928090947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.964773"}
{"text": ", the most influential media in reaching the public, generally followed official policy positions. government broadcast facilities retransmitted voice of america and bbc news programs in their entirety. private companies and church groups owned several newsletters and magazines. there were reports of harassment of journalists and self - censorship during the year. a source in the media institute of southern africa stated that on a few occasions journalists received anonymous telephone calls advising them not to continue to pursue a particular story, and that the journalists complied. on december 16, local journalists launched a media union to discuss labor issues and bargaining power. unlike in the previous year, the government did not discourage critical news coverage of the royal family. in july the ministry of public service and information launched a journalism center of excellence to train practitioners in the media industry. in november 2005 the cabinet approved a media policy drafted by the minister of public information and public service that calls for reviewing outdated legislation ; however, by year ' s end no legislation had been reviewed, and many government documents remained unavailable to the public. there were no government restrictions on access to the internet or reports that the government monitored e - mail or internet chatrooms. individuals and groups could freely engage in peaceful expression of views via the internet, including by electronic mail. most citizens lived in rural areas without access to the internet. internet cafes existed in larger urban areas, but bandwidth was limited. a single internet provider held a government - approved monopoly. academic freedom and cultural events the practice of self censorship and the prohibition on political gatherings restricted academic freedom by limiting academic meetings, writings, and discussion on political topics. there were no government restrictions on cultural events. b. freedom of peaceful assembly and association freedom of assembly the new constitution provides for freedom of assembly ; however, the government restricted this right in practice. the law requires those wishing to hold meetings of a political nature, processions, or demonstrations in a public place to first obtain the consent of the police commissioner. authorities routinely withheld permission to hold most such meetings. on march 18, police in manzini temporarily detained five pudemo leaders to prevent a planned demonstration. during the year police forcibly dispersed several demonstrations and meetings and arrested demonstrators. on august 5, police in the msunduza neighborhood of mbabane used live ammunition and teargas to disperse a demonstration by swayoco ; one demonstrator reportedly suffered a minor gunshot wound, and several others were treated for minor injuries. on september 7, students from the university of swaziland ( uniswa ) marched peacefully to the ministry of education and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49601771320472227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.966215"}
{"text": "demonstration by swayoco ; one demonstrator reportedly suffered a minor gunshot wound, and several others were treated for minor injuries. on september 7, students from the university of swaziland ( uniswa ) marched peacefully to the ministry of education and delivered a petition on scholarships. the group then proceeded to the prime minister ' s office, although their permit did not include a march to that office. when the police prevented them from approaching the prime minister ' s office, some persons with the students threw stones at the police, who detained two marchers and beat other marchers with police clubs ( see section 1. c. ). on december 2, in manzini, several pudemo and swayoco members were injured in a clash with police after the two sides failed to agree on a march route. police allegedly beat unconscious pudemo member mphandlana shongwe and dropped him at a hospital. after receiving medical treatment, shongwe returned to the police station to file a complaint, but police refused to take his affidavit. police charged eight pudemo members with jaywalking in connection with the clash ; on december 4, the court found them guilty and imposed small fines. no action was taken against security forces who forcibly dispersed demonstrations in 2005. unlike in the previous year, there were no reports that police harassed and disrupted the meetings of prodemocracy activists and members of the opposition. freedom of association the constitution provides for freedom of association ; however, the government restricted this right in practice. the constitution does not address political parties ; however, it states that candidates for public office shall compete on their individual merit. the decree which banned political parties lapsed with the implementation of the constitution ; however, the government did not act on the requests of several groups which tried to register as political parties or movements ( see section 3 ). some political organizations continued to operate without calling themselves parties. c. freedom of religion the new constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respected this right in practice. new religious groups or churches are expected to register with the government. there is no law that describes the organizational requirements of a religious group or church. all religions were recognized unofficially. groups were registered routinely, and there were no reports that any groups were denied registration during the year. government permission was required for the construction of new religious buildings. non christian groups sometimes experienced minor delays in obtaining permits from the government. in november 2005 the court of appeal ordered a chief to return five cows that he had seized in 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4912708378009106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.969617"}
{"text": "during the year. government permission was required for the construction of new religious buildings. non christian groups sometimes experienced minor delays in obtaining permits from the government. in november 2005 the court of appeal ordered a chief to return five cows that he had seized in 2003 from a member of jehovah ' s witnesses who refused to allow his daughters to wear the virginity tassels ordered by the king. the chief returned the cows and three offspring, but in march he attempted unsuccessfully to seize the cattle again. societal abuses and discrimination the relationships among religious groups were generally amicable. the jewish community comprises less than 1 percent of the population, and there were no reports of anti semitic acts. for a more detailed discussion, see the 2006 international religious freedom report. d. freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation the new constitution provides for these rights ; however, it also states that provisions of law and custom which impose restrictions on the freedom of any person to reside in the country do not contravene the freedom granted by the constitution. the constitution grants women equality before the law and, unlike in previous years, women can now obtain passports without a male relative ' s permission. nonethnic swazis sometimes experienced lengthy processing delays when seeking passports and citizenship documents, in part due to the prejudice that mixed race and white persons were not real citizens ( see section 5 ). the government treated several thousand ethnic swazis living across the border in south africa who were not swazi citizens as indistinguishable from citizens and routinely granted them travel and citizenship documents. the government blocked overseas employment agencies from obtaining or transferring foreign currency, which was necessary to make arrangements for jobs abroad. this effectively stopped citizens from being able to gain employment in another country. the law prohibits forced exile, and the government did not use it. protection of refugees the law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 un convention relating to the status of refugees and its 1967 protocol, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. in practice the government provided protection against refoulement, the return of persons to a country where they feared persecution, and granted refugee status or asylum. the government cooperated with the office of the un high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers. the government did not accept refugees for resettlement. on september 13, the government began a registration of refugees in accordance with unhcr conclusion 91. section 3 respect for political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042492542852648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.971673"}
{"text": "unhcr ) and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers. the government did not accept refugees for resettlement. on september 13, the government began a registration of refugees in accordance with unhcr conclusion 91. section 3 respect for political rights : the right of citizens to change their government citizens are not able to change their government peacefully. the king retains ultimate executive and legislative authority, and parliament has no real authority. legislation passed by parliament requires the king ' s assent to become law, which he is not obliged to give. under the constitution, the king chooses the prime minister, the cabinet, two thirds of the senate, many senior civil servants, the chief justice and other justices of the superior courts, members of commissions established by the constitution, and the heads of government offices. on the advice of the prime minister, the king is to appoint the cabinet from among the members of the parliament ; at least half of the ministers must be elected members of the house of assembly. the king is to make other appointments on the advice of a minister, the judicial service commission, civil service commission, or other commissions established by the constitution. the constitution states that when the king is required to consult with any person or authority before exercising a function, he can, after the consultation, choose whether to exercise that function. on february 8, the new constitution went into effect. the government declared that the 1973 emergency decree, under which the king was able to rule by decree, lapsed when the constitution took effect. civic organizations criticized the government for the way it drafted the constitution, specifically for not allowing groups to contribute to the document. in addition civic groups charged that the constitution would not enable citizens to change executive government officials peacefully. in august the national constituency assembly ( nca ), a group of civic organizations, petitioned the high court to declare the constitution null and void on several grounds, including non - compliance with the constitutional drafting process set down in the 1973 decree, which required extensive consultation with citizens. in a september hearing on the motion, the nca demanded access to the records of the constitutional drafting committee and the constitutional review committee. the government attorney replied that the decree establishing these two committees provided that the public would have no right of access to the committees ' records. on november 10, the high court informed the nca that it could not muster a full bench due to the imminent expiration of the employment contracts of several justices, and that the case was postponed. the case was pending at year ' s end. elections and political participation the 65 member", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.469091459936286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.973037"}
{"text": "informed the nca that it could not muster a full bench due to the imminent expiration of the employment contracts of several justices, and that the case was postponed. the case was pending at year ' s end. elections and political participation the 65 member house of assembly is constituted according to the law that was in effect when its members were elected in 2003. under this law 55 seats in the house are popularly contested, and the king appoints the remaining 10 members. the next elections for the house, due in 2008, will presumably be held under the terms of the new constitution. the constitution calls for a house of assembly composed of up to 60 elected members to include ten members appointed by the king, of whom half must be women and the others representing \" interests, including marginalized groups not already adequately represented in the house, \" and one woman from each of the four regions, nominated by the elected house members from that region. the king appoints 20 members of the 30 - seat senate ; the house of assembly elects the other 10. the new constitution provides that eight of the king ' s nominees and five of the house of assembly ' s nominees be women. the most recent parliamentary elections took place in 2003 ; however, commonwealth observers concluded they were not free and fair. election procedures generally were carried out in an orderly fashion, but police arrested several persons for using forged voter registration certificates and for trying to vote more than once. on february 8, the new constitution took effect and the 1973 decree which banned political parties lapsed. the constitution provides for freedom of association but does not address political parties, and the government has not acted on the requests for registration by several self - declared political parties and movements. the african united democratic party filed a court case in june to compel the government to register it as a political party ; the case had not been heard by year ' s end. on august 3, at the prime minister ' s monthly meeting with journalists, the minister of justice and constitutional affairs stated that political parties could hold meetings at tinkhundla ( local government ) centers, but that they first would have to obtain the permission of the regional administrator, and allow a police officer to attend the meeting. the constitution states that candidates for public office must compete on their individual merit, thereby blocking competition based on political party affiliation. chiefs are custodians of traditional law and custom and are responsible for the day to day running of their chiefdom and for maintaining law and order. chiefs are an integral part of society and act as overseers or guardians of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4659003006354392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.974133"}
{"text": "political party affiliation. chiefs are custodians of traditional law and custom and are responsible for the day to day running of their chiefdom and for maintaining law and order. chiefs are an integral part of society and act as overseers or guardians of families within the communities and traditionally report directly to the king. local custom mandates that chieftaincy is hereditary. however, the new constitution, while recognizing that chieftaincy is \" usually hereditary and is regulated by swazi law and custom, \" also states that the king \" can appoint any person to be chief over any area. \" women generally had full legal rights to participate in the political process ; however, in accordance with societal practice, widows in mourning ( for periods that can vary from one to three years ) are prevented from appearing in certain public places and in close proximity to the king. as a result, they can be excluded from voting or running for office. there were seven women in the 65 member house of assembly, 12 women in the 30 member senate, and three female ministers in the cabinet, including the deputy prime minister. three women served as principal secretaries, the most senior civil service rank in the ministries. there were three members of minorities in the senate. there were no minority members in the house of assembly or cabinet. government corruption and transparency there was a widespread public perception of corruption in the executive and legislative branches of government and a general consensus that the government was doing too little to combat it. on july 11, the king assented to the prevention of corruption act passed by parliament ; however, by year ' s end the minister of justice and constitutional affairs had not published the effective date of the legislation. on july 20, senior parliamentary counsel sabelo matsebula stated that passage or amendment of several other pieces of legislation was required before the law would be effective. on august 9 and 10, the government held a national anti - corruption summit to publicize the prevention of corruption act and rally broad support for anti - corruption. the constitution prohibits government officials from assuming positions in which their personal interest is likely to conflict with their official duties. such officials are required to declare their assets and liabilities to the integrity commission within six months of its establishment ; however, the integrity commission is subsumed under the commission on human rights and public administration, which had not been established by year ' s end. there were credible reports that unqualified businesses were awarded contracts due to the owners ' relationship with government officials. in june the prime minister established a commission to investigate how the government spent approximately $ 7 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4973154484977251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.975465"}
{"text": "had not been established by year ' s end. there were credible reports that unqualified businesses were awarded contracts due to the owners ' relationship with government officials. in june the prime minister established a commission to investigate how the government spent approximately $ 7 million ( 50 million emalangeni ) on a business training exercise for which it had allocated only $ 1. 5 million ( 10 million emalamgeni ). the commission ' s hearings were characterized by official assertions of ignorance, disappearing files, and revelations of payments to businesses, some with connections to government officials or civil servants, which were unqualified to conduct such training. the commission had not delivered its report to the prime minister by year ' s end. during the year the government commissioned pricewaterhouse coopers to conduct a forensic investigation of the department of customs and excise and the department of income tax. the investigation report, parts of which were made public in october, found that the computer user identifications of seven customs officials had been used to manipulate data to undercharge importers by approximately $ 4 million ( 28. 5 million emalangeni ). the report recommended disciplinary hearings for several department of income tax employees and the banning of several companies from eligibility for government tenders. no action had been taken on the recommendations by year ' s end. the press reported that some members of parliament ( mps ) engaged in fraud, kickbacks, and scams. an investigation was pending at year ' s end into allegations of government corruption in the procurement of medicine, and mp mfomfo nkambule was under investigation for corruption relating to the employment contract of the ceo of the swaziland electricity board while nkambule was minister of natural resources and energy. nkambule retained his seat in the house of assembly. there is no law permitting public access to government documents, and public documents were difficult to access. for example, the government argued in court that the public had no right of access to the records of the constitutional drafting commission. section 4 governmental attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights a number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. among the active groups were the swaziland action group against abuse ( swagaa ), lawyers for human rights of swaziland, and women and law in southern africa. government officials were generally receptive but unresponsive to their views. human rights groups spoke out on a number of occasions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49065384463788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.976728"}
{"text": "against abuse ( swagaa ), lawyers for human rights of swaziland, and women and law in southern africa. government officials were generally receptive but unresponsive to their views. human rights groups spoke out on a number of occasions, criticizing the lack of accountability and transparency in the government. in july 2005 the african commission on human and people ' s rights released a report stating that the 1973 decree, which outlawed political parties and allowed the king to intervene in the judiciary, violates article 13 of the african charter. the government declared in february that the decree lapsed when the constitution went into effect on february 8. the new constitution provides for the independence of human rights nongovernmental organizations ( ngos ) ; however, this provision falls within the \" policy \" section, which the constitution states is to guide all agencies of the government, but cannot be enforced in any court or tribunal. the new constitution provides for the establishment of a commission on human rights and public administration within a year of its implementation ; however, the commission may not investigate \" a matter relating to the exercise of any royal prerogative by the crown. \" the government had not established the commission by year ' s end. the government permitted visits by international organizations and facilitated a delegation from the international labor organization ( ilo ) in june. section 5 discrimination, societal abuses, and trafficking in persons the constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, disability, age, ethnicity, religion, political opinion, or social status ; however, the government did not enforce the law. the labor law forbids employers from discriminating on the basis of race, sex, or political affiliation. domestic violence against women, particularly wife beating, was common despite traditional restrictions against this practice. women have the right to charge their husbands with assault under both the roman dutch and the traditional legal systems, and urban women frequently did so, usually in extreme cases when intervention by extended family members failed to end such violence. penalties for men found guilty of assault not involving rape depended on the court ' s discretion. rural women often had no relief if family intervention did not succeed, because the traditional courts could be unsympathetic to \" unruly \" or \" disobedient \" women and were less likely than the modern courts to convict men for spousal abuse. the roman dutch legal system sometimes handed out light sentences in cases of abuse against women. for example, on april 11, a high court judge sentenced a man who had stoned his wife to death to eight years ' imprisonment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4861681081353466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.977880"}
{"text": "for spousal abuse. the roman dutch legal system sometimes handed out light sentences in cases of abuse against women. for example, on april 11, a high court judge sentenced a man who had stoned his wife to death to eight years ' imprisonment, but suspended four years of the sentence. swagaa recorded an increase in reports of spousal abuse, including an increase in the number of men complaining of abuse from their wives or girlfriends. rape also was common and regarded by many men as a minor offense. rape is against the law ; however, a sense of shame and helplessness often inhibited women from reporting such crimes, particularly when incest was involved. in the roman - dutch legal system, the acquittal rate was high and sentences were generally lenient. however, on april 13, the acting chief justice of the court of appeal issued a letter directing all magistrate courts to send rape cases to the high court for sentencing, since magistrate courts could only impose a maximum sentence of seven years ( or nine years in a principal magistrate ' s court ). the letter also directed magistrates to refer to the high court for trial all rape cases in which the victim was 16 years old or younger. on september 19, a high court judge sentenced a man to 30 years imprisonment for raping two teenage girls, in contrast to the seven - year term issued by the magistrate ' s court, which the man had decided to appeal. the october 8 times of swaziland stated that the acting director of public prosecution withdrew the case against three persons suspected of raping and sexually assaulting a student in september 2004 for wearing a miniskirt, stating that the evidence was weak, and witnesses refused to testify. prostitution is illegal, and police continued to enforce the law. the law provides some protection from sexual harassment, but its provisions were vague and largely ineffective. there were occasional reports of sexual harassment, most often of female students by teachers. several ngos provided support for victims of abuse or discrimination. despite the law ' s requirement for equal pay for equal work, average wage rates for men by skill category usually exceeded those of women. women occupied a subordinate role in society. with the implementation of the february 8 constitution, women are able to open bank accounts, obtain passports, and take jobs without the permission of a male relative. women routinely executed contracts and entered into a variety of transactions in their own names ; however, banks still refused personal loans to women without a male guarantor. the constitution provides for equal access to land ; however, in practice this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4429212478678727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.979032"}
{"text": "a male relative. women routinely executed contracts and entered into a variety of transactions in their own names ; however, banks still refused personal loans to women without a male guarantor. the constitution provides for equal access to land ; however, in practice this right was not enforced. on july 31, the coordinator of women in law in southern africa told journalists that she had been told that most of the constitutional benefits for women will be delayed until several existing acts are amended to bring them into line with the constitution, including the marriage act, the administration of estates act, the deeds registry act, and others. the dualistic nature of the legal system complicated the issue of women ' s rights. since unwritten law and custom govern traditional marriage, women ' s rights often were unclear and changed according to where and by whom they were interpreted. couples often married in both civil and traditional ceremonies, creating problems in determining which set of rules applied to the marriage and to subsequent questions of child custody and inheritance in the event of divorce or death. under the constitution, children derive citizenship from the father and not from the mother unless the birth occurred outside marriage and the father does not claim the child. in traditional marriages a man may take more than one wife. a man who marries a woman under civil law legally may not have more than one wife, although in practice this restriction sometimes was ignored. traditional marriages consider children to belong to the father and his family if the couple divorce. children born out of wedlock are viewed as belonging to the mother. inheritances are passed through male children only. mourning customs resulted in inequalities for women, and the high incidence of hiv / aids exacerbated this inequality. the constitution states that \" a woman shall not be compelled to undergo or uphold any custom to which she is in conscience opposed ; \" however, traditional families may treat a woman as an outcast if she refuses to undergo the mourning rite. when the husband dies, his widow must remain in strict mourning for one month, during which she cannot leave the house, and the husband ' s family can move into the homestead and take control of its operations. the mourning period can extend as long as three years, during which the widow ' s actions are extremely restricted. for example, she cannot participate in the chief ' s kraal, a traditional place of gathering where persons take their problems ( see section 3 ). a foreign woman who marries a citizen can become a citizen by lodging a declaration with the proper authorities. the ministry of home affairs is responsible for coordinating women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47401609325966354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.980061"}
{"text": "kraal, a traditional place of gathering where persons take their problems ( see section 3 ). a foreign woman who marries a citizen can become a citizen by lodging a declaration with the proper authorities. the ministry of home affairs is responsible for coordinating women ' s issues but took no notable actions during the year. the uniswa senate had a subcommittee that encouraged students and faculty to hold seminars and workshops on gender issues. the government made efforts to protect children ' s rights and welfare, and these rights are provided for in the new constitution. however, the growing number of orphans and vulnerable children ( ovc ) - - an estimated 120, 000 according to the un children ' s fund - - challenged that commitment. the constitution states that within three years of the constitution ' s entering into effect, every child will have the right to free primary education. during the year the government did not provide free, compulsory education for children ; the government paid teachers ' salaries, while the student paid fees for books and contributed to the building fund. the government set per - child and per - school limits on the amounts it paid for ovc tuition and school fees, but some schools complained of delayed payment, and expulsion of ovcs for non - payment of fees increased. supplemental money sometimes had to be raised for building maintenance, including teachers ' housing. the country had a 70 percent primary school enrollment rate. children were required to start attending school at the age of six. most students reached grade 7, the last year of primary school, and many went on to finish grade 10. the public school system ends at grade 12. in rural areas families favor boys over girls if they do not have enough money to send all their children to school. a government task force continued to educate the public on children ' s issues. medical care for children generally was inadequate and characterized by long waits, poor nursing care in public hospitals, and overcrowded and understaffed hospitals. most prescription drugs were available in urban facilities, but rural clinics had inadequate supplies of certain drugs. child abuse was a serious problem, and the government did not make specific efforts to end such abuse. rape of children was also a serious problem, with media reports of rapes of children one year old and younger. teachers sometimes beat children. in july machawe malinga, a primary school pupil, suffered fractures in his right hand and arm when his teacher allegedly beat him with a stick for being a slow writer. there were no reports of action against the teacher by year ' s end. abandoning newborn babies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49652926566465566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.981199"}
{"text": "responsible for combating trafficking. persons with disabilities the new constitution provides protection for persons with disabilities and requires parliament to enact implementing legislation. however, parliament had not passed laws prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, access to health care, or in the provision of other state services by year ' s end. persons with disabilities complained of government neglect. there are no laws that mandate accessibility for persons with disabilities to buildings, transportation, or government services, although government buildings under construction included some improvements for those with disabilities, including accessibility ramps. there was no secondary school for deaf children. in july the foundation of disabled persons in swaziland complained that there were no schools for approximately 900 visually impaired children of school age. in august the minister for enterprise and employment told the swaziland association of visually impaired people that he was shocked to learn that of the 10, 600 visually impaired persons in the country, only three were employed. the minister promised to introduce a bill compelling employers to create specific jobs for the visually impaired ; however, no bill had been introduced by year ' s end. the hospital for persons with mental disabilities in manzini was overcrowded and understaffed, and the government ' s only psychiatrist announced in april that he was retiring ; no replacement had been named by year ' s end. the new constitution forbids discrimination on the grounds of race, color, ethnic origin, tribe, or birth ; however, governmental and societal discrimination was practiced against nonethnic swazis, generally white persons and persons of mixed race. although there were no official statistics, an estimated 2 percent of the population was nonethnic swazi. nonethnic swazis experienced difficulty in obtaining official documents, including passports ( see section 2. d. ). nonethnic swazis also suffered from other forms of governmental and societal discrimination, such as needing special permits or stamps to buy a car or house, delays in receiving building permits for houses, and difficulties in applying for a bank loan. other societal abuses and discrimination societal discrimination against homosexuals was prevalent, and homosexuals often concealed their sexual preferences. there was a social stigma associated with being hiv positive, and this discouraged persons from being tested ; however, education was slowly eroding the cultural prejudice. the may 19 times of swaziland reported that a major construction company in matsapha was harassing an hiv - positive employee by denying her salary increments which other employees received and accusing her of gross incompetence. section 6 worker rights a. the right of association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4614872383153196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.985563"}
{"text": "use in oppressing legitimate and peaceful strike action, and ensure that prison staff and domestic workers be granted the right to organize. b. the right to organize and bargain collectively the new constitution and law provide for the right to organize and bargain collectively, and the government generally respected this right in practice. however, employer interference with representatives of workers ' councils to negotiate terms of conditions of work for employees contributed to the failure of some trade unions to negotiate or promote collective bargaining agreements. the industrial relations act ( ira ) empowers the government to mediate employment disputes and grievances through the cmac. the ira does not specifically permit strikes, but it allows employees who are not engaged in essential services to participate in peaceful protest action to promote their socioeconomic interests. however, the procedure for announcing a protest requires an advance notice of at least 14 days. the ira prohibits protest actions in \" essential services, \" which included police and security forces, correctional services, fire fighting, health, and many civil service positions. the law details the steps to be followed when disputes arise and provides penalties for employers who conduct unauthorized lockouts. when disputes arose with civil servant unions, the government often intervened to reduce the chances of a protest action, which may not be called legally until all avenues of negotiation have been exhausted and a secret ballot of union members has been conducted. there are no export processing zones. c. prohibition of forced or compulsory labor the constitution and law prohibit forced or compulsory labor, including by children, and the government rarely had to enforce this prohibition. however, there were reports that such practices occurred ( see section 5 ). the swaziland federation of trade unions characterized the 1998 administrative order as a form of forced labor, noting that it reinforced the tradition of residents performing uncompensated tasks for chiefs who could penalize those that did not participate. d. prohibition of child labor and minimum age for employment the constitution and law prohibit child labor, but child labor was a problem. the 1980 employment act distinguishes between a \" child \" ( under 15 years ) and a \" young man \" ( ages 15 to 18 ), but it does not establish a minimum age of employment. the law prohibits hiring a child below the age of 15 in an industrial undertaking except in cases where only family members were employed in the firm or in technical schools where children worked under supervision. the law limits conditions under which young people aged 14 or 15 can be employed ; however, children were vulnerable to joining the workforce early, and the law does not provide for compulsory primary school education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46179938849204444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.989957"}
{"text": "firm or in technical schools where children worked under supervision. the law limits conditions under which young people aged 14 or 15 can be employed ; however, children were vulnerable to joining the workforce early, and the law does not provide for compulsory primary school education. legislation limits the number of night hours that children may work on schooldays and also limits children ' s work hours overall to six per day and 33 per week. employment of children in the formal sector was not common ; however, children were found doing unpaid labor for someone other than a family member and often exposed to harsh conditions of work. in rural areas children below the minimum age frequently were employed in the agricultural sector, particularly in the eastern cotton growing region, and were employed as domestic workers and as herd boys. children reportedly worked in towns as traders, hawkers, porters, car wash attendants, bus drivers and conductors. children were victims of prostitution and trafficking in persons ( see section 5 ). the ministry of enterprise and employment ' s department of labor was responsible for enforcement, but its effectiveness was limited by personnel shortages. e. acceptable conditions of work the constitution calls on parliament to enact laws to ensure equal payment for equal work without discrimination, and to protect employees from victimization and unfair dismissal or treatment ; however, the parliament had not enacted any new laws by year ' s end. the ministry of enterprise and employment sets wage scales for each industry. there was a legally mandated sliding scale of minimum wages depending on the type of work performed. the minimum monthly wage for a domestic worker was approximately $ 45 ( 300 emalangeni ), for an unskilled worker $ 63 ( 420 emalangeni ), and for a skilled worker $ 90 ( 600 emalangeni ). minimum wages for teachers were raised to approximately $ 100 ( 750 emalangeni ) during the year. these minimum wages generally did not provide a decent standard of living for a worker and family. migrant workers were not covered under minimum wage laws. wage arrears, particularly in the garment industry, were a problem. in july 40 temporary teachers marched to the ministry of education to demand salary payments that in some cases were in arrears to february. the government subsequently paid teacher salaries and also an end - of - year bonus. there was a standard 48 - hour work week for most workers, a maximum 48 hour workweek in the industrial sector, and a 72 - hour work week for security guards. the law permits all workers one day of rest per week and provides for premium pay for overtime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592748966192156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.991086"}
{"text": "standard 48 - hour work week for most workers, a maximum 48 hour workweek in the industrial sector, and a 72 - hour work week for security guards. the law permits all workers one day of rest per week and provides for premium pay for overtime. most workers received a minimum of 12 days of annual leave. workers receive 14 days of sick leave with full pay and 14 days with half pay after three months of continuous service ; however, these provisions apply only once per calendar year. no sick leave is granted if an injury results from an employee ' s own negligence or misconduct. these standards do not apply to foreign and migrant workers. the labor commissioner conducted inspections in the formal sector ; however, these inspections generally did not result in enforcement of the law. there were allegations that women who tried to take maternity leave were dismissed, that employers paid employees at casual or probationary wage scales regardless of their position or length of service, and that some supervisors harassed, intimidated, and physically abused employees. in january a former employee of the singapore butchery filed a complaint in the industrial court after the cmac failed to resolve a dispute claiming she was illegally dismissed after becoming pregnant in 2004 ; the case was pending at year ' s end. a supervisor who allegedly assaulted two employees of zheng yong textile / apparel factory was arrested and was released on bail in july ; the complainants later withdrew the case. the constitution calls on parliament to enact laws to protect a worker ' s right to satisfactory, safe, and healthy conditions ; however, the parliament had not enacted any new laws by year ' s end. the law provides for protection of workers ' health and safety. the government set safety standards for industrial operations and encouraged private companies to develop accident prevention programs ; however, the labor commissioner ' s office conducted few safety inspections because of staffing deficiencies and an alleged desire not to \" scare off foreign investors. \" workers have no legal right to remove themselves from dangerous workplaces without jeopardizing their continued employment, and collective bargaining agreements do not address the matter. there were no developments in the february 2005 arrests of workers following a riot at welcome textile. the company later went into liquidation. there were extensive provisions allowing workers to seek redress for alleged wrongful dismissal, and these provisions frequently were invoked during the year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45492197612207536, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e0da32-adaf-4b4e-b7f2-e3d1c7c28020>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.992212"}
{"text": "we have previously discussed the importance of t cells in the initiation and maintenance of multiple sclerosis. for example, it is known that cd4 t cells infiltrate the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis and that through secretion of cytokines they induce microglial activation ( associated with glutamate toxicity ), as well as directly contribute to demyelination. an interesting component of the immune system that is only recently beginning to attract significant attention is the complement cascade. this series of proteins is activated either by antibodies, or by proteins that secrete a \u201c danger \u201d signal to the body. the activation of the complement cascade results in the formation of an \u201c arrow - like \u201d protein structure that inserts itself into the cellular membrane and results in the killing of the target cell. this protein structure is called the \u201c membrane attack complex \u201d. usually immunologists think of complement as a means of the immune system clearing bacteria and other pathogens, however a recent study ( li et al. augmenting daf levels in vivo ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. mol immunol 2009 aug 4 ) demonstrated that complement may actually play a role in multiple sclerosis, or at least in the animal model of multiple sclerosis. the investigators began by reporting data that in the experimental allergic encephalomyelities ( eae ) model, when the mice are knocked out for the complement inhibitor decay accelerating factor ( daf ), then the extent of autoimmune - mediated damage to the central nervous system is greatly amplified as compared to wild - type animals. if lack of the complement inhibitor exacerbates disease, it would seem logical that higher concentrations of the inhibitor may suppress disease. the investigators generated daf - transgenic mice, that is, mice that express high levels of the complement inhibitor daf all throughout their bodies. they observed that dendritic cells from daf transgenic mice were poor stimulators of t cells. this is an interesting observation because to my knowledge this is the first i see about complement affecting t cell proliferation. the authors demonstrated that in contrast to wild - type ( normal ) mice, mice that were transgenic for daf had reduction in inflammation and multiple sclerosis - like symptoms after induction of eae with the administration of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antigen. in conclusion this current study seems to suggest that augmenting levels of complement inhibitors may be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5172510104351802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ed0f3af-654d-4a27-a2ba-4fcfa423fe26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:29.997036"}
{"text": "create a hogwarts floor plan grade levels : 3 - 8 students will learn about the concept of scale and other mapping skills as they create a floor plan of hogwarts school. - graph paper - make sure that students have a good understanding of the terms floor plan, bird ' s eye view, and scale before they start drawing any floor plans. - a floor plan is a diagram of one room, apartment, or entire floor of a building, usually drawn to scale - for a bird ' s eye view explain that students will be drawing a map of hogwarts as if they are looking at it from above. - scale is the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it. - scale can be demonstrated by measuring the perimeter of your classroom with a yard stick and then converting those measurements into squares on a piece of graph paper. show students that one foot could equal one square on the graph paper, if that ' s the scale they choose. - ask each student to practice this by drawing a bird ' s eye view of the classroom ( on graph paper ) using the same scale. - decide on symbols to be used to represent desks, chairs, windows, etc., then show students how to make a map key and a scale at the bottom of their practice map. - once you decide on a scale for the classroom measurements, it will help to use this same scale for the hogwarts floor plans. - once its time to draw hogwarts, have the class generate a list of all of the rooms they can remember from the story. - direct students to draw a floor plan showing a bird ' s eye view of all of the rooms at hogwarts. the floor plan also needs to include a map key and a scale. - once the floor plans are completed, put them on a bulletin board and you ' ll have hogwarts on display in your classroom! provided by factmonster. com. asian - pacific - american heritage month may is asian - pacific - american heritage month! don ' t overlook this opportunity to study and enjoy activities about the history and culture of asian - pacific american communities. top 10 galleries explore our most popular top 10 galleries, from top 10 behavior management tips for the classroom and top 10 classroom organization tips from veteran teachers to top 10 free ( & cheap ) rewards for students and top 10 things every teacher needs in the classroom. we ' ll help you get organized and prepared for every classroom situation, holiday, and more! check out all of our galleries today. may calendar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5304043237388063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81fb7076-a79f-4d38-8381-7384a2686d2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.000100"}
{"text": "as we celebrate mother ' s day, and all that the holiday embodies, i thought of all the mothers and women who have gone before us, paving the way in many arenas. one group in particular caught my eye this week. fifty years after they programmed the eniac, the world ' s first computer, the world ' s first programmers are receiving long - overdue recognition for their work. six women will receive the hall of fame award from the women in technology international assn. the eniac was invented to calculate ballistics trajectories during w. w. ii. prior to this, the task had been done by hand by a group of mathematicians, eighty females. the six women who made the eniac work toiled six - day weeks, inventing the field of programming as they worked. but although they were skilled mathematicians and logicians, the women were classified as \" sub - professionals \" and never got the credit due to them. anna van raaphorst - johnson, a director of witi, said \" somebody else stood up and took credit at the time, a typical problem in a male - dominated industry. \" these women, categorized as \" clerks \", were rediscovered by a harvard student named kathryn kleiman in 1986 during her research for a paper on women in computing. kleiman and witi believe that the women ' s pioneering role in the industry will serve as inspiration for girls, to help them avoid the \" math is for boys \" mentality, as well as to women in the programming industry. each of our successes paves the way for others. also released this week was a survey conducted by the pew research center. it found that most american women felt motherhood was easier a generation ago, and that their own mothers did it better. fully half of american women with children under 18 now work full time, and the biggest challenge they face, in their own words, \" is dealing with time pressures attendant to being a mother as well as a worker and a wife. \" another survey sponsored by vanderbilt university found that one in four americans believes a woman will be president in the next two election cycles. 78 percent believe that women will play a larger role in politics 10 years from now. the world will become a better place when we all, regardless of race or gender, pull together as one team, united for peace and prosperity. this week ' s memo is dedicated to my mother, my mother - in - law and grandmother, to my 4 wonderful daughters, my precious granddaughter, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5014409402827267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e937f6e-9d03-41e1-88fa-1faa9fb7eea1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.006850"}
{"text": ", regardless of race or gender, pull together as one team, united for peace and prosperity. this week ' s memo is dedicated to my mother, my mother - in - law and grandmother, to my 4 wonderful daughters, my precious granddaughter, to all the women it ' s been my pleasure to have worked with and connected with as well as to those men who have been such an important and integral part of my professional and personal life - you know who you are - including my special son, my son - in - law, my dad, and to my partner in business and in life. i leave you this week with some of my favorite quotes : \" the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams \" - eleanor roosevelt. \" whether women are better than men i cannot say, but i can say they are certainly no worse \" - golda meir. \" nobody can figure out your worth but you \" - pearl bailey. \" you cannot shake hands with a clenched fist \" - indira gandhi. \" god does not ask your ability or your inability. he asks only your availability \" - mary kay ash. \"... love is the only thing that we can carry with us when we go, and it makes the end so easy \" - louisa may alcott. marleneb. brown, ceo : marmel consulting firm, pobox 83, clarkmills, ny 13321 speaker / consultant tel : 315 / 853 - 1318 fax : 315 / 853 - 4636 email : marlenebb7 topics : future change & technology, leadership & teamwork, sales & marketing author : the book \" technotouch : managing change for 21st century leadership \" \u00a9 & \" technotouch marketing trends \" \u00a9 a bi - monthly newsletter. visit our web site at : http : / / www. technotouch. com / marlene ' s monday memo is designed to keep you abreast of recent happenings that impact upon you and your company. if you ' d like to forward this to others you think might value it, please feel free to do so, as long as you send it in its entirety. if you don ' t wish to receive the monday memos, just email us. \u00a9 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503331257369034, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e937f6e-9d03-41e1-88fa-1faa9fb7eea1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.008011"}
{"text": "in june 1967, with ex - vice president richard nixon, this writer toured an israeli military hospital full of wounded egyptian soldiers. an israeli officer told us that in the hospital was an egyptian officer he had captured in the 1956 sinai campaign, and that he had asked the egyptian : \u201c we have fought three times now, and three times you have been defeated. why do you keep fighting us? \u201d the egyptian replied, \u201c you may have defeated us three times, and you may defeat us 11 times. but the 12th time we win. \u201d from that six - day war, wise israelis took away two lessons. first, they had to remain alert and strong enough to defeat all their neighbors at once. second, the more important struggle was that they must win the acceptance of the arab peoples to survive in an arab sea. the israelis were not alert in 1973 when egypt launched the attack of yom kippur that sent their army reeling along the suez canal. president nixon intervened with a massive airlift to save israel. half a decade later, president sadat and menachem begin agreed at camp david to a trade of land for peace. israel would give up all of sinai captured in 1967 in return for a peace treaty with cairo. a treaty with king hussein of jordan followed. israel was on its way to winning acceptance in the arab world. in 1982, after an israeli diplomat was mortally wounded by an assassin in london, begin ordered an invasion of lebanon. gen. ariel sharon swiftly reached the suburbs of beirut, and yasser arafat \u2019 s plo was expelled to tunis. but as yitzhak rabin ruefully conceded, \u201c we let the shia genie out of the bottle. \u201d in the south of lebanon, quiescent shiites had begun to fight the israeli occupation in militias that came to be known as hezbollah. bled for 18 years, the israelis withdrew in 2000, leaving hezbollah dominant in lebanon. perhaps more critically, after the six - day war, the israelis had annexed all of jerusalem and begun to move settlers into east jerusalem and onto the west bank. in 1987 came the first intifada, an uprising of the palestinians using sticks and stones. yet the movement of israeli settlers continued. from a few thousand in the 1970s, the number has grown to half a million. having won peace with egypt and jordan, the israelis began secret negotiations with the palestinians. in 1994 came the oslo accords, an agreement to trade land for peace. as sadat got back the sinai by making peace with israel, palestinians would get a nation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4440854349973416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b817d398-ef7b-45da-a0e4-08f207ff0e32>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.015819"}
{"text": "won peace with egypt and jordan, the israelis began secret negotiations with the palestinians. in 1994 came the oslo accords, an agreement to trade land for peace. as sadat got back the sinai by making peace with israel, palestinians would get a nation of their own in return for recognizing israel. israel had broken out of her isolation and won acceptance from egypt, jordan and even arafat \u2019 s plo. but in 1995, prime minister rabin, who had won the nobel peace prize for oslo and had come to believe in the necessity of trading land for peace, was assassinated by an israeli fanatic determined to prevent any surrender of west bank land. when sharon came to power, he gave up gaza, but refused to yield on jerusalem or the west bank. his successor, ehud olmert, like rabin and ehud barak before him, came to believe that israel had to give up the west bank for peace, or she would never know peace. but olmert failed to negotiate that peace. looking back, israel has prevailed in all her wars, from the war of independence, to the sinai campaign, to the six - day and yom kippur wars, to the 1982 invasion of lebanon, to the first and second intifadas, the lebanon war of 2006 and the gaza war of 2008. but today israel is more isolated than she has ever been, and the prospects are bleak that she can break out of this isolation. hamas rules gaza. hezbollah rules lebanon. the turks have turned hostile. the palestinian authority has given up on barack obama and is demanding a state from the security council and u. n. general assembly. israel \u2019 s partner in egypt, hosni mubarak, is gone. the israeli embassy in cairo has been sacked. mobs in amman have sought to do the same. george w. bush was persuaded by neocons that an invasion of iraq would start the dominoes of arab tyranny falling and usher in an era of pro - western democracies in the region. not quite. the arab spring that followed the u. s. invasion by a decade is bringing down the despots but also unleashing the demons of ethnonationalism and islamic fundamentalism that are anti - american and anti - zionist. israel \u2019 s great patron, america, is in retreat from the region, with her army in iraq home by year \u2019 s end and her autocratic allies down in egypt and tunisia and tottering in bahrain and yemen. by 2050", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4176389388508964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b817d398-ef7b-45da-a0e4-08f207ff0e32>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.017637"}
{"text": "the central part of indiana, prior to settlement, was primarily covered in forest. today, with all residential, commercial, industrial and transportation land cover, most of the forest areas have disappeared. that means many children have lost any association with what forests are or were. however, a new website, \" finding my forest, \" has developed to provide some connections to the forest again. the site offers interdisciplinary lessons allowing parents, teachers and outdoor educators to connect with children ' s diverse learning styles. the free forest conservation educational material and curriculum may be accessed at www. findingmyforest. org. today ' s children have little free time, between school, scheduled activities, television, computers and cell phones. \" finding my forest \" provides the tools needed to help integrate the wonder of forests right into youth education efforts. interested individuals may start by taking a \" virtual hike, \" downloading the curriculum or exploring the rest of the site to find information about forests, what to do when there and ways to connect with other \" forest friends. \" the material is designed for grades 3 - 8. the curriculum helps make natural spaces, from the schoolyard outside, to public forests around the country, more relevant to students. the site offers simple ways to create a classroom blog and link it to the iforest network google map, which connects participating classrooms from across the nation. the site includes tools and resources from partner organizations. one area of the site that is particularly fun is the online ( by zip code ) field guide, at www. enature. com / zipguides /. it is a great site to learn details about birds, butterflies, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, trees, wild flowers, for the area chosen. pictures, habitat information and in the case of the birds, interested individuals may even listen to their sounds. \" finding my forest \" is part of a usda forest service and adcouncil campaign aimed at connecting children and parents with nature. for more information about the campaign and other resources, visit www. discovertheforest. org. additional conservation education resources from the usda forest service may be accessed at www. na. fs. fed. us. coned /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740033383982517, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e45290fd-4ddf-41cc-83c8-d6c08699f5ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.020929"}
{"text": "buried inside robert bryce \u2019 s relatively new book entitled power hungry is a call to \u201c aggressively pursue taxes or caps on the emissions of neurotoxins, particularly those that come from burning coal \u201d to generate electricity such as mercury and lead. this is notable not because bryce agrees with many environmental and human health experts, but also because the book credibly debunks the move to tax or cap carbon dioxide emissions both from technical and political perspectives. the word \u201c neurotoxic \u201d literally translates as \u201c nerve poison \u201d. broadly described, a neurotoxicant is any chemical substance which adversely acts on the structure or function of the human nervous system. as its subtitle signals, power hungry also declares policies subsidizing renewable sources of electricity, biofuels and electric vehicles as too costly and impractical to make a significant difference in making the u. s. power and transportation systems more sustainable. so why take aim at mercury and lead, which is certain to drive up the cost of coal - fired electricity just as a carbon cap or tax would? because, bryce asserts, \u201c arguing against heavy metal contaminants with known neurotoxicity will be far easier than arguing against carbon dioxide emissions. cutting the output of mercury and the other heavy metals may, in the long run, turn out to have far greater benefits for the environmental and human health. \u201d bryce draws a parallel to the u. s. government ordering oil refiners to remove lead from gasoline starting in the 1970s. in the book, which has has received predominantly good reviews on amazon. com, bryce makes some valid points about the carbon density of our energy sources. among his overarching messages is that the carbon density of the world \u2019 s major economies is actually declining ( see graph below ). not to be missed : his attack on carbon sequestration, pp. 160 - 165. his case about the threat of neurotoxins begins on p. 167. there \u2019 s a lot more to this challenge of reducing america \u2019 s reliance on coal - fired power plants than this. but considering the failure by the u. s. congress to agree on a carbon tax or cap, his idea has serious merit and deserves a broad discussion, especially as congress reassess its budget priorities. this includes billions of dollars of tax breaks and incentives for oil and other fossil fuels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5387966366972767, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed7842f6-485f-401b-96c7-6ca3e6045411>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.024478"}
{"text": "although most of guatemala ' s children have enough food to eat, many are not receiving the right kind of food. samuel loewenberg reports on the country ' s growing crisis of chronic malnutrition. in the clean, toy - filled interior of a clinic in chiquimula, a 9 - year - old girl appears to be frowning. her name is domitila, and her muscles are too weak to form a smile ( see webvideo ). her body is fragile : arms and legs wasted, patches of hair missing, the veins in her legs forming a black web - like pattern that shows through her delicate skin. domitila is one of about a dozen children in the bethania rehabilitation clinic in the far - eastern town of jocotan, near to the honduran border. in an adjoining room, a 3 - year - old boy, israel, cannot even support his own weight. he has been placed in a walker, on which he is sprawled. he tries several times to raise himself, but cannot lift his head. a pair of 4 - month - old babies, twins, lie in their cribs crying, both emaciated. across the room, a nurse gently drops food into the mouth of an infant so small it barely looks human. the cases of israel, domitila, and the other children here are the extreme edge of the hunger crisis in guatemala, which has some of the worst rates of chronic malnutrition in the world. these children in the clinic are severely malnourished, many have kwashiorkor. although these children are still the exception, chronic malnutrition can tip over to catastrophe, especially now, in the wake of the global food, climate, and financial crises. unlike the more commonly known wasting in severe malnutrition, with chronic malnutrition, the problem is not a lack of food, but a lack of the right kind of food, with enough protein and micronutrients to keep children healthy. \u201c the chronic malnutrition could at any moment turn acute with the current economic crisis \u201d, said wayne nilsestuen, who heads the us agency for international development ' s ( usaid ) office in guatemala. half the children in guatemala have chronic malnutrition. in some areas the rate is as high as 90 %. this is startling, because in terms of gross domestic product, guatemala is a fairly prosperous country. yet the rates of stunting here are on par with failed states like haiti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.418803370545566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.040076"}
