heart of the father unto the son, and to restore the tribes of jacob. " according to a tradition contained in yalkut shimeoni, it is said in reference to isa. lii. 7, that three days before the advent of the messiah, elijah will appear upon the mountains of israel, and will announce to the world that the time of peace is about to come ; so loud will his voice be that it will be heard from one end of the earth to the other. according to erubin 43a, elijah will first present himself before the sanhedrin when he comes. in connection with this it is interesting to note that at the appearance of john the baptist, priests and levites from jerusalem, and therefore without doubt emissaries from the central [ paragraph continues ] jewish authorities, came to the baptist in the wilderness to enquire who he was ( john i. 19 : and this is the witness of john, when the jews sent unto him from jerusalem priests and levites to ask him, who art thou? ). but the most important part of the rabbinical teaching on the subject is that elijah will lead the jews to repentance when he appears ; thus in pirqe de - rabbi elieser c. 43, it says " israel will not bring forth the ' great repentance ' before elijah comes " 1 ( see luke i. 16, 17 ). 128 : 1 these sections should be compared with the corresponding ones in chaps. ii., iii., v., vi. 129 : 1 the meaning assigned to the expression " birth - pangs of the messiah " is, perhaps, a later figurative adaptation of what was in the first place understood literally. it may be a survival of the myth wherein the birth of the messiah of the " woman " was described ( cf. rev. xii. 1 ff. ; oesterley and box, op. cit. p. 218 ). 129 : 2 see schurer, the jewish people in the time of jesus christ, ii. ii. p. 155. 120 : 1 a saying of rabbi simon ben jochai. 121 : 1 cf. john viii. 68. 121 : 2 weber, juedische theologie, p. 366 ff. 121 : 3 cf. luke xi. 27. 121 : 4 weber, op. cit. p. 366. 133 : 1 weber, op. cit. p.. 3 4. 135 : 1 weber, op. ci


the talmud : selections, by h. polano,, at sacred - texts. com " all that god made was very good. " rabbi simon, the son of eleazer, uses the words " very good " in reference to sleep. " man sleeps, " says he, " and in a few hours he gains renewed strength. " rabbi samuel, son of nachman, said, " the incentive leading man towards women is ' very good, ' for thereby households are organised and families are formed. " rabbi hammuna was of the opinion that no more forcible meaning could be given to the words " very good " than in applying them to the ills of life, which, said he, " more than doctrines and reasonings keep men temperate and dependent on a higher power. " rabbi simon, the son of abba, applied the words " very good " to retaliation ; and rabbi simon, the son of lakish, to political government ; but the teaching of rabbi meir was, that the death of man is " very good. " judaism aims not to separate, but to unite mankind, and this was one of the great principles of rabbi meir ' s life. concerning the passage, " man shall observe the law and live in it, " he said, " holy writ says not israelites, not levites, not priests, but men ; therefore the gentile who observes the law stands on a level with the high priest. " " walk before every man in modesty and humility, " he said further. " not only before your co - religionists, but before every man. " rabbi meir was a great allegorist ; it is said that he knew three hundred allegories relating to the fox alone. of these hut three fragments remain to us. " a fox said to a bear, ' come, let us go into this kitchen ; they are making preparations for the sabbath, and we shall he able to find food. ' the bear followed the fox, but being bulky he was captured and punished. angry thereat he designed to tear the fox to pieces, under the pretence that the forefathers of the fox had once stolen his food ; wherein occurs the first saying, ' the fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children ' s teeth are set on edge. ' " ' nay, ' said the fox, ' come with me, my good friend ; let us not quarrel ; i will lead thee to another place where we shall surely find food


grapes, and the children ' s teeth are set on edge. ' " ' nay, ' said the fox, ' come with me, my good friend ; let us not quarrel ; i will lead thee to another place where we shall surely find food. ' the fox then led the bear to a fountain, where two buckets were fastened together by a rope, like balances. it was night, and the fox pointed to the moon reflected in the water, saying, ' here is a fine cheese ; let us descend and partake of it with an appetite. ' the fox entered his pail first, but being too light to balance the weight of the bear he took with him a stone. as soon as the bear had gotten into the other pail, however, the fox threw this stone away, and consequently he rose, while the bear descended to the bottom. " here he applies his second saying, " the righteous is delivered out of trouble, and the wicked cometh in his stead. " each man must suffer for his own sins, and for his own guilt alone. he who follows the luminary of the night, sensuality, must perish, while the righteous one, though carrying a stone ( sin ), will throw it away betimes, and be delivered from death. the libertine elishah, the son of abuyah, generally called acher, a most learned man, was one of rabbi meir ' s teachers, and they frequently conversed on biblical passages. the people were not pleased that rabbi meir should so associate, and they called him therefore acherim, a word composed of the letters of meir and acher. but rabbi meir referred them to the proverb, " incline thy ears to listen to the words of the sages, but direct thy heart to what my thought is. " rabbi meir ate the date and threw away the seeds ; he found a pomegranate, and partaking of the fruit, he rejected the rind. his generation did not comprehend him. acher upon one occasion said to rabbi meir, " why is the law compared to gold and glass? " " because, " replied rabbi meir, " it is as hard to acquire as gold is hard in substance, and forgotten with as much ease as glass is broken. " " no, " returned the other, in the name of rabbi akiba, " the reason is this : when gold and glass are broken they may be melted and worked over into new


, and forgotten with as much ease as glass is broken. " " no, " returned the other, in the name of rabbi akiba, " the reason is this : when gold and glass are broken they may be melted and worked over into new shapes. so is it with the student of the law, though he may commit many faulty actions there is still hope and help for him. " rabbi meir always favoured benevolence, and a care of self as well as of others. " he only is truly rich, " he asserted, " who enjoys his wealth. " the passage in malachi 26 : " many he withheld from iniquity, " he interpreted as referring to aaron, the first high priest, who was so respected that the mere mention of his name, or the thought of how he might regard a certain action were he present, prevented many from falling into sin. a heathen once said to rabbi meir, " does it seem credible that god, whose majesty you assert fills the universe, should have spoken from between the two staves in the ark of the sanctuary? " in answer rabbi meir held up before the heathen a large and a small looking - glass, in each of which the inquirer beheld his image. " now, " said the rabbi, " in each mirror your body is reduced to correspond with the size of the glass, - - should the same thing be impossible to god? the world is his large looking glass, the sanctuary his small one. " in regard to instruction, rabbi meir always said, " teach your pupils concisely? " he also said, " let your supplications be brief ; " and his exhortation to parents was, " teach thy son an honest handicraft. " his favourite maxim was, " be resolved to know my ways ; be attentive at the doors of the law, and guard the law in thy heart. before thy eyes be the fear of me ; protect thy mouth from sinning ; cleanse and sanctify thyself from all guilt and iniquity, and god will be with thee. " from the sentence, " be attentive at the doors of the law, " rabbi meir declared that every scholar should have at least three teachers, and that the word " doors " possesses a peculiar idea or meaning. for instance, a person in passing the door of the house in which he passed his honeymoon, or the door of a hall of justice in which


should have at least three teachers, and that the word " doors " possesses a peculiar idea or meaning. for instance, a person in passing the door of the house in which he passed his honeymoon, or the door of a hall of justice in which he has been convicted or acquitted, or the door of a house in which he has sinned, what different thoughts, feelings, and recollections will be awakened in him. with equal strength should the circumstances under which he studied the law be impressed upon his mind. the israelites are called the " children of god, " and rabbi meir never ceased to present this filial relation in its true light, filling to the brim the goblet of family happiness, and displaying it to the eyes of the people. " jeremiah calls us ' foolish children, ' " said he ; " in deuteronomy we are called ' children lacking faith ; ' but under all circumstances we remain ' the children of god. ' " rabbi meir ' s wife was good and pious as her husband. there dwelt in his neighbourhood some co - religionists who were followers of greek customs, who annoyed the rabbi very much. in his vexation he would have prayed to god to destroy them, but said beruryah, his wife : " be mindful of the teachings of thy faith. pray not that sinners may perish, but that the sin itself may disappear and no opportunity for its practice remain. " during the rabbi ' s absence from home two of his sons died. their mother, hiding her grief, awaited the father ' s return, and then said to him : " my husband, some time since two jewels of inestimable value were placed with me for safe keeping. he who left them with me called for them to - day, and i delivered them into his hands? " " that is right, " said the rabbi, approvingly. " we must always return cheerfully and faithfully all that is placed in our care. " shortly after this the rabbi asked for his sons, and the mother, taking him by the hand, led him gently to the chamber of death. meir gazed upon his sons, and realising the truth, wept bitterly. " weep not, beloved husband, " said his noble wife ; " didst thou not say to me we must return cheerfully when ‘ tis called for, all that has been placed in our care? god gave us these jewels ; he left them with us for a time, and


