. your doctor will provide you with information about the virus. to manage discomfort, your doctor may recommend that you : - take over - the - counter pain medicine - take lukewarm baths it is important that your sexual partner be tested for genital herpes and receive counseling. if your partner does have an active infection, he or she should also receive treatment. prevention strategies include : - avoid oral, anal, or genital sex if your partner has herpes blisters - avoid touching blisters to prevent spreading to other parts of the body if you are pregnant and have herpes, tell your doctor. steps can be taken to help prevent your newborn from getting the infection. the merck manual of medical information. new york, ny : pocket ; 2000. centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. centers for disease control and prevention seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons aged 14 - 49 years - - united states, 2005 - 2008. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. genital herpes : lifestyle tips. national women ' s health resource center, inc. ( nwhrc ) website. available at : http : / / www. healthywomen. org / condition / genital - herpes. updated october 20, 2010. accessed october 7, 2012. genital herpes. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases website. available at : http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / genitalherpes / understanding / pages / transmission. aspx. updated january 26, 2011. accessed october 7, 2012. corey l, bodsworth n, et al. an update on short - course episodic and prevention therapies for herpes genitalis. herpes. 2007 ; 14 : suppl 1 : 5a - 11a. herpes genitalis. ebsco dynamed website. available at : https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated june 2008. accessed october 7, 2012. herpes simplex. american academy of dermatology website. available at : http : / / www. aad. org / skin - conditions / dermatology - a - to - z / herpes - simplex / who - gets - causes / herpes - simplex - who - gets - and - causes. accessed october 7, 2012. 6 / 14 /


the witch of wall streetthe witch of wall streethttp : / / www. haverford. edu / calendar / details / 217271magill quaker collection2013 - 04 - 05t15 : 00 : 002013 - 04 - 05t15 : 30 : 00 april 5, 3 : 00pm magill quaker collection dig into the archives series event, a different topic every month when : friday - april 5, 2013 at 3 : 00 p. m. where : special collections reading room in magill hetty howland robinson green ( 1834 - 1916 ), america ’ s first great female financier, is a largely forgotten figure in the annals of enterprise. born into a wealthy quaker family, green inherited one million dollars from the deaths of her father and aunt, yet carried a grudge for both her entire lifetime. setting out to prove her financial acumen, green, through sound investing and pathological thrift, parlayed her inheritance into $ 100 million ( over $ 2 billion in today ' s dollars ), becoming the richest woman in america. while accumulating her vast fortune during the gilded age and into the twentieth century, green exhibited numerous eccentricities, sensationalized by the media of the day and further embellished by posthumous biographies of her. this dig into the archives will peel away the myth to reveal an underappreciated, yet deeply troubled woman, whose financial genius and misunderstood character earned her the title of the witch of wall street. for more info


it ’ s said that perception is 90 percent of reality. unfortunately, not all perception is truth when it comes to your ear health. since healthy hearing is committed to being the leading online resource for hearing health and may celebrates better hearing and speech month, we felt it was our responsibility to debunk these five common ear health myths. myth # 1 : q - tips are a great way to clean my ears. nothing could be farther from the truth. in fact, q - tips, as well as other items such as hairpins, keys or paper clips, actually impact the wax and drive it deeper into your ear. over time, this impacted wax can harden and create a multitude of health problems. since the ear drum is easily reached with a q - tip, you also run the risk of accidentally puncturing your ear drum while trying to clean it. so what ’ s the solution? as a general rule, your ears are self cleaning. ear wax only collects in the outer 1 / 3 of the ear canal and is typically washed away as the dead skin naturally sloughs from your ear and daily shower water enters the canal. if you suspect your ears need more cleaning than what your soap and washcloth can provide, consult your doctor. myth # 2 : supplements won ’ t improve my hearing. actually, studies show vitamins, minerals and other dietary nutrients are effective in combating hearing loss. vitamins a, b complex, c and e provide antioxidant benefits, increase blood circulation, bolster your immune system and fight infection. minerals such as magnesium, potassium and zinc protect inner ear hair cells and support nerve transmission. other nutrients such as coenzyme q10, an antioxidant, support your immune system and enhance circulation. fish oil and folic acid – those found in leafy green vegetables - - are also effective in preventing or delaying hearing loss. of course, before you decide to take any dietary supplement, it ’ s wise to consult your physician. he can determine the cause of your hearing loss and tell you whether any of these supplements will interfere with medications you ’ re already taking or cause unwanted side - effects. in the meantime, eat a well - balanced diet. the results will be beneficial to more than just your ear health. myth # 3 : hearing aids won ’ t help nerve deafness. this is a double - edged myth as it contains two misleading perceptions. first of all, sensorineural hearing loss is a much more accurate term to use than “ nerve deafness. ” this type


hearing aids won ’ t help nerve deafness. this is a double - edged myth as it contains two misleading perceptions. first of all, sensorineural hearing loss is a much more accurate term to use than “ nerve deafness. ” this type of impairment deals with problems in the inner ear – or more specifically, the cochlea ( sensory ) and the hearing nerve ( neural ). not only is it the most common type of hearing loss, hearing aids are recommended to treat sensorineural hearing loss in almost 90 % of cases. myth # 4 : hearing aids make me look old. if you still believe this myth, it ’ s time to consult your local hearing center to see the new variety of wireless, virtually invisible, hearing aids on the market today. while not everyone is a candidate to wear the undetectable models, many others are small, flesh - colored and fit unobtrusively behind your ear. those with a sense of whimsy may opt for the brightly - colored models some hearing aid manufacturers are producing. communicating effectively is a large part of enjoying a healthy life – and much more youthful than not being able to hear at all. myth # 5 : hearing aids will restore my hearing back to normal. hearing aids work with the hair cells in your inner ear to amplify sound. although they have come a long way in the past 20 years, they won ’ t completely restore your hearing and you may hear sound differently than before. many variables determine how well hearing aids will improve your ability to hear, including the type of hearing loss you ’ re experiencing as well as the severity. once you ’ ve had a hearing evaluation to determine what is causing your hearing loss, an audiologist will help you choose the best hearing aid to improve your hearing impairment.


with increasing consumption of limited fossil reserves, there is a need to use abundant and renewable resources as fuel. what can be more wonderful if that resource is water? yes, today this is possible as long as gas with the car runs on water. with the latest conversion kits, your old car can be converted into a water fueled one. so that you can save lots of money and avoid polluting the planet. car runs on water water is a chemical compound composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. it is very stable compound at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. to use it as source of energy and see that your car runs on water, it has to be converted in some other form. one way is to obtain hydrogen from it, which can be used as fuel but this is not feasible inside a car. you have to fill the fuel tank with liquid hydrogen, which is used by fuel cell or combustion engine. other way is convert it into hho or also known as browna€™s gas, which can be achieved of the help of the car battery charger. the use of this hho gas is the basis of water fueled cars and if you implement this correctly youa€™ll see that your car runs on water endlessly. the water is charged with the electricity from your cara€™s battery and it undergoes electrolysis to form hho. the obtained gas is used to fuel the cara€™s engine. the end product is that you can admire your car runs on water, and after burning the gas, the water vapors release into the atmosphere are not going to harm anything. hybrid cars state it is real some people claim that this technique of a car runs on water is a gag as the energy required to create hho is very large. others say that oil companies are trying to suppress this new hho thing. whatever you believe is up to you, but you can definitely see that your car runs on water by using the hho gas conversion kits. some major car manufacturing companies are also creating hybrid cars which can use both gasoline and water. so undoubtedly this is a real thing and it is going to become more popular very soon since it is way cheaper as well. the advantages of using such hho gas conversion kits are many, and the best one is that youa€™ll actually see that your car runs on water. you can save lots of money as the amount of gas required will be very low. but hho has other benefits as well such as low pollution, that ita


" the church jesus built " the organization of the churchintroduction 1. in suggesting how to identify " the church jesus built ", the previous a. the importance of distinguishing between the church " universal " and the church " local " 1 ) the very nature of the church " universal " makes it difficult to identify it as such 2 ) with the aid of the new testament, however, we can identify b. that the new testament provides a " pattern " by which we can identify local churches of christ which are true to the bible 1 ) the church at jerusalem " continued steadfastly in the apostles ' doctrine " - ac 2 : 42 2 ) the apostles taught their doctrine in " every church " - e. g., 1 co 4 : 17 - - thus we should expect that the churches were similar in doctrine and practice 2. the pattern we find for local churches includes such elements as : a. the organization of the church b. the worship of the church c. the work of the church [ in this lesson, we will examine what pattern emerges from the new testament regarding the organization of the lord ' s church in the local sense. but one might ask... ] i. why be concerned about " church organization "? a. organization reveals purpose... 1. when god creates something... a. he has a purpose in mind b. he designs his creation with the organization to accomplish 2. this is true in the physical realm a. certain animals were created as beasts of prey b. simply by looking at the animal ' s features ( i. e., its organization ), we can glean what its purpose is 3. this is true with the local church as well... a. seeing its organization will help us learn of the lord ' s purpose for the church b. this will be especially helpful later, when we examine the work of the church b. apostasy often begins with changes in organization... 1. one of the earliest departures from the new testament was in 2. modern - day apostasies often start this way as well - - and usually when people seek to change the purpose or work of [ the organization of the church as revealed in the new testament should not be taken lightly. the lord had a purpose in mind, and organized the church to meet that purpose. with that said, let ' s now consider... ] ii. church organization in the new testamenta. elders to oversee the local congregation... 1. a