{"text": "##nutrition. in some areas the rate is as high as 90 %. this is startling, because in terms of gross domestic product, guatemala is a fairly prosperous country. yet the rates of stunting here are on par with failed states like haiti \u2014 the national census of height in 2008 found that nearly half of children younger than 5 years are stunted. research published in the lancet last year shows that children who have chronic malnutrition face not only stunted growth but also a diminished mental capacity and a substantial decrease in earning power. guatemala has stark divisions between its rich and poor communities. the populations affected by malnutrition are largely the indigenous mayan communities that make up most of the country ' s rural farmers, mostly sharecroppers, who have twice the rates of stunting of the non - indigenous population. most of the hunger hotspots also track with the places in which the civil war was most fierce, like the province of quiche in the highlands. this was not by mistake. \u201c budgets were shifted to keep some populations less developed \u201d, said andres botran, who pioneered some of his country ' s anti - hunger programmes in the last government. \u201c for us it is a national shame. \u201d it is often said that guatemala is really two countries in one, divided between the few rich and the many poor. it is among the most unequal countries in the world, with 20 % of the population receiving 60 % of the income. an extremely low tax base means that the government has very little to work with to alleviate the poverty. around 6 million of the country ' s population of 14 million live in poverty, and nearly half of those in extreme poverty. botran himself is one of guatemala ' s ruling elite, the scion of the powerful rum dynasty that bears his name. it was botran who took up the issue in the early part of the decade as an adviser to the oscar berger government, which was more conservative than the one currently in power. botran admits that he came across the malnutrition issue almost by mistake, which occurred to him as a ripe political issue while he was helping the campaign. he says that when his assistant first presented him with data that half his country ' s children were malnourished, he did not believe it and accused him of making a mistake. but the numbers were right. 9 - year - old domitila at the bethania rehabilitation centre in chiquimula, guatemala parents and children queue to see a doctor at a health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3926708530495207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.041332"}
{"text": "did not believe it and accused him of making a mistake. but the numbers were right. 9 - year - old domitila at the bethania rehabilitation centre in chiquimula, guatemala parents and children queue to see a doctor at a health clinic in the chiquimula region \u201c malnutrition does not get any headlines unless there is the picture, the money shot \u201d, such as a child with a distended belly and flies buzzing around, he said. after berger won the election in 2003, botran was appointed to a head an agency focusing on malnutrition. \u201c one of our main issues was to communicate the reality of food insecurity in guatemala \u201d to the political and business elite that ran the country, to explain that the malnutrition threatened to destabilise the economy. \u201c our democracy was not safe, our society was becoming more and more frail \u201d, he said. the reasons for chronic malnutrition in guatemala are attributable to several factors : the stark income inequality ; a lack of education ; the increased price of beans and eggs, which are one of the only sources of protein for villagers ; poor, or in some cases non - existent, infrastructure, meaning no electricity or running water, and certainly no clean water : so diarrhoea is a major factor. and guatemala remains a highly dysfunctional society, still badly damaged by the 36 - year - old civil war that wiped out an estimated 200 000 people, most of them civilians. there are also 24 different indigenous groups, each with their own language ; many of whom speak only rudimentary spanish. underlying this situation is poverty. the malnutrition, which is hidden from guatemala ' s wealthy urban populace, happens in places like the mountainous region of quiche. 80 % of the population lives on under us $ 2 a day, according to claudia nieves of save the children usa. in the mountain town of xobor, villagers live in huts with dirt floors and tin roofs, with little patches of land out back to grow corn or lettuce or a cassava - type root. some families are lucky enough to have chicken pens or the occasional pig, but the animal ' s products are usually sold rather than eaten, and even eggs are a luxury. a visit to a village in chiquimula illustrates the problem. in a two - room hut at the bottom of a hill, maria boton canto prepares lunch for her five children. she works over a wood fired stove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144154454856287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.042408"}
{"text": "are a luxury. a visit to a village in chiquimula illustrates the problem. in a two - room hut at the bottom of a hill, maria boton canto prepares lunch for her five children. she works over a wood fired stove, rhythmically patting her hands to make dozens of corn tortillas, accompanied by a small bowl of pasta and a spoonful of refried beans ( in the wake of rising food costs, important sources of protein like beans and eggs only come a few times a week ). her youngest daughter is being treated for malnourishment, and the other children appeared to be stunted as well. they wolf down their tortillas and drink a soft drink to fill their stomachs. \u201c intra - uterine malnutrition is where the problem starts \u201d, said nieves. she also noted that in the period before guatemala ' s civil war, which began around 1960, the country had a sanitation corps and hygiene programmes. that has all gone now. dirty water and nearly non - existent sanitation in many areas of the country ensure that disease and malnutrition remain rampant. if he had more money, \u201c there is no doubt i would put it into water and sanitation \u201d, said juan aguilar, the current head of guatemala ' s nutrition and food security agency. while the very rich reap the benefits of guatemala ' s agricultural bounty ( the top 20 % of the population take two - thirds of the country ' s income ), they give little back. tax revenues in guatemala are among the very lowest in latin america, smaller even than its poorer neighbours. \u201c there ' s not enough money for the state to perform its functions \u201d, said usaid ' s nilsestuen. among latin american countries, guatemala is the only one to have failed to decrease its malnutrition over the past decade \u2014 even countries with worse income inequality, like brazil, or ones that are poorer, like honduras and nicaragua, have had much bigger successes in addressing the problem. so far, in guatemala, efforts are just going towards treating the symptoms. it is not enough. \u201c in the broader sense this is really a problem of political will \u201d, said john hoddinott, a senior research fellow at the international food policy research institute in washington, dc, usa, who has worked on malnutrition issues in guatemala since the 1960s. per head income figures in guatemala are four or five times higher than in haiti \u2014 yet the two nations have roughly similar rates of stunting, said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39105656485181095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.043640"}
{"text": "washington, dc, usa, who has worked on malnutrition issues in guatemala since the 1960s. per head income figures in guatemala are four or five times higher than in haiti \u2014 yet the two nations have roughly similar rates of stunting, said hoddinott. in general, poor people themselves do not realise that stunting is an issue because the problem is so widespread. the rates of malnutrition are twice as bad for the indigenous population as they are for non - indigenous. that is a problem of distribution of resources. the indigenous parts of the country are so much poorer and so isolated that most people are unaware of their situation. \u201c if you go to a place where everybody is stunted, nobody has a reference group \u201d, said hoddinott. in the rehabilitation clinic in jocotan, 9 - year - old domitila sits listlessly on a bench. some of the younger children are rambunctious, running around with toys despite their wasted state. at the clinic, funded by a belgian charity, doctor evelin nufio explains that domitila ' s family is extremely poor, as is her whole village, and that when she came to the clinic she was in even worse shape than now. she has brothers and sisters, some of whom are in even worse states, but she was the one sent to the clinic because she has a foreign sponsor. that money goes to feed the whole family, and apparently her parents were concerned that in her underfed state, if they sent a photo of her to the sponsors they would not receive any more money, so they sent her to the clinic to get healthy. it is a cycle that is likely to be repeated. hunger is a way of life in the arid region of chiquimula. farmers grow beans and corn and not much else. water is scarce, often many kilometres from homes. by march, the production of food diminishes and the hunger season starts. the two clinics for severely malnourished children around here typically get around 15 patients at a time, who stay for about 3 weeks. nufio explains that the clinic is careful not to give the children special foods, because when they return home those will no longer be available, so instead the children are rehabilitated on such staple items as beans, eggs, and tortillas. the symptoms of severe malnutrition occur at the most fundamental level. for some children, their normally jet black hair turns blond due to vitamin deficiency. in more severe cases, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45261468448460723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.044702"}
{"text": "such staple items as beans, eggs, and tortillas. the symptoms of severe malnutrition occur at the most fundamental level. for some children, their normally jet black hair turns blond due to vitamin deficiency. in more severe cases, the hair falls out in patches. the skin may peel and darken. most confusingly, many of the children look puffy, almost obese. this is because they are retaining liquid and their internal organs are not working properly, which may include increased liver size, said juan manuel mejia terranza, a doctor at the nutritional recuperation center of jocotan. the government, working with the world food programme ( wfp ), has a programme to distribute supplementary food to undernourished children. the supplement, called vitacereal, arrives once a month at the far - flung villages. the monthly distributions of the enriched corn - soya blend are an event for the remote communities. it also the only time that the children see a doctor. people come from kilometres around to receive the food. on one scorching day high in the mountains in the village of pelillo negro, a mother and her three children indicated that they had hiked all the way across a valley and far up the mountain for nearly 2 hours to come for the food. at the town community centre, the gathered mothers crowded around with their infants and toddlers, waiting for food and to see the doctor. first, the babies must be weighed on a portable hanging scale and measured with a collapsable device. the children howl as they are placed in the slings or forced to stretch their legs out by a volunteer. but most worrying are the handful of children too listless to respond, who instead simply lie there, too weak to protest. in some cases, the children are deemed by the doctor to be severely malnourished. inside the clinic, doctor melvin omar tomillos tries to convince a family to send their daughter to the rehabilitation clinic. the little girl weighs only 9 kg, making her about 5 kg underweight for her age of 2 years and 8 months. \u201c the girl, if she continues to lose a lot of weight, her defence system will diminish. her defences are so low that a small cold could become pneumonia and she could die \u201d, he said. a health worker explains the preparation of vitacereal to a village in chiquimula but the parents are resistant. the mother would have to go with the girl to take care of her at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4311595983583662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.045741"}
{"text": "pneumonia and she could die \u201d, he said. a health worker explains the preparation of vitacereal to a village in chiquimula but the parents are resistant. the mother would have to go with the girl to take care of her at the clinic, and the father says that she is needed to take care of the house and the children while he is at work. it is a frustrating scene. the man says he only earns about 25 queztales a day ( $ 3 ), and so cannot provide for his family. the girl, yolanda perez, has been losing weight. the family has been getting the vitacereal for the past 3 months, but it is being divided between all four children, said lida escobar, a wfp field worker. so instead of lasting a month as it is supposed to, it is gone in a week. also, the mother dilutes the mixture too much, a common problem that undermines the feeding programme. the mother does not seem to know what to do : \u201c at 1 year she escaped death, for 2 nights she was unconscious, she wouldn ' t breastfeed \u201d, she says. \u201c so the person who has least access to the vitacereal is the girl in the programme \u201d, says escobar. \u201c she ' s consuming the least and that ' s why she ' s losing weight. \u201d the father does not earn enough money, \u201c so he cannot provide for his family. that is why this is going on \u201d. funds for sl to travel to guatemala were provided by the pulitzer center for crisis reporting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43316616757997, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59ded2d3-5588-4c1d-b2b4-49b7f657c3fe>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.046359"}
{"text": "by paul craig roberts ( archive ) april 14, 2003 now that you have paid your income taxes, calculate how much you own of your own labor. you can do this by dividing the federal, state and local income taxes you paid ( including social security and medicare ) by your taxable income. generally speaking, the higher your income, the less you own of yourself. a person with $ 300, 000 in taxable income will discover that government in the year 2002 has a claim to about one - third of his labor \u2013 the maximum tax that could be levied on a medieval serf. if you have a low income or work primarily off the books, you will be rewarded with an \u201c earned income tax credit, \u201d that is, you will receive a tax \u201c refund \u201d even though you paid no tax. you not only own all your own labor, but also have legal claims to the incomes of higher income persons. democracy produces the opposite results of feudalism. instead of an upper class living off the sweat of a lower class, the lower class lives off the sweat of an upper class. philosophers such as john rawls created a philosophy to justify the latter as \u201c moral \u201d and the former as \u201c immoral, \u201d but it all comes down to the same thing : some people live off other people \u2019 s activities. income taxes are not the only taxes. there are property taxes, wealth taxes, excise taxes, and sales taxes. if you add together all the taxes you paid, you might find that you own no more of your own income than a 19th century slave. ( a slave owed his master about half his work product, the rest being necessary for his own maintenance. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4477860759726282, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57e8ed64-5e46-4af5-b25d-cbde36a46846>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.048327"}
{"text": "but it isn ' t feasible to study every single species on the planet in depth - there are hundreds and thousands of types of insects alone! fortunately, it has become clear that there are often many parallels between the biological systems at work in many types of creature, from yeast to humans. this had led to the establishment of a number of so - called \" model organisms \", which are studied consistently by investigators the world over. the consistent use of these particular critters allows us to make and test ideas about biology in a rapid and reproducible way. in the case of some very important mechanisms, the use of very simple animals has managed to tell us a great deal about humans. to do the same experiments with people would be very time - consuming ( not to mention unethical ). the vast majority of model organisms used by scientists in the uk are small simple animals. the most common of these include microscopic nematode worms, fruit flies and african claw - toed frogs. or to give them their official names, caenorhabditis elegans, drosophila melanogaster and xenopus laevis. i ' ll stick with worms, flies and frogs to keep it simple. all these animals have the advantage of being available in large numbers, and are easy to breed. in the case of worms and flies, we have the complete sequence of their dna. this makes it very easy to spot important genes and to use them for further study. as well as the breeding benefits, these animals have told us much about how animals develop from the egg. in particular, we have discovered how simple creatures work out which way is up, down, left and right when they are developing. unfortunately, mammals such as mice and humans don ' t develop in the same way. plant biologists often use a specific type of cress as a model, although you probably wouldn ' t want to sprinkle arabidopsis thaliana on your egg sandwiches. many experiments are also performed on brewer ' s yeast, a. k. a. saccharomyces cerevisiae. let ' s hope the campaign for real ale don ' t get too upset. this may seem unbelievable, but these yeasty beasties have huge similarities to the cells found in more complex animals, even humans. for example, the way that dna is wrapped up to fit in the cell is the same in all these organisms, from yeast upwards. similarly, the basic ways that genes are activated and turned off is preserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029049624073622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b764e9b-78a1-4944-bcac-3edaaf9857f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.053638"}
{"text": "in more complex animals, even humans. for example, the way that dna is wrapped up to fit in the cell is the same in all these organisms, from yeast upwards. similarly, the basic ways that genes are activated and turned off is preserved. even the way that cells from yeast and animals multiply is the same. for me, one of the most breath - taking things about studying biology is finding that a gene that plays a particular role in the humble yeast is also of paramount importance in humans. so why can ' t we just study yeast and flies to learn all about humans? the simple answer is that although many systems are the same in most cells, many are not - or have fundamental differences. as i mentioned before, mammals such as mice and humans don ' t make their embryos in the same way as flies, frogs or worms. the use of mammals in research is an emotive issue for some people, yet it is an inescapable fact that to study certain things only a mammalian model will do. in the uk, the use of such animals is very tightly regulated to ensure that only essential experiments are performed. there is a dazzling array of technology available to study the effects of genes in mice. this has led to the development of mice which model a wide range of human diseases, including diabetes, down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, obesity, deafness and many other inherited syndromes. the list goes on, as do the exploitable benefits to our understanding and treatment of human diseases. these \" diseased \" mice are created by the removal ( or addition ) of a particular gene by genetic engineering. although the majority of disease models are mad in mice, there are a few syndromes which can be mimicked in other animals. for example, it ' s possible to breed fruit flies that have some of the symptoms of alzheimer ' s disease. one other technology which is developing into a model system in its own right is the growing of cells on plastic dishes in incubators, known as cell culture. cultured cells can be taken from a wide range of sources. these may include human donors with particular diseases, such as cancers or inherited diseases. cells can also be taken from animals such as the genetically engineered mice already mentioned. the only problem with devoting all our studies to cultured cells is the sad fact that the characteristics of these cells tends to change over time. this is because the cells pick up mutations from the culturing process. some cell types, particularly the most popular ones, are now so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5000353270628664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b764e9b-78a1-4944-bcac-3edaaf9857f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.054728"}
{"text": "mild drought conditions persist in part of state streamflows and groundwater recovery levels continue to lag behind for this time of year. the latest drought depiction by the council shows central north carolina in a moderate drought, and the coastal and mountain regions are experiencing abnormally dry conditions. council member ryan boyles with the state climate office said that even though the recent rain events have been helpful, the state is not out of the woods regarding drought. despite april showers, precipitation deficits since jan. 1 range from three to five inches across the state. while reservoirs in north carolina are near normal levels, reservoir inflows have quickly receded since the rainfall. streamflows increased to normal levels following the rains of the past two weeks, but began to drop shortly after the rain stopped. without additional rainfall, streams are expected to drop to below - normal levels for this time of year. as a consequence of the dry conditions, there have been more than 4, 000 wildfires this year. the n. c. division of forest resources reports that the recent rainfall has mitigated wildfire activity in many areas ; however, the state remains in spring fire season. everyone planning to conduct any outdoor burning is still urged to use caution. the leading cause of wildfires in north carolina is debris burning. the drought management advisory council encourages water users in areas experiencing drought or dry conditions to adhere to all local water use restrictions. the council was formed by the general assembly following the drought of 2002. more like this story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41236298634609125, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3022e34b-f00a-4f43-9373-064ab428a376>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.056463"}
{"text": "aliciabutterfield, ma, united states elizabethbutterfield, ma, united states kiarabutterfield, ma, united states 12 & under robert haighbutterfield, ma, united states karen fredettebutterfield, ma, united states social sciences & culture > cultures history & government > world history ages 9 and up we would share notes and ideas with everyone in our group. we went through a tough spot. there were a lot of people we needed approval from to get the historical society photos. our couch asked us if we wanted to start over with a new topic and we said no. at the time, it wasn ' t looking too good for us. we didn ' t think they would allow us to help. we told our coach that we have worked too hard together and liked the subject too much to just pass this topic by. to get it approved our couch went to a meeting during vacation. she told the historical society that we said we didn ' t want to give up. they were impressed that we still wanted to go on and so they approved our offer to help. we worked through thick and thin. so, remember if you work hard enough together anything can happen. our team is very different from each other. we have different ethnic origins. preserving local history preserves your memories, culture and history. photos are important because you can never remember everything. people have different perspectives and memories of what took place in the past. photos help us remember what happened in the past. when you know what happened in your past, it can help save your future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4915150701721448, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75e77a09-0c35-49f0-a502-a2bd8713f28c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.058109"}
{"text": "nasa said tuesday it has suspended use of one of the mineral - identifying tools on the opportunity mars rover due to a problem. the robot ' s thermal emission spectrometer was acting up, and engineers are obtaining data from it while troubleshooting. the problem might be related to a malfunctioning optical switch that tells a mirror in the instrument when to begin moving. or the mirror might not be properly moving at a constant velocity. \" if it is the optical switch, we could use a redundant one built into the instrument, \" said phil christensen of arizona state university, lead scientist for the miniature thermal emission spectrometers on both rovers. in a statement released by nasa, christensen added that if the root cause cannot be remedied, scientists could still get useful data from the instrument in its currently impaired condition. the rovers have been on mars since january 2004 and were guaranteed for only three months of work. mission officials had always expected that if nothing unexpected cropped up, the rovers would operate longer. opportunity is continuing to operate, observing a crater called vostok. the problem dates back to march 3 and 4, when eight of 17 attempted readings by the instrument yielded incomplete data sets, according to the statement. the spectrometer sits high on the rover ' s mast and observes rocks and other targets from afar. it measures infrared radiation. \u00a9 2013 space. com. all rights reserved. more from space. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5042953209171299, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88a20404-f043-4c74-b994-8711903632c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.059955"}
{"text": "opening the tomb of petamenophis in luxor a first look by jane akshar today ( december 7th, 2005 ) was the official opening of the tomb of petamenophis ( padiamenope, xry. y - hb hrj - tp ) ( tt33 ) by dr sabry abd el aziz, the deputy of dr zahi hawass. it is located next to the tomb of harwa ( tt39 ). the tomb is hugely significant, being, well huge. at this point, it is the largest tomb in egypt and yet we really do not know why the owner of it was so blessed, but perhaps future work may reveal this secret. indeed, he was a high official, describing himself as \" sealbearer and sole beloved friend, lector and scribe of the records in the sight of the king \". in this inscription the king is not named, but there is an inscription in the northern part of the great outer courtyard, discovered by lepsius, with a cartouche containing the name of a king haremhab ( horemheb? ), next to the name of petamenophis. however, stylistically, many scholars believe that pteamenophis ' tomb could not be dated as early as the 18th or early 19th dynasty. in this regard, the tomb appears to date no earlier than the ethiopian period ( when nubians ruled egypt ). some scholars believe that petamenophis may have lived during the rule of psammetichus i, the first king of the 26th dynasty. in any event, petamenophis must have been, to judge from his titles, a learned man and theologian. it should be noted that there is a statue of petamenophis in the egyptian antiquities museum in cairo. the tomb of petamenophis, located in the assasif section of tombs on the west bank at luxor ( ancient thebes ), was first described in detail by lepsius in his pioneering work, denkmaeler aus aegypten und aethiopien. the tomb was later visited and described separately by wilkinson, by duemichen and others, before maspero, seeing its deteriorating condition and realizing the necessity of protecting it from despoliation, had it sealed at the end of the last century. it remained closed until 1936 when w. f. von bissing obtained permission to reopen it with the purpose of performing a definitive survey and publication. braving the billions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38657586852914017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7959cba-9101-47fb-b88e-b144f6cd3f68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.064416"}
{"text": "from despoliation, had it sealed at the end of the last century. it remained closed until 1936 when w. f. von bissing obtained permission to reopen it with the purpose of performing a definitive survey and publication. braving the billions of bats infesting the place and the thick air ( the ventilation shafts left much to be desired ) he persevered, and within two years ( 1938 ) published a detailed description of the finds. thereafter, for decades, the tomb was used as a storeroom with boxes, some labeled, some not. there were boxes from the tomb of tutankhamun with biological matter ( plants ), statues, sarcophagi and altogether some 1, 000 objects. there were registers for some of these boxes. one from 1964 was compiled by the polish team working at deir el - bahri, and showed lists which accompanied black and white photos. this material has now been moved to a storage facility near the carter house near the valley of the kings. lately, actually over the last two years, a team from the university of strasbourg, led by m. traurecker, has been clearing the first three chambers of this huge tomb and it has just now been opened for a first official viewing. the opening was attended by many important officials from the supreme council and other archaeologists working in the area, such as francesco tiradritti. the next stage will be the cleaning, restoration and conservation of the tomb. it has important texts such as the book of the dead which need to be studied. in fact it is one of the most important, if not the most important, source for sacred texts during the period of egyptian history. for example, there is also a late period version of the book of caverns in the tomb, which has yielded otherwise missing parts of this text. but the most amazing thing about this tomb is it ' s sheer size, with some 330 meters of corridors. it may be some time yet before this tomb is open to the public, but perhaps now we may see an end in sight when the public will be able to explore this vast monument. perhaps, more importantly, there may be more to learn as work progresses toward that end last updated : 12 / 07 / 2005 who are we? tour egypt aims to offer the ultimate egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. we offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44193853857045085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7959cba-9101-47fb-b88e-b144f6cd3f68>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.065488"}
{"text": "norfolk island is a pristine island, populated mostly by the descendants of the \" bounty \" mutineers who left the pitcairn islands for more space, provides the opportunity for visitors to unwind. although getting to norfolk island is not cheap, expenses on the island are minimal and visitors to norfolk island will enjoy a tranquillity and peace that only this level of isolation can provide. activities on the island include bush walking, mountain biking, golf, scuba diving and low - tax shopping. the first european known to have sighted the island was captain james cook, in 1774, on his second voyage to the south pacific on hms resolution. he named it after the duchess of norfolk, wife of edward howard, 9th duke of norfolk ( 1685 - 1777 ). the duchess was dead at the time of the island ' s sighting by cook, but cook had set out from england in 1772 and could not have known of her may 1773 death. in 1786 the british government included norfolk island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by john call, in its plan for colonization of new south wales. during the 18th and 19th century, it was used as a penal settlement just like australia before. on 8 june 1856, the next settlement began on norfolk island. these were the descendants of tahitians and the bounty mutineers, resettled from the pitcairn islands, which had become too small for their growing population. the british government had permitted the transfer of the pitcairners to norfolk, which was thus established as a colony separate from new south wales but under the administration of that colony ' s governor. they left pitcairn islands on 3 may 1856 and arrived with 194 persons on 8 june. although some families decided to return to pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island ' s population continued to slowly grow as the island accepted settlers, often arriving with whaling fleets. after the creation of the commonwealth of australia in 1901, norfolk island was placed under the authority of the new commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. during world war ii, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between australia and new zealand, and new zealand and the solomon islands. in the late 1960 ' s a mini - invasion by british ex - pats followed after the island was featured on a bbc television documentary presented by alan whicker. fifty families decided to emigrate from the united kingdom to norfolk island as a result of the programme. in 1979, norfolk was granted limited self - government by australia, under which the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3923177547486117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e30dcd4f-0e51-41a5-8f1c-b5281c68eafd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.074147"}
{"text": "was featured on a bbc television documentary presented by alan whicker. fifty families decided to emigrate from the united kingdom to norfolk island as a result of the programme. in 1979, norfolk was granted limited self - government by australia, under which the island elects a government that runs most of the island ' s affairs. as such, residents of norfolk island are not represented in the commonwealth parliament of australia, making them the only group of residents of an australian state or territory not represented there. in 2006, a formal review process took place, in which the australian government considered revising this model of government. the review was completed on 20 december 2006, when it was decided that there would be no changes in the governance of norfolk island. norfolk island is located 1610 kilometres northeast of sydney, australia and 1, 063 kilometres north - west of auckland, new zealand. it is a 8 by 5 kilometre volcanic outcrop totalling roughly 3, 855 hectares. two smaller uninhabited islands, nepean and phillip, lie to the south at a distance of 1 kilometre and 6 kilometres respectively. one of the best activities on norfolk island is diving. the waters around norfolk and the smaller islands of nepean and philip offer over 30 world - class dive sites, offering caves, tunnels, chasms and chimneys with a wide variety of fish and marine algae. visibility is at least 20 metres but usually more and the temperature of the water hoovers around 18 to 20 at least, more in summer. snorkelling is popular at the reef near emily and slaughter bays at low tide. there is abundance of fish, coral and sea life. in emily bay, you can also joing boat tours with glass - bottom boats. apart from the great nature and marine life there is actually som fascinating history which is very important to the local population. prove of this you will find in its restored historic buildings, museums and cemeteries. probably the most popular place and definately the highlight is the historic settlement of kingston which was built by convicts from the second penal colony established on the island. also the old cemetery at the eastern end of quality row is worth a visit. the lovely norfolk island national park and the adjacent botanic gardens offer some great walking trails. on the way, you will enjoy the fantastic views from the top of mount bates ( 321 metres ) and mount pitt ( 320 metres ). you can also visit the museum of natural history in this park. much of the island can be explored on foot by walking one of many bush and coastal tracks which are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42469980457126866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e30dcd4f-0e51-41a5-8f1c-b5281c68eafd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.075298"}
{"text": "the top of mount bates ( 321 metres ) and mount pitt ( 320 metres ). you can also visit the museum of natural history in this park. much of the island can be explored on foot by walking one of many bush and coastal tracks which are all well signposted. norfolk ' s climate is subtropical with an average rainfall of 1, 328 mm per year. summer days range from 24 \u00b0c - 28 \u00b0c, with nights around 19 \u00b0c - 21 \u00b0c. in winter temperatures drop to around 19 \u00b0c during the day and 12 \u00b0c at night. a $ 30 departure fee is payable at the airport on day of departure. travel times are : there is no regular passenger service to norfolk island by sea. cruise ships occasionally call at norfolk island. the local shipping agent, transam argosy, lists details of cruise ships calling at norfolk island. all passengers are ferried ashore using either the ships tenders or zodiac inflatables \u2013 weather permitting. car hire is reasonably priced and as there is no public transport, it is also the most convenient. options are rent - a - car ( ph : 22656 ) or martin \u2019 s ( ph : 22021 ). driving is on the left, with a speed limit outside burnt pine of 50 km / h and inside burnt pine of 40 km / h ( 30 km / h in the school zone ). seatbelts, while fitted to all cars, are rarely used and rarely necessary. when driving outside of the town, remember that cows and other animals have right of way. also remember to watch out for the \" norfolk wave \", a wave ( ranging from a raised index finger off the steering wheel through to an enthusiastic movement of the arm ) used by all locals to greet passing traffic. a limited number of bikes can be hired through the tourist office, or by calling bill \u2019 s push bike hire ( ph : 22551 ) all visitors arriving on the island must have pre - booked accommodation or be staying with friends or relatives to be able to enter norfolk island through immigration. all visitors travelling to norfolk island must have a valid passport and a return airline ticket. australian citizens who do not have a passport can obtain a document of identity through australia post. australian and new zealand passport holders can enter norfolk island without any further documentation. all other international passport holders must be able to obtain an australian visa for entry to australia prior to entry to norfolk island. a $ 30 departure fee is payable at the airport on day of departure. see also money matters norfolk island uses the australian dollar (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4457269021445896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e30dcd4f-0e51-41a5-8f1c-b5281c68eafd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.076474"}
{"text": "other international passport holders must be able to obtain an australian visa for entry to australia prior to entry to norfolk island. a $ 30 departure fee is payable at the airport on day of departure. see also money matters norfolk island uses the australian dollar ( aud ). australian dollar notes come in $ 5, $ 10, $ 20, $ 50 and $ 100 and coins come in 5\u00a2, 10\u00a2, 20\u00a2, 50\u00a2, $ 1 and $ 2. there are two atms on norfolk island. see also travel health there are no vaccinations legally required to travel to norfolk island. there is one exception though. you need a yellow fever vaccination if you have travelled to a country ( 7 days or less before entering norfolk island ) where that disease is widely prevalent. it ' s a good thing to get your vaccinations in order before travelling to norfolk island. the general vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and polio ( dtp ) is recommended. also a hepatitis a vaccination is recommended and when travelling longer than 2 weeks also typhoid. vaccination against hepatitis b is also sometimes recommended for stays longer than 3 months. dengue sometimes occurs as well. there is no vaccinations, so buy mosquito repellent ( preferably with 50 % deet ), and sleep under a net. also wear long sleeves if possible. finally, other possible health issues include diarrhea and other general travellers ' diseases like motion sickness. watch what you eat and drink and in case you get it, drink plenty of fluids ( to prevent dehydration ) and bring ors. see also travel safety crime on norfolk island is very low and many islanders leave their houses and cars unlocked. still, crime is not unheard off but usually is nothing more than petty theft. emily bay, located near kingston, is the only safe location to swim on norfolk as it is protected by a natural coral reef. all other bays are unpatrolled and have unpredictable conditions. a norfolk tradition is that of the \" seventh wave \", the unpredictable rising in wave height which can sweep unwary swimmers out to sea. there are 2 internet cafes in taylors road and wireless broadband is now available across large portions of the island. see also international telephone calls help contribute to this article to share the ad revenue. we don ' t currently have any travel helpers for norfolk island except where otherwise noted, content of this article is licensed under a creative commons attri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39297200926056336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e30dcd4f-0e51-41a5-8f1c-b5281c68eafd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.077640"}
{"text": "treading heavily on the environment : china ' s growing eco - footprint highlighted in new report photo by sheila via flickr we ' ve written about the concept of eco - footprint a number of times - - what it is, how to calculate it, and how to reduce yours - - and with the olympics upon us it comes as no surprise that china ' s environmental footprint might come into the spotlight. a new report by the global footprint network, wwf, and the china council for international cooperation on environment and development does just that. while china is the obvious focus, really this report highlights how humanity as a whole is increasingly overshooting the biological capacity of the planet. it also includes recommended steps that china can take to address the issue of its increasingly heavy environmental impact. china has low individual footprint, but high national footprintwhat the report finds is that, per capita, china ranks 69th in the world, with each person requiring 1. 6 hectares of biocapacity to support them. this is lower than the global average of 2. 2 hectares per person, and quite a bit lower than the united states ' world - leading 10 hectares per person. however, because of the of the overall size of the country, china ranks 3rd in total global eco - footprint, trailing the united states and the entire european union. footprint grows along with gdpthe result is that currently china requires the equivalent of two times its biocapacity to support its current population and current level of economic activity. as china ' s gdp grows the amount of resources it requires only increase. therefore, it has to effectively import biocapacity from elsewhere. export manufacturing responsible to enable this, approximately 75 % of china ' s total biocapacity imports are consumed by this process. only slightly more than 25 % of these remain in the country for domestic consumption. we recently highlighted a report that shows that roughly a third of china ' s carbon emissions are directly tied to manufacturing of consumer goods for export. as of 2003, the nearest year for which data is available, china consumed 15 % of the total biocapacity of the planet. the report points out that if china were to follow the lead of the united states, in terms of levels of natural resource consumption, it alone would require the entire biological capacity of the planet. obviously this would be an impossibility, so something needs to change, both in china and in the rest of the world. where to go from here? the report recommends five areas that need to be addressed. this is where all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4812353853116702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a71cbc30-cd29-430f-8b78-f08c2763a387>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.082597"}
{"text": "the planet. obviously this would be an impossibility, so something needs to change, both in china and in the rest of the world. where to go from here? the report recommends five areas that need to be addressed. this is where all nations should pay attention. these areas are : population - - slow and reverse population growth by offering better family planning opportunities, increasing education and economic opportunity for women. this is probably the most uncomfortable aspect of our environmental problems, but also one most in need of action. consumption - - essentially, we need to increase consumption at the bottom end of the scale to lift people out of poverty, while reducing ( radically, i ' d say ) consumption at the top end. the report points out that the average italian uses half as many resources to have a standard of living equal if not better than in some ways than the average us citizen. it is possible to do more with less when it comes to consumption and we must do that, particularly in the united states. photo by ruth lozanotechnology - - not a technological quick fix, but improvements in energy efficiency both in manufacturing and in the home, waste reduction and recycling increase, reduction of the distance which goods travel between factory and marketplace. area - - reclaim and rehabilitate lands suffering from environmental degradation to increase biological capacity. productivity - - increase the useful production per hectare of land through better land management. the report points out that while intensive agriculture can increase crop yields, this comes at the expense of biodiversity loss and increased fertilizer and energy usage, both which ultimately increase ecological footprint. as a recent un report essentially said, we need a revolution in farming that takes a more holistic, ecosystems approach to agriculture, rather than the continued industrial viewpoint. what can you do? some of these steps really require large - scale action, but that can be led to some degree at the individual level. a good first step, as we ' ve said many times, is to assess your own ecological footprint. i ' ll plug the footprint networks ' personal eco - footprint calculator as the report i ' ve been referencing comes from them, though there are plenty of other good calculators on the internet. from there you can look at ways you can reduce your own eco - footprint, keeping in mind that there is a line below which you can ' t go simply because of the structure of the society in which you live. that ' s where the heavy lifting has to come in and structural changes have to be made. there ' s more on this report", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4712535288689242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a71cbc30-cd29-430f-8b78-f08c2763a387>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.085432"}
{"text": "section i : chapter activities if you enjoy learning about and discovering history and being around young people, then working with a junior historian chapter will be an experience you will cherish. if you get excited about holding in your hand an artifact that was once held by george washington or sam houston and want others to share that same passion, then being a jh sponsor is for you. if talking with someone who has experienced firsthand the anguish of war, the triumph of new found freedom or being the first to encounter something that changes all of our lives excites you, then this organization is where you belong. those experiences and the desire to share them with others is what have united both sponsors and students in the junior historian program since 1939. there are several things to consider when deciding how to get involved. how comfortable do you feel handling and organizing activities for a group of young people, how much time do you have to allocate, and how do you see a history - minded organization for young people fitting into your community? your answers to these questions can help guide you to getting started. anyone who feels very comfortable with organizing a group of young people might start by organizing some sort of social kick - off event for a few hundred students and attracting a large group of initial members, while others may feel more comfortable starting with six to ten members and building from there. regardless of the size of the group, retention will be based on the perception by the members that the activities of the chapter are fun and worthwhile. time is a finite item, and there is only so much of it that anyone has to allocate to his or her needs and desires. the amount of time you have available can impact your decision about how large or small to start and how active a chapter will be. once the chapter is actively engaged, you will always wish you had more time for it. in order to choose the best structure for your community, you might consider the following models that could be used for a junior historian chapter : school history club model - this is the most common approach with the potential to provide an easily accessible experience to a wide number of students on a completely voluntary basis. benefits : appeals to a wide variety of student interests, can fulfill a variety of roles on a campus, attracts students across grade levels, provides an opportunity to build relationships outside the classroom, and offers easy access for all students. difficulties : meetings are usually after / before school, which can cause limitations on activities and participation, and due to extracurricular nature, some costs such as transportation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4598000885719483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.143488"}
{"text": "provides an opportunity to build relationships outside the classroom, and offers easy access for all students. difficulties : meetings are usually after / before school, which can cause limitations on activities and participation, and due to extracurricular nature, some costs such as transportation or supplies may or may not be covered by school administration. classroom model \u2013 over the years, this model has been used by several sponsors whose students are all part of their chapter for the year. suggested activities are then incorporated as lessons and curricular tools for teaching the assigned content. this model can be quite effective when there are multiple chapters on one campus. benefits : allows more time for students to participate in the suggested activities, can be implemented to varying degrees, is well suited for focusing on local resources and issues, and builds a cohesive history experience for the student when available at multiple grade levels. difficulties : costs may or may not be covered by school administration, requires multiple teachers to participate to build multi - level program, and may conflict with rigid curriculum plans that require specific lessons and activities in specific timeframes. community youth history club model - this model is very similar to the school club model in that it is more open and accessible and is usually sponsored by a local museum, historical society or group interested in history. benefits : open to a variety of students, not limited to one campus, may have more freedom with regard to travel and activities, and access to materials for research. difficulties : access to young people for recruiting, transportation, and funding / costs. regardless of the model you choose, here are a few tips for getting started : - follow the steps below. - don \u2019 t be afraid to start small ; if the young people see the value of what they are doing, it will grow. - get started as early in the school year as possible. - choose your activities, trips, etc., carefully so that you start with a bang and end with one ; this will help with member retention. - be active and visible on campus to attract members. - never underestimate who will be interested in history ; often many students who struggle in the classroom due to learning disabilities will excel in junior historians. - be prepared for immense joy and a few tears as you build this extended connection with your chapter. the following steps are recommended in forming a junior historian chapter : - administrative approval. the chapters function as educational adjuncts to the regular instructional program and should have administrative approval and support. come with a plan and justification. find out what level of financial support ( transportation, admission fees and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5170012613910615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.144805"}
{"text": "forming a junior historian chapter : - administrative approval. the chapters function as educational adjuncts to the regular instructional program and should have administrative approval and support. come with a plan and justification. find out what level of financial support ( transportation, admission fees and, supplies ) you can expect. discuss meeting times, time out of classes for research or meetings, and opportunities for students to contribute to the campus environment. the vast learning potential of the chapter experience is the program ' s greatest selling point. - select a sponsor. the chapter sponsor is generally a teacher or instructor. social studies, texas history, and american history teachers comprise the majority of chapter sponsors ; however, librarians, english teachers, special education, science teachers, social studies supervisors, and lay persons with the school administration ' s approval have developed some outstanding organizations. in fact, anyone who is willing to accept the responsibility may sponsor a chapter. - select a cosponsor. the cosponsor may be either a teacher ( some chapters have several cosponsors, all teachers ) or a lay person interested in community history. the cosponsor is a key person in the chapter organization as he or she performs many support services - - planning meetings, planning student projects, arranging field trips, contacting speakers and resource people, etc. - membership. there is no minimum number of students required to organize a junior historian chapter. numbers and selection varies. in some schools chapter membership is a composite of both junior and senior high school students ; in others it is limited to a single grade, a single class, or a combination of grades and / or classes. the organization and administration of the chapter is left to the discretion of the individual sponsor and should be structured to serve best each local situation. - organization. organization creates the machinery for chapter activity, defines objectives, states how they will be achieved, identifies who will share the responsibilities, and cites terminal dates when the objectives will be completed. the first chapter meeting should initiate the organizational process and should be well planned in advance with a printed agenda duplicated for distribution to everyone present. announcements on the school bulletin board, on the public address system, and in the school newspaper will help assure good attendance. the sponsor should preside at the first meeting, or until a temporary student chairman is selected. the election of permanent officers should be postponed until all members are thoroughly familiar with the purposes of the organization. this also allows time for the members to become better acquainted, as the informed nomination and election of officers is one key to chapter success.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40825910440601293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.146034"}
{"text": "selected. the election of permanent officers should be postponed until all members are thoroughly familiar with the purposes of the organization. this also allows time for the members to become better acquainted, as the informed nomination and election of officers is one key to chapter success. the number and type of student officers is left to the discretion of each chapter ; however, only functional positions should be designated. non - functional officers, existing in name only, tend to destroy chapter purpose. - constitution. many chapters adopt a constitution which defines specific objectives and outlines general operational procedures of the organization. a sample constitution follows ; however, this should be adapted to meet the needs and requirements of each local organization. at the first or second chapter meeting a constitutional committee ( see committees below ) may be appointed to draft a document for chapter consideration and approval. - chapter meetings. well planned and regularly scheduled meetings are essential for chapter success. nothing destroys student morale quicker than a pointless meeting, called for no particular purpose, where time is consumed with undirected chatter, and ends with nothing accomplished. time and location of all regular chapter meetings should be announced early in the school year and should be included on the first meeting agenda. a copy of the chapter ' s annual calendar in the hands of each chapter member helps minimize meeting absenteeism. meeting time, frequency, location, and the types of programs planned, vary from chapter to chapter. some chapters hold weekly, semimonthly, and monthly meetings, and meet before or after school, at activity periods, during history class, at night, or on weekends. meetings are held at schools, churches, community centers, on local college and university campuses ( with webb society co - sponsorship ), bank auditoriums, public libraries, courthouses, youth centers, or at the homes of chapter members, sponsors, and cosponsors. some chapters hold all meetings at the same location while others rotate meeting sites. - committees. committees ( assuming they are functional ) assure an equal sharing of chapter responsibilities, simplify the sponsor ' s administrative role, define specific duties, and increase the opportunities for individual leadership and responsibility among chapter members. committees fall into two categories : 1 ) standing committees ; and 2 ) special committees. standing committees might include the program committee, the field trip committee, the museum committee, the publicity committee, etc. special committees should be formed to develop chapter projects and activities ( see section i, units 2 & 3 ) as these objectives are defined by the executive committee. the executive committee, composed of chapter officers and standing committee chairman,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029234001856275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.147068"}
{"text": "the publicity committee, etc. special committees should be formed to develop chapter projects and activities ( see section i, units 2 & 3 ) as these objectives are defined by the executive committee. the executive committee, composed of chapter officers and standing committee chairman, functions as the chapter ' s top policy making body. of course, the number and types of committees will vary, according to chapter size and the number and variety of active projects. - chapter dues. some chapters assess either monthly or annual dues. this is a local matter as no dues are sent to the state office. - charter. once a chapter has established a constitution and elected officers, it is now ready to request its charter. if a chapter has existed previously at that school or organization, the original charter number will be re - issued. the texas state historical association prepares an official charter for each junior historian chapter. in order to keep the form and process as updated as possible, the charter request and renewal forms are available on the association \u2019 s website at http : / / www. tsha. utexas. edu / education / jh / app. pdf. - texas historian magazine. there is a minimum requirement of five subscriptions per chapter to the texas historian, the official publication of the junior historians. this journal contains the writings of texas \u2019 s outstanding student historians, a variety of contests for subscribers, and serves as a communication channel between the state office and members. subscriptions to the texas historian are also important because these small fees help to fund the entire junior historian program. many chapters have 100 percent membership subscriptions. - southwestern historical quarterly. the quarterly should be available to both teachers and students in the school or college library. this publication, representing the outstanding texas history scholarship, is usually ordered by the librarian as part of the general library budget. - annual chapter renewal. each fall the chapter sponsor will receive a reminder with the first roadrunner newsletter on how and when to renew the chapter \u2019 s affiliation. that year \u2019 s subscription to the texas historian can be taken care of then, though additional subscriptions to the texas historian can be made until november 1 or as long as supplies last. - national history club membership. as a member of the junior historians of texas, all chapters located on school campuses with members in grades 6 - 12 will automatically be registered as a member of national history club sponsored by the concord review. as a member of national history club the chapter will receive the national history club newsletter and be eligible to participate in their student recognition programs. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45172625633242774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.148279"}
{"text": "in grades 6 - 12 will automatically be registered as a member of national history club sponsored by the concord review. as a member of national history club the chapter will receive the national history club newsletter and be eligible to participate in their student recognition programs. the sponsor will automatically receive additional materials directly from national history club. junior historian constitution * we, the members of the junior historians, in order to stimulate interest in the history of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ county, add to the exhibits of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ museum, assist in the collection of books and historical documents for the texas section of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ library, and to assist the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ county historical commission to identify and preserve the historical landmarks in texas, do hereby ordain and establish this constitution for the junior historians of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ school, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, texas. article i ( name ) the name of this organization shall be the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ junior historians. article ii ( membership ) all students who are interested in the history of our county and state shall be eligible for membership. any former member may retain his or her membership until the age of twenty - one by paying current dues. the dues of the chapter shall be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. all members are encouraged to subscribe to the texas historian at the current subscription price. article iv ( officers and their duties ) section i. the officers of the club shall be : president, first vice - president, second vice - president, secretary, treasurer, reporter, and club historian. section ii. the duties of the president shall be : to preside over meetings, to appoint committees, and to perform any other duties proper to the office. section iii. the vice - president shall preside in the absence of the president and shall be program chairman. section iv. the second vice - president shall be membership and publicity chairman. section v. the secretary shall keep a proper record of all meetings and the names and addresses of all members and shall conduct most of the correspondence of the club. section vi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4615584746323252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.149475"}