- apostolic pilgrim - bruno of egisheim - bruno of eguisheim - dagsburg - pilgrim pope son of count hugh of egisheim. cousin of emperor conrad ii. chapter canon of saint stephen ’ s, toul, france. deacon. soldier and officer in the imperial army. in 1021, while still in the military, he was chosen bishop of toul, france, a position he held for 20 years. commanded troops under emperor conrad ii in the invasion of italy in 1026. very disciplined himself, he brought order to the monasteries in his diocese, discipline to the clergy, and the cluniac reform to many of his houses. mediator between france and the holy roman empire. chosen 151st pope with the support of the roman citizens and henry iii of germany. leo brought his reforming, disciplinary ways to the church as a whole, reforming houses and parishes, fighting simony, enforcing clerical celibacy, encouraging liturgical development and the use of chant. he brought hildebrand, later pope saint gregory vii, to rome as his spiritual advisor. fought the coming great schism between the eastern and western churches. he received the nickname of pilgrim pope due to his travels through europe, enforcing his reforms, insisting that his bishops, clergy, and councils follow suit. held synods at pavia, italy, in rheims, france, in mainz, germany, and in vercelli, italy where he condemned the heresy of berengarius of tours. authorized the consecration of the first native bishop of iceland. peacemaker in hungary. proposed that popes be elected only by cardinals. leo ’ s papacy was marred by his military action. he added new italian regions to the papal states, and when normans invaded these areas in 1053, he personally led an army to throw them out. this resulted in wide - spread criticism, defeat in the field, his capture at civitella, and several months imprisonment at benevento, italy. he spent his time there well, learning greek to better understand the writings of the eastern church, but his health suffered badly, and he died soon after his release. - book of saints, by the monks of ramsgate - catholic encyclopedia, by horace k mann - ecole glossary, by karen rae keck - katherine rabenstein - kirken i norge - lives of the saints, by father alban butler - medieval religion listserv, by john dillon - new catholic dictionary - our sunday visitor ’ s encyclopedia of saints - popes


this article is a transcription of a talk by mr h. w. kinsey to the s. a. military history society in december, 1972. editor ' s note : published in two parts. part i follows. part ii will appear in vol. 2 no. 6 december, 1973 the story of sekukuni and the military campaigns agains him and the bapedi is a fascinating and romantic one, largely because of the history of the bapedi people and the comparative remoteness of the area in which sekukuni ' s stronghold was situated. in order, however, fully to appreciate this story it is necessary to know something of the history of the bapedi people, of which sekukuni was the chief, the historical and political background in the transvaal in the 1870s and to have in one ' s mind the geography of sekukuniland and the surrounding areas of the transvaal involved. it is also interesting to note that sekukuniland is the only native area of any magnitude in south africa which carries the name of the most renowned chief of the area. relatively speaking, the sekukuni wars are not very well documented - certainly not in the same way as the zulu war - and apart from a thesis by mr. k. w. smith in the archives year book for 1967, no single work deals fully with the subject. however, there is much to be found scattered all over many publications, and this too is a fascinating aspect of the subject. there were three separate campaigns against sekukuni, i. e. the first sekukuni war of 1876 conducted by the boers, and the two separate campaigns of the second sekukuni war of 1878 / 1879 conducted by the british. these two latter campaigns were interrupted by the zulu war. history of the bapedi it appears that the sotho people migrated southward from the great lakes in central africa about five centuries ago in successive waves and the last group, namely, the hurutse, settled in the western transvaal towards the beginning of the sixteenth century. it is from this group that the bapedi eventually originated through the bakgatla offshoot which takes its name from the chief mokgatla. very little is known of the history of the bakgatla people for the first few generations after their founder mokgatla had seceded from the parent group, but it is known that, arising from a further split at a later date, a chief by the name of tabane


the bakgatla people for the first few generations after their founder mokgatla had seceded from the parent group, but it is known that, arising from a further split at a later date, a chief by the name of tabane left with his followers and settled at what is now known as schilpadfontein in the vicinity of pretoria. it is not known how long they lived there, but tabane appears to have been succeeded by his son motsha, whose son and heir diale ( or liale ) had a number of wives, the youngest of whom was his favourite wife mathobele. the other wives were jealous of her favoured position and when she was expecting her first child they made mocking songs about her and said that her child cried whilst still in it mother ' s womb. the child, a male child, was born normally and was named ' lellelateng ' meaning ' it cries inside ', but the unusual event was attributed to witchcraft and the kgatla, or council, wanted to kill the mother and child. diale interceded for them and they were both spared. however, as the baby grew older it became apparent that he would not be accepted by the tribe, and it seems that he and his family, together with a large following, broke away or were driven away and trekked to the east with their flocks and herds to found the bapedi nation. they crossed the olifants river below its junction with the elands river and passed through the country north of middelburg. they crossed the lulu mountains and eventually settled near steelpoort in approximately 1650. this mythical explanation of the origin of the bapedi is typical of tribal histories, but it is more probable that the nickname ' lellelateng ' was given to the founder of the tribe in praise of qualities of strength and fearlessness. in support of this dr. h. o. monnig tells us that the bapedi have a well - known proverb in praise of men who control their emotions saying, ' monna ke nku, o lella teng ' ( the man is like a sheep, he cries inside ), which refers to the fact that sheep make no noise when slaughtered, for which they are greatly admired and which makes them highly desirable sacrificial animals. dr. monnig also tells us that thobele seems to have been the proper name of lellelateng and that, although there is little evidence of this assumption, it seems


admired and which makes them highly desirable sacrificial animals. dr. monnig also tells us that thobele seems to have been the proper name of lellelateng and that, although there is little evidence of this assumption, it seems reasonable since lellelateng is generally taken as the founder of the bapedi, although tradition makes no further mention of his sons or successors, whereas thobele is accepted as the man who led the bapedi to their new home. certainly as the name indicates, mathobele was his mother. one further side - light is that when crossing the lulu mountains they found a porcupine quill and promptly accepted or adopted the porcupine as their totem in place of the monkey of the bakgatla which they had had previously. it is not clear where the name pedi or bapedi comes from. major d. r. hunt says they found a venda clan called vhambedzi who were outstanding iron workers and as the bapedi at that time used iron hoes for lobolo, and as they esteemed iron work very highly, they accepted the sotho equivalent of the venda name. bulpin mentions that they took the name from a resident minor group of dispossessed karanga people from rhodesia and called themselves pedi which was the nearest their language could get to the karanga name of mbedzi, the dispossessed people. the rev. alexander merensky, however, who probably knew more about the bapedi than any other european at that time, tells us, inter alia, that sekukuni ' s people were made up of a conglomeration of various tribes, the most important branch of which called themselves the " bapedi " or " baperi ", meaning the " family of the king ". further more, merensky affirms that it must have been 200 years since this tribe settled along the steelpoort river, and he mentions that on some portuguese maps about 150 years old he had found the name of the kingdom of the ' biri ' on exactly the same spot where the bapedi then dwelt. it seems probable, however, that they took the name either from an ancestor, a mythical mopedi of bahurutse origin, or from the country in which they settled. what is important, however, is that the tribe established by thobele and the various divisions and offshoots that broke away all have


, a mythical mopedi of bahurutse origin, or from the country in which they settled. what is important, however, is that the tribe established by thobele and the various divisions and offshoots that broke away all have the porcupine as their totem and are the only tribes that primarily call themselves bapedi. following a number of ' begattings ', subjugations of and intermingling with other tribes, the bapedi as we know them today were finally re - united in about 1780 by one thulare who was one of the greatest and most loved of their chiefs. under his reign the tribe grew and prospered and the pedi empire was greatly extended. according to major hunt, thulare died in 1824, on the day of a solar eclipse and this is the first definite date we can establish in the history of the bapedi. there is some uncertainty as to thulare ' s successor as about 1826, i. e. about two years after his death, the whole bapedi empire was crushed and disrupted by mzilikazi in his rampage throughout the transvaal. however, in the chaos and carnage that followed sekwati, the senior living son of thulare, gathered together what he could of the bapedi and fled to the north where he took refuge with ramapulana to whom the bapedi were related some five generations before. he left behind him a country devastated by the matabele who had completely denuded the country of all stock and grain. the remaining people of the old bapedi empire had fled into the mountains and caves from which they stole forth at night to find whatever food they could. here again we have another side effect of tshaka ' s reign. many of the people became cannibals and eventually, after an absence of about four years, sekwati returned and established the paramountcy of the bapedi and rid the country of the remaining cannibals. he established himself at phiring near pokwani on a rocky hill which is known today as magali ' s location. although the bapedi originated from the bakgatla and were of sotho stock, their wanderings and their admixtures with other tribes by conquest, etc., resulted in the absorption of many words in the bapedi language ( generally known today as northern sotho ) and customs which are not of sotho origin, but which are


admixtures with other tribes by conquest, etc., resulted in the absorption of many words in the bapedi language ( generally known today as northern sotho ) and customs which are not of sotho origin, but which are akin to the venda and lovedu peoples, etc. and the karanga from rhodesia. however, this is a matter for the anthropologist and does not really concern us here. it might be of interest to our subject, however, to take a look at the bapedi and tribal warfare. major c. l. harries tells us that it could hardly be said that the bapedi were a warlike tribe, and that it is difficult to ascertain whether they ever had the courage to fight a pitched battle with a rival tribe. the custom was to send men to the tribe to be attacked, ostensibly for the purpose of doctoring or of selling bead work but, in truth, they were spies who reported upon a favourable opportunity for the onslaught on the kraal. the chief would then summon all the men of his following to assemble with their weapons, which consisted chiefly of assegais and battle axes. the men were aware of the need to bring food supplies. it did not take long to assemble and the whole of the bapedi army would set off in the opposite direction to their destination which was kept secret from the main following until the second night, when suddenly the course would be changed and all haste made to the kraal to be attacked. the attack was made stealthily and no prisoners were taken, except the women and children. in most cases the attacks were effectual and a great deal of bloodshed resulted. unlike the zulus and the matabele, to whom the art of war and military strategy was a science and military discipline was a way of life, the military organization of the bapedi was very crude. each man provided for himself and followed his own ideas as to what he should do. tactics were formulated by the chief in council, and the execution of the tactics was assigned to the chief ' s own brother, who exercised active command of the tribesmen. all the cattle looted were handed to the man in command, who caused a third to be slaughtered, a third to be sent to the chief ' s kraal and the remaining third to be handed back to the party who had looted them. women and children were regarded as loot and divided among the followers of the chief. despite these observations of major harries,


