madras, india — at a dawn mass the day after christmas, as father maria devanesan lifted the host above his head in reverence, the large white wafer began to tremble. it was 6 : 30 a. m. in southern india. a tremor had traveled more than 1, 000 miles, speeding through the earth ' s crust from the seabed off indonesia to the seashore of india. now it rattled the pews of st. thomas cathedral. the members of the 500 - strong congregation, many of them poor tamil fishermen and their families who live in shanties at the nearby beach, rose from their knees in fear and ran from the 108 - year - old church. father maria hurried down the stone steps from the altar, following his parishioners, who were too afraid to receive communion. outside, people rousted from sleep ran from their homes in panic. when the shaking subsided, the priest persuaded a small group to follow him into the cathedral to pray at the statue of our lady of mylapore, an icon of a woman adorned in gold leaf, joyously anticipating the birth of christ. the congregants cried and prayed, thankful that there had been no serious damage from the quake and that the crisis had passed. in fact, it was just beginning. the tremor that rattled st. thomas was merely a knock on the door, a harbinger of a catastrophe that would claim the lives of up to 150, 000 people in 11 nations. miles beneath the waters of the indian ocean, a massive piece of the earth ' s crust had heaved, buckled and shifted. along a fracture zone hundreds of miles long, it moved, releasing pent - up energy equivalent to the power of more than 1, 000 atomic bombs. the waters above reared up and crashed down, creating a wave that was now racing across the ocean at 500 mph. neither prayers nor science would save those standing in its way. the records of history and evidence encoded in coral reefs show that tsunamis have hit the indian ocean seldom but with great force. at obscure scientific conferences and expert conclaves over the last decade, researchers had urged government officials to establish warning systems. but among the many problems that plague southern asia - - poverty, disease, civil wars - - rare but deadly waves seemed a low priority. they were, until the magnitude 9 quake hit. the cataclysm unfolded over two hours. in that time, some experts around the globe would see the temblor ' s signature on some of the modern world


waves seemed a low priority. they were, until the magnitude 9 quake hit. the cataclysm unfolded over two hours. in that time, some experts around the globe would see the temblor ' s signature on some of the modern world ' s most sophisticated monitoring equipment but be blind to the larger threat. some officials would see the threat, but be ill - equipped to act. others would take no action for fear of being wrong or out of line. in at least one case - - in india - - air force officials received a desperate mayday, possibly in time to save thousands of lives, but never made it public. the wave would outrun them all. an alert in hawaii as father maria prayed with his congregants, stuart weinstein, a 43 - year - old former new yorker now living in hawaii, was taking advantage of the quiet of a rainy christmas afternoon to work on a research project. inside the computer room of the pacific tsunami warning center - - a high - tech lair of flat - screen monitors, maps and digital wall displays - - a computer caught his attention. the jagged lines relayed a signal from a seismic sensor thousands of miles away in the cocos islands, southwest of the indonesian island of sumatra, conveying the news of a large earthquake off that island ' s west coast. the computer automatically sent a pager signal to one of weinstein ' s colleagues, andrew hirshorn, who had been napping at his home nearby. hirshorn, a soft - spoken 48 - year - old with a gray ponytail, threw on a shirt and ran over. the two men conferred. initial readings indicated the earthquake was magnitude 8 - - significant, but not enormous. it was outside the pacific ocean, their area of expertise and responsibility. the center, a u. s. government agency that does much of the work for the u. n. - sanctioned pacific tsunami warning system, was set up in 1965 in response to a quake off the coast of chile that had generated a tsunami, killing people as far away as hawaii and japan. the center monitors sophisticated tidal gauges and computerized buoys dotting the pacific. nothing comparable tracks the indian ocean. computers ate up 15 minutes verifying the earthquake reading, plotting its location, estimating its size. at 3 : 14 p. m. hawaii time, the two men sent a bulletin on an automated e - mail and fax list to their colleagues around the pacific rim : tsunami bulletin number 001 pacific tsunami warning center / noaa


henry gray ( 18211865 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. 5g. articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum the manubrium is united to the body of the sternum either by an amphiarthrodial jointa piece of fibrocartilage connecting the segmentsor by a diarthrodial joint, in which the articular surface of each bone is clothed with a lamina of cartilage. in the latter case, the cartilage covering the body is continued without interruption on to the cartilages of the facets for the second ribs. rivington found the diarthrodial form of joint in about one - third of the specimens examined by him, maisonneuve more frequently. it appears to be rare in childhood, and is formed, in rivingtons opinion, from the amphiarthrodial form, by absorption. the diarthrodial joint seems to have no tendency to ossify, while the amphiarthrodial is more liable to do so, and has been found ossified as early as thirty - four years of age. the two segments are further connected by anterior and posterior intersternal ligaments consisting of longitudinal fibers. mechanism of the thorax. each rib possesses its own range and variety of movements, but the movements of all are combined in the respiratory excursions of the thorax. each rib may be regarded as a lever the fulcrum of which is situated immediately outside the costotransverse articulation, so that when the body of the rib is elevated the neck is depressed and vice versa ; from the disproportion in length of the arms of the lever a slight movement at the vertebral end of the rib is greatly magnified at the anterior extremity. the anterior ends of the ribs lie on a lower plane than the posterior ; when therefore the body of the rib is elevated the anterior extremity is thrust also forward. again, the middle of the body of the rib lies in a plane below that passing through the two extremities, so that when the body is elevated relatively to its ends it is at the same time carried outward from the median plane of the thorax. further, each rib forms the segment of a curve which is greater than that of the rib immediately above, and therefore the elevation of a rib increases the transverse diameter of the thorax in the plane to which it is raised. the modifications of the rib movements at their verte


the segment of a curve which is greater than that of the rib immediately above, and therefore the elevation of a rib increases the transverse diameter of the thorax in the plane to which it is raised. the modifications of the rib movements at their vertebral ends have already been described ( page 302 ). further modifications result from the attachments of their anterior extremities, and it is convenient therefore to consider separately the movements of the ribs of the three groupsvertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, and vertebral. fig. 316 lateral view of first and seventh ribs in position, showing the movements of the sternum and ribs in a, ordinary expiration ; b, quiet inspiration ; c, deep inspiration. ( see enlarged image ) fig. 317 diagram showing the axes of movement ( a b and c d ) of a vertebrosternal rib. the interrupted lines indicate the position of the rib in inspiration. ( see enlarged image ) fig. 318 diagram showing the axis of movement ( a b ) of a vertebrochondral rib. the interrupted lines indicate the position of the rib in inspiration. ( see enlarged image ) vertebrosternal ribs ( figs. 316, 317 ). the first rib differs from the others of this group in that its attachment to the sternum is a rigid one ; this is counterbalanced to some extent by the fact that its head possesses no interarticular ligament, and is therefore more movable. the first pair of ribs with the manubrium sterni move as a single piece, the anterior portion being elevated by rotatory movements at the vertebral extremities. in normal quiet respiration the movement of this arc is practically nil ; when it does occur the anterior part is raised and carried forward, increasing the antero - posterior and transverse diameters of this region of the chest. the movement of the second rib is also slight in normal respiration, as its anterior extremity is fixed to the manubrium, and prevented therefore from moving upward. the sternocostal articulation, however, allows the middle of the body of the rib to be drawn up, and in this way the transverse thoracic diameter is increased. elevation of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs raises and thrusts forward their anterior extremities, the greater part of the movement being effected by the rotation of the rib neck backward. the thrust of the anterior extremities carries


of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs raises and thrusts forward their anterior extremities, the greater part of the movement being effected by the rotation of the rib neck backward. the thrust of the anterior extremities carries forward and upward the body of the sternum, which moves on the joint between it and the manubrium, and thus the antero - posterior thoracic diameter is increased. this movement is, however, soon arrested, and the elevating force is then expended in raising the middle part of the body of the rib and everting its lower border ; at the same time the costochondral angle is opened out. by these latter movements a considerable increase in the transverse diameter of the thorax is effected. vertebrochondral ribs ( fig. 318 ). the seventh rib is included with this group, as it conforms more closely to their type. while the movements of these ribs assist in enlarging the thorax for respiratory purposes, they are also concerned in increasing the upper abdominal space for viscera displaced by the action of the diaphragm. the costal cartilages articulate with one another, so that each pushes up that above it, the final thrust being directed to pushing forward and upward the lower end of the body of the sternum. the amount of elevation of the anterior extremities is limited on account of the very slight rotation of the rib neck. elevation of the shaft is accompanied by an outward and backward movement ; the outward movement everts the anterior end of the rib and opens up the subcostal angle, while the backward movement pulls back the anterior extremity and counteracts the forward thrust due to its elevation ; this latter is most noticeable in the lower ribs, which are the shortest. the total result is a considerable increase in the transverse and a diminution in the median antero - posterior diameter of the upper part of the abdomen ; at the same time, however, the lateral antero - posterior diameters of the abdomen are increased. vertebral ribs. since these ribs have free anterior extremities and only costocentral articulations with no interarticular ligaments, they are capable of slight movements in all directions. when the other ribs are elevated these are depressed and fixed to form points of action for the diaphragm.