{"text": "section iv. the second vice - president shall be membership and publicity chairman. section v. the secretary shall keep a proper record of all meetings and the names and addresses of all members and shall conduct most of the correspondence of the club. section vi. the treasurer shall collect all dues from members, receive any other money due the club, and pay bills when properly authorized. section vii. the reporter shall make reports to the local newspaper and school paper. section viii. the club historian shall keep a scrapbook composed of clippings from the various newspapers, and a collection of the outstanding papers of the society and photographs of the various club activities. article v ( elections ) officers shall be elected to serve for a year. officers shall be proposed by a nominating committee with the floor open to further nomination for each office. no officer shall be allowed to hold the same office in succession. meetings shall be held on the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of every month, with exception of december and the summer months. there shall be at least two field trips per year. all resignations will be submitted in written form to the president. article viii ( amendments ) these bylaws may be amended by a two - thirds vote of the members at any regular meeting. article ix ( attendance ) members shall be uniform in attendance at regular meetings of the club with one unexcused absence allowed per semester. the members shall be required to notify the president, first vice - president, second vice - president, or secretary in event of absence. failure to do so shall be construed as an unexcused absence. * this constitution form is a composite drawn from several chapters. each new chapter is free to adapt this constitution to fulfill its needs and objectives. a modifiable copy of this constitution is available in the resource section. the community : a laboratory for learning. the community, whether urban or rural, holds a trove of teaching resources for the imaginative and innovative teacher. within this laboratory for learning the students can explore firsthand the basic aspects of nearly every phase of living, and as they grow to maturity they can employ the ideas and concepts gained in community studies to understand the differences and likenesses in all cultures. the more students can learn about their own community, through discovery and involvement, the greater will be their comprehension of lifestyles elsewhere. furthermore, it is pedagogically sound to begin with what is at hand, what is familiar, what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4951520084232394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.152172"}
{"text": ". the more students can learn about their own community, through discovery and involvement, the greater will be their comprehension of lifestyles elsewhere. furthermore, it is pedagogically sound to begin with what is at hand, what is familiar, what is known ; and then proceed to the remote, to the unfamiliar, to the unknown. using community resources in the classroom necessitates knowing what is available. an organized resource inventory, therefore, should include the following : people : citizens who know business conditions, public officials, officers of organizations, early residents, parents, people who have traveled widely, people who have a knowledge of the cultural affairs - - past and present - - of the community, people who are artists, musicians and writers, business and professional persons, workers in various industries, retired people, and people with interesting hobbies. places : libraries, county courthouses, museums, public and private institutions, industrial plants, business firms, farms and ranches. things : antiques, cultural artifacts, wearing apparel, historic markers, historic houses and sites, and significant architectural structures. records and published materials : records of schools and governmental agencies, churches, clubs and civic organizations, municipal records, records of historical societies, records of councils of social agencies, census reports, local directories, local or county histories, county records, newspapers, diaries, business and personal correspondence, maps, local laws and statutes, photographs, chambers of commerce pamphlets, folders of travel agencies, air, railroad and bus lines, trade associations, and publishing houses. chapter activities : first steps to discovery and involvement. chapter activities, involving the collection, use, and preservation of the foregoing community materials, form the crux of the chapter experience. the following list is not definitive, as these activities represent only a few of the successful projects developed by various chapters. the key to the program \u2019 s wide appeal is that each chapter is autonomous and free to develop the projects and activities that are best suited to local needs and resources. this list, therefore, only suggests a beginning. improvise as you proceed. many pleasant and rewarding experiences await those who aid young people in becoming aware of their heritage. community resource file. as many chapter activities are based on the inventory and collecting process, a card or electronic index should be kept on each source of community material and information. this index will eventually become a catalogue of all community historical resources, serving all who are interested in local history, and will be the first step toward developing interesting projects and activities. a suggested form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46673292313023546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.153326"}
{"text": "should be kept on each source of community material and information. this index will eventually become a catalogue of all community historical resources, serving all who are interested in local history, and will be the first step toward developing interesting projects and activities. a suggested form to document and organize your resources can be found in the resource section of this handbook. activity 1. collecting historical materials. the community historical inventory - - also called \" attic survey, \" and \" search for our past \" - - is a highly intriguing project that involves the entire chapter and frequently unearths a wealth of material in the community. subsequently this material may be borrowed when needed for exhibition, as classroom teaching tools, or for an artifact fair or a temporary museum show. the general plan for the inventory is as follows : first, the sponsor explains to the chapter members the need to preserve all forms of material culture, as cultural artifacts reveal the life pattern of those persons who possessed and used them. second, advance publicity through the local media and civic organizations announces the inventory and emphasizes that the students will not remove the artifacts, but they only want to locate and identify historically significant materials ( artifacts, letters, photographs, wearing apparel, etc. ). a public announcement might request that individuals make contact with the chapter to aid in the process of discovery. it should also be announced that at some future date the teacher, the chapter, or the local museum may ask to borrow some of these materials for public exhibition. third, once the community has been informed of the forthcoming inventory, the sponsor instructs the students or an inventory committee to contact individuals, businesses, and organizations which they know through their community or family connections. the goal is to survey as many homes, businesses, and organizations as possible through the student \u2019 s network of contacts, while ensuring student safety. the sponsor should explain carefully to the chapter members how they are to introduce themselves and explain to the community member the significance of the survey. fourth, a community resource form, is prepared for each item / person / place identified in the survey. it is important to maintain a paper copy of these records to safeguard this important information even if an electronic index is kept for primary use. activity 2. collecting diaries, family correspondence, and business records. ( items in activity 2 may be included in the collections program outlined in activity 1. ) in their search for historical material, students should be made aware of the historical importance of diaries, personal correspondence, and business records. these often provide valuable insights into community life and reveal a facet of history that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4791870973678435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.154702"}
{"text": "collections program outlined in activity 1. ) in their search for historical material, students should be made aware of the historical importance of diaries, personal correspondence, and business records. these often provide valuable insights into community life and reveal a facet of history that is found nowhere else. diaries, family correspondence, and records of a local business have been the basis of some excellent articles published in the texas historian. ( see the how - to section for, a student \u2019 s guide to historical research and writing. ) activity 3. collecting traditional family recipes. an interesting approach to cultural and ethnic history is having the chapter members collect traditional recipes and record the history of the contributing families. several chapters have printed and sold recipe collections as successful money - raising projects. ( see the how - to section for, chapter fund - raising projects. ) activity 4. collecting and documenting old photographs. photographs are interesting and valuable sources of historical information and provide an authentic record of how people looked, lived, worked, and played. an excellent chapter project, and one that will generate much interest and enthusiasm, is building a photographic collection. all possible information about the photograph should be secured from the donor and / or lender : the date, location, names of the people in the photograph, event, etc. this should be typed on a sheet of paper, and attached to the back of the photograph. additional information may be gathered at a public \" photo identification party. \" these events have proven highly successful. not only is much new information provided, but the publicity generated by the event usually attracts additional gifts of photographs. one method of preserving such photos is to scan them into digital images that can then be used for a variety of purposes with permission of the owner. be sure to scan images at a minimum of 300 dpi for the best quality and use. activity 5. recording contemporary history with photographs. too often teachers and students become so concerned with collecting information about the past that they overlook the need to preserve the record of the present. as an extension of the project to build a collection of old photographs related to community history, chapter members should bring their collection up - to - date by photographing their community as it is, today. a good approach is to select a single topic - - transportation, industry, recreation, commercial and residential buildings, holiday celebrations, civic and political meetings, or education - - and develop it before going on to another topic. good documentation and a comprehensive index enhances the value of any photographic collection. such projects often lead to inquiries about how things appeared in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4549001468160691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.155909"}
{"text": "buildings, holiday celebrations, civic and political meetings, or education - - and develop it before going on to another topic. good documentation and a comprehensive index enhances the value of any photographic collection. such projects often lead to inquiries about how things appeared in the past, thus excellent research projects. black and white photographs ( 8 \" x 10 \" glossy prints are best ) possess the greatest lasting quality. it is also important to preserve the negatives. for a similar activity to so serve as a starting point, see the save our history educator \u2019 s manual in the resource section. activity 6. recording oral history. although much state and national history has been recorded in published studies, oral recollections add a personal dimension to history not found in these sources. for example, social and economic interpretations of the great depression are readily available to the history student, yet only through personal recollections can its impact on the individual be determined. also, the importance of oral history grows with the increased use of the telephone, and most especially since few people take the time to keep diaries or write their memoirs. thus, when an individual dies, much local history is lost. opportunities exist for these oral histories to be part of larger projects like the veterans history project discussed in the other activities, contests and awards segment. be sure to investigate the precise guidelines for these outside sponsored projects. therefore, an important segment of local history can be preserved by chapter members who go into the community with tape recorders and collect the personal recollections of local citizens. to achieve maximum yield from this activity, the oral history program should follow some definite theme or topic. for example, some general topics for consideration are the local impact of the great depression, world wars i and ii, the changing highway system, disappearance of the railroad, the coming of air transportation, the reasons members of various minority groups came to texas and settled in a particular community, and the impact of rural electrification on the local lifestyle. all oral history dates should be double checked for authenticity. ( see the how - to section for interview guidelines and the resource section for fundamentals of oral history from the texas historical commission. ) for a similar activity to so serve as a starting point, see the save our history educator ' s manual in the resource section. activity 7. making gravestone rubbings and cemetery analyses. data gathered from old cemeteries can provide much valuable information about the history of a community and the origin of its inhabitants. after compiling and analyzing headstone inscriptions, students raise specific questions. for example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4565034624688144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.157055"}
{"text": "7. making gravestone rubbings and cemetery analyses. data gathered from old cemeteries can provide much valuable information about the history of a community and the origin of its inhabitants. after compiling and analyzing headstone inscriptions, students raise specific questions. for example, why did so many people die in november and december 1918? in this specific instance, it probably was the result of the great 1918 influenza epidemic. the topic may be expanded further : what state, national, and especially international conditions contributed to this catastrophe? what preventative measures available now, could have lessened the impact of the epidemic? and what economic conditions removed great numbers of people from their familiar habitats? ( this is using cemetery data within an inquiry teaching concept. ) other events such as indian depredations, storms, epidemics, and local catastrophes may have caused simultaneous multiple deaths, which provide clues to local events of historical importance. also studies of life expectancy ( both male and female ), child mortality, and the ethnic makeup of the community ( based on last name spellings ) within a given time frame are other spin - off benefits of a cemetery analysis. making the actual gravestone rubbing is another benefit of this chapter activity. the reasons are twofold : 1 ) rubbing highlights data that otherwise could not be deciphered on a deteriorating gravestone ; and 2 ) gravestone rubbings, when mounted on heavy poster board, make interesting displays at a history fair or temporary museum show. the rubbing technique is as follows : a large sheet of light colored paper ( such as butcher paper ) is attached to the face of the stone by using freezer tape or electrician ' s plastic tape. the paper is then rubbed with a piece of crayon, held flat. the high contrast of the rubbing increases the legibility of the inscriptions. a more consistent quality will result if the students rub horizontally ( parallel with the lines of inscription ) with uniform pressure. various colored crayons may be used. additional resources for historic cemeteries and preservation can be found in the preservation guidelines series prepared by the texas historical commission located in the resource section. activity 8. researching the origin of local place names. an organized study of the origin of local place names - - streets, towns, communities, sites, rivers, creeks, mountains, schools, and public buildings - - frequently reveals interesting facts about a community. while the designations frequently reveal something of the history of a region, they also reflect the ideals, beliefs, people, and events that were uppermost in the minds of those who selected the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48318060941898866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.158152"}
{"text": "and public buildings - - frequently reveals interesting facts about a community. while the designations frequently reveal something of the history of a region, they also reflect the ideals, beliefs, people, and events that were uppermost in the minds of those who selected the names. some examples follow : stillhouse creek, possum kingdom dam, blackjack community, bell school house, striker creek, waxahachie, burro mountain, dead man ' s canyon, sixshooter junction, skinout mountain, tarzana, dime box, montgomery gardens road, starr avenue, alto, marathon, raguet street, balcones drive, and castroville. learning the origin ofthese names is a meaningful chapter activity, as they convey a sense of reality to students. place name studies provide an interesting introduction to the ethnic groups that settled a community. additional resources can be found in the handbook of texas, the atlas of historic sites from the texas historical commission and in the guidelines for historical research and official markers found in the resource section. activity 9. developing a local architecture survey and inventory. a study of local architecture adds a non - verbal dimension to classroom history instruction, while sharpening young people ' s awareness of the social, cultural, political, economic, geographic, religious, and ethnic influences reflected in buildings. more specifically, this chapter activity focuses on buildings and building designs as artifacts of cultural change, in addition to their local historical significance. buildings are indeed meaningful \" footnotes to history \" and constitute the visual profile of every community, town, and city. chapter members should first learn the basic architectural styles and their histories so they will know what to look for in the survey and inventory. next, they should inventory important buildings in the community and prepare a record of each, noting location, style of architecture, unique features, condition, historic significance ( if any ), list of occupants, published references to the building ( newspapers, magazines, books, official records, etc. ), and the floor plan. the buildings should be thoroughly documented, inside and out, with photographs. with the growing concern for preserving historic buildings for both aesthetic and historical reasons, chapter members can make an important contribution through this activity. in addition they can present slide shows on local architecture, and write articles for local newspapers on familiar structures that have played interesting roles in the community ' s history. activity 10. researching and writing family history. researching and writing family history is both a meaningful and rewarding classroom assignment, as well as a chapter activity. the benefits are multiple :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5316945440744285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.159213"}
{"text": "familiar structures that have played interesting roles in the community ' s history. activity 10. researching and writing family history. researching and writing family history is both a meaningful and rewarding classroom assignment, as well as a chapter activity. the benefits are multiple : first, in many cases the chapter members \" discover \" for the first time the backgrounds of their parents and grandparents ; second, by learning something about their education, former occupations, former places of residence, reasons for immigrating to their present locale, citing interesting people they have known, and interesting events in which they have participated, young people see themselves as a part of a great chain of being never before realized, while recognizing their indebtedness to previous generations ; and third, the teacher / sponsor gains a better insight into the personal background of the student / chapter members, while gaining a better knowledge of their ability to gather, arrange, and interpret data. many chapter sponsors introduce this activity early in the school year for apparent reasons. in many cases the initial activity is expanded into a major research project for the writing contest ( see the how - to section for, a student \u2019 s guide to historical research and writing and the resource section for guidelines to historical research. ) a variety of organizations, including the texas state genealogical society, offer resources to assist with genealogical research. student - written family histories are excellent introductory projects to historical research and writing. through the use of familiar and readily available materials, students learn the basic historiographic concepts. also, in developing these introductory papers the students frequently discover family papers, correspondence, and diaries worthy of further research and writing. suggestion : emphasize the difference between genealogy and family history. while the former is largely lineage and chronology, the latter is developed within a broader historical context. see the resource section for guidelines for researching military history, if needed. activity 11. folkways collection program. disappearing pioneer skills and traditions are a significant part of regional heritage and offer a perceptive insight into the social evolution of a community. collecting traditional recipes, offers an interesting approach to cultural and ethnic history. also, audio - visual records of disappearing rural skills should be high priority chapter projects : shoeing horses, blacksmithing, hand - shearing sheep, making windmill repairs, making adobe bricks, making syrup, hand - weaving fishing nets, cultivating land with horse - drawn implements, furniture making, and hand - splitting shingles and boards. each region has its individual pioneer traditions, therefore, emphasize local and regional uniqueness. taped interviews and / or an explanatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5212235975055999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.160401"}
{"text": "nets, cultivating land with horse - drawn implements, furniture making, and hand - splitting shingles and boards. each region has its individual pioneer traditions, therefore, emphasize local and regional uniqueness. taped interviews and / or an explanatory narration, plus a photographic record of pioneer skills will help preserve that activity for the future. activity 12. using the southwestern historical quarterly within a critical teaching - learning concept. the quarterly, which contains outstanding scholarship on texas and southwestern history, may be used in a wide variety of teaching concepts. back issues of the quarterly can be found and searched at www. tsha. utexas. edu. critical discussion of the articles sharpens the student ' s perception of historiographic excellence, stimulates his or her interest in creative writing, while broadening his or her knowledge of history. discussion sessions ( lab sessions or chapter meetings ) may focus on some of the following points : - ask the students to give a critical overview of the assigned articles. - do you feel the author gave adequate coverage of the topic? are there noticeable omissions? - is the topic treated as local history, or has the author projected the topic in a broad national and international context? - does the author treat the topic with candor or is there an apparent interpretive bias? - what is the significance of this study? - has the author made a worthy contribution to history? - has the author \" padded \" his treatment of the subjects or does the material justify the length? - relating this topic to your home community, can you suggest additional research topics that should be developed? - based on the scope and interpretive content of the article, give an imaginary character sketch of the author ' s economic status, religion, political affiliation, ethnic origin, personal interests, home state, etc. - write a critical review of the articles. activity 13. using the texas historian within a critical teaching - learning concept. one innovative junior historian sponsor developed a group reading - discussion plan that enables students to gain maximum benefit from the texas historian articles. meeting in small groups, varying in size from twelve to twenty chapter members, the students come prepared to discuss the historian articles. the discussions focus on content, writing style, interest level, type of research, and the various research sources used by the student writers. before reading each issue, students are instructed to be prepared to discuss the following points : - why was the topic chosen? was it appealing? - was the title appropriate? - was the article interesting? why or why not?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4926101809008133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.161521"}
{"text": "by the student writers. before reading each issue, students are instructed to be prepared to discuss the following points : - why was the topic chosen? was it appealing? - was the title appropriate? - was the article interesting? why or why not? - what was the introductory sentence or thesis statement? - could the introductory paragraph be improved? how? - does paragraph development follow the logical theme or topic of the paper? - what was the concluding sentence? - could the conclusion be improved? how? - what sources were used to complete the research? - was the topic thoroughly researched? - what other sources could have been located for research? - where could a student obtain these sources of information? - how would a student locate additional sources of information? hopefully the discussions will stimulate members to enter the junior historian writing contest. activity 14. local history publications. as students collect records, research their projects, and gather information on the history of their community, they will find information of interest to others, particularly on their own region. to make the findings better known and to gain local support, the students should be encouraged to write up their research and activities in essay form. the best of these essays may then be published in magazine form. students find it exciting to have their names and works in print. a number of chapters have published their own magazine. ( see the how - to section for, chapter fund raising projects. ) activity 15. researching local economic history. whether your community is urban or rural, it has an economic history. there is no better approach to studying economics, or put more cogently, how we live, then to examine the economic decisions that shaped our own lives. - why did dexter die and gainesville prosper? they are only 12 miles apart? - the man who opened the first filling station in your town may very well be still living. why did he change, \" filling station \" to \" service station \", and then to \" car care center? \" - why did the bank in your community not fail ( or fail ) during the great depression? the banker or bank employees may still be living. ask them. see the resource section for guidelines to historical research. activity 16. presenting a school assembly programs for patriotic holidays or anniversaries. researching, writing, and presenting a school assembly program for patriotic holidays or anniversaries is an excellent way to get publicity for your chapter and their activities. some of the more important holidays are : martin luther king jr. \u2019 s birthday 3 rd monday in january president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46342478997315123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.162613"}
{"text": "and presenting a school assembly program for patriotic holidays or anniversaries is an excellent way to get publicity for your chapter and their activities. some of the more important holidays are : martin luther king jr. \u2019 s birthday 3 rd monday in january president \u2019 s day 3 rd monday in february star ( state of texas anniversary remembrance ) day febraury 19 texas independence day march 2 sam houston ' s birthday march 2 san jacinto day april 21 lyndon baines johnson day august 27 patriots \u2019 day september 11 national anthem day september 14 citizenship or constitution day september 17 columbus day october 12 stephen f. austin ' s birthday november 3 veterans day november 11 special recognition weeks or months : celebrate freedom week * week in which november 11 appears texas history month * march women \u2019 s history month march african - american history month february hispanic heritage month september 15 - october 15 native american heritage month november * note : celebrate freedom week and texas history month are mandated by public laws hb 1776 and hb 294, respectively. alternate dates are possible for freedom week. activity 17. researching and writing your school ' s history. assuming that your school is not \" shiny new, \" embark on a project to research and write its history. research school records, old newspapers from the school and community, and ( especially ) the memories of past administrators, teachers and alumni. see the resource section for guidelines to historical research. activity 18. maintaining a junior historian showcase or bulletin board. a junior historian showcase or bulletin board is an excellent way to call attention to both your club program and to the history of your community. activity 19. creating an interpretive website. using technology to share the history of one \u2019 s school, a community landmark or local event is a wonderful way to share an individual or chapter \u2019 s research with a broader audience. members can research and visually document historic locations in their community and post that information online. this is a skill which many students already possess and is easy to learn. some students have incorporated geographic information system technology to create interactive maps of historic sites in their communities such as historic buildings, schools, or historic markers. chapters are encouraged to create websites to highlight their own chapter or school \u2019 s history. creating such sites can be both fun and informative. note : be sure to follow all local policies regarding student internet access and student work / photo posting. also, be sure to follow all copyright laws with regard to images used that were not taken by students or sponsors. instruct the students on the value of such intellectual property. in addition, be sure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4231606560617247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.163754"}
{"text": "student internet access and student work / photo posting. also, be sure to follow all copyright laws with regard to images used that were not taken by students or sponsors. instruct the students on the value of such intellectual property. in addition, be sure you have a use of photo release on file for each member who may appear in photos you post online or send to tsha for online or print publication. this form can be included in initial membership forms filled out at the beginning of the year. a sample photo release is available in the resource section. activity 20. participation in the texas history quiz. the texas state historical association sponsors periodic texas history quizzes students may enter. answers to these quizzes are found in the handbook of texas online. these quizzes make wonderful ways for students to learn to use the handbook, while earning a chance to win prizes. the school - community cooperative projects developed within the junior historian chapter framework yield multiple benefits. for example, the community, through a museum, the local historical society, the county historical commission, and the civic and cultural organizations benefit from the organized effort of the chapter members and their teacher - sponsors. the chapter members benefit, from the experience, responsibility, and community recognition accorded them by their adult colleagues in the community. together, through cooperative effort, the school, the community, the chapter members, and history, all benefit through a well - planned meshing of goals, activities, and effort. cooperation is indeed the \" name of the game. \" activity 21. field trips to destinations of historic significance. educational study trips into the community and beyond are an excellent way to motivate and keep students engaged. a well planned educational trip can be both a learning and personally memorable experience. students learn best when they get to experience the history of an event with all of their senses. the ability to discuss the way in which the battle of san jacinto unfolded while walking the battlefield is as difficult an experience to match as discussing mission life while standing in the cramped quarters of mission san jose. field trips show students that learning history firsthand is not only an academic activity but one that provides the opportunity for social enjoyment. to plan an effective trip use the study trip checklist found in the resource section. engaging students in the planning process helps build leadership, problem - solving, and decision - making skills. activity 22. project : community service. community service is the one area in which chapter members help weld a meaningful bond between the school and the community. after school, on weekends, during the summer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49622482470919665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.165007"}
{"text": "problem - solving, and decision - making skills. activity 22. project : community service. community service is the one area in which chapter members help weld a meaningful bond between the school and the community. after school, on weekends, during the summer, and on holidays, chapter members aid the local museum, the historical society, and the county historical commission in many ways : students serve as guides and museum aides, work at sales counters, dust and sweep, catalogue artifacts, type index cards, address envelopes, and help prepare and deliver newsletters. at local meetings they present programs, serve as hosts and hostesses, and register guests, in the community they also do research that requires special \" leg - work, \" survey historic buildings, conduct historic tours, and help raise money to preserve historic sites. in this specific area, student potential is virtually unlimited. see the resource section for sample letters for making contact and the texas historical commission at http : / / www. thc. state. tx. us / links / lkdefault. html for helpful links. activity 23. the history fair or national history day program. the national history day program provides junior historians with the option of participating in a national program that encourages young people to explore a historical subject related to an annual theme. junior historians in grades 6 - 12 may, if they chose to follow the national guidelines, enter one of the more than twenty regional history fairs held across texas in february and march. students who win a first or second place at one of the regional fairs advance to texas history day, which is held in late april. the first and second place winners at texas history day are then eligible to compete at the national contest which is held at the university of maryland in mid - june. a fair for other types of historical entries or some sort of historical showcase of classroom products could also be conducted. however, the national history day program has a proven structure, resources, high academic focus, and the motivational factor of academic competition and awards that should be considered when planning the direction of such an event. many chapters are instrumental in organizing the school level fair as part of this program. chapter members can assist with key logistical tasks that need to be done to insure a successful fair including : processing entry information, scheduling, room set up, directional assistance, messengers, and promotion. participation in national history day could also be considered for recognition within the chapter as a motivational tool. activity 24. adopt - a - building program. chapters are encouraged to participate in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4962539216191556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.166126"}
{"text": ", room set up, directional assistance, messengers, and promotion. participation in national history day could also be considered for recognition within the chapter as a motivational tool. activity 24. adopt - a - building program. chapters are encouraged to participate in the adopt - a - building program described in the awards and recognition section. the research conducted for this program is valuable in learning the location of a wide variety of documents and resources in the local community. in some cases the research has been the beginning basis of research to obtain an official historical marker from the texas historical commission discussed in the official marker guidelines found in the resource section. this is best accomplished when working with the local heritage society or county historical commission. for a similar activity to so serve as a starting point, see the save our history educator \u2019 s manual in the resource section. activity 25. the folk fair. the folk fair focuses on the culture, customs, food, dress, and products of various nationality groups represented in the community. the folk fair usually includes exhibits showing the contributions of these various ethnic and national groups - - food, clothing, artifacts, folk music, folk dances, and pictures of individuals representative of each group, with biographical sketches of each. this activity offers unlimited opportunities for community cooperation. activity 26. produce historical tour guidebooks. in some chapters the members have researched, designed, illustrated, and written local historical guide books. in most cases this was done in cooperation with the local chamber of commerce, historical society, and the museum, which provided the funding. however, some chapters have undertaken this as a fund raising project. printing costs and potential sales should be carefully considered before students attempt to fund these projects alone. consider coordinating your efforts with your local main street program if your community is involved. for a listing of cities involved in the program contact the texas historical commission. for a similar activity to serve as a starting point, see the save our history educator \u2019 s manual in the resource section. activity 27. building historical exhibit units. designing and building historical display units is a self - motivating activity, requiring a wide range of skills and involving a maximum number of students. display units containing models, dioramas, artifact collections, photographs, sketches, and other objects may be exhibited in schools, public libraries, local museums, courthouses, post offices, banks, or in store windows. these historical exhibit units usually form the core of the history fair and folk fair exhibits. ( see the how - to section for, preparing historical exhibits. ) activity 28. junior historian radio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47693792223045317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.167924"}
{"text": "courthouses, post offices, banks, or in store windows. these historical exhibit units usually form the core of the history fair and folk fair exhibits. ( see the how - to section for, preparing historical exhibits. ) activity 28. junior historian radio - television programs. a number of chapters have been provided time on local radio and television stations to present programs on community history. this is a public service that demonstrates the chapter ' s contribution to the area ' s cultural life, while sharpening the community ' s awareness of its heritage. chapters have also made use of in - school public address and video systems to make similar public service announcements. activity 29. producing historical pamphlets. a wide range of topics are appropriate for a series of pamphlets : a general history of the community, early settlers, local industry, business institutions, transportation, agriculture, ranching, newspapers, schools, churches, and general points of historical interest. local business firms frequently sponsor chapter - produced history awareness promotional projects in return for advertising space. ( one chapter received a regular stipend from a bank for a series of illustrated ads on local history. ) much of this research can be developed either in the history class or in preparation for a writing contest paper. ( see the how - to section for, a student ' s guide to historical research and writing. ) some chapters produce their own pamphlets in cooperation with the school / district print shop. activity 30. newspaper articles and chapter columns. junior historian chapters have arranged with a local newspaper to publish a series of student - written articles on local history. many were writing contest papers and some had appeared in the texas historian. the benefits from this activity are multiple. the articles stimulate wide interest in community history, and letters to the newspaper frequently suggest additional topics with offers of information and photographs. as a result, the chapters received many rare photographs that shed new light on the community ' s early history. the newspaper also benefits from increased readership generated by the students ' literary efforts. activity 31. student - produced videos. student - produced videos dramatizing some aspect of local history provide an opportunity to involve many students in a project that requires a wide variety of skills and talents ( research, writing, acting, directing, lighting, props, costumes, makeup, photography, video editing, etc. ). with this activity the students can view tangible results of their efforts, which may also be shared with the community by exhibiting their presentations to service clubs, historical societies, museums, and educational groups. collections of recorded oral histories also work well as source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46170821363363795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.169239"}
{"text": "). with this activity the students can view tangible results of their efforts, which may also be shared with the community by exhibiting their presentations to service clubs, historical societies, museums, and educational groups. collections of recorded oral histories also work well as source material for such projects. videos can be reproduced at relatively low cost and distributed to increase historical awareness. the ability to tell a story visually is a motivating factor, as is the desire of young people to work with the cameras and software. activity 32. conservation projects. relations between the school and the community are strengthened when chapter members help organize and participate in community restoration, beautification, and conservation projects. for a similar activity to serve as a starting point, see the save our history educator \u2019 s manual in the resource section. activity 33. save our history grants and awards the save our history program, sponsored by the history channel, offers grants and recognition awards for preservation projects completed through partnerships with local preservation groups. the grants are open to teachers who make use of the save our history educator \u2019 s manual found in the resource section and who partner with a preservation organization. the tsha is willing to serve as that partner with you if there is none locally. awards are available to recognize outstanding preservation projects and do not require you to have received a grant or have partner. many of the activities in the activities section qualify for these grants and awards. for more information about these opportunities, see the educator \u2019 s manual in the resource section or visit http : / / www. history. com / shows / classroom / articles / save - our - history. other activities, contests, and award many organizations offer activities, contests, and awards which are history oriented and in which chapters or members might want to participate. see the list and contact information below : texas quiz show - sponsored by tsha offers an exciting game show formatted experience for middle school students. this multi - level contest based on the handbook of texas online and the texas almanac allows students to display their knowledge of all things texan. for more information see http : / / www. texasquizshow. com. drt texas history essay contest - sponsored by the daughters of the republic of texas organization which offers modest cash prizes to 4th and 7th grade students for winning entries in their essay contest on an annually changing topic. for more information see http : / / www. drtinfo. org / education / essay - contests / rules. srt texas history essay contest - sponsored by the sons of the republic of texas organization which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45206698438454695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.170367"}
{"text": "essay contest on an annually changing topic. for more information see http : / / www. drtinfo. org / education / essay - contests / rules. srt texas history essay contest - sponsored by the sons of the republic of texas organization which offers sizable scholarships to high school seniors for winning entries in their essay contest on an annually changing topic. for more information see http : / / www. srttexas. org / essay. html. friends of the governor ' s mansion presentation contest - sponsored by the friends of the governor ' s mansion organization which offers awards for winning powerpoint presentation entries on local history by high school students. for more information see http : / / www. txfgmcontest. org / fotgm / index. asp. veterans history project - sponsored by the library of congress is an effort to capture and preserve the story of america \u2019 s veterans. students conduct and process oral history interviews prior to submitting them to the library of congress for permanent archival preservation. this ties in well with activity # 6. detailed instructions are provided at http : / / www. loc. gov / folklife / vets /. project citizen - sponsored in texas by law focused education, incorporated and the state bar of texas encourages students to research and prepare action plans for public policy issues. the possible connections between historic roots of social problems, preservation of historic places, and public policy decisions is endless. for more information see http : / / www. texaslre. org / so _ pcs - show. html. patriot \u2019 s pen writing contest - sponsored by the veterans of foreign wars ( vfw ) offers monetary recognition for outstanding writing on an annual changing theme. the entry deadline is in mid - fall. for more information contact your local vfw post or see http : / / www. vfw. org /. barbara jordan essay contest - sponsored by the university of texas offers monetary awards for outstanding writing on a variety of issues. this essay contest is open to high school students statewide and has a spring deadline. for more information see http : / / www. utexas. edu / world / barbarajordan /. hatton w. sumners editorial contest - sponsored by the hatton w. sumners foundation and law focused education, inc. offers scholarships for outstanding editorials written by tenth through twelfth graders. for more information see http : / / www. texaslre. org / so _ editorial. html. texas history day t - shirt design contest - use your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4526013164960477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.171477"}
{"text": "education, inc. offers scholarships for outstanding editorials written by tenth through twelfth graders. for more information see http : / / www. texaslre. org / so _ editorial. html. texas history day t - shirt design contest - use your creative skills to create a design to be used on this years texas history day t - shirt. monetary prizes are awarded in addition to the artistic recognition. see the texas history day website for additional information. adopt - a - highway program. the texas department of highways and public transportation and the keep texas beautiful council jointly sponsor the \" adopt - a - highway \" program. this program along with the highly successful \" don ' t mess with texas \" campaign aim to attract the public ' s attention to the epidemic level of littering along texas highways. junior historians can help in litter prevention and cleanup by participating in the adopt - a - highway program. groups agree to clean up a one or two mile stretch of roadway near their community. the adopting organization has the following responsibilities to : 1 ) develop a functional plan that will influence and encourage the public to improve the appearance of their adopted highway ; 2 ) plan for a general cleanup at least twice a year ; 3 ) assist the highway department in securing media coverage for the program ; and 4 ) coordinate with department ' s maintenance foreman and project coordinator to carry out the plan. the highway department in return will : 1 ) furnish and erect two highway signs indicating the section of highway under adoption and the organization responsible ; 2 ) furnish manpower and equipment necessary to aid with general clean ups ; 3 ) conduct media coverage to inform the public of the program ; and 4 ) provide assistance from a maintenance foreman and project coordinator in carrying out the overall plan. the highway department will also provide safety vests to all volunteers and post traffic control signs during cleanups. chapters interested in participating in the program should visit http : / / www. dontmesswithtexas. org / adopt. php for more information. as an organization of historians, it is incumbent on each chapter to maintain a permanent record of its activities. the chapter history should be updated annually and contain a detailed record of every phase of chapter activity. key entries are as follows : - names of sponsors, cosponsors, chapter officers, and members - chapter constitution - minutes of meetings - listing of projects, programs, and activities - copies of printed programs in which the chapter participated - listing of field trips - secretary ' s correspondence files - newspaper clippings reporting chapter activities ( dated, with paper '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4316668784779817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.172548"}
{"text": "chapter constitution - minutes of meetings - listing of projects, programs, and activities - copies of printed programs in which the chapter participated - listing of field trips - secretary ' s correspondence files - newspaper clippings reporting chapter activities ( dated, with paper ' s name ) - chapter related photographs ( dated with persons, places, and events identified ) - copies of printed and duplicated chapter materials - oral history tapes, each with proper identification - publications in which sponsors ' and chapter members ' articles have appeared - treasurer ' s annual report - all other materials that help document the chapter ' s history keeping the chapters ' history is primarily the responsibility of the chapter historian, with the help of the chapter photographer. the historian should also apprise the chapter members of the importance of maintaining the organization ' s permanent history and solicit their help. sponsors of junior historian chapters should be acutely aware of the importance of maintaining the chapter ' s history, as the annual chapter achievement awards are based on this data, often presented in scrapbook form. ( see the awards and recognition section for information on chapter achievement awards. ) careful consideration should be given to the permanent maintenance of the chapter files. many chapters use the annual scrapbook format, while others use an organized filing system, carefully dating each item. as new chapter officials are elected each fall, new files are set up to correspond with the new administration. permanent filing systems should be used whenever possible. standard file cabinets, or manuscript boxes constructed of durable cardboard, are preferable. consult your school librarian on which junior historian records, projects, or research can or should become part of the school \u2019 s archival holdings. whatever method is employed, it is important that a permanent record of each chapter ' s activities be maintained. regional meetings are usually held on a saturday and are usually held in the fall. at that time all junior historian chapters in a given geographic area convene and participate in a program that might consist of a talk by an area historian, skits or plays by chapters, chapter reports, and tours of historical sites such as museums, homes, and / or battlefields. regional meetings have been held in jefferson, winedale, washington - on - the - brazos, galveston, the san jacinto monument, the george ' s ranch at rosenberg, and the east texas oil museum. area sponsors are encouraged to consider organizing regional meetings as a way to connect with other chapters and to increase awareness. the tsha educational services staff are willing to assist area sponsors with the organization of such meetings. see the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44435025652552873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.173665"}
{"text": "and the east texas oil museum. area sponsors are encouraged to consider organizing regional meetings as a way to connect with other chapters and to increase awareness. the tsha educational services staff are willing to assist area sponsors with the organization of such meetings. see the resource section for sample meeting announcements and registration forms. the annual meeting the annual meeting marks the high point of the year ' s activities, as chapter members, along with their sponsors and co - sponsors, assemble to share ideas, problems, and achievements, while enjoying the good fellowship of friends and colleagues. although the meeting ' s primary goals are professional growth and intellectual stimulation, the participants ' social and recreational needs are given careful consideration. the annual meetings are events that are looked forward to with much anticipation. overnight travel may be an issue for some schools, particularly in the elementary division ; therefore the bulk of the activities will take place on saturday. chapters with these limitations are strongly encouraged to attend both day \u2019 s events when the meeting occurs near them. the junior historians of texas the junior historian annual meeting is usually held in late march or early april. the exact date of the meeting depends on the occurrence of easter and spring breaks. annual meetings have been held in austin, san antonio, arlington, abilene, mesquite, fort worth, houston, and galveston. the junior historian annual meeting is always scheduled on a friday and saturday. a typical annual meeting schedule follows : registration, begins on friday at 3 : 00 p. m., concurrent with setting up of the history fair exhibits. a tour or activity is usually scheduled as a means for chapters to interact and share their activities and accomplishments in a social setting. judging of performances and documentaries may take place on friday evening depending on the number of entries. the saturday events begin around 8 : 00 a. m. with late - registration and judging of non - exhibit entries. exhibit entry judging will usually begin around 9 : 00. activities or tours will often be scheduled while exhibit judging is occurring. following lunch, the students and sponsors will convene in general session for presentations by other chapters or guests and an awards ceremony. history fair exhibits are removed immediately following the general session. many chapters either arrive early on friday or remain later on saturday to tour museums or amusements found in the area where the meeting is being held. examples of such include : six flags, astroworld, sea world, or a visit to a historical site such as san antonio missions national historic park, the alamo, the capitol, the bob bullock texas state history museum,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4480023280387948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.174922"}
{"text": "meeting is being held. examples of such include : six flags, astroworld, sea world, or a visit to a historical site such as san antonio missions national historic park, the alamo, the capitol, the bob bullock texas state history museum, san jacinto state historic park, the sixth floor museum, the amon carter museum of art, or the fort worth stockyards. the general session is usually made up of two or three short presentations ( chapter participation is solicited ) and a short program focusing on some allied professional field : history, archeology, folklore, geography, and anthropology. awards in the competitive events are presented at the awards ceremony. the competitive activities \u2014 research and writing, history fair, adopt - a - building participation, and chapter achievement - - have wide student appeal and are major motivating forces in the junior historian chapter experience. a brief explanation of the five competitive events follows : - the writing contest. after six decades of activity, the writing contest papers represent the junior historians ' most permanent contribution to history and learning. much of the state ' s history - - largely the record of local people, places, and events - - has been preserved through the research and writing of the junior historians. their efforts have not gone unrewarded. each year almost $ 1, 500 in writing prizes are presented to texas ' outstanding student authors at the annual meeting. junior and senior high students compete separately and the various writing prizes are listed annually in the texas historian. many of the contest papers, both winners and non - winners, are published in the texas historian, the official publication of the junior historians of texas. - the history fair, with its variety of entry possibilities, has become one of the annual meeting highlights. these interpretive displays of local historical topics give an important dimension to the junior historian chapter experience. each junior and senior high school student entering the history fair competition receives a certificate of participation, while the students making the top three awards receive medallions. trophies are awarded to the junior historian chapter that creates the best chapter projects each academic year. - adopt - a - building preservation program. this exciting preservation education program enables junior historian chapters to academically adopt a building or other landmark of historical significance in their communities. through media presentations, displays, and outreach programs, chapters spend an academic year uncovering information about their site ' s architectural and social history. those chapters completing the four phases of the program are recognized at the annual meeting with a plaque commemorating their accomplishments. often times the best adopt - a -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935126389336627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32373a1b-193c-4023-8a42-ceaf16dfa999>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.176083"}
{"text": "a room not thirteen feet either way, slept twelve men and women, two or three in bunks set in a sort of alcove, the rest on the floor. \" these homeless children \" are to be found all over the city \u2026. where the neighbourhood offers a chance of picking up a living at daytime and of \" turning in \" at night with a promise of security from surprise. in warm weather a truck in the street, a convenient out - house, or a dug - out in a hay - barge at the wharf make good bunks. \" quotes easily describe conditions in slums and squatter settlements in any city in any developing country today, but, in fact, they were written over a hundred years ago by jacob august riis. he emigrated to north america from denmark in 1870, and when riis finally managed to get a job as a police reporter, he described the squalor and humiliation he experienced in the slums and tenements of new york. riis went onto to become a leading social reformer, and his landmark book published in 1890, ' how the other half lives ', inspired new yorkers, including theodore roosevelt, to initiate long needed reforms in providing housing and shelter for the poor. is not the only journalist to have given a voice to the homeless and to have fought for their right to better housing. in the 19th century, industrialization in europe and america led to rapid urbanization. the population of london went from about 800, 000 in 1800 to over 6. 5 million in 1900 ; during the same period, paris grew from one - half to over 3 million ; and by 1900 new york ' s population had swelled to 4. 2 million. this explosion meant that the poor lived in dark, airless and unsanitary tenements, often without windows, where they were regularly exploited by rapacious landlords and politicians. with the advent of the mass media, the cause of the poor was taken up by many illustrious journalists and authors. dickens, mayhew and zola, amongst others, wrote articles and novels that revealed to their readers the appalling conditions in human settlements. such writers were instrumental in changing the policies of their time. over a hundred years later, the task is not over. at the start of the urban millennium, when over half of humanity will live in cities and towns, there is a pressing need for the public to be made aware of the problems of urbanization. though rates of urbanization in the developed world and in latin america and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4346643191481254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cabec172-7197-4660-bb58-7f55f89ffbde>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.188468"}
{"text": "the urban millennium, when over half of humanity will live in cities and towns, there is a pressing need for the public to be made aware of the problems of urbanization. though rates of urbanization in the developed world and in latin america and the caribbean have stabilized at around 75 per cent or above, africa and asia - - which are both still predominantly rural - - face an explosive demographic shift, as their urban populations surge from about 35 per cent to over 50 per cent in the next 30 years. it is estimated that, between 1990 and 1995 alone, the cities in the developing world grew by 263 million people - - the equivalent of another los angeles every three months. every day there are an additional 180, 000 people in cities and towns all over the world. process of urbanization must be viewed against the backdrop of globalization and the industrialization of the developing world. in today ' s international economy, cities are forced to compete with one another to attract capital. local authorities everywhere are investing heavily in infrastructure and housing to attract multi - national investment. but evidence suggests that, even in cities like new york and london, globalization has led to an increasing polarization between the rich and the poor. the developing world, where migrants continue to flock to urban areas for jobs, the situation is worse. over 50 per cent of the population in cities in the developing world live in unplanned, spontaneous settlements and slums. it is also estimated that at least 36 per cent of all households, and 41 per cent of all woman - headed households, live below the locally - defined poverty level. though it is difficult to estimate, it appears that the urbanization and feminization of poverty have resulted in almost a billion poor people living in urban areas without adequate shelter and basic services. just as a century ago, there is a need for journalists to inform the public about the living conditions of the urban poor ; to ask why such conditions continue ; and to exchange ideas on possible solutions and proven best practices. + 5, the special session of the united nations general assembly that will be held in new york from 6 to 8 june 2001, is dedicated to raising awareness about the problems and prospects of urbanization. this is a critical time for the future of human settlements. the success of istanbul + 5 depends as much on the participation of journalists as on governments, representatives of local authorities and civil society actors like non - governmental organisations, the private sector and academic researchers. as gate - keepers to the global and local media, journalists are essential partners in informing the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4419707552490798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cabec172-7197-4660-bb58-7f55f89ffbde>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.190571"}