sent to the chief ' s kraal and the remaining third to be handed back to the party who had looted them. women and children were regarded as loot and divided among the followers of the chief. despite these observations of major harries, the fighting habits and qualities of the bapedi were the cause of much concern to the european forces which set out to subdue them and to the european population in the surrounding areas, and were very well suited to the mountain region in which the bapedi lived. the situation in the transvaal after sekwati had established himself at phiring the boers appeared on the scene. a party of voortrekkers under louis trichardt passed through the eastern transvaal in 1837, and in 1845 another group under hendrik potgieter entered bopedi on their way to the founding of origstad. however, following land encroachment on the part of the immigrant boers and stock thefts on the part of the bapedi, there was constant bickering between the two peoples. potgieter attacked the bapedi in 1847 and again in september 1852 with a commando of about 320 burghers. the attack was repulsed, but it is interesting to note that when the bapedi were besieged and their water supply was cut off at phiring with dire results, sekukuni, the son of sekwati, and a bold young warrior at that time, succeeded with men of his matuba regiment, and some young girls carrying pots, in breaking out of the besieged village. the young girls drew water and the party returned safely to relieve the position of the defenders. sekwati no longer appeared to be safe at phiring and moved to thaba mosega in 1853 under the eastern slope of the lulu mountains to a village which he established there by the name of dsjate, and which he fortified heavily. there was constant friction, however, between the bapedi and the boers, who claimed that bapedi carrying arms were continually stealing stock - this the bapedi seemed to have developed into a fine art - whilst the bapedi claimed that the origstad farmers stole native children to be indentured as farm labourers. an agreement was entered into between the boers and sekwati on 17th november, 1857, which, inter alia, fixed the steelpoort river as the eastern boundary of bapediland, i. e. the boundary between the bapedi and the


between the boers and sekwati on 17th november, 1857, which, inter alia, fixed the steelpoort river as the eastern boundary of bapediland, i. e. the boundary between the bapedi and the white men. incidentally, the bapedi still regard this as their boundary. thereafter, the tribe lived in peace for several years and we understand from the rev. dr. alexander merensky, a lutheran missionary from germany, who established a mission station at dsjate in 1861, that towards the end of his life sekwati commanded some 60 000 to 70 000 people and an army of about 12 000 men, of whom fully a third was armed with guns. sekwati died on 20th september, 1861, and was buried on the summit of thaba mosega. he was succeeded by his son, sekukuni, who claimed the chieftainship by force, with the result that his half - brother mampuru, who was the rightful heir, was eventually forced to flee. sekukuni, who at that time was about 47 years of age, was a hard cruel man and unloved by his people. he forced alexander merensky to flee, accompanied by sekukuni ' s brother, johannes dinkwanyane, and it was as a result of this move from sekukuniland that merensky founded the botsabelo station in 1865 and built fort wilhelm, near where middelburg, at first known as nazareth, was established a year later in 1866. it appears from various accounts that, in the years that followed his accession to the chieftainship of the bapedi, sekukuni quietly collected a store of muskets and ammunition from certain farmers who ' ran ' these arms through from delagoa bay, and in 1875 the bapedi under sekukuni successfully withstood an assault by a swazi impi. although the impi penetrated nearly as far as thaba mosega they were defeated by the bapedi who were better armed with muskets. this confirmed sekukuni ' s feeling of security in his stronghold in the dsjate valley backed by the lulu mountains with the hills of mosega and modimolle guarding the entrance and with the ' fighting koppie ' as the citadel. sekukuni considered sekukuniland to be independent and not subject to the transvaal republic and refused to allow miners from the pilgrims rest gold


and modimolle guarding the entrance and with the ' fighting koppie ' as the citadel. sekukuni considered sekukuniland to be independent and not subject to the transvaal republic and refused to allow miners from the pilgrims rest goldfields to prospect on his side of the steelpoort river. things came to a head, however, in an incident on 13th march, 1876, when one, jancowitz, beaconed off a farm near the stad of johannes dinkwanyane, the brother of sekukuni, who had established himself near lydenburg after leaving the botsabelo mission station in 1873. the beacons were removed and the wood which jancowitz had collected was thrown off his wagon. the first sekukuni war we have seen how the thieving of stock by the bapedi from the land - hungry boers and the natural fear of the bapedi about their position with the constant land encroachment on their borders had led to continual friction and had finally culminated in the jancowitz affair. it must be assumed from the evidence that johannes dinkwanyane was aided and abetted in his actions by sekukuni. the inevitable result, of course, was that the volksraad declared war on sekukuni on the 16th may, 1876, and by july, 1876, president burgers himself had moved up with a force of about 2, 000 burghers with a few krupp guns and between 400 and 500 wagons. he was joined by a strong force of swazis who, it is claimed by some, were brought into the affair by mampuru, the half - brother of sekukuni who, it will be remembered, had been ousted from his rightful place by sekukuni. the force advanced up the steelpoort river from middelburg, and the first objective was the capture of johannes dinkwanyane ' s stad on the east and mathebes kop in the west to cover the boer lines of communication and to clear the country of hostile natives on both sides of the lulu mountains. president burgers himself was in command, with martinus wessels pretorius as commandant - general and commandant nicolas smit as deputy. the force was divided into an eastern section and a western section. pretorius was to lead the eastern section which was to consist of about 600 men, mainly from lydenburg, under commandant c. g. coetze


smit as deputy. the force was divided into an eastern section and a western section. pretorius was to lead the eastern section which was to consist of about 600 men, mainly from lydenburg, under commandant c. g. coetzee, and the swazis, with the object of capturing johannes ' s stad before proceeding to sekukuni ' s stronghold. the western force of about 1 000 men under commandant smit was to clear the olifants river area of hostile natives. the first clash occurred on the 8th july, 1876, between the eastern force and the enemy at magnet heights, which were cleared with a loss of about 400 of the enemy. one boer and eight native allies were killed. in the meantime, the western section under smit failed at first to take mathebes kop, but after the arrival of president burgers, the position was successfully stormed on 4th and 5th july, 1876, with a loss of three burghers killed and seven wounded, and five native allies killed. this victory made a big impression on the minor chieftains and thus all bepedi resistance in the south - west and south - east had been crushed. on 13th july, 1876, the burghers of the eastern force under commandant coetzee took up a position opposite johannes ' s stad on the spekboom river, whilst the swazis hid themselves for a surprise attack. coetzee, however, gave no orders for the burghers to attack the stad which was attacked successfully by the swazis alone and johannes himself was mortally wounded. this unsupported action by the swazis is confirmed by e. v. corrie in a brief but stirring account from which we also learn that the swazis refused to hand over to the boers any of the cattle taken on the grounds that the boers had not taken part in the action nor assisted in the capture of the cattle. disgust with the boers for leaving them to fight alone appeared to be the main reason for the swazis returning home the next day, although there were also rumours of an impending attack on swaziland which may have contributed to their decision. mopping up operations were carried out by the boers and it appears that an impi sent by sekukuni withdrew. the remants of johannes ' s people surrendered and thereafter the two burgher sections united for the attack on sekukuni ' s stad. the force moved up on 31st july


an impi sent by sekukuni withdrew. the remants of johannes ' s people surrendered and thereafter the two burgher sections united for the attack on sekukuni ' s stad. the force moved up on 31st july, 1876, and it was decided that the attack was to take place the following day. it is not clear from the various accounts as to the actual approach route of the boer commando as it moved up to sekukuni ' s stad, and although it might appear from some accounts that the boers moved up round the northern end of the lulu mountains, this does not seem to have been the case, as it would seem from the accounts of major hunt and others that the burgher advance continued from the steelpoort river on a broad front until the boers arrived within reach of thaba mosega from the eastern side. i am inclined to the latter view. c. j. uys, however, draws attention to the use by the british in 1879 of the old boer road during the advance to dsjate from the north, but this may have had reference to an old wagon road. however, the force moved up as mentioned on 31st july, 1876, with commandant smit in command, as commandant general pretorius was ill, and with jan joubert as deputy. the president was not to take part personally. the plan was for joubert with 800 burghers and 500 natives to attack from the south and for smit with 900 burghers and a native impi to attack from the northern end. at the same time a captain otto riedel with four cannon was to bombard the stad. these were presumably the krupp guns referred to earlier. during the night of 31st july, joubert and his men went to take up a position behind the stad, but their progress was halted by the large numbers of the enemy who occupied the schanzes and joubert returned to camp with his men. for some unknown reason there was no contact between the two forces, probably by virtue of the terrain and the distance, with the result that smit was unaware of joubert ' s failure and, although the boers reached the stad and actually set fire to some of the huts, they were forced to withdraw owing to lack of support from joubert. as a result the boers failed to dislodge sekukuni. hunt tells us that, in any event, the burgh


to some of the huts, they were forced to withdraw owing to lack of support from joubert. as a result the boers failed to dislodge sekukuni. hunt tells us that, in any event, the burghers ' hearts were not in it as they distrusted both the military and religious capacity of president burgers. they returned from the scene of the action with some haste until they had recrossed the steelpoort river - which confirms, i think, that the advance was from the eastern side - and then dispersed to their homes. for this reason the first sekukuni war was often referred to as ' die huis - toe oorlog '. k. w. smith tells us, however, that the krygsraad tried unsuccessfully to fine the burghers who had refused to attack, and it was finally agreed that the best plan would be to guard the borders of sekukuni ' s country. the president was obliged to abide by the majority decision in this respect. accordingly, to meet this situation it was decided to hold the line of the steelpoort river against sekukuni with some volunteer mercenaries. a fort was at once built within the junction of the steelpoort and spekboom rivers opposite the drift on the steelpoort river at the foot of the triple crowned morone mountain. the outline of this fort, which was named fort burgers, after president burgers, after first being referred to as the steelpoort fort, may still be seen and is in the vicinity of the village known today as burgersfort. the fort was manned by some volunteer mercenaries called the lydenburg volunteer corps who were placed under the command of a prussian ex - officer, captain von schlickmann who, incidentally, was the holder of the iron cross, with orders to keep the bapedi in check and to harass them as far as possible. at the same time another fort, fort weeber, named after o. c. weeber, the landdrost at middelburg, was built t the west of the lulu mountains and a few miles west of the present jane furse hospital, and not far from maseleroom of which we shall hear more later. this fort, traces of which can still be seen, was garrisoned by some middelburg burger volunteers under the command of captain ignatius philip ferreira, later colonel ferreira, cmg, and the founder of ferreira ' s camp, the original