roget ' s int ' l thesaurus fowler ' s king ' s english the king james bible brewer ' s phrase & fable frazer ' s golden bough shelf of fiction later national literature, part ii travellers and explorers, 18461900 > the mormons index of all chapters the cambridge history of english and american literature in 18 volumes volume xvii. later national literature, part ii. travellers and explorers, 18461900 § 10. the mormons. while the conquest of california was proceeding to its logical end an agricultural conquest of the valley of the great salt lake was begun by the mormons, or latter day saints as they called themselves. their late neighbours in illinois had inaugurated such great opposition to mormon methods that it culminated in the murder, by a mob, in carthage jail, of joseph smith, the prophet and originator of the sect, and a migration was imperative. the mormons now possessed a martyr, the essential basis of religious success, and they needed an independent field for expansion. their new leader, brigham young, discovered it in the salt lake valley described glowingly in fremonts report. brigham thought of founding a separate state in this mexican territory, but the events of the mexican war moved so rapidly that, even while he planned, the valley fell under american rule. the mormons went forward nevertheless and arrived on the shore of the american dead sea in august, 1847. brigham complained that the valley was not as represented by fremontthat it was really a desert. fremont had seen on the rio grande what irrigation can do, and the mormons resorted to it with an agricultural success now well known. the transit to the new home across the wide and unsettled plains and mountains was a huge undertaking and entailed much hardship. t. l. kane, a non - mormon, accompanied the famous hand cart expedition and tells about it in ( 1850 ). the literature connected with the mormons is voluminous. one of the latest, most comprehensive, and most exact general books is w. j. linns story of the mormons ( 1902 ). it has been charged that the mormon leaders employed a gang of cut - throats to discourage gentiles from settling among them, and bill hickman, when he became an apostate, claimed to have been the leader of it. he issued a book, brighams destroying angel being the life confession and startling disclosures of the notorious bill hickman written by himself with explanatory notes by j. h. beadle ( 1872 )


to have been the leader of it. he issued a book, brighams destroying angel being the life confession and startling disclosures of the notorious bill hickman written by himself with explanatory notes by j. h. beadle ( 1872 ). beadle also published life in utah the undeveloped west ( 1873 ), and the story of marcus whitman refuted in american catholic historical researches ( 1879 ). mrs. stenhouse, who apostatized, wrote tell it all ( 1874 ), a faithful account of her sad life as a mormon. while fremont was aiding commodore stockton to clinch the claim of the united states to california, the history of which is told in despatches relating to military and naval operations in california ( 1849 ) and in a sketch of the life of r. f. stockton with his correspondence with the navy department respecting his conquest of california and the defense of j. c. fremont ( 1856 ), the war in mexico was in full swing. general stephen kearny, with an army, was marching overland for the pacific coast by way of santa fre, where he halted long enough to raise the flag and destroy opposition. kearny was a noble officer whose early death in the mexican campaign prevented his writing about the california campaign. valentine mott porter wrote a sketch of him in publications of the historical society of southern california, vol. viii ( 1911 ) ; and a diary of the march with kearny, fort leavenworth to santa fe ( 1846 ) by g. r. gibson gives details concerning that part of the journey. gibson also wrote two other diaries on a trip to chihuahua and return in 1847. the journals of captain johnson and of colonel p. st. george cooke on the march from santa fe to california appeared in house executive document 41, 1st sess. 30th congress, and colonel cookes the journal of a march from santa fe to san diego 184647 was printed in sen. ex. doc. 2 special sess. 31st cong. other literary productions of colonel cooke were the conquest of new mexico and california scenes and adventures in army life kearny, before proceeding to california, planned for the holding of new mexico, and one of the memorable expeditions of the war resulted, that of colonel a. w. doniphan. it was accurately recorded by john t. hughes in doniphans expedition ; containing an account of the conquest of new mexico, general kearnys overland expedition to california, doniphans campaign against the navajos, his un


murdoch, beamish, writer, lawyer, and politician ; b. to andrew murdoch and elizabeth beamish at halifax, n. s., 1 aug. 1800 ; d. in lunenburg, n. s., 9 feb. 1876. beamish murdoch was raised and educated by a maiden aunt, harriet jane ott beamish, after his father, a merchant, became involved in an expensive lawsuit and was jailed as a debtor for seven years. in 1822 murdoch was admitted to the bar of nova scotia and began a legal practice. he also began to contribute articles to the acadian recorder, which was owned by philip j. holland ( d. 1839 ), and to the acadian magazine or literary mirror, which began publication in halifax in 1826. although his grandfather, the reverend james murdoch, had been a missionary in the antiburgher wing of the church of scotland, beamish murdoch was raised in the church of england and belonged to st paul ’ s church. in the disruption of that church in 1824 he joined the faction which included thomas chandler haliburton *, and moved to st george ’ s church in halifax [ see j. w. johnston ]. in 1826, murdoch, aided by his uncle, thomas ott beamish, ran for the house of assembly for halifax township. in spite of opposition from the city merchants, he had sufficient strength in the township to carry the election. murdoch, who in 1824 and 1825 had been vice - president of the charitable irish society, also received aid from the irish, and in the assembly he worked to remove civil disabilities from the roman catholics. he quickly became an active member, generally following haliburton ’ s lead. thus, in 1827, when a question arose concerning the right of the legislature to control customs revenue, murdoch supported haliburton ’ s proposal that the assembly should petition the crown seeking a compromise measure which would give it some control over future revenue expenditures. murdoch was irritated over the refusal of the legislative council, which included hibbert n. binney, the collector of customs, to support the move. he was further annoyed when the upper house failed to support his motion requesting that the crown reverse its decision to collect quitrents. he did not deny the constitutional right of great britain to enforce payment but argued that the measure was unjust. a real conflict with the upper house did not develop until 1830 when the two houses clashed over the duty on brandy [ see enos collins ]. murdoch, who followed the lead of


great britain to enforce payment but argued that the measure was unjust. a real conflict with the upper house did not develop until 1830 when the two houses clashed over the duty on brandy [ see enos collins ]. murdoch, who followed the lead of samuel george william archibald *, regarded the action of the council as unconstitutional and argued that the council ’ s stand denied the lower house the authority which it should possess as the representative of the people. in the election of 1830 murdoch ran against stephen wastie deblois. he received support from joseph howe and the novascotian despite the fact that howe had criticized murdoch during the legislative session of 1830. prior to 1830 murdoch had supported public grants to pictou academy, but he, like haliburton, apparently objected to attacks on bishop john inglis * by the academy ’ s president, thomas mcculloch *. howe, in turn, felt that murdoch had made unwarranted attacks on mcculloch. any chance of murdoch ’ s carrying the election in 1830 was ended when he was provoked into complaining about so - called loyalists who fled the united states to escape bad debts and monopolized public offices in the province. after the election, murdoch withdrew from public affairs until the campaign of 1836 when he ran, unsuccessfully, against a reformer. in the 1840 election he ran against joseph howe and william annand * and again was defeated. during the 1840 campaign, murdoch complained that the reformers ’ demands for responsible government threatened the tie with england and would upset the balance in the british constitutional system. by the time he wrote his history of the province, however, he had come to regard cabinet government and self - government as being compatible with association in the british empire. during his withdrawal from public affairs in the early 1830s, he prepared his four - volume epitome of the laws of nova scotia, printed by joseph howe in 1832 – 33. this work, which involved a detailed study of the provincial and english law, was modelled after sir william blackstone ’ s commentaries. murdoch ’ s work was well received by the maritime press and was apparently a significant contribution to both lawyers and law students until the growing body of provincial law made it obsolete and more specialized works made it unnecessary. throughout his life murdoch showed a keen interest in education, in charitable institutions., and in moral issues. in january 1825 he was appointed joint secretary of the poor man ’ s friend society and in the 1830s he served on the nova. scotia philanthropic society. his interest may, have been sparked by the experiences of


charitable institutions., and in moral issues. in january 1825 he was appointed joint secretary of the poor man ’ s friend society and in the 1830s he served on the nova. scotia philanthropic society. his interest may, have been sparked by the experiences of his father and in 1826 he wrote a pamphlet in which he supported the introduction of a bankruptcy law. murdoch was an early supporter of temperance. and, by 1842, was president of the halifax temperance society, which had been established in 1832. his concern with public education led him to serve on the halifax library committee in the 1840s and 1850s. he assumed a more significant role in provincial education when he became clerk of the central board of education in april 1841. as clerk, he earned an annual salary of £150 and played an important part in the board ’ s attempts to establish a uniform school system in the province. he prepared a summary of the ordinances of the city of halifax in 1851 and, in october 1852, was appointed recorder for the city with an annual salary of £200. as recorder he was required to offer legal advice to the city and to try cases before the mayor ’ s court. when he retired in 1860 murdoch began to prepare a history of nova scotia, or acadie, which was published in installments between 1865 and 1867. he originally intended the history to end with the year 1807 but extended it to the year 1827. he even considered going as far as 1867 but his energy, or perhaps the public response to the first three volumes, was not equal to the task. in his work he adopted a severely chronological approach, with extensive quotations from documents and earlier books. there was no critical appraisal of the documents, nor was there any sense of development through time. murdoch was so convinced of the universal truth of his beliefs that he expected his reader to perceive the real nature of liberty, loyalty, and progress merely by seeing the actual words of the pioneers. he felt no compulsion to expound on his beliefs, but assumed that they were inherent in the british race. thus, according to his history, as soon as the english arrived in nova scotia, the province began to take on an english aspect. the british belief in law, freedom, and industry helped preserve the province from the convulsions of revolution which racked the united states and was gradually adapted to the local environment. thus, he was able to reconcile a faith in a nova scotian nationalism with a continued loyalty to great britain. intended as a delineation of the nova scotian character,