{"text": "much on the participation of journalists as on governments, representatives of local authorities and civil society actors like non - governmental organisations, the private sector and academic researchers. as gate - keepers to the global and local media, journalists are essential partners in informing the world about the event and the issues involved. this is not just a matter of discussing the diplomatic background to the negotiations of international instruments in new york, it is about alerting local citizens to the conditions in their backyards and to what can and should be done. important questions should be asked and answered : have governments delivered on the commitments made at habitat ii? if not, why not? we call on investigative journalists in the developed and developing worlds to find out more about the state of their cities and towns and the living conditions of executive director of the united nations centre for human settlements, i invite the media to join habitat in the challenging task of ensuring adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements in the urban millennium. i call upon journalists to continue working in the tradition begun by people like jacob riis, charles dickens, henry mayhew and emile zola. we honour them best by giving a voice to the voiceless. by the executive director : \u2026 the environmental future of the planet is closely linked to the management of our cities, towns and villages. \u2026 the relationship between the environment and human settlements is like the proverbial chicken and egg paradox. good environmental governance requires good urban governance and vice versa. are in the business of promoting a culture of solidarity and inclusiveness in all human settlements. cities will not become liveable places without learning from the solidarity which is practised in villages where everyone is provided for, however modestly. in my village, i never saw anyone sleeping under a tree. humanity enters the 21st century - the urban millennium, a consensus is emerging that good governance will mean the difference between success and failure. \u2026 there is a need for a sea change in the management approach of many city governments. we need a revolution in local government attitudes so that they become demand driven and flexible, as opposed to bureaucratic and unresponsive. \u2026 the welfare of over a billion people who are homeless or live without adequate shelter and basic services depends on the combined efforts of all our partners, governments, local authorities, parliamentarians, non - governmental organizations and the private sector. together we can improve the living conditions in our cities, towns and \u2026 the exclusion of the poor from the benefits of urban life is a daily reminder of the urgent need for greater social and civic responsibility. \u2026 partnership is indeed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3898954365868672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cabec172-7197-4660-bb58-7f55f89ffbde>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.192634"}
{"text": "organizations and the private sector. together we can improve the living conditions in our cities, towns and \u2026 the exclusion of the poor from the benefits of urban life is a daily reminder of the urgent need for greater social and civic responsibility. \u2026 partnership is indeed the key for successful implementation of the habitat agenda. \u2026 it cannot be a matter of \" our agenda versus theirs \". we must collaborate if we are to succeed. \u2026 poverty elimination starts with listening to the poor, fostering their initiatives and giving them a chance. unless this is done poverty reduction efforts will continue to remain illusory. \u2026 good urban governance implies that governments respond to and are accountable to all urban residents, including is making the 21st century the century of cities. the challenge is how to make cities a better place for the majority of the people. \u2026 the poor are not just passive objects. most often they are solving their own problems, but governments are failing to recognise their efforts. instead of harnessing their energy they are discouraging the poor from participating in the improvement of their own living conditions. further information, please contact : sharad shankardass, spokesperson, or zahra a. hassan, media & press relations unit, tel : ( 254 2 ) 623153, 623151, fax : ( 254 2 ) 624060,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44346931991766786, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cabec172-7197-4660-bb58-7f55f89ffbde>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.193685"}
{"text": "access to culture in brazil the links between culture and human rights, as well as the role of culture in fighting discrimination, are issues brazil has been trying to face. nevertheless, the integration of culture with other social policies is a recent experience which still calls for improvement. it is now time to recognize cultural rights as a basic need and a right of citizens and that indicates the need to pursue an agenda integrated to social policies and development policies. despite the recent trends, the impacts have not been sufficient to reduce inequalities regarding access to cultural production and, hence it is crucial to pay extra care to prevent economic growth from exacerbating such inequalities even further. inequalities in access to cultural production : - entertainement : the minority of brazilians go to the cinema at least once a year. almost all brazilians have never been to a museum nor have ever visited an art exhibition. more than 70 % to brazilians have never watched a dance show, although many go out for dancing. the majority of the municipalities do not have a cinema, theatre, museum or multiuse cultural spaces. - books and libraries : brazilians barely have reading habits. most of the books are in the hands of only few. book prices are high if compared to the income of brazilians belonging to c / d / e social classes. many brazilian municipalities have no library, almost all of these are located in the northeast region of the country, while only two are in the southeast. - access to internet : a very high percentage of brazilians have no pc at home, and within that group the majority have absolutely no access to internet ( either at work, or in school ). - cultural professionals : half of the population working in the field of culture are not in regular employment or are self - employed. ( source : ministry of culture \u2013 ibge - ipea ). by focusing cultural policies on the state and local levels, it could be possible to have an assistance in overcoming the inequality on the access to culture and in reinforcing cultural diversity as a relevant factor in the sustainability of development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4285906774805181, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44cfc025-e339-4584-80b3-07971c202262>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.198401"}
{"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb david \u2019 s census ; the plague. 1the lord \u2019 s anger against israel flared again, a and he incited david against them : \u201c go, take a census of israel and judah. \u201d 2the king therefore said to joab and the leaders of the army who were with him, \u201c tour all the tribes of israel from dan to beer - sheba and register the people, that i may know their number. \u201d 3but joab replied to the king : \u201c may the lord your god increase the number of people a hundredfold for my lord the king to see it with his own eyes. but why does it please my lord to do a thing of this kind? \u201d 4however, the king \u2019 s command prevailed over joab and the leaders of the army, so they left the king \u2019 s presence in order to register the people of israel. 5crossing the jordan, they began near aroer, south of the city in the wadi, and turned in the direction of gad toward jazer. 6they continued on to gilead and to the district below mount hermon. then they proceeded to dan ; from there they turned toward sidon, 7going to the fortress of tyre and to all the cities of the hivites and canaanites, and ending up in the negeb of judah, at beer - sheba. 8thus they toured the whole land, reaching jerusalem again after nine months and twenty days. 9joab then reported the census figures to the king : of men capable of wielding a sword, there were in israel eight hundred thousand, and in judah five hundred thousand. 10afterward, however, david regretted having numbered the people. david said to the lord : \u201c i have sinned grievously in what i have done. b take away, lord, your servant \u2019 s guilt, for i have acted very foolishly. \u201d * 11when david rose in the morning, the word of the lord came to the prophet gad, david \u2019 s seer, saying : 12go, tell david : thus says the lord : i am offering you three options ; choose one of them, and i will give you that. 13gad then went to david to inform him. he asked : \u201c should three years of famine come upon your land ; or three months of fleeing from your enemy while he pursues you ; or is it to be three days of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40041800022013735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:126643fc-2a8d-43d0-8379-7f89e464f1e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.211001"}
{"text": "you that. 13gad then went to david to inform him. he asked : \u201c should three years of famine come upon your land ; or three months of fleeing from your enemy while he pursues you ; or is it to be three days of plague in your land? now consider well : what answer am i to give to him who sent me? \u201d c 14david answered gad : \u201c i am greatly distressed. but let us fall into the hand of god, whose mercy is great, rather than into human hands. \u201d 15thus david chose the plague. at the time of the wheat harvest it broke out among the people. the lord sent plague over israel from morning until the time appointed, and from dan to beer - sheba seventy thousand of the people died. 16but when the angel stretched forth his hand toward jerusalem to destroy it, the lord changed his mind about the calamity, and said to the angel causing the destruction among the people : enough now! stay your hand. d the angel of the lord was then standing at the threshing floor of araunah the jebusite. e 17when david saw the angel who was striking the people, he said to the lord : \u201c it is i who have sinned ; it is i, the shepherd, who have done wrong. but these sheep, what have they done? strike me and my father \u2019 s family! \u201d david offers sacrifices. 18on the same day gad went to david and said to him, \u201c go and set up an altar to the lord on the threshing floor of araunah the jebusite. \u201d 19according to gad \u2019 s word, david went up as the lord had commanded. 20now araunah looked down and saw the king and his servants coming toward him while he was threshing wheat. so he went out and bowed down before the king, his face to the ground. 21then araunah asked, \u201c why does my lord the king come to his servant? \u201d david replied, \u201c to buy the threshing floor from you, to build an altar to the lord, that the plague may be withdrawn from the people. \u201d 22f but araunah said to david : \u201c let my lord the king take it and offer up what is good in his sight. see, here are the oxen for burnt offerings, and the threshing sledges and the yokes of oxen for wood. 23all this does araunah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4183859807268036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:126643fc-2a8d-43d0-8379-7f89e464f1e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.214918"}
{"text": "the king take it and offer up what is good in his sight. see, here are the oxen for burnt offerings, and the threshing sledges and the yokes of oxen for wood. 23all this does araunah give to the king. \u201d araunah then said to the king, \u201c may the lord your god accept your offering. \u201d 24the king, however, replied to araunah, \u201c no, i will buy it from you at the proper price, for i cannot sacrifice to the lord my god burnt offerings that cost me nothing. \u201d so david bought the threshing floor and the oxen for fifty silver shekels. 25then david built an altar to the lord there, and sacrificed burnt offerings and communion offerings. the lord granted relief to the land, and the plague was withdrawn from israel. * [ 24 : 10 ] the narrative supposes that since the people belonged to the lord rather than to the king, only the lord should know their exact number. further, since such an exact numbering of the people would make it possible for the king to exercise centralized power, imposing taxation, conscription, and expropriation upon israel, the story shares the view of monarchy found in 1 sm 8 : 4 \u2013 18. see also nm 3 : 44 \u2013 51, where census taking requires an apotropaic offering. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41918492259474166, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:126643fc-2a8d-43d0-8379-7f89e464f1e9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.219754"}
{"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb faith of the ancients. 1faith is the realization of what is hoped for and evidence * of things not seen. a 2because of it the ancients were well attested. 3b by faith we understand that the universe was ordered by the word of god, * so that what is visible came into being through the invisible. 4 * by faith abel offered to god a sacrifice greater than cain \u2019 s. through this he was attested to be righteous, god bearing witness to his gifts, and through this, though dead, he still speaks. c 5by faith enoch was taken up so that he should not see death, and \u201c he was found no more because god had taken him. \u201d before he was taken up, he was attested to have pleased god. d 6 * but without faith it is impossible to please him, e for anyone who approaches god must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who seek him. 7by faith noah, warned about what was not yet seen, with reverence built an ark for the salvation of his household. through this he condemned the world and inherited the righteousness that comes through faith. f 8by faith abraham obeyed when he was called to go out to a place that he was to receive as an inheritance ; he went out, not knowing where he was to go. g 9by faith he sojourned in the promised land as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with isaac and jacob, heirs of the same promise ; h 10for he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and maker is god. i 11by faith he received power to generate, even though he was past the normal age \u2014 and sarah herself was sterile \u2014 for he thought that the one who had made the promise was trustworthy. j 12so it was that there came forth from one man, himself as good as dead, descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as countless as the sands on the seashore. k 13all these died in faith. they did not receive what had been promised but saw it and greeted it from afar and acknowledged themselves to be strangers and aliens on earth, l 14for those who speak thus show that they are seeking a homeland. 15if they had been thinking of the land from which they had come, they would have had opportunity to return. 16but now they desire a better homeland, a heavenly one. therefore, god is not ashamed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4960757687107348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c609218-6b52-4f46-970e-1b0a740a0dd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.235231"}
{"text": "they are seeking a homeland. 15if they had been thinking of the land from which they had come, they would have had opportunity to return. 16but now they desire a better homeland, a heavenly one. therefore, god is not ashamed to be called their god, for he has prepared a city for them. m 17by faith abraham, when put to the test, offered up isaac, and he who had received the promises was ready to offer his only son, n 18of whom it was said, \u201c through isaac descendants shall bear your name. \u201d o 19 * he reasoned that god was able to raise even from the dead, p and he received isaac back as a symbol. 20by faith regarding things still to come isaac * blessed jacob and esau. q 21by faith jacob, when dying, blessed each of the sons of joseph and \u201c bowed in worship, leaning on the top of his staff. \u201d r 22by faith joseph, near the end of his life, spoke of the exodus of the israelites and gave instructions about his bones. s 23t by faith moses was hidden by his parents for three months after his birth, because they saw that he was a beautiful child, and they were not afraid of the king \u2019 s edict. 24 * by faith moses, when he had grown up, refused to be known as the son of pharaoh \u2019 s daughter ; u 25he chose to be ill - treated along with the people of god rather than enjoy the fleeting pleasure of sin. 26he considered the reproach of the anointed greater wealth than the treasures of egypt, for he was looking to the recompense. 27by faith he left egypt, not fearing the king \u2019 s fury, for he persevered as if seeing the one who is invisible. v 28by faith he kept the passover and sprinkled the blood, that the destroyer of the firstborn might not touch them. w 29by faith they crossed the red sea as if it were dry land, but when the egyptians attempted it they were drowned. x 30by faith the walls of jericho fell after being encircled for seven days. y 31by faith rahab the harlot did not perish with the disobedient, for she had received the spies in peace. z 32what more shall i say? i have not time to tell of gideon, barak, samson, jephthah, of david and samuel and the prophets, a 33who by faith conquered kingdoms, did what was righteous, obtained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654534727936366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c609218-6b52-4f46-970e-1b0a740a0dd5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.236615"}
{"text": "z 32what more shall i say? i have not time to tell of gideon, barak, samson, jephthah, of david and samuel and the prophets, a 33who by faith conquered kingdoms, did what was righteous, obtained the promises ; they closed the mouths of lions, b 34put out raging fires, escaped the devouring sword ; out of weakness they were made powerful, became strong in battle, and turned back foreign invaders. c 35women received back their dead through resurrection. some were tortured and would not accept deliverance, in order to obtain a better resurrection. d 36others endured mockery, scourging, even chains and imprisonment. e 37they were stoned, sawed in two, put to death at sword \u2019 s point ; they went about in skins of sheep or goats, needy, afflicted, tormented. f 38the world was not worthy of them. they wandered about in deserts and on mountains, in caves and in crevices in the earth. g 39yet all these, though approved because of their faith, did not receive what had been promised. 40god had foreseen something better for us, so that without us they should not be made perfect. * * [ 11 : 1 \u2013 40 ] this chapter draws upon the people and events of the old testament to paint an inspiring portrait of religious faith, firm and unyielding in the face of any obstacles that confront it. these pages rank among the most eloquent and lofty to be found in the bible. they expand the theme announced in heb 6 : 12, to which the author now returns ( heb 10 : 39 ). the material of this chapter is developed chronologically. heb 11 : 3 \u2013 7 draw upon the first nine chapters of genesis ( gn 1 \u2013 9 ) ; heb 11 : 8 \u2013 22, upon the period of the patriarchs ; heb 11 : 23 \u2013 31, upon the time of moses ; heb 11 : 32 \u2013 38, upon the history of the judges, the prophets, and the maccabean martyrs. the author gives the most extensive description of faith provided in the new testament, though his interest does not lie in a technical, theological definition. in view of the needs of his audience he describes what authentic faith does, not what it is in itself. through faith god guarantees the blessings to be hoped for from him, providing evidence in the gift of faith that what he promises will eventually come to pass (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145585321534586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c609218-6b52-4f46-970e-1b0a740a0dd5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.239002"}
{"text": "of the needs of his audience he describes what authentic faith does, not what it is in itself. through faith god guarantees the blessings to be hoped for from him, providing evidence in the gift of faith that what he promises will eventually come to pass ( heb 11 : 1 ). because they accepted in faith god \u2019 s guarantee of the future, the biblical personages discussed in heb 11 : 3 \u2013 38 were themselves commended by god ( heb 11 : 2 ). christians have even greater reason to remain firm in faith since they, unlike the old testament men and women of faith, have perceived the beginning of god \u2019 s fulfillment of his messianic promises ( heb 11 : 39 \u2013 40 ). * [ 11 : 1 ] faith is the realization \u2026 evidence : the author is not attempting a precise definition. there is dispute about the meaning of the greek words hypostasis and elenchos, here translated realization and evidence, respectively. hypostasis usually means \u201c substance, \u201d \u201c being \u201d ( as translated in heb 1 : 3 ), or \u201c reality \u201d ( as translated in heb 3 : 14 ) ; here it connotes something more subjective, and so realization has been chosen rather than \u201c assurance \u201d ( rsv ). elenchos, usually \u201c proof, \u201d is used here in an objective sense and so translated evidence rather than the transferred sense of \u201c ( inner ) conviction \u201d ( rsv ). * [ 11 : 3 ] by faith \u2026 god : this verse does not speak of the faith of the old testament men and women but is in the first person plural. hence it seems out of place in the sequence of thought. * [ 11 : 4 ] the \u201c praise of the ancestors \u201d in sir 44 : 1 \u2013 50 : 21 gives a similar list of heroes. the cain and abel narrative in gn 4 : 1 \u2013 16 does not mention abel \u2019 s faith. it says, however, that god \u201c looked with favor on abel and his offering \u201d ( gn 4 : 4 ) ; in view of v 6 the author probably understood god \u2019 s favor to have been activated by abel \u2019 s faith. though dead, he still speaks : possibly because his blood \u201c cries out to me from the soil \u201d ( gn 4 : 10 ), but more probably a way of saying that the repeated story of abel provides ongoing witness to faith. * [ 11 : 19 ] as a symbol : isaac \u2019 s \u201c return from death \u201d is seen as a symbol of christ \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4946447889017167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c609218-6b52-4f46-970e-1b0a740a0dd5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.240266"}
{"text": "4 : 10 ), but more probably a way of saying that the repeated story of abel provides ongoing witness to faith. * [ 11 : 19 ] as a symbol : isaac \u2019 s \u201c return from death \u201d is seen as a symbol of christ \u2019 s resurrection. others understand the words en parabole to mean \u201c in figure, \u201d i. e., the word dead is used figuratively of isaac, since he did not really die. but in the one other place that parabole occurs in hebrews, it means symbol ( heb 9 : 9 ). * [ 11 : 24 \u2013 27 ] the reason given for moses \u2019 departure from egypt differs from the account in ex 2 : 11 \u2013 15. the author also gives a christological interpretation of his decision to share the trials of his people. * [ 11 : 40 ] so that without us they should not be made perfect : the heroes of the old testament obtained their recompense only after the saving work of christ had been accomplished. thus they already enjoy what christians who are still struggling do not yet possess in its fullness. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4997894154977128, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c609218-6b52-4f46-970e-1b0a740a0dd5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.241595"}
{"text": "daughter of khaled abdul - wahab, tunisian rescuer of jews during the holocaust khaled abdul - wahab, a tunisian who rescued two dozen jews during the holocaust, is the first arab person to be nominated for the designation of righteous among the nations. faiza abdul - wahab reflects here on her father ' s life and legacy. transcript also available in : \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 i ' m optimistic, at the same time i don ' t believe in miracles. and i think i believe in little drops of water creating an ocean of virtue. and i believe in dialogue ; i believe in respect. but, i don ' t know, i think the dialogue must start from somewhere, and this is one place where it can start. in 1942, german troops arrived in mahdia, tunisia, and began to expel jewish families from their homes. during the occupation, khaled abdul - wahab, a tunisian arab, rescued two dozen jews by hiding them at his olive oil factory for four months. abdul - wahab passed away in 1997, but he has been posthumously nominated for the designation of righteous among the nations by yad vashem, israel ' s holocaust memorial. if confirmed, abdul - wahab will be the first arab person to receive this honor. recently, abdul - wahab ' s daughter, faiza, spoke about her father ' s life and legacy. welcome to voices on antisemitism, a free podcast series from the united states holocaust memorial museum. i ' m daniel greene. every other week we invite a guest to reflect about the many ways that antisemitism and hatred influence our world today. here ' s faiza abdul - wahab. my father ' s name was khaled abdul - wahab. he had a farm in mahdia, which is a little town by the coast of tunisia. and when the germans occupied tunisia, he learned that a family was threatened, a jewish family. anyway, they knew each other because this was a very small town. so he came in the middle of the night to where they were hiding and took them to his farm where they stayed the whole occupation. and so it was a total of 24 people, different families, that were hidden in my father ' s farm. when i asked him what happened during the war in tunisiadid the germans come or not come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43291103462572794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb52e6af-0fb2-4981-946f-154d8170419c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.248850"}
{"text": "farm where they stayed the whole occupation. and so it was a total of 24 people, different families, that were hidden in my father ' s farm. when i asked him what happened during the war in tunisiadid the germans come or not come? because i knew nothing about that. i asked him, and he told me, \" yes, i kept several families in my farm during the war, jewish families. \" but i say, \" okay. \" you know, no big deal, because we were living all together in tunisiajews, not jews, and italians, and french people, and arabs. but the rest, we were tunisians before being muslims or jews. our first common link was we were tunisian. we ate the same food, we had the sameshared a lot of things. so for me, when he said that, i didn ' t know he had taken risks with his life, of course, because he didn ' t tell me that. he just said, \" yes, i kept somei protected some jewish families. \" for him it was normal, and that \u2019 s all. i ' m sure he would have been just very happy to have this recognition. and i ' m very proud of him. even the nomination is symbolically a great thing. and i hope it has an impact a little more than symbolic in people ' s minds. i ' m very against denial of any kind. i want people to look at the face of reality even if it ' s hard and to try to open your eyes. if you shut your eyes and say, \" i don ' t want to have nothing in common with these people, \" you close the door to any dialogue, you know, and it ' s finished. you don ' t have any hope. if you open your heart, your mind, and your eyes to other people and say, \" okay, i accept, even if it ' s difficult to accept certain things from you, but i accept the things that will make us go and progress. \" that is important for me. and my father, he would have said that his dream was to see histhese two people come back again and live again without these problems. i don ' t know, maybe i ' m carrying that message. when your parents didn ' t finish something, you know, you have to do the unfinished work. so i carry my father ' s, what he did, i carry it for the best. i hope so. voices on antisemitism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48679923425341165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb52e6af-0fb2-4981-946f-154d8170419c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.250021"}
{"text": "the theme for the 2011 native american $ 1 coin is \" supreme sachem ousamequin, massasoit of the great wampanoag nation creates alliance with settlers at plymouth bay ( 1621 ). \" its reverse design features hands of the supreme sachem ousamequin massasoit and governor john carver, symbolically offering the ceremonial peace pipe after the initiation of the first formal written peace alliance between the wampanoag tribe and the european settlers. the design includes the required inscriptions, united states of america and $ 1, along with the additional inscription wampanoag treaty 1621. introduction : diplomacy \u2014 treaties with tribal nations within native american culture, the ability to make peace was historically as highly prized as leadership in war and often conducted by a separate peace chief, who stepped in when the time for the warriors had passed. for centuries, tribes created alliances with each other that spanned hundreds of miles. one of the first treaties for a mutual alliance with settlers in what became the united states of america occurred between the puritan settlers at plymouth and the massasoit of the pokanoket wampanoag in 1621. historians credit the alliance with the massasoit with ensuring survival of the plymouth colony. from the declaration of independence until 1868, the u. s. made some 370 treaties with indian tribes. congress suspended formal treaty - making in 1868, but since then, government - to - government relations between the u. s. and sovereign tribes have taken a variety of other legal forms. current u. s. policy states that federal relations with recognized tribes are conducted on a government - to - government basis. contribution : supreme sachem ousamequin, massasoit of the great wampanoag nation creates alliance with settlers at plymouth bay ( 1621 ) in the spring of 1621, ousamequin, the massasoit ( a title meaning head chief ) of the wampanoag indians, made a formal treaty with the english who settled at patuxet ( in what is now plymouth, massachusetts ). the document might well be the first written treaty between an indigenous people and european settlers in what is now the u. s. it consisted of six provisions, recorded in william bradford ' s \" history of plimoth plantation. \" massasoit promised to defend the plymouth settlers against hostile tribes in return for their intervention if his people were attacked. his intermediaries \u2014 tisquantum, samoset and hobbamack \u2014 gave the settlers invaluable tips on survival. the plymouth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44350423773069036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f66d29f4-63be-4648-bece-bd286744b374>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.255974"}
{"text": "in many areas of the economy, there looms the specter of deflation, with consumer prices falling over the past 12 months by their greatest percentage since 1955. but you might not notice that fall in prices next time you fill up your tank with gasoline. instead of deflating, gasoline is inflating. the big question is why. last week, gasoline prices rose above $ 2. 50 per gallon in san diego county for the first time since early november. prices are now above the $ 2. 25 mark nationwide. that ' s a 46 percent jump in just five months, up from a recent low of $ 1. 71 last december. by july 4, analysts say, gasoline could surge above $ 2. 50 nationwide and as high as $ 2. 75 in san diego county. some analysts say it would not be surprising to see the price at some local gasoline stations creeping back toward the $ 3 mark. \u201c the major oil companies are betting prices will go up, and go up quite high, \u201d said charles langley, fuel analyst at san diego ' s utility consumers ' action network. langley noted that gasoline prices always rise in springtime, after refineries shift from their cheaply produced \u201c winter blend \u201d of gasoline to a more refined \u201c summer blend. \u201d but the change in blends typically results in a price rise of 10 percent to 15 percent, not the 46 percent hike that we ' re currently experiencing. so why are gas prices rising when other goods are dipping? will the price rise dissipate after the july 4 holiday? or is the run - up a new threat to an economy that is struggling to dig itself out of recession? if oil prices were ruled simply by supply and demand, we should not be seeing this kind of price rise. thanks to the great recession, worldwide demand for oil has plummeted. workers who have been laid off aren ' t buying gas to commute to the office every day. tourists are taking shorter trips. businesses are putting fewer trucks on the road. in california, demand is down more than 10 percent. the international energy association predicts that global oil demand will average 2 million barrels per day less this year than last. because of the declining demand, the world ' s supply of oil has risen to a 19 - year high. as much as 150 million barrels of oil is floating in tankers on the ocean, being kept on hold until the oil companies decide it ' s profitable to bring them in. last year ' s chants of \u201c drill, baby, drill \u201d seem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3967374271236261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6a5fe43-0fe8-4352-aaf5-068282f1701d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.263257"}
{"text": "the term shin splints, or medial tibial stress syndrome ( mtss ), describes a condition common in runners who develop pain on the inside of the shin bone. this is in particular common in young athletes, who have progressed their running or jumping too quickly, and who have trained most often on hard surfaces. it is more common in female athletes than in males. it used to be believed that this condition was caused by traction on the membrane around the tibial bone, causing inflammation of this membrane, or periostitis. others believed that it caused strain or inflammation of the muscles attaching here, including of the posterior tibial and soleus tendons. however, research today has shown that the pain is caused by bony overload, and there is no evidence of periostitis or tendinitis. imaging studies have shown mild bone weakness and loss of bone density, or osteopenia, of the tibia which returns to normal when the condition resolves. based on recent research, we know that a person may be prone to developing mtss if she or he has overpronated feet, or feet which have fairly good arches when not standing up, but flatten excessively when walking or running. this can cause the lower leg to rotate excessively inward and put greater torsion strain on the shin bone. other risk factors may be people who land on the forefoot instead of the heel during distance running, which has been shown to increase the strain on the tibial bone. an abnormal amount of hip rotation mobility and hip muscle weakness may also contribute to this condition, as it can change the mechanics of the entire leg during running. it has also been shown that people who have a higher body mass index take longer to heal. if the foot overpronates, a foot orthotic may be helpful to improve the foot and lower leg mechanics during running. a distance runner who tends to run on the forefoot versus the heel will need to work on the running technique. after initial rest from running, it is advised to gradually return to training on softer surfaces, such as dirt, grass or firm sand, and to later alternate with running on harder surfaces. exercise rehabilitation is important, to correct any weakness present in muscles which can pull the arch of the foot up, and in key hip muscles which would prevent the leg from buckling in or rotating in an abnormal fashion. gunnar mossberg, pt, momt, dpt, has practiced physical therapy in san diego since 1982. he can be reached at first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4349250316124475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d93eab8-24ad-4b54-ab9e-867dffbe79df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.272668"}
{"text": "volume iv, no. 3, sept. 1993 * supporting human health, animal rights, and ecology * i spent the first week of august in portland, oregon at the north american vegetarian congress. vegetarian experts from across the country presented lectures, workshops and food demonstrations. one thought - provoking speaker was howard lyman, a former cattle rancher and the executive director of beyond beef. he spoke about bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), also known as mad cow disease ; bse produces sponge - like holes in a cow ' s brain, leading to crazy behavior and death. transmissible spongiform encephalopathy ( tse ) can be passed from one species of mammal to another by eating infected flesh, and normal forms of sterilization do not destroy the infectious agent. fear of this disease has turned thousands of britons into vegetarians. mr. lyman presented compelling evidence that the disease also infects u. s. herds and is a public health disaster in the making. tse in sheep is known as scrapie. british cows got bse by being fed the ground up remnants of scrapie - infected sheep. ( this highly unnatural food for cows is euphemistically known as a protein supplement and is used to produce more milk in dairy cows and to maximize growth in beef cattle. ) infected cows were then fed to other cows, spreading the disease further. since a cow can be infected for three to eight years before showing symptoms, many britons have undoubtedly eaten contaminated beef. although in 1988 the british government banned the feeding of ruminant animals to other ruminants, the damage has already been done. deaths have occurred in pet cats and several species of zoo animals, all of which consumed cattle products. one dairy farmer who drank the milk of his bse - infected herd for seven years has died of cjd, a human form of tse. if humans have contracted the disease from cows, which is a reasonable assumption, the incubation period may be from 10 to 30 years. the u. s. government maintains that bse has not infected american herds. some veterinary scientists, such as richard marsh from the university of wisconsin, believe differently. although u. s. cows do not show the crazy behavior associated with european bse, the incidence of \" downers \" in american cattle is increasing dramatically. these are cows that just fall down and don ' t get up again, and marsh thinks they are manifesting bse in a slightly different form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5073038740480369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.327680"}
{"text": "associated with european bse, the incidence of \" downers \" in american cattle is increasing dramatically. these are cows that just fall down and don ' t get up again, and marsh thinks they are manifesting bse in a slightly different form. when downer cows were fed to mink on a farm, the mink developed transmissible mink encephalopathy ( tme ) and died. not all cases of dementia in americans turn out to be alzheimer ' s disease upon autopsy. research at the university of pittsburgh indicates that 5 1 / 2 percent of the four million alzheimer ' s patients in the u. s. may actually have cjd. the usda and fda have responded strangely to these ominous warnings. they have not banned the feeding of sheep or cows to other cows. they have not warned americans to avoid beef. instead, they have developed a public relations strategy to deal with the issue. they will need it when the public learns the biggest danger yet associated with eating beef. honolulu herbivore happenings monday, september 6 : informal dinner at 6 : 00 p. m. at fu lu shou, a classic vietnamese / indonesian benelux restaurant at 1451 s. king just past keeaumoku. validated parking, no reservations necessary. questions? karl seff, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ) tuesday, september 14 : monthly meeting of the society. bill harris, m. d., 43 - year vegetarian, will present his video, \" the scientific basis of vegetarianism, \" and will follow with a question and answer period. 7 : 00 p. m. at st. clement ' s episcopal church, 1515 wilder at makiki street. sunday, september 19 : adopt - a - highway cleanup from koko marina to sandy beach. meet at 9 : 00 a. m. in front of foodland at koko marina shopping center, 7192 kalanianaole hwy ( at lunalilo home rd ). refreshments and prizes along the way. for more information call 538 - 6168. wednesday, september 22 : have you still not visited henry ford iv ' s nuuanu mansion, leased to the hare krishnas? wednesday is vegan night. all you care to eat and drink for $ 7. 50. 6 : 00 p. m., 51 coelho way, off the ewa side of the pali hwy in nuuanu. call karl seff for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4664786415692063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.330119"}
{"text": "vegan night. all you care to eat and drink for $ 7. 50. 6 : 00 p. m., 51 coelho way, off the ewa side of the pali hwy in nuuanu. call karl seff for directions, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ). tuesday, september 28 : the old lasalsa in restaurant row, 500 ala moana blvd., # 5 - d is now called salsa rita. parking is free after 5 : 00 p. m. join us at 6 : 00 p. m. for a mexican supper at this old favorite. enter parking lot on pohukaina st. host, as always, karl seff, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ). saturday, october 2 : world farm animals day, gandhi ' s birthday, and world vegetarian day all in one. meet at the gandhi statue fronting the honolulu zoo at noon. dr. cromwell crawford, director of south asian studies at uh, will speak, and there will be food and music. coordinator : kat lambert 624 - 3434. monday, october 4 : easy parking at 6 : 00 p. m. on university, across from the u. h. informal dinner then at the coffeeline, 1820 university avenue, near the corner of sea view in the ywca bldg. jack boyle, our guest speaker in august, is the chef. 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ). tuesday, october 12 : monthly meeting of the society. 7 : 00 p. m. at st. clement ' s episcopal church, 1515 wilder at makiki street. rosalind philips, m. s., m. p. h., r. d., coordinator of nutrition and health programs at castle medical center ' s center for health promotion, will discuss \" recently discovered health protecting properties of various plant foods \". wednesday, october 20 : diem ' s, at 2633 s. king, has a vegan menu now. parking validated at corner of s. king and university. come join us at 6 : 00 p. m. for vietnamese food and get a 10 % discount with your current vsh card, at this treasure. karl seff, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7765 ( w ) monday, october 25 : peter burwash, health and fitness author and lecturer,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4431101696988015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.332784"}
{"text": "% discount with your current vsh card, at this treasure. karl seff, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7765 ( w ) monday, october 25 : peter burwash, health and fitness author and lecturer, internationally acclaimed motivational speaker and media personality, and president of the world ' s largest tennis management organization, will speak on \" a practical understanding of exercise and nutrition \" at the ala moana hotel in the garden lanai room, 410 atkinson drive. 7 : 00 - 9 : 00 p. m. tickets are available at down to earth natural foods, 2525 s. king st. or by sending a self addressed stamped envelope, with check made out to vsh, p. o. box 25233, honolulu 96825. $ 7 for vsh adult members with current membership card and for non - members in advance ; $ 10 at the door for non - members. tuesday, october 26 : join us at 6 : 00 p. m. for an informal gourmet chinese dinner at the largely vegan buddhist vegetarian restaurant in the chinese cultural plaza. 100 n. beretania. reservations unnecessary. for more information call 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ) monday, november 1 : let me show you my favorite ( and romantic ) salad bar. plenty good things and good hot bread for $ 7. 95. join us at 7 : 00 p. m. at the original buzz ' s, 413 kawailoa, on the river, across from kailua beach. no credit cards. call karl seff to offer, or request, a ride. 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ). tuesday, november 9 : monthly meeting of the society. 7 : 00 p. m. at st. clement ' s episcopal church, 1515 wilder at makiki street. dick allgire, channel 4 news anchor, will discuss, \" my favorite doritos experience. \" wednesday, november 17 : the greek island taverna is back. it is now at 1345 s. beretania, near keeaumoku. they ' re popular, so george nikolaou asked us to begin at 5 : 30 p. m. karl seff, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ) wednesday, november 24 : fourth annual vegetarian society thanksgiving dinner. a pure vegetarian ( vegan ) dinner will be catered by crepe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4222793989390603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.339863"}
{"text": "m. karl seff, 395 - 9960 ( h ) or 956 - 7665 ( w ) wednesday, november 24 : fourth annual vegetarian society thanksgiving dinner. a pure vegetarian ( vegan ) dinner will be catered by crepe fever restaurant at ward center at 6 : 00 p. m. the address is 1200 ala moana blvd. tickets are available at eco foods, 1541 s. beretania, or by mailing a self addressed stamped envelope with your check made out to vsh, p. o. 25233, honolulu 96825. seating is limited, so purchase your tickets early. $ 18 for adults, $ 8 for children under 12, and no charge for children 3 and under. a $ 2 refund will be given at the door to adult vsh members who present their current vsh membership cards. questions about the menu or recipe ingredients should be directed to the vegetarian society at 395 - 1499, not to crepe fever. every sunday from 7 : 00 - 9 : 00 p. m., k108 am radio presents \" nutrition and you \", with terry shintani m. d., and triathlete ruth heidrich. call in to the show at 522 - 5108. events of the vegetarian society will be announced on the program. on kitv - 4 ' s 5 : 00 news, dick allgire ' s health report presents vegetarian ideas, and now on thursdays, dick ' s vegetarian recipes. \" the scientific basis of vegetarianism, \" a one hour video by vsh editor bill harris, m. d. will be shown sundays, september 12 and 26, at 2 : 00 pm on cable access channels 22 ( oceanic ) and 8 ( chronicle ). watch vsh president elaine french prepare vegetarian recipes on \" the vegetarian chef \", mondays, at 6 : 00 pm cable access channels 22 ( oceanic ) or 8 ( chronicle ). the first four programs are now available on vhs tape ( see items, page 2 ). call to action by the attendees of the 4th biennial congress of the vegetarian union of north america 33rd annual convention of the american vegan society we call on people who want to live long, healthy lives, people who care about world hunger, people who care about the environment, people who care about animals, and people who care about future generations, to recognize that we have a common goal that can be reached in large part through a common solution : a low - fat, vegetarian diet. we call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44334778306345834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.342514"}
{"text": "who care about the environment, people who care about animals, and people who care about future generations, to recognize that we have a common goal that can be reached in large part through a common solution : a low - fat, vegetarian diet. we call on the american and canadian heart associations, cancer societies, dietetic associations and the usda and the national institutes of health to spend no less than 5056 of their current budgets on educating the public that a low - fat vegetarian diet can prevent and often reverse disease. we call on the life and health insurance industries to acknowledge the reduced risk of heart disease, cancer, and many other diseases for people who follow a low - fat vegetarian diet. we call on health care policy makers to recognize that a change to a low - fat vegetarian diet will substantially reduce health - care costs. we call on public schools and other educational institution to offer low - fat vegetarian diet options daily ~ we call on hospital food service managers to serve low - fat vegetarian food especially to patients, but also in cafeterias and on - site restaurants. we ask hospitals to focus on public education about truly health supporting nutrition. we call on cardiologists, oncologist, family physicians, pediatricians, surgeons, and other physicians to study, counsel and implement low - fat vegetarian diets as life - saving, cost - saving alternatives to drugs and surgery. we call on north american professional chefs and restaurants to learn about and provide health - promoting vegetarian meals. we call on the beef, egg, dairy and other animal product industries to cease their misleading advertising. we call on the united states and canadian governments to stop all subsidies to the animal agriculture industry and to initiate transition programs for sustainable plant - based agriculture. the state of our health, our environment, and our economy mandate an immediate commitment. the time for this transition to a truly health - supporting, sustainable plant - based diet is now. for the sake of all who live and all who will come after us, we the signers of this call. to action offer our expertise, cooperation, and support to all to help accomplish this essential transition. red and green succotash - 2 cups dry lima beans - 1 large onion, chopped - 3 cloves garlic, minced - 1 stalk celery, diced - 1 15 - oz can tomatoes, cut up - 1 cup frozen corn - 1 tbsp cumin - 1 tbsp basil - 1 tsp dried crushed red pepper - 1 / 2 tsp salt - 2 cups shredded fresh spinach cook lima", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569226519333639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.345617"}
{"text": "celery seed - 1 tsp liquid smoke - 1 / 2 tsp salt thaw the tempeh and cut it into quarters. steam over boiling water for 20 minutes. cut each piece in half horizontally, then in bite sized pieces. combine all other ingredients in a small saucepan and heat for a few minutes to blend flavors. put tempeh pieces in a single layer in an 8 x 8 pan and pour half the barbecue sauce over them. broil for 5 minutes, then turn them over and cover with the rest of the sauce. broil 5 more minutes and serve as an appetizer. - 20 very small red potatoes ( about 3 lbs. ) - juice of 2 lemons ( about 1 / 4 cup ) - 1 tbsp reduced sodium soy sauce - 1 tsp onion powder - 2 tbsp nutritional yeast flakes - 2 tbsp chopped fresh dill scrub the potatoes well and cut out any bad spots. steam them whole until tender. ( they can also be boiled or microwaved. ) while still hot, cut in quarters and sprinkle the cut sides liberally with lemon juice, then with a little soy sauce. sprinkle on onion powder, yeast and dill. if you have any lemon juice left you can add a little more before serving. ( try putting the lemon juice and soy sauce in a spray bottle with a fine mist spray. this is a simple way to coat the potatoes evenly and quickly. ) nutrient ( percent of rda per calorie ) percent of calories from : meet the members \" i used to weigh 175 pounds and feel lethargic, \" says katalina lambert. in january, 1992, her husband michael, a first lieutenant at schofield barracks, was out in the field, so kat took the opportunity to read a dozen books. \" then i went on a four day juice fast, \" she says, and by the end, \" i was bouncing off the walls. \" aerobics, exercise, and a vegetarian diet came next, and in a month she had lost 20 pounds, finally bottoming out at 135. \" i feel like a teenager, \" says kat, \" but i ' m 24. \" well, that ' s pretty ancient all right, but she also noted some other changes. \" the only time i feel pain is when i eat fat. \" before the diet switch, cramps were a given. only 2 out of nineteen periods have been crampy since then and those followed diet lapses like fried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3524003817075181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.349069"}
{"text": "some other changes. \" the only time i feel pain is when i eat fat. \" before the diet switch, cramps were a given. only 2 out of nineteen periods have been crampy since then and those followed diet lapses like fried zucchini, fatty granola bars, and oily meals at restaurants. \" i never had pms but i could be ah... difficult to get along with. \" males, take note. unless you ' re a monk, female dietary patterns concern you, too. \" people don ' t realize they don ' t like meat until they ' ve given it up for awhile, \" says kat. \" but you teach by example. get to know people. let them ask the questions. tell them to give up meat for a week, not a lifetime. \" then they find out for themselves. \" children are very receptive, \" says kat, who works as substitute teacher. a dozen neighbor kids enjoy hiking with her to kolekole pass or the manoa waterfall. \" the young people are starting to see vegetarianism as the wave of the future. \" she grew up in a home with 14 dogs and 9 cats, and there ' s a statue of a cow in her living room. \" we should never kill anything unless it ' s absolutely necessary, \" says kat, but environmental concerns are also important. \" i want to protect the world for the children. \" her vegetarianism rubbed off on her maternal grandmother who noted big improvements in her rheumatoid arthritis on a near - vegan diet. her father now dotes on rice and beans, and a brother - in - law leans toward veganism. kat grew up in miami, and in the ninth grade gifted program got a governor ' s scholarship. in high school she competed in basketball, swimming, tennis, and volleyball. she was on the boy ' s wrestling team for three weeks, and her water polo team came in second in the junior nationals. she attended miami - dade college, then took her b. a. at florida international university. \" hawaii is like florida, but with mountains, \" says kat who would like to stay here and start a health resort. in the meantime she ' s a substitute teacher waiting to see if husband michael ' s 1994 orders will take them back to the mainland, or keep him here in the army ' s chemical decontamination program. meantime, michael ' s become a pretty good vegan cook. \" he felt pressured at first, but now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43323739631076796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.352121"}
{"text": "' s 1994 orders will take them back to the mainland, or keep him here in the army ' s chemical decontamination program. meantime, michael ' s become a pretty good vegan cook. \" he felt pressured at first, but now he ' s developed an almond - tofu dish our neighbor swears is chicken, \" says kat. lieutenant lambert feels he ' s in the army to prevent war. with predatory nationalistic movements ever present, this may be close to the truth. katalina lambert, our member with two animals, \" cat \" and \" lamb \", in her name has been an enormous help to vsh. she ' ll be coordinating the upcoming peter burwash lecture as well as world farm animal ' s day, at the gandhi statue october 2. she handled the \" meatout \" last year, and helped us evaluate the kahuku agricultural park proposal. we ' re happy to welcome her as a new vsh board member. - bill harris, m. d. fine dining at the bottom of the food chain no need ask yes, there ' s a restaurant where you can order anything on the extensive menu without checking with the waiter, who has to check with the cook before you order. this is purely and simply vegan with no m. s. g. and you don ' t have to search for parking so, my darlings, what else could you ask for? brown rice? yes, of course they have it! the buddhist vegetarian restaurant is located in the chinese cultural plaza with the entrance on river street, convenient for my trips to buy vegetables in chinatown. the ambience is more upscale than others in its price range. an elegant chandelier and linen tablecloths and napkins set a nicer than average tone. the food, ah, yes, gluten, tofu, and vegetables abound, along with appetizers and soups aplenty. this is real chinese fare, not adapted to american taste. i haven ' t yet tried the cauliflower with moss, or stuffed bamboo pith, but they ' re on my list for next time. we sampled the dim sum for lunch last april and again last week. they have a good variety, some fried and too greasy. but the char siu bow ( manapua ) was excellent. the siu mai, made with chinese mushrooms, yams, and taro looked as good as they tasted. for dinner, the assorted vegetables and mushrooms with pine nuts in taro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4505272932023928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.354657"}
{"text": "char siu bow ( manapua ) was excellent. the siu mai, made with chinese mushrooms, yams, and taro looked as good as they tasted. for dinner, the assorted vegetables and mushrooms with pine nuts in taro basket was good looking. shredded taro was formed into a basket shape and fried like a taco... very decorative but too much oil to eat. the spicy hot and sour soup was very hot - - chili intensive to the max, a taste bud waker - upper. braised, stuffed winter melon was good, too. the wait staff ' s english isn ' t always adequate, but there ' s been a host who is fluent in english to help answer your questions. enter the parking garage on moanalua street, pay one dollar for the two hour ' s parking. phone 532 - 8218. closed wednesdays. open 10 : 30am - 2 : 00pm and 5 : 30pm - 9 : 00pm other days. the island vegetarian the vsh was well represented at the north american vegetarian congress held 4 - 8 august in portland, or. major presentations were given by william harris, m. d., and ruth heidrich, ph. d., and cooking classes by elaine french. in addition, michael klaper, m. d., neal bernard, m. d., marc sorensen, ed. d., robert kradjian, m. d., were also \" stars \" of the conference, making it an exciting, action - packed five days. if you ' ve never been to a conference like this, you definitely owe it to yourself to go... bill harris, m. d. also spoke at the summerfest ' 93 of the north american vegetarian society, at bryant college in rhode island, 21 - 25 july. this was another swinging affair with tremendous vegan food, and lectures by dozens of speakers and health professionals with different approaches to the same message : \" if you ' re serious about health, the environment, and ethics, better go veggie \"... data released by the hawaii agricultural statistics service shows an 11 % drop in beef production since april of last year. the drop was thought due to increased shipment of young cattle to the mainland... veteran vegetarian u. s. representative andy jacobs ( indiana ) has sponsored h. con. res. 4, \" expressing the sense of the congress that federally funded school lunches should provide optional meatless meals \"... members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4222966339343335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.357386"}
{"text": "mainland... veteran vegetarian u. s. representative andy jacobs ( indiana ) has sponsored h. con. res. 4, \" expressing the sense of the congress that federally funded school lunches should provide optional meatless meals \"... members who want to have more involvement in vsh plans and activities are invited to attend our board of directors ' meetings. this quarter ' s meetings will be held sunday, september 12 and sunday, november 7 at 3 : 00 p. m. at st. clement ' s church. meetings start on time and can last as long as three hours. please bring your valid membership card for identification. are you on the phone committee? you may be surprised to learn that the committee no longer exists. at our july board meeting we decided that maintaining an updated phone list and adequate numbers of volunteers took too much work considering how seldom we used the committee. from now on, we will mail postcards to the members when we have urgent material to disseminate. thank you to all volunteers who donated their time to make phone calls. we may call upon your services when we need to label and stamp postcards! you may have noticed that we have no potluck dinners scheduled for the fall quarter. they have been discontinued until we find a volunteer to organize them. unstructured potlucks were not successful because some people brought only a bag of chips or a loaf of bread, ( and sometimes no food at all! ), then expected to eat the food others had prepared. people who prepared a nice dish felt resentful, and the skimpy selection gave a bad impression to new and potential members. it cost us money to rent the room and we prefer to spend our membership dues on educational materials. an organizer should arrive early and open the room, bring paper plates, cups napkins and plasticware, collect $ 1. 00 per person attending, and check that each person ' s food contribution is appropriate. he or she should also make sure the kitchen is clean and should close up the room at the end of the evening. if not able to attend a scheduled potluck, the organizer must find someone to take his / her place. we are sorry to report that we will not be able to host the 1995 american vegan society convention in honolulu. in researching possible locations, member clay roberts was unable to find an oahu school with dormitories, classrooms, an auditorium, a demonstration kitchen and kitchen staff willing to prepare vegan food under supervision. many thanks to clay for his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515876348970576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.358868"}
{"text": "in honolulu. in researching possible locations, member clay roberts was unable to find an oahu school with dormitories, classrooms, an auditorium, a demonstration kitchen and kitchen staff willing to prepare vegan food under supervision. many thanks to clay for his efforts and to marcia deutch for assisting him. the amount of office work required to keep vsh functioning continues to grow. burn - out is a real hazard for the leaders of volunteer organizations who put in unbelievable hours of work for no pay. if one of our members is experienced at researching and writing grants and would like to contribute some time to helping us, we are looking for money to pay one person part time ; this could partially compensate our weary president for her work! we would also like to train another office volunteer to process new members and renewals and answer correspondence. call us today! ( show current vsh membership card ) attorney david l. bourgoin offers our members a 25 % discount on all legal services. phone 523 - 7779. the buddhist vegetarian restaurant, 100 n. beretania, offers our members a 5 % discount. classic rustproofing, 1437 n. king st. 20 % off rustproofing, fabric and paint sealants, waxing and polishing. phone 848 - 0941. crepe fever at ward center, 1200 ala moana blvd. offers a free beverage with meals. diem vietnamese restaurant, 2633 s. king st., offers our members a 10 % discount. down to earth ( both store and deli ), 2525 s. king st., offers our members a 5 % discount. fox photo offers us a 40 % discount on developing and printing, 25 % off on enlargements, panoramic prints and reprints, and 20 % off e - 6 slide processing. cameras at cost plus 10 % at any location here. send sase to vsh for fox discount card good on mainland. hana plantation houses resort on maui offers us discounts of up to 25 % off regular rates. for more information write to : p. o. box 489 - v ; hana, hi 96713. phone : 1 - 800 - 657 - 7723 or ( 808 ) 248 - 7248. hawaiian eye - land, 1901 kapiolani blvd. suite 195, offers us a 20 % discount for contact lenses and eye wear. phone 947 - 3121. hawaii health and fitness guide ( by mail only ) is one dollar off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41764751872997735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.362342"}