later. this fort, traces of which can still be seen, was garrisoned by some middelburg burger volunteers under the command of captain ignatius philip ferreira, later colonel ferreira, cmg, and the founder of ferreira ' s camp, the original site of johannesburg. we shall hear more of this distinguished soldier and expert strategist of native warfare. this fort was on an open plain free from surprise attack and in a healthier situation than fort burgers. as a result of the successful patrols from the fort the plains on the west side of the lulu mountains were under the control of the boers by the end of 1876. on 29th september, 1876, sekukuni attacked fort burgers with the object of recovering cattle supposedly looted from the bapedi by the volunteers. although the bapedi failed to take the fort, they recovered the cattle and killed two of the volunteers. the volunteers were reinforced by recruits from the kimberley diamond fields who were recruited by alfred aylward, an ex - fenian whose name was probably murphy and who was the author of the transvaal of to - day. unfortunately, however, on 17th november, 1876, von schlickmann was ambushed in a kloof some six miles from the fort whilst on a cattle - looting expedition. he himself was killed and the volunteers suffered six other casualties. aylward then took command at fort burgers and carried out raids within a safe radius of the fort. the policy of the boers, namely to harass the bapedi and prevent them from sowing their crops, had the desired effect, and sekukuni had no alternative but to make peace overtures. after a form of peace treaty had been concluded, peace was eventually restored along the border by february, 1877. dr. alexander merensky acted as mediator and the peace terms were discussed at botsabelo mission station between representatives of sekukuni and the boers. sekukuni ratified the treaty in february, 1877, in which he acknowledged that he was a subject of the south african republic and agreed to pay a fine of 2, 000 head of cattle. he also agreed upon the boundaries of his territory. thus peace was at last proclaimed along the border in february, 1877. there is some doubt, however, as to whether sekukuni actually acknowledged himself to be a subject of the south african republic. editor ' s note : part ii and the author ' s references will be published in vol2 no 6 december 1973 return to journal index or


| indians 4 sale | our online exhibitions give visitors a peek into our collections and associated materials through topics related to the school for advanced research ’ s mission. many factors influenced how native american cultural materials have been collected in the last century. this exhibit explores the history of collecting, by both individuals and institutions, and examines changes in contemporary practice. trade and adaptation are universal concepts that have helped communities all over the world survive and grow throughout history. this exhibit focuses on these concepts and how it relates to the southwestern united states. native american participation in the tourist industry extends over 100 years. this exhibit introduces you to two different regions of native america and provides an overview of the ways in which various tribes capitalized on or were affected by tourist presence. winklil is the yucatec maya word for body. for this exhibit, winklil will be used to reference the human body and will be a means of exploring the rich and complex world of mayan art. pueblo embroidery today is the most viable and commonly practiced of all the pueblo textile traditions, which date back more than a thousand years. follow the history of this ancient technique through the present. take the opportunity to get a 360 - degree view of some of the magnificent items from the iarc ’ s kachina collection.


populations of the american eel have massively declined in recent years. by douglas main nobody knows exactly how american eels make it to the sargasso sea, a mysterious expanse of flotsam - ridden waters in the middle of the atlantic ocean where the animals breed. but a recent study to chart the migration of these enigmatic eels only deepened the mystery, when six of the eight eels tracked with satellite tags were eaten by sharks. soon after the eels were tagged in gulf of st. lawrence, all eight devices were found floating on the surface of the water suggesting the animals had met an untimely end. the tags, which record depth and temperature, revealed that before surfacing the devices had suddenly entered an environment much warmer than the gulf ' s frigid waters. further analysis found that these conditions could be encountered only one way : inside the body of a porbeagle shark, according to a release from dalhousie university in halifax, nova scotia, canada, where some of the study authors work. the study, detailed in the online journal plos one, suggests that efforts to conserve eels, whose populations have massively declined in recent decades, could be confounded by predation by porbeagle sharks. these sharks were one of the species that were themselves voted to be protected under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) earlier this week. " both species are in trouble, and measures to conserve one may well be at odds with efforts to protect the other, " said julian dodson, a researcher a laval university in quebec city and study author, in the statement. " what we really need now are studies to quantify just how important eels are in the diets of sharks and just what impact shark predation has on eel abundance. " eels breed in the sargasso sea but return to freshwater streams as adults, making them vulnerable to pollution, urban development and the construction of dams. " we could hope that there will be increased pressure to protect eels in fresh water, particularly during downstream migration through power dams, " said study author melanie beguer - pon, also a laval researcher, in the statement. " we can ' t do anything about shark predation, but we can limit mortality in turbines. " an additional 113 adult eelswere fitted with simpler acoustic tags, which can be detected by receivers moored in the ocean. the study found that only four of these eels made it out of the gulf of st. lawrence into the atlantic ocean, according to the release. many of these


but on monday, the day after we ran the kalundborg winter marathon, i found myself unable to think straight. patients and colleagues alike would ask me questions or give me information and i would stare at them as if they were a teacher from charlie brown. normally i would attribute behaviour like this to low blood sugar or lack of sleep. but i am certain neither of these were the case. and my boss said i looked ill and that she was concened about me. despite being a physician, i find myself unable to explain these untoward effects other than attributing it all to " exhaustion ". here i am looking kind of dead after the race : to determine whether or not a marathon is " healthy ", one should probably consider the immediate, secondary and long - term effects it has on the body. 1. short - term health effects : it is hard to find many short - term health benefits. there is of course that rush of adrenaline and another benefit for most people is burning calories. negative effects on health include muskuloskeletal injuries, hyponatremia ( from drinking too much water ), heat stroke, kidney failure ( seen rarely in ultras ) and the extremely rare but feared sudden cardiac death. in looking at studies of people who die from heart problems in a marathon, these are exclusively people with underlying heart conditions, whether they know it or not. there is also damage and death of cardiac muscle cells during a marathon, shown in multiple studies by a rise in troponin in the blood after a marathon, as one sees with a heart attack. i ' ll get back to the meaning of that long - term in a bit. a great study in the british medical journal ( bmj. 2007 dec 22 ; 335 ( 7633 ) : 1275 - 7. ) looked at large marathons in cities all around the world and found that one is more likely to die of an accident in the city outside of the race than to die during the race. i think that helps put the issue of marathon safety in perspective. and one of the best things about marathons may be that they result in so many road closures, that numerous traffic - related deaths are prevented. i have also never come across serious problems pregnant women have had while running marathons. but you can bet your life savings that when the first pregnant woman does make the news for a marathon - related health problem, pregnant women all over the world will decide not to run at all when pregnant. 2. secondary


had while running marathons. but you can bet your life savings that when the first pregnant woman does make the news for a marathon - related health problem, pregnant women all over the world will decide not to run at all when pregnant. 2. secondary effects : not only does one feel tired, but there is quite a bit of evidence that one ' s immunesystem functions abnormally for up to 72 hours after a race. 2. long - term health effects of a marathon : first of all, it is extremely hard to do good research on the long - term health effects of a marathon, when marathon runners tend to be healthier people in the first place. but, i did come across one interesting study in a literature search : it appears that prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes decreases with the frequency of marathon participation independent of annual running distance ( med sci sports exerc. 2009 mar ; 41 ( 3 ) : 523 - 9 ). as far the long - term effects on the heart, no concensus has been reached. all studies are small and they have found conflicting results ( read this article in the new york times for more info http : / / well. blogs. nytimes. com / 2009 / 09 / 30 / phys - ed - how - do - marathons - affect - your - heart / ). anyone else have thoughts on the subject? here are so more pictures from kalundborg winter marathon and a video clip of the marathon from danish tv : first the link to the video : and some pics from tor rønnow ( minus the naked ladies, thanks, tor! ) : running song of the day : all through the night by cindi lauper


a common item of terminology, both inside and outside sf : ufo is an acronym for unidentified flying object. in the first edition of this encyclopedia in 1979, the subject of ufology was discussed under the heading " flying saucers ". the change of title reflects the fact that ufology itself has changed over subsequent decades, and may now be thought of almost as three separate disciplines or interpretations of the phenomenon, one of which ( the extraterrestrial hypothesis ) despite legitimate attempts at scientific investigation, is often straightforward pseudoscience. the second is a hybrid of aspects of geology and meteorology, and the third deals with psychology. the term " flying saucer " was born in 1947 when the us businessman kenneth arnold, while flying his private plane near mount rainier, washington state, saw what he perceived as nine disc - like objects flying in formation nearby ; he described their flight as being " like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water ". sightings continued through the late 1940s and the 1950s, becoming ever more elaborate and intimate, and still continue today, decades later, albeit not at the same feverish frequency as during the height of the saucer craze. reports came, and still come, from all over the world. early books on the subject were written by such disparate authors as retired american marine corps naval aviator major donald e keyhoe, with the flying saucers are real ( 1950 ), and self - appointed contactee george adamski ( 1891 - 1965 ) with flying saucers have landed ( 1953 ; rev 1970 ) ( co - written with desmond leslie ). the latter book marked a new development, in that adamski claimed not only to have seen flying saucers but to have interacted with their alien occupants. later books include attempts at objective analysis by scientist j allen hynek the ufo experience : a scientific inquiry ( 1972 ) and a sociological history of the phenomenon by historian dr. david jacobs the ufo phenomenon in america ( 1975 ). however, it would be wrong to think that flying saucers were solely a twentieth - century phenomenon. reports of unexplained lights and objects in the sky date back at least to classical antiquity. in the 19th century, during winter and spring 1896 - 1897 there were widespread reports of an airship being sighted over north america : it crossed the usa roughly west to east over a five - month period. the situation was complicated by hoaxers making false statements and even sending up appropriately styled hot - air balloons, but this cannot account for the bulk of the