racked the united states and was gradually adapted to the local environment. thus, he was able to reconcile a faith in a nova scotian nationalism with a continued loyalty to great britain. intended as a delineation of the nova scotian character, murdoch ’ s work stands as a monument to chronology as history. beamish murdoch, the charter and ordinances of the city of halifax in the province of nova scotia with the provincial acts concerning the city, collected and revised by authority of the city council ( halifax, 1851 ) ; an epitome of the laws of nova scotia ( 4v., halifax, 1832 – 33 ) ; an essay on the mischievous tendency of imprisoning for debt ( 2nd ed., halifax, 1831 ) ; a history of nova scotia, or acadie ( 3v., halifax, 1865 – 67 ) ; a narrative of the late fires at miramichi, new brunswick : with an appendix containing the statements of many of the sufferers, and a variety of interesting occurrences ; together with a poem, entitled “ the conflagration ” ( halifax, 1825 ). pans, beamish murdoch papers. duncan campbell, nova scotia in its historical, mercantile, and industrial relations ( montreal, 1873 ), 268 – 77. directory of n. s. mlas ( fergusson ), 262. g. e. hart, “ the halifax poor man ’ s friend society, 1820 – 27. an early social experiment, ” chr, xxxiv ( 1953 ), 109 – 23. d. c. harvey, “ history and its uses in pre - confederation nova scotia, ” cha report, 1938, 5 – 16. d. c. harvey, “ nova scotia ’ s blackstone, ” can. bar rev., xi ( 1933 ), 339 – 44. gene morison, “ the brandy election of 1830, ” n. s. hist. soc. coll., xxx ( 1954 ), 151 – 83. h. l. stewart, the irish in nova scotia : annals of the charitable irish society of halifax ( 1786 – 1836 ) ( kentville, n. s., ), 138 – 41. norah story, “ the church and state ‘ party ’ in nova scotia, 1749 – 1851, ” n. s. hist. soc. coll., xxvii ( 1947 ), 35 – 57. k. n. windsor, “ historical writing in canada to 1920, ” lit. hist. of can


i am not sure if i am able to answer your question, but i will give it a try and hope that someone tells us if i ' m wrong. biologists talk about different kinds of energy depending on where you measure it. the first measurement is the gross energy ( ge ) which is measured through bomb calorimetry and is basically how much heat a substance gives off when completely burnt. i have recently read in a compendium that the ge value of fat is ~ 9, 4 kcal / g. the next stage is digestible energy ( de ), which is how much of the forage you actually can digest, which would exclude for example fibres. next stage is the metabolizable energy ( me ), the energy which can be used in actual metabolism ( de - energy losses from transporting nutrients etc ). this are the value you reported. ( i don ' t have a source, but i ' ve heard the same values from multiple recognized sources. ) now is the part where it gets a bit trickier, as the final measurement of energy is the net energy ( ne ). this is defined as the metabolic energy minus the heat increment, which could be simplified as the energy losses through the conversion between different types of energy ( ie. from long carbohydrates into glucose etc. ) within the body. even more simplified it can be said to be the difference between the heat production in a fastened person and the heat production in a fed person, thus being the heat produced by eating, digesting, absorbing and transporting food. i argue that because the fat already is incorporated in the body it has a very efficient value, and very little transportation within the body is needed. and because the energy ( ie, the fat ) is internal, it is not accounted for in the heat increment and therefore the ne of internal fat is the same as me. and according to the wikipedia - article you linked to united nations recommendation of the average minimum energy consumption per person is 1800 kcal / day. thus the amount of fat required to meet the minimum energy requirements of a person would be 1800 / 9 = 200g of fat per day. if you want to read more about the different energy - measurements and the heat increment here is a good link. and don ' t forget that energy alone is not sufficient for a person as we need protein, vitamins, minerals etc...


1984 – puerto rican – san francisco, ca nearly 2, 000 murres among bird victims in 1984 puerto rican spill just after dawn on october 31, 1984, the oil tanker t / v puerto rican exploded offshore of san francisco and released nearly 1. 5 million gallons of oil near the farallon islands. at least 1, 856 common murres, 548 cassin ’ s auklets, and 176 arctic loons died during the spill. the oil spill came during the non - breeding season when common murres float in the sea making them more susceptible in a oil spill. the oil continued to leak from the vessel over a two - week period. the stern area of the ship later sunk with 365, 500 gallons of bunker fuel that reportedly leaked for several years following the incident. an ibrrc response team helped care for the oiled birds. during this spill net - bottom caging for seabirds was conceived by ibrrc director, jay holcomb. this caging allowed birds to be treated without developing major keel sores that was so evident in early oil spill responses. according to a u. s. coast guard report : the ship exploded 20 miles offshore releasing approximately 1, 470, 000 million gallons of oil ( lube oil, lube oil additives, and bunker oil ). • the spill reached farallon islands and vicinity of bodega bay and south past san francisco. • an estimated 2, 874 seabirds died. also unknown damage to water quality, fishery resources, marine mammals, and human uses. • in 1985, the uscg had recovered a little more than 61, 000 gallons during cleanup operations • the stern section sunk 17 km south of farallon islands at 37° 30. 6 ′ n 123° 2 ’ w - birds treated – 624 - died / euthanized – 309 - released – 315 - release rate – 50 % common murres have a penguin - like appearance. they use wings to dive under water for cod and herring. murres are extremely sensitive to oil spills as these birds spend most of the non - breedding season at sea. major oil spills along central california coast have had a significant impact on their populations. also see farallones marine sanctuary fact sheet on spill : http : / / www. farallones. org / documents / tvpuertorican. pdf


science wednesday : ready for takeoff each week we write about the science behind environmental protection. previous science wednesdays. while i ’ ve come to expect extra scrutiny when flying, i was momentarily flustered when the pilot needed to know my weight so he could compute his preflight plans. ( 155 pounds. ) this morning i joined eric vance, epa ’ s chief photographer, epa scientist steve klein, and u. s. fish and wildlife service pilot v. ray bentley aboard a four - seat, single - engine plane for a flight over the willamette river valley in western oregon. the landscape we flew over is the subject of the willamette ecosystem services project ( wesp ), an ambitious, large - scale, integrated, and multi - disciplinary research effort to quantify the benefits people derive from the environment. the study also focuses on exploring how human activities stress those benefits. the overall goal is to provide decision makers, stakeholders, and others across the willamette river valley with rigorous scientific information they can use to assess current conditions and plan for the future of their community. all told, the willamette river valley ecosystem includes some 7. 5 million acres. to get a better picture of what ’ s happening across such a large area, it helps to get a bird ’ s eye view. time to fly. our flight took us over the willamette river as it winds from corvallis to the suburbs of eugene, a diverse and productive landscape. over the drone of the engine and intermittent blasts of cool air that roared into cockpit when eric opened his window to take pictures, steve explained what he was seeing from a scientist ’ s perspective : how the flow and course of the river has been shaped by human forces, the patterns and types of forest and other natural habitats, what types of crops where growing in the large agricultural fields below, and the shifting boundaries between agriculture, forest, and what he referred to as “ the built environment ” ( homes, roads, and industry, including the massive paper mill we could not only see, but smell — a thick, burnt - syrup kind of aroma ). my flight was just one of the many excellent experiences i ’ ve had this week visiting with scientists in epa ’ s western ecology division. i ’ ve learned about research projects as diverse as the 7. 5 - million - acre wesp, to plans to investigate the potential environmental impacts of things as tiny as those used in nanotechnology. it ’ s been a great week and i ’ ll have lots to think about on the flight


oddities of physics ( oct, 1937 ) oddities of physics science is much closer to our daily lives than many of us believe. some of the simplest phenomena and everyday occurrences which do not strike one as of any particular interest, abound with scientific explanations. who would imagine, when watching soldiers marching across a bridge, that they do so under orders to “ break step. ” if this were not done there would be a rhythmic motion set up in the bridge structure — a steady tramp - tramp — which would likely disrupt any small bridge and perhaps even a very large one ( fig. 1 ). can a submarine remain stationary at any desired level? the answer is that it cannot, unless a slight headway is maintained or water is admitted to and discharged from the trimming tanks. a submarine cannot find a state of hydrostatic equilibrium or a point at which all pressures are equal. is it possible for a ship like the titanic to sink in deep water, and eventually reach a point where the water pressure is great enough to prevent the ship from settling to the bed of the sea? although this question has been argued pro and con many times in the columns of scientific journals, the fact remains that no such effect will be found ; the wrecked ship will descend until it rests on the ocean bed. how fast would an airplane have to fly to leave the influence of this earth forever? scientists have computed, that any space flyer would have to be hurled from the earth at an initial velocity in excess of 7 miles per second. such a ma - chine would reach the moon in less than 10 hours. ( however, gradual acceleration could effect a departure, without such a high starting speed. ) could one man hold a zeppelin? the answer is yes, if the ship is carefully trimmed and balanced, as is the case when she is just brought out from the hangar preparatory to a flight. does putting oil on the water help to quiet angry waves? yes, this is a regular recognized practice at sea when the waves are running high and a ship is in distress. the oil helps to prevent white caps, but it does not stop the general swell of the waves. does the rotation of the earth cause wear on certain banks of a river? yes, theoretically, at least. there doesn ’ t seem to be any measurable proof. in rivers running north and south, in the northern hemisphere, there is a tendency to wear away right - hand banks, as shown in the diagram in fig. 7, due to the rotation of the earth. in the