{"text": "hawaiian eye - land, 1901 kapiolani blvd. suite 195, offers us a 20 % discount for contact lenses and eye wear. phone 947 - 3121. hawaii health and fitness guide ( by mail only ) is one dollar off the regular $ 7. 95 price plus free shipping and postage. send $ 6. 95 to aurora productions ; 4400 - 4 kalanianaole hwy suite 174 ; honolulu, hi 96821. state that you are a vsh member. huckleberry farms, 1613 nuuanu ave., offers us a 10 % discount on vitamins only. island fender, 918 ilaniwai st. off ward ave. $ 25 - $ 100 discount on collision insurance deductibles. phone 521 - 8757. the juice stop at 1050 ala moana ( ward warehouse at \" the food express \" ) offers us a 10 % discount. 545 - 4022. national institute of fitness ( nif ) in st. george, utah offers members a 10 % discount, upon presentation of current vsh membership card at registration. for a brochure with information on nif, send a sase to us. petra ' s keiki garden ( vegetarian daycare ) offers 8 % off the full time monthly fee of $ 485 or off the part time monthly fee of $ 300. call 395 - 5829 for more information. \" choose what is best. habit will soon render it agreeable and easy. \" made with a mac - think different... copyrighted 2005. please feel free to use the information contained on this site, however.. no reproduction is allowed without the express permission of the vegetarian society of hawaii hosting donated by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4245371021030362, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2321f0f7-668a-4399-806c-d3b9fb8a7fe2>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.364240"}
{"text": "when it comes to a department of computer science, computer engineering, or information technology, the goal should be that everyone who qualifies to take courses within your department and anyone who is qualified to teach them should be able to do so. universal design can provide an approach for making your department accessible to all potential students and instructors. \" universal design \" is defined as the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. \" it suggests that, rather than design your departmental offerings for the average user, design them for people with a broad range of abilities, disabilities, ages, reading levels, learning styles, native languages, cultures, and other characteristics. in applying universal design, keep in mind that individuals in your department may have learning disabilities or visual, speech, hearing, and mobility impairments. make sure everyone - feels welcome, - can get to facilities and maneuver within them, - is able to gain the full benefit of information resources and courses, and - can make use of equipment and software. although applying universal design minimizes the need for accommodations for students, faculty, and staff with disabilities, it is also important to have a plan in place to respond to additional accommodation requests in a timely manner and to assure that faculty and staff are prepared to work with colleagues and students who have disabilities. the university of washington has drafted an accessibility checklist to guide you in making your computing department more accessible. this document is called equal access : universal design of computing departments. more information about applications of universal design can be found in the do - it publication applications of universal design. - \" universal design \" - equal access : universal design of computing departments - applications of universal design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5602651177160972, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb35be30-0b46-49ee-95a5-67a86578d9bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.367447"}
{"text": "facts about hsus in recent years we have experienced a sharp increase in the challenges facing animal agriculture from animal rights and environmental activist groups. one of the groups that challenges animal agriculture the most is hsus. hsus is the largest and most well - funded animal rights organization in the u. s. contrary to how it inaccurately portrays itself as a mainstream animal care organization, hsus is neither affiliated with any of america \u2019 s more than 10, 000 hands - on pet shelters, nor is it an animal care organization. despite the omnipresent dogs and cats in its fundraising materials and television commercials, it \u2019 s neither an organization that runs spay / neuter programs, nor does it take in stray, neglected, and abused pets. 1 it works through the courts, the legislative process, mass education, and the media. claiming to be a more moderate, mainstream animal \u201c welfare \u201d organization, hsus has sought to abolish modern livestock and poultry farming, hunting, circuses, rodeos, horse and dog racing, animal dissection, the keeping of marine animals in aquariums, hunting of seals, whales and elephants, trapping and raising of fur bearing animals, and the commercial breeding of dogs. 2 quite unlike the common image of animal protection agencies as cash - strapped organizations dedicated to animal welfare, hsus has become the wealthiest animal rights organization on earth. while most local animal shelters are underfunded and unsung, hsus has accumulated $ 162 million in assets and built a recognizable brand by capitalizing on the confusion its very name provokes. 3 this misdirection results in an irony of which most animal lovers are unaware : hsus raises enough money to finance animal shelters in every single state with money to spare, yet it doesn \u2019 t operate a single one anywhere. 4 hsus is an organization that is inexperienced when it comes to livestock operations and livestock care. hsus would create sweeping policy changes \u2014 with dangers of unintended consequences \u2014 in an industry where it offers opinion but no expertise. hsus appeals to consumer \u2019 s emotions, while ignoring science, human and animal welfare and safety considerations, and the hardships it could cause farmers across the united states. 5 hsus \u2019 s campaign strategy is aimed primarily at states with ballot initiative processes. they use compelling, yet misleading, situations and exploit misinformation in their advertisements to appeal to the voting public, and, ultimately, increase contributions to the organization. hsus has recently campaigned for legislation in the ballot initiative states of california, florida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40884904890420715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eb5a832-20a1-4757-91db-e4699747596f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.382343"}
{"text": "they use compelling, yet misleading, situations and exploit misinformation in their advertisements to appeal to the voting public, and, ultimately, increase contributions to the organization. hsus has recently campaigned for legislation in the ballot initiative states of california, florida and ohio. there are two types of initiatives \u2013 direct and in - direct. there are 24 states with some form of initiative6 ; however, direct initiative states are most at risk of hsus intervention because they do not require prior review by the state legislature. \u201c direct initiative is when constitutional amendments or statutes proposed by the people are directly placed on the election ballot and then submitted to the people for their approval or rejection ( the state legislature has no role in this process ). \u201d 7 at present, there are 15 states with direct amendment and 14 states with direct statute processes in place. 8 the wrong idea in a february 2010 poll conducted by opinion research corporation, 71 % of americans agreed that the humane society of the united states \u201c is an umbrella group that represents thousands of local humane societies across america. \u201d 9 this is not true. the humane society of the united states is not affiliated with any local animal shelters. that poll also shows that 59 % believe the group gives \u201c most of its money \u201d to local pet shelters. that \u2019 s false, too. in fact, hands - on dog and cat shelters at the local level received less than 1 % of the $ 86 million hsus raised in 2008. 10 hsus \u2019 s grants to pet shelters in the 50 united states between the years of 2006 to 2008 can be found in hsus \u2019 s tax filings with the irs, documents which are kept in public record. 11 for the years 2006 to 2008, hsus total grants to hands - on u. s. pet shelters was $ 6, 892, 205, which was only 2. 49 % of their $ 277, 009, 635 in total spending. 12 in 2008, the most recent tax year for which nonprofit irs filings are available, hsus raised $ 86. 7 million from the public, spent $ 99. 7 million \u2014 an $ 8 million increase over 2007 \u2014 and ended the year with $ 162. 2 million in assets. 13 of this $ 99. 7 million operating budget, hsus paid out $ 4. 7 million in grants to other organizations and individuals in 2008. however, only $ 450, 000 of this consists of checks that hsus wrote to organizations doing hands - on sheltering of dogs and cats \u2013 the functions its tv ads suggest are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4661890295223848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eb5a832-20a1-4757-91db-e4699747596f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.385999"}
{"text": "4. 7 million in grants to other organizations and individuals in 2008. however, only $ 450, 000 of this consists of checks that hsus wrote to organizations doing hands - on sheltering of dogs and cats \u2013 the functions its tv ads suggest are hsus \u2019 s main focus. 14 this means it shared less than one - half of one percent of its 2008 operating budget with legitimate \u201c humane societies \u201d and other pet shelters. 15 if an individual took up hsus on their infomercial offer of \u201c just $ 19 a month \u201d to help take care of animals, they would be donating $ 228 over the course of a year, with just $ 1. 03 of that reaching an actual hands - on pet shelter. 16 by comparison, hsus had 555 employees, and paid them $ 37. 8 million in 2008. this includes over $ 2. 5 million contributed to employee pension plans. hsus \u2019 chief executive, wayne pacelle, made just over $ 251, 000 in salary and benefits. 17 shelter support reality during the 2006 - 2008 period, hsus donated zero dollars to hands - on pet shelters in five states : maine, nebraska, nevada, south dakota, and wyoming. 18 hsus made zero donations to ohio pet shelters in 2007 and 2008, and gave just $ 5, 200 in 2006. this year, however, the organization is gearing up to spend millions of dollars in ohio on the anti - livestock farming ballot initiative. 19 in 2008, hsus made donations to pet shelter organizations in only 15 states \u2014 down from 24 states in 2007 \u2014 even though its overall budget increased by more than $ 8 million. hsus routinely spends far more on state - level political fights than on pet shelters in those same states. 20 for example, hsus spent ten times more money in passing \u201c proposition 2 \u201d in california \u2014 a ballot initiative to create new livestock farming regulations \u2014 than on pet shelters there. 21 even some of the grants from the \u201c less than one - half of one percent of the budget \u201d seem dubious. for example, david mastio of the washington times wrote that hsus in iowa gave $ 9, 044 to a shelter in fairfield. according to the shelter \u2019 s web site, the money was used to give hsus animal rights propaganda to grade school teachers. this material asked the children to pressure their schools to use only cage - free eggs and write to their congressmen. 22 hsus raised $ 34 million in the wake of hurricane katrina, supposedly to help reunite lost pets with their owners. however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3993998066799008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eb5a832-20a1-4757-91db-e4699747596f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.387549"}
{"text": "teachers. this material asked the children to pressure their schools to use only cage - free eggs and write to their congressmen. 22 hsus raised $ 34 million in the wake of hurricane katrina, supposedly to help reunite lost pets with their owners. however, comparatively little of that money was spent for that purpose. in 2009, atlanta abc affiliate wsb - tv reported that public disclosures of the disposition of the $ 34 million in katrina - related donations added up to less than $ 7 million. 23 a 2008 los angeles times investigation found that hsus receives less than 12 % of the money raised on its behalf by california telemarketers. in 2008, hsus collected more than $ 86 million in contributions, but spent more than $ 24 million on fundraising. 24 beginning on the day of nfl quarterback michael vick \u2019 s 2007 dog - fighting indictment, hsus raised money online with the false promise that it would \u201c care for the dogs seized in the michael vick case. \u201d the new york times later reported that hsus wasn \u2019 t caring for vick \u2019 s dogs at all, and hsus president wayne pacelle told the times that his group urged government officials to \u201c put down \u201d the dogs rather than adopt them out to suitable homes. 25 are you are as outraged as we are about the false claims hsus is making against agriculture? join farm bureau, the voice of agriculture, and help us protect the future of our food supply in the united states. wayne county farm bureau - fairfield, il copyright 2010 - 2011 all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41280060757545306, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eb5a832-20a1-4757-91db-e4699747596f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.388174"}
{"text": "provides detailed information on the different habitats, life cycles, and natural history of frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and the rare caecilians search multiple online resources external : arms & armor presents the history of weapons and armor through the ages. describes the design, construction and workings of various weapons, and discusses how methods of warfare have changed. provides detailed information on butterflies ' habitats, diet, and sizes, as well as other interesting facts about butterflies. describes the castles of the middle ages and the lives of the people who lived in them. provides an introduction to the harsh world of hot and cold deserts and the people, plants, and animals that live in them. provides detailed information on world of dinosaurs. describes their sizes, how they looked, how they lived, and how they behaved. provides detailed information on the world of exploration, from early expeditions to high - tech trips into space. provides detailed information on world of fish, including how they evolved, how they live, and their habitats. provides an introduction to the history of flight and explores the various aircraft in use today. provides information on what fossils are, how they were formed, and how they lived millions of years ago. illustrates the visions of the future of scientists, artists and inventors through the ages. presents a view of a world we are yet to know, in the twenty - first century and beyond. provides detailed information on the world of horses and ponies. describes their natural history, their role in civilization, and many other interesting facts. provides detailed information on the world of insects. describes the variety and complexity of insects, their structure, life cycles and behavior. provides an introduction to a variety of inventions, both ancient and modern, that have changed the world. provides an introduction to the plants, animals and insects of the world ' s jungles. provides information on the world and lives of knights. provides information on the world and lives of pirates. provides an introduction to the world of plants, including the natural history of plant anatomy and growth. external : pond and river provides an introduction to the plant and animal life that thrives in freshwater habitats. provides detailed information on the world of reptiles, including their natural history, habits, and lifestyles. provides an introduction to the seashore and the creatures that live there. provides detailed information on the world of sharks. describes the natural history, behavior, and habits of sharks and their relatives. provides an introduction to the world ' s most significant shipwrecks and their lost cargoes and treasures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4561596274305508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97586b4f-aab1-401c-9de2-41116ed617be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.403560"}
{"text": "that live there. provides detailed information on the world of sharks. describes the natural history, behavior, and habits of sharks and their relatives. provides an introduction to the world ' s most significant shipwrecks and their lost cargoes and treasures. provides detailed information on human and animal skeletons, including their evolution, structure, and function. provides information on the history of space exploration and the daily life of astronauts. provides an introduction to the titanic, from its maiden voyage to its wreck on the ocean floor. provides an introduction to the world of trees, from tiny saplings to forest giants. online animated talking picture books for wee ones. entry topics include gods and goddesses ; heroes and other key characters ; motifs and global themes ; major myths ; and national or cultural mythologies. coverage spans a diversity of cultures, including standard greek / roman entries as well as native north and south american traditions, norse mythology, asian pacific mythology, judeo - christian tradition, and islamic and hindu mythologies. provides information on the world and lives of vikings. provides information on the inner workings of volcanoes and famous volcanic eruptions. provides detailed information on the world of whales. describes how they live, how they behave, how they look, and many other interesting facts. an international catalog of books, web resources, and other material catalogued by libraries worldwide. consists of over 41 million bibliographic records. when finished using this database, please log off by clicking on the blue exit link near the top - right of the screen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48843079959071123, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97586b4f-aab1-401c-9de2-41116ed617be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.407080"}
{"text": "by the humane society of america many diseases common to cats can be prevented in two ways : by keeping your cat indoors, and by having your cat vaccinated according to your veterinarian ' s advice. commonmore > > with children the most frequent victims of dog bites and dog bites accounting for 5 percent of emergency room victims, a national veterinary organization is offering tips for protecting yourself and your family. more > > we ' ll start with the basics : food and water, shelter, exercise, training, and veterinary care. and then we ' ll cover the other necessities. more > > you ' re in your car, heading somewhere or other, a long list of things to accomplish and already running late. suddenly, you see him \u2014 a dog, there, by the side of the road. with a sinking feeling, you realize he ' s alone. your car is coming alongside him now. you have only seconds in which to act. but what should you do? this is a wrenching scenario for all who care about animals. once you ' ve seen the dog ( or cat ), it ' s too late to avert your eyes and drive on, even if you wanted to. after all, what if your own dog or cat were standing there? so, before you pull over, good samaritan that you are, here are some guidelines for assisting animals safely and effectively. be ready to rescue. if you know in your heart that you ' re a rescuer, why not equip yourself to do the best possible job? here are some things to have in your car at all times : phone ; phone numbers of local animal control, a shelter, and a 24 - hour emergency veterinary clinic ; cat carrier or cardboard box ; collars and strong leashes for dogs ; heavy blanket ; water bowls and water ; strong - smelling foods, such as canned tuna or dried liver ; and an animal first - aid kit. think about your safety first. you cannot help an animal if you become injured yourself in the process. look in your rear - view mirror before braking, signal your intentions, pull your car completely off the road, turn off the ignition, set the parking brake, and put on your hazard lights. if you have emergency flares, prepare to use them. consider the safety of the animal. a strange, frightened, and possibly sick or injured animal may behave unpredictably. a sudden move on your part, even the opening of your car door, may spook him, causing him to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4120126236970145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10205de1-226b-488f-b5c0-21386c2534d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.420466"}
{"text": "them. consider the safety of the animal. a strange, frightened, and possibly sick or injured animal may behave unpredictably. a sudden move on your part, even the opening of your car door, may spook him, causing him to bolt \u2014 possibly right onto the highway. if the animal looks or acts threatening, or if for any reason you feel uneasy about the situation, remain in your car. if possible, restrain the animal. create a barrier or use a carrier, leash, piece of cloth, or length of rope to keep the animal from leaving the area. signal approaching vehicles to slow down if you cannot confine the animal, or divert traffic around him if he appears to be injured and is still on the roadway. use caution when approaching the animal. should you succeed in getting close enough to capture him, you stand a good chance of being scratched or bitten. even a small animal can inflict a painful wound, and if you are bitten by a cat or dog whose vaccination status is unknown, you will be advised to undergo preventive treatment for rabies. when approaching the animal, speak calmly to reassure him. make sure he can see you at all times as you approach, and perhaps entice him to come to you by offering a strong - smelling food such as canned tuna or dried liver. try to lure an animal into your car with food, close the door, and wait for help. but do this only if you are certain someone will come to get the animal very soon. in most cases it is not a good idea to attempt to drive somewhere with a strange dog unrestrained in your car ; he may become frantic or aggressive once you ' re in the car with him. cats may do the same, as well as lodge themselves under the car seat, from which extracting them can be dangerous. if you ' re not able to safely restrain the animal, call the local police or animal control agency. do so whether or not the animal is injured, and whether or not he appears to be a stray or to be owned ( meaning he is wearing an identification tag or flea collar or has recently been groomed ). if you have a phone in your car, call the local animal care and control agency ( in rural areas, call the police or sheriff ) and report the situation. leave your phone or beeper number with the dispatcher and try to get an estimate of how long it may take someone to respond. if possible, stay on the scene to keep an eye on the dog or cat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4372209321386761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10205de1-226b-488f-b5c0-21386c2534d4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.421892"}
{"text": "sheriff ) and report the situation. leave your phone or beeper number with the dispatcher and try to get an estimate of how long it may take someone to respond. if possible, stay on the scene to keep an eye on the dog or cat until help arrives. make sure you report to authorities precisely where the animal is. for example, say \" one mile north of livingston on highway 101 \" or \" between markers 65 and 66 on the new york state thruway. \" if you are able to transport the animal, take him to the nearest animal shelter. or, if you plan to keep the animal in the event no owner is found, notify animal control that you have the animal or that you have taken him to a veterinary hospital for treatment. you usually can place a free \" found \" ad in your local newspaper. keep a copy of the id to prove your good intentions should any question arise later. to check on any relevant laws in your state, county, or town, contact your local animal control agency, humane society, or spca. many times, the dog or cat you find along the highway will turn out to be unowned, unwanted, and unclaimed. even so, the person finding the stray dog or cat does not automatically become the owner or keeper \u2014 as in \" finders keepers \" \u2014 until he has satisfied certain state and / or local requirements. in almost every state, the animal is not \" owned \" by the finder until the holding period for strays ( as specified by state or local laws ) has expired and the finder has made an attempt to reunite the animal with his original owner and / or has taken steps \u2014 obtaining vaccinations, license, collar and identification tag \u2014 to prove he is now the owner. don ' t assume you are dealing with an irresponsible owner. good samaritans who have never lost a cherished companion animal may conclude that the owner of the found dog or cat callously abandoned him or, at the very least, neglected to keep him safely confined at home. but accidents can happen to anyone. the frantic owner may be looking everywhere for their beloved pet. understand the limitations of animal care and control agencies. once you have taken the initiative, time, and trouble to rescue a dog or cat along the highway, you may be surprised to find that the rest of the pet care community may not necessarily rush forward to do what you see as its part. for, instance, you may take a badly injured stray dog to animal control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42646952658402604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10205de1-226b-488f-b5c0-21386c2534d4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.423063"}
{"text": "dog or cat along the highway, you may be surprised to find that the rest of the pet care community may not necessarily rush forward to do what you see as its part. for, instance, you may take a badly injured stray dog to animal control, only to learn that the agency is unable to provide expensive surgery to treat the dog ' s injuries and, to relieve him from his suffering, euthanizes him instead. a cat with relatively minor injuries may be kept for only the mandated stray holding period and then euthanized. virtually all animal control facilities have severe budgetary or space limitations and must make painful decisions on how best to allocate their inadequate resources. before you take an injured animal to a private veterinary hospital for treatment, be willing to assume financial responsibility for the animal before treatment begins. good care is not cheap, and many veterinarians have many samaritans in their waiting rooms every year. anyone who is committed to trying to save injured stray animals should discuss these issues in advance with the veterinarian. fortunately, some states have laws that allow the veterinarian to collect from a fund for treating unowned injured animals who have been presented to them by animal control or a good samaritan. if you ' re uncertain about whether or not to assist or keep an animal you see alongside the highway, here ' s a final word of advice : first, think of what you would want the finder of your animal to do if he happened to find him injured and his collar missing. you ' d want him to take your pet to a veterinarian, and you ' d want him to try to find you. at the same time, be reasonable about how much you can afford to do for that animal if no owner shows up. are you willing to add him to your household? and will you be willing to return him to his original home if the owner turns up after you ' ve started to form an attachment? thinking these issues through in advance may stand you in good stead the next time you see that wrenching sight at the side of a road.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3875710322944794, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10205de1-226b-488f-b5c0-21386c2534d4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.425746"}
{"text": "hungry children cannot thrive. yet millions of kids in america are at risk of going hungry. hungry children are disadvantaged children. they can \u2019 t grow, develop and learn like other kids. they have trouble focusing and getting along. they complain often of headaches, stomachaches and other ailments. they fall behind in virtually every way. local business leaders were invited to explore the issue of childhood hunger and its impact on academic success thursday night in downtown jacksonville at an event organized by second harvest north florida. featured speakers were vicki escarra, president and ceo of feeding america, and dr. john cook, professor of pediatrics from boston university and the author of child food insecurity : the economic impact on our nation. \u201c this is an issue that will not go away, \u201d escarra told the crowd. \u201c it will be with us for some time. \u201d according to dr. cook \u2019 s report, released by feeding america in 2010, 20. 8 percent of children in florida are experiencing food insecurity. it reveals a 4. 9 percent increase in florida since 2008, which ranks the state as having the 10th highest rate of food insecurity in the united states for children under 18 years of age. that averages out to 1 in 5 children in florida who do not have enough access to meet basic needs at all times. nationally, 1 in 4 children are food insecure. \u201c there is no investment that has a higher rate of return than investing in children in the first five years of their lives, \u201d cook said. cook \u2019 s research shows that children who do not receive access to nutritious foods during their first five years suffer damage that affects brain development and subsequently their ability to learn. in 2008, statistics show that more than 16. 6 million children were living in a state of food insecurity \u2013 nearly 23 percent of all people affected nationwide. nutritional deficiencies from lack of access to healthy foods also can lead to poor health, stunted growth, obesity and energy deficits. numerous programs exist currently to address these critical needs \u2013 including government sponsored assistance programs like free and reduced school meals, food stamps and summer feeding programs. locally, second harvest north florida has three unique programs dedicated to child nutrition \u2013 kids cafe, backpack and summer feeding. all three programs make nutritious meals and snacks available to children from low - income homes where such resources might not otherwise be available. cook believes that expansion of these programs can begin to decrease the long - term effects of poor nutrition in children and their ability to learn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355550462920342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ffeac05-97b3-4aeb-b662-1c41bbeffdeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.430498"}
{"text": "( rnn ) - tragic incidents at sweatshops around the world in recent months have caused some people to think more about how their clothing was made. fair trade and ethically - made products have enjoyed increased sales recently, although buying those products remains difficult for the majority of americans. in 2011, fair trade - certified sales increased by 63 percent in 2011, according to fair trade usa. worldwide, consumers spent $ 6. 6 billion worldwide on fair - trade - labeled food - a 12 percent increase over the previous year, according to fairtrade international. these numbers are small in comparison to the non - fair trade market, but they are growing. more awareness about poor working conditions and low wages in foreign countries is likely one of the main reasons people have been buying these products in greater numbers. a recent study by mit and harvard indicates people respond positively to products with labels that explain workers are paid fair wages and have good working conditions. in the study, some higher - end products with fair trade labels in banana republic factory outlet stores - where customers are usually visiting to find a bargain - sold 14 percent more than the same products without the label. according to elizabeth cline, author of \" overdressed : the shockingly high cost of cheap fashion, \" the clothing industry has been dominated by chain stores like walmart, target and forever 21, which operate by cutting prices as they cut choices. \" these companies go around the world looking for places to produce clothes, wherever it ' s cheap, \" cline said. \" that ' s why they ' re in bangladesh, because bangladesh has the lowest garment worker wages in the world. and they have a very eager population because it ' s a very poor, very underdeveloped economy. so [ the companies ] are just going in there, exploiting cheap labor, and hooking us on a cycle of disposable consumption in order to make money. \" not only does this model encourage dangerous working conditions, the quality of the products declines because they are not meant to last, cline said. the process has been referred to disparagingly as \" fast fashion. \" \" the whole fashion industry works on the same system, which is just everybody churning out cheap, trendy clothes and selling them at a low price, \" cline said. \" they sell really cheaply made products and try to sell a lot of it. \" even for people who would like to buy higher quality products made under good worker conditions, finding a place that doesn ' t use the \" fast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444965534937699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b168ab6-c01c-410c-afac-a35dd195e077>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.439008"}
{"text": "cline said. \" they sell really cheaply made products and try to sell a lot of it. \" even for people who would like to buy higher quality products made under good worker conditions, finding a place that doesn ' t use the \" fast fashion \" model is not easy. this is a result of the consolidation of many department stores during the 1990s, which forced many smaller, independent businesses to close down. \" it left this homogenous landscape, just like with food ; it became difficult to shop anywhere outside of chain stores, \" cline said. but for shoppers who go online, it gets easier. at fair indigo, a website that sells fair trade clothing from india and peru, as well as union - made clothes from the u. s., 2012 holiday season sales rose 32 percent from the previous year. \" people have written in to say how glad they are that they ' re able to buy from a place that is not exploiting the workers, \" said robert behnke, co - founder of fair indigo. sales are up, but websites like fair indigo that sell ethically - made products still have a hard time getting the attention of casual buyers. \" about half of our customers visit the site specifically for fair trade products, \" behnke said. \" but the other half just like the products and the extra story is a bonus. \" behnke also said another result of \" fast fashion \" is the constant turnover of low - quality fashion items that \" go out of style \" after a few months. \" in the apparel industry, there ' s a disposable mentality that ' s overwhelming right now, \" behnke said. \" clothes are getting cheaper and cheaper and promoted 50 to 70 percent off constantly and we are really focusing on trying to build quality items that last longer than one season. \" cline and behnke are both optimistic that the clothing industry will develop more fair trade options by mimicking the food industry. \" there ' s whole foods, which is somewhat of a chain store version of the locavore movement, and then farmers markets and locally - owned restaurants that produce local food, \" cline said. \" i think we ' ll see all of those things in the fashion industry. \" copyright 2013 raycom news network. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3856944246294719, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b168ab6-c01c-410c-afac-a35dd195e077>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.445848"}
{"text": "unicef : new study shows mdgs for children can be reached faster with focus on most disadvantaged 7 september 2010 | new york \u2013 the global community can save millions of lives by investing first in the most disadvantaged children and communities, according to a new unicef study released today. the new findings are presented in two publications : narrowing the gaps to meet the goals and progress for children : achieving the mdgs with equity, unicef \u2019 s signature data compendium. related links to the reports and site while great progress is being made in international efforts to meet the millennium development goals, much more needs to be done over the next five years. by comparing the effectiveness of different strategies for delivering critical health interventions to those in greatest need, the study found that targeting to the poorest and most disadvantaged children could save more lives per us $ 1 million spent than the current path. \u201c our findings challenge the traditional thinking that focusing on the poorest and most disadvantaged children is not cost - effective, \u201d said anthony lake, unicef \u2019 s executive director. \u201c an equity - focused strategy will yield not only a moral victory \u2013 right in principle \u2013 but an even more exciting one : right in practice. \u201d the study was undertaken in consultation with a range of outside experts, who described the main findings as both surprising and significant. \u201c the results of the unicef study made me think that the equity focus can be persuasive on an instrumental as well as a values basis, \u201d said lawrence haddad, director of the respected institute of development studies, sussex, author of the blog, development horizons, and a participant in the working group of outside experts who reviewed the study \u2019 s preliminary modeling. key findings of the unicef study include : - an equity - focused approach improves returns on investment, averting many more child and maternal deaths and episodes of stunting than the alternative. - using the equity approach, a us $ 1 million investment in reducing under - five deaths in a low - income, high - mortality country would avert an estimated 60 % more deaths than the current approach. - because national burdens of disease, ill health and illiteracy are concentrated in the most impoverished child populations, providing these children with essential services can greatly accelerate progress towards the mdgs and reduce disparities within nations. progress for children : meeting the mdgs with equity, unicef \u2019 s signature report on progress toward the mdgs, presents evidence of disparities across a range of key indicators, including between developing and industrial nations, between richest and poorest quintiles within nations, between rural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4325760094007174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b828b73-fdd0-41ff-bfd3-2c928bd5c114>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.460265"}
{"text": "mdgs with equity, unicef \u2019 s signature report on progress toward the mdgs, presents evidence of disparities across a range of key indicators, including between developing and industrial nations, between richest and poorest quintiles within nations, between rural and urban populations, and between boys and girls. key data include : - children from the poorest 20 percent of households in the developing world are more than twice as likely to die before reaching their fifth birthdays as children from the richest 20 percent of households. - children in the poorest quintiles of their societies are more than twice as likely to be underweight and face a much greater risk of stunting compared to children from the richest quintiles. - despite great strides towards achieving gender parity in primary education over the past decade, girls and young women in developing regions remain at a considerable disadvantage in access to education, particularly at the secondary level. - of the 884 million people who lack access to improved drinking water sources, 84 per cent of them live in rural areas. the unicef reports are being released in conjunction with a report by save the children, \" a fair chance at life : why equity matters for children, \" which focuses on mdg 4, reducing under - 5 mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. the save the children report examines the disparities in progress on child survival between the wealthy and less well - off in countries around the world. it asserts that reaching marginalized communities is the key to reducing inequities and achieving mdg 4. \u201c the millennium declaration was designed to improve the lives of the world \u2019 s most disadvantaged people, \u201d said lake. \u201c we believe this study \u2019 s findings can have a real effect on global thinking about how we are pursuing the mdgs, and about human development generally - - helping us to improve the lives of millions of vulnerable children. \u201d video footage and high resolution images will be available free of charge at www. thenewsmarket. com / unicef unicef is on the ground in over 150 countries and territories to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. the world \u2019 s largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, unicef supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and aids. unicef is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments. for more information about unicef and its work visit : www. unicef. org for further information, to arrange an interview", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45260968192129514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b828b73-fdd0-41ff-bfd3-2c928bd5c114>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.471346"}
{"text": "comparing groups : randomization and bootstrap methods using r june 2011, \u00a92011 computing has become an essential part of the day - to - day practice of statistical work, broadening the types of questions that can now be addressed by research scientists applying newly derived data analytic techniques. comparing groups : randomization and bootstrap methods using r emphasizes the direct link between scientific research questions and data analysis. rather than relying on mathematical calculations, this book focus on conceptual explanations and the use of statistical computing in an effort to guide readers through the integration of design, statistical methodology, and computation to answer specific research questions regarding group differences. utilizing the widely - used, freely accessible r software, the authors introduce a modern approach to promote methods that provide a more complete understanding of statistical concepts. following an introduction to r, each chapter is driven by a research question, and empirical data analysis is used to provide answers to that question. these examples are data - driven inquiries that promote interaction between statistical methods and ideas and computer application. computer code and output are interwoven in the book to illustrate exactly how each analysis is carried out and how output is interpreted. additional topical coverage includes : - data exploration of one variable and multivariate data - comparing two groups and many groups - permutation tests, randomization tests, and the independent samples t - test - bootstrap tests and bootstrap intervals - interval estimates and effect sizes throughout the book, the authors incorporate data from real - world research studies as well aschapter problems that provide a platform to perform data analyses. a related web site features a complete collection of the book ' s datasets along with the accompanying codebooks and the r script files and commands, allowing readers to reproduce the presented output and plots. comparing groups : randomization and bootstrap methods using r is an excellent book for upper - undergraduate and graduate level courses on statistical methods, particularlyin the educational and behavioral sciences. the book also serves as a valuable resource for researchers who need a practical guide to modern data analytic and computational methods. list of tables. 1. an introduction to r. 1. 1 getting started. 1. 2 arithmetic : r as a calculator. 1. 3 computations in r : functions. 1. 4 connecting computations. 1. 5 data structures : vectors. 1. 6 getting help. 1. 7 alternative ways to run r. 1. 8 extension : matrices and matrix operations. 1. 9 further reading. 2. data representation and preparation. 2. 1 tabular data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5585522097741689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f9140e3-9b10-454c-98e0-9b94cb88b5f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.507156"}
{"text": "5 data structures : vectors. 1. 6 getting help. 1. 7 alternative ways to run r. 1. 8 extension : matrices and matrix operations. 1. 9 further reading. 2. data representation and preparation. 2. 1 tabular data. 2. 2 data entry. 2. 3 reading delimited data into r. 2. 4 data structure : data frames. 2. 5 recording syntax using script files. 2. 6 simple graphing in r. 2. 7 extension : logical expressions and graphs for categorical variables. 2. 8 further reading. 3. data exploration : one variable. 3. 1 reading in the data. 3. 2 non - parametric density estimation. 3. 3 summarizing the findings. 3. 4 extension : variability bands for kernel densities. 3. 5 further reading. 4. exploration of multivariate data : comparing two groups. 4. 1 graphically summarizing the marginal distribution. 4. 2 graphically summarizing conditional distributions. 4. 4 numerical summaries of data : estimates of the population parameters. 4. 4 summarizing the findings. 4. 5 extension : robust estimation. 4. 6 further reading. 5. exploration of multivariate data : comparing many groups. 5. 1 graphing many conditional distributions. 5. 2 numerically summarizing the data. 5. 3 summarizing the findings. 5. 4 examining distributions conditional on multiple variables. 5. 5 extension : conditioning on continuous variables. 5. 6 further reading. 6. randomization & permutation tests. 6. 1 randomized experimental research. 6. 2 an introduction to the randomization test. 6. 3 randomization tests with large samples : monte carlo simulation. 6. 4 validity of the inferences and conclusions drawn from a randomization test. 6. 5 generalization from the randomization results. 6. 6 summarizing the results for publication. 6. 7 extension : test of the variance. 7. bootstrap tests. 7. 1 educational achievement of latino immigrants. 7. 2 probability models : an interlude. 7. 3 theoretical probability models in r. 7. 4 parametric bootstrap tests. 7. 5 the parametric bootstrap. 7. 6 implementing the parametric bootstrap in r. 7. 7 summarizing the results of the parametric bootstrap test. 7. 8 nonparametric bootstrap tests. 7. 9 summarizing the results for the nonparametric boots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5346510720462458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f9140e3-9b10-454c-98e0-9b94cb88b5f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.513055"}
{"text": "parametric bootstrap in r. 7. 7 summarizing the results of the parametric bootstrap test. 7. 8 nonparametric bootstrap tests. 7. 9 summarizing the results for the nonparametric bootstrap test. 7. 10 bootstrapping using a pivot statistic. 7. 11 independence assumption for the bootstrap methods. 7. 12 extension : testing functions. 7. 13 further reading. 8. philosophical considerations. 8. 1 the randomization test vs. the bootstrap test. 8. 2 philosophical frameworks of classical inference. 9. bootstrap intervals and effect sizes. 9. 1 educational achievement among latino immigrants : example revisited. 9. 2 plausible models to reproduce the observed result. 9. 3 bootstrapping using an alternative model. 9. 4 interpretation of the interval estimate. 9. 5 adjusted bootstrap intervals. 9. 6 standardized effect size : quantifying the group differences in a common metric. 9. 7 summarizing the results. 9. 8 extension : bootstrapping the confidence envelope for a q - q plot. 9. 9 confidence envelopes. 9. 10 further reading. 10. dependent samples. 10. 1 matching : reducing the likelihood of non - equivalent groups. 10. 2 mathematics achievement study design. 10. 3 randomization / permutation test for dependent samples. 10. 4 effect size. 10. 5 summarizing the results of a dependent samples test for publication. 10. 6 to match or not to match : that is the question. 10. 7 extension : block bootstrap. 10. 8 further reading. 11. planned contrasts. 11. 1 planned comparisons. 11. 2 examination of weight loss conditioned on diet. 11. 3 from research questions to hypotheses. 11. 4 statistical contrasts. 11. 5 computing the estimated contrasts using the observed data. 11. 6 testing contrasts : randomization test. 11. 7 strength of association : a measure of effect. 11. 8 contrast sum of squares. 11. 9 eta - squared for contrasts. 11. 10 bootstrap interval for eta - squared. 11. 11 summarizing the results of a planned contrast test analysis. 11. 12 extension : orthogonal contrasts. 11. 13 further reading. 12. unplanned contrasts. 12. 1 unplanned comparisons. 12. 2 examination of weight loss conditioned on diet. 12. 3 omnibus test. 12. 4 group comparisons after the omnibus test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5454430224833264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f9140e3-9b10-454c-98e0-9b94cb88b5f0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.515012"}
{"text": ". 11. 13 further reading. 12. unplanned contrasts. 12. 1 unplanned comparisons. 12. 2 examination of weight loss conditioned on diet. 12. 3 omnibus test. 12. 4 group comparisons after the omnibus test. 12. 5 ensemble - adjusted p - values. 12. 6 strengths and limitations of the four approaches. 12. 7 summarizing the results of unplanned contrast tests for publication. 12. 8 extension : plots of the unplanned contrasts. 12. 9 further reading. jeffrey r. harring, phd, is assistant professor in the department of measurement, statistics, and evaluation at the university of maryland. dr. harring currently focuses his research on statistical models for repeated measures data and nonlinear structural equation models. jeffrey d. long, phd, is professor of psychiatry in the carver college of medicine at the university of iowa and head statistician for neurobiological predictors of huntington ' s disease ( predict - hd ), a longitudinal nih - funded study of early detection of huntington ' s disease. his interests include the analysis of longitudinal and time - to - event data and ordinal data. \u201c the three authors of this book have a deep understanding of research methods and statistics and provide great value in this book for students of this subject and readers interested in it. \u201d ( biz india, 8 may 2012 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5180154462845329, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3f9140e3-9b10-454c-98e0-9b94cb88b5f0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.515662"}
{"text": "imagine holding in your hands a piece of the rope used to hang the man who assassinated president james a. garfield in 1882. or a handwritten letter ephraim williams \u2019 sister wrote after his death in 1755, describing her brother \u2019 s wounds in great detail and decrying the french and indian war. in the williams college museum of art \u2019 s rose study gallery this month, the students in professor patrick spero \u2019 s \u201c north american history \u201d survey course got to do just that. as they considered these primary sources gathered from the college \u2019 s archives, the history the students had been learning all semester came vividly to life. spero invited jason kittler, a teaching doctor affiliated with the university of massachusetts, to offer a medical perspective on the historical materials and the museum portraits of a revolutionary war soldier, a conquistador, and an american president that were on view in the rose gallery. considering a 1626 portrait called \u201c a knight of santiago, \u201d kittler prompted students to suggest what might have caused the man \u2019 s slight wall eye and need to wear spectacles. history major jay gurney \u2019 13 suggested syphilis, a possibility spero affirmed as having \u201c traveled to europe, affecting everyone from the lowest to the highest classes. \u201d in a reference book from 1710 from the chapin library of rare books called \u201c a family dictionary, \u201d spero \u2019 s students found recipes for both pain medication and chicken stew. \u201c people didn \u2019 t have hundreds of books in their houses, \u201d said kittler, who has experience explaining \u2014 usually to medical school students \u2014 the medical knowledge of a time period based on its historical artifacts. why use primary sources to understand medical history? it provides a window into the lives, and lifestyles, of the people who came before. \u201c letters from this time period always open with how the writer is feeling, \u201d spero said, holding up an example sheathed in a protective plastic sleeve. \u201c and they \u2019 re always feeling bad. that is the most fundamental difference between our lives and those of the people in the 18th and 19th century. \u201d reflecting on this multifaceted approach to learning, rudi yniguez \u2019 16 said, \u201c today \u2019 s class reminds me why this school is so spectacular and why i love learning. \u201d to learn more about the archives collections visit http : / / archives. williams. edu / to learn more about the chapin library collections, visit http : / / chapin. williams. edu / index. html to learn more about the williams college", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42788258138104796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe374e89-7313-4bfc-a4d6-e059460647b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.547576"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email determining the commonality of sexual harassment of men can be difficult due to the fact that men are fairly unlikely to report sexual harassment. research has shown that women are more likely to report sexual harassment than men are, though in general it does seem that women are also the targets of sexual harassment more often than men as well. sexual harassment of men does occur with some regularity, perpetrated both by other men and by women. reported cases of such harassment have increased dramatically over time, however, and the amount of harassment incidents reported by men increased greatly between 1992 and 2009. sexual harassment of men refers to acts of harassment in which men are the target. this can occur in a number of different environments, though sexual harassment in the workplace is one of the primary forms of sexual harassment men may endure. both male and female employees can be responsible for sexual harassment of men, and while many depictions of harassment demonstrate managers or those in power as the perpetrators of such actions, it is just as possible for a co - worker to commit sexual harassment. sexual harassment consists of actions, words, and images that are sexual in nature and are used by one person to make another person feel threatened or unnecessarily distressed. determining just how common sexual harassment of men is can be fairly difficult, however, since many cases of harassment are never reported. while a great deal of effort during the latter half of the 20th century was put into ensuring women would feel comfortable reporting sexual harassment, men were often unrepresented as potential victims. this has led to many men feeling ashamed or embarrassed to report sexual harassment, though far too many women still feel this way as well. since only reported cases of sexual harassment of men can be included in any study of such cases, it can therefore be rather difficult to have accurate incident counts. from those cases of sexual harassment of men that have been reported, however, it would seem that such harassment has either become more common or is more commonly reported. in 1992, the us equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ) had just over 10, 500 reported cases of sexual harassment, and men made up only 9. 1 % of those cases. by 2010, the eeoc had just over 11, 700 reports of sexual harassment, but sexual harassment of men caused more than 16 % of those reports. the reason for this increase is difficult to determine, however, since it could represent higher numbers of harassment incidents or an increased willingness to report such incidents, or a combination of both possibilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49074468687150585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67a2aeec-2d33-4872-828d-21f2ceea8fd0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.598701"}
{"text": "weekly hours and overtime what is the regular work week? it ' s 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week. ( note : if you belong to a union, check your collective agreement. you might have better hours of work and overtime provisions than the minimum protections found in the law. ) are there limits to the number of hours my boss can make me work? the maximum is 10 hours a day, 60 hours a week. youth ( under 17 ) are not allowed to work between 11 : 00pm and 6 : 00am without written approval of an employment standards officer. do i get a break? your boss has to give you a \u00bd - hour break after you work 5 hours in a row. do i get days off? unless a permit says otherwise, every worker is entitled to one day off in a week and that day should be sunday where practical. are there any exceptions to these hours of work? a labour standards officer can issue a permit to vary the hours of work under the following circumstances. ( the permit must specify when overtime kicks in. ) - you and your boss can ask that you be allowed to work more than the standard 8 hours a day and fewer days a week. - if you work in an industry that can ' t operate regularly within the standard 8 - hour day, the standard and maximum hours of work can be averaged over a period of one or more weeks. - the maximum hours of work can be surpassed if you work in a seasonal industry, or one where the work happens at intervals. - if there are exceptional circumstances to justify longer hours, then employers can go beyond the maximum hours of work. employers can also go above the maximum hours without a permit if there ' s an emergency such as an accident, urgent work needed on equipment or the plant, or unforeseen circumstances. but this is only to prevent serious disruption to normal operations. how much am i paid for working overtime? you are paid 1. 5 times your normal rate of pay for ever hour you works over 8 hours in a day or 60 hours in a week. how is overtime calculated? overtime is based on your hourly wage. if you work on a basis other than hourly wage, overtime is at least minimum wage per hour. can i refuse to work overtime? no. the law does not give workers this right. are any workers excluded from these laws? domestic workers working in the home where their employer normal resides and students on work programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3992362505447118, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8480d6ff-26c6-4a88-9bc7-1896e993f89e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.825152"}
{"text": "was to celebrate the world sexual health day in september 4th 2013 and the world congress of sexual health in porto alegre - brazil september 21 - 24, 2013 in 2010, the world association for sexual health ( was ) called all their organizations to celebrate, on each september 4th, world sexual health day in an effort to promote a greater social awareness on sexual health across the globe. the first world sexual health day was celebrated with the slogan \u201c let \u2019 s talk about it! \u201d to start breaking fears and taboos surrounding sexuality. the topic of wshd 2010 was addressed in different forums, many of which were intergenerational discussions. world sexual health day 2011 focused on youth sexual health with the slogan \u201c youth \u2019 s sexual health : shared rights and responsibilities \u201d. the topic of wshd was a consequence of the creation of the was youth initiative and in the context of the international year of youth proclaimed by united nations. within was, the different members of the advisory committee and the youth initiative committee celebrated the day by organizing a wide range of activities in their home countries, from round tables of discussion to conferences and art exhibitions. the focus of world sexual health day 2012 was diversity and minorities, with the slogan \u201c in a diverse world, sexual health for all! \u201d around the world, activities to commemorate wshd 2012 made visible the realities of population groups such as : elders, transgender people, people living with disabilities, immigrants. this year \u2019 s slogan for wshd \u201c to achieve sexual health, picture yourself owning your sexual rights \u201d aims to constitute a reminder on the fundamental importance that sexual rights have in order to achieve sexual health. we invite everyone to imagine, to picture themselves owning their sexual rights! also the 21th world congress of was will be celebrated this year. what follows is the letter of the president of was inviting to our most important meeting : it is a great personal pleasure to invite you and to welcome you to latin america and to brazil where the world association for sexual health will convene our 21st biannual congress. sexual health is pivotal to the well being and safety of everyone on our planet and our congress will ensure that the diversity of positive and healthy sexual experience has prominent expression throughout. the theme has been selected by the local team and resonates as crucial for so many of us \u2013 sexual issues straight from the heart. what this may mean to you will probably be different to the next person to read this invitation letter but there will almost certainly be some common factor that bonds each of you by building bridges across the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543601058719391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad4c2d89-20f0-42fd-b873-2dfd5ec0cbcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.953726"}
{"text": "so many of us \u2013 sexual issues straight from the heart. what this may mean to you will probably be different to the next person to read this invitation letter but there will almost certainly be some common factor that bonds each of you by building bridges across the whole of the sexual health community. whatever your discipline and your understanding of our 2013 theme, i am certain that there will be much in common with fellow delegates and that this congress will be a great opportunity to share our experiences with generosity and through collegial interaction. i hope that during these most difficult times around the globe that you will find the space and resources to be able to participate in one of the most important sexual health meetings in 2013. please join your colleagues in porto alegre and participate at the was congress in 2013. president of the was the world association for sexual health ( was ) since 1978 was has been the pre - eminent global organization concerned with sexual health and rights. our membership represents thousands of experienced & trainee sexologists from a variety of disciplines. with bi - annual congresses held in different regions of the world, was has facilitated sexual health through education, health promotion and networking for three decades. in recent years, the was constituency has become involved in advocating for changes in public policy to recognize sexual health and rights as key ingredients in overall health and social justice. financial support from individuals, foundations, corporations, and governments has sustained this work around the world. was works to promote sexual health for all. sexual health is a goal not only for clinicians. it is the common goal of many disciplines. sexuality education is meant to facilitate sexually healthy lives for the learners. interventions in clinical sexology have the goal of restoring sexual health. sex research, although objectively driven, has as its justification the creation of evidence - based knowledge that supports others to attain and maintain sexual health. the world association for sexual health is a membership organization of individual supporting members and organizations. among the organizations are regional, international, national, and academic bodies that work in sexology. member benefits include a subscription to the international journal of sexual health, and access to the members - only forum on this website. to begin the application process, click below. - sexual rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993769384571534, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad4c2d89-20f0-42fd-b873-2dfd5ec0cbcc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.959053"}