had a purpose in mind, and organized the church to meet that purpose. with that said, let ' s now consider... ] ii. church organization in the new testamenta. elders to oversee the local congregation... 1. a congregation, once fully developed, would have elders - cf. ac 14 : 23 ; ti 1 : 5 2. these elders were also called bishops and pastors a. " elders " ( grk., " presbuteros ", presbyter ) for they were b. " bishops " ( grk. " episkopos ", overseer ) for their task was to oversee the congregation - cf. ac 20 : 17, 28 ; 1 pe 5 : 1 - 2 c. " pastors " ( grk. " poimen ", shepherd ) for their task was to shepherd and feed the flock of god - cf. ac 20 : 17, 28 ; 1 pe - - not three distinct offices, but different ways to describe the men and their work ( cf. easton ' s bible dictionary, moody handbook of theology ) 3. elders were appointed only after meeting stringent a. the qualifications are listed in 1 ti 3 : 1 - 7 ; ti 1 : 5 - 9 b. note that they " must be... " ( no exceptions ), e. g.... 1 ) husband of one wife 2 ) with faithful children - - such qualifications prepared them for their role - cf. 1 ti 4. in every congregation with elders, there was always a plurality ( never just one ) 5. the authority of the elders to oversee was limited... a. they were to take heed to the flock of god " among which the holy spirit has made you overseers " - ac 20 : 28 b. they were to " shepherd the flock of god which is amongyou " - 1 pe 5 : 2 - - no elder ( bishop, pastor ) or group of elders had any authority beyond their local congregation! b. deacons to serve the elders and the congregation... 1. these were " servants " ( grk., " diakonos ", servant, minister ) who assisted the elders in the work of the church 2. their qualifications are found in 1 ti 3 : 8 - 13 3. the work they do is a very noble one - 1 ti 3 : 13c. the members of the congregation itself... 1. commonly called " saints " ( grk., " hagios


ti 3 : 8 - 13 3. the work they do is a very noble one - 1 ti 3 : 13c. the members of the congregation itself... 1. commonly called " saints " ( grk., " hagios ", holy one ) in the new testament - cf. 1 co 1 : 2 ; ph 1 : 1 2. also called disciples, christians, believers, etc. 3. among such members there may have been " evangelists " and " teachers " - ep 4 : 11 a. the " evangelists " would take the gospel to the lost b. " teachers " instructed and edified the members c. note : those commonly referred to as " preachers " or 1 ) may do the work of both evangelist and teacher - e. g., 2 ti 4 : 5 ; 2 : 2 2 ) but whether they serve as evangelist, teacher, preacher, or minister, within the local church they likewise submit to the oversight of the elders [ in ph 1 : 1, we find the organization of the local church alluded to in paul ' s address : " to all the saints in christ jesus who are in philippi, with the bishops and deacons ". other than the members ( saints ), what organization existed was a two - tier system ( bishops and deacons ). but it wasn ' t long before changes in organization it occurred, so perhaps a word or two should be said about... ] iii. changes in the organization of the churcha. ancient changes... 1. in the new testament, churches that had elders ( bishops ) never had just one... a. there was always a plurality - cf. ph 1 : 1 ; ac 20 : 17 b. this certainly prevented a one - man rule over a church 2. but things soon changed ; as noted by the holman bible a. during the second century a. d. churches came to have a single bishop, and then that bishop came to exercise oversight over nearby rural churches as well as the city church so that his ecclesiastical territory became known as a " diocese " or " see " ( " eparchy " in the east ). b. bishops of churches that had been founded by apostles were said to be in succession to the apostles, and hence their teaching was held to be authentic and their authority c. by 400 a. d. in the west, the bishop of rome began to assume extraordinary authority above other bishops 3. according to a. t. robinson ' s word pictures


, and hence their teaching was held to be authentic and their authority c. by 400 a. d. in the west, the bishop of rome began to assume extraordinary authority above other bishops 3. according to a. t. robinson ' s word pictures : " ignatius shows that in the early second century the office of bishop over the elders had developed, but lightfoot has shown that it was not so in the first century. " b. modern changes... 1. many denominations have simply adopted the later changes in a. some go back to 400 a. d., and emulate an organization similar to roman catholicism b. others go back to the second century a. d... 1 ) and have a three tier system of bishop ( pastor ), elders, deacons within a congregation 2 ) or where a bishop or group of bishops ( presbyters ) oversee a number of churches 2. some who have sought to restore new testament christianity have adopted changes that are not much different than what occurred in the past a. the international church of christ has developed a hierarchy of control over churches that emulates the structure found in catholicism and other churches b. the sponsoring - church concept adopted by many churches of christ has the same effect as changes which occurred in the second century ( elders in one area overseeing other churches or areas ) c. the import of such changes... 1. one might wonder whether such changes have any importance 2. my response is yes, for several reasons... a. first, it reflects an attitude toward the scriptures and 1 ) that we are free to change whatever we desire 2 ) that we can come up with a more efficient plan than the b. second, organization ( design ) reflects purpose ; change the organization and you change the purpose 1 ) e. g., in the new testament organization of the local church, the purpose of the elders is to watch and feed the flock over which the spirit has appointed them 2 ) but when elders become overseers of other churches or works in other areas... a ) they are no longer shepherds, but administrators b ) they presume authority in areas they have not been c ) they take on works they really can ' t oversee ( at - - their purpose as god ' s shepherds has changed c. third, changes in organization upset the " balance of power " 1 ) other than the authority given the inspired apostles, no man or group of men were given more authority than the elders of a particular church a ) even their authority was limited to


c. third, changes in organization upset the " balance of power " 1 ) other than the authority given the inspired apostles, no man or group of men were given more authority than the elders of a particular church a ) even their authority was limited to the church were b ) a plurality of elders in one congregation also kept them in check 2 ) but when changes in church organization occurred... a ) it became possible for one man to control one or more b ) it became possible for a group of men to control a group of churches - - thus authority over churches which ought to rest in christ and his apostles now becomes vested in uninspired d. finally, the divine wisdom to slow the development of error 1 ) some changes in church organization were an attempt to 2 ) but whenever you have an organizational structure above the local church, the potential for error ' s spread a ) if error creeps in a local church, it is less likely to spread if each congregation is independent and b ) but if error creeps into a hierarchy like those developed in the second century and later, it can quickly spread to churches expected to submit to such 1. a study of church history should illustrate the danger of making changes in the organization of the church 2. when jesus said, " i will build my church... ", i believe he knew the best way to do it! a. the new testament reveals how he did it through his apostles b. a clear pattern concerning the organization of churches in the new testament reveals its simplicity and evidence of divine if we are content to " continue steadfastly in the apostles ' doctrine " ( ac 2 : 42 ), then we will make sure that we follow their ways in christ pertaining to the local church! ad sponsors keep higher praise on the web


some quick facts about tirupati laddu - around 150, 000 laddus are made daily. - one laddu is given free to each devotee ; the number of daily devotees that visit the temple is around 50, 000. - a devotee can buy extra two laddus – a small laddu costs 25 rupees and big laddu costs 100 rupees. - the revenue from the sale of laddu annually is more than 11 million rupees. - each laddu weighs around 100gms and is huge when compared with the normal laddu found in shops. - there is a super huge tirupati laddu known as kalyana laddu and it weighs around 500gms – ½ a kilogram. - single largest laddu made is said to have weighed 32 kg. - the tradition of tirupati laddu is nearly 300 years old. - it is prepared by special hereditary priests known as archakas in special temple kitchen known as ‘ potu ’. - ingredients used in tirupati laddu are besan flour ( kadalai mavu ), sugar, cashew nuts, cardamom, ghee, oil, sugar candy, raisins and almonds. on a day around 5000 kg of besan flour is used. sugar around 10000 kg. cashew nuts around 600 kg. cardamom 150 kg ghee 300 liters sugar candy 400 kg raisins 540 kg - the ingredients are bought at the auction at the commodities and spices exchange in tirumala tirupati devasthanams ( ttds ) the administrating body of the temple is planning to patent the tirupati laddu to stop counterfeits.


in the controversy surrounding the " fiscal cliff " issue, it ' s easy to forget that the origin of the entire debate was a professed desire to reduce swollen federal deficits. whether the target was $ 4 trillion over 10 years, as proposed by the bowles - simpson deficit reduction commission, or in the $ 2 trillion range, as tossed around by house of representatives speaker john boehner and president barack obama, the idea was to rein in total debt that now tops $ 16 trillion. by those standards, the bill passed by the us senate early on new year ' s day to avoid the cliff ' s automatic steep tax hikes and across - the - board spending cuts, looks paltry indeed. the legislation, which as of tuesday evening had yet to be passed by the house, would add nearly $ 4 trillion to federal deficits over a decade compared to the debt reduction envisioned in the extreme scenario of the cliff, according to the non - partisan congressional budget office. this is largely because it extends low income tax rates for nearly every american except the relative handful above the $ 400, 000 threshold. it ' s also because it put off for at least two months the automatic budget cuts that were part of the cliff and would have saved about $ 109 billion in federal spending on defense and non - defense programs alike. the senate bill, which ultimately came down to a fight about tax equity rather than federal spending, did to deficit reduction what obama and congressional leaders always promise to resist : it " kicked the can down the road " to a later date. in explaining the measure to the news media, the white house, which helped broker it, gave no particular figure for how much it would bring down the deficit, stating only that, somehow, " with a strengthening economy, " it would. whether it ultimately succeeds will depend in part on what happens to the now - delayed " automatic " spending cuts, including whether obama follows through on reductions in outlays. the senate bill also sets up what is likely to be an even more heated fight in late february when the treasury department must come to congress to seek an increase in the government ' s borrowing limit. that will bring everything full circle to where the cliff originated during a struggle between obama and republicans over raising the federal debt ceiling above $ 14. 5 trillion. that struggle ended in august, 2011 with a bipartisan deal designed to scare congress into legislating significant long - term cuts in federal spending. the idea was that by setting a strict deadline of january 2, 2013 and dire consequences in the