be any measurable proof. in rivers running north and south, in the northern hemisphere, there is a tendency to wear away right - hand banks, as shown in the diagram in fig. 7, due to the rotation of the earth. in the southern hemisphere it is the left - hand banks that receive the most wear. how does science help in releasing a tight pulley. ’ a usual method of removing a pulley is to apply heat from a blow - torch to the pulley and ice bags to the steel shaft. the resulting contraction and expansion often permit the removal of the pulley when it otherwise refuses to yield. fig. 9 shows one way to stop a “ flue ” fire, simply by placing a cap or pan over the top of the chimney and thus checking draft of air through the chimney. another trick is to put salt in the fire in a stove con - nected with the burning flue ; the gases gen - crated help to snuff out the flames in the chimney. fig. 10 shows how violins and other high - pitched instruments are placed near the “ mike ” in broadcasting, while the bass violins, etc., are placed further back. the low notes, emitted by bass instruments, have more energy in them, or are stronger than the high - pitched notes coming from the flute, violin, etc., hence, in broadcasting studios, the majority of wind instruments are usually placed further away from the “ mike, ” as are drums, etc. an interesting and everyday occurrence in homes and offices is the vibration of a metal picture frame, or other similar object, when a certain note is sounded on the piano, or radio ( fig. 11 ). this is due to the fact that the frame has a natural frequency corresponding to the note struck, hence it vibrates sympathetically. it is not generally known that if a high voltage direct current is passed through a wire grid in a chimney, smoke from the boilers can be eliminated. the high voltage electrical charges cause the carbon particles, comprising the smoke, to become charged and they are precipitated to the bottom of the stack. fig. 13 shows an interesting problem which public address engineers have to conjure with at times. a person sitting a certain distance from the speaker ’ s platform may experience the unusual sensation of hearing the speaker ’ s voice coming out of the loudspeaker before he hears the natural voice coming from the stage. this is due to the fact that sound travels only at about 1100 feet per second in air, while the


the unusual sensation of hearing the speaker ’ s voice coming out of the loudspeaker before he hears the natural voice coming from the stage. this is due to the fact that sound travels only at about 1100 feet per second in air, while the electrical current, carrying the voice from the “ mike ” to the loud speaker, travels at 186, 000 miles per second. consequently, good judgment has to be used by the engineers in planning p. a. systems. if a tank full of water has 3 openings, as shown in fig. 14, the middle jet will produce the longest stream. does smoke blowing downward from a chimney indicate rain? no. this is an old theory, but it has little to recommend it. smoke rises because of its higher temperature. if the outside air is as warm as the smoke, or if the smoke is “ chilled, ” as on a moist, humid day, the smoke will fall. in a double - track railroad running north and south there is a greater wear on the outer rails. this is due to the earth ’ s rotation. any train, in the northern hemisphere, running north has a greater eastward motion at the point of its location a moment before than at the moment the analysis is made. hence, in case 1, the track presses harder against the train, causing greater wear on the outer rail, while in case 2, the train presses more strongly against the outer rail, causing extra wear there. why is air pumped down to divers under the water? air is pumped through a hose constantly to submerged divers partly to counter - balance the pressure of the water. the greater the depth the higher the air pressure pumped to him. a problem in weighing : if a druggist found that someone had taken some of the weights for the scale and only left a 2 - oz. and a 5 - oz. weight, how could the druggist weigh 1 oz. of powder? he puts the 5 - oz. weight in one pan, in the other pan he puts the 2 - oz. weight and enough powder to balance the scales. he now has 3 oz. of powder in the pan. then he puts the 2 - oz. weight in one pan and the powder in the other, removing sufficient powder to balance the scale. the 1 oz. of powder removed to effect a balance will be the quantity desired. the principle of inertia is well shown in the simple trick of striking the end of an axe handle with a hammer in order to drive the axe more firmly on to the handle, as


powder removed to effect a balance will be the quantity desired. the principle of inertia is well shown in the simple trick of striking the end of an axe handle with a hammer in order to drive the axe more firmly on to the handle, as shown in fig. 19. when the end of the handle is struck as at “ h ” the steel axe, due to its inertia, tends to preserve its position and thus the wooden handle is driven more firmly into the axe. from what depth can an ordinary pump lift water? about 26 feet is the maximum lift for an ordinary pump. if a force - pump is employed, then a check valve is placed well down in the pipe so as to be fairly close ( 18 to 24 feet ) to the water, this valve being operated by a rod inside the pipe. theoretically, the pressure of the atmosphere will raise water about 32 feet when a vacuum is established inside the pump lift pipe, but due to losses in the valves, etc., about 26 feet is a good working limit. an interesting every - day problem concerns cars fitted with a vacuum - tank system for “ sucking ” gas from the tank at the rear. these sometimes get out of order, or leak, or they may have been drained while making repairs on the car. a trick worth remembering is that gas may be forced up into the vacuum tank by exerting air pressure on the pipe where the tank is ordinarily filled, as shown in fig. 21. with a piece of rubber hose or inner tube, air may be blown into the tank from the mouth or from a tire pump.


women around the world face grave challenges like : rape, infanticide, female genital mutilation, and sex trafficking. last week the thomson reuters foundation released a survey listing the five worst countries in the world to be a woman. the survey ranked each country by six factors : health, discrimination and lack of access to resources, cultural and religious practices, sexual violence, human trafficking, and conflict - related violence. the results showed that afghanistan was the worst place in the world to be a woman followed by the democratic republic of the congo, pakistan, india, and somalia in decreasing order and interestingly all but india are also listed in the top 12 of foreign policy and fund of peace ’ s failed states index. in each of these counties woman face different challenges that pose a significant risk to their lives. according to the population reference bureau ( prb ), afghanistan has the second highest lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes, in afghanistan that risk is 1 in 8. compare that to a 1 in 4, 800 chance in the united states or a 1 in 47, 600 in ireland which has the lowest lifetime risk. women in afghanistan also face domestic abuse, lack economic rights, and access to doctors. many women are unable to leave the home without seeking permission from their husbands or a male relative. the poll also shows that 87 % of afghan women are illiterate and 70 % - 80 % of women face forced marriages. all of these challenges are amidst the continuing conflict making afghanistan the most dangerous place to be a woman in the world. the next most dangerous place to be a woman is the democratic republic of the congo. the most shocking and tragic statistic that makes the congo the rape capital of the world is that every day 1152 women are raped. these rapes target all age groups including elderly women and children as young as 3. women in the congo are not just raped, but often gang raped and raped with bayonets or guns. another major threat to women ’ s lives in the congo is childbirth. women in the congo also have a very high lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes at 1 in 13 women. pakistan is the third most dangerous place to be a woman in the world. pakistan has various cultural practices that endanger the lives of women among them : acid attacks, child marriage, and honor killings. over 1, 000 girls and women are the victims of honor killings every year in pakistan and 90 % of pakistani women will experience domestic violence in their lives. women in pakistan also have a high lifetime risk of dying


, child marriage, and honor killings. over 1, 000 girls and women are the victims of honor killings every year in pakistan and 90 % of pakistani women will experience domestic violence in their lives. women in pakistan also have a high lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes at 1 in 74. the fourth worst place to be a woman is india. there is a preference for boy children in india which has led to infanticide or feticide of girl children or fetuses. this has an estimated 50 million “ missing ” girls over the past century. there is also a cultural tradition of child marriages with 44. 5 % of all girls married before the age of 18. another major threat to women and girls is trafficking, with about 100 million women and girls being trafficked in india. women in india also face a 1 in 70 lifetime risk of dying from maternal related causes. lastly, ( i think you say lastly instead of last when you ’ re putting it in front like this ) coming in at the number five worst place to be a woman, is somalia. the biggest threat to virtually all women is female genital mutilation which is performed on 95 % of somali women mostly between the ages of 4 to 11. somali women also face a large threat to their lives in childbirth with only 9 % of childbirths occurring in a health facility. this leads to somali women having a very high lifetime risk of dying due to maternal related causes with the risk at 1 in 12. looking at the five worst countries for women to live in makes me think about what we can do to make life better for women in those countries. one important thing we can do is push the united states to take a leadership role to ensure that countries around the world are working to advance the rights and status of women. one way the united states can show its leadership is by ratifying the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ). cedaw is an international human rights treaty that focuses exclusively on women ’ s rights and gender equality. the convention sets a global definition for discrimination against women and outlines a plan to end that discrimination. those states that ratify the convention are required to take, “ all appropriate measures, including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on a basis of equality with men. ” the failure of the united states to ratify cedaw is a glaring blemish on our record of advocacy for


i have some news that is going to shock everyone, so please, brace yourself. maybe hold on to your framed diploma ; you know, that piece of paper that cost you a good $ 160, 000. here it is : women earn less money than men. not so shocking after all, is it? but it should be. because, as a new study suggests and the huffington post reports, this pay gap is not simply the result of women ’ s choices — a theory that is so often used to explain the well - acknowledged salary disparity between men and women in america. common wisdom also tells us that the reason men as a whole earn more than women is because they choose higher - paying careers, and women tend to put family first after having children. in order to test this hypothesis, the american association of university women conducted a study at a point in the subjects ’ lives when these variables should not come into play : the study looked at men and women a year out of college. the findings were only slightly better than the average wage gap for america at large : where the american community survey found american women make 79 cents to the male dollar, this study found recent female grads were making 82 cents to male grads ’ $ 1. 00. in other words, the average graduating woman received $ 35, 296 while men were paid an average of $ 42, 918. the study also looked at specific fields and found that even when the men and women had the same major, the women earned 77 % to 88 % of what men did. the only exceptions were in the fields of health care and education ( the stereotypical top and bottom of the white - collar career ladder ; an interesting side - note to ponder ). if you ’ ve read this far and your thoughts haven ’ t been reduced to white - hot blinding anger, you might point out that even if women straight out of college generally don ’ t have children just yet, they might still choose careers that pay less. however, the study controlled for that assumption ( for information on how they did this, read the full report here and still ended up with an “ unexplained ” 6. 6 - percentage - point gap. not a negligible amount. here ’ s the thing : the cost of college is not less for women, and so when men and women graduate with equal debt, they still walk into jobs with huge wage discrepancies. try and figure out which group will find it easier to pay back their loans, and thus manage all