{"text": "jammu holiday weather overview jammu, the northernmost part of india, experiences a subtropical climate that features two major seasons, a very hot summer and a chilly winter. during the summer months, temperature in jammu climbs to high thirties as june the hottest month of the year experiences around 45\u00b0c of average high. although the season gets a great level of rainfall, it hardly helps reduce the heat. on the other hand, winter remains chilly for the visitors. temperature often drops to 4\u00b0c while the high may fluctuates between 14 - 18\u00b0c. snowfall is very much common during the winter months. jammu, the northernmost part of india, enjoys a subtropical climate with two major seasons, a mild hot summer and a very cold winter. during the summer months, from may till september, the average high temperature in jammu climbs to high twenties while the low temperature fluctuates between 15\u00b0c and 20\u00b0c. june is considered as the hottest month of the year when jammu experiences more than 34\u00b0c of average high. moreover, the season gets abundant of rainfall that often helps reduce the heat. however, as the season progresses towards the next season temperature in jammu drops gradually. winter, on the other hand, remains chilly for the people with the average low of 7\u00b0c. during this period, september till march, the average high temperature fluctuates between14\u00b0c and18\u00b0c. january, the coldest month of the year, gets not more than 4\u00b0c of average low while the high stands at 10\u00b0c to 8\u00b0c. snowfall is a common feature of the winter months. people from all over the world prefer the season to visit this stunning region of india to the summer months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38773450744465376, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb1c65ce-9d41-4176-87bb-2a3523f64739>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.968229"}
{"text": "wsdot cultural resource specialists help the agency comply with state and federal cultural resource laws that apply to : - historic structures - culturally important areas transportation projects and archaeological / historic resources management washington state has a rich and diverse prehistory / history that have left evidence across the landscape. when wsdot embarks on a project, federal and state laws require that impacts to archaeological, historical and cultural resources be considered. to assess potential impacts, cultural resource specialists : - coordinate with the washington state department of archaeology and historic preservation ( dahp ) to complete transportation projects with limited impacts to archaeological and historic resources. - identify archaeological remains and historic structures eligible for listing on the national register of historic places located within a project ' s area of disturbance. - consult with the state historic preservation officer ( dahp ), native american tribes, and the public concerning the appropriate treatment of archaeological and historic resources that cannot be otherwise avoided. for more information on how wsdot complies with historic preservation laws, regulations, and polices, visit the cultural resources compliance page. creative mitigation efforts it is wsdot policy to avoid adverse effects, where practical, to historical, archaeological, and cultural resources in planning, constructing, operating or maintaining the state ' s transportation system. if it is not practical to avoid them, such effects will be mitigated. a sample of creative mitigation options developed for various wsdot projects are provided below : gee creek archaeological site - i - 5 / sr 502 project | lacey v. murrow ( \" the skipper \" ) held the position of director of the washington state department of highways ( 1933 - 1940 ) and chief engineer of the washington toll bridge authority ( 1937 - 1940 ). appointed at age 28, murrow is the youngest person to ever hold the director ' s position. notable projects include : | this documentary outlines the life and career achievements of one of our state ' s most influential figures in transportation history. - tacoma narrows suspension bridge ( galloping gertie ) - deception pass bridge - lake washington floating bridge, the first concrete pontoon floating bridge in the world built on lake washington ( later dedicated as the lacey v. murrow memorial bridge ). remembering the ebey slough swing bridge, sr 529 ( wmv file ) the simpson avenue bridge : a case study in maintenance success, us 101 ( wmv file ) they called him ' the skipper ' ; the life and times of washington ' s lacey v. murrow ( wmv file ) the manette", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4653776792196819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:923a66e2-2e4c-4c03-9b8f-ec0ae9db8a1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.979146"}
{"text": "the simpson avenue bridge : a case study in maintenance success, us 101 ( wmv file ) they called him ' the skipper ' ; the life and times of washington ' s lacey v. murrow ( wmv file ) the manette bridge : bringing people together for 81 years, 1930 - 2011, sr 303 ( wmv file ) - pod casts - archival photo documentation - lesson plans ( grade k - 12 ) - historical essays for journal publications and cyberpedias i - 5 nuclear fallout shelter - \" waiting for the the end of the world : prototype fallout shelter under interstate 5 in north seattle \" by craig holstine, wsdot historian, appearing in the journal of northwest anthropology - information centers for the public sr 16 tacoma narrows bridge project - bridge history hood canal bridge - port angeles graving dock gee creek archaeological site - i - 5 / sr 502 project washington state historic bridges mcmillin bridge, 1934 a national register listed historic bridge of significant and rare architectural style. visit the wsdot historic bridges site to view highlights of washington ' s most significant transportation structures. pacific northwest ethnobotany the ethnobotany and cultural resources list identifies plants found along the highway right - of - way in western washington of traditional cultural significance and use. cultural resources training ( crt ) each spring, wsdot partners with the department of archaeology and historic preservation and washington state parks and recreation commission to offer a multi - day cultural resources training ( crt ) at central washington university in ellensburg, washington. crt promotes awareness, preservation and stewardship of washington \u2019 s cultural resources and is the only comprehensive training of this kind in the state. enrollment is open to anyone with a need or desire to learn about cultural resources, cultural resource management laws and regulations, and the importance of preservation. | | training participants will explore historic and archaeological sites in the kittitas valley and columbia river gorge. | | historic homestead cabin at olmstead place state park in kittitas county. using classroom and field exercises, participants work with some of the region ' s most qualified instructors to learn the skills necessary to address cultural resource management issues. this award - winning training is held only once a year and space is limited. 2014 cultural resources training when : spring 2014 where : central washington university, ellensburg, washington - check back for information on registration for spring 2014. wsdot staff interested in attending may contact erin littauer, cultural resource specialist at 360. 570. 2448 or email @ example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4694276069312128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:923a66e2-2e4c-4c03-9b8f-ec0ae9db8a1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.981645"}
{"text": "natural areas and rangelands native pollinators clearly help with crop pollination, yet many agricultural areas lack the habitat necessary to support native pollinators. proximity to natural or semi - natural land is often an important predictor of pollinator diversity in cropland. for agricultural areas that have lost native pollinators due to habitat modification or pesticide treatments, adjacent natural areas provide two valuable benefits. first, they are a source of pollinators for crop pollination. second, they act as refugia for pollinators that can recolonize degraded agricultural areas. pollinator habitat management management tools, such as grazing, fire, and mowing, can be used in a manner that benefits pollinators. the use of insecticides and herbicides can be harmful to pollinators ; if they must be used, there are a few considerations to minimize their impact on pollinators. read through below for more information and resources. consider timing, duration and intensity a diverse pollinator population requires adequate nectar and pollen sources from early spring to early fall, which makes seasonal timing a key consideration for an effective grazing plan. management should be adjusted to maintain the majority of the floral resources throughout the seasons. also, grazing should be avoided when butterfly larvae or adults are active, as it can result in direct mortality. grazing periods should be short to allow for adequate recovery of the habitat. herd sizes should be moderate to light. consider scale and refugia while prescribed burning has a role to play in long - term maintenance of pollinator habitat, it can also have catastrophic impacts on pollinators. to minimize negative impacts, a single fire should not burn an entire area of pollinator habitat. ideally, a program of rotational burning in which small sections \u2014 30 percent of a site or less \u2014 are burned every few years will ensure adequate colonization potential and refugia for insects. consider technique, timing and scale mowing can cause direct insect mortality, especially for egg or larval stages that can \u2019 t avoid a mower. ideally, mowing should occur in the fall or winter when flowers have died or are dormant. mowing a mosaic of patches over several years is better than mowing an entire site all at once ; no single area should be moved more than once a year. consider application method and active ingredients while herbicides can be an important management tool, broadcast applications of non - selective herbicides can reduce important floral resources. to avoid herbicide damage to nontarget plants and associated pollinators, avoid broadcast spraying or pe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4225705772208995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68d0605d-4aaa-423d-accd-1532298ca8bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.991146"}
{"text": "application method and active ingredients while herbicides can be an important management tool, broadcast applications of non - selective herbicides can reduce important floral resources. to avoid herbicide damage to nontarget plants and associated pollinators, avoid broadcast spraying or pellet dispersal, which may kill large numbers of larval hostplants or adult forage plants. instead, spot treat with a backpack sprayer, allowing for selective control. consider application method, product formulation, and timing insecticides used on forests, rangelands and farms can severely impact pollinator populations. in situations where insecticides must be used, it is best to avoid spraying when flowers are in bloom. choose less harmful formulations \u2014 in general dusts and microencapsulated insecticides are the most dangerous formulations for bees, and aerial spraying is the most harmful method of application. sprayed solutions and large granules tend to be less harmful to pollinators. pay attention to the potential presence of butterfly hostplants in the management area and avoid spraying them. oregon state university, washington state university and the university of idaho extension have developed a comprehensive guide, available as a pdf : how to reduce bee poisoning from pesticides. natural area guidelines this primer provides a summary of how land and wildlife managers can account for the habitat needs of pollinators. this 8 - page booklet provides a series of recommendations for land managers on how tools such as fire, grazing, mowing, herbicides, and insecticides can be adjusted to benefit pollinators. click here to download the pdf. rangeland magazine : special issue on pollinators this issue of rangelands magazine focuses on pollinators and features articles from xerces. click here to download the pdf. yolo natural heritage program ( ncp / nccp ) pollinator conservation strategy written by xerces society scientists, this first - of - its - kind conservation strategy summarizes the threats facing native bees and identifies conservation measures that can be taken within diverse landscapes, including agriculture, grasslands, woodlands, shrubland, riparian, and urban. click here to download the pdf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4663852725217171, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68d0605d-4aaa-423d-accd-1532298ca8bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:30.993693"}
{"text": "greetings bob and louis, bob, i am glad my previous post was useful. good luck with your explorations. louis, thanks you for your information about the alternate graph for \" he2. \" although i read the daodejing some time ago, i do not recall the more complicated \" he2 \" character from there. i think i recall it only from reading the phrase zong4heng2bai3he2 ( \u00d7y\u00baa\u00feaa\u00f8 ) in discussions of the warring states period. i am not sure about the origin of this phrase, but wenlin software translates it as : \" maneuver among various political groupings. \" from this, i presumed it related to he2zong4lian2heng2 ( \u00bai\u00d7ya\u00ac\u00baa ), and thus referred to the various \" vertical \" and \" horizontal \" coalitions in the warring states period. although different characters are used for \" he2, \" the meanings and context seem similar. in \" zhonghengbaihe, \" \" bai \" and \" he \" appear to be opposites, meaning \" separating \" and \" uniting. \" this recalls for me the english phrase \" divide and conquer. \" in \" hezhonglianheng, \" \" he \" and \" lian \" appear to be complementary, implying \" uniting into a greater whole \" versus \" linking up \" with the dominant power. for those unfamiliar with some of the details of the warring states period, i should say that during this period, various states in china were fighting for supremacy and beginning to gobble each other up. as the state of qin began to become dominant, the other six or so remaining powerful states were faced with the choice of allying with each other in face of the common threat or siding with qin to enjoy the benefits of its victories. various military experts ( like the sunzi that wrote the art of war went from state to state advocating different approaches. eventually qin did win under china ' s first emperor. louis, you make allusions to earlier uses of kai / he, but only elaborate on the \" he \" element. do you have more information about what the compound as a whole might have referred to? < font face = \" verdana, arial \" size = \" 2 \" > traditional chinese medicine described \u00a1 \u00b0opening functions \u00a1 \u00b1 and \u00a1 \u00b0closing functions \u00a1 \u00b1 of the organ systems using these graphs < / font > do you have more information about these functions? i presume somthing like the image of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5901670927882202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adf393f9-2a2a-4a8a-b034-5a72eafb9eb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.002090"}
{"text": "> traditional chinese medicine described \u00a1 \u00b0opening functions \u00a1 \u00b1 and \u00a1 \u00b0closing functions \u00a1 \u00b1 of the organ systems using these graphs < / font > do you have more information about these functions? i presume somthing like the image of the contractions of the heart, but am not sure if this is what is meant. i did some google searches, but came up with sites with so much jargon that my poor chinese skills could not figure out what was what. the \" kaihe \" reference in both the daodejing and the art of war both seem to mean \" opening the door, \" without any reference to \" closing. \" how should we relate this to the yin - yang polarity of tai chi ' s use of \" kai \" and \" he \" as correlative pairs? would you really see this as one of the sources of tai chi ' s use of \" kaihe \"? if \" kaihe \" in the daodejing \" means \" opening the door, \" then the text leads us to associate this with \" being female \" ( perhaps as a reference to the birth canal? ) and with the yin aspect of things. but this seems to contradict sun lutang ' s view of opening as yang. do you have any information on what is meant by \" heaven ' s gate \" to help judge what the phrase means and whether it means \" opening and closing \" or just \" opening \"? the \" kaihe \" of the art of war seems to refer to a tactical mistake, i. e., giving the enemy an opening. i find this hard to relate to what sun lutang refers to, which is again a polarity that is inherently neutral. any ideas on how to do this?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5586758659461989, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adf393f9-2a2a-4a8a-b034-5a72eafb9eb1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.003787"}
{"text": "yenka science with electronics is a highly interactive virtual lab, which lets you model physics and chemistry experiments safely and easily. simulate experiments however you wish : design circuits and optical systems, model reactions using over 100 different chemicals, investigate wave propogation or accelerate masses. poweful graph tools let you follow your experiments ' progress. it can be used as a flexible demonstration tool - for example, on a whiteboard. alternatively, students can use yenka themselves, to investigate concepts in yenka ' s safe, accurate world. and teachers and students can all use the full version of yenka science at home, free of charge. yenka science with electronics covers these areas : - electronic design - design circuits using over 100 types of digital and analog component. - light and sound - experiment with sound, water and light waves, and ray diagrams. - force and motion - investigate projectiles, oscillations, gravity and motion. - electricity and magnetism - simulate power generation and transmission, and analogue electrical circuits. - inorganic and physical chemistry - model experiments using a wide range of chemicals, equipment and glassware, graphing data as your simulations run. - electrochemistry - investigate electrolysis, electroplating and cells, choosing from a range of metal or carbon electrodes, and 28 different electrolytes. if you don ' t teach electronics in your science lessons, you could save money by buying yenka science. and you can also buy yenka physics or yenka chemistry individually, which together make up yenka science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.584525282828689, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b22b8443-72fd-4366-9740-252b65ec5c3c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.007077"}
{"text": "( 1823 / 26 \u2013 1883 ), yiddish and hebrew poet ; maskil. known as the singer and troubadour of the jews of romania, benjamin wolf ehrenkranz was born in zbaraz ( in austrian galicia ) and received a traditional education. under the influence of friends from tarnopol, he embraced the haskalah movement. although ehrenkranz was married at age 18 to the daughter of a hasid from his native town, his father - in - law took note of the poet \u2019 s irreverent behavior and satiric writings, and forced him to divorce his wife notwithstanding her opposition. ehrenkranz left for czernowitz, where he became quite well known among local jews, and subsequently left for moldova to work as a tutor. there he began to write yiddish poetry, occasionally translating or recomposing his works into hebrew. ehrenkranz made his literary debut in 1848 with a poem in hebrew that was published in the maskilic periodical kokhve yitshak ( vienna ). after failing in business in botosani, he associated with jewish craft workers who spent their spare time in local taverns. there he recited his poems in yiddish, sometimes using improvised tunes. having discovered his singing gift, he began to earn a living known as reb velvl, the singer of zbaraz ( velvl zbarzher ). wealthy jews invited him to perform at weddings and other celebrations. always in search of new audiences, ehrenkranz traveled, stopping in cities and towns with significant jewish populations, including mihaileni, botosani, iasi, piatra neamt, galati, braila, and bucharest. he even went as far as russia and austria. after an extended and rowdy period in vienna, he was apparently forced to flee his creditors. joining his lover \u201c malkale, \u201d ehrenkranz ultimately settled in istanbul, where he spent the rest of his life. the themes of ehrenkranz \u2019 s poems, which show the influence of jewish and romanian folklore, include nature, love, personal suffering, and nostalgia. some of his poems satirize hasidic rebbes and their followers. many sympathetically depict the life of average romanian jews. ehrenkranz \u2019 s yiddish included romanian words and resembled the yiddish spoken in the vernacular in his country. ehrenkranz \u2019 s first volume of poetry, hazon le - mo \u2018 ed ( the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38441002886024844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74ece688-e6a3-4804-8584-41f6c147a85a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.015565"}
{"text": "the life of average romanian jews. ehrenkranz \u2019 s yiddish included romanian words and resembled the yiddish spoken in the vernacular in his country. ehrenkranz \u2019 s first volume of poetry, hazon le - mo \u2018 ed ( the time hasn \u2019 t yet arrived ; 1855 ) was bilingual ( hebrew and yiddish ) and included anti - hasidic pieces. another bilingual work, makel no \u2018 am ( the stick that touches lightly ; 4 vols., 1865 \u2013 1878 ), contained poems on aspects of jewish life. he also published a volume of anti - hasidic poems titled makel hovlim ( the stick that hits ; 1869 ) in both languages, and a collection of hebrew poems called sefati yeshanah ( my language is old ; 1874 ). some of ehrenkranz \u2019 s works stemmed from the sufferings of jews in romania. he reflected on pogroms in the town of galati in the yiddish poem \u201c geshikhte fun galats \u201d ( history of galati ; 1859 ). in 1874, he published the hebrew poem \u201c romanyah \u201d in the shahar review as well as in a booklet entitled romanyah, zeh sefer toldot romanyah le - herpat \u2018 olam ( romania, this is a book of the history of romania for eternal shame ). this piece exposed antisemitic persecution in romania and led to the author \u2019 s banishment from the country. some of his letters were printed posthumously by bernhard wachstein ( 1928 ), who also published a selection of ehrenkranz \u2019 s poems ( 1938 ). shlomo bickel, yahadut romanyah : historyah, bikoret sifrutit, zikhronot ( tel aviv, 1978 ), pp. 63 \u2013 74 ; benjamin wolf ehrenkranz ( binyomen volf erenkrants ), velvele zbarezhers briv zu zayn bruder meyer : loyt di originaln fun der bibliotek fun der yidisher kehile in vin, ed. bernhard wachstein ( vilna, 1928 ), also in filologishe shriftn 2 ( 1928 ) : 1 \u2013 42 ; yitshak korn, yidish in rumenye ( tel aviv, 1989 ), pp. 85 \u2013 124, 258 \u2013 259 ; meir weissberg, welwel zbarazer, der fahrende singer des galizisch ju", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4305989860661279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74ece688-e6a3-4804-8584-41f6c147a85a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.018411"}
{"text": "topic : safe water surface water should be treated by boiling it to rid it of germs and parasites and some pollutants. waterborne diseases can be deadly, and emergencies can occur suddenly. a filter such as katadyn, aquapure, pur plus, brittas, amway, or pentapure, or a pre - filter or lead trap can help, along with a systematic approach to the problem. reportedly, a home - made filter can be constructed. ultraviolet as in sunlight, ozone, oxygen, and electricity also kills germs. an battery operated uv light such as steripen can be constructed. chlorine has its pros and cons, but standing removes it. wine treated water from wooden barrels kills bacteria. containers for storing water, perhaps in bulk, can leach. hard plastic and metal are best, though soft plastic reportedly works, but copper can cause problems. reverse osmosis purifies water. drinking salt water such as seawater can be extremely dangerous, as are other bad options, but urine is potable. a water cone uses the heat from the sun to distill water. water polluted with volcanic ash or forest fire ash or doe dump sites can be dangerous, so distilling drinking water is advised. distillation also removes arsenic and lead from ground water. a distillation process is a simple process involving making steam. methods include an open teapot and close teapot and coil exchange and full exchange to reduce hydrocarbon. another method is a pressure cooker with parts list and bucket collection, with steam cautions. non - steam methods like an umbrella tent or cotton cloth are also effective. best method is the stacked pot with two pots and a pie pan with optional small parts and simple assembly. this method can be purchased from sustainable village, already assembled. water quality can also be tested. all myths debunked, distillation can have a vacuum assist and use multiple heat sources. a solar distiller uses heat from sunlight. one can allow low boiling point pollutants such as hydrocarbons to escape. commercial distillers are available, including separators. even the ancients had distillers, and seawater can be distilled using only the heat of the day. energy efficient methods for purifying brackish water are available, with detailed instruction on a pdf file. a misc. survivalism ftp covers the issues but presumes a short term crisis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46233686131882806, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10086128-5c85-41c4-be2e-596051072a1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.025191"}
{"text": "dark crater rims these mosaic images from nasa ' s dawn mission show how dark, carbon - rich materials tend to speckle the rims of smaller craters or their immediate surroundings on the giant asteroid vesta. the image on the left is numisia crater and the image on the right is a shallow, unnamed crater in the sextilia quadrangle. the left - hand image was obtained by dawn ' s framing camera during its low - altitude mapping orbit phase, about 130 miles ( 210 kilometers ) above the surface. the image on the right was obtained during dawn ' s high - altitude mapping orbit, about 420 miles ( 680 kilometers ) above the surface. the images have been photometrically corrected. north is up. the dawn mission to vesta and ceres is managed by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. the dawn framing cameras were developed and built under the leadership of the max planck institute for solar system research, katlenburg - lindau, germany, with significant contributions by dlr german aerospace center, institute of planetary research, berlin, and in coordination with the institute of computer and communication network engineering, braunschweig. the framing camera project is funded by the max planck society, dlr and nasa / jpl. more information about dawn is online at http : / / www. nasa. gov / dawn and http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / ucla / mps / dlr / ida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46725563374682233, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:498f8c15-ceb5-466b-8658-8e4fb309ae30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.028618"}
{"text": "\" whether commentary [... ] is built into a structure of a history or developed as a separate, superimposed text is a matter of choice, but the voice of the commentator must be clearly heard. the commentary should disrupt the facile linear progression of the narration, introduce alternative interpretations, question any partial conclusion, withstand the need for closure [... ] such commentary may introduce splintered or constantly recurring refractions of a traumatic past by using any number of different vantage points. \" saul friedlander, \" trauma, transference and working - through, \" history and memory 4 ( 1992 ) : 39 - 55. copyright ( c ) 1995 by robert s. leventhal, all rights reserved. this text may be shared in accordance with the fair use - provisions of the u. s. copyright law. redistribution and republication of this text on other terms, in any medium, requires the written permission of the author. in the neo - freudian theories of winicott, the attempt has been made to articulate the process of \" working - through \" the traumatic loss of the beloved object more precisely. winicott ' s famous phrase \" mourning without empathy leads to madness \" has often been cited as the key to his theory, which is that there must be an empathetic witness to the pain of this traumatic loss, that the person who suffers this loss must be able to give testimony to someone as a way of working - through or processing this loss, and that finally certain \" transitional \" or \" intermediate \" objects might be necessary in order to move from the state of dependence and reliance on the other to a renewed state of self - sufficiency after the traumatic severance. the difficulty with this type of understanding is its insistence on a singular empathetic other who hears the testimony of the witness, and thereby bears witness to the traumatic loss in a therapeutic manner. what does it actually mean to \" work - through \" a traumatic loss? and what does this mean with regard not to an individual, but to an entire people? many of the normative claims of psychoanalysis are present in this type of approach : the hope is that a gradual reintergration of the meaning of the lost object occurs and the fact of the loss helps the subject to grow beyond this dependency in the construction of a self that is able to tolerate and understand alterity and is not rigidly defined. this is the thesis of eric santner ' s stranded objects. one of the ways in which a culture betrays ( in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5066793655698378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.052868"}
{"text": "beyond this dependency in the construction of a self that is able to tolerate and understand alterity and is not rigidly defined. this is the thesis of eric santner ' s stranded objects. one of the ways in which a culture betrays ( in the sense of \" allows to become clear \" ) its own \" investments \" or besetzungen, to use freud ' s term for the psychic endowment of certain things, is in its priveleging specific ways of thinking and writing, certain forms of presentation, the selection of specific genres as being \" apt \" or \" appropriate \" for certain tasks. an analysis of steven spielberg ' s schindler ' s list could show that the primacy of the ( visual ) romance in some way governs the institution of filming in that film. there is a vast difference in this respect to claude lanzmann ' s shoah and to hans - jurgen syberberg ' s hitler, ein film aus deutschland. as primo levi sought to articulate the discursive and logistical space of auschwitz, syberberg attempts to actually enter into the distorted puppet - show of german fascism, the \" black studio \" of german ( film ) projections and fantasies, the nostalgiac, melancholic state of postwar, postholocaust germany. lanzmann ' s shoah equally does away with conventional narrative schemes and totalizing representation, presenting the nazi genocide in a series of detailed \" researches \" or \" inquiries, \" and utilizing not a single foot of documentary film from the thirties or forties. lanzmann ' s film allows the contradictions between the testimony of the perpetrators and that of the victims to stand. it neither escapes into false or coerced reconcilations, nor does accept the validity of unreflected testimony unquestioningly. the way in which a culture organizes, \" disciplines, \" and reads a certain event is an excellent way to find out about that culture ' s \" troubled areas \" or \" hot spots. \" the philosopher berel lang has argued in his book act and idea of the nazi genocide that there are only certain appropriate and ethically responsible ways of representing the shoah. in this respect, many crtics have said that the holocaust requires an \" elevated \" genre, that it is the stuff of \" high \" literature and should not be \" desecrated \" by allowing low genres to communicate the destruction of the european jews. there would at first sight seem to be an inalterable cultural hierarchy of forms, media, genres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5398821210589382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.054532"}
{"text": "is the stuff of \" high \" literature and should not be \" desecrated \" by allowing low genres to communicate the destruction of the european jews. there would at first sight seem to be an inalterable cultural hierarchy of forms, media, genres : the novel, the tragedy, a poem, a scholarly essay or book might be considered acceptable ; on the other hand, a satire, a parody, a comedy, a farce - - these would not seem to be eligible for \" appropriate \" forms of literary representation. but the fact is that both within these genres and modes, as well as with regard to the genre or mode itself, there are both \" high \" and \" low \" forms ; and what is radical, chic, or revolutionary at one historical juncture might be quite reactionary or conservative at another. my view is that spiegelman, precisely by utilizing the \" comic - book \" as the textual medium of a story of the holocaust, succeeds in breaking the \" taboo \" or \" ritualized fixity \" of confronting the holocaust. it also subverts the assignment of the \" comic \" to a genre of kitsch and \" popular culture \" in a twofold way : first, insofar as it supercedes the traditional genre in terms of the scope of its presentation ; secondly, insofar as it presents a historical catastrophe in a medium usually reserved for hero - construction and morality play. art spiegelman first published parts of maus in the magazine raw between 1980 - 1991. volumes i and ii of the book maus : a survivor ' s tale appeared in 1986 ( \" my father blleds history \" ) and 1991 ( \" and here my troubles began \" ). maus is the use of a traditionally \" low \" genre - - the comic strip or book - - for serious, grave material. it is a conscious, intentional inversion of a norm, a hierarchy, a cultural order. it is a very \" strong \" ( in the bloomian sense ) rereading of one survivor ' s tale and the transmission or testimony of this tale to the son ; it is at the same time a strong revamping or reconsideration of the generic possibilites of the \" comic \" itself. the reduction of the players to cats ( the nazis ). mice ( the jews ), pigs ( the poles ) and other national stereotypes offers a conscious, intentional miniaturization and reduction, pointing up not merely the process of compression, simplification and devaluation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47382265739174795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.055446"}
{"text": "to cats ( the nazis ). mice ( the jews ), pigs ( the poles ) and other national stereotypes offers a conscious, intentional miniaturization and reduction, pointing up not merely the process of compression, simplification and devaluation not merely of the nazi ' s practices before and during the holocaust, but the reduction and simplification present in many \" responses \" to the holocaust aswell. in this way, spiegelman literalizes the call for petits recits so prevalent in postmodern discourse today, especially in the writings of jean - francois lyotard. on another level, there are multiple narratives and kinds of texts in maus : in addition to images, dialogue boxes, and commentary, we find maps of poland and the camps, diagrams of hideouts, real photographs from the family archive, detailed plans of the crematoria, an exchange table for goods in auschwitz, and a manual for shoe - repair. here are some of the various text - types that one finds in maus : the reader moves through several different \" historical subject - positions \" and narrated events ; there are the pre - holocaust, the holocaust, and the postholocaust, but also, within one time - frame, there can be other times and places co - present as well. maus thus juxtaposes and intertwines past and present, the different subject histories of each protagonist, and the very different cultural contexts of nazi occupied poland and rego park, new york. the very title of the books is a powerful reworking of the convention : maus rewrites the cultural norm and invents a new discursive space to address the questions of jewish trauma, guilt, shame and, perhaps most importantly, the transmission of these conflicts from one generation to the next, especially in the case that they are not sufficently worked - through. maus encompasses many small narratives : not merely the story of vladek ( artie ' s father ) and anje ( artie ' s mother, who committed suicide after surviving auschwitz and coming to america ), but of artie himself in his struggle to understand his family origins and himself. it addresses the constant resurfacing of a traumatic and \" unmastered \" past on a number of levels : the death of his brother, richieu, of a poison given to him by the woman who was taking care of him as they were about to be sent to auschwitz to be gassed, the suicide of his mother in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5100495487204337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.056337"}
{"text": "on a number of levels : the death of his brother, richieu, of a poison given to him by the woman who was taking care of him as they were about to be sent to auschwitz to be gassed, the suicide of his mother in 1968, and the murder of the european jews. this is perhaps nowhere more evident than at the end of volume i \" my father bleeds history, \" where artie asks vladek for antje ' s diaries. vladek first tells artie that the diaries are gone, and then finally remembers that he himself had destroyed them - - burned them to be exact - - in the depths of depression. vladek not only burned the diaries - - in a ironic enactment of nazi book - burning - - but he sadistically adds salt to the wound when he tells artie : \" i looked in, but i don ' t remember [... ] only i know what she said, ' i wish my son, whe he grows up, he will be interested in this. ' \" artie, who himself suffered a depression after his mother ' s suicide, calls vladek a \" murderer, \" unable himself to understand vladek ' s action as itself an act of acting out the legacy of the holocaust. in this transmission circuit, artie is tied to his father, and we see this played out in maus in his complete dependence on vladek for the narrative of his own story. the \" broken \" relationship between artie, vladek, and this unmastered past is exemplified in the broken relationship artie has to his own jewish heritage. in maus i, vladek is in a german work - camp and has a dream in which his dead grandfather comes to him and tells him that he will leave this place and go home to his wife and child on parshas truma. artie then asks his father what parshas is, unaware of the symbolic and literal meaning of this in his life and in jewish tradition. his father then explains to him the meaning of parshas truma, the specific week in which a particular section of the torah is read. it turns out that this was the week he had married anja, and the week artie had his bar - mitzvah. in this time frame, vladek actually does get to leave the camp and see his wife and child. the broken circuit is thus restored in the text precisely because of artie ' s interest in the narrative and the construction of the text maus itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.513216393020791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.057188"}
{"text": "this time frame, vladek actually does get to leave the camp and see his wife and child. the broken circuit is thus restored in the text precisely because of artie ' s interest in the narrative and the construction of the text maus itself. but the evidence of a failure in the transmission of culture and tradition, the traces of this broken connection to the past and to history is present to the extent that artie must now relearn this complex history. maus is allegorical, not merely to the extent that it treats the individuals as figures in a much more complex and global story, but insofar as its very textual structure is comparable to the allegorical structure of the emblem, with a graphic image elucidating the text, as well as a superscript expressing the \" topic \" or \" theme, \" the actual statements of the individuals in the frame, and often a subscript containing unconscious thoughts or afterthoughts. in maus, the image is never left to stand alone, but is always caught up in the differential between narrative, image, dialogue and reflection. in this manner, an opening or aperture for critical thinking on the transmission of past trauma is created. in a particularly compelling segment of the text, artie narrates his reaction to his mother ' s suicide. a comic book within the comic book maus entitled \" prisoner on the hell planet : a case history, \" this text - within - the - text recounts artie ' s own incomplete or failed attempt to work through the trauamatic loss of his mother, his own melancholic and masochistic tendencies to internalize the dysfunction of his family and his mother ' s depression, and the degree to which his writing bears the mark of that loss and is itself a type of working - through in its own right. the subtitle \" a case history \" mocks the case history in psychoanalysis, in which the patient is \" cured \" of the incessant return of the traumatic past through rigorous therapeutic intervention. in \" prisoner from the hell planet, \" there isn ' t any easy closure, and the suffering individual remains captive in the prison of his own masochistic melancholia, the jail cell of his own wounded self, not really understanding the unconscious connection to the melancholia of the mother and the unconscious identification with the damaged father. traversing the breach between past and present, father and son, language and image, manifest and latent, spiegelman ' s maus bears witness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5423351667123216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.058075"}
{"text": "connection to the melancholia of the mother and the unconscious identification with the damaged father. traversing the breach between past and present, father and son, language and image, manifest and latent, spiegelman ' s maus bears witness to the process of bearing witness, and the technical and technological requirement of writing and tape - recording in order to produce a narrative of the trauma and thereby alleviate the symptomology of depression and withdrawl that is the danger of a past left to fester as an unhealed wound. paul celan ' s essay meridien states that every piece of authentic writing has a date and a place : it speaks a specificity, and in that specificty it gestures towards an other. spiegelman ' s maus, in transmitting the story of the father through the son, does not avoid or gloss over any of the difficulties entailed in working - through trauma, which, as we know, always brings with it some degree of \" acting - out \". maus enacts the difficulty of working through a traumatic historical past that defies attempts at mastery, and is a visceral presentation of the postmodern fragmented self struggling to come to terms with this damaged and wounded history in a conscious manner. maus ii ends with the reunification of vladek and anja after auschwitz. in the final scene, vladek tells artie he is tired of talking : \" i ' m tired from talking, richieu, and it is enough stories for now. \" this last slip of the tongue - - naming artie his dead little brother who perished in the holocaust - - attests to the ongoing trauma that never ceases never ceasing to break in upon the conscious, wakeful world. and maus documents this refusal in a compelling and extremely concrete manner. click here to return to the home page of responses click here for a short bibliography on maus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48255809158386404, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:709edd07-f654-4e6f-82be-54a723730bdd>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.058776"}
{"text": "a publication of the university of montana um researchers unearth cinnabar scientists track greenland meltwater new um center offers healing tools for indian country new directions : combining health with research view is published twice a year by the offices of the vice president for research and development and university relations at the university of montana. send questions, comments or suggestions to rita munzenrider, managing editor, 327 brantly hall, missoula, mt 59812, or call 406 - 243 - 4824. production manager and designer is cary shimek. contributing editors and writers are brianne burrowes, brenda day and shimek. the photographer is todd goodrich. web design is by shimek. for more information about um research, call judy fredenberg in the office of the vice president for research and development an icy adventure scientists track greenland meltwater world oceans would rise 23 feet and flood many coastal areas if climate change melted the entire greenland ice cap. and satellite images from 1980 onward reveal the surface of this vast ice sheet is warming, getting soggy and staying wet for longer periods every year. however, preliminary research by um and its partners suggests some of this meltwater does not reach the ocean to contribute to sea - level rise. instead it infiltrates downward into colder snow and refreezes into ice layers that can be more than a foot thick. these layers are fragmented, so water can \u2019 t flow atop them for long before draining downward again and freezing in place. \u201c we are still working up our results, but so far this is good news concerning worries about greenland \u2019 s role in the sea - level rise we see happening today, \u201d says um glaciologist joel harper. \u201c since many of the ice layers that form during a year of heavy melt are discontinuous, the next year \u2019 s melt can \u2019 t travel along the ice layers as a means of escaping the ice sheet. \u201d he says it \u2019 s so dark and cold during greenland winters that even with some winter warming the snowpack is still extremely cold going into summer, \u201c and summer melting always will have a hard time warming a snowpack laden with cold dense ice layers. \u201d harper was part of a six - person scientific expedition that ventured onto the greenland ice sheet for a month during june and july. they lived in tents high atop the ice cap at about 6, 600 feet in a white, featureless landscape swept by endless wind. to do its work, the group made 60 - to 70 - mile journeys down into the melt zone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48837075147081743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:181f3c7a-cd04-45e9-b391-bd8c9d1af97c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.069208"}
{"text": "and july. they lived in tents high atop the ice cap at about 6, 600 feet in a white, featureless landscape swept by endless wind. to do its work, the group made 60 - to 70 - mile journeys down into the melt zone closer to greenland \u2019 s west coast, using snowmobiles to pull scientific gear and expedition members on skis. harper says their research was funded by a $ 524, 000 national science foundation grant. his project collaborators are tad pfeffer of the university of colorado and neil humphrey of the university of wyoming. each scientist brought one graduate student to complete the team. the researchers drilled 21 35 - foot - long ice cores during the course of their work. they also dug many snow pits and did numerous experiments with colored dye to track meltwater flow. in addition, they installed two meteorological stations and used radar to map ice layers beneath the snow. in five boreholes located in sequentially lower elevations across a 25 - mile span, the team also installed vertical strings of temperature sensors to note melting and freezing events in the snow up to 35 feet deep. ( when water freezes it releases heat \u2013 a thermal signature that can be detected. ) harper says the sensors \u2013 called thermistors \u2013 have their own power source and will record data until researchers retrieve them next year. he compared the greenland ice cap to pancake batter. in its middle at higher elevations there is more snowfall than melting. as more snow is poured on, it compresses the vast sheet, which flows outward toward the warmer coasts where there is more melting. the team had two snowmobiles to haul six people and their gear down to the melt zones to do their research. the landscape is utterly devoid of landmarks, so they used global positioning systems to navigate during the three - hour traverses. two scientists drove, while the rest were towed behind the snowmobiles on skis. \u201c while skiing, we put on every bit of clothing we had and an ipod because you were standing behind these snowmobiles for three hours or more, \u201d harper says. \u201c we would use a bike tire as a harness clipped to the rope. so we would just stand there and try not to fall asleep as we were pulled along. \u201d harper, who was a competitive skier as a youth in colorado, also tried using a sail to kite ski across the ice cap. his power source was greenland \u2019 s endless katabatic winds, which are caused by dense cold air atop the ice sheet flowing downward toward the warmer coasts. \u201c a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4653905324529314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:181f3c7a-cd04-45e9-b391-bd8c9d1af97c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.070754"}
{"text": "youth in colorado, also tried using a sail to kite ski across the ice cap. his power source was greenland \u2019 s endless katabatic winds, which are caused by dense cold air atop the ice sheet flowing downward toward the warmer coasts. \u201c a lot of times it was too windy \u2013 you could get up to 30 mph no problem, \u201d he says. \u201c i could get screaming along \u2013 and i \u2019 m used to speed \u2013 but this was on the edge. i found it was too hard to navigate long distances with gps when you are trying to fly the kite and not crash. it just wasn \u2019 t compatible with the whole group, so in the end it was more for fun. \u201d he says some of the melt zone contained barely wet snow, while other areas were a \u201c slush swamp \u201d of super - saturated snow that a person without skis could sink into like quicksand. the expedition had to make the long traverses from base camp because members didn \u2019 t dare camp in the melt zone. too much thawing could bog down their snowmobiles and leave the researchers stranded in an area where ski planes can \u2019 t land. they might be stranded in the soggy snow until the next freeze. \u201c and if the snow machines would break, you couldn \u2019 t possibly ski back in a day, \u201d he says. \u201c it \u2019 s too far. \u201d harper says his group will return next year to study another 75 - mile stretch of the ice cap. they will start at the lowest elevation examined last summer and continue downward toward the coastal melt zone. the expedition will begin earlier in the year so the snow won \u2019 t be as treacherous at lower elevations. \u201c this is one reason why our results are preliminary, \u201d he says. \u201c we only have half the story. i suspect things might really be moving down below, but so far in the upper part of the ice sheet, we have thrown that out. in that area we found the melt is increasing every year, but it isn \u2019 t going anywhere. \u201d harper says they decided to study the west side of the ice cap because it is accessible from the town of kangerlussuaq, which is the logistics headquarters for science in greenland. the ice they studied also is the headwaters of jakobshavn, one of greenland \u2019 s big calving glaciers that has increased speed in recent years. their base camp was a three - hour plane ride from kangerlussuaq. \u201c there was nothing special about our camp, \u201d he says. \u201c it was just some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4909412871653811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:181f3c7a-cd04-45e9-b391-bd8c9d1af97c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.072108"}
{"text": "greenland \u2019 s big calving glaciers that has increased speed in recent years. their base camp was a three - hour plane ride from kangerlussuaq. \u201c there was nothing special about our camp, \u201d he says. \u201c it was just some gps coordinates we selected in the middle of nowhere. we got nailed by a big storm right after we arrived, but after that temperatures stayed between about 10 and 35 degrees fahrenheit. \u201d harper says their work might partially explain why greenland isn \u2019 t a larger player in current sea - level rises despite its enormous ice cap. a 2007 article in the journal science contends greenland contributes about 0. 5 millimeters to ocean level rise annually, while smaller glaciers scattered around the globe contribute 1. 1 millimeters to sea - level rise. \u201c other recent work shows that ice loss from small glaciers and ice caps like those in montana dominate current sea - level rise and will likely continue to dominate sea - level increases for at least the next 50 years, \u201d he says. \u201c since there are several hundred thousand small glaciers around the world, the sea - level rise we expect from them is still very significant. \u201c i don \u2019 t know of any glaciologist who thinks anything like a 6 - meter ( 19. 8 - foot ) sea - level rise is in the cards by the end of the century, \u201d harper says, \u201c but even 1 meter \u2013 which is at the upper end of what we currently think might be possible \u2013 would be a very big deal. \u201d \u2014 by cary shimek some days the researchers skied up to 70 miles per day behind snowmobiles. ( joel harper photo ) | wind - blasted um researcher joel harper relaxes in a tent on the greenland ice cap. ( tad pfeffer photo ) | a map showing the extent of melting in 2005. the central black dot shows the expedition ' s base camp. ( graphic by russell huff and konrad steffen ) | um glaciologist joel harper kite skis the greenland ice cap. ( tad pfeffer photo )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4589886963336701, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:181f3c7a-cd04-45e9-b391-bd8c9d1af97c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.073182"}
{"text": "cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the united states. each year, more than two million people suffer a heart attack or stroke and over 800, 000 die from these conditions. in this podcast, dr. amy valderrama discusses the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. created : 12 / 20 / 2012 by mmwr. date released : 12 / 20 / 2012. series name : a cup of health with cdc. a cup of health with cdc cdc grand rounds : the million hearts initiative recorded : december 18, 2012 ; posted : december 20, 2012 [ announcer ] this program is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. [ dr. gaynes ] welcome to a cup of health with cdc, a weekly feature of the mmwr, the morbidity and mortality weekly report. i \u2019 m your host, dr. robert gaynes. cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the united states. each year, more than two million people suffer a heart attack or stroke and over 800, 000 die from these conditions. dr. amy valderrama is a researcher with cdc \u2019 s national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. she \u2019 s joining us today to discuss the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. welcome to the show, amy. [ dr. valderrama ] thank you. [ dr. gaynes ] amy, what are the leading causes of cardiovascular disease? [ dr. valderrama ] well first, let me start by telling you what cardiovascular disease is. it \u2019 s a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels that includes heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes. and there are a number of things that can increase your chances of having cardiovascular disease. there are some that you can do something about and some that you can \u2019 t. the things that you can \u2019 t change would be having a family history of cardiovascular disease ; this can put you at an increased risk. things that you can change would be high cholesterol ; high blood pressure ; diabetes ; smoking ; eating a diet that \u2019 s high in saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium ; being physically inactive ; and being overweight or obese. [ dr. gaynes ] what are the best ways for someone to identify their own risk factors? [ dr. valderrama ] check - ups are very important for knowing if you have high cholesterol or high blood pressure. your health care provider should check your cholesterol levels at least once every five years. get your blood pressure checked at least every two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46192801327078636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3574152-0916-4839-9aaa-da0973705419>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.078194"}
{"text": "##derrama ] check - ups are very important for knowing if you have high cholesterol or high blood pressure. your health care provider should check your cholesterol levels at least once every five years. get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if your blood pressure is normal and more often if it \u2019 s elevated. and you can monitor your own blood pressure by checking it at home with a home blood pressure monitor or at a grocery store or pharmacy kiosk. [ dr. gaynes ] aside from controlling high blood pressure and high cholesterol, what are some other ways we can decrease our chance of having a heart attack or stroke? [ dr. valderrama ] eat a healthy diet that \u2019 s low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and high in fiber and fresh fruits and vegetables ; maintain a healthy weight ; exercise regularly ( physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight ) ; don \u2019 t smoke ; and limit your alcohol use. and remember, if you \u2019 re taking medication for high cholesterol or high blood pressure, to follow your health care provider \u2019 s instructions. [ dr. gaynes ] amy, where can listeners get more information about cardiovascular disease? [ dr. gaynes ] thanks, amy. i \u2019 ve been talking today with cdc \u2019 s dr. amy valderrama about cardiovascular disease. you can cut your risk of dying from a heart attack or stroke in half with a healthy diet, physical activity, regular checkups, and treatment, when needed. until next time, be well. this is dr. robert gaynes for a cup of health with cdc. [ announcer ] for the most accurate health information, visit www. cdc. gov or call 1 - 800 - cdc - info.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.402667883208752, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3574152-0916-4839-9aaa-da0973705419>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.079395"}
{"text": "common names in english : bulb bladderfern, bulblet bladderfern, on rock, or often epiphytic, erect, or occasionally pendent. stems long - to short - creeping, branched or not, bearing scales and few to numerous, usually dictyostelic. leaves monomorphic in bud. petiole, as in loxogramme ], lacking scales or sometimes scaly, with usually 3 vascular bundles. blade simple to often pinnatifid, or pinnate, infrequently more divided ; rachis grooved or not adaxially. veins free ( and simple to several times forked ) to often anastomosing in complex, areoles with or without included. indument on blade absent, or petiole, rachis, costae, and sometimes blade tissue usually bearing hairs ( these often septate and with reddish crosswalls ) and / or scales. sori borne abaxially on veins, round, occasionally elongate, rarely marginal, rarely covering surface ; paraphyses present or absent ; sporangia with stalk of 2 or 3 rows ; indusia absent. spores usually transparent or yellowish ( rarely greenish ), all 1 kind, bilateral, monolete [ rarely trilete, as in some loxogramme ], surface most often smooth, or granulate, occasionally spiny, 64 per sporangium ( spores globose and 32 per sporangium in apogamous spp. ). gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate or elliptic or sometimes glandular ; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3 - celled. genera ca. 40, species perhaps 500 ( 7 genera, 25 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics. genera in this family are variously circumscribed, and the new world species historically were placed in the single genus polypodium. many of the segregates recognized here are still placed in polypodium in recent floristic accounts. limits of genera in both old world and new world are controversial and are currently under study by several workers. on rock, occasionally terrestrial or epiphytic. stems creeping, usually branched, 3 - - 15 mm diam., sometimes whitish pruinose concolored to bicolored, lanceolate to ovate - acuminate, not clathrate to strongly clathrate,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47312729375229123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03809f0d-e9b0-4f34-9484-7034d523745e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.094660"}
{"text": ", p. appalachianum, and p. sibiricum. allopolyploid species have originated following hybridizations within a species group ( i. e., p. calirhiza from p. glycyrrhiza \u00d7 californicum, p. saximontanum from p. amorphum \u00d7 sibiricum, and p. virginianum from p. appalachianum \u00d7 sibiricum ) as well as between members of the two groups ( i. e., p. hesperium from p. amorphum \u00d7 glycyrrhiza ). these reticulate relationships are summarized in the reticulogram. we consider p. scouleri to be peripheral to the \" core \" diploids even though hybrids have been reported. - whittaker & margulis, 1978 - haeckel, 1866 - cavalier - smith, 1981 - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - kenrick & crane, 1997, nom. nud. - cronquist et al. - family : polypodiaceae ( ) - berchtold & j. presl, 1820 - common ferns, licorice ferns - order : polypodiales ( ) - link - class : polypodiopsida ( ) - cronquist et al. - infraphylum : moniliformopses ( ) - kenrick & crane, 1997, nom. nud. - subphylum : euphyllophytina ( ) - phylum : tracheophyta ( ) - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - subkingdom : viridaeplantae ( ) - cavalier - smith, 1981 - kingdom : plantae ( ) - haeckel, 1866 - plants athyrium bulbiferum ( l. ) a. a. eaton \u2022 cystea bulbifera \u2022 cystea bulbifera ( l. ) watt \u2022 cystopteris bulbifera ( l. ) bernh. \u2022 filix bulbifera ( l. ) underw. publishing author : l. members of the genus polypodium zipcodezoo has pages for 37 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus : p. amorphum ( irregular polypody ) \u00b7 p. appalachianum ( appalachian polypody ) \u00b7 p. attenuatum ( tapered polypody ) \u00b7 p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4956059654015961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03809f0d-e9b0-4f34-9484-7034d523745e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.096553"}
{"text": "varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus : p. amorphum ( irregular polypody ) \u00b7 p. appalachianum ( appalachian polypody ) \u00b7 p. attenuatum ( tapered polypody ) \u00b7 p. bulbiferum ( bulblet bladderfern ) \u00b7 p. californicum ( california polypody ) \u00b7 p. calirhiza ( nested polypody ) \u00b7 p. cambricum ( welsh polypody ) \u00b7 p. carthusianum ( spinulose wood fern ) \u00b7 p. dissimile ( forkvein polypody ) \u00b7 p. dulce ( treetrunk polypody ) \u00b7 p. exaltatum ( sword fern ) \u00b7 p. falax ( crested poly ) \u00b7 p. formosanum ( catepillar fern ) \u00b7 p. glycyrrhiza ( licorice fern ) \u00b7 p. hesperium ( western licorice fern ) \u00b7 p. hexagonopterum ( broad beech fern ) \u00b7 p. ilvense ( rusty woodsia ) \u00b7 p. interjectum ( polypody ) \u00b7 p. lanceolatum ( lanceleaf polypody ) \u00b7 p. lonchitis ( northern holly fern ) \u00b7 p. loriceum ( clambering polypody ) \u00b7 p. musifolium ( polypodium ) \u00b7 p. pellucidum ( ae ) \u00b7 p. pellucidum kaulf. var. vulcanicum skottsb. ( dotted polypody ) \u00b7 p. pellucidum var. pellucidum ( dotted polypody ) \u00b7 p. pellucidum var. vulcanicum ( dotted polypody ) \u00b7 p. punctatum ' grandiceps cobra ' ( climbing bird ' s nest fern ) \u00b7 p. robertianum ( limestone oak fern ) \u00b7 p. saximontanum ( rocky mountain polypody ) \u00b7 p. scouleri ( coast polypody ) \u00b7 p. sibiricum ( siberian polypody ) \u00b7 p. subauriculatum var. knightii ( polypodium ) \u00b7 p. submarginale ( brownhair lacefern ) \u00b7 p. triseriale ( angle - vein fern ) \u00b7 p. virginianum ( common polypody ) \u00b7 p. virginianum var. peraferens ( american wall fern ) \u00b7 p. ' green", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4573792039946444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03809f0d-e9b0-4f34-9484-7034d523745e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.097329"}