sighted over north america : it crossed the usa roughly west to east over a five - month period. the situation was complicated by hoaxers making false statements and even sending up appropriately styled hot - air balloons, but this cannot account for the bulk of the sightings ; nor can it explain why this particular flap started. it ended only when thomas alva edison ( 1847 - 1931 ) ( > edisonade ) firmly denounced the whole affair as a farrago. clearly this was a flying - saucer flap in every respect except that people, or at least the newspapers, reported sightings of airships rather than saucers ; moreover, they did so at a time when the airship was at the cutting edge of transportation technology and had for a time featured plausibly in sf stories. it has been noted that spaceships, although not as yet in operation, occupied a similar position in the public consciousness by the late 1940s, although ufos, being typically disc - shaped or spherical, did not conform to the general image of spaceships. that people see unexplained " objects " in the sky cannot be denied. the vast majority of such sightings can be confidently put down to misidentifications of perfectly natural phenomena : oddly shaped and illuminated clouds, the image of venus refracted in the atmosphere, ball lightning ( itself only quite recently recognized as a naturally occurring, though rare, phenomenon ), etc. man - made phenomena are also surprisingly easy to misidentify : frequent examples include orbiting satellites, aeroplane navigation lights and various forms of balloon – some designed with an intent to hoax. the remainder have been regarded as simply inexplicable ; or attributed to flying saucers piloted by aliens ( variously supposed to derive from other planets, other dimensions, the future, or the inside of the hollow earth ; whichever, this is dubbed the " extraterrestrial hypothesis " ) ; or to rare geological / meteorological circumstances involving processes that are explicable in terms of current scientific knowledge. the branch of ufology investigating what it prefers to call by such terms as " transient atmospheric phenomena " ( " taps " ) has scored some minor successes, notably in demonstrating that stressed granite can, as a result of the piezoelectric effect, produce dancing lights in the air overhead. the psychological school of ufology accepts that people who report encounters with aliens are recording genuine experiences – in the sense that, say, a dream is a genuine experience – and seeks to find objective explanations for subjective events. here again there is


air overhead. the psychological school of ufology accepts that people who report encounters with aliens are recording genuine experiences – in the sense that, say, a dream is a genuine experience – and seeks to find objective explanations for subjective events. here again there is much to interest the cultural historian, for in the related abduction phenomenon there are astonishingly close similarities between modern descriptions of encounters with aliens and historical ones of meetings with the little people. other significant alleged encounters involve the more human - seeming men in black, dark - suited agents of an assumed cover - up by governments, global conspiracies or secret masters – dramatized in the films men in black ( 1997 ) and the shadow men ( 1997 ). as with airships / spaceships, it would appear that the " contact " experience is interpreted by the human mind in terms of the state of technology of the age. modern " contactees ", who are frequently religious cultists using ufo belief to their own purposes, often base their interpretations on contemporary sf, a hypothesis buttressed by the fact that there was a noticeable qualitative shift in " contactee " accounts after the colossal success of the film star wars : episode iv – a new hope ( 1977 ) – for example, cute little ' bots were more frequently reported. if sf feeds ufology in terms of extraterrestrial interpretation, how does ufology feed sf? despite the fact that most genre - sf writers are hostile to the extraterrestrial hypothesis – a reaction to the unjustified public assumption that sf writers are deeply interested in ufology – sf writers did indeed frequently assume the reality of alien - piloted flying saucers, almost always for the purposes of story, irony or symbolism. many treated the subject facetiously. there are exceptions : adamski himself, some time before his famous experiences, wrote pioneers of space ( 1949 ), and dennis wheatley ' s star of ill omen ( 1952 ) seems to be the work of a believer. novels rooted in the extraterrestrial hypothesis include : shadows in the sun ( 1954 ) by chad oliver ; i doubted flying saucers ( 1958 ) by stan layne ; the flying saucer gambit ( 1966 ) by larry maddock in the agent of t. e. r. r. a. series ; brad ' s flying saucer ( 1969 ) by marian place ( 1910 - ) ; the mendelov conspiracy ( 1969 ; vt encounter three 1978 ) by martin caidin ; the gismo ( 1970 ; vt the gismo from outer space 1974 cha


brad ' s flying saucer ( 1969 ) by marian place ( 1910 - ) ; the mendelov conspiracy ( 1969 ; vt encounter three 1978 ) by martin caidin ; the gismo ( 1970 ; vt the gismo from outer space 1974 chap ) by keo felker lazarus ( 1913 - ) ; fade - out ( 1975 ) by patrick tilley, by a very long way the most interesting of the books in this list ; alien ( 1977 ) by george h leonard ( not to be confused with the film tie alien by alan dean foster ). as ufological interest branched out into the new areas of alien abductions and crash retrieval accounts, sf followed suit. steven spielberg ' s close encounters of the third kind, about abductions and related phenomena, generated enormous public interest and was unusual in depicting aliens as mystical benefactors. novels include leslie waller ' s film tie close encounters of the third kind ( 1977 ) as by spielberg ; the melchizedek connection ( 1981 ) by ray fowler ( 1930 - ) ; majestic ( 1989 ) by whitley strieber ; alintel ( 1986 ; no english trans to date ) by jacques vallee ( 1939 - ), the famous french ufologist ( the model for lacombe, played by francois truffaut, in close encounters of the third kind ) and winner, as jerome seriel, of the 1961 prix jules verne ; and the ufo conspiracy sequence by david bischoff : abduction : the ufo conspiracy ( 1990 ), deception ( 1991 ) and revelation ( 1991 ). a theme anthology is encounters with aliens ( anth 1968 ) edited by george earley ( 1927 - ). the strieber and bischoff titles concern themselves with the notion of the " cover - up ", a trademark cliche of ufology : the paranoid belief that the us government ( or other authority figure ) possesses the physical proof that aliens are visiting us but chooses to keep the information secret. in strieber ' s story the case concerned is the roswell incident of 1947, in which a flying saucer is claimed to have crashed in the new mexico desert ; a story predating this incident and bearing some resemblance to it was " mewhu ' s jet " ( november 1946 astounding ) by theodore sturgeon. cover - ups feature also in ufological sf that does not subscribe to the extraterrestrial hypothesis. in w allen harbinson ' s projekt saucer series – projekt saucer # 1 : inception ( 1991


1961 ) in his flying saucers : a modern myth of things seen in the skies ( 1958 ; trans 1959 ). the made - for - tv film the flipside of dominick hyde ( 1980 ) and its sequel use a flying saucer from the future as an enabling device. very small flying saucers feature in richard francis ' s blackpool vanishes ( 1979 ) and in the films liquid sky and * batteries not included. an account of a meeting with denizens of another world, 1871 ( 1979 ) by david langford ( presented as being written by william robert loosley ) is a spoof victorian narrative. saucer enthusiasts have themselves been the subject of sf stories, as in the television series kinvig. j g ballard ' s " the encounter " ( june 1963 amazing ; vt " the venus hunters " in terminal beach, coll 1964 ) leans heavily on jung ; fritz leiber ' s the wanderer ( 1964 ) deals in part with the reactions of various ufologists to an actual celestial visitor ; david langford ' s " encounter of another kind " ( december 1991 interzone ) has a believer spreading the ufo gospel via an elaborate hoax. the best novel about the ufo experience is undoubtedly miracle visitors ( 1978 ) by ian watson. watson instead envisages ufos and " contacts " in terms of altered states of consciousness and the dichotomy between objective and subjective reality – much as do ufologists of the " psychological school ", in fact. his book, with its surreal inventiveness and loose link with ordinary causality, is understandably offensive to determined rationalists, who find it a nonsense ; exactly the same could be said for " contact " experiences themselves, which is perhaps the mark of watson ' s success. another sf novel which portrays the essential elusiveness of the ufo phenomenon – this time via frenetic manipulation of parallel worlds – is adam roberts ' s yellow blue tibia ( 2009 ). [ dp / jr / jgr / drl / lw ] see also : paranoia ; urban legends ; x - com. previous versions of this entry


solar household energy ( she ) strives to unleash the potential of solar cooking to improve social, economic and environmental conditions in sun - rich areas around the world. over half the world ' s population currently relies on wood, charcoal or other biomass for daily cooking, leading to respiratory diseases, economic hardship, environmental degradation, and carbon emissions. solar cooking with modern solar ovens such as the " hotpot " developed by she, when included as part of an integrated cooking solution, offers a practical, affordable, and sustainable alternative. since 1998, solar household energy has worked with governments, non - governmental organizations and the private sector to promote solar cooking and introduce it in developing countries through projects that distribute solar ovens and provide training for users. we invite you to join us today in our efforts to spread the news about solar cooking and get it to those who can benefit from it most. solar cooking news : - global conservation organization adopts solar cooking resolution sponsored by solar household energy the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) has embraced a strong resolution sponsored by solar household energy calling for increased support for solar cooking efforts worldwide. the measure was adopted in september at iucn ’ s quadrennial world conservation congress in jeju, south korea. to read more click here. - solar cooking for the haitian / dominican border she has recently partnered with the nature conservancy to introduce solar cooking in tilori, haiti near the dominican border as part of a larger program aimed at reforesting areas denuded for charcoal production and fuelwood for cooking. she combined global sun ovens manufactured locally in the dominican republic by el fuego del sol with fuel efficient envirofit stoves to offer a 24 / 7 integrated cooking solution for this community. training sessions and follow - up were provided to the participants to help them learn how to use their new cookstoves. - more hotpots for sudanese refugees in chad after a few months of solar cooking in the gaga refugee camp in chad, the sudanese refuee recipients of hotpots distributed by solar household energy at the request of u. n. high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) were relieved to have an alternative to having to purchase fuelwood or risk the dangers of collecting it outside the camp. they said they wished that every woman in gaga could have a solar oven. while not yet a reality for all 20, 000 residents, she is now partnering with africare and unhcr to distribute hotpots and providing training and follow - up for an additional 200 households


every woman in gaga could have a solar oven. while not yet a reality for all 20, 000 residents, she is now partnering with africare and unhcr to distribute hotpots and providing training and follow - up for an additional 200 households in the camp. - solar - fried chicken in the dominican republic : solar household energy has joined with a new partner, grupo jaragua, to distribute solar ovens in the dominican republic and haiti, in order to reduce the use of wood and charcoal for cooking fires that has seriously damaged the forest cover of the island shared by these countries. dr non - profit organization, grupo jaragua ( gj ), provides solar cooked lunches everyday at its community center in oviedo, demonstrating how easy and tasty solar cooking can be. gj ’ s chief solar chef and trainer, olga, has even devised a method for a healthier, solar - cooked version the fried chicken dish that is the local favorite. gj and solar household energy purchase global sun ovens for distribution throughout local communities from an assembly plant in the dr managed by el fuego del sol according to fair trade standards. for a limited time, a matching grant allows solar household energy contributors to donate a sun oven to a dr or haitian family for only $ 119. ( a full price sun oven costs $ 279 ). take advantage of this opportunity now by using the network for good button on this page and marking your donation for the dr.