creationism : coming to a science classroom near you? in 1987, the united states supreme court struck down a louisiana law prohibiting the teaching of evolution unless it was accompanied by the teaching of creationism. the court stated in its opinion in edwards v. aguillard that the intent of the law was to promote the teachings of a religious denomination in a public school science classroom, a clear violation of the principle of the separation of church and state. this decision is straightforward — creationism cannot be taught in a public school science classroom. time and again, lower courts have applied this ruling and invalidated various attempts to out rightly or indirectly teach creationism in public schools, yet legislators and creationism advocates alike persist in these attempts. in january 2012 alone, no less than six bills attempting to teach creationism in science classrooms have been introduced around the country. new hampshire and missouri have two bills apiece and indiana and oklahoma are each considering one. early this week the indiana state senate passed s. b. 89, which was introduced and sponsored by indiana state sen. dennis kruse, by a 28 - 22 margin. this bill, which would take effect on july 1, 2012, if approved by the state house of representatives and signed into law by gov. mitch daniels, seeks to allow public schools to teach creationism in science classrooms. sen. kruse has introduced legislation to teach creationism before, but this time he has something else besides passion in his favor : he is the chair of the senate education committee, the committee that had to approve this legislation before it came up for a vote. before the vote in the senate was taken, state sen. vi simpson proposed an amendment aimed at solving the bill ’ s nagging constitutionality problem. the amendment, which was successfully included in the passage of this bill in the senate, allows the teaching of creationism so long as the teachings of multiple religions, including but not limited to christianity, judaism, islam, hinduism, buddhism and scientology, are presented. this amendment hardly fixes the blatant constitutionality problems s. b. 89 faces. in fact, it only exacerbates the unconstitutionality. religion should never be taught in science classrooms, and requiring multiple religious stances on creation to be taught in those classrooms doesn ’ t make it any better. such moves are clear violations of the establishment clause, just as they were in edwards and subsequent cases. should this legislation, or any of the other proposed creationism measures for that matter, become law, a court challenge is all


directors of the sacramento metropolitan air quality management district next week will consider adopting a rule to ban the use of fireplaces and wood stoves on " no - burn days. " the public ' s health is the impetus. air - pollution authorities fret that particles in wood smoke curling from chimneys aggravate and harm respiratory systems. the rule would restrict sacramento county residents from burning wood in their fireplaces only during the 25 to 30 days a year when particulate pollution is most severe. as a health measure, the proposed rule also potentially could help relieve the nation ' s obesity epidemic, but air - pollution authorities aren ' t going that far. pizza parlors with wood - fired ovens, barbecue joints with wood - fired smokers and any other cooking device that relies on wood for fuel would be exempt from the restriction, says christina ragsdale, spokeswomen for the district. and what of those few people who on occasion may use their home fireplace to grill some chops, which while unusual here isn ' t unheard of in france? the district board didn ' t anticipate that possibility and didn ' t address it in the proposal, says ragsdale. she suspects, however, that it wouldn ' t be allowed because the fireplace likely hadn ' t been built primarily for cooking. " if they had no other means to cook, that might be allowed, but it ' s unlikely. they may have to be approached on a case by case basis, " she added. the district ' s directors are to take up the proposed rule at 9 : 30 a. m. thursday, oct. 25, in the chambers of the sacramento county board of supervisors, room 1450 of the county ' s administration building, 700 h st.


take control of your health. subscribe to mediresource ’ s an arrhythmia occurs when the heart ' s regular rhythm changes, such as speeding up or slowing down, or when it beats irregularly. in north america, about 5 million people get arrhythmias, most over the age of 50. some also have heart disease, but many don ' t. in the vast majority of cases, the arrhythmia by itself isn ' t life - threatening, but it may predispose someone to a number of problems, such as a stroke. there are many different types of arrhythmias and their significance and consequences are varied. the normal beating of the heart is controlled by electrical signals sent from a particular segment of heart muscle tissue called the sinus node. this natural pacemaker is located near the top of the right atrium. the heart is divided into four chambers : two atria on top, and two ventricles underneath. the job of the atria is to fill the ventricles with blood, which then do the heavy work of pumping it through the rest of the body. in a normal heartbeat, an electrical pulse travels down the muscle tissue, activating the ventricles a split second after the atria. in arrhythmias, there ' s a problem with this signal. there are many different kinds of arrhythmias, but those that affect the ventricles are generally more serious than arrhythmias of the atria. some common arrhythmias include : premature beats : this is the most common form of arrhythmia, and it is basically harmless. every once in a while, the heart ' s electrical signals fire early. the heart beats twice quickly, then pauses and returns to normal. the premature beat may come from the ventricle or the atrium. atrial fibrillation ( af ) : this involves disordered signals that are fired off in rapid succession, causing fibrillation, which is an uncoordinated quivering of the muscle wall of the atria. this has often been described as looking like a " bag of worms. " the atria stop pumping blood effectively, yet enough blood still reaches the ventricles to allow the heart to function. af is potentially dangerous, however, because blood can pool in the atrium and lead to clot formation. if one of these travels to the brain, it causes a stroke. af is the most common form of harmful ar


allow the heart to function. af is potentially dangerous, however, because blood can pool in the atrium and lead to clot formation. if one of these travels to the brain, it causes a stroke. af is the most common form of harmful arrhythmia, affecting almost 1 % of the population. it is more common in seniors, affecting about 5 % of people over age 69. one study showed that 1 in 4 people over the age of 40 will develop af. ventricular fibrillation : this is the most dangerous form of arrhythmia. the ventricles twitch but don ' t pump blood. if the twitching does not stop on its own or by a shock from a defibrillator, it is always fatal. there are two common ways you can develop arrhythmias : problems with initiating the electrical signal : either the sinus node fires abnormally, or there is a competing impulse elsewhere in the heart problems with the conduction of the electrical impulse : connections from the atria to the ventricles are hindered ( this is often called a heart block ) people with heart disease are particularly likely to develop arrhythmias, since damage to the heart can stop the beat signal from reaching the ventricles or cause certain areas of the heart to fire abnormally. high blood pressure and an overactive thyroid gland also increase the chances of arrhythmias. alcohol can also cause atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. certain medications such as decongestants as well as many prescription medications can make the heart susceptible to arrhythmias and must be used with caution in people with heart disease. there are also inherited and congenital ( present since birth ) types of arrhythmia, often resulting in a weak or late signal getting to the ventricles. the ventricles can emit their own signal, but this is often fewer than 40 beats a minute instead of the usual 60 to 100 with the sinus node. when the heart beats faster than normal, it ' s called tachycardia. symptoms include chest discomfort, palpitations, lightheadedness, dizziness, and sometimes fainting. when it beats slower than normal, it ' s called bradycardia. bradycardia can cause fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting as it tends to produce low blood pressure. everyone knows what it feels like to experience an occasional flutter of the heart, and usually it doesn ' t


. " 7 information technologies : opportunities for advancing educational assessment. " knowing what students know : the science and design of educational assessment. washington, dc : the national academies press, 2001. the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. knowing what students know : the science and design of eduacational assessment performance in a domain. the disc developers addressed this issue by basing the simulations on extensive research into the ways hygienists at various levels of expertise approach problems. the disc computerized assessment is being developed for a consortium of dental organizations for the purpose of simulating the work performed by dental hygienists as a means of providing direct evidence about how candidates for licensure would interact with patients. the foundation for the assessment was a detailed analysis of the knowledge hygienists apply when they assess patients, plan treatments, and monitor progress ; the analysis was derived from interviews with and observations of several expert and competent hygienists and novice students of dental hygiene. thus, the initial phase of the effort involved building the student model by using some of the methods for cognitive analysis described in chapter 3. the interactive, computer - based simulation presents the examinee with a case study of a virtual patient with a problem such as bruxism ( chronic teeth grinding ). the simulation provides evidence about such key points as whether the examinee detects the condition, explores connections with the patient ’ s history and lifestyle, and discusses implications. some information, such as the patient ’ s medical history questionnaire, is provided up front. other information, such as radiographs, is made available only if the examinee requests it. additional information stored in the system is used to perform dynamic computations of the patient ’ s status, depending on the actions taken by the examinee. this mode of assessment has several advantages. it can tap skills that could not be measured by traditional licensing exams. the scenarios are open - ended to capture how the examinee would act in a typical professional situation. and the protocols are designed to discern behaviors at various levels of competency, based on actual practices of hygienists. mashpeequest is an example of an assessment designed to tap complex problem solving in the k - 12 education context. as described by mislevy, steinberg, almond, haertel, and penuel ( 2000 ), researchers at sri international have developed