{"text": "years by frederick pursh... london : printed for james black and son, 1816. url p. 664. - great basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [ provo, utah ] brigham young university, 1976 - 1992. url p. 21, p. 881. - index filicum : a synopsis, with characters, of the genera, and an enumeration of the species of ferns, with synonymes, references, & c., & c. london : w. pamplin, 1857. url p. 279. - journal of the new york botanical garden. 36 1935 lancaster, pa. : published for the garden by the new era printing co., 1900 - url p. 181. - list of pteridophyta and spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern north america. new york, 1893 - 1894. url. - meehan ' s monthly : a magazine of horticulture, botany, and kindred subjects. phila., pa : t. meehan & sons, 1891 - 1902. url. - meehans ' monthly : a magazine of horticulture, botany and kindred subjects / conducted by thomas meehan. philadelphia : thomas meehan & sons, 1891 - 1902. url p. 177. - memoirs of the torrey botanical club. 6 1899 durham, n. c. : published for the club by the seeman printery, 1889 - url p. 258. - natural history of new york. albany : d. appleton : 1842 - 1894. url p. 501, p. 501. - nomenclature of plants ; a text for the application by the case method of the international code of botanical nomenclature. new york, ronald press co. url p. 50. - phytologia. bronx park, new york, h. a. gleason and h. n. moldenke, url p. 35, p. 40, p. 62, p. 70, p. 72, p. 75, p. 80. - plant life of alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. by charles mohr... montgomery, ala., brown printing co., 1901. url p. 318. - plant life of alabama. an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of alabama, together with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42670048110017045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03809f0d-e9b0-4f34-9484-7034d523745e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.099498"}
{"text": "charles mohr... montgomery, ala., brown printing co., 1901. url p. 318. - plant life of alabama. an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. prepared in cooperationwith the washington, govt. print. off., 1901. url. - proceedings of the biological society of washington. washington, biological society of washington url p. 113. - the great basin naturalist. 41 1981 provo, utah : m. l. bean life science museum, brigham young university, 1939 - 1999. url p. 102. - cranfill, r. and d. m. britton. 1983. typification within the polypodium virginianum complex ( polypodiaceae ). taxon 32 : 557 - - 560. - evans, a. m. 1971. polypodium. in : a. m. evans, ed. 1971. a review of systematic studies of the pteridophytes of the southern appalachians. blacksburg. - haufler, c. h. and m. d. windham. 1991. new species of north american cystopteris and polypodium, with comments on their reticulate relationships. amer. fern j. 81 : 7 - - 23. - haufler, c. h. and wang z. r. 1991. chromosomal analyses and the origin of allopolyploid polypodium virginianum. amer. j. bot. 78 : 624 - - 629. - lang, f. a. 1971. the polypodium vulgare complex in the pacific northwest. madrono 21 : 235 - - 254. - whitmore, s. a. and a. r. smith. 1991. recognition of the tetraploid, polypodium calirhiza ( polypodiaceae ), in western north america. madrono 38 : 233 - - 248. - brands, s. j. ( comp. ) 1989 - present. the taxonomicon. universal taxonomic services, zwaag, the netherlands. accessed march 27, 2012. - biodiversity heritage library namebankid : 9532454 - global biodiversity information facility taxonkey : 15792054 - globally unique identifier : urn : lsid : ipni. org : names : 17184490 - 1 - international plant names index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4859751735300553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03809f0d-e9b0-4f34-9484-7034d523745e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.101137"}
{"text": "subsidies and tax breaks are a tried and true way of helping a developing industry get up on its feet. one of the strategies to accelerate a transition to cleaner greener renewable energy sources is to subsidize research development, and production of renewable energy sources, such as wind power, solar power, geothermal, etc. free market advocates often say that the emerging renewable energy industry should not be subsidized. what is not widely know though, is that subsidies for well established fossil fuels exceed renewables by almost six to one. research by the woodrow wilson international center for scholars and the environmental law institute reveals that the lion \u2019 s share of energy subsidies supported energy sources that emit high levels of greenhouse gases ( ghgs ). the study, which reviewed fossil fuel and energy subsidies for fiscal years 2002 - 2008, showed that the federal government spent about $ 70 billion on the fossil fuel industry, and about $ 12 billion on renewables. as the report points out : moreover, just a handful of tax breaks make up the largest portion of subsidies for fossil fuels, with the most significant of these, the foreign tax credit, supporting the overseas production of oil. more than half of the subsidies for renewables are attributable to corn - based ethanol, the use of which, while decreasing american reliance on foreign oil, has generated concern about climate effects. these figures raise the question of whether scarce government funds might be better allocated to move the united states towards a low - carbon economy. n. b. carbon capture and storage is a developing technology that would allow coal - burning utilities to capture and store their carbon dioxide emissions. although this technology does not make coal a renewable fuel, if successful it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to coal plants that do not use this technology. the production and use of corn ethanol can generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. recognizing that the production and use of corn - based ethanol may generate significant greenhouse gas emissions, the data depict renewable subsidies both with and without ethanol subsidies. fossil fuel extraction is increasingly toxic ( e. g. fracking poisons public water systems ) and environmentally destructive ( e. g. gulf oil \u201c spill \u201d ). and fossil fuel production seems to be hitting a peak oil wall. as production lags demand, we should expect oil and gas prices to rise precipitously. subsidizing oil keeps us addicted to it. three of the top 5 biggest companies in the world are oil companies ( exxon, bp, royal dutch shell ). rather than subsidize big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4682122380168114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbd22fca-7c10-424c-bf5c-0f1389e75fa2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.107378"}
{"text": "outreach workshop : roller coasters in your classroom you provide the floor space and we \u2019 ll provide the excitement and learning. what better way to learn about the physics of energy, force and motion than through hands - on science? experience these principles first hand as you build and modify your own roller coaster designs and then get to show off your discoveries to your classmates. this workshop also available as 50 - minute session for grades k - 8th. the 50 - minute version allows for simplified exploration of the concepts presented in the program. $ 300 first workshop. additinal workshops $ 250 each. michigan grade level content expectations, science v. 1. 09 - recognize that science investigations are done more than one time. ( s. rs. 01. 12 ) - recognize that when a science investigation is done the way it was done before, similar results are expected. ( s. rs. 02. 13 ) - describe the motion of objects in terms of direction. ( p. fm. 03. 41 ) - demonstrate scientific concepts through various illustrations, performances, models, exhibits and activities. ( s. rs. 04. 11 ) - distinguish between contact forces and non - contact forces. ( p. fm. 05. 21 ) - demonstrate contact forces to change the motion of an object. ( p. fm. 05. 22 ) - identify kinetic or potential enrgy in everyday situations. ( p. en. 06. 11 ) - demonstate the transformation between potential and kinetic energy in simple mechanical systems ( for example : rollercoasters, pendulums ). ( p. en. 06. 12 ) centrifugal force : a virtual force felt by a body in motion around an axis. this apparent force acts opposite the centripetal force and is caused by the natural inertia of the body in motion. centripetal force : the force responsible for pulling an object in rotation back towards the axis. energy : the capacity to do work. friction : surface - to - surface resistance between two objects, resulting in the loss of energy to heat. gravity : the force of attraction towards the center of the earth. inertia : the tendency for an object in motion to stay in motion or an object at rest to stay at rest so long as it is not acted upon by an external force. kinetic energy : the energy of an object based on its movement. parabola : the natural path of an object in motion through the air. a parabola is completely symmetric about the axis. potential energy : the energy of an object", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.593034796064198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce52bfd6-e52a-4026-b891-65e7006eacb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.111797"}
{"text": "an external force. kinetic energy : the energy of an object based on its movement. parabola : the natural path of an object in motion through the air. a parabola is completely symmetric about the axis. potential energy : the energy of an object based on its location. this is the stored energy. roller coaster : a gravity - based train where all of the movement is propelled by gravity. the only input energy is to reach the starting point. post - visit activities provide your students with an opportunity to review workshop - presented concepts and introduce related subjects. below you will find a classroom extension activity and a list of suggested resources for further exploration. we hope that you enjoyed our outreach hands - on workshop and we look forward to visiting your students again! hands - on activity : flying high - 2 golf balls - 2 tennis balls - 2 basketballs - outdoor space this is a great demonstration for illustrating the principle of conservation of momentum. take your class outside and ask if they know what momentum is. explain that momentum is equal to the mass times the velocity of an object. the law of conservation says that if two ( or more ) objects collide, the total momentum before the collision must be equal to the total momentum after, not taking into consideration principles like gravity and friction. for the demonstration, first stack the two basketballs on top of each other and drop them as one. observe what happens. now, hold the tennis ball on top of the basketball and repeat. be careful that nothing is in line with the tennis ball. here, you \u2019 ll notice that the tennis ball travels a good distance higher than the drop point. try different combinations to see if you can maximize the height. to understand what \u2019 s going on, explain that the total mass of your two objects can be thought of as one larger object falling at a specific velocity. when they hit the ground, the top one bounces off the bottom one. the small one soars because you \u2019 ve suddenly removed most of the mass. as a result, the velocity must increase in order to compensate. example : imagine you have a 10 pound ball and a 1 pound ball stacked and falling at 10 meters per second hit the ground. the 10 pound ball isn \u2019 t elastic enough to bounce at all. what velocity will the 1 pound ball now have? your total initial mass = 11 pounds. so, set up your equation like this : 11lb \u00d7 10m / s = 1lb \u00d7 vm / s ( where v = the unknown velocity ). if you solve for v, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6608914959217725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce52bfd6-e52a-4026-b891-65e7006eacb2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.112994"}
{"text": "want to integrate science, math, & geography? check out this great program! globe is a worldwide, hands - on, school - based education and science program. globe links k - 12 students, teachers, and the scientific research community together to learn more about our environment through student data collection. over one million students worldwide from more than 100 countries have taken part in this program! students learn by : \u00b7 taking scientifically valid measurements in the fields of atmosphere, hydrology, soils, and / or land cover / phenology \u2013 depending on their local curricula \u00b7 reporting their data through the internet \u00b7 creating maps and graphs on the free interactive website to analyze data sets \u00b7 collaborating with scientists and other globe students from around the world. teachers choose which fields they are interested in and which protocols they want to do. some require daily measurements all school year, and some require biweekly or weekly measurements and / or measurements for only part of the year. teachers must attend a training session, and are responsible for acquiring the scientific - quality instruments required. teachers receive assistance through : \u00b7 training at professional development workshops \u00b7 detailed on - line teacher \u2019 s guide, with downloadable lessons, overheads, and student worksheets \u00b7 \u201c how - to \u201d videos, and other teaching materials \u00b7 continuing support from a help desk, scientists, and partners \u00b7 contact with other teachers, students, and scientists worldwide how do i become a partner school? all teachers who want to be officially involved and report their data through the internet must attend a training session. see the globe website for the next training session that fits your schedule! want to learn more and talk to a teacher who has been involved for many years? come to the vga summer workshop on thursday, july 21 for a morning session on how to use the globe program in your classroom. don \u2019 t want to become a partner? you can still use the protocols, the teaching activities, and the student worksheets in the on - line teacher \u2019 s guide for projects at your school. or, use the data sets on the website from schools around the world to create great maps and graphs. here are some lesson ideas : world climate patterns patterns of world green - up and green - down seasonal change - watch spring spread to the poles latitude and longitude how to read isoline and contour maps using the metric system manipulating positive and negative numbers ph of precipitation patterns relationships between soil moisture and seasons yearly cycles of wetlands comparing land cover, droughts, and forest fires to see for yourself, visit www. globe. gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5288039515155665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21aa9713-ecbf-4103-bb53-371f9f15f85e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.116415"}
{"text": "what are tendon problems? two major problems associated with tendons include tendonitis and tenosynovitis. tendonitis, inflammation of a tendon ( the tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones ) can affect any tendon in the body. when the tendons become irritated, swelling, pain, and discomfort will occur. tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the lining of the tendon sheaths which enclose the tendons. the tendon sheath is usually the site which becomes inflamed, but both the sheath and the tendon can become inflamed simultaneously. the cause of tenosynovitis is often unknown, but usually strain, overuse, injury, or excessive exercise may be implicated. tendonitis may also be related to disease ( for example, diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis ). common tendon disorders include the following : lateral epicondylitis ( commonly known as tennis elbow ). a condition characterized by pain in the back side of the elbow and forearm, along the thumb side when the arm is alongside the body with the thumb turned away. the pain is caused by damage to the tendons that bend the wrist backward away from the palm. medial epicondylitis ( commonly known as golfer ' s or baseball elbow ). a condition characterized by pain from the elbow to the wrist on the palm side of the forearm. the pain is caused by damage to the tendons that bend the wrist toward the palm. rotator cuff or biceps tendonitis. a shoulder disorder characterized by the inflammation of the shoulder capsule and related tendons. dequervain ' s tenosynovitis. the most common type of tenosynovitis disorder characterized by the tendon sheath swelling in the tendons of the thumb. trigger finger / trigger thumb. a tenosynovitis condition in which the tendon sheath becomes inflamed and thickened, thus preventing the smooth extension or flexion of the finger / thumb. the finger / thumb may lock or \" trigger \" suddenly. what are the symptoms of tendonitis? the following are the most common symptoms of tendonitis. however each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : pain in the tendon when moved swelling from fluid accumulation and inflammation, or a grating sensation if not swollen the symptoms of tendonitis may resemble other medical conditions or problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. how is tendonitis diagnosed? diagnosis of tendonitis is usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4715133031936472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09ffc66c-5f00-437e-aa27-64461002a553>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.122278"}
{"text": "printing matrices for \" narrative of the u. s. exploring expedition \" - introduction in 1836 the u. s. congress authorized president andrew jackson \" to send out a surveying and exploring expedition to the pacific ocean and south seas. \" the u. s. exploring expedition ' s narrative... ( vols. i - v ) was written to follow the path of the three - year and ten - month expedition ( 1838 \u2013 1842 ), which traveled from norfolk, virginia, east to the islands off the coast of portugal, around the tip of south america to antarctica, and then up the west coast of south america. during the rest of the expedition, either lieutenant charles wilkes, the commander, or parts of his squadron traveled to australia and new zealand, the south pacific islands, the philippines, singapore, hawaii, and north america ' s west coast. expedition members included scientists and artists who illustrated the people encountered, the narrative scenery, the cartographic studies, and the specimens collected. the five narrative volumes were published in 1844. of the accompanying scientific volumes vi \u2013 xxiv, fourteen were published between 1844 and 1874. the remaining five were never officially distributed. the printing matrices \u2014 either engraved plates and blocks or lithographic stones \u2014 used to print the narrative of the u. s. exploring expedition and its accompanying volumes are housed in the graphic arts collection of the national museum of american history. this collection includes 309 engraved wood blocks, 133 engraved copper and steel - faced plates, with an additional presentation card plate, and 19 lithographic stones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39833869800073074, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:391bd51c-0a0f-44a1-b7bd-03b83aaaf310>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.124961"}
{"text": "zoroaster and the birth of an apocalyptic faith by r. d. brinsmead the following outline has been drawn, for the most part, from three excellent and highly acclaimed publications about zoroastrians : norman cohn, cosmos, chaos, and the world to come : the ancient roots of apocalyptic faith ; mary boyce, zoroastrians : their religious beliefs and practices ; and s. a. kapadia, the teaching of zoroaster and the philosophy of the parsi religion. norman cohn has written such an excellent afterword at the end of his equally excellent book, that i will quote it in full : \" this book is concerned with a major turning - point in the history of human consciousness : it tries to describe how the destiny of the world and of human being came to be imagined in a new way, and how these new expectations began to spread abroad. a brief recapitulation of the main argument may not come amiss. until around 1500 bc peoples as diverse as egyptians, sumerians, babylonians, indo - iranians and their indian and iranian descendents, canaanites, pre - exilic israelites were all agreed that in the beginning the world had been organised, set in order, by a god or by several gods, and that in essentials it was immutable. for each people, security \u2013 meaning fertility of the land, victory in war, stable social relations sanctioned by custom and law \u2013 was the outward and visible sign that a divinely ordained order did indeed exist. however, that order was never untroubled, it was always threatened by evil, destructive forces \u2013 sometimes identified as flood or drought, famine or plague, inertia or death itself \u2013 but sometimes also as hostile peoples or tyrannical conquerors. in the combat myth, in its various formulations, the conflict between universal order and the forces that threatened and invaded and impaired it \u2013 between cosmos and chaos \u2013 was given symbolic expression. a young hero god, or divine warrior, was charged by the gods with the task of keeping the forces of chaos at bay ; and in return he was awarded kingship over the world. some time between 1500 and 1200 bc zoroaster broke out of that static yet anxious world - view. he did so by reinterpreting, radically, the iranian version of the combat myth. in zoroaster \u2019 s view that world was not static, nor would it always be troubled. even now the world was moving, through incess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51969652956859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.144773"}
{"text": ". he did so by reinterpreting, radically, the iranian version of the combat myth. in zoroaster \u2019 s view that world was not static, nor would it always be troubled. even now the world was moving, through incessant conflict, towards a conflictless state. the time would come when, in a prodigious final battle, the supreme god and his supernatural allies would defeat the forces of chaos and their human allies and eliminate them once and for all. from then on the divinely appointed order would obtain absolutely : physical distress and want would be unknown, no enemy would threaten, within the community of the saved there would be absolute unanimity ; in a word, the world would be for ever untroubled, and secure. unheard of before zoroaster, that expectation deeply influenced certain jewish groups \u2013 as witness some of the apocalypses and some of the writings found at qumran. above all, it influenced the jesus sect, with incalculable consequences. in this book the story is carried only to the close of the first century ad \u2013 but the story itself has continued down the ages. and what a story it has become! much theological speculation ; innumerable millenarian movements, including those now flourishing so vigorously in the united sates ; even the appeal once exercised by marxist - lenin ideology \u2013 all this belongs to it. nor is there any reason to think that the story is nearing its end. the tradition whose origins are studied in this book is still alive and potent. who can tell what fantasies, religious or secular, it may generate in the unforeseeable future? \" zarathrustra \u2013 the first prophet of an apocalyptic faith zarathrustra ( or zoroaster as the greeks called him ) was born somewhere around 1500 bce. he was reputed to have been miraculously born in answer to the prayers of a holy man and his equally holy wife. the evil spirit and seducer called angra mainyu who from the beginning was believed to be the enemy and man, was said to have fled in terror at zarathrustra \u2019 s birth, only to return later to unsuccessfully tempt the man of god with the promise of rulership over the kingdoms of this world. at the age of seven zoroaster began his training under priestly care, and at the age of 15 ( the age when manhood began in his culture ) he became a priest in his ancient iranian faith. at 20 years of age, zoroaster began a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45844800429922583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.145992"}
{"text": "seven zoroaster began his training under priestly care, and at the age of 15 ( the age when manhood began in his culture ) he became a priest in his ancient iranian faith. at 20 years of age, zoroaster began a period of wandering in search of the truth. when he was 30 years of age, he went down into the waters of a river to draw water for a religious ceremony, and as he was coming up out of the water, he encountered a shining being on the banks of the river. this supernatural being conducted zoroaster into the very presence of ahura mazda, the eternal creator. this was the first of a number of times that zoroaster was to commune with ahura mazda in vision. by these prophetic experiences, zoroaster came to embrace and teach a worldview that in his age was entirely revolutionary. its main features were as follows : there are two primal, antagonistic spirits of the cosmos. on the one hand there is the spirit of ahura mazda the creator - the source of the order ( asha ) of truth, justice and all that is good. on the other hand there is a hostile spirit, an adversary, a counter - creator who is hostile to all that is good. his name is angra mainyu. this mythical figure is much the same as what the devil or satan came to be in the christian religion. ahura mazda created man in the environment of a perfect world, knowing full - well that angra mainyu would seduce humanity and bring decay and death into this perfect world. ahura mazda \u2019 s plan, however, was to use the creation of man as a means to entrap his great adversary. despite angra mainyu \u2019 s apparent success in corrupting god \u2019 s creation, ahura mazda \u2019 s plan was to use humanity as his ally to finally defeat the enemy of all that is good. what all this meant was that this world was to be seen as the battleground between good and evil. it was not john milton in his great epic called paradise lost, nor ellen white in her great controversy between christ and satan, nor even st. john the divine \u2019 s book of revelation that first depicted this cosmic conflict between good and evil. long before moses or post - exilic judaism, and longer still before the christian book of revelation came to be written, the iranian prophet zoroaster had essentially outlined the great cosmic war between god and the one whom christians call satan. zoroaster succeeded in transforming the old combat myth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47230254013661954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.147139"}
{"text": "doubt correct when he says that the only old testament book that comes anywhere near zoroaster \u2019 s apocalyptic vision of the end of history is the book of daniel. this was a very late book and the last to be included in the old testament canon. daniel was an apocalyptic book written after the jews had lived for two hundred years under the friendly rule of the achaemenian ( persian ) empire. during that period, leading jewish thinkers drank deeply at the fountain of the zoroastrian religious tradition. significantly, the post - exilic biblical writers had no scathing comments to make about the persian divinities as they did in respect to the babylonian, canaanite or assyrian divinities. a large section of daniel ( chapters 2 - 7 ) was written in aramaic, the universal language of the achaemenian empire - much as koine greek became the universal language in greco - roman times. daniel \u2019 s account of the great image with head of gold, breast and arms of silver, belly and thighs of brass, legs of iron and feet of iron and clay ( daniel 2 ) was taken straight out of a zoroastrian teaching of a symbolic tree made of gold, silver, bronze, iron and a final mixture of iron and clay. many key words throughout the book of daniel have a zoroastrian origin. above all, scholars generally recognize that the last judgment of daniel 7 and its teaching of a bodily resurrection of all mankind in daniel 12 show the unmistakeable influence of the zoroastrian faith. complementing this teaching of the last judgment and the resurrection of the body and the \u201c making wonderful \u201d of the restored paradise on earth, zoroaster had a clear teaching of \u201c the intermediate state \u201d between the moment of an individual \u2019 s death and the general resurrection. upon death, the soul of the departed was depicted as crossing a narrow bridge. those weighed down by more bad deeds than good deeds would fall into the abyss of hell where they would suffer preliminary punishment as they awaited the final judgment and resurrection of the body. conversely, the souls of those whose good deeds outweighed their evil deeds would enter the bliss of an intermediate state in the presence of god. martin luther was reputed to have quipped, \u201c it would be a foolish soul who wanted to have his body back. \u201d zoroaster, however, had a different view of the body. he taught that the happiness of the soul could not be complete until it was re - united with its body. this teaching sprang from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42580635606425415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.149238"}
{"text": "soul who wanted to have his body back. \u201d zoroaster, however, had a different view of the body. he taught that the happiness of the soul could not be complete until it was re - united with its body. this teaching sprang from zoroaster \u2019 s understanding that there was first a spiritual creation followed by its being completed in the creation of a material or physical form. it was a teaching that gave zoroastrianism a high view along with a deep appreciation of the physical environment, including the importance of the human body. although zoroastrianism was a confessional faith which faithfully preserved the original tradition with little change, there was some development of its theology subsequent to zoroaster \u2019 s time. one of these developments was in the matter of the ultimate fate of those who fell off the bridge into the punishments of hell. zoroaster had originally taught that these lost souls would eventually be annihilated in the final punishment of a merciful \u201c second death. \u201d ( as if to anticipate the teaching of some christian sects like the seventh - day adventists ) but later zoroastrian theologians began to conceive that even these fallen souls will have their evil purged from their nature so that they will join the host of redeemed humanity. because they too are god \u2019 s children they will eventually realize the intended destiny of all who share in god \u2019 s nature. in this respect the zoroastrians anticipated the \u201c universalism \u201d of origen and a minority of christian thinkers down through the ages who have taught that all of humanity will eventually be saved. moral code and ethics the moral code and ethical ideals of zoroaster were equal, if not superior in some respects, to the law of moses. zoroaster \u2019 s moral teachings are so excellent that they deserve to be placed alongside the writings of the great hebrew prophets. the law of ahura mazda enjoined an order consisting of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. love of neighbour demanded no less than this. diligence was everywhere commended, and sloth in every place condemned. love of neighbour demanded that the \u201c sons of light \u201d would refrain from slander, infidelity in marriage and non - payment of debts. care and kindness toward others is enjoined under all circumstances. zoroastrianism had a higher view of women than the law of moses in that it leaned more towards treating women as equals. other standout features of the zoroastrianism * there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4946788072432333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.151357"}
{"text": "toward others is enjoined under all circumstances. zoroastrianism had a higher view of women than the law of moses in that it leaned more towards treating women as equals. other standout features of the zoroastrianism * there was a great emphasis on hygiene that included water purity, body cleanliness and a separation from the contamination of dead bodies \u2013 all of which finds a counterpart in the law of moses which came after zoroaster. * zoroastrian ethics demanded a duty of care and kindness toward animals that is quite astonishing. zoroaster taught that even animals have souls which would rise up on the day of judgment to accuse those who had in any way neglected or had been unkind and uncaring toward them. on the other hand, every small deed of kindness - to a dog, a goat or a cow - would not go unnoticed or unrewarded. while zoroaster did not go as far as enjoining vegetarianism, he taught that no animal life should be sacrificed, even when hunting, apart from human necessity, and always with prayer and respect for the life of the beast. hunting for pleasure was strictly forbidden. if the life of an animal was to be taken for human needs, it was to be done respectfully and reverently. a portion of the meat was given to the officiating priests, and no meat was eaten apart from reverence for the life that was sacrificed. in this matter of care and kindness toward animals, zoroaster appears to express an even higher or more advanced state of human consciousness than is generally found in the judeo / christian tradition, with the possible exception of some of the sayings of jesus. * zoroaster was vehemently opposed to religious fasting. in his view, fasting would weaken rather than strengthen the body that was needed to serve humanity as required by ahura mazda. the only kind of \u201c fasting \u201d that ahura mazda wants from his worshippers is not to abstain from food but to abstain from any an evil thought, word or action. this kind of religious outlook appeared to be entirely new in that age. yet a hebrew prophet who lived under achaemenian rule was also scornful of religious fasting. he declared that the only kind of fasting that was pleasing to god was a genuine love for humanity expressed in feeding the hungry, clothing the naked and providing shelter for the homeless ( isaiah 58 ). it is hard to avoid the conclusion that this passage from deutero -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103375812023351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.152543"}
{"text": "kind of fasting that was pleasing to god was a genuine love for humanity expressed in feeding the hungry, clothing the naked and providing shelter for the homeless ( isaiah 58 ). it is hard to avoid the conclusion that this passage from deutero - isaiah has not lifted this kind of teaching from the prophet zoroaster. * the reason that the zoroastrian faith was not written up until the 6th century ce is that the old zoroastrians believed that writing was an invention of the devil. the zoroastrian priests rejected writing as an unfit medium to record the holy words of the faith. in this, they perhaps expressed the beginnings of an insight that was later taken up and developed by the author of the fourth gospel of the new testament. this author teaches that the word of god cannot be contained in any written book, but can only be incarnated in a human life. ( see john 1 ) st. paul too contends that a living faith in the new age of the spirit transcends the lifeless texuality of any written document ( galations 3 and 4 ; 2 corinthians 3 : romans 7 ). * zoroastrians held to some quaint myths that were integral to their culture. fire was a sacred symbol / sacrament of the divine presence. the evil one had corrupted fire by creating smoke. smoke was associated with the demonic. frogs were evil and were created by the evil one. so were lizards, snakes, scorpions and other repugnant creatures. this helps to illuminate some passages in the nt apocalypse that uses frogs, scorpions and smoke as portents of evil \u2013 another indication of the zoroastrian influences on christian literature. there are other features of zoroaster \u2019 s teaching that are a precursor of judeo / christian scripture. notably : * zoroaster taught that there were 6 periods in the creation of the world \u2013 stage 1, the creation of the heavenly firmament, stage 2, the appearance of water, stage 3, the formation of the earth, stage 5, the creation of plants, stage 5, the creation of animals, and stage 6, the creation of man. * the first man was called yima. he was a hebrew adam and noah all rolled into one person. like the man in the genesis story, yima was told to cultivate the earth and is given dominion over it. later he was told to build an enclosure to preserve the best animals and plants from coming destructive weather events. this clearly finds its echo in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49557813601234335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.153789"}
{"text": "the man in the genesis story, yima was told to cultivate the earth and is given dominion over it. later he was told to build an enclosure to preserve the best animals and plants from coming destructive weather events. this clearly finds its echo in the biblical story of noah and the ark. yima became a powerful ruler under the blessing of ahura mazda, but then angra mainyu seduced him to become first proud and then disobedient. this was all part of the great contest between good and evil that was destined to be fought out on this earth. as we have already pointed out, we encounter this theme of the great cosmic war in the last book of the new testament ( the apocalypse of st. john ) and in the later writings of john milton ( paradise lost ) and ellen g. white ( the great controversy between christ and satan ). a cosmic saviour at first zoroaster hoped that he would live to see the \u201c making wonderful \u201d event at the end of history \u2013 just as st. paul at first expected to be alive to see what the first christians called the parousia event. in other words, early zoroastrianism was imbued with the sense of \u201c immediacy \u201d and \u201c imminence \u201d \u2013 always the mark of a genuine apocalyptic faith. for the most part, zoroastrianism managed to retain this sense of the imminence of the end - time, or at least they were able to rationalize the delay of the apocalyptic event just at the early christians managed to rationalize why their messiah had not returned. when zoroaster sensed that he was not going to live to see the \u201c making wonderful \u201d event of the end - time, he prophesied that ahura mazda would raise up someone like himself to lead humanity into the final battle between good and evil. a parallel story appears in hebrew scripture when moses, about to die, tells his people that god would send israel a prophet like himself. ( deuteronomy 18 : 15 ) out of this hope that another zoroaster - like prophet would arrive in the last days, zoroastrians developed a belief in the coming of a cosmic saviour called the saoshyant \u2013 \u201c the one who brings benefit. \u201d according to this belief, he would lead humanity into the last battle against evil, using supernatural weaponry not unlike the warrior messiah in the apocalypse of st. john. when zoroaster died, it was believed that the seed from his sperm was buried in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862042137531532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.156326"}
{"text": "according to this belief, he would lead humanity into the last battle against evil, using supernatural weaponry not unlike the warrior messiah in the apocalypse of st. john. when zoroaster died, it was believed that the seed from his sperm was buried in lake kasaoya ( in iran, of course ) where it was guarded by 999, 000 departed righteous souls. in the fullness of time, after conditions on earth would seriously deteriorate, a chosen virgin would go down to this lake to bathe and become pregnant with zoroaster \u2019 s seed. although the child would be fully human - the fruit of a union of both male and female - he would be endowed with supernatural powers and weaponry for the great final battle. in this sense also he would be a cosmic messiah figure rather than a mere national messiah of jewish expectations. perhaps it is significant that paul of tarsus ( a city renown for being a centre of the zoroastrian religion ) elevated jesus christ above the status of a mere jewish messiah to become a cosmic messiah of zoroastrian proportions. the same thing could be said about the apocalypse of st. john. it borrowed heavily from the old testament book of daniel \u2013 which in turn borrowed heavily from the zoroastrian faith. the reason why st. paul was so successful in promoting a world - wide faith ( whereas those who remained jewish christians were not ) is because his christ figure was not just a jewish messiah, but a cosmic messiah who fulfilled both jewish and iranian hopes. more than this, the christ of st. paul was a messiah figure who fulfilled the hopes associated with all the dying and rising divinities of the ancient world. as joseph campbell puts it, \u201c we discover in egypt the mythology of the slain and resurrected osiris ; in mesopotamia tammuz ; in syria, adonis ; and in greece, dionysos : all of which furnished models for the early christians [ led by st. paul ] for their representations of christ. \u201d ( myths to live by, p. 10 ). being the first apocalyptic faith, zoroastrianism provided the archetypal model or paradigm for apocalyptic judaism and apocalyptic christianity. zoroaster lives on in many aspects of western christianity. it even lives on in secular movement that have sprung up from the soil of western christianity. as cohn says at the end of his book, zorastrianism \u201c is still alive and potent. who can tell what fantasies, religious or secular, it may generate in the unforeseea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.415201642482672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.157743"}
{"text": "up from the soil of western christianity. as cohn says at the end of his book, zorastrianism \u201c is still alive and potent. who can tell what fantasies, religious or secular, it may generate in the unforeseeable future. \u201d there is one intriguing thing that needs to be said about zoroaster \u2019 s apocalyptic combat myth. when it was taken up into judaism and then christianity it became ( to use a phrase taken from joseph campbell ) \u201c one of the most brutal war mythologies of all time. \u201d in apocalyptic judaism and apocalyptic christianity this old zoroastrian battle between \u201c the sons of light \u201d and \u201c the sons of darkness \u201d came to be expressed by demonizing the differing \u201c others \u201d who were deemed to be on the wrong side of the spiritual conflict. carried to its bitter end, this apocalyptic zeal for god led to an appalling amount of internecine strife, persecution of heretics and outright bloodshed. it does not appear, however, that this kind of religious aggression toward the differing \u201c others \u201d was a feature of the zoroastrian faith. the achaemenian empire ( whose rulers were zoroastrians ) were generally tolerant of the indigenous religions within their empire. cyrus the great and his successors were very supportive of the jews rebuilding their temple in jerusalem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4368857468673598, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d2941f4-5602-4dd0-b59c-b897b459392e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.158544"}
{"text": "while already available via apps mostly requiring a rooted device, the wifi hotspot functionality was introduced as a \" native feature \" with android 2. 2 ( aka frozen yoghurt aka froyo ). it allows to transform your android device into a wifi router, to which up to five other wifi enabled devices can connect. this way they can not only access the internet via the hotspot device ' s mobile data connection, but also communicate with each other. as the hotspot creating device then needs to keep open multiple network interfaces simultaneously, its power consumption increases as well - - a fact to keep in mind when using this feature \" on the road \". - tethering : generic term for the facility to provide the device ' s data connection to other devices. aside from wifi, this is also possible via usb - tethering and bluetooth - tethering - reverse - tether : for the opposite direction ( using another device ' s internet connection with your android device ). usually this utilizes the laptop ' s / computer ' s internet connection via usb - wifi - tethering : similar to the above described hotspot functionality, there are things like ad - hoc - networks for point - to - point connections. these solutions usually require the android device to be rooted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5041388950631517, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e700068-478d-408d-839a-d19fe7cb45dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.160078"}
{"text": "siri is a speech - recognition computer application. it has both speech input and output, meaning you can speak to it, and it can speak back to you. you speak to siri to ask it questions and give it commands, such as small tasks that you \u2019 d like it to complete. for example, ask siri about the weather, and it will respond out loud with a short summary of the day \u2019 s weather report and on - screen with a snapshot of the five - day forecast. tell siri that you need to schedule an appointment for 2 : 30 p. m. on wednesday, and it will add an item to your calendar, then confirm verbally that it has done so. say you receive an incoming text message but can \u2019 t devote your eyes to the screen to read it ; you can command siri to read it aloud to you. siri does not process your speech input locally on your phone. the software sends commands through a remote server, so you have to be connected to wi - fi or a 3g signal. here \u2019 s an infographic from the findings of university college london research on the use of siri amongst 661 iphone 4s users from 79 countries. besirious. com is part of a user interface research project at university college london. this research is looking into how people actually use voice driven user interfaces and what they think about them. design and developed by wpoets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4750065238875151, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ac9e9e5-a269-400d-b5d4-6ace16928de0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.161594"}
{"text": "the arabian nights tell me a tale : the tradition of storytelling \u201c kan ya makan fi qadim al - ziman \u2026 \u201d \u201c once upon a time \u2026 \u201d storytelling is a tradition as old as humanity itself. from ancient cave drawings to today \u2019 s 3 - d movies, telling stories seems to be an inherent part of being human. after all, the iliad and odyssey, two of the most foundational texts in western civilization, are attributed to the blind storyteller homer, who sang the poetry to listeners around a campfire \u2013 and the stories of scheherezade are thought to have originated as oral folktales. though we might generally think of telling stories as a way to entertain, most historians believe that storytelling began as a functional tool. before books, stories were a way for people to preserve important events. before scientists, creating stories about incomprehensible events, such as natural disasters, helped people understand the world and its intricacies. before law and organized religion, stories served as models of morality, teaching people how to behave and relate to others. since books could not be widely circulated until the invention of the printing press in the mid - 15th century, literacy was a low priority for most ancient peoples. oral tradition and storytelling were the only ways for information to survive generations. storytelling holds a particularly important place in arabic tradition. across what is now considered the middle east, storytellers called al - hakawati entertained in ancient times, even before the era of the roman empire. always given the place of honor, al - hakawati performed for groups of listeners at cafes or in homes, relating and enacting popular sagas and legends. though early al - hakawati probably told stories based on truth, what could be a half - hour account was transformed into hours and hours of narration, complete with as many vivid ( and imagined ) details as possible. al - hakawati used many techniques to enliven their stories. sometimes they told tales in rhyming arabic, and sometimes the storyteller used different rhythms according to the action he was relating. they drew on local knowledge and legend, weaving community wisdom into their stories to make them more relevant to the audience. some also employed dramatic gestures and character voices, as well as pauses and silence to create tension. however, the full responsibility of telling the story did not rely solely on the al - hakawati \u2013 the audience was expected to be fully involved in the act of the story. it wasn \u2019 t unusual for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4136823370487653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d993237-7680-4878-ab29-33ffa2d471b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.176265"}
{"text": "as pauses and silence to create tension. however, the full responsibility of telling the story did not rely solely on the al - hakawati \u2013 the audience was expected to be fully involved in the act of the story. it wasn \u2019 t unusual for factions to form and audience members to take sides, cheering or booing as their favorite characters rose or fell. listeners would even bribe the storyteller so that the \u201c right \u201d character came out on top. often, storytellers would cut off at a cliffhanging moment, only to be shouted down by his listeners demanding to hear the end \u2013 as in this recollection from palestinian - israeli writer and politician emil habibi : \u201c i remember that at the entrance to the syrian market in haifa was a two - storied cafe in which the storyteller would seat himself among the nargillah smokers and tell his tales. periodically, he would appear to interrupt his tale when, for example, the hero antara was captured, and the listeners would get up and threaten that they would not release him until he released antara. \u201d the tradition of al - hakawati has survived into the 21st century ; however, as with many traditional arts, it has suffered greatly from the rise of tv, radio, and the internet. today, in syria, one man claims to be the \u201c last hakawati \u201d : abu shady. since the early 1900s, shady has been performing nightly in the al - nawfara coffee shop, and he hopes to keep the tradition alive even after his story ends. check out the \u201c last hakawati \u2019 s \u201d stories below, and explore an age - old tradition that is a pillar of culture all over the world. this age - old tradition was also on founding artistic director zelda fichandler \u2019 s mind when she started arena stage 60 years ago. zelda had \u201c the idea to take the theater back to its tribal beginnings \u2026 when someone said, \u2018 gather round and let me tell you how it happened. \u2019 \u201d in building her original theater in - the - round, zelda drew heavily on these traditional methods of storytelling, in an effort to unite \u201c audience and play in one room, in one emotional environment. \u201d now, as the set for this production of mary zimmerman \u2019 s the arabian nights, arena \u2019 s fichandler stage will once again be the home for the ultimate night of storytelling. extras & insights is funded, in part, by a grant from the national endowment of the humanities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41609056026072583, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d993237-7680-4878-ab29-33ffa2d471b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.178038"}
{"text": "there is hardly anyone who hasn ' t heard of jamshedji tata. but few remember his elder son dorab. to this tata goes the credit of starting the olympic movement in india. dorab tata was mostly educated in england and his interest in sport was a result of his western upbringing. in the 1880s and ' 90s, dorab tata was active in organising school and college cricket in bombay. he then became involved with the deccan gymkhana where he was nominated president. the committee, which ran the gymkhana, was not conversant with the details of managing athletic meets on european lines and wanted to develop their sports programme more in line with established indian traditions. at the first athletic meet the gymkhana organised, dorab tata discovered that the competitors were \" all boys of the peasant class working in the fields and living off poor fare \". naturally they had no idea of european rules or modern training of any kind. dorab tata found that the competitors were proposing to run their 100 - yard heats round a bend without strings. this was because their sports ground was very small and the track was part of a rough unrolled grass field. other popular events included the long distance race of about 25 miles. the peasants who participated were used to running barefoot on hard macadamised or dirt roads. despite their lack of training and primitive conditions, the first three or four men ran the distance in good time. dorab tata felt that their time compared well with those in europe or elsewhere. in 1919, some of their times were close to the times clocked in the olympics. suitably impressed, the tata scion decided to send three of the runners, at his own expense, to the antwerp games of 1920. later he wrote a letter to ioc president count baillet latour explaining his motives : \" i therefore offered to arrange for the sending of three of the best runners to antwerp to run the olympic marathon at the next meeting, when i hoped that with proper training and food under english trainers and coaches they might do credit to india. \" ultimately six or seven athletes from india proceeded to antwerp with dorab tata bearing a bulk of the cost, which was estimated to be rs 35, 000. dorab, however, only visited antwerp briefly. suffering from poor health, he could not find time to see the games or meet the indian contingent. thus began india ' s eventful olympic journey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4184477649206014, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510780b9-908f-402f-9596-f5e518bb2ae4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.180657"}
{"text": "children who are exposed to violence experience wear and tear to their dna that is similar to that seen in aging, according to a new study that may help explain why they face a heightened risk of mental and physical disorders as adults. in a long - term study of 118 pairs of identical twins, researchers at duke university found that boys and girls who had experienced violence had shorter genetic structures called telomeres than youngsters who had more peaceful upbringings. the children in the former group had been physically abused by an adult or bullied frequently, or had witnessed domestic violence between the ages of 5 and 10. and the more types of violence a child had experienced, the faster his or her telomeres eroded, said study leader idan shalev, who published the findings tuesday in the journal molecular psychiatry. telomeres are strands of protective dna that cap the tips of chromosomes inside the cell. each time a cell divides, the telomeres get a little bit shorter. after about 50 to 60 cell divisions, the telomeres become so small that the cell begins to shut itself down. scientists have demonstrated a link between shortened telomeres and susceptibility to disease, suggesting that they are a useful gauge of biological age, shalev said. stress seems to speed up the telomere erosion process, he added. previous research had already established that people who had experienced childhood stress had shorter telomeres as adults. shalev and his colleagues sought to find out whether the dna damage occurred around the time that stressful events took place. they turned to children from the british environmental - risk study, which tracked 1, 116 sets of same - sex twins born in 1994 and 1995. all of the children provided cells through cheek swabs when they were 5 and 10 years old, but because it was too costly to measure telomeres in all of the children, the duke researchers focused on a subset of identical twins who lived near london, including many with teenage mothers. the researchers measured telomeres in tens of thousands of cells from each child, ultimately establishing an average telomere length. through interviews with primary caregivers, the team also assessed the subjects ' exposure to violence at ages 5, 7 and 10. telomere length declined in all the children as they got older. but it plummeted in the 39 children who had experienced multiple types of violence, shalev said. he hazarded a rough estimate that these children had lost perhaps seven to 10 years of life compared with children who had more tranquil lives. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509208341599895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f02d3295-c6e5-4eb3-9bfe-da6bf465ee33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.186010"}
{"text": "sheep farming, an ancient and iconic institution in rural wales, is coming under threat from a number of different angles. sheep - raising once dominated britain \u2019 s economy and played a significant role in the country \u2019 s industrial development. in 1660, in fact, wool accounted for two - thirds of the nation \u2019 s exports. while the wool industry has largely vanished from the landscape, lamb production remains a significant endeavor, particularly in wales - - as recently as 2009, sheep accounted for almost one - fifth ( 19 percent ) of welsh agricultural output. about 13, 000 sheep farms still operate in wales today, with about three times as many jobs related to raising of lambs. on the whole, british sheep meat exports accounted for about 10 percent of global lamb trade. in a report for the nuffield farming scholarships trust, arwyn owen - - farm manager at hafod y llan, which is owned by the national trust, in north wales - - noted that the climate and poor soil of wales precluded the development of agricultural crops, but was ideal for livestock farming. but now, dropping lamb prices, declining production, foreign competition, the euro zone financial crisis, rising feed costs, reduced government subsidies and global warming, among other issues, may conspire to endanger a lifestyle that has defined the welsh culture and economy for centuries. the farmers guardian newspaper reported that average lamb prices have dropped almost one - third over the past year, putting extreme pressure on welsh sheep farmers. \u201c i understand the frustration the current situation is causing for producers, with many of the factors, such as the weather and exchange rates, clearly outside the control of the welsh government, \u201d deputy agriculture minister alun davies said. \u201c while it is ultimately for the sheep industry to ensure it produces what the market requires, the welsh government will provide increased support to help lamb producers achieve the efficiency and profitability we all agree is required. \u201d davies also said he had asked authorities to provide sheep farmers with technical assistance. \u201c these services are key to helping farmers drive down costs and deliver modern, thriving, profitable businesses, \u201d he said. however, farming union officials warn that the danger is urgent - - that slipping prices will slash incomes by more than half for many welsh sheep farmers. ed bailey, president of the welsh branch of the national farmers union ( nfu - cymru ) said that while breeding flock has been increasing in recent years ( after a loss of more than 1 - million breeding ewes in wales between 2001 and 2009 ), he is worried about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4087665253590766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1309863b-ca64-4291-917a-6fa2075449bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.198102"}
{"text": "of the national farmers union ( nfu - cymru ) said that while breeding flock has been increasing in recent years ( after a loss of more than 1 - million breeding ewes in wales between 2001 and 2009 ), he is worried about the future. \u201c despite the fact that i remain optimistic for the long - term prospects of the welsh sheep industry, i am however concerned that recent events will make a number of producers consider their future plans, \u201d he told the shropshire star newspaper. wales also needs to find more export markets for its lamb as the appetite for mutton in europe appears to be falling. the financial pinch on the continent, particularly france, one of the top markets for welsh lamb, has also hurt the business. one alternate possibility is china, which already accounts for a large portion of the global market. indeed, according to the u. n. \u2019 s food and agriculture organization, nearly 80 percent of lamb produced in 2010 was consumed by the developing world, including china, which accounts for 30 percent of consumption. closer to home, a potential exit by the united kingdom from the european union, some speculate, could also doom the welsh sheep industry. the daily post newspaper reported that emyr jones, president of the farmers ' union of wales, warned that if britain pulled out of the eu \u2013 which may be put to referendum by prime minister david cameron \u2019 s government - - it would drain some \u00a3500 million ( $ 786 million ) out of the british economy, requiring every sheep farmer in the country to generate an extra \u00a340 per lamb just to compensate. \u201c the eu injects around half a billion a year into wales \u2019 rural communities through the cap, \u201d jones said, referring to the eu \u2019 s direct subsidy payment scheme, the common agricultural policy. \u201c without that money our rural communities would collapse. the uk government has made it clear it will not provide that half a billion if we exit the eu. but it has not explained how our economy will make up for the loss of that money. \" such a scenario, jones warned, would lead to the closure of abattoirs and trigger job losses. agriculture minister davies also expressed alarm over the british government \u2019 s proposals to cut cap payments. \u201c this is critical funding that will help underpin not only individual farm businesses, but the wider rural economy, \u201d he noted. some factors hurting wales \u2019 sheep industry are beyond anyone \u2019 s control. for example, bad weather, which can exacerbate the already high costs of production and distribution. \u201c last year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37925822289423994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1309863b-ca64-4291-917a-6fa2075449bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.199471"}
{"text": "businesses, but the wider rural economy, \u201d he noted. some factors hurting wales \u2019 sheep industry are beyond anyone \u2019 s control. for example, bad weather, which can exacerbate the already high costs of production and distribution. \u201c last year was one of the wettest summers in the uk since records began and slowed the rate at which farmers were able to get their lambs ready for market, \u201d dai davies, chairman of the welsh red meat development agency, hybu cig cymru, told the shropshire star. \u201c this delay has meant more domestic lamb coming onto the market at the same time as cheaper lamb from other countries traditionally comes into the uk. the competition on supermarket shelves has meant the market value of lamb in the uk has dropped, while the delay in finishing lambs has led to an increase in costs. \u201d davies added : \u201c at this time of year, most farmers will need to use concentrates to finish lambs because they may not get the necessary nutrients from grass alone \u2014 but this cost has increased significantly with some suppliers quoting prices 25 percent higher than last year. \u201d climate change also poses a potentially grave threat to wales \u2019 sheep. an animal geneticist, professor mike bruford of cardiff university \u2019 s school of biosciences, told wales online that if temperatures rise over the century by the magnitude expected, the country \u2019 s current stock of lowland sheep need to either adapt or disappear. \u201c i think they [ lowland sheep ] are vulnerable on two counts, \u201d he said. \u201c first, because they have lower genetic variation and because they are more [ in ] control over sires. secondly, because the prediction is that the temperature variations [ are ] going to be much higher at lower altitudes - - i think they are vulnerable, yes. if you look at the sheep in the south of britain, below the m4 corridor [ from london to south wales ] and at sea level, the predictions are really quite stark. i think you \u2019 re going to need different sheep. it is a bit like an \u2018 adapt or die \u2019 message. \u201d so, will wales \u2019 sheep farms go the way of the legendary coal mines, which have virtually disappeared? owen, for one, does not think so, striking a cautiously optimistic tone. \u201c despite all the economic pressures, there are still young people keen to start farming, \u201d he said. \u201c it has always been difficult to make a living from sheep production and virtually impossible without [ government ] support payments. however, sheep play a crucial role in shaping the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39423398127775156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1309863b-ca64-4291-917a-6fa2075449bd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.203801"}