trillion. that struggle ended in august, 2011 with a bipartisan deal designed to scare congress into legislating significant long - term cuts in federal spending. the idea was that by setting a strict deadline of january 2, 2013 and dire consequences in the form of draconian spending cuts for failing to meet it, the white house and congress would be forced into action. republican representative paul ryan, a self - described deficit hawk who served as the republican vice - presidential candidate, declared the moment a " huge cultural change. " coincidentally, low tax rates that originated during the administration of president george w. bush were also set to expire on december 31, making the prospect of inaction so threatening that the congressional budget office determined that failure to intervene could cause a new recession. but the controversy over taxes, coming on the heels of a presidential campaign built around obama ' s demand for middle - class tax justice, ultimately consumed the argument over the cliff, leaving deficit reduction as the forgotten issue. among those disappointed by the process was alice rivlin, a brookings institution scholar, former us budget director and co - author of another widely discussed deficit reduction plan named for herself and former us senator pete domenici, a republican from new mexico. " i ' d been optimistic, " rivlin said in an interview with reuters. " i thought that we might get might get it done " and that boehner and obama " might get to a grand bargain. " maya macguineas, a budget hawk who has led a group of corporate chieftains in a group called " fix the debt, " was also unenthusiastic about the bill. " this is one of the lowest common denominator deals, " macguineas s aid. " i wish i had something nice to say, but not so much. " © copyright © 2013 ht media limited. all rights reserved.


so what has hiphop done that is new and innovative when it comes to vocabulary? plenty! in hiphop, words can become symbols that communicate multiple meanings. in order to determine what a word really means we must have local and background knowledge. the knowledge needed to interpret and use hiphop words correctly includes the following. hiphop writing can reflect how a word sounds when it is spoken. english spelling and writing does not always reflect one sound for one letter. hiphop can illustrate this fact. sometimes hiphop simplifies the writing system and sometimes it makes it more complicated. this is a choice. it is not a hard and fast rule. for example : new spellings often accompany a change in word meaning and reflect african american english ( aae ) and hiphop pronunciation, knowledge general english ( ge ) spelling rules and alphabet symbol ideology. for instance, when writing about america ’ s negative treatment of urban youth, it is common to find it spelled amerikkka, using the initials for the white supremacist group the ku klux klan ( kkk ). new spellings also focus on english irregular spelling rules. so to give a compliment about an activity or object one might say that it is phat ( pronounced fat ). a consonant cluster is two or more consonants together : eg sch in the word “ school ” is a consonant cluster. clusters are often simplified to focus on letters that reflect actual pronunciation. ( eg. school = skool ). virtually every word that exceeds two syllables and ends with the er suffix is vocalized and spelled - a, uh or - ah is in brothah, ( brother ) sucka ( sucker ). similarly, words ending in ing are written as in / un as in sumthin for something and thumpun for thumping. spelling also reflects syllable reduction and vowel assimilation with rhotics and semi - vowels. thus all right is spelled aight. we always look for examples of usage to confirm what we say a word means. examples are very important because they can be tested. accuracy of definition is very important because word meaning can change in hiphop. for example, the definitions of ill have developed over time. we research the origin or etymology of a word. in hiphop this can be very complicated for many reasons. first, a spelling change may suggest that it is from a word that is not related to the meaning. secondly, the hiphop usage may be associated with more than one word. in that case we examine the possibility of whether it is one


reasons. first, a spelling change may suggest that it is from a word that is not related to the meaning. secondly, the hiphop usage may be associated with more than one word. in that case we examine the possibility of whether it is one origin or multiple origins. clark, rickie. 1997. the street language dictionary : featuring hip hop & gang terms. indianapolis : p. a. clark & sons. kearse, randy. 2007. street talk : da official guide to hip - hop & urban slanguage. fort lee, new jersey : barricade books. major, clarence. 1970. dictionary of afro - american slang. new york : international publishers. major, clarence. 1994. juba to jive : a dictionary of african - american slang. new york : penguin books. mitchell, kevin. 2003. hip - hop rhyming dictionary. van nuys, ca : alfred publishing company. rza. 2005. smitherman, geneva. 2000. black talk : words and phrases from the hood to the amen corner. new york : mariner books. the national rap dictionary. new york : marvel enterprises. westbrook, alonzo. 2002. hip hoptionary : the dictionary of hip hop terminology. new york : harlem moon., pp. 224


shall i build a house after the war? how many houses will we need? many houses will america need after the war? the answer to that question isn ’ t easy since it depends on many factors, some of which must be guessed at. let ’ s try to estimate the size of the housing market when building materials become available after the war. the 1940 ’ s began with a great backlog of demand for better housing, despite the fact that there were about 1, 400, 000 vacant nonfarm dwelling units in the united states. during the depression and the immediate prewar years, not enough new houses were built to take care of the demands. the number of nonfarm homes built in 1925 reached a peak of nearly a million. in 1933 there were less than one hundred thousand. a gradual recovery started after that, however. in 1941, about three - quarters of a million dwelling units were constructed, but the war put a stop to the building boom. owing to the shortage of housing, we can assume that in most war centers nearly all houses in livable condition, including those that were vacant in 1940, are now being occupied. thus, we will probably start the postwar era with almost all our present supply of houses in use. there probably won ’ t be many vacancies. a large number of additional houses will be needed to shelter the new families that are started each year when couples get married. also, many thousands of dwellings will be required to take care of families migrating from one part of the country to another - for example, war workers moving back to their. home towns and war veterans seeking opportunities to make a living in new localities. finally, it will be necessary to build houses to take the place of those that have simply worn out — become absolutely unlivable - since taking all these things together, and studying the building and replacement rates of the past, it looks as though we probably will need over a million nonfarm dwelling units a year, including apartments - for at least 10 years after the war. also, there should be a heavy demand for new farm dwellings and for repairs and alterations. what will be spent on housing?


having hurried ahead of the main body of the expedition, meriwether lewis and four men arrive at the great falls of the missouri river, confirming that the explorers are headed in the right direction. meriwether lewis and william clark had set out on their expedition to the pacific the previous year. they spent the winter of 1804 with the mandan indians in present - day north dakota. the hidatsa indians, who lived nearby, had traveled far to the west, and they proved an important source of information for lewis and clark. the hidatsa told lewis and clark they would come to a large impassable waterfall in the missouri when they neared the rocky mountains, but they assured the captains that portage around the falls was less than half a mile. armed with this valuable information, lewis and clark resumed their journey up the missouri accompanied by a party of 33 in april. the expedition made good time, and by early june, the explorers were nearing the rocky mountains. on june 3, however, they came to a fork at which two equally large rivers converged. " which of these rivers was the missouri? " lewis asked in his journal. since the river coming in from the north most resembled the missouri in its muddy turbulence, most of the men believed it must be the missouri. lewis, however, reasoned that the water from the missouri would have traveled only a short distance from the mountains and, therefore, would be clear and fast - running like the south fork. the decision was critical. if the explorers chose the wrong river, they would not be able to find the shoshone indians from whom they planned to obtain horses for the portage over the rockies. although all of their men disagreed, lewis and clark concluded they should proceed up the south fork. to err on the side of caution, however, the captains decided that lewis and a party of four would speed ahead on foot. if lewis did not soon encounter the big waterfall the hidatsa had told them of, the party would return and the expedition would backtrack to the other river. on this day in 1805, four days after forging ahead of the main body of the expedition, lewis was overjoyed to hear " the agreeable sound of a fall of water. " soon after he " saw the spray arise above the plain like a column of smoke.... [ it ] began to make a roaring too tremendous to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the missouri. " by noon, lewis had reached the falls, where


spray arise above the plain like a column of smoke.... [ it ] began to make a roaring too tremendous to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the missouri. " by noon, lewis had reached the falls, where he stared in awe at " a sublimely grand specticle [ sic ]... the grandest sight i had ever held. " lewis and clark had been correct — the south fork was the missouri river. the mysterious northern fork was actually the marias river. had the explorers folloowed the marias, they would have traveled up into the northern rockies where a convenient pass led across the mountains into the columbia river drainage. however, lewis and clark would not have found the shoshone indians nor obtained the horses. without horses, the crossing might well have failed. three days after finding the falls, lewis rejoined clark and told him the good news. however, the captains ' elation did not last long. they soon discovered that the portage around the great falls was not the easy half - mile jaunt reported by the hidatsa, but rather a punishing 18 - mile trek over rough terrain covered with spiky cactus. the great portage, as it was later called, would take the men nearly a month to complete. by mid - july, however, the expedition was again moving ahead. a month later, lewis and clark found the shoshone indians, who handed over the horses that were so critical to the subsequent success of their mission.


< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > naval air station whidbey island is formally commissioned on september 21, 1942. historylink. org essay 8228 : printer - friendly format on september 21, 1942, the u. s. navy formally commissions naval air station whidbey island. the airfield, located near oak harbor and soon to be named ault field, serves as a base to train fighter and patrol bomber crews. the operation also includes a seaplane base on forbes ( maylor ' s ) point on crescent bay where catalina flying boats defending puget sound refuel and rearm. nas whidbey will become navy ' s principal air facility north of san francisco and west of chicago. a place for flying boats in january 1941, the u. s. navy began searching for a base to rearm and refuel catalina flying boats - - the navy ' s principal anti - submarine and reconnaissance plane - - from sand point naval air station to help defend puget sound. within 10 days, navy officers examined indian island, lake ozette on the olympic peninsula, and keystone harbor and penn cove on whidbey island, but found the locations lacking because of mountains, sea bluffs, no beaches, and prevailing winds. seaplanes and flying boats landed on water and taxied to docks or onto the shore. the officers did find forbes point on crescent harbor and saratoga passage on the west side of whidbey island to be suitable. the navy needed a spot where pilots could land relying on flight instruments, but for the most part, weather there was good and seldom foggy. the government purchased the land from the descendants of the samuel maylor, an early oak harbor settler. part of the construction involved removal of indian graves from crooked spit in order to make way for an auxiliary air field, which, however, was never built. within months, little oak harbor was flooded with construction workers building roads, laying utility lines, and pouring concrete. in november 1941, the navy decided it wanted an airport on whidbey island as well and on december 8, 1941, the day after japan attacked u. s. forces in hawaii and the philippines, three surveyors began marking out a 4, 325 - acre reservation northwest of town. clover valley was ideal for an airfield. it was flat and airplanes could approach from almost any direction. it was also distant enough from populated areas for practice bombing. twenty farmers sold their farms to the government. construction started on march 1, 1942, and more construction workers and then sailors inunda


it was flat and airplanes could approach from almost any direction. it was also distant enough from populated areas for practice bombing. twenty farmers sold their farms to the government. construction started on march 1, 1942, and more construction workers and then sailors inundated oak harbor. japanese seizure of two aleutian islands, the shelling of a fort in oregon, and the torpedoing of ships off the washington coast underlined the urgent need for the base. on september 21, 1942, captain cyril thomas simard stood on the steps of the brand - new building 12 and read orders officially commissioning naval air station whidbey island and, in navy parlance, " the watch was set " ( nas whidbey website ). a year later, the airport was named ault field in memory of commander william b. ault, missing in action at the battle of the coral sea in 1942. the seaplane base saw its first catalina in december 1942 and ault field became a training base for crews of wildcat and hellcat fighters, ventura patrol bombers, and dauntless dive bombers. catalina and mariner flying boats flew out of the seaplane base. the seaplane base closed in the late 1960s and became navy family housing. historylink. org the online encyclopedia of washington state history, “ island county – thumbnail history ” ( by daryl mcclary ) ; dorothy neil and lee brainard, by canoe and sailing ship they came : a history of whidbey ’ s island ( oak harbor, wa : spindrift publishing co., 1989 ), 185 - 190 ; " from pistons to prowlers, " naval air station whidbey island website accessed july 11, 2007 ( http : / / naswi. ahf. nmci. navy. mil ). travel through time ( chronological order ) : < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > war & peace | licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax


a closer look at geothermal heat pumps henry gifford is a man who designs mechanical systems for very energy efficient, comfortable, and affordable apartment buildings in new york city, along with his partner, architect chris benedict. in a recent article in fine homebuilding, henry explained how geothermal heat pumps work in a way that i will always remember. i paraphrase : dig a hole in the ground. put some buckets of water in the hole. if you are deep enough below ground, the temperature of the water in the buckets, after a while, will be about 550f. take the bucket into your house and put it in your refrigerator. the fridge will cool the water down to say 500f, and the heat produced in the coils behind the refrigerator will add some heat to your house. voila! you ’ ve created a geothermal heat pump. notice that the heat produced is not free. it takes electricity to run the refrigerator. and if you don ’ t want to spend your days hauling water in buckets from the hole in the ground to your refrigerator, you ’ ll want to install a water pump, which uses more electricity. the very best residential geothermal heat pump system, according to henry, has a coefficient of performance ( cop ) of about 3. this means that for every 2 watts of energy the system pulls from the ground, you have to provide only 1 watt of electricity. you get 3 watts out for 1 watt in. but a typical system has a cop of about 2. given that electricity is produced at power plants that use fossil fuels, and depending on the mix of fuels your utility uses to produce electricity, you will probably burn more fossil fuels using a geothermal heat pump with a cop of 2 than you would using an efficient gas - or oil - fired furnace. and geothermal heat pumps are much more expensive to install than traditional furnaces. at home energy magazine, where i work, we always tell people that if you have your house air sealed, insulated, and provided with the right amount of ventilation to keep you healthy, you can do better with a medium - efficiency furnace than you would with a high - end system — ike a high efficiency gas furnace — and a leaky house. for most of us, that ’ s the best choice of all, for heating and for cooling. enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all blog entries and comments are subject to review prior to posting. )


an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright © 2000 - 2013 origins available : german, italian where did the italian albini family come from? what is the italian albini family crest and coat of arms? when did the albini family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the albini family history? the surname albini is an italian patronymic surname ; that is, it was a name created from the first name of the father. albini is derived from a " pale " or " pure " person, and is a variant of the latin personal name albinus which was originally derived from the latin albus, which means white. italian surnames come in far more variations than the names of most other nationalities. regional traditions and dialects are a decisive factor in this characteristic. for example, northern names tend to end in " o ", while southern in " i ". also important, but not unique to italy, was the fact that before dictionaries and the printing press most scribes simply spelled words according to their sounds. the predictable result was an enormous number of spelling variations. the recorded spellings of albini include albigni, albini, albindo, albinati, albinelli, albinetti, albino, albinoni, albinotti and many more. first found in the tiny town of sestola, just south of bologna. in 1629 the albinelli family was registered here. this same year the family moved to modena and were immediately made nobility. they were also made citizens of the city of ferrara, nearby. also in this year, giambattista albinelli was made a cappuccinian monk in modena. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our albini research. more information is included under the topic early albini history in all our pdf extended history products. another 99 words ( 7 lines of text ) are included under the topic early albini notables in all our pdf extended history products. amongst the settlers in north america with this distinguished name albini were albini settlers in the united states in the 19th century albini settlers in the united states in the 20th century the albini family crest was acquired from the houseofnames. com archives. the albini family crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. we generally include the


april 27, 2010 feral cats : frequently asked questions here are the answers to some commonly asked questions about feral cats a stray cat is a pet cat who is lost or abandoned. feral cats are the offspring of lost or abandoned pet cats or other feral cats who are not spayed or neutered. stray cats are accustomed to contact with people and are tame, but feral cats are not accustomed to contact with people and are typically too fearful and wild to be handled. wheras stray cats may be reunited with their families or adopted into new homes, feral cats do not easily adapt or may never adapt to living as pets in close contact with people. however, there are many things you can do to help improve the health and quality of life of feral cats. feral cats are the offspring of lost or abandoned pet cats or other feral cats who are not spayed or neutered. females can reproduce two to three times a year, and their kittens, if they survive, will become feral without early contact with people. cats can become pregnant as early as 5 months of age, and the number of cats rapidly increases without intervention by caring people. feral cats typically live in a colony — a group of related cats. the colony occupies and defends a specific territory where food ( a restaurant dumpster, a person who feeds them ) and shelter ( beneath a porch, in an abandoned building ) are available. since feral cats typically fear strangers, it is likely that people may not realize that feral cats are living nearby because the cats are rarely seen. many don ' t survive. if they do survive, their lives aren ' t easy without human caretakers. females may become pregnant as young as 5 months of age and may have two to three litters a year. being pregnant so young and so often, and having and nursing kittens, is even more stressful on female cats who are struggling to survive. more than half of the kittens are likely to die without human intervention. males who roam and fight to find mates and defend their territories may be injured and transmit diseases to one another through bite wounds. feral cats may find food in a restaurant dumpster or someone may feed them. they may find shelter from the elements beneath a porch or in an abandoned building. but often they are without ta reliable source of food and adequate shelter. trap - neuter - return is a non - lethal strategy to reduce the number of feral cats and improve the quality of life for cats, birds, wildlife, and people. trap - neuter - return ( tn


source of food and adequate shelter. trap - neuter - return is a non - lethal strategy to reduce the number of feral cats and improve the quality of life for cats, birds, wildlife, and people. trap - neuter - return ( tnr ) is a strategy for improving the lives of feral cats and reducing their numbers. at a minimum, feral cats who are tnred are spayed or neutered so they can no longer reproduce, vaccinated against rabies, and surgically ear - tipped on one ear ( ear - tipping is the universally - recognized sign of a cat who has been tnred ). dedicated caretakers feed and provide shelter for tnred cats, monitor the tnred cats for sickness and remove new cats for tnr if feral or possible adoption if tame. many people see a roaming cat and start feeding the cat even though many communities have feeding bans meant to discourage feeding. ideally, the person quickly does more to help the cat : - if the cat is tame, the person should take steps to find the cat ' s owner. if unsuccessful, the person should take steps to find a permanent home for the cat. - if the cat is feral, unapproachable and wary after several days of feeding, the person should find out if there are any groups in their community that are currently doing tnr and consult one of the many resources to learn about trap - neuter - return ( tnr ). once a cat or colony of cats has been tnred, a dedicated caretaker provides food, water and shelter, monitors the cats for sickness and removes new feral cats for tnr or new tame cats for possible adoption. tnr is a strategy that many dedicated caretakers pay for out of their own pockets to help improve the lives of feral cats and reduce their numbers. without tnr and a dedicated caretaker, the population of the colony would continue to increase. animal shelters already care for and try to find homes for thousands of lost, injured, abandoned and relinquished pet cats. whether the shelter is an independent non - profit organization or is an animal care and control agency funded by the municipality, many do not have the resources to do tnr. animal shelters that receive complaint calls or calls of concern from the public may attempt to humanely trap and remove feral cats. or, they may provide information and loan traps to citizens interested in humanely trapping feral cats. if there is a local group helping feral cats, the shelter may refer callers to that group. feral cats brought to the shelter,