nazi policy and the catholic churchkarol jozef gajewski though hitler felt a particular urgency — and hatred — when dealing with jews and communists, he viewed the catholic church as a pernicious opponent, a deeply - entrenched threat that must be controlled and eventually uprooted from german life in order to establish his promised thousand - year - reich. as hitler and his cabinet minister hermann goering acknowledged the cheers of the massed citizenry, hitler was well aware that the victory was only a partial one. the nazis were still a minority in a fragile coalition. hitler had, in fact, warned earlier that day in a statement released to the world ' s press : " the nazi party has at last broken through to the government. i am determined to continue the struggle as fiercely within government as we fought outside it. " a major part of what hitler saw as his forthcoming struggle was targeting, isolating and destroying a number of enemies who were perceived as inherently hostile to his dream of the ' volksgemeinschaft ' or ' racial community '. chief among these were jews, communists, the social democrats with their loyal electoral support, the catholic centre party and the christian churches. all were threats, each to be dealt with as quickly as circumstances would allow. though hitler felt a particular urgency — and hatred — when dealing with jews and communists, he viewed the catholic church as a pernicious opponent, a deeply - entrenched threat that must be controlled and eventually uprooted from german life in order to establish his promised thousand - year - reich. to help eliminate catholic influence, he turned to alfred rosenberg, arch - ideologue, anti - semite, and despiser of christianity. in his book the myth of the twentieth century, rosenberg had formulated a " scientific " theory of racism. for him, the supreme human value was that of race : individual races possessed their own collective soul, a mystical " power of the blood and soil. " each race also possessed a religious impulse ( in the case of the aryan germans, this was the pagan cult of wotan, king of the gods ). christianity, for rosenberg, was the distorted product of semitic tribes who had tricked the aryans into jettisoning their pagan truth. the catholic church, prime mover in this spiritual swindle, was singled out for sustained attack as the promoter of " prodigious, conscious and unconscious falsifications. " rosenberg claimed that jesus christ had been an unwitting tool of jewish world conspira


in this spiritual swindle, was singled out for sustained attack as the promoter of " prodigious, conscious and unconscious falsifications. " rosenberg claimed that jesus christ had been an unwitting tool of jewish world conspirators, active as early as the first century ad. in some writings, he would go further and argue that christ was possibly not a jew at all, but a prototype aryan, son of a roman soldier stationed in palestine. in february 1933 hermann goering banned all catholic newspapers in cologne, citing that ' political ' catholicism — ie commenting on government policy — would not be tolerated. responding to protests, he denied this was part of a deliberate campaign against catholics ; the government, he claimed, would " seal its own doom with such a policy. " though the ban was lifted, it sent a warning tremor through the largely catholic rhineland, and gave an accurate indication of possible future government moves. a further straw in the wind was apparent when storm troopers ( sa ) broke up meetings of christian trade unions and the catholic centre party. the manchester guardian reported one such incident on february 23, 1933 — a prominent politician, adam stegerwald, was attacked while speaking at a meeting in krefeld, and a number of priests were hurt in the fracas. there was a brief — and carefully engineered — lull in anti - catholic provocation when hitler turned his attention to strengthening national unity in the face of potential enemies at home and abroad. he made a public appeal for the church to negotiate the terms of a new concordat ( church - state agreement ) ; an offer he knew the vatican would find hard to refuse. almost from the outset, however, discussions took place against a drumbeat of threats that the sa would be unleashed on defenceless catholics unless agreement were quickly reached. pope pius xi and his secretary of state, cardinal eugenio pacelli ( the future pius xii ) were faced with a dilemma. if they refused to negotiate with the legally appointed government, hitler would undoubtedly publicise his terms and claim that the vatican was anti - nazi and obstructionist. any written agreement, pacelli maintained, would offer a better basis for the protection of civil and religious rights than no legally constituted agreement at all. after all, lutherans had similar safeguards. in fact, large - scale arrests were already taking place. thousands of catholic center party ( zentrum ) activists were in concentration camps by the end of june 1933. although well aware of the ominous situation, government negotiator and vice - chancellor


in fact, large - scale arrests were already taking place. thousands of catholic center party ( zentrum ) activists were in concentration camps by the end of june 1933. although well aware of the ominous situation, government negotiator and vice - chancellor franz von papen ( himself a catholic ), told journalists that relations between the reich and the vatican were " so friendly " that it had taken only eight days to sketch the main outline of the proposed concordat. this was duly signed in july 1933 and specified that certain activities — education, youth associations, church rallies — were legally guaranteed by the reich. in return, the church ' s support for the centre party and its ally the bavarian people ' s party would be withdrawn. actually, the centre party, under relentless pressure from the nazis, had already voted itself out of existence even before the final signing of the concordat, a fact that pacelli lamented as it handicapped his negotiating stance. in view of the controversy that later surrounded the concordat, pacelli always argued that the church had to accept the lesser of the two evils presented to it. without the agreement, catholics would have been left to the mercy of sa, ss and gestapo hit squads. with the agreement, they at least had legal grounds on which to protest injustices. the secretary of state was realistic enough to remark to a british embassy official he understood perfectly that attacks on catholics would not cease, but " they will hardly break all the articles at the same time. " the nazis may have heard pacelli ' s opinions, but if so, paid little attention. an " editors ' law " promulgated in december 1933 struck directly at free speech. all editors were required to become members of the literary chamber of the third reich and follow whatever directives might follow. in tandem with this gagging act, government censorship began to tighten relentlessly. even individual typewriters could be impounded on the whim of local nazi functionaries and as a result, a partial blackout fell on what was happening inside germany. the vatican, seeking accurate information, found helpers in unusual quarters. a large and unrecognised army of witnesses passed along secret reports and documents. this ad hoc catholic intelligence grapevine had, as one of its leaders, dr. joseph mueller, an anti - nazi munich lawyer known for his coolness and dependability. as an officer in the abwehr ( military counter - intelligence ), he was able to move freely between munich, berlin and rome. in his abwehr bag he carried


, an anti - nazi munich lawyer known for his coolness and dependability. as an officer in the abwehr ( military counter - intelligence ), he was able to move freely between munich, berlin and rome. in his abwehr bag he carried sheaves of documents giving a detailed account of the campaign being waged against catholics inside germany, and, after the anschluss of 1938, in austria. it was clear from mueller ' s documentation that clergy were being singled out for ridicule, humiliation and punishment. the famous ' currency ' and ' immorality ' trials which peaked in 1935 and 1936, resulted in the imprisonment and fining of hundreds of clergy. the ' immorality ' trials sought to destroy the reputation of catholic religious, aimed in particular at those working in primary and secondary schools. priests, monks, lay - brothers and nuns were accused of " perverted and immoral " lifestyles — euphemisms for homosexuality and paedophilia. the gestapo set numerous traps in order to furnish bogus evidence. the new york times carried a report in may 1936 describing priests who had been summoned to hotel rooms after desperate messages to administer the last sacraments were received. when the priest entered, the ' caller ' would turn out to be a prostitute, planted by government agents. photos would be later produced in court as irrefutable evidence of corruption. one notorious trial in 1936 concerned the franciscans of the rhineland town of waldbreitbach. this was widely publicised and parents were warned in sanctimoniously penned editorials not to allow their children to enter catholic schools if they wished to avoid corruption of the innocent. even children themselves were encouraged to read the lurid accounts. in several cities, newspaper stands were purposely lowered so youngsters could read salacious and pornographic stories accompanied by cartoons in the pages of der stuermer ( the newspaper controlled by julius streicher, notorious anti - semite and anti - catholic ). witness statements from children were produced in court by secret police whose testimony was not challengeable. threats, bribes, brutal night - time interrogations and nervous breakdowns of the accused were reported in various newspapers outside germany. in the usa, protest meetings and marches were organised as news of the trials spread. in june 1936, a petition was signed by 48 clergymen. " we lodge a solemn protest against the almost unique brutality of the attacks launched by the german government charging catholic clergy with gross immorality, " they wrote. " the good name


. in june 1936, a petition was signed by 48 clergymen. " we lodge a solemn protest against the almost unique brutality of the attacks launched by the german government charging catholic clergy with gross immorality, " they wrote. " the good name of the catholic priesthood is to be defamed, in the hope that the ultimate suppression of all jewish and christian beliefs by the totalitarian state can be effected. " this protest was signed by rabbis samuel abrams of boston, philip bernstein of rochester and philip bookstaber of harrisburg, along with 18 other rabbis and 27 protestant clergymen. the new york times reported that christmas 1937 would see " more than a hundred protestant pastors and several thousand catholic clergymen in prison. " although roving sa and hitler youth gangs were warned in general against turning prominent clergy into martyrs, threats and violence against priests became common. sometimes, in the wake of local instructions, senior clergy would be intimidated. cardinal faulhaber of munich was shot at and cardinal innitzer ' s residence in vienna was ransacked in october 1938. there was a notorious incident in the same month when bishop sproll of rottenburg was manhandled and his residence vandalised. he later received an anonymous letter of apology from an sa man, forced to take part in the outrage : " i have always been proud of my country ", he wrote, " but last saturday, i was, for the first time, ashamed to call myself a german. " songs, films, speeches by party members, poster campaigns, and theatre productions cruelly satirised clergy in the later 1930s. anderl kern ' s anti - clerical play, pointedly titled the last peasant, was performed throughout germany to wide critical acclaim. characters included a parish priest with an illegitimate child, an eye for the opposite sex and easy money ; a young seminarian who arrives home, announcing he has lost his vocation ; and a peasant mother who attempts to murder a servant with rosary beads in one hand and a dagger in the other. at the end of the play, the ex - seminarian emerges as a true german hero, having renounced the priesthood and promising to father a large family for the future security of the aryan race. the most important strand of nazi policy was, essentially, to strangle catholicism by eliminating all organisations supported by the church, from schools and children ' s groups to catholic trade unions. by 1939, this had been largely accomplished. replacing them were national socialist or " community schools ", the workers labour front and the