{"text": "on its 150th anniversary, the ircc warns it is struggling to cope one hundred and fifty years after it was founded, the international committee of the red cross ( icrc ) says it is struggling to cope with humanitarian catastrophes caused by war. the destructive power of modern weapons and technology, and the proliferation of non - state actors, means the icrc now faces demands unimagined in the original geneva conventions. established in 1863 when swiss businessman henri dunant witnessed the suffering of soldiers wounded on the battlefield of solferino in northern italy, the world ' s oldest aid organisation remains committed to protecting the rules of war and the rights of prisoners of war. with an annual budget of $ 1. 2 billion, it employs 13, 000 people in 92 countries, including many of the most dangerous parts of the world. on its 150th anniversary, icrc chief peter maurer said the movement was \" needed today more than ever \", but warned it was unable to cope with the demands posed by \" new weapons and new types of actors coming into conflict \". use of pilotless drones, and the involvement of multiple armed groups meant frontlines were constantly shifting, maurer said, leading to a rising toll from \" collateral damage \". the five men who founded the icrc, on 17 february 1863 ( icrc. org ) it is estimated that civilians today make up more than 90 percent of war victims. at solferino, there was just one civilian casualty. maurer said : \" we see conflicts when one convoy has to overcome 35 roadblocks before the convoy gets to areas where food and medicine can be distributed. \" over the years, he said the movement had \" tried its best to protect populations and care for soldiers in the battlefields \", but had also been responsible for \" developing laws, and inspiring diplomats ' and states ' policies to create the legal framework necessary to ensure a minimum of respect for humanity in wars, armed conflicts and battles \". \" my conclusion is that if the icrc is getting bigger and bigger, this is because there are incontestable needs to address, \" he said. \" conflicts have not become less damaging for civilian populations or for soldiers. \" along with organisations such as the federation of red cross and red crescent societies, the organisation ' s guiding principle remained the protection of international humanitarian law and the delivery of aid to civilians, said maurer. but he warned the movement was struggling to meet the demands posed by the increasing prevalence of conflicts involving non - state militias. \" the philosophy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37817228180753526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc92f938-7347-419b-a9c3-8f5c43b98cfe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.208725"}
{"text": "s guiding principle remained the protection of international humanitarian law and the delivery of aid to civilians, said maurer. but he warned the movement was struggling to meet the demands posed by the increasing prevalence of conflicts involving non - state militias. \" the philosophy and the methods the icrc developed for dealing with nation states are also valid for the non - state groups that we are seeing today, \" said maurer. \" there are no alternatives to discussion and constant engagement when it comes to convincing them to respect laws, the rules of conduct, to distinguish between military personnel and civilians, and rules of conduct for how to treat prisoners. \" last november, the icrc issued a warning over syria ' s escalating humanitarian crisis, saying the nature of the conflict left it unable to plan ahead. instead, it was increasingly forced to deliver aid on an ad - hoc, day - to - day basis, as and when conditions permitted. relief workers were very often prevented from reaching certain parts of the country, said maurer. \" we are a humanitarian organisation. we do not protect ourselves with weapons. our strength is our conviction, \" he said. conflicts from afghanistan to mali to congo meant the organisation remains as vital today as when it was established, he said. \" if i would make a calculation of people in dire need of aid, i would certainly put on the front page the conflicts in the democratic republic of congo, in somalia, in yemen, in afghanistan and in the sahel. \" it is being on the ground, near the conflicts, knowing the different actors, being aware of the population ' s suffering and responding to the population ' s needs. \" it is about engaging with the arms - bearers to get them to respect a minimum of humanitarian law. that is the essence of what we are doing in afghanistan, in syria, in somalia, and in congo. \" in face of increasing challeges, the icrc would need to co - operate with the national red cross and red crescent societies, as well as with the un agencies and other non - governmental organisations, he said. \" balancing distinction and co - operation is a big challenge, \" said maurer, adding the organisation had \" an important role to constantly remind the international community of where the objective needs are. \" for an interactive timeline of 150 years of icrc history, see the icrc website. to report problems or to leave feedback about this article, e - mail : to contact the editor, e - mail :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4150725024771481, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc92f938-7347-419b-a9c3-8f5c43b98cfe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.209971"}
{"text": "classical general relativity in more than four spacetime dimensions has been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. among the reasons why it should be interesting to study this extension of einstein \u2019 s theory, and in particular its black hole solutions, we may mention that - string theory contains gravity and requires more than four dimensions. in fact, the first successful statistical counting of black hole entropy in string theory was performed for a fivedimensional black hole. this example provides the best laboratory for the microscopic string theory of black holes. - the ads / cft correspondence relates the properties of a d - dimensional black hole with those of a quantum field theory in d \u2212 1 dimensions. - the production of higher - dimensional black holes in future colliders becomes a conceivable possibility in scenarios involving large extra dimensions and tev - scale gravity. - as mathematical objects, black hole spacetimes are among the most important lorentzian ricci - flat manifolds in any dimension. and the translation : traditional general of relativity in more than four masses of that the time of the space was the subject of the increase attention these the slipped years. to the relations of transformation, so that he had that to being interesting, to this extension of the theory of einstein to study and in the detail of the relative solutions to perforate black color, that we can we mentioned this - the theory of the series of the characters will count the force of the gravity and it more has the necessity of the one of mass four. they executed the first guessed right statistical client of the entropy of the black color that really perforates in the theory of the series of the characters the end to perforate the black color of the fivedimensional. this better example releases the laboratory available for the microscopic theory of the series of the characters of the black color of the perforations. - the correspondence of ads / cft connects the characteristics of a d dimensional schwarzen that the sacadores with those with a theory of the zone of the section of the time in the d without mass 1. - the production of the perforations that the high - dimensional - black color in her the future transforms of colliders inside the great possibilities imaginable ones into the writing of the suggestion adds of the film and in the fairs of tev the force of the gravity. - as matemati of the messages those we belong spacetimes of the black color that the sacadores to the tubes the greatest piece of the important stocherkaehne i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.7234720556836294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:152ce7f1-8d02-4546-a969-0b59a15efdeb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.213720"}
{"text": "` abdu ' l - baha : ( 1844 - 1921 ) son of baha ' u ' llah, designated his successor and authorized interpreter of his writings. named ` abbas after his grandfather, ` abdu ' l - baha was known to the general public as ` abbas effendi. baha ' u ' llah gave him such titles as \" the most great branch, \" \" the mystery of god, \" and \" the master. \" after baha ' u ' llah ' s passing, he chose the name ` abdu ' l - baha, meaning \" servant of baha ' u ' llah. \" administrative order : the system of administration as conceived by baha ' u ' llah, formally established by ` abdu ' l - baha, and realized during the guardianship of shoghi effendi. it consists, on the one hand, of a series of elected councils, universal, national, and local, in which are invested legislative, executive, and judicial powers over the baha ' i community, and, on the other hand, of eminent and devoted baha ' is appointed for the specific purpose of propagation and protection of the faith under the guidance of the head of that faith, the universal house of justice. abha : most glorious. \" baha \" means glory, and \" abha \" is its superlative form. both are titles of baha ' u ' llah and of his kingdom. ablutions : the ritual washing of the hands and face in prepration for prayer. baha ' u ' llah requires ablutions as part of the daily obligatory prayer. administrative order : collectively, the institutions that administer the affairs of the baha ' i faith. the administrative order was created by baha ' u ' llah, and certain of its elements were further elaborated by ' abdu ' l - baha, shoghi effendi, and the universal house of justice. afnan : the relatives of the bab. literally, \" twigs. \" aghsan : the relatives of baha ' u ' llah. literally, \" branches. \" ' akka : the prison - city near haifa ( in modern - day israel ) where baha ' u ' llah was imprisoned from late august, 1868 through june, 1877. ' ala : \" loftiness, \" the nineteenth month in the baha ' i calendar. ' ala is also the month during which the 19 - day fast is observed. allah - u - abha : a form of the greatest name, literally meaning \" god, the all - glorious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244260514827807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9548f91d-2be3-41f0-bfa3-c57db9653941>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.225096"}
{"text": "\" the nineteenth month in the baha ' i calendar. ' ala is also the month during which the 19 - day fast is observed. allah - u - abha : a form of the greatest name, literally meaning \" god, the all - glorious. \" it is often used by baha ' is as a greeting. ancient of days : a title of god. in the bible it appears in the book of daniel. it also appears frequently in the baha ' i holy writings. ancient beauty : a title of baha ' u ' llah arc : an arc cut into mount carmel in haifa, israel, along which the international administrative buildings of the baha ' i faith are being built. auxiliary boards : an institution created by shoghi effendi in 1954 to assist the hands of the cause of god. when the institution of the continental boards of counsellors was established in 1968 by the universal house of justice, the auxiliary boards were placed under its direction. bab, the : the title, meaning \" gate, \" assumed by siyyid ` ali - muhammad, who was the prophet - founder of the babi faith and the forerunner of baha ' u ' llah. born 20 october 1819, the bab proclaimed himself to be the promised one of islam and announced that his mission was to alert the people to the imminent advent of \" him whom god shall make manifest, \" namely, baha ' u ' llah. because of these claims, the bab was executed by order of naziri ' d - din shah on 9 july 1850. baha ' i era : the period of the baha ' i calendar beginning with the declaration of the bab on 23 may 1844, and expected to last until the next appearance of a manifestation ( prophet ) of god after the expiration of at least one thousand years. baha ' i international community : a name used generally in reference to the worldwide baha ' i community and officially in that community ' s external relations. in the latter context, the baha ' i international community is an association of the national spiritual assemblies throughout the world and functions as an international non - governmental organization. its offices include its secretariat at the baha ' i world centre, a united nations office in new york with a branch in geneva, an office of public information, an office of the environment, and an office for the advancement of women. baha ' i world centre : the spiritual and administrative center of the baha ' i faith, located in the twin cities of ` akka and haifa, in israel. baha ' u ' ll", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5291789590613405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9548f91d-2be3-41f0-bfa3-c57db9653941>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.226469"}
{"text": "the environment, and an office for the advancement of women. baha ' i world centre : the spiritual and administrative center of the baha ' i faith, located in the twin cities of ` akka and haifa, in israel. baha ' u ' llah : title assumed by mirza husayn - ` ali, founder of the baha ' i faith. born on 12 november 1817, he declared his mission as the promised one of all ages in april 1863 and passed away in ` akka, palestine, on 29 may 1892 after forty years of imprisonment, banishment, and house arrest. baha ' u ' llah ' s writings are considered by baha ' is to be direct revelation from god. consultation : a form of discussion between individuals and within groups which requires the subjugation of egotism so that all ideas can be shared and evaluated with frankness, courtesy, and openness of mind, and decisions arrived at can be wholeheartedly supported. its guiding principles were elaborated by ` abdu ' l - baha. continental boards of counsellors : an institution created in 1968 by the universal house of justice to extend into the future the work of the institution of the hands of the cause of god, particularly its appointed functions of protection and propagation. with the passing of shoghi effendi, the guardian of the baha ' i faith, there was no way for additional hands of the cause to be appointed. the duties of the counsellors include directing the auxiliary boards in their respective areas, advising and collaborating with national spiritual assemblies, and keeping the universal house of justice informed concerning the conditions of the faith in their areas. counsellors are appointed for terms of five years. convention : a gathering called at a regional, national, or international level for consultation on matters affecting the welfare of the baha ' i community and for the purpose, respectively, of electing delegates to a national convention, electing the members of a national spiritual assembly, or electing the members of the universal house of justice. german templer colony : group of houses with red - tiled roofs at the foot of mount carmel that once housed members of the society of the temple, founded in germany in the mid - 1800s. templers foregathered in haifa in 1863 to await the second coming of christ. hands of the cause of god : individuals appointed first by baha ' u ' llah, and others named later by shoghi effendi, who were charged with the specific duties of protecting and propagating the faith. with the passing of shoghi e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5459120442532714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9548f91d-2be3-41f0-bfa3-c57db9653941>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.227699"}
{"text": "the cause of god : individuals appointed first by baha ' u ' llah, and others named later by shoghi effendi, who were charged with the specific duties of protecting and propagating the faith. with the passing of shoghi effendi there is no further possibility for appointing hands of the cause ; hence, in order to extend into the future the important functions of propagation and protection, the universal house of justice in 1968 created continental boards of counsellors and in 1973 established the international teaching centre, which coordinates their work. holy days : eleven days commemorating significant baha ' i anniversaries, on nine of which work is suspended. huququ ' llah : arabic for \" the right of god. \" as instituted in the kitab - i - aqdas, payment to \" the authority in the cause to whom all must turn \" ( at present, the universal house of justice ) of nineteen percent of what remains to one ' s personal income after one ' s essential expenses have been covered. funds generated by the payment of huququ ' llah are used for the promotion of the faith and for the welfare of society. international teaching centre : an institution established in 1973 by the universal house of justice to bring to fruition the work of the hands of the cause of god in the holy land and to provide for its extension into the future. the duties of the international teaching centre include coordinating, stimulating, and directing the activities of the continental boards of counsellors and acting as liaison between them and the universal house of justice. the membership of the teaching centre comprises all the surviving hands of the cause and also nine counsellors appointed by the universal house of justice. the seat of the international teaching centre is located at the baha ' i world centre in haifa, israel. knight of baha ' u ' llah : title initially given by shoghi effendi to those baha ' is who arose to open specified new territories to the faith during the first year of the ten year crusade ( 1953 - 1963 ) and subsequently applied to those who first reached the remaining unopened territories on the list at a later date. lesser peace : a political peace to be established by the nations of the world in order to bring about an end to war. its establishment will prepare the way for the most great peace, a condition of permanent peace and world unity to be founded on the spiritual principles and institutions of the world order of baha ' u ' llah and signalizing humanity ' s coming of age. local spiritual assembly :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5535350285794726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9548f91d-2be3-41f0-bfa3-c57db9653941>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.228997"}
{"text": "the way for the most great peace, a condition of permanent peace and world unity to be founded on the spiritual principles and institutions of the world order of baha ' u ' llah and signalizing humanity ' s coming of age. local spiritual assembly : the local administrative body in the baha ' i faith, ordained in the kitab - i - aqdas. the nine members are directly elected by secret ballot each year at ridvan from among the adult believers in a community. monument gardens : beautifully landscaped gardens at the heart of the arc on mount carmel where befitting monuments have been erected over the graves of the daughter and wife of baha ' u ' llah, his son who died in prison in ` akka, and also the wife of ` abdu ' l - baha. mount carmel : the mountain spoken of by isaiah as the \" mountain of the lord. \" site of the baha ' i world centre including several baha ' i holy places, the most important of which are the shrine of the bab and the monument gardens. national spiritual assembly : the national administrative body in the baha ' i faith, ordained in the baha ' i sacred writings, with authority over all activities and affairs of the baha ' i faith throughout its area. among its duties are to stimulate, unify, and coordinate the manifold activities of local spiritual assemblies and of individual baha ' is within its jurisdiction. the members of national spiritual assemblies throughout the world constitute the electoral college for the universal house of justice. at ridvan 1998, there were 179 national or regional spiritual assemblies. see also regional spiritual assembly. nineteen day feast : the principal gathering in each local baha ' i community, every baha ' i month, for the threefold purpose of worship, consultation, and fellowship. pioneer : any baha ' i who arises and leaves his or her home to journey to another country for the purpose of teaching the baha ' i faith. \" homefront pioneer \" is used to describe those who move to areas within their own country that have yet to be exposed to the baha ' i faith or where the baha ' i community needs strengthening. regional spiritual assembly : an institution identical in function to the national spiritual assembly but including a number of countries or regions in its jurisdiction, often established as a precursor to the formation of a national spiritual assembly in each of the countries it encompasses. ridvan : arabic for \" paradise. \" twelve - day festival ( from 21 april through 2 may ) commemorating baha ' u ' llah ' s declaration of his mission to his companions in 1863 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5345636223548625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9548f91d-2be3-41f0-bfa3-c57db9653941>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.230012"}
{"text": "spiritual assembly in each of the countries it encompasses. ridvan : arabic for \" paradise. \" twelve - day festival ( from 21 april through 2 may ) commemorating baha ' u ' llah ' s declaration of his mission to his companions in 1863 in the garden of ridvan in baghdad. shoghi effendi rabbani : ( 1897 - 1957 ) the guardian of the baha ' i faith after the passing of ` abdu ' l - baha in 1921, designated in his will and testament as his successor in interpreting the baha ' i writings and as head of the faith. shrine of baha ' u ' llah : the resting place of baha ' u ' llah ' s mortal remains, located near the city of ` akka, israel. the shrine is the holiest spot on earth to baha ' is and a place of pilgrimage. shrine of the bab : the resting place of the bab ' s mortal remains, located on mount carmel in haifa, israel, a sacred site to baha ' is, and a place of pilgrimage. tablet : divinely revealed scripture. in baha ' i scripture, the term is used to denote writings revealed by baha ' u ' llah, the bab, and ` abdu ' l - baha. ten year crusade : 1953 - 1963. ten - year plan for teaching the baha ' i faith initiated by shoghi effendi, which culminated with the election of the universal house of justice, during the centenary of the declaration of baha ' u ' llah. the objectives of the crusade were : the development of the institutions at the world centre ; the consolidation of the communities of the participating national spiritual assemblies, and the opening of the main unopened territories. see also knight of baha ' u ' llah. universal house of justice : head of the baha ' i faith after the passing of shoghi effendi, and the supreme administrative body ordained by baha ' u ' llah in the kitab - i - aqdas, his book of laws. the universal house of justice is elected every five years by the members of all national spiritual assemblies, who gather at an international convention. the house of justice was elected for the first time in 1963. it occupied its permanent seat on mount carmel in 1983. return to the page added 010702 last updated / revised 010802", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48668618767425814, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9548f91d-2be3-41f0-bfa3-c57db9653941>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.230888"}
{"text": "magnesium treats urinary urge incontinence women who suffer from a common urinary problem known as urge incontinence may benefit from taking magnesium supplements, according to a report in family practice news ( february 1, 2003 : 46 ). this study confirms a previous report demonstrating that this inexpensive and safe mineral is helpful for an annoying and often difficult - to - treat problem. urge incontinence ( also called overactive bladder or unstable bladder ) is characterized by a sudden need to urinate, followed by a strong contraction of the bladder, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. the condition occurs most commonly in women and in the elderly, affecting as many as one of every 50 adult women. while diseases of the nervous system or urinary tract can cause urge incontinence, in most cases the cause is unknown. conventional treatments include medications that help control spasms of the bladder muscles ; pelvic muscle ( kegel ) exercises ; avoidance of caffeine, spices, and other foods that might irritate the bladder ; and biofeedback. in the new study, 60 women with urge incontinence were randomly assigned to receive 350 mg of magnesium hydroxide ( providing approximately 150 mg of elemental magnesium ) twice a day or a placebo for one month. twelve of 30 women in the magnesium group reported improvement in urinary incontinence after one month, compared with only five of 30 in the placebo group. in addition, compared with the placebo group, the magnesium group experienced significantly fewer episodes of urge incontinence, urinated less frequently, and awakened fewer times at night to urinate. the beneficial effect of magnesium on urge incontinence was discovered accidentally by researchers several years ago, when women who were prescribed magnesium for spasms in their calf muscles remarked that the treatment also helped their bladder symptoms. this incidental observation was followed by a double - blind study, similar to the new study, which confirmed the benefits of magnesium. although it is not clear how magnesium relieves urge incontinence, this mineral is known to prevent muscle spasms and, therefore, might have a direct effect on the overactive bladder muscles. good dietary sources of magnesium include nuts, whole grains, wheat germ, fish, and green leafy vegetables. approximately 80 % of the magnesium is lost when whole grains are refined to white flour. processed foods typically are low in this mineral, and as many as three - quarters of americans consume less than the recommended dietary allowance for magnesium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4698296187412899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70cbc9ed-d121-4099-9183-1769d0dfe07b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.235855"}
{"text": "and green leafy vegetables. approximately 80 % of the magnesium is lost when whole grains are refined to white flour. processed foods typically are low in this mineral, and as many as three - quarters of americans consume less than the recommended dietary allowance for magnesium. as relatively small amounts of supplemental magnesium effectively relieved urge incontinence in the new study, it is likely that suboptimal dietary magnesium intake is one of the causes of this disorder. magnesium is inexpensive and generally safe, although people with kidney failure should not take magnesium supplements without the supervision of a doctor. taking too much magnesium usually causes diarrhea ; this can be prevented by taking a smaller amount. alan r. gaby, md, an expert in nutritional therapies, testified to the white house commission on cam upon request in december 2001. dr. gaby served as a member of the ad - hoc advisory panel of the national institutes of health office of alternative medicine. he is the author of preventing and reversing osteoporosis ( prima, 1994 ), and co - author of the natural pharmacy, 2nd edition ( healthnotes, prima, 1999 ), the a \u2013 z guide to drug - herb - vitamin interactions ( healthnotes, prima, 1999 ), clinical essentials volume 1 and 2 ( healthnotes, 2000 ), and the patient \u2019 s book of natural healing ( prima, 1999 ). a former professor at bastyr university of natural health sciences, in kenmore, wa, where he served as the endowed professor of nutrition, dr. gaby is the chief medical editor for healthnotes, inc. copyright \u00a9 2003 healthnotes, inc. all rights reserved. republication or redistribution of the healthnotes\u00ae content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of healthnotes, inc. healthnotes newswire is for educational or informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose or provide treatment for any condition. if you have any concerns about your own health, you should always consult with a healthcare professional. healthnotes, inc. shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. healthnotes and the healthnotes logo are registered trademarks of healthnotes, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4684273222792349, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70cbc9ed-d121-4099-9183-1769d0dfe07b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.236809"}
{"text": "livestock and water ohio state university extension beef specialist limitations on water intake depress animal performance quicker and more drastically than any other nutrient deficiency. domesticated animals can live about sixty days without food but only seven days without water. hearing and sight are impaired without water. humans have reported the incidence of headaches due to the lack of water. signs of dehydration : signs of dehydration or lack of water are tightening of the skin, loss of weight and drying of mucous membranes and eyes. one way to check for dehydration in the horse is by skin folds. pull the skin and hold a moment. release and count the seconds till the fold disappears. on a dehydrated horse, the skin will stand for several seconds. out - breaks of urinary - calculi or water belly can be associated with weather conditions. cold weather may reduce water intake. this reduces water flow through the bladder and kidneys. this reduced water flow allows kidney stones to precipitate. when desirable weather returns, water intake increases and urinary calculi problems are seen because the stones have become too big to pass through the male ' s urethra. any factor that reduces water intake can be a contributing factor to urinary calculi. hard water does not cause urinary calculi problems. it may be a factor if the hardness affects water palatability. temperature : water should not be hot nor in the form of ice. drinkable water is usually between 40 and 65 degrees f. steers that have access to cool drinking water will gain. 3 to. 4 lbs. more per day than those drinking warm water. therefore occasionally check waterers with heaters so as to detect a \" runaway \". dip a thermometer into the water. do not allow the thermometer to rest on the bottom. touching the heated bottom of the pan can result in higher temperatures than actual water temperature. check the temperature over several cold days. water temperatures of at least 40 degree f should minimize mechanical problems and maintain animal performance. adequate insulation can reduce problems with water freezing and reduce electric costs in cold winters. make sure the insulation inside the waterer is still in good condition. conserve heat by caulking the base of the automatic waterer and seal the access door with weather proof tape. reducing the wind on the waterer by a windbreak can also reduce electric costs. extra external insulation may be added to some automatic waterers. surround the external surface with 2 inches or more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5085017370557519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.251995"}
{"text": "waterer and seal the access door with weather proof tape. reducing the wind on the waterer by a windbreak can also reduce electric costs. extra external insulation may be added to some automatic waterers. surround the external surface with 2 inches or more of styrofoam. place 1 / 2 inch plywood over styrofoam. put galvanized steel on the top part of the styrofoam - plywood pieces and angle iron on the vertical edges. wrap this external insulation with some 1 / 8 inch cable to keep it in place. stray electric current in a self heating trough can reduce water consumption and thus reduce feed intake. shut off the electricity to automatic waterers and check the inside for rodent nests. make sure the connections are dry and there is a clean - tight ground. access : cows given free access to water will produce more milk and more butterfat than cows allowed to drink only two times per day. the same animal will consume different levels of water due to physiological state. a pregnant or lactating animal will consume more than an open, dry animal. horses that are hot due to strenuous exercise should not have free access to water. they should be allowed only a few sips every 3 to 5 minutes until they cool down. nutrients in diet : increasing the salt concentration or the protein level of the diet stimulates increased water intake in all species because of the increase in urine volume necessary for he excretion of salt and urea. studies with poultry have shown an increase in water consumption due to increases in the fat, protein, salt or potassium in the diet. feeds high in crude fiber such as roughages will require more water for ingestion than feeds low in crude fiber like barley and corn. stress : reduced water consumption can be a sign of sickness or other stressors. special considerations may be needed for valuable animals. newly arrived animals may refuse water at first due to differences in palatability. one should allow them to become accustomed to the new water supply by gradually mixing water from old and new sources. if this is not possible then ntake should be carefully watched to make sure there is no signs of dehydration. mixing small amounts of molasses with home and foreign water sources can hide differences in taste. have water available during low activity times during the day. consumption of water and feed can be reduced when there is a lot of activity to divert their attention. composition of water : water quality, as well as quantity, may affect feed consumption and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5046402821325887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.253173"}
{"text": "taste. have water available during low activity times during the day. consumption of water and feed can be reduced when there is a lot of activity to divert their attention. composition of water : water quality, as well as quantity, may affect feed consumption and animal health since low quality water will normally result in reduced water and feed consumption. chemically pure water is not found in nature and actually deionized - distilled ( pure ) water is undesirable for livestock. certain salts and gases in solution make water more palatable if not present in excess. substances which may reduce palatability of water include various saline salts. salts may be toxic at high levels. sub - stances which are toxic without much affect on palatability include nitrates and fluorine as well as salts of various heavy metals. other materials which may affect palatability or toxicity include pathogenic microorganisms, hydrocarbons, oily substances, pesticides and many industrial chemicals which sometimes pollute water supplies. a hose should never be placed under the surface of the water in an animal watering tank or in a chemical sprayer tank. the tank might fill over the outlet of the hose. a loss of water pressure may result and back siphoning may occur when a hose or faucet is submerged. the entire water system may become contaminated by impurities or poisonous solutions. cleanliness : all water troughs should be frequently cleaned. livestock should never be forced to drink dirty or contaminated water. stale water can still cause a reduction in water consumption. dirty water is a host for disease organisms. disease can rapidly spread if animals drink from the same trough. if an animal becomes ill it should be isolated from the trough and the trough should be disinfected and cleaned. sprinkling baking soda into the fountain periodically may reduce algae growth. have an elevated base around automatic waters. make the base wide enough so they can easily put their front legs on it but not their hind legs when they are drinking. animals will not normally place only their hind legs on this base and therefore will not deficate in the water. make the surface rough so that they will not slip. if there is a question of water quality, it should be tested to obtain optimum production, especially in dairy, broiler, layer or swine operations. the following chemical properties should be considered when evaluating the quality of water for livestock : salinity : salinity refers to salts dissolved in water. commonly present salts include : carbonate, bicarbonates,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5055697086403398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.254340"}
{"text": "looseness or poor feed conversion. near 5000 ppm the water is unacceptable for poultry. should not be used for pregnant or lactating females. usually laxative and may result in reduced water intake. do not use for swine. do not use for pregnant or lactating ruminants or horses. 10, 000 or more may cause brain damage or death. dissolved solids ( ppm ) | sheep & poultry | | 0 - 1000 | | 1000 - 3000 | | 3000 - 6000 | | 6000 - 10000 | | 15000 | | swine | | ( young pigs and market pigs appear to tolerate less than cattle ) | hardness is actually caused by calcium and magnesium. softening the water through exchange of calcium and magnesium with sodium may cause problems if water is already high in salinity. when there is a significant amount of calcium in water from a limestone source, it should be considered as a part of the total mineral intake. however many mineral salts are relatively insoluble and pass through the body without being absorbed. even in hard water, the amount of mineral ingested from the water is not likely to be substantial. animals can become acclimated to the sulfates in water. consider dilluting high sulfate water with low sulfate water for newly arrived animals. use the same procedure for pigs at weaning time. the sulfate recommendation for calves is for less than 500 ppm ( 167 ppm sulfer as sulfate ) and for adult cattle it is less than 1000 ppm ( 333 ppm sulfur as sulfate ). caution is required in evaluating sulfate levels in water because interactions with copper and molybdenum and the inhibiting effect of compounds such as sodium fluoride have on sulfate absorption for the digestive tract. these interactions and inhibitions make determining guidelines about sulfate removal from water difficult. aquifers at different depths may be lower in sulfates. nitrates : nitrate toxicity is seldom caused by water alone. it is usually a feed problem. the majority of nitrate poisoning cases in ohio involve drought stressed oats, corn and barley. high nitrate content interferes with the oxygen absorbing power of the blood and in infants and gives rise to a \" blue baby \" condition that may prove fatal. non - ruminants may convert small amounts of ingested nitrate to nitrite in their intestines, but the amount converted is not harmful. cud chewing animals at any age can be affected by nitrates in the same way as human infants. they are able, however, to tolerate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5082580312362802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.256569"}
{"text": "ingested nitrate to nitrite in their intestines, but the amount converted is not harmful. cud chewing animals at any age can be affected by nitrates in the same way as human infants. they are able, however, to tolerate much higher concentrations of nitrate, as long as the fodder is not unusually high in nitrates. shortage of breath is one symptom of nitrate toxicity. blood will look brown instead of red. frothing at the mouth, convulsions, blue muzzle and bluish tint around eyes can also indicate nitrate poisoning. more moderate levels of nitrate poisoning are thought to cause poor growth, infertility, abortions and vitamin a deficiencies. producers may suspect nitrates as a cause of poor reproductive performance in their livestock. nitrates can cause low or inade - quate levels of progesterone in recently bred animals to maintain a newly developed fetus. a sign of a nitrate problem is a larger than normal number of animals coming back into heat or an inordinate amount of open females at the end of the breeding season. sources of nitrates in ground water include nitrogen fertilizers, animal manure, crop residues, human wastes and industrial wastes. nitrates may be found in a shallow ground water table. the nitrate concentration will be the greatest in the upper part of a shallow ground water table and wells which just penetrate into the table. shallow wells may have higher levels than deeper wells since the shallow ground water tables are more easily polluted with leached nitrates. protect water sheds against erosion, manure or chemicals. shallow wells with poor casing are susceptible to contamination. a cracked well casing may allow contaminated ground water into a deep aquifer. chlorination of water does not destroy nitrates but clorination can convert nitrites back to nitrates. it is question - able however, if this procedure will solve a nitrite problem. chlorine in the drinking water cannot prevent the change of nitrates to nitrites in the rumen of the cow or sheep or in the ceacum of the horse. laboratory confirmation of nitrate poisoning requires chemical analysis of feeds and water available to animal. chemical analyis of rumen contents for nitrate is not reliable. treatment of nitrate poisoning involves intravenous administrationof methylene blue. a 4 % aqueous solution is administered at the rate of 2 mg methylene blue per pound of body weight. it may need to be repeated. mineral oil given", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5171614713465373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.257714"}
{"text": "reliable. treatment of nitrate poisoning involves intravenous administrationof methylene blue. a 4 % aqueous solution is administered at the rate of 2 mg methylene blue per pound of body weight. it may need to be repeated. mineral oil given via a stomach tube will increase the eliminaton of nitrites from the digestive tract. the tables below apply to the significance of nitrates in water. let ' s keep in mind there are three different units to express levelsnitrates in forage and water. ( 1 ) nitrate nitrogen ( n ), ( 2 ) potassiumnitrate ( kno3 ) and ( 3 ) nitrate ( no3 ). these units correlate with each other as follows : exercise caution. may need to dilute or limit feed forages. | over 3 % | | over. 45 % | | over 2 % | | potentially toxic | exercise caution. consider additive effect with nitrates in feed. | over 2100 ppm | | over300 ppm | | over 1300 ppm | | potentially toxic | ph : high saline water is not the same as alkine water. the water ph denotes either alkalinity or acidity. a ph of 7 would be neutral ; over 7 indicates alkalinity ; below 7 designates acidity. acid waters ( ph below 7 ) have been found to occur in proximity to coalveins. high alkalinity may cause digestive upsets, laxative action, poor feed conversion, reduced water and / or feed intake. microbiologic properties : there are many microorganisms in our water supply. most are quite harmless to our sources of water. there are, however, certain organisms where caution should be used. green scum that builds up in livestock drinking troughs and tanks is algae. it cannot grow without sunlight. some blue - green algae are toxic. no good method exists to predict whether or not the algaes will produce the toxins. about all you can do is to monitor livestock behavior when algae blooms heavily. copper sulfate or other commercial copper containing products often called bluestone will kill the algae for a period of several months. in troughs or small tanks, a safe dosage is one level teaspoon of copper sulfate per 1500 gallons of water. one ounce will treat 8000 gallons of water. one pound per acre - foot is a good estimate for larger bodies of water. generally, treatment is done only when algae growth is heavy or if a toxicity problem occurs. hold livestock off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4941049652080068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.258861"}
{"text": "of water. one ounce will treat 8000 gallons of water. one pound per acre - foot is a good estimate for larger bodies of water. generally, treatment is done only when algae growth is heavy or if a toxicity problem occurs. hold livestock off the treated water source for at least 24 hours. in treating large stock tank or ponds, drag a sack containing the correct amount of copper sulfate behind a boat, pacing yourself to cover the heavily infested areas first. if your tank contains catfish ( not scaled fish ), treat one - half of the pond at a time and allow the fish to move to untreated water. occasionally putting baking soda in water troughs will help prevent algae growth. proper cleaning of automatic waterers can be quite effective in preventing algae growth. consider the use of a disinfectant with poultry waterers. for 1 ppm for 1 / 2 ppm coliform counts below 50 per milliliter of water are safe for all cattle. other possible contaminants include : coccidia, staphs, streps, virus, lepto, etc. microorganisms can enter a well having improper surface protection. a well is situated improperly if the drainage from livestock pens, a manure pit or cracked well casing allows bacteria to enter the water supply. cracks in cisterns can also allow access to microorganisms. protect the surface of wells from contamination by rodents. contamination might occur from a heavy, spring rainfall. signs of blue green algae poisoning are diarrhea, lack of coordination, labored breathing and death. during recovery unpigmented skin may slough off. a suggested treatment for algae afflicted animals is large quantities of medical - grade charcoal and mineral oil. other chemicals : many other chemicals may be found in water, some of which could be detrimental to livestock production : no accurate measurements of safe levels of herbicides and pesticides in water for animals have been determined. the following guidelines for humans appear to be reasonable for livestock. | pesticide | | maximun concentration mg / l | pesticides can enter a ground water or surface water supply from run - off, drift, and accidental spills. provide adequate drainage around the water supply. wells should be located on elevated ground to prevent surface run - off into the well. fish are much more sensitive to pesticides than other livestock. the following are generally considered safe levels of some potentially toxic nutrients and contaminants in water for cattle : these are analyzed only when there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4468948006730632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0e0962-b116-4be6-86b1-8c553e3f8c1d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.260150"}
{"text": "we have now seen four common concurrency concepts that can be used for programming concurrent application logic. however, there are still other concurrency concepts and language primitives for concurrent programming. we will now introduce the more interesting ones briefly. we give hints how they relate to the former concepts and how they can be used in practice. promises [ fri76, lis88 ] and futures [ bak77 ] generally describe the same idea of decoupling a computation and its eventual result by providing a proxy entity that returns the result, once available. in concurrent programming, promises and futures are often used for asynchronous background tasks. once a task is dispatched, the proxy entity is returned and the caller ' s flow of execution can continue, decoupled from the new computation. the proxy entity can later be queried to return the result of the decoupled computation. if the result is not yet available, the proxy entity either blocks or provides a notification, when non - blocking. promises and futures also introduce a synchronization mechanism, as they allow to dispatch independent computations, but synchronize with the initial flow of control, once the result is requested and eventually returned. futures and promises are available in many programming languages using threads for concurrency. in this case, the execution of the background task is scheduled to another thread, allowing the initial thread to continue its execution. actor - based systems often use an actor as a proxy entity of a computation, which is essentially the same as a future [ hew73 ]. sending a message to another actor and awaiting its eventual response is also often abstracted using futures. in event - driven systems, eventual results are represented by events, and handled by associated callbacks. when programming web applications, promises or futures can be used to decrease latency. the scatter - gather pattern dispatches multiple independent operations ( scatter ) and waits for all operations to yield results ( gather ). for instance, multiple independent database queries can be parallelized using this pattern. this can be implemented by scattering all operations as background tasks yielding proxy entities, then gathering all results by accessing the proxy entities. in effect, this converts a sequence of operations into parallel execution of operations. dataflow programming provides a similar execution strategy, but hides the notion of futures in the implementation. coroutines [ con63 ], and similarly fibers and green threads, are a generalization of subroutines. while a subroutine is executed sequentially and straightly,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5678856233664873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d19f365f-2f0f-4abf-9d5c-13108b4eb3cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.268879"}
{"text": "but hides the notion of futures in the implementation. coroutines [ con63 ], and similarly fibers and green threads, are a generalization of subroutines. while a subroutine is executed sequentially and straightly, a coroutine can suspend and resume its execution at distinct points in code. thus, coroutines are good primitives for cooperative task handling, as coroutines are able to yield execution. we have identified the advantages of cooperative task handling in chapter 4, especially in case of massive parallelism of asynchronous operations such as i / o. coroutines are often used as low - level primitives, namely as an alternative to threads for implementing high - level concurrency concepts. for example, actor - based systems and event - driven platforms may use coroutines for their underlying implementation. there are also several programming languages and language extensions that introduce coroutines or their variants to high - level programming languages. for instance, greenlet is a coroutine framework for python, that is heavily used by high performance event loop frameworks such as gevent. google go is a general - purpose programming language from google that supports garbage collection and synchronous message passing for concurrency ( see below ). go targets usage scenarios similar to c / c + + by tendency. it does not supply threads for concurrent flows of executions, but a primitive called goroutine, which is derived from coroutines. goroutines are functions that are executed in parallel with their caller and other running goroutines. the runtime system maps goroutines to a number of underlying threads, which might lead to truely parallel execution. in other circumstances, multiple goroutines might also be executed by a single thread using cooperative scheduling. hence, they are more powerful than conventional coroutines, as they imply parallel execution and communicate via synchronous message passing, and not just by yielding. message passing is a theoretical model for concurrent systems that became well - known thanks to hoare ' s csp [ hoa78 ]. it is also the theoretical foundation for concurrent programming concepts. there are two different flavors of message passing - - synchronous and asynchronous. we have already got to know the latter one, because the actor model is essentially built on asynchronous message passing between actors. asynchronous message passing decouples communication between entities and allows senders to send", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.569340987449869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d19f365f-2f0f-4abf-9d5c-13108b4eb3cd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.270223"}
{"text": "anna eleanor roosevelt ( 1884 - 1962 ), wife of the thirty - second president of the united states, was a philanthropist, author, world diplomat, and resolute champion of liberal causes. eleanor roosevelt was born in new york city on oct. 11, 1884, into an economically comfortable but troubled family. her father was elliott roosevelt, the younger brother of theodore roosevelt, a future president of the united states. although handsome and charming, elliott was plagued by frequent mental depressions and by alcoholism. her mother, beautiful but neurotic, was preoccupied with the family ' s image in upper - class society and embarrassed by eleanor ' s homeliness. eleanor ' s father entered a sanitarium for alcoholics when she was a child. when eleanor was 8 years old, her mother died, and she and two younger brothers went to live with their maternal grandmother in new york. shortly thereafter the older brother died, and when eleanor was not yet ten, she learned that her father was dead. her grandmother sheltered her from all outside contacts except for family acquaintances. eleanor roosevelt began discovering a world beyond the family at mademoiselle souvestre ' s finishing school at south fields, england, where she went at 15. mademoiselle souvestre taught a sense of social service and responsibility, which eleanor began to act upon after her return to new york. she plunged into social work, but soon her tall, handsome cousin, franklin delano roosevelt, began courting her. they were married in march 1905. she now had to contend with a domineering mother - in - law and a gregarious husband who did not really understand his wife ' s struggle to overcome shyness and feelings of inadequacy. between 1906 and 1916, the roosevelts had six children, one of whom died in infancy. the family lived at their estate at hyde park, from which franklin pursued his political ambitions in the democratic party. he served a term in the new york state senate before president woodrow wilson appointed him assistant secretary of the navy in 1913. although eleanor did much red cross relief work during world war i and even toured the french battlefields shortly after the armistice, she remained obscure. a major turning point in eleanor ' s life came in 1921, when franklin contracted polio and permanently lost the use of his legs. finally asserting her will over her mother - in - law ( who insisted that franklin quietly accept invalidism ), eleanor nursed him back into activity. within a few years he had regained his strength and political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4096040421002072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822be245-f2cd-4715-b511-810e3dbc7a69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.281170"}
{"text": "and permanently lost the use of his legs. finally asserting her will over her mother - in - law ( who insisted that franklin quietly accept invalidism ), eleanor nursed him back into activity. within a few years he had regained his strength and political ambitions. meanwhile, she entered more fully into public life. speaking and working for the league of women voters, the national consumers ' league, the women ' s trade union league, and the women ' s division of the new york state democratic committee, she not only acted as franklin ' s \" legs and ears \" but began to acquire a certain notoriety of her own. during franklin ' s new york governorship she saw the last of her children off to boarding school and kept busy inspecting state hospitals, homes, and prisons for her husband. roosevelt ' s election to the presidency in 1932 meant, as eleanor later wrote, \" the end of any personal life of my own. \" she quickly became the best - known ( and also the most criticized ) first lady in american history. she evoked both intense admiration and intense hatred but almost never passivity or neutrality. besides undertaking a syndicated newspaper column and a series of radio broadcasts ( the income from which she gave to charity ), she traveled back and forth across the country on fact - finding trips for franklin. she assumed the special role of advocate for those groups of americans \u2014 working women, blacks, youth, tenant farmers \u2014 which franklin roosevelt ' s new deal efforts to combat the depression tended to neglect. holding no official position, she felt she could speak more freely on issues than could roosevelt, and she also became a key contact within the administration for officials seeking the president ' s support. in short, eleanor became an intermediary between, on the one hand, the individual citizen and his government and, on the other, the president and much of his administration. of particular concern to her was securing equal opportunities for women under the new deal ' s work relief projects ; ensuring that appropriate employment for writers, artists, musicians, and theater people became an integral part of the works progress administration ( wpa ) program ; promoting the cause of arthurdale, a farming community built by the federal government for unemployed miners in west virginia ; and providing work for jobless youth, both white and black ( accomplished under the national youth administration, set up in 1935 ). much more than her husband, she denounced racial oppression and tried to aid the struggle of black americans toward full citizenship. largely because of her efforts, african americans, for the first time since the reconstruction years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42856613076023115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822be245-f2cd-4715-b511-810e3dbc7a69>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.282265"}
{"text": "national youth administration, set up in 1935 ). much more than her husband, she denounced racial oppression and tried to aid the struggle of black americans toward full citizenship. largely because of her efforts, african americans, for the first time since the reconstruction years, had reason to feel that the national government was interested in their plight. as the united states moved toward war in the late 1930s, eleanor roosevelt spoke out forcefully in favor of the adminstration ' s policy of aiding antifascist governments. she accepted an appointment as deputy director in the office of civilian defense. she applied herself diligently to her new job but proved inefficient as an administrator and resigned in 1942 in the face of growing congressional criticism. that was her first and last official position under roosevelt. once the united states formally entered the war, she made numerous trips to england, europe, and the pacific area to boost troop morale and to inspect red cross facilities. after roosevelt ' s death in april 1945, eleanor was expected to retire to a quiet, uneventful private life. by the end of the year, however, she was back in public life. president harry s. truman appointed her american delegate to the united nations commission on human rights. as chairman of the commission, she worked the other delegates overtime to complete the universal declaration of human rights, adopted by the un general assembly in 1948. she remained in her post at the un through 1952. she became the target for virulent right - wing attacks during the presidential campaign of that year. after the election of republican dwight d. eisenhower, she gave up her un post, but continued to work for international understanding and cooperation as a representative of the american association for the united nations. during the last decade of her life eleanor roosevelt traveled to numerous foreign countries, including two trips to the soviet union, and authored several books. she continued to articulate a personal and social outlook which, while never profound and sometimes banal and obtuse, still inspired millions. but by the early 1960s, although she had accepted three new government appointments from president john f. kennedy ( delegate to the u. n., adviser to the peace corps, and chairman of the president ' s commission on the status of women ), her strength was waning. she died in new york city on nov. 6, 1962. her candid autobiographical writings are invaluable : this is my story ( 1937 ) ; this i remember ( 1949 ) ; and on my own ( 1958 ). these works are combined with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3959025946683172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822be245-f2cd-4715-b511-810e3dbc7a69>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.284127"}
{"text": "in new york city on nov. 6, 1962. her candid autobiographical writings are invaluable : this is my story ( 1937 ) ; this i remember ( 1949 ) ; and on my own ( 1958 ). these works are combined with an additional updated chapter in autobiography ( 1961 ). an even more intimate view of eleanor can be gained from joseph p. lash, eleanor and franklin : the story of their relationship based on eleanor roosevelt ' s private papers ( 1971 ) and eleanor : the years alone ( 1972 ). also helpful is tamara k. hareven, eleanor roosevelt : an american conscience ( 1968 ). james r. kearney, anna eleanor roosevelt : the evolution of a reformer ( 1968 ), is less a biography than a topically organized analysis of various facets of roosevelt ' s public life. less critical though useful are alfred steinberg, mrs. r. ( 1959 ) ; joseph p. lash, eleanor roosevelt : a friend ' s memoir ( 1965 ) ; and archibald macleish, the eleanor roosevelt story ( 1965 ). information about roosevelt ' s role in relation to her husband ' s career is in frank freidel ' s uncompleted biography franklin d. roosevelt ( 3 vols., 1952 - 1956 ) ; alfred b. rollins, roosevelt and howe ( 1962 ) ; and james macgregor burns, roosevelt : the lion and the fox ( 1963 ). learn more about eleanor roosevelt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3622727026095601, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822be245-f2cd-4715-b511-810e3dbc7a69>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.285272"}
{"text": "i was interested in this article on what helps people learn from the excellent blog, the frontal cortex, written by journalist and science writer, jonah lehrer. \" it turned out that those subjects with a growth mindset were significantly better at learning from their mistakes. as a result, they showed a spike in accuracy immediately following an error. most interesting, though, was the eeg data, which demonstrated that those with a growth mindset generated a much larger pe signal, indicating increased attention to their mistakes. ( while those with an extremely fixed mindset generated a pe amplitude around five, those with a growth mindset were closer to fifteen. ) what ' s more, this increased pe signal was nicely correlated with improvement after error, implying that the extra awareness was paying dividends in performance. because the subjects were thinking about what they got wrong, they learned how to get it right. \" carole dweck ' s research has a lot of appeal. her recent research has looked at what she calls a \" growth mindset \" versus \" a fixed one. \" a growth mindset believes that in learning effort counts most, that we make mistakes because we are still learning. a fixed mindset believes that our ability to learn is fixed. we make mistakes because we can ' t learn, not because we haven ' t tried hard enough or are still in the process of learning. the study reported in the frontal cortex went one step further, to see what happened in the brain as one tried to learn. first, participants had to detect that they had made an error. then, they had increased attention to avoid making the error again. the researchers found differences in brain activity between people in the \" growth mindset \" group and in the \" fixed mindset \" group. but as i thought about this research in the context of behavioral psychology, i was struck by the level of theoretical buzz going on here. in class yesterday, dr peterson was describing the effectiveness of clicker training for animals and athletes. a radical behaviorist would say that you don ' t need to hypothesize the existence of mental states such as a \" growth mindset \" or a \" fixed mindset. \" you just need to provide reinforcement ( * * * click! * * * ) for successive approximations to the target behavior of correctly identifying the middle letter in a meaningless sequence of letters, such as \" mmmmm \" or \" nnmnn. \" i wonder what the results of this study would look like if the researcher used clicker feedback to reward participants when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5386360189618531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7136b93-c10c-4f67-9c51-9882370a07f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T05:52:31.290671"}