remove feral cats. or, they may provide information and loan traps to citizens interested in humanely trapping feral cats. if there is a local group helping feral cats, the shelter may refer callers to that group. feral cats brought to the shelter, especially those who cannot be identified as members of a known tnred colony, are likely to be put down right away or after a mandatory holding period. it is difficult to accurately identify a feral cat without a holding period, yet safely caring for a feral cat in a typical shelter cage, is very stressful for a feral cat. in addition, if space is limited at the shelter, an adoptable cat may be put down to make room to hold a feral cat. some people feel sorry for feral cats because of their difficult and dangerous life. others are annoyed by the cats ' behaviors and want the cats removed. but many people don ' t feel that the cats should be euthanized. even if there were enough people and money to remove and euthanize feral cats, other feral cats would move into the vacant territory to take advantage of the food source and shelter now made available. it ' s an endless cycle. the alternative is trap - neuter - return. when feral cats are tnred, their health improves because they no longer have kittens and fight over mates, and nuisance behaviors are greatly reduced or eliminated. the colony ' s dedicated caretaker provides food, water and shelter, watches over the health of the cats and removes any newcomers for tnr ( if feral ) or adoption ( if tame ). tnr improves the quality of life for existing colonies, prevents the birth of more cats, and reduces the number of cats over time. additionally, many groups that provide resources for tnr have calculated that the costs associated with tnr are considerably less than those associated with removal, shelter care, and euthanasia of feral cats. a colony of unneutered / unspayed feral cats can produce a number of problems, including : - a growing population of cats - frequent and loud noise from fighting and mating behavior - strong foul odors from unneutered male cats spraying to mark their territory - flea infestations - visible suffering from dying kittens and injured adults. in addition, the shelters in a community with a large, unneutered feral cat population may experience : - higher intake rates of cats into shelters due to the rescue of feral kittens and the capture of feral adults - higher euthanasia rates for all cats due to the unadopta


a large, unneutered feral cat population may experience : - higher intake rates of cats into shelters due to the rescue of feral kittens and the capture of feral adults - higher euthanasia rates for all cats due to the unadoptability of feral adults and the necessity to euthanize adoptable animals due to limited cage space - higher animal control costs due to trapping efforts and / or costs associated with caring for and euthanizing feral cats - a constant rate of nuisance complaints about feral cats. why doesn ' t simply removing feral cats from an area work to reduce their numbers and nuisance behavior? there are many reasons why feral cat problems are rarely solved by efforts to trap and remove them. feral cats live at a certain location because it offers food and shelter. if a colony is removed, some feral cats from surrounding colonies may move in to take advantage of the newly available resources. the cycle of reproduction and nuisance behavior begins all over again. if all the cats in a colony are not trapped, then the ones left behind tend to have more kittens. in addition, more kittens will survive because there are fewer cats competing for the available food. the population will continue to increase until the level that can be supported by the available food and shelter is reached. other factors which usually make removing feral cats ineffective include : - the lack of cooperation of the cats ' caretakers — the only people who really know the cats ' numbers and patterns and who can control whether or not they ' re hungry enough to enter a baited trap - the unwillingness of volunteers to trap cats who face an uncertain fate upon capture - the lack of animal control resources available to accomplish this task - the difficulty of catching all the cats in a colony the ongoing abandonment of unaltered pet cats who can also repopulate a vacated territory trap and remove will only result in a temporary reduction in the numbers of feral cats in a given area. the logic behind bans against feeding feral cats is that if there is no food available, the cats will go away. this is not true. feral cats are territorial animals who can survive for weeks without food and will not easily or quickly leave their territory to search for new food sources. instead, they tend to move closer into human habitations as they grow hungrier and more desperate. their malnourished condition will make them more susceptible to parasitic infestations, such as fleas, which they will spread into work places, garages, homes, etc., within their territory. the cats will


##rier and more desperate. their malnourished condition will make them more susceptible to parasitic infestations, such as fleas, which they will spread into work places, garages, homes, etc., within their territory. the cats will also continue to reproduce despite the effort to " starve them out, " resulting in the visible deaths of many kittens. as a result, feeding bans, if enforced, tend to make the situation much worse instead of improving it. a second reason why feeding bans are rarely effective is that they are nearly impossible to enforce. repeated experience has shown that people who care about the cats ' welfare will go to great lengths, risking their homes, jobs and even their liberty, to feed starving animals. someone determined to feed the cats will usually succeed without being detected, no matter the threatened penalties. in addition, there may be more than one feeder and other sources of food, including dumpsters, garbage cans, and other animals. - when feral cats are trapped, neutered and returned to their territory, they no longer reproduce - the cessation of sexual activity eliminates the noise associated with mating behavior and dramatically reduces fighting and the noise it causes - neutered feral cats also roam much less and become less visible and less prone to injury from cars - foul odors are greatly reduced as well because neutered male cats no longer produce testosterone which, when they are unaltered, mixes with their urine and causes the strong, pungent smell of their spraying - when the colony is then monitored by a caretaker who removes and / or tnrs any newly arrived cats, the population stabilizes and gradually declines over time. helping feral cats can be very rewarding. there are many options for you to be involved ; please see our website for more information. first, you may want to look for an existing feral cat group or individuals who are practicing tnr in your area to help you learn the ropes. if there one or more feral cats in your area that does not have a caretaker, you can become their caretaker. feral cat caretakers practice trap - neuter - return, feed, provide shelter, monitor the cats for any problems, trap new cats who arrive. if the new cats are feral, they are tnred ; if they are kittens young enough to be socialized or tame lost or abandoned pet cats, they are evaluated for adoption.


fact sheet : cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults541 cyclic vomiting syndrome ( cvs ) is a disorder with recurrent episodes of severe nausea and vomiting interspersed with symptom free periods. while cvs has been studied in pediatric populations, its occurrence in adults has been underappreciated. it is now thought that this crippling syndrome can occur in a range of age groups from children to adults. recognizing and treating the condition are discussed. des is a rare disorder. usual symptoms are chest pain and trouble swallowing. the chest pain can feel like a heart attack. tests are needed to diagnose des. des does not lead to other serious illnesses. most patients can be treated successfully. a review. chronic intestinal pseudo - obstruction ( cip ) is the name given to a number of rare disorders that cause impaired gastrointestinal motility ( movement in the digestive tract ). a diagnosis of cip is based on symptoms that occur when the intestine is blocked and on clinical findings. in pseudo - obstruction, the symptoms are caused not by a surgically correctable tumor, twist, or ulcer in the bowel, but by a problem having to do with the strength or coordination of the contractions that move along the contents of the bowel. fact sheet : antroduodenal manometry : questions and answers811 your child is scheduled for a specialized test called antroduodenal manometry. this information will help to prepare you and your child so the experience is as successful as it can be. fact sheet : colon manometry : questions and answers812 your child is scheduled for a specialized test called colon manometry that will check the motility of the colon. this guide will help to prepare you and your child so that the experience is as successful as it can be. topics : anal, rectal disorders, colonic inertia, pseudo - obstruction, hirschsprung ' s disease, motility, tests, lower gi tract fact sheet : cyclic vomiting syndrome817 cyclic vomiting syndrome ( cvs ) was first described about 120 years ago by dr. samuel gee, the erudite british physician. interest in the syndrome was revived when kathleen adams, a parent of an affected child founded the cyclic vomiting syndrome association in 1993. she enlisted the support of pediatric gastroenterologists, drs. david fleisher and b. u. k. li, who recognized that better treatment of the disorder would only occur if the syndrome could be scientifically defined


association in 1993. she enlisted the support of pediatric gastroenterologists, drs. david fleisher and b. u. k. li, who recognized that better treatment of the disorder would only occur if the syndrome could be scientifically defined for medical researchers. this article describes cvs and approaches to treatment. topics : cvs, motility, nausea, vomiting, nausea, vomiting, other disorders / symptoms, other disorders / symptoms, stomach disorders, stomach disorders over 1, 000 new cases of hirschsprung ' s disease are diagnosed in the usa every year. more than half the children treated appropriately with surgery for hirschsprung ' s disease suffer from chronic problems with constipation, incontinence, and / or abdominal pain. even as adults, over half will experience occasional episodes of incontinence, and 10 % will endure constipation unresponsive to medical management. nonetheless, adjustment for teenagers and young adults with hirschsprung ' s disease is not different than for healthy children ; successful adjustment depends largely on family support. revised and updated 2009. topics : anal, rectal disorders, constipation, difficult to pass stools, constipation, difficult to pass stools, fecal soiling, incontinence, hirschsprung ' s disease, incontinence, motility fact sheet : hirschsprung ’ s disease in children and adults839 hirschsprung ’ s disease is an illness that people are born with ( congenital ), in which there is a lack of nerve cells ( ganglion cells ) in the segments of the intestinal tract located in the colon or rectum. since the first operative curative technique for hirschsprung ’ s disease was described in 1948, progress in diagnostic methods and surgical techniques have allowed the survival and successful treatment of most children with hirschsprung ’ s disease. in spite of these advances, postoperative problems continue to occur. recently, research has produced a better understanding of the disease, knowledge that will undoubtedly lead to further refinements of the surgical techniques and better treatment of these patients. hirschsprung ’ s disease is a rare illness that people are born with ( congenital ). it occurs annually in about 1 in 5, 000 live births. in hirschsprung ’ s disease there is a lack of nerve cells ( ganglion cells ) in segments of the intestinal tract located in the colon and / or rectum. the treatment is surgery