strangle catholicism by eliminating all organisations supported by the church, from schools and children ' s groups to catholic trade unions. by 1939, this had been largely accomplished. replacing them were national socialist or " community schools ", the workers labour front and the hitler youth with its female counterpart, the league of german girls. one initial campaign against catholic schools in munich reduced the percentage of students attending from 84 % in 1934 to 65 % a year later. in 1937, parents were asked to choose their child ' s school in front of two witnesses, usually sa men in full uniform. hints would be given of possible future trouble and loss of employment if catholic schools were chosen. meetings were regularly held to vote on the issue of catholic or community schools. in speyer, a town of some 40, 000 situated on the rhine, one working man wrote to his bishop giving details of how his ' vote ' had been obtained in 1937 : " i was told to go to the parish council offices. on arriving there i declared that i wanted the roman catholic school and prepared to leave. the local nazi cell - leader held me back and wrote a note to my firm stating that because of my declaration i would be dismissed from my job. a police constable then told me if i didn ' t change my mind i would never obtain public work again. " the cumulative effect of these measures hit teachers in some catholic schools very hard. a councillor of the bavarian ministry of education announced that in 1936 alone, of 1, 600 teaching posts formerly awarded to nuns, 600 would be transferred to secular staff. the councillor didn ' t explain what would happen to the employment prospects of the unfortunate 600. the economic effects of such enforced redundancy caused many religious houses to close down and nuns with academic qualifications were driven into low - paid occupations. some returned to their parents or moved in with sympathetic relatives. yet others applied for jobs in industry. the town of baden in 1938 saw 41 nuns working in one textile factory, most former teachers. the government, twisting the knife, then announced that all nuns renouncing their vows would be automatically entitled to state employment, with guaranteed salary and pension rights attached. thus, on october 27, 1938, adolf wagner, bavarian minister of the interior stated with pride : " the denominational schools throughout the whole of bavaria have now been transformed into community schools. " by january 1939 it was estimated that more than 10, 000 catholic schools had been suppressed and by the end of april that year the london catholic herald reported that a further 3, 300 schools had been


of bavaria have now been transformed into community schools. " by january 1939 it was estimated that more than 10, 000 catholic schools had been suppressed and by the end of april that year the london catholic herald reported that a further 3, 300 schools had been abolished by decree in what was described as " a black day for the catholic rhineland. " continued pressure was brought to bear on thousands of catholic civil servants who were threatened with disciplinary measures or dismissal unless their children were enrolled in the hitler youth or german girls league ( bdm ). training guilds, such as the prussian master craftsman association, announced that from 1935 onwards, only those enrolled in nazi party organisations would be accepted as apprentices. german railways, employing hundreds of thousands, passed a similar ordinance the same year. even farmers began issuing notices to the same effect, with shops advertising part - time jobs following suit. the new york times, on june 1, 1937, reported a hitler speech referring specifically to the young : " we will take away their children. they shall not escape us. " in spite of the growing atmosphere of intimidation and fear, protests were made by senior clerics who challenged the third reich and its racist, anti - semitic and anti - christian policies. these included bishop clemens count von galen of munster, archbishop von preysing of berlin, cardinal bertram of breslau, cardinal schulte of cologne and possibly the most famous of all, cardinal michael von faulhaber of munich. his series of advent sermons, preached from the pulpit of st. michael ' s church, aroused national and international interest. they proved so popular that thousands listened, with overflows into the streets outside. in the first of the sermons, preached on december 3 1933, faulhaber defended christianity by defending the people from whom it sprung : the jews. he reminded the congregation that christianity made no racial distinctions but asked only that its adherents should possess faith. in march 1934, the published edition of his sermons, judaism, christianity and ' germanism ' was banned for its so - called outrageous slanders on the state. faulhaber, undeterred, pressed on with denunciations of nazi policy on catholic schools, youth organisations, rigged elections, sterilisation laws, attacks on the pope and attempts to replace christianity with what he called ' ersatz ' ( fake ) religious principles. he played a considerable role in the writing of the great anti - nazi encyclical mit brennender sorge ( ' with burning anxiety ' ) issued in march 1937


with what he called ' ersatz ' ( fake ) religious principles. he played a considerable role in the writing of the great anti - nazi encyclical mit brennender sorge ( ' with burning anxiety ' ) issued in march 1937. it denounced repeated attacks on the catholic faith, the breaking of almost every article of the 1933 concordat, and assailed nazi ideology and political practice. the encyclical was smuggled into germany under the eyes of gestapo agents who had received warnings from berlin to expect an important anti - nazi pamphlet. copies were secretly printed in various parts of the country and the underground catholic network was engaged in distributing it to parishes throughout germany. hundreds of helpers, in cars, on motorbikes or bicycles, handed copies personally to priests, sometimes in the dead of night. the encyclical made it plain that the nazis were intent on a " war of extermination " against the catholic church, and that after numerous rebuffs to diplomatic approaches from rome, the pope had decided to make a final stand. the government reaction to the encyclical was immediate. a formal protest was sent from berlin to rome, and equally swiftly rejected by cardinal pacelli. an enraged hitler and goebbels cranked up the propaganda machine and once more dozens of clerics found themselves arraigned on the hoary old charges of immorality and ' slandering ' the nazi state. gestapo units were mobilised to find which presses had produced the encyclical : 12 were confiscated and the editors arrested. in one parish, essen in the diocese of oldenburg, seven girls were arrested inside the church as they handed out copies of mit brennender sorge after the palm sunday service. the death of pope pius xi in february 1939 and the election of his successor, pacelli, drew sneers from das schwarze korps ( ' the black corps ' ), house newspaper of the ss and mouthpiece of heinrich himmler, reichsfuhrer ss. it referred to pius xi as the " chief rabbi of the christians, boss of the firm of judah - rome. " prior to this, das schwarze korps had taken a leading role in propaganda attacks on cardinal pacelli during his official visit to france, labelling him a co - conspirator with jews and communists against nazism. the strategy of the nazi government towards christianity in general and the catholic church in particular changed gear a number of times during 1933 - 9. new policies


to france, labelling him a co - conspirator with jews and communists against nazism. the strategy of the nazi government towards christianity in general and the catholic church in particular changed gear a number of times during 1933 - 9. new policies could be imposed from above or rescinded as the dictates of political events changed. sometimes central decision - making was emphasised ; sometimes party organisations were given freer rein to adapt policy to local circumstances. on occasions harassment could be disguised or even halted if a propaganda coup might thus be gained. in august 1936, for example, during the olympic games in berlin, orders were given to stop measures against jews, catholics and protestants and to hide show trials from the eyes of foreign journalists. the pause soon ended once the correspondents left germany. with the coming of war in 1939, hitler insisted that overt persecution of christians had to take second place to the effective prosecution of military aims. others in the party held different views, believing it was a mistake to slow the kirchenkampf, the battle against the church. martin bormann, ' deputy ' fuhrer, reminded heinrich himmler in 1941 that the " influence of the church must be entirely eliminated. " in the event, however, the destruction was to be given a longer time - scale for accomplishment. a clue can be found in the published edition of hitler ' s table talk, where he stated as part of a lengthy and rambling attack on the church that : " i have numerous accounts to settle, about which i cannot think today. but that doesn ' t mean i forget them. i write them down. the time will come to bring out the big book. " as is tragically known today, there was little division of opinion among top nazis regarding the persecution of the jews. the war gave hitler undreamed of possibilities to purify europe of non - aryans. slavs were to be used as labour or killed without compunction when necessary, the jewish population to be exterminated as vermin. with the invasion of the ussr in june 1941 and the construction of the death camp network, nazi capacity to kill reached hitherto unimagined levels. though the scale of christian persecution cannot be compared to the jewish holocaust of 1941 - 1945, except perhaps in poland, the ultimate destruction of christianity was one of the nazis long - term aims. from his early years of political dreaming, from within the pages of mein kampf to the table talk hitler himself made his contempt for the '


1945, except perhaps in poland, the ultimate destruction of christianity was one of the nazis long - term aims. from his early years of political dreaming, from within the pages of mein kampf to the table talk hitler himself made his contempt for the ' slave ' ideology of christianity and its jewish roots perfectly clear. baldur von schirach, the leader of the hitler youth, was fond of addressing mass meetings of his followers with a motto : " we are a youth that believes in god, because we serve the divine law that is called germany. " that desperate conception of the ' divine law ' was to lead, by ten thousand crooked paths, to catastrophic suffering, total war, and to the ovens of auschwitz itself. gajewski, karol jozef. " nazi policy and the catholic church. " inside the vatican ( november 1999 ). published with permission of inside the vatican and mr. gajewski. for subscription information call 1 - 800 - 789 - 9494 ( usa ). karol jozef gajewski teaches history at a secondary school in sandbach, cheshire, england. his particular interests include modern european history, religious philosophy, english literature, and playing the violin. copyright © 1999 inside the vatican not all articles published on cerc are the objects of official church teaching, but these are supplied to provide supplementary information.