head - dress @ not in common use among the hebrews. it is first mentioned in exodus : 28 : 40 ( a. v., " bonnets ; " r. v., " head - tires " ). it was used especially for purposes of ornament job : 29 : 14 ; isaiah : 3 : 23isaiah : 62 : 3 ). the hebrew word here used, _ tsaniph _, properly means a turban, folds of linen wound round the head. the hebrew word _ peer _, used in isaiah : 61 : 3, there rendered " beauty " ( a. v. ) and " garland " ( r. v. ), is a head - dress or turban worn by females isaiah : 3 : 20, " bonnets " ), priests exodus : 39 : 28 ), a bridegroom isaiah : 61 : 10, " ornament ; " r. v., " garland " ). ezekiel : 16 : 10 and jonah : 2 : 5 are to be understood of the turban wrapped round the head. the hebrew _ shebisim _ isaiah : 3 : 18 ), in the authorized version rendered " cauls, " and marg. " networks, " denotes probably a kind of netted head - dress. the " horn " ( heb. keren ) mentioned in 1samuel : 2 : 1 is the head - dress called by the druses of mount lebanon the tantura.


caring for american indian objects - more info - by : edited by sherelyn ogden - format : paper, 272 pp., 8. 5 ” x 11 ”, 48 color photos, 63 b & w photos, appendices, index - publisher : mhs press ( august 2004 ) - usually ships in : 1 - 3 business days - isbn 0 - 87351 - 505 - 6 a practical and cultural guide2005 aaslh merit award winner invaluable information and advice to anyone who wants to preserve these objects. twenty - one contributors, fourteen of whom are american indians, discuss general aspects of museum care, explain techniques for particular materials, and address important cultural considerations. american indian cultural objects, like most objects, deteriorate over time. precious and irreplaceable pieces of a people ’ s heritage can turn to dust, either slowly or rapidly, depending upon their composition and the ways in which they are stored and handled. this practical guide, with over 100 color and black - and - white photos, offers indian and non - indian caregivers, conservators, and collectors helpful information on standard museum practice to aid them in making decisions to slow deterioration. sherelyn ogden is the head of conservation at the minnesota historical society. she is also the author of preservation of library and archival materials : a manual and preservation planning : guidelines for writing a long - range preservation plan. praise for caring for american indian objects “ an excellent and valuable book that will be useful to students, conservators, and tribal museum staff. it will make a great textbook as well as reference book. ” — dr. andrew gulliford, director, center of southwest studies, fort lewis college more information about this book : view the table of contents to caring for american indian objects. our price : $ 39. 95


download the complete report ( 3. 5mb pdf file ) " the road took us to the most distant fountain of the waters of the mighty missouri in surch of which we have spent so many toilsome days and wristless nights. thus far i had accomplished one of those great objects on which my mind has been unalterably fixed for many years, judge then the pleasure i felt in all [ a ] ying my thirst with this pure and ice - cold water. " - - meriwether lewis on august 12, 1805, upon crossing the continental divide and finding the headwaters of the missouri river. join us on a journey to the rivers fished and traveled by lewis and clark. two hundred years after their epic camping trip, discover for yourself the land and water explored by jefferson ' s " corps of discovery " - - places you will love, places you can still fish, hike and camp, places you can help us protect. for an angler with a love of america ' s wild places and a bent for history, there ' s no better trip than fishing the waters along the lewis and clark trail. the north american prairie, the northern rockies, and the pacific northwest are home to fabled rivers like the missouri, niobrara, yellowstone, jefferson, bitterroot, lochsa, clearwater, grande ronde, and columbia. whether angling for catfish " as big as a man, " trout as long as your arm, or 700 - pound sturgeon, fishing these waters promises epic adventure and a stockpile of stories for you and your family. when meriwether lewis and william clark began their expedition to explore the western part of the continent, they commissioned private silas goodrich to be their fisherman. it was goodrich ' s job every night to wet a line in the river and see what he could bring home. his assignment was partly for food ( the fish became an important part of the corps ' diet ), partly for scientific research, 1 but mainly because lewis, clark, and goodrich all loved to fish. the fact that their minds were on fishing is evident in the list of gear they brought with them. one of lewis ' s lists of requirements included " 4 groce fishing hooks " and " 12 bunches small fishing line. " a later summary of purchases listed 2, 800 assorted fishing hooks, and 125 large fishing hooks and fishing lines as indian presents. your own expedition probably won ' t require a thousand hooks, but a well - stocked angler will carry a bait


" a later summary of purchases listed 2, 800 assorted fishing hooks, and 125 large fishing hooks and fishing lines as indian presents. your own expedition probably won ' t require a thousand hooks, but a well - stocked angler will carry a bait - casting rod for catfish and walleye, a fly rod for the mountain states ' trout, and deep - sea poles for the steelhead, salmon, and sturgeon of the columbia river waters. be prepared for every kind of weather, from searing heat on the eastern plains to july snowstorms in the mountains. always carry a rain jacket, and bring lots of bug spray, for as lewis wrote, " the mesquiters are terrible! " always check local fishing regulations before you start to fish. regulations can change from season to season and can differ for each river or even for any given section. when buying your fishing licenses, ask for tips from the locals. they know the area ' s secrets and may be willing to share information. and as always, remember to leave your fishing hole in better shape than you found it. we strongly recommend a catch - and - release policy for all fish. ( also, it ' s illegal to fish for any species listed on the endangered species list. if you inadvertently hook a listed species, then you ' re legally responsible for releasing it unharmed. ) fishin ' along the lewis and clark trail is part of the sierra club lewis and clark wild america campaign, which aims to help people learn about, explore, enjoy, and protect the fish, wildlife, and natural wonders of the lands explored by the corps of discovery. sprawl, logging, pollution, and excessive damming now threaten many of the rivers they navigated. as the rivers are damaged, so are the salmon, trout, steelhead, and other fish that depend on them. find out in the " conservation update " sections how you can protect your favorite fishing hole by taking action or volunteering with the sierra club. about the author drew winterer lives in missoula, montana with his wife, shannon, two dogs and a cat. when not fishing somewhere on the lewis and clark trail, he guides fly - fishermen on montana ' s western waters. fishing with silas, an angler ' s guide to the lewis and clark trail, written with nick gevock, is currently in the publishing process. for more information, or to book a guided trip, contact drew at email @ example. com. for more information about the sierra club ' s lewis and clark campaign


the problem of free will is the problem of whether rational agents exercise control over their own actions and decisions. ( wikipedia ) intuitively, it seems simple. i wake up every morning and choose lots of things a€ “ what ia€™m going to have for breakfast, what ia€™m going to wear, whether or not i feel like going to work. my instinct tells me that i have free will. but some say ita€™s just an illusion. determinists believe that humans are predictable, programmed with genetic data, past experience, and environmental influences ; all of our actions and reactions foreseeable. behaviorists experimented with dogs to demonstrate predictable responses based on learned association with stimuli. dogs arena€™t people, but we too learn by association. seeing a tv commercial about a juicy steak might make us salivate. the ringing of the dinner bell did it for the dogs. along this same line of reasoning, some would argue that when choosing from the menu of possible reactions to a given situation, we have no more control over our selection than we do over which foods we like to eat. einstein himself took the view that a€œa human can very well do what he wants, but cannot will what he wants. a€ this point of view likens the human brain to a computer a€ “ a processor of information, both genetic and environmental, producing an inevitable and predictable reaction in each situation. taking it to the next level, some believe a computer could be programmed to a€œthinka€ like a human brain. the opposing side claims that the human brain is capable of complex tasks that couldna€™t be replicated by computer programming. the chief difference being that computers are syntactic machines and human brain function is semantic. a computer has no spontaneous thoughts a€ “ it thinks only what it has been told to think. it cana€™t decide that it doesna€™t feel like processing information right now. it cana€™t make any decision a€ “ ita€™s a completely reactionary machine. ita€™s barely even capable of making a mistake, which makes it in some ways superior to the human brain, yet ita€™s only as intelligent as its programmer. the computer is a tool that the programmer utilizes to get the result that he wants. and ita€™s the wanting that separates the human brain from a computer. or is it. do we a€œwill what we wanta€ any


computer is a tool that the programmer utilizes to get the result that he wants. and ita€™s the wanting that separates the human brain from a computer. or is it. do we a€œwill what we wanta€ any more than a computer does? then there are those who find common ground between free will and determinism, which may seem as diverse as science and religion. but compatibilists get there by slightly redefining free will ; they acknowledge that genetics and the environment play a role in our decisions, but state that wea€™re not forced or predetermined to make any particular decision. philosopher daniel dennett says, a€œall the varieties of free will worth having, we have. we have the power to veto our urges and then to veto our vetoes. we have the power of imagination, to see and imagine futures. a€ i don ’ t know where i stand with respect to the concept of free will. introspection tells me i have it, but introspection is worthless in scientific discovery. introspective “ discoveries ” are as numerous as opinions and opinions are like assho …. well, you know where i ’ m going with that. einstein found the concept of no free will comforting. he said, a€œthis knowledge of the non - freedom of the will protects me from losing my good humor and taking much too seriously myself and my fellow humans as acting and judging individuals. a€ unlike him, i find the idea more threatening than comforting. it raises disturbing questions about moral responsibility, self - image, and individuation. but maybe it ’ s not that introspection tells me i have free will as much as my current view of the world and myself requires it. or …. maybe i was just predetermined to be indecisive. free will wiki now you have it, now you don ’ t