fast little loans rome - for centuries, the life of giotto, considered the father of european painting, has been wrapped in mystery. his exact birth date was not known, his remains were never found. now, an italian anthropology expert claims that he has identified a skeleton unearthed 30 years ago beneath florence ' s duomo cathedral as giotto ' s. a chalk reconstruction based on analyses of the skull shows a strong resemblance to a presumed self - portrait of the master in giotto ' s famous cycle of frescoes in padua ' s scrovegni chapel, francesco mallegni told the associated press in a telephone interview on thursday. some italian scholars expressed scepticism. mallegni said he plans to make dna tests on the skeleton ' s teeth to back up his claim. an anthropology and paleontology professor at the universities of pisa and palermo, mallegni said that he studied the bones for three months. results of the analyses portray a short, squarely built man, with a huge head and a hooked nose, mallegni said. the bones show signs of osteoporosis, corroborating the theory that giotto died quite old, perhaps at the age of 70, in 1337. also found on the skeleton were high levels of aluminum, arsenic, zinc, lead and other chemical elements used in paints in the 14th century materials that giotto ' s body probably would have absorbed during his lifetime. " all the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle fit, " mallegni said. bones of the neck show a contraction, suggesting that the man spent a lot of time looking upward, perhaps at frescoes, the professor said. analyses of the teeth suggest that the man may have held a paintbrush in his mouth, he said. the research also indicates that he ate a lot of meat, a sign that he was well off. considered the father of european painting, giotto achieved great personal fame in his lifetime. his works point to the innovations of the renaissance style that developed a century later. the scrovegni chapel ' s frescoes are considered his masterpiece. three years before he died, he started working on florence ' s bell tower which bears his name. mallegni said that the skeleton was not very well preserved. it was found, along with 14th - century coins, in a grave of the church of santa reparata, which was later replaced by the duomo cathedral. when giotto died, santa reparata was still in use while the cathedral was being built around it. the skeleton


01 january 2005 lightning strikes : protection concepts by peter a. carpenter the risks from lightning are real, and traditional lightning protection devices do not adequately cover all risks. over the last 30 years, significant technology improvements have given us a proactive approach in lightning protection, including the integration of charge transfer technology, strategic surge protection, and a unified grounding system. when eliminating the strike to the protected zone and the associated structure, you can reduce or eliminate the secondary effects of lightning. if a lightning strike could put a facility out of business, or even out of action for a few hours, consider whether the cost of preventing all future lightning risks would not easily offset the cost of installing a charge transfer system ( cts ) lightning elimination system. it is inexpensive insurance. a large thunderstorm can produce over 100 lightning flashes a minute, and even a modest storm cloud can generate the energy of a small nuclear power plant ( a few hundred megawatts ). a drilling rig can shut down for hours or days due to equipment damage, or a chemical plant can potentially catch fire due to lightning. none of the traditional systems are 100 % effective. new technologies have demonstrated it is possible to eliminate the strike altogether. the cts has proven its effectiveness as a system to prevent lightning from striking the protected area - such as chemical plants, nuclear power plants, oil and petroleum facilities, and off - shore drilling rigs. the direct effects of a lightning strike are physical destruction and subsequent fires. when a direct strike hits a facility that contains flammable materials, the flammables can be vulnerable to the bolt, the stroke channel, or the heating effect of the strike. the petroleum industry ' s history provides ample evidence of the destructive nature of lightning. lightning - related phenomena destroy millions of dollars of petrochemical products and lives in many parts of the world. the secondary effects of a direct or nearby strike include the bound charge, electromagnetic pulse, electrostatic pulse, and earth currents. the bound charge ( and subsequent secondary arc ) is the most common. statistics indicate the secondary effects cause most of the petroleum - related fires. these fires often self - extinguish after the free or isolated vapors burn. the electrostatic and electromagnetic pulses induce high - voltage transients onto any conductors within their sphere of influence. these transients will cause arcing between wires, pipes, and earth. the cause or mechanism of secondary effects are not always easy to identify. conventional protection will not influence any of these secondary effects other than to increase the risk of an event.


. these transients will cause arcing between wires, pipes, and earth. the cause or mechanism of secondary effects are not always easy to identify. conventional protection will not influence any of these secondary effects other than to increase the risk of an event. air terminals collect strikes and encourage a stroke termination close to flammable materials. the trend toward micro - miniaturization in electronic systems development brings an increasing sensitivity to transient phenomena. prevention system options in most cases, you can adapt one or more products to solve any lightning protection problem. lightning is the process of neutralizing the potential between the cloud base and earth. any strike prevention system must facilitate this process slowly and continuously. the dissipation array system is one of the most common configurations of a cts and can prevent a strike to the protected area and the array itself. to prevent a lightning strike to a given area, a system must be able to reduce the potential between the site and the storm cloud cell, so the potential is not high enough for a stroke to terminate within the area. that is, the protective system must release the charge induced in the area of concern to a level where a strike is impractical. ( charge induction comes about because of the strong electric field created by the storm and the insulating quality of the intervening air space. ) atmospheric scientists have found that much of the storm ' s energy dissipates through what is called natural dissipation, which is ionization produced by trees, grass, fences, and other similar natural or man - made pointed objects that are earthbound and exposed to the electrostatic field a storm cell creates. a storm cell over the ocean will produce more lightning than the same cell over land because the natural dissipation of the land will reduce the storm ' s energy. consequently, a multipoint ionizer is simply a more effective dissipation device, duplicating nature more efficiently. behind the byline peter a. carpenter is with lightning eliminators & consultants, inc. in boulder, colo. return to previous page


what do they do? volunteering and employment other sources of information and data - in 2008 / 09 41 % of adults volunteered formally ( giving unpaid help through a group, club or organisation ) and 62 % volunteered informally ( giving unpaid help as an individual to someone who is not a relative ) ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - in 2007 / 08 formal volunteers contributed an estimated £22. 7 billion to the uk economy ( uk civil society almanac ). - the average number of hours spent volunteering per volunteer declined by 30 % between 1997 and 2007 ( helping out, 2007 ). evidence also suggests that there is a trend towards more episodic volunteering ( the uk civil society almanac 2009 ). - in 2008 / 09 42 % of females formally volunteered compared to 38 % of males ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ) - in 2008 / 09 42 % of white adults formally volunteered compared to 34 % of minority ethnic group adults. however, although different ethnic groups show different rates of formal volunteering deeper exploration shows that this is due to factors other than ethnicity such as socio - economic classification, age, geography and income etc ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - in 2008 / 09 35 to 49 year olds were by far the most likely age group to formally volunteer at 47 %. younger volunteers were relatively more likely to volunteer informally than formally ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - in 2008 / 09 32 % of those with a long - term limiting illness or disability formally volunteered compared with 43 % of those with no long - term limiting illness or disability ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - rates of formal volunteering vary greatly by socio - economic classification. in 2007 / 08 those in higher / lower managerial and professions were the most likely to formally volunteer ( 55 % ), with intermediate occupations / small employers ( 43 % ), lower supervisory and technical / semi - routine ( 36 % ), routine occupations ( 28 % ), never worked / long - term unemployed ( 30 % ) and full time students ( 47 % ) ( 2007 / 08 dclg citizenship survey ). what do they do? - volunteers are involved in a range of sectors. in 2008 / 09 the most popular sectors for formal volunteers were : sport / exercise ( 53 % ), hobbies, recreation / arts / social clubs ( 42 % ). religion ( 36 % ), children ’ s education / schools ( 34 % ), youth children ’ s activities ( outside school


volunteers were : sport / exercise ( 53 % ), hobbies, recreation / arts / social clubs ( 42 % ). religion ( 36 % ), children ’ s education / schools ( 34 % ), youth children ’ s activities ( outside school ) ( 32 % ), health, disability and social welfare ( 25 % ), local community or neighbourhood groups ( 24 % ), the environment, animals ( 20 % ) ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - volunteers carryout a range of activities in their roles. in 2008 / 09 the most popular activities for formal volunteers were : organising or helping to run an event ( 55 % ), raising or handling money / taking part in sponsored events ( 52 % ), leading the group / member of committee ( 37 % ), providing transport / driving ( 26 % ), giving information / advice / counselling ( 24 % ), visiting people ( 24 % ), secretarial, clerical or admin work ( 23 % ), befriending or mentoring people ( 21 % ) ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). volunteering and employment - 87 % of employers think that volunteering can have a generally positive effect on career progression for people aged 16 - 25. however, nearly 30 % felt that volunteering was irrelevant when considering a particular job application. a further 30 % felt that volunteering was only relevant if linked directly to the field of work ( youth volunteering : attitudes and perceptions, 2008, v ). - in 2007 / 08 over 2 million people in england volunteered through an employer supported volunteering scheme. a quarter ( 25 % ) of employees are offered a scheme by their employer, with 43 % of those offered a scheme taking part at least once in the last year ( 2008 / 09 dclg citizenship survey ). - the vast majority of volunteers are happy with the advice and support they receive from the organisation that they volunteer with. of those who want advice and support 94 % say it is adequate or better ( helping out, 2007 ). - one in five organisations feel that difficulties in the recruitment or retention of volunteers will hold them back over the next three years ( the uk civil society almanac, 2009 ). - the top five benefits from volunteering given by volunteers are : ‘ a sense of satisfaction from seeing the results ’ ( 97 % ), ‘ i really enjoy it ’ ( 96 % ), ‘ it gives me a sense of personal achievement ’ ( 88 % ), ‘ meet people and make friends ’ ( 86 %