there are various ways to keep your eyes healthy and keep them protected from the harmful materials in the environment and in our daily lives. but just how much do you know about what you can do to keep your eyes healthy? use these 6 healthy eye tips from your eye doctor : - watch what you eat – eating foods that are high in antioxidants helps prevent a variety of eye diseases and ensures you maintain healthy vision. incorporate more antioxidant rich foods into your diet. some foods that are high in antioxidants include : - fruit including blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, strawberries, raspberries, plums, pomegranate, etc. - beans including small red beans, red kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, etc. - vegetables including kale, red cabbage, peppers, spinach, lemon, red beets and artichoke - spices including cloves, cinnamon and oregano if your vision has been affected or if you require eye care visit dr. charles breen, ophthalmologist, at 7370 turfway rd. 3rd floor, st. elizabeth medical office building, florence, ky 41042. this article is provided as an information resource and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified ophthalmologist. in all cases, contact your ophthalmologist for advice on any matter referenced in this document before making any decisions.


one helpful way to think about child discipline is to see it as another way to teaching your child life lessons rather than as something you do to punish your child for misbehaving. when you show your child what is appropriate behavior and provide the security that comes from loving but firm boundaries and expectations, you are laying down the foundation from which she will grow to make good choices for herself. child discipline is about how to prevent behavioral problems so that punishment for misbehavior is a rare and unnecessary occurrence. what child discipline is about an important part of child discipline is showing your child what good behavior is. the times when your child is selfish or mean or lies about something are opportunities for you to step in and say, " how could you have handled this better? " not to use a cliche, but that is why they are called " teachable moments. " - setting boundaries children who do not have rules and parameters are, contrary to what some parents might think, happy - go - lucky. lack of boundaries makes children feel insecure, lost, and unable to discipline themselves. when a child is disciplined in a loving, positive, and logical way for doing something wrong, he will learn to take responsibility for his actions. for instance, if he fails to set the table after being asked several times, he may lose privileges such as tv time. when the rules are clear and the consequences for breaking those rules are logical and appropriate, your child will learn how to discipline himself and regulate his own actions. - showing respect how would you like your child to speak to you? that is how you should speak to your child, especially when you are handling matters of child discipline. make sure you explain to your child that while you may not like something he did or said, that you love him and respect him. listen to his opinions and let him express his feelings, and then explain what is correct behavior and why. if you set up a rule one day and then let is slide the next - - or suddenly declare that something you ’ ve repeatedly said is okay is suddenly something your child will be punished for doing - - your child will end up confused and resentful. consistency is a cornerstone of child discipline for a reason. it helps kids know what to expect and what ’ s expected of them. child discipline is not about parents dictating their child ’ s every move or imposing their will like a dictator over his country. parents can sit down with a child - - even a child as young as 5 years old - - and


of them. child discipline is not about parents dictating their child ’ s every move or imposing their will like a dictator over his country. parents can sit down with a child - - even a child as young as 5 years old - - and get her opinion on what she thinks about certain rules and consequences in your household. this is a very important way of showing your child that you care about her opinions and feelings, and teaches your child that what she thinks matters. it also teaches her the importance of having rules and helps her understand why some rules exist and why they are beneficial for her. what child discipline is not about when you set boundaries and expectations for good behavior, you are laying down the foundation and giving your child the tools to work toward self control and self regulation. child discipline is not about punishing bad behavior ; it is about guiding your child toward positive behavior. that does not mean that bad behavior should be ignored. if a child breaks the rules, there must be clear and consistent consequences. what ’ s important is that those consequences - - be it a time out or loss of privileges or other repercussions - - are used as tools to calmly correct behavior rather than punish a child out of anger. - expressing anger few parents can say they ’ ve never lost their temper in the heat of the moment when a child is being defiant or difficult. that said, it ’ s important for parents to keep in mind that keeping a cool head is an important part of correcting bad behavior. by staying calm, parents can better explain to a child why disciplinary action is being taken, what exactly they are disappointed about, and what a child can do in the future to avoid making the same mistake. and when parents explain things in a loving manner, children will understand that their behavior may have been wrong but that their parents love them, no matter what. setting boundaries does not mean not letting your child make choices or giving him room to make mistakes. children who are disciplined in a positive manner know that their opinions will be heard and that their parents respect them even when they don ’ t agree with them. this will give them self - confidence as they explore and grow, even as they learn what choices are wrong and harmful and what choices are positive and healthy.


note : throughout, i use the word " polygamy " in place of " polygyny ", even though i explicitly mean to polygyny. polygamy is a sin because it goes against the law. the law is in place because it is a carryover from the paganistic societies of ancient rome. preventing polygamy was not a biblical concept, but one that came after jesus, after authorship of the bible, and after the genesis of christianity. why polygamy is a sin the reason that polygamy is no longer allowed by the church is because it ' s no longer allowed by society and is, therefore, against the law. we christians are told to uphold the law and subject ourselves to the law romans 13 : 1 - 2 ( niv ) 1 let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which god has established. the authorities that exist have been established by god. 2 consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what god has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves. because of this, polygamy is a sin if ( and only if ) it breaks the law. similarly, it is a sin in the same manner and degree that breaking a speed limit is a sin : it ' s something not forbidden by god and solely forbidden by the law. why it ' s illegal polygamy was not uncommon among the jews in biblical times. it wasn ' t until the the romans came in that polygamy became outlawed. even then, it was still allowed ; josephus made notes explaining that polygamy was permitted to herod because it was permitted by jewish custom. polygamy modelled by jesus ' s parable we can see that polygamy was commonly accepted in the new testament from the parable of the ten virgins ( matthew 25 : 1 - 13 ). in this parable, jesus tells of a bridegroom that is preparing to marry ten women. this parable was used by jesus to describes himself. the polygamous bridegroom in the parable is a reference to jesus. fall of polygamy it was, in fact, the greek and roman rules against polygamy that spread ( along with the grecian and roman empires ) and became the culture, forcing out the practice of polygamy. monogomy and polygyny by walter scheidel, stanford university ( 2009 ) thus, even though greeks and romans need not have been the first cultures to prescribe


) and became the culture, forcing out the practice of polygamy. monogomy and polygyny by walter scheidel, stanford university ( 2009 ) thus, even though greeks and romans need not have been the first cultures to prescribe monogamy, these are the earliest securely attested cases and, moreover, established a paradigm for subsequent periods that eventually attained global dominance. it was these two huge historical forces that established monogamy in our society - - not something born of god, but something born of pagan societies. modern society and law christianity tied itself to the banner of the roman empire 300 years after christ ( when constantine established what would become the roman catholic church ). this organization spread christianity by using the power and authority of the roman empire. it was this roman concept of monogamy ( predating christianity ) that carried over from its paganistic roots into the christian society. it was at that time ( and not before ) that christianity became intertwined with the idea of monogamy. this pagan idea of monogamy from rome slowly infused into the christian culture ( source ) ; and it was because association with christianity ( and the roman catholic church ) that the paganistic, roman practice remains today. this roman practice has tangled itself into the christian culture ( via the early roman catholic church ) and therefore all " christian " nations since ( founded under western culture ) have adopted the laws prohibiting polygamy from their outset. because of this, polygamy is illegal in most parts of the world. because it ' s illegal, it is a sin. it should be noted that catholicism today still carries over this idea from ancient rome. in the catechism of the catholic church, it states " however polygamy is not in accord with the moral law. " because of this, polygamy is solidly outlawed within catholicism. granted, if you read the last section, this should not surprise anyone. answering aguments against polygamy god tolerated the sin for the time being malachi 3 : 6 says the lord does not change. to presume that he would accept something during one time in history that he detests at a different point is crazy - - heretical even. it goes against the nature of god ( both in the old testament and new ) the bible shows it only causes trouble in marriage this is really a weak argument. the problem is that the bible only tells us stories that are either edifying or interesting. yeah, it ' s going to talk about abraham ' s difficulty with his


) the bible shows it only causes trouble in marriage this is really a weak argument. the problem is that the bible only tells us stories that are either edifying or interesting. yeah, it ' s going to talk about abraham ' s difficulty with his wife and taking up a handmaiden as a wife. but that story is both interesting and edifying. the lesson here isn ' t against polygamy, but rather that we shouldn ' t marry a woman unless we marry her properly and with the right intentions. jacob ' s wives competed. but the story there isn ' t to avoid polygamy, but to focus on god and make your marriages holy and godly. if your marriages are focused on god instead of on selfish ambition, this won ' t happen! each argument that says " polygamy is wrong because it leads to dischord " can also be used to say " marriage is wrong " for the same reasons. those are the marriages not focused on god - - that is the source of their dischord. on the contrary, if we look at the life of david, we see that he was a man highly loved by god and yet had multiple wives. some, however, use this very example to show how polygamy is wrong because his children fought ( with each other and their parents ). however, can we blame this on david or his wives? absolutely not. god only created one eve for adam note that this was written by moses, who had ( at least ) two wives this is also a weak argument. when god created eve, he created her as a helper. whether or not he intended for this to be a marriage situation is of secondary concern and something that we cannot know 1 2. on the contrary, though, god has given us a pattern to follow for marriage : 22 wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the lord. 23 for the husband is the head of the wife as christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the savior. 24 now as the church submits to christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything. 25 husbands, love your wives, just as christ loved the church and gave himself up for her we are to model our marriages after the the relationship that jesus has with the church, not after the helper relationship that adam had with eve. furthermore, in the parable of the ten virgins ( matthew 25 : 1 - 13 ), jesus describes himself using an analogy of a bride