vitamin d is a nutrient ( well, technically a hormone ) that has had a substantial amount of research devoted to it over recent years. as someone who enjoys keeping up with the latest findings, i am often dismayed at the outdated — and often inaccurate – information shared with the public. below, three crucial, but little - known, vitamin d facts everyone must know for the sake of their health. 1. current vitamin d recommendations are too low when i suggest to a client that they supplement 4, 000 to 6, 000 international units ( ius ) of vitamin d a day, their first reaction is usually one of two : “ but i already take a multivitamin ” or “ wow! that sounds like a lot ”. it does sound extreme when you consider that the current recommended daily intake is set at 600 ius for anyone between the ages of 14 and 70 ( this was increased a little over a year ago from the former recommendation of 400 ius ). your average multivitamin provides anywhere from 400 to 600 ius. the problem is that the 600 ius recommendation is based on research that solely examined vitamin d ’ s role in bone health. while that is certainly one function of vitamin d, there are many more ( almost every cell in the human body has vitamin d receptors ). newer research has implicated d in blood glucose control, mood disorders, and heart health. besides, when we make vitamin d from the sun, we can make up to 10, 000 international units a day under optimal conditions ( certainly calls into question some recommendations which set an upper tolerable limit of 2, 000 ius ). and, while anecdotal, the only way i have seen deficiencies corrected — in both clinical and outpatient settings — was with supplementation of anywhere from 4, 000 to 10, 000 international units a day ( depending on the severity of the deficiency ). 2 ) you don ’ t make vitamin d from the sun year - round many individuals who learn they are vitamin d deficient are often surprised since “ they are always out in the sun ”. depending where you live, though, your ability to make vitamin d is inhibited for many months. there isn ’ t full agreement in the health field, but the most common belief is that if you live north of the 35th parallel ( see map here ), your body is unable to make vitamin d from the sun for several months ( roughly from november to april ). for what it ’ s worth, some people abide by the “ 33rd parallel ”


north of the 35th parallel ( see map here ), your body is unable to make vitamin d from the sun for several months ( roughly from november to april ). for what it ’ s worth, some people abide by the “ 33rd parallel ” theory, while others think “ the 37th parallel ” is more accurate. the point is — if you ’ re north of los angeles, you are not making vitamin d for many months, even if you are out in the sun, at noon, wearing next to nothing. the reason? the sun ’ s uvb rays — the ones responsible for vitamin d production — don ’ t reach you. 3 ) there are a lot of barriers to vitamin d production let ’ s say you live in an area where you can make vitamin d year - round. or that you ’ re all the way up in boston, but it ’ s the middle of july, so the uvb rays are on and poppin ’. you are getting all your vitamin d from the sun, right? not quite. there are many barriers that can inhibit vitamin d production : - air pollution. - sunscreen. “ sunscreens with spf ≥ 15 almost completely inhibit vitamin d3 production ”. keep in mind that most commercial moisturizers contain spfs in the 20s, 30s, and 40s. - time of day. the general rule is that if your shadow is longer than your body, the sun ’ s rays are not high enough to produce vitamin d. in summary : 600 ius of vitamin d a day won ’ t cut it. you owe it to yourself to have proper levels, and, to do so, you can ’ t depend on sunlight or the paltry amounts fortified in food.


sci. stke, 29 february 2000 differentiation defining the boundary the drosophila wing precursor is divided into two non - intermingling groups of cells, the anterior ( a ) compartment and the posterior ( p ) compartment. dahmann and basler addressed the issue of how the boundary between the a and p compartment is established. the p cells express hedgehog ( hh ) and engrailed ( en ) ; the a cells express the hh receptor, smo, which, upon hh stimulation, converts the transcription factor cubitus interruptus ( ci ) from the repressor to the activator form. transgenic cells, in which the hh signaling pathway or the en pathway was altered, were introduced into fly larvae, and the wing precursors from such flies were analyzed to identify the positions ( a or p ) of the mutant cells and the amount of intermingling with the neighboring cells. segregation into the a or p compartments was dependent on the balance between the activator form of ci and the repressor form. without ci, the cells segregated away from both the a and p cells and assumed a position that straddled the a / p boundary. the authors also propose that the boundary may be defined by the abundance of the adhesion molecule de - cadherin because cells engineered to overexpress de - cadherin segregated away from neighboring cells in both the a and p compartments. dahmann, c. and basler, k. ( 2000 ) opposing transcriptional outputs of hedghog signaling and engrailed control compartmental cell sorting at the drosophila a / p boundary. cell 100 : 411 - 422. [ online journal ] citation : defining the boundary. sci. stke 2000, tw2 ( 2000 ). the editors suggest the following related resources on science sites : in science signaling science signaling. issn 1937 - 9145 ( online ), 1945 - 0877 ( print ). pre - 2008 : science ' s stke. issn 1525 - 8882


georgetown, washington, dc in the center of georgetown, lying along rock creek is a 19th century garden park cemetery rivaled only by boston ’ s mount auburn cemetery in graciousness and a sense of community. oak hill cemetery is a historic 22 - acre cemetery and botanical garden located in the georgetown neighborhood of washington, d. c. it includes the oak hill cemetery chapel and van ness mausoleum which are listed on the national register of historic places. oak hill cemetery was founded by mr. william wilson corcoran. in 1848, he purchased 15 acres along rock creek from relatives of george washington. when the cemetery company was incorporated by act of congress on march 3, 1849, mr. corcoran contributed the land to the company. james renwick, jr., architect of the original smithsonian building designed the iron enclosure and the chapel ( built in 1849 ) which is a representation of the finest english specimens of old gothic chapels. the cemetery itself is a major example of the 19th century romantic movement, the natural and not formal english garden, an acceptance and blending of nature rather than a geometrical imposition. because of oak hill ’ s age, its history is largely 19th century, with emphasis on the civil war. the burials and monuments are mostly for that period. all lots were sold long ago and, until recently, the only new interments possible were in the few spaces remaining in old family lots. recently, a new project has been started to renovate the paths and walkways. gps coordinates : latitude : 38. 91280, longitude : - 77. 05670 oak hill cemetery 3001 r street washington, district of columbia other websites of interest :


private network is a network that uses private ip address space ( what is it? ). these addresses are commonly used for home, office, and enterprise local area networks ( lans ), migrated from serverfault. com jul 24 ' 10 at 5 : 18 ip address is a unique identifier for a machine on a network. a network is a group of machines. to change of network, you must cross a router. the ip addresses are public somebody on internet can join the network from an other site. private ip are use in local and don ' t cross the routers. to access to internet, a private ip must be transform to a public ip : it is nat ( network address translation ). when the information come back from internet, the router change the ip from public to private. iana define which ip is public or private : http : / / www. iana. org / abuse / faq. html yeah, this question might belong somewhere else, but... you already know that wikipedia is your friend, because the line in your question " these addresses are commonly used... " comes from the article. the three private ip ranges : are private because everyone who configures a router agrees not to route them. even if you configure your own router to pass them out of your network unchanged, the next guy ' s network is either going to choke on them ( if they conflict ) or drop them. ip addresses by themselves are just unique identifiers ( hence " address " ) used to identify each computer or device on a network. they specifically apply to networks using the ip protocol, which is really all most people will encounter. there are 2 ip address protocols in use : ipv4, and ipv6. ipv4 is vastly more common today, but networks are slowly starting to migrate. the basic premise of ip addressing is that each computer connected to a network must have a unique address. in ipv4, all addresses are 32 bits long, broken into 8 - bit chunks separated by periods ( i. e. 184. 108. 40. 206 - 255. 255. 255. 255 ). back in the day, there were enough addresses that everyone on the internet could have their own unique address, and there were plenty to go around. then the internet got full. because of the " shortage " of ip addresses ( there are 232 possible ipv4 addresses ), the idea of " private addresses " were introduced. these are the


unique address, and there were plenty to go around. then the internet got full. because of the " shortage " of ip addresses ( there are 232 possible ipv4 addresses ), the idea of " private addresses " were introduced. these are the following blocks : the / 8, / 12, and / 16 refer to the subnet mask, which is used to determine how large the network can be before it must be split up. the subnet masks above are 8, 12, and 16 bits, yielding maximum network capacities of 224, 212 and 28 devices, respectively. note that for the 2nd and third groups, there are multiple networks available within this range ( i. e. 192. 168. 0. 0 and 192. 168. 1. 0 must be on separate networks, but 10. 0. 0. 0 and 10. 0. 1. 0 don ' t have to be ). ( note that ipv6 by contrast uses 128 - bit addressing, which leaves a huge address space available so that we might once again all have unique public ip addresses. ) in order to make these " private " networks useful, many networks have employed network address protocol ( nat ), or as it is more commonly seen port address translation ( pat ) ( sometimes also referred to as " nat overload " ). most devices which claim to support nat are really using pat. the idea behind pat is that the router can mask away a large number of private ip addresses to a single public ip. it does so by mapping each internal / private ip address to the public ip address and a specific port ( as usually defined in the tcp or udp protocols ). this way, you can have a network containing multiple devices ( e. g. 10. 0. 0. 1, 10. 0. 0. 2, 10. 0. 0. 3, etc ), and they will all be represented by the single router with a public ip address ( e. g. 220. 127. 116. 11 ). the end result of this is that many people can re - use the same private ip address ranges without conflict on the globally connected internet. for example, almost all home routers use 192. 168. 0. 0 / 8 or 192. 168. 1. 0 / 8. by employing pat, we are all able to use these ip ranges without having conflicts when our computers actually talk over the internet. the computers at each end are talking only to the router with the public ip, which then keeps track