ikriti ( ), shemariah b. elijah of negropont : italian philosopher and biblical exegete ; contemporary of dante and immanuel ; born probably at rome about 1275, the descendant of a long line of roman jews. his father, in his youth, went as rabbi to crete, whence his surname, " ha - yewani " ( = " the greek " ), or " ha - ikritti " ( = " the cretan " ). shemariah had a critical mind, and knew italian, latin, and greek. up to 1305 he studied the bible exclusively ; then he took up talmudic haggadah and philosophy. his reputation was such that he was called to the court of king robert of naples, where he devoted himself chiefly to biblical studies and wrote commentaries on scripture. by 1328 he had completed philosophic commentaries on the pentateuch ( especially the story of the creation ), the book of job, and canticles. he aimed at bringing about a union between karaites and rabbinites ; the karaites, in fact, recognized and honored him. the death of a son ( 1330 ) interrupted his work for a time, but he soon took it up again. in 1346 he wrote his " sefer ha - mora, " a refutation of the philosophical views on the creation. believing that he had placed rabbinism on a sure foundation, shemariah undertook, in 1352, a journey to castile and andalusia, in order to convert the karaites. he is said to have pretended to be the messiah, and was reviled to such an extent that the government arrested him. he died in prison. like most of his contemporaries, he was scientifically an epigone of the great philosophers and exegetes. he also wrote " elef ha - magen " ( a commentary on the haggadah in the treatise megillah ), some piyyutim, and poems. - zunz, literaturgesch. p. 367 ; - gratz, gesch. vii. 277 et seq. ; - geiger, in he - haluz, ii. ; - luzzatto, in ozar nehmad, ii. ; - vogelstein and rieger, gesch. der juden in rom, i. 446 - 450.


halting cultural evolution in late june this dusty small town, an oasis in the gobi desert that sprang up hundreds of years ago as a stop on the silk road, drew more than 200 art conservation experts from around the world. they came to advance the cause of preserving and managing the mogao grottoes, 492 cave temples carved into a cliff face about 15 miles outside dunhuang between the 4th and 14th centuries and covered with elaborate buddhist wall paintings portraying visions of heaven and earth in ancient china. with china ' s economy expanding and tourism growing even faster, insiders and outsiders worry that china will not take the time and trouble, or have the resources and expertise, to preserve its rich cultural heritage. much has already been lost. but success in dunhuang would help lead the way for other chinese sites. ' ' the tension between economic development and conservation is everywhere, and it ' s very serious, ' ' said huang kezhong, former deputy director of the china national institute for cultural property. fan jinshi, director of the dunhuang academy, the guardian of mogao, added, ' ' most frequently, it ' s the cultural site that loses the battle. ' ' for ms. fan, a petite, feisty archaeologist said to rule the academy with an iron hand, the challenges come as much from the biting winds, sand, salt and water as from the growing ranks of tourists and the rapid development of this remote outpost. still, with its comprehensive approach to managing the site - - including conservation labs, scientific and environmental research arms, fine arts and archaeology institutes, publications and exhibitions units - - ' ' it ' s a model for the whole of china, ' ' said li yang, deputy governor of gansu province. the caves - - stretching in tiers for about a mile across the light gold face of singing sand mountain - - had long been abandoned and were largely unknown until about 1900, when a daoist monk discovered a huge trove of manuscripts in what is today known as the library cave. locals paid little attention. once word about the honeycomb of caves filtered back to europe, however, archaeologists and adventurers began to arrive. the caves were damaged ; some had collapsed, in whole or in part. but inside, the explorers found a hidden world of buddhist art : sculptures of buddha, bodhisattvas and warriors as well as detailed murals depicting paradise and of daily life in rich shades of blue, green, brown, red and black. soon ' ' foreign devils '


found a hidden world of buddhist art : sculptures of buddha, bodhisattvas and warriors as well as detailed murals depicting paradise and of daily life in rich shades of blue, green, brown, red and black. soon ' ' foreign devils ' ' were paying a pittance to haul away poems, prayer sheets, commercial records and even the wall paintings. ( most now reside in museums in london ; paris ; st. petersburg, russia ; new delhi ; and at harvard in cambridge, mass. repatriation is part of the dunhuang academy ' s long - term goal. ) by 1944 officials had recognized the caves ' importance, establishing the academy. during the cultural revolution, mogao was protected by no less than zhou enlai, said richard a. englehardt, regional adviser for culture in asia and the pacific for unesco, which made it a world heritage site in 1987. after china opened its doors to foreigners in 1978, conservation experts arrived from japan, britain, australia, italy and the united states. the getty conservation institute, an arm of the getty trust in los angeles that was a co - sponsor of the recent conference with the dunhuang academy, started working here in 1988. the task was huge. the getty ' s work alone has several aspects. to stall sand erosion, it installed a mesh fence that reduces wind speed by 50 percent and helped arrange the planting of grids of straw and branches in the desert dunes. then the getty adopted cave no. 85, where it has done extensive work analyzing water and salt damage to the murals. to save the wall paintings, the getty has developed a process that removes some salt from the cave walls and readheres the mural plaster. even after years of work, only about 40 caves are accessible, on a rotating basis of 10 to 12 a day, to tourists whose numbers have grown to more than 300, 000 a year from about 50, 000 in 1980, the year after mogao opened to the public. most visitors crowd into the caves during summer, quickly increasing the temperature and humidity and adding to the mural damage. ' ' the scale of the site is so vast that there is conservation work for generations to come, ' ' said neville agnew, the getty ' s top mogao project specialist. nevertheless, the dunhuang academy ' s achievements have made its reputation around china. ' ' there is a tremendous demand on the dunhuang academy to help other areas on cultural protection, ' ' mr. huang


top mogao project specialist. nevertheless, the dunhuang academy ' s achievements have made its reputation around china. ' ' there is a tremendous demand on the dunhuang academy to help other areas on cultural protection, ' ' mr. huang said. kuqa and kizil, two cave sites on the silk road in xinjiang province, have asked for help, he said, as have three sites in tibet that need expertise with the preservation of cave paintings and the shaolin monastery in henan province. the dunhuang academy has also set up an educational training course for northwest china. ' ' there is almost an endless line at their door asking for help, ' ' mr. huang said. preservation experts are hopeful about dunhuang as a model for another reason too. it is one of the first two sites in china - - the other being cheng de, the qing dynasty summer resort north of beijing - - to follow what are known as the china principles. these heritage preservation guidelines were drawn up by china ' s state administration for cultural heritage, along with the getty conservation institute and the australian heritage commission, and adopted in 2000. the china principles, which generally update existing international conventions, enshrine conservation principles and mandate an interdisciplinary management process. they require a master plan that, for example, researches and sets visitor capacity limits. these guidelines have now largely been disseminated to the provinces, which are responsible for most heritage sites. but several experts at the conference said that many local officials appeared to be ignorant of them. china has ' ' made great progress in training conservationists and establishing many legal systems in heritage conservation at different levels, ' ' said tong mingkang, a deputy director of the state administration for cultural heritage. ' ' we now have a full, complete set of legal principles. the government has spent lots of money at different levels, and these achievements make us very proud. ' ' but he conceded, ' ' we need to adopt various measures to implement the china principles. ' ' there is no enforcement mechanism for the standards. zhang webin, a former director of china ' s heritage administration, was even harsher. ' ' we still lack a strategic plan, ' ' he said. ' ' some don ' t understand the depth of conservation. we need to train professionals, particularly professionals with foreign experience. we need to have a complete law system. ' ' in the meantime experts are looking to the dunhuang academy, an appropriate view for perhaps more than one reason. dunhuang means ' '


tue may 15, 2012 aletta becomes western hemisphere ' s first tropical storm of 2012 aletta — a modest tropical storm spinning of the western coast of mexico with 40 mph winds — is already special because of two reasons : it the first tropical storm in the western hemisphere and it has now broken a 41 - day streak in which earth did not see a cyclone. jeff masters at weather underground provides a little more detail : - - second : " the formation of aletta ends a 41 - day streak without a tropical storm anywhere in the world. according to the uk met office, the 41 - day period storm - less period is the longest span earth has gone without a tropical storm in at least 70 years. " aletta, by the way, is not expected to bother anyone. that ' s why the washington post jumps ahead and asks : does this early storm — the atlantic hurricane season doesn ' t start until june 1 — mean we ' re in for an early start? " the birth of aletta in the eastern pacific signals activity is picking up in tropical regions around the world, " the capital weather gang reports. " the agitated appearance of the cloud field in the eastern pacific suggests there may be more development there in during the next few days. " back in april, william gray, the legendary meteorologist, released his forecast ( pdf ) for the hurricane season. he said he expected a season with " reduced activity. " " we anticipate a below - average probability for major hurricanes making landfall along the united states coastline and in the caribbean, " gray wrote.