this post, by community member, beth, originally ran this past march for trisomy awareness and world down syndrome day. given that it ’ s national down syndrome awareness month we decided to run it again. what trisomy awareness month means is each trisomy gets its own day to raise awareness. for example, my daughter lauren has down syndrome. she has 3 copies of the 21st chromosome, so our day to celebrate and raise awareness is march 21 ( 3 - 21 ). my friend marta has a 9 year old son who has trisomy 18. their day is 3 - 18. according to wikipedia, trisomy is where there are 3 copies of a certain chromosome instead of the usual 2. there are several different types of trisomy. the most common type is down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ). the other five types are rarer. kayden, marta ’ s son has edwards syndrome ( trisomy 18 ). there are trisomies that occur on the 8th, 9th, 13th, and 22nd chromosomes also. lauren was born in 2007, during a blizzard. she was a week early due to my blood pressure, and i needed an emergency c - section. she was 6lbs. and so tiny. she got jaundice, wouldn ’ t drink water ( she still doesn ’ t! ) i was told she would never breastfeed because she “ is downs ”. i started really advocating for her when she was 6 months old. we started early intervention ; i started planning our first buddy walk for our community. i tried to find other moms online, since the moms around our community really wanted nothing to do with us. i learned so much about down syndrome such as the proper terminology. lauren has down syndrome. she is not downs. also, it is down syndrome, not downs, down ’ s. big d, little s. it was named for the doctor who first discovered the features of down syndrome. i really despise when lauren is called a downs kid, or a downie. i always try to explain that by saying you wouldn ’ t call a woman with breast cancer ‘ the cancer lady ’. that would be rude. my name is beth and i blog at our typical life. i talk about everything from down syndrome to taking pictures. lauren is 3 and has down syndrome. avery is one and the biggest copy - cat ever. i ’ ve been married for nearly four years and we live in minnesota.


you are browsing the web and suddenly come across a page that displays numbers instead of letters? you see four numbers inside a little box instead of letters? well then you might just be missing a unicode font. here is a simple fix. those four numbers inside the little box are the hexadecimal code for the letter. if you have not got the font that translates those four numbers into a character or glyph you will only be able to see the number. here you can find a list of all unicode fonts as well as a comparison of those unicode fonts. having a look at the list, " gnu unifont " clearly stands out with 63, 446 characters 63, 449 glyphs. as the name already suggests gnu unifont is free to use and to download. you can get the gnu unifont for mac and windows from here. download the winzip archive for mac or windows, it is 3mb in file size. once downloaded simply unzip the file and copy it to your systems fonts folder. if you have trouble with that have a look here for windows 7 users and here for windows xp users. basically in windows the fonts are located at c : \ windows \ fonts. mac users can check this out to install the font. additionally here is a link to the unicode 6. 0 character code charts.


by priscilla long if you ’ ve been in the pacific northwest you ’ ve seen a douglas - fir. it ’ s a conifer of course — needles and cones. it ’ s our main tree and it grows in woods, in city parks, and on the street. in the woods it grows straight and tall and the lower branches stick straight out from the trunk like a many - armed man being frisked. but the tree is self - pruning, so what you often have in a younger tree is a straight - up trunk with knots where branches once grew, the needled top susurrus in the wind. to know for sure you ’ re standing under a doug - fir, look at the oval - shaped cones on the ground. they have thin unmistakable three - pointed bracts sticking up between the scales. why learn a tree at all? a tree is a tree, right? yet any one object, when scrutinized, opens the door to its worlds. to its type and its form and its way of life. to its deep past and if it ’ s alive, to its reproductive and genetic history. the doug - fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii ) is not actually a fir tree, and it ’ s incorrect to refer to its common name without the doug - or douglas -. it ’ s a member of the pine family. pines are gymnosperms, seed plants with “ naked ” seeds ( not enclosed in ovaries as are seeds of dahlias and dogwoods and daisies ). doug - fir cones have a pair of naked seeds at the base of their cone - scales. the tree can live for a thousand years. and its fossil remains date to 50 million years ago. so the douglas - fir scraping the sky outside my window had a long history before it became a force in our history. and it did become a force in our history. in the pacific northwest the tree was gigantic and abundant. fire was part of its ecology : the thick bark of old trees resists burning, and its saplings must have sunlight. fire can clear its shady understory of hemlock and cedar so allowing doug - fir seeds to sprout and the saplings to survive. northwest indians used the douglas - fir in minor ways, but preferred cedar because cedar is more beautiful and easier to work with stone tools. they fabricated longhouses, garments, canoes, baskets, and ceremonial articles from western red cedar. the first european to describe douglas - fir trees was archibald men


ways, but preferred cedar because cedar is more beautiful and easier to work with stone tools. they fabricated longhouses, garments, canoes, baskets, and ceremonial articles from western red cedar. the first european to describe douglas - fir trees was archibald menzies, a scottish naturalist who arrived in the pacific northwest in 1792 aboard the vessel of the english captain george vancouver. menzies supplied the latin name and gathered specimens to take home, all of which died. next, in the 1820s, came the tree ’ s eponym, david douglas, another scottish naturalist. douglas sent living seeds back to scotland where the resulting trees are now ubiquitous. douglas - fir became the most extensively harvested tree in the northwest. think weyerhaeuser. think old photos of tiny men with their tiny axes standing beside building - sized stumps. think clear - cut — that unnatural disaster. think tree farm. think house frames, two by fours, telephone poles, fence posts, plywood. in the pacific northwest, before every last centuries - old tree was cut down, the spotted owl controversy rose up and raged, pitting the environment against an industry and its jobs. endangered spotted owls ( and a good number of other species ) live only in old - growth forest. it ’ s an intense ecosystem that can ’ t be recreated. ultimately the owl won some protection ( under nepa — the national environmental policy act ) along with its giant old trees ( though threats continue ). here, in the young urban forest of my seattle street, i see the douglas - fir all around. it ’ s habitat, wood, shade. it ’ s part of our history, part of our world, even part of who we are. because of the july 4th holiday, priscilla long ’ s next science frictions essay will appear wednesday, july 11. priscilla long is the author of the writer ’ s portable mentor : a guide to art, craft, and the writing life and where the sun never shines : a history of america ’ s bloody coal industry. her essay “ genome tome, ” which appeared in our summer 2005 issue, won the national magazine award for feature writing. more posts from priscilla long : comments are closed for this post.


warm weather and summertime brings out thousands of collector cars and special interest vehicles to cruise nights and car shows across our country. it also brings its own type of mechanical problems — ones that new - car owners seldom have to deal with. some of the problems are fairly obvious, although they can take considerable time to fix. these problems are ones that involve rubber parts — everything from door gaskets to heater hoses. replacing some items such as body gaskets are inconvenient fixes but necessary to prevent moisture from getting where it shouldn ’ t and rust from starting to form. other parts, such as coolant hoses and engine seals, need more immediate attention or you may be stranded on the side of the road. there are a few mechanical problems that pop up with older vehicles that are related to modern fuels ; one of these is the addition of alcohol to the fuel. alcohol acts as a great cleaning agent, loosening gum deposits and grime from the inside of fuel tanks and lines. vehicles that have been driven all the time usually don ’ t have a lot of deposits, but vehicles that have been sitting for months or years usually do. the loosened deposits are usually caught in the fuel filter and plug it. a shortage of power during acceleration, stalling, and hard starting are all symptoms that can be caused by a plugged fuel filter. the other fuel problem is pinging caused by detonation or pre - ignition. cars of the ’ 50s, ’ 60s and early ’ 70s had relatively high compression engines. if the engine - cylinder pressures became too high the fuel could ignite by itself before the sparkplug could ignite it and the fuel would burn in an uncontrolled manner ( called detonation ). this caused even higher pressures in the cylinder and violent vibrations that would break pistons, piston rings, and even crack cylinder heads. we hear it as a rattling sound, usually called ‘ pinging. ’ pre - ignition is similar to detonation but the fuel is started burning prematurely by something hot inside the cylinder. it could be a piece of carbon, an overheated sparkplug electrode, or even a part of a failing head gasket. pre - ignition causes violent vibrations inside the engine just like detonation does, so the two are often confused. repairing a pre - ignition problem can involve engine disassembly to remove carbon or failing head gaskets. detonation problems can be prevented by changing ignition timing. both of these types of


does, so the two are often confused. repairing a pre - ignition problem can involve engine disassembly to remove carbon or failing head gaskets. detonation problems can be prevented by changing ignition timing. both of these types of problems can be reduced by using a high - octane fuel and maintaining a good engine - cooling system. octane is a rating indicating the ability of the fuel to withstand self - ignition due to pressure — the higher the octane number, the higher the pressure. premium fuels back in the ’ 60s and ’ 70s could have an octane number of 95 or higher. today, premium fuels are usually in the 91 octane range. there are octane boosters you can add to the fuel, but these are often unstable and designed more for racing vehicles where the fuel will be used right away. the best way to deal with pinging problems are to increase engine cooling so hot spots don ’ t form in the engine cylinders and retard ignition timing to lower cylinder pressures. be careful to not retard ignition timing too far or it will cause the engine to overheat. reducing the amount of time the fuel has to self - ignite will help reduce pinging. revving the engine higher sooner, using transmission and axle gearing so there is less load on the engine, and avoiding large throttle openings during acceleration are some of the ways of reducing pinging. modern cars can also ping if the octane rating of the fuel is too low for driving conditions, but computer controls sense the vibrations and change ignition timing to reduce it before engine damage can occur. mazda, with their new skyactiv engine, has the highest compression ratio of any production car and they have used modern technology to direct fuel injector spray into a special pocket in the top of the piston. the fuel burns in this concentrated area and there is not enough fuel elsewhere for detonation to occur, even with the high compression ratio. mazda can even run this engine on regular fuel with an 87 octane rating! for classic - car drivers, using premium fuel, ensuring the engine cooling system is operating at peak efficiency, and having the ignition system reworked so there is less initial timing advance are a good start to reducing pinging problems.