likewise, the human foot ' s structure has evolved in a way that also causes problems. there are 26 bones in the foot, and as a whole it ' s not designed to shield us from pain. in fact, there ' s ancient evidence of ankle sprains, osteoarthritis and fractured ankles, back to the origins of upright walking, desilva said. the arch is an area of the foot that particularly causes a lot of problems - - so why do we have them? there are two leading theories, desilva said. one is that the arch acts as a shock absorber, taking up many of the forces within the foot during walking to prevent them from reaching the joints. the other idea is being developed by scientists such as daniel lieberman ' s group at harvard ; they look at how the arch is made of ligaments that can stretch and recoil in relation to the mechanics of running. and how about the chronic pain from wisdom teeth? although these " third molars " may not make you smarter, they are actually connected to the evolution of the human brain, said alan mann, anthropologist at princeton university. the size of our brains is more than three times that of our ancient ancestors, mann said. the architecture of the brain case had to change to accommodate that, and so did the way that the facial skeleton fit with the cranial skeleton. thousands of years ago, a gene mutation appeared that ' s associated with an absence of wisdom teeth. this is especially pronounced in some groups ; about 45 percent of inuits are missing third molars, mann said. neanderthal adults, on the other hand, appear to have consistently had wisdom teeth. walking upright on two feet also makes childbirth tricky, said karen rosenberg of the university of delaware. our species has come up with a cultural solution : have someone there to help, be it a midwife or an obstetrician, to mitigate the risks that come with the birth process. " evolution has been functional in ourselves, yet we are suffering these problems, " mann said. " and many of those problems are going to remain as part of our biology. "


dental disease primer caries or tooth decay can start at any age. the required elements for decay are susceptible teeth, bacteria in the mouth, and certain foods which contain sugar. the tooth decay process begins with a soft, sticky layer of bacteria called plaque. within the plaque matrix are particular bacteria that metabolize the sugar and starches in the foods we eat to produce acids. the plaque holds this acid against the teeth. each time this acid is produced it attacks the tooth enamel for about 20 - 30 minutes. these chronic repeated attacks begin to break down the enamel to create a cavity. once this occurs, the cavity spreads inward to the center of the tooth called the pulp. at this point an abscess can form at the end of the root that causes severe pain. treatment is needed to prevent further decay or this destructive process will result in tooth loss. warning signs of tooth decay are : • a tooth sensitive to heat, cold or sweets • pain during chewing • swelling or drainage at or below the gum line • a white spot on a tooth • a dark spot on a tooth • persistent discomfort in the mouth or sinus early childhood caries ( ecc ) • a severe rapidly developing form of tooth decay in infants and young children • can effect all teeth however classically found in the front incisors which erupt first, at about 6 months, and are least protected by saliva • baby bottle tooth decay • nursing caries severe ecc may lead to... • extreme pain • spread of infection • difficulty chewing, poor nutrition, below average weight • extensive and costly dental treatment • high risk of dental decay and crooked bite in adult teeth • poor self - esteem, behavioral and social interaction problems • speech development problems • lost school days and difficulty learning how teeth develop decay • dental decay is the most common chronic disease of childhood : 6 % of 1 year old 22 % of 2 year old 35 % of 3 year old 48 % of 4 year old periodontal disease or gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in the adult population. although most tooth loss from periodontal disease occurs in adulthood, early signs of the disease may be witnessed in adolescents. periodontal disease attacks the gums, bone, and other structures that hold the teeth in the jaws. the toxins produced by bacteria in plaque inflame the gums, making them swollen and tender. prone to bleeding, the tissues worsen as the accumulating plaque colonizes on the teeth and hardens into calculus ( tartar ) that collects


toxins produced by bacteria in plaque inflame the gums, making them swollen and tender. prone to bleeding, the tissues worsen as the accumulating plaque colonizes on the teeth and hardens into calculus ( tartar ) that collects under the gum line. calculus cannot be removed by brushing and flossing. only scaling by the hygienist or dentist can remove calculus. as plaque and calculus continue to form, the gums become red, swollen, tender, and prone to bleeding. this condition known as gingivitis can be reversed by thorough plaque removal and regular periodontal maintenance by the hygienist. in many cases untreated gingivitis can lead to a more severe condition called periodontitis. although gingivitis may progress to periodontitis it is not clearly proven that periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis. in the most common form of destructive periodontal disease the gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets between the teeth and gums. these crevices fill with bacteria, and become deeper. the gums, bone, and other structures supporting the teeth are seriously compromised and the teeth may pathologically drift and loosen. surgery may be needed to save the teeth or they may have to be extracted. current research demonstrates that periodontal disease is a widespread disease that may not necessarily progress slowly and can eventually result in tooth loss. dental researchers now believe the content rather than the amount of plaque may play a more important role in the development of the disease process. it has only been in the past few years that researchers have been able to identify the specific microorganisms in plaque associated with various forms of periodontal disease. other changes in thinking are that the disease is not generalized or slowly progressive. a patient may have one or more active sites, with the rest of the mouth showing no signs of periodontal disease. the disease may also move in bursts of activity rather than progress at a continuous pace. these new findings are challenging the profession to find new ways to diagnose and treat periodontal disease. other factors that may contribute to the progression of periodontal disease include smoking or chewing tobacco, metabolic diseases like diabetes, hormonal changes ranging from puberty to pregnancy, harmful habits presenting as clenching, mouth breathing and grinding, and finally growth and development processes such as misaligned teeth and a bad bite. warning signs of gum disease include : • gums that bleed on brushing and flossing •


to pregnancy, harmful habits presenting as clenching, mouth breathing and grinding, and finally growth and development processes such as misaligned teeth and a bad bite. warning signs of gum disease include : • gums that bleed on brushing and flossing • red, swollen or tender gums • gums that have receded from the tooth structure • suppurative exudate ( pus ) discharging from the gums • teeth that are loose or drifting • changes in the fit of the bite • persistent bad breath or a sour taste juvenile periodontitis is a rare form of periodontal disease that affects adolescents and young adults. here the mouth appears healthy with little inflammation or discomfort. loose teeth are the first sign of trouble. x - rays will reveal that the vital bone around molar teeth and upper incisors has been destroyed. treatment may include surgery and antibiotic therapy by the periodontist team member at kids dental. malocclusion refers to the irregular way teeth or jaws fit together. the causes of malocclusion can be inherited or acquired. tooth size, jaw size, cleft palate, congenitally missing teeth, and other abnormalities are examples of inherited causes. acquired causes include premature loss of teeth, mouth breathing and other harmful habits such as tongue thrusting and thumb sucking. if left untreated, malocclusion may cause abnormal pressure on the teeth, resulting in uneven wear and / or periodontal disease. effective plaque removal is difficult to practice when the teeth are not in proper alignment. malocclusion can also lead to digestive disorders caused by improper chewing. speech, social and emotional problems may result if the malocclusion is not corrected. the treatment of malocclusion is provided by the orthodontist team member at kids dental, a dentist who has additional training in this area of dentistry. the most common sites of oral cancer are the tongue, floor of the mouth, lips, soft palate and tonsillar area. since oral cancers vary widely in appearance, they are often difficult to recognize. this is why it is important to have regular check - ups and perform monthly self exams. the warning signs of oral cancerous lesions are : • any swelling, lump or growth located in the head or neck area. • a sore that does not heal after two weeks • white or red patches in the mouth or on the lips • repeated bleeding from the mouth or throat • difficulty in swallowing or persistent hoarseness • in leukemia the symptoms are red swollen gums


rusty steel wool experiment children love to learn and experiment with new things. try this easy science experiment that is fun to do and will teach your kids about chemical reactions. what you need : - 5 small jars with lids - wire wool - boiled water - bicarbonate of soda line up the small glass jars and place a small piece of wire wool in each jar. label the jars as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 so that you can record what you have placed in each container. pour water into your first container labelled ' 1 ' and put the lid on it. pour boiled water into the second container labelled ' 2 ' and put the lid on it. leave the third container labelled ' 3 ' open and exposed to the air ( air contains water vapour ). mix some salt with tap water and pour this into the fouth jar labelled ' 4 ' and place the lid on it. add a pinch of bicarbonate of soda to the fith container labelled ' 5 ' and place the lid on it. leave the jars for one day. check the jars the next day and write down your observations. - rust is a very common chemical reaction which happens to iron and the metals containing iron. rust is caused by a combination of water and air and is exalerated up by adding salt to the equation. - the jar to show rust first should be number ' 4 ' as it has salt added to the water. - containers ' 1 ' and ' 3 ' will begin to rust more slowly. - containers ' 2 ' and ' 5 ' will only start to show rust if there is air and water vapours trapped under the lid in each jar.


anzac day is one of australia ' s most important national holidays. april 25th is the anniversary of the first major battle fought by australia and new zealand during world war i. they celebrate it just like we celebrate veterans and remembrance day. a brief history anzac stands for australian and new zealand army corps. the soldiers who fought for these countries were known as anzacs. a year after world war i broke out, the anzacs set out to capture the gallipoli peninsula in turkey so allied navies could get to the black sea. when they landed at gallipoli on april 25th, the allies couldn ' t defeat the turkish who were defending the area. for eight months the two groups battled it out. by the end of 1915, both sides in the war had suffered thousands of casualties and the allies withdrew from gallipoli. how it ' s observed services are held at dawn, which is the same time the anzacs landed in turkey. later in the day, men and women who served in different wars march throughout cities and towns and ceremonies are held at war memorials around the two countries. did u know? - what some people don ' t know is that all the men who fought during the eight - month battle at gallipoli, including the 8, 000 who died, were all volunteers. in other countries, soldiers were drafted ( there was a mandatory sign - up ) to fight in the war. - anzac day is also observed in the cook islands, samoa and tonga. - there is a city called gallipoli within the gallipoli peninsula but visitors to the area often stay in other towns close by like the ancient city of troy. - the last - known australian surivor of the battle of gallipoli, alec campbell, died in may 